65838 From World Development Indicators The Little Data Book on Climate Change Climate Exposure to impacts Resilience GHG emissions and energy use National-level actions Carbon markets 2011 THE LITTLE DATA BOOK ON CLIMATE CHANGE Copyright ©2012 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing November 2011 ISBN: 978-0-8213-8959-1 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8964-5 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8959-1 SKU: 18959 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 is a product of the Development Data Group of the Development Economics Vice Presidency, the Environment Department, and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery Group of the World Bank. Cover design by Peter Grundy Art & Design, London, U.K. Design by Communications Development Incorporated, Washington, D.C. Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v User guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Regional tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 East Asia and Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Europe and Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Income and other group tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Low income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Middle income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lower middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Upper middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Low and middle income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 High income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Euro area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Small island developing states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Country tables (in alphabetical order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Renewable energy in 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Urban areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Summary of national actions: Renewable energy targets and non-Annex-I country GHG emissions reduction goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 iii Acknowledgments The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 is based on the World Develop- ment Indicators database. Defining, gathering, and disseminating international statistics is a collective effort of many people and organizations. The indicators presented in these resources are results of decades of work at many levels, from the field workers who administer censuses and household surveys to the committees and working parties of the national and interna- tional statistical agencies that develop the nomenclature, classifications, and standards fundamental to the international statistical system. Non- governmental organizations have also made important contributions. We are indebted to many external partners as detailed in World Development Indicators 2011 who have provided substantial help, guidance, and data. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 is the result of close collabora- tion between the staff of the Development Data Group of the Development Economics Vice Presidency (DECDG), the Environment Department of the Sustainable Development Vice Presidency (ENV), and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). Timothy Herzog coordinated the production of the book with substantial contributions from Philippe Ambrosi, Ana Bucher, and Fernanda Zermoglio from ENV, Milen Dyoulgerov and Ian Noble from GFDRR, and William Prince from DECDG. Additional support was provided by Azita Amjadi, Federico Escaler, Mahyar Eshragh-Tabary, Neil Fantom, Tariq Khokhar, Alison Kwong, and Sup Lee, from DECDG; Sameer Akbar, Jane Ebinger, Fernando Loayza, Elisabeth Mealey, Kiran Pandey, Kanta Kumari Rigaud, and Sari Soderstrom from ENV; Daniel Hoornweg and Marcus Lee from Financial Solutions Group; Roshin Joseph, and Ayaz Parvez from GFDRR; Richard Damania from the Latin America and the Caribbean Region (LAC); and Gabriela Elizondo Azuela from the Sustainable Energy Department (SEGEN). The book’s design is done by Jomo Tariku and is based on an original design by Communications Development Incorporated. Staff from External Affairs consisting of Stephen McGroarty, Dina Towbin, and Nora Ridolfi oversaw publication and distribution of the book. The book was prepared under supervision of Shaida Badiee, director of the Development Data Group; Mary Barton-Dock, director of Environment; and Andrew Steer, Special Envoy for Climate Change. iv 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Foreword When President Robert Zoellick launched the World Bank’s Open Data Initiative in April 2010, he said its purpose was to “open the treasure chest of the World Bank’s data and knowledge to every village, to everyone everywhere.� This small book and the much bigger open database behind it are part of this same goal. Solving the problem of climate change requires that our behavior changes. Whether this happens depends on our understanding, which, in turn, depends upon our knowledge of facts and their implications. Access to freely available climate and climate-related data is essential to catalyze the changes in policies, investments, and technologies that will be needed if we are to move toward a climate-smart future. The Little Data Book on Climate Change includes a diverse set of indi- cators selected from the global economic and scientific communities. These indicators recognize the intrinsic relationship between climate change and development and attempt to synthesize important aspects of current and projected climate conditions, exposure to climate impacts, resilience, greenhouse gas emissions, and the current state of efforts to take action. While these indicators are from standard sources and represent professional consensus, many are subject to considerable uncertainties, and the usual care must be taken in their interpretation. The Little Data Book on Climate Change draws upon several online resources, including the Open Data website,1 the Climate Change Knowledge Portal,2 and the Open Data for Resilience initiative.3 These resources from the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) provide free and open access to data and information relevant to climate risk, climate change, and development at the international, national and subnational levels. These resources contain many more indicators than are available in the limited space of this book and include interactive tools, visualizations on the use and interpretation of the data. In addition, there are other tools that will help users and programmers access World Bank data and develop applications. We invite you to visit the online companions to the Little Data Book on Climate Change. In the coming months, we will continue to add to the datasets. We welcome suggestions on how we can improve these resources for everyone. Shaida Badiee Andrew Steer Director Special Envoy for Climate Change Development Data Group World Bank Group 1 http://data.worldbank.org/ 2 http://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ 3 http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/opendri/ The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 v User guide The indicators in the Little Data Book on Climate Change are organized into the following categories, each of which relates to climate change, development, and the intrinsic relationship between the two. For additional information, refer to the definitions of each indicator in the Glossary. Climate includes data on current and projected future average climate conditions, particularly precipitation and temperature. Exposure to Impacts includes data that suggest the degree to which a country or region may be exposed to changes in the prevailing climate and natural environment, with potential impacts on human health, food security, water supply, and physical infrastructure. Resilience includes data on the capacity of human systems to cope with the impacts of climate change, such as economic capacity, institutional capacity, and extent of public infrastructure. GHG Emissions and Energy Use includes data on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), energy use, including measures of energy efficiency and carbon intensity of economy. National-Level Actions includes data that summarize actions being taken to address and respond to climate change at the national and international levels. Additional information is included in the “Summary of National Actions� tables in the appendices. Carbon Markets includes data that summarize project activities under Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism, two of the flexibility mechanisms set forth under the Kyoto Protocol. The data in this book are for the most recent year available. Regional aggregates include data for low- and middle-income economies only. No aggregate is calculated if missing data exceed specific thresholds by indicator. See Statistical methods in World Development Indicators 2011 for more information. Symbols used: 0 or 0.0 indicates zero or small enough that the number rounds to zero at the displayed number of decimal places. .. indicates that data are not available. n/a or blank indicates not applicable, or for an aggregate, not analytically meaningful. $ indicates current U.S. dollars. Data are shown for economies with populations greater than 30,000 or for smaller economies if they are members of the World Bank. This publication also includes three additional economies: Cook Islands, Nauru, and Niue. The word country (used interchangeably with economy) does not imply political independence or official recognition by the World Bank but refers to any economy for which the authorities report separate social or economic statistics. The cutoff date for data was October 21, 2011. vi 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Regional tables The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank’s analytical regions and may differ from common geographic usage. East Asia and Pacific American Samoa, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Democratic Republic of Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Nuie, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Vietnam. Europe and Central Asia Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Latin America and the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicara- gua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Middle East and North Africa Algeria, Djibouti, Arab Republic of Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza, Republic of Yemen. South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Sub-Saharan Africa Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 1 World Population (millions) 6,840.5 GDP ($ billions) 63,044.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,116 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.6 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 8.8 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 58 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.4 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 4,601 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 61 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,566 Access to electricity (% of total population) 74.1 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.4 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.1 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 485.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 30,649 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7,136 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2,853 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 724 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,803 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 182.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) East Asia & Pacific 1,961.6 GDP ($ billions) 7,579.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,683 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.5 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.3 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.8 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 16.8 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.9 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 24 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 9.0 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 525 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 59 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,860 Access to electricity (% of total population) 90.8 Paved roads (% of total roads) 15.9 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.0 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 14,638 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 827.1 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8,259 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,928 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 707 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,436 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 259.5 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 3 Europe & Central Asia Population (millions) 405.1 GDP ($ billions) 3,055.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,269 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.5 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.0 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.5 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 3.7 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 23 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 89 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,475 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 85.8 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.9 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 22,652 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.7 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 708.0 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3,110 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 937 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 214 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 76 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,833 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 276.8 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 4 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Latin America & Caribbean Population (millions) 582.6 GDP ($ billions) 4,969.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,741 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.5 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.8 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 35 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.0 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 8.1 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.8 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 23 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.8 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 206 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 79 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 93 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,337 Access to electricity (% of total population) 93.4 Paved roads (% of total roads) 28.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.9 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 33,064 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.8 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 285.6 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,584 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,009 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 442 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,245 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 130.6 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 5 Middle East & North Africa Population (millions) 331.3 GDP ($ billions) 1,068.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,903 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 121.9 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 3.6 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.0 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 34 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.8 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 84 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,512 Access to electricity (% of total population) 92.9 Paved roads (% of total roads) 74.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.9 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5,854 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.8 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 604.6 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,230 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 287 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 74 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,399 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 213.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 6 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1,579.5 South Asia GDP ($ billions) 2,088.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,222 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.5 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.4 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 13 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 50.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 40.3 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.1 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 67 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 42.5 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,127 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 36 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,728 Access to electricity (% of total population) 62.1 Paved roads (% of total roads) 58.9 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.3 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 73,548 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 86 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 92 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 504.6 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,970 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 846 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 268 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 532 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 193.5 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 7 Sub-Saharan Africa Population (millions) 853.6 GDP ($ billions) 1,097.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,176 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.0 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.2 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 50.9 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.7 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 121 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 24.6 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 26,113 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 60 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,297 Access to electricity (% of total population) 32.5 Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.2 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.6 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 11,957 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 67 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 89 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.8 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 428.6 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 685 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 590 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 334 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 689 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 308.4 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 8 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Income & other group tables For operational and analytical purposes, the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI) per capita. Each economy in The Little Data Book on Climate Change is classified as low income, middle income, or high income. Low- and middle-income economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies. The use of the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status. Note: Classifications are fixed during the World Bank’s fiscal year (ending on June 30). Thus, countries remain in the categories in which they are classified irrespective of any revisions to their per capita income data. Low-income economies are those with a 2010 GNI per capita of $1,005 or less. Middle-income economies are those with a 2010 GNI per capita of more than $1,006 but less than $12,276. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle- income economies are separated at a 2010 GNI per capita of $3,975. High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,276 or more. Euro area includes the member states of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union that have adopted the euro as their currency: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Spain. Small island developing states included in this publication are American Samoa, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cape Verde, Comoros, Cook Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, French Polynesia, Grenada, Guam, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Virgin Islands (U.S.). The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 9 Low income Population (millions) 796.3 GDP ($ billions) 413.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 523 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 10 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4,917.2 Middle income GDP ($ billions) 19,561.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,763 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 9.1 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 51 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.9 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 2,574 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 56 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,256 Access to electricity (% of total population) 81.6 Paved roads (% of total roads) 45.0 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.6 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 138,442 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.5 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 622.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 16,604 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5,160 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,830 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 261 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,268 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 224.6 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 11 Lower middle income Population (millions) 2,465.1 GDP ($ billions) 4,312.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,660 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 12 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Upper middle income 2,452.2 GDP ($ billions) 15,246.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,876 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 13 Low and middle income Population (millions) 5,713.5 GDP ($ billions) 19,997.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,315 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.6 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.3 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 8.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 25.2 Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.2 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 63 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 22.5 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 4,665 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 54 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,065 Access to electricity (% of total population) 73.7 Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.1 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 144,800 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.0 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 612.5 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 16,822 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5,597 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2,040 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 264 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,173 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 226.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 14 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1,127.0 High income GDP ($ billions) 43,019.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 38,517 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 15 Euro area Population (millions) 331.7 GDP ($ billions) 12,174.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 38,571 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.6 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.6 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 21.5 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,817 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.8 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 11.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.0 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 260.0 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2,633 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 318 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 219 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 84 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,642 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 122.2 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 16 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Small island dev. states Population (millions) 63.2 GDP ($ billions) 575.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 8,226 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.4 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.8 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.7 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 9.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 67 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,922 Access to electricity (% of total population) 81.4 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.9 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 12.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 186 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.7 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 351.5 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 230 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 33 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,416 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 143.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication Annex-I emissions reduction target NAMA submission NAPA submission Renewable energy target Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 17 Country tables China Data for China do not include data for Hong Kong SAR, China; Macao SAR, China; or Taiwan, China. Cyprus GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP data refer to the area controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. Georgia GNI, GDP, and population data and data calculated using GNI, GDP and population data exclude Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia Where available, data for each country are shown separately. However, some indicators for Serbia prior to 2006 include data for Montenegro. Moreover, data for most indicators for Serbia from 1999 onward exclude data for Kosovo, which in 1999 became a territory under international administration pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999). Kosovo became a member of the World Bank on June 29, 2009. Moldova GNI, GDP and population data and data calculated using GNI, GDP population data exclude Transnistria. Morocco GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP data include Former Spanish Sahara. Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist on October 10, 2010. Curaçao and Sint Maarten became countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba became special municipalities of the Netherlands. Sudan and South Sudan The Republic of South Sudan became an independent state on July 9, 2011. Data reported for Sudan include South Sudan. Tanzania GNI and GDP data and data calculated using GNI and GDP data refer to mainland Tanzania only. For more information, see World Development Indicators 2011 or http:// data.worldbank.org/. 18 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 34.4 Afghanistan GDP ($ billions) 11.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 290 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 20 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 327 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –58 to 13 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country South Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 4.4 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 13 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.5 2.7 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 42.0 50.6 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.4 6.1 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 149 67 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 32.9 42.5 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 2,428 1,127 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 37 36 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 48 87 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,031 2,728 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 15.6 62.1 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 58.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.7 1.7 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.6 1.3 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 60 73,548 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 160 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 39 86 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 62 92 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 1.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 28.5 504.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.8 1,970 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 846 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 268 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 9 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 532 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 193.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 19 Albania Population (millions) 3.2 GDP ($ billions) 11.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,960 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 996 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –147 to –44 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 /–1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.2 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 5.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.8 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 16.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.8 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 18 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.6 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,315 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 39.0 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.2 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.4 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 137 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 82 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 181.8 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.2 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.4 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 538 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 72.3 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/23/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 20 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 35.5 Algeria GDP ($ billions) 159.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,450 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 89 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –39 to 4 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.5 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.9 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 54.6 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 6.8 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.3 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 36 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.7 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 83 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,654 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.3 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 73.5 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.2 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 237 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 148 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 91 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.2 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 438.8 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 111.3 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -7.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 54.2 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.9 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,138 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 153.5 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/25/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 21 American Samoa Population (thousands) 68.4 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –40 to 237 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 17.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.9 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.3 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 22 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 84.9 Andorra GDP ($ billions) 3.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 41,750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 3 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 973 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –113 to –22 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 23 Angola Population (millions) 19.1 GDP ($ billions) 84.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,940 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,010 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –89 to 75 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 20 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.1 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 25 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.3 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.4 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 54.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.4 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 161 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 27.5 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 21,593 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 57 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 50 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 588 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 26.2 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 10.4 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 11.8 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 534 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 172 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.4 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 245.3 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 24.4 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 45.4 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 38.9 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 641 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 116.9 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission .. Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 24 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Antigua and Barbuda 88.7 GDP ($ billions) 1.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 10,590 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,420 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –104 to 37 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 32.4 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 32.3 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.0 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,737 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 33.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.7 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 57 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.1 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 274.0 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) -0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,699 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 89.6 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/10/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 25 Argentina Population (millions) 40.4 GDP ($ billions) 368.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 8,500 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 8 / 21 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 591 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –57 to 52 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.2 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.5 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 39 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.4 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 11.8 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.4 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 14 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.3 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,167 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 97.2 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 30.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.2 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,283 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 113 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 105 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.8 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 364.9 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 192.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -43.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 101.8 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 49.8 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,853 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 139.6 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/7/2008 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 24 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 7,697 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 26 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.1 Armenia GDP ($ billions) 9.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,090 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 1 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 562 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –75 to –7 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 36 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -1.0 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 41.2 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 8.9 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 8.0 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.2 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,230 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.5 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.6 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.2 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 98 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 55 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.8 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 320.9 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5.5 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.0 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 843 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 175.5 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 12 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 27 Aruba Population (thousands) 107.5 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –121 to 24 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 29.6 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 29.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 21.7 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 28 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 22.3 Australia GDP ($ billions) 924.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 43,590 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 535 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –67 to 54 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 58 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.9 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,764 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.6 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.9 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 15 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 18.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 539.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 399.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 54.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 126.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 63.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,636 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 174.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 2000) 5% / 25% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 29 Austria Population (millions) 8.4 GDP ($ billions) 376.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 46,690 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 10 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,110 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –70 to 27 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,133 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) -7.1 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 32 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 224.4 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 67.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -17.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.3 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,944 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 111.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/16/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 30 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 9.0 Azerbaijan GDP ($ billions) 51.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,080 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 7 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 447 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –58 to 3 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 20.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 29.8 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 22 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 150.5 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 29.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.1 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 46 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 8.4 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1 .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 45 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,607 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.6 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.2 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.1 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 124 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 66 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.4 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 670.4 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 47.1 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –1.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 36.6 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.6 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,338 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 155.7 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/7/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 31 Bahamas, The Population (thousands) 342.9 GDP ($ billions) 7.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 20,610 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,292 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –96 to 74 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 72.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 46.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,196 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 57.4 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 11.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 85 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 263.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,156 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 85.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/5/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 32 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.3 Bahrain GDP ($ billions) 20.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 4.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 18,730 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 34 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 83 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –19 to 4 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 39.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 66.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6,375.0 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 10 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.4 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 81.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 38 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 21.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 899.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 22.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 8,096 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 369.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/20/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 33 Bangladesh Population (millions) 148.7 GDP ($ billions) 100.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 700 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,665 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –126 to 120 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country South Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.1 1.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.0 4.4 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 13 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 2.7 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 4.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 50.6 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 52.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 49.6 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.6 6.1 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 48 67 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 41.3 42.5 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,510 1,127 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 53 36 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 87 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,140 2,728 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 41.0 62.1 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.5 58.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.7 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.0 1.3 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 617 73,548 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 122 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 61 86 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 108 92 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 1.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 235.8 504.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 46.5 1,970 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 7.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 92.4 846 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.4 268 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 9 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 201 532 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 141.9 193.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/12/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 34 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 273.3 Barbados GDP ($ billions) 3.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 12,660 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,066 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –154 to 14 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 15.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 15.7 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 76.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,640 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.0 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 267.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.4 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1997, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,476 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 79.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 35 Belarus Population (millions) 9.5 GDP ($ billions) 54.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,130 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 10 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 618 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 8 to 70 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 11.7 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.3 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.3 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 93 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,374 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 88.6 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.1 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.6 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,045 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 69 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.5 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 556.9 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 62.8 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –30.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.5 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.7 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,815 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 236.8 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/3/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 5% to 10% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 36 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.9 Belgium GDP ($ billions) 467.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 45,360 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 847 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –64 to 29 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 9.2 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 9,711 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 78.2 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 13.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 28 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.8 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 291.8 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 104.9 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –1.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,221 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 159.1 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/10/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 37 Belize Population (thousands) 344.7 GDP ($ billions) 1.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,740 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,191 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –189 to 16 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 21 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 9.5 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 15.8 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.9 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 12.4 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 27.9 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.9 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 210 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,972 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 17.0 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.7 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 22 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 93 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 106 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 212.0 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –4.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 571 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 92.1 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/16/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 38 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 8.8 GDP ($ billions) Benin 6.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 780 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,039 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –207 to 97 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 19 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.2 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.1 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.9 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.3 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 47.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 23.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 115 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.2 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 35,555 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 12 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 75 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,424 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 24.8 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.5 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 394 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 175 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 62 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 73 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.5 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 345.0 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.1 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –47.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.1 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.9 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 404 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 284.0 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/21/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 39 Bermuda Population (thousands) 64.6 GDP ($ billions) 5.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 17 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,506 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –97 to 60 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 82.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 82.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.6 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 109 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 40 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 725.9 Bhutan GDP ($ billions) 1.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,880 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 1 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,667 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –112 to 298 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 /–2 Lower Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 13 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.4 2.7 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 50.6 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 6.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 26.2 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 28.3 6.1 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 56 67 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 12.0 42.5 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 100 1,127 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 65 36 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,159 2,728 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 62.1 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 62.0 58.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.7 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.8 1.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 201 73,548 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 142 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 86 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 92 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.0 1.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 242.4 504.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.7 1,970 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –3.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 846 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 268 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 9 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 354 532 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 84.4 193.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/13/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 41 Bolivia Population (millions) 9.9 GDP ($ billions) 19.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,810 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,146 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –91 to 137 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 33 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.9 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 13.6 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.2 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 54 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.5 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 365 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 25 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 86 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,089 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 77.5 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.0 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.4 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.1 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 37 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 153 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 319.8 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 12.8 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2004, MtCO2e) 48.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.3 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.1 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 638 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 150.2 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/2/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 4 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,118 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 42 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Bosnia and Herzegovina Population (millions) 3.8 GDP ($ billions) 16.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) -0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,028 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –116 to -7 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.1 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.4 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.6 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.6 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,539 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 52.3 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.1 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 125 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 125 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.3 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,108.3 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 31.3 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) -7.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.7 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,580 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 217.7 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/26/2010 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 43 Botswana Population (millions) 2.0 GDP ($ billions) 14.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.5 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 416 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –106 to 24 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / -2 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.8 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 8.1 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 31.2 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 30.9 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 48 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 10.7 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 587 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 60 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 569 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 45.4 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 32.6 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.2 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.6 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 59 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 54 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.5 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 197.3 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.8 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –38.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.5 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.1 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,034 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 87.8 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/22/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 44 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 194.9 GDP ($ billions) Brazil 2,087.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,782 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –95 to 136 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 20 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.2 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.9 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 41 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.1 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 3.8 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 28.0 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.2 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 210 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 80 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,533 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.3 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 5.5 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.2 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 16,733 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 126 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 106 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.1 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 214.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 393.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) 1,329.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 492.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 236.0 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.8 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,243 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 131.7 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 196 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 57,990 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 45 Brunei Darussalam Population (thousands) 398.9 GDP ($ billions) 10.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 31,800 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,722 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –185 to 111 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 15 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 42.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 7 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,291 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.7 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 77.2 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 83 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 27.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 588.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 10.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 7,971 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 176.5 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 46 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 7.5 Bulgaria GDP ($ billions) 47.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,250 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 16 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 608 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –127 to -21 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.5 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 16 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.2 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.4 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.1 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 13 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.6 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,413 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 98.4 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.4 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.5 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 488 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 59 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 94 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.6 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 552.2 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 50.5 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –11.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.9 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.2 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,305 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 202.1 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 28 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2,556 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 47 Burkina Faso Population (millions) 16.5 GDP ($ billions) 8.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 550 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 748 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –229 to 88 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 12 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.8 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 7.9 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 56.5 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.9 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 176 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 26.0 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 45,322 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 11 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 76 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,002 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 14.6 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 4.2 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 299 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 150 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 47 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 88 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 113.1 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.9 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –1.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/16/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 48 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 8.4 Burundi GDP ($ billions) 1.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 170 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,218 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –21 to 206 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.8 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.9 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 81.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 142 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 38.9 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 48,475 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 46 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 72 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,319 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 10.4 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.9 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 169 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 52 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 62.9 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) –15.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/28/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 49 Cambodia Population (millions) 14.1 GDP ($ billions) 11.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 760 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,903 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –109 to 95 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 East Country Asia & Low data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.8 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.6 10.3 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 .. 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.9 3.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 6.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.8 10.8 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 28.3 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 24.0 14.9 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 51 24 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 28.8 9.0 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,798 525 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 29 59 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 61 88 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,947 4,860 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 24.0 90.8 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 6.3 15.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.0 2.8 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.9 3.0 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,775 14,638 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 138 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 79 97 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 90 103 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 175.4 827.1 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.6 8,259 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –17.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 20.2 1,928 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.8 707 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 371 1,436 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 201.3 259.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/8/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 11 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 50 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 19.6 Cameroon GDP ($ billions) 22.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,180 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,604 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –71 to 115 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.3 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 20 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.2 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.4 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 9.6 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.2 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 136 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.6 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 27,818 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 47 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 74 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,524 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 48.7 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 8.4 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.8 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –0.0 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 575 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 161 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 73 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 86 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 138.4 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5.3 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 22.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 18.5 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.1 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 361 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 177.0 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/31/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 51 Canada Population (millions) 34.1 GDP ($ billions) 1,574.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 41,950 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) -10 / -1 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.6 to 3.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 537 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 17 to 88 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -2 / -2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 44 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.3 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 8.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,301 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 39.9 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 13 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 16.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 455.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 544.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -12.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 89.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 40.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.9 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 7,486 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 212.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/3/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 2005) 17% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 52 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 496.0 Cape Verde GDP ($ billions) 1.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,270 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 424 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –32 to 12 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 15 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.5 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 13.8 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.4 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.8 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 21.0 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.5 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 36 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 23 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 54 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 84 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 224 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 69.0 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.9 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.8 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 16 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 119 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 4.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 189.7 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.3 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 213 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 67.4 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/13/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 53 Cayman Islands Population (thousands) 56.2 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –122 to 39 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 11 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 60.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 59.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 8.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 84 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 54 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Central African Republic Population (millions) 4.4 GDP ($ billions) 2.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 470 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,343 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –73 to 100 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.0 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 62.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.7 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 159 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 35,786 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 34 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 67 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 948 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.5 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 10 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 182 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 40 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 69 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 87.8 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.3 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –139.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/10/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 55 Chad Population (millions) 11.2 GDP ($ billions) 7.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 620 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 322 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –79 to 41 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.5 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.4 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 61.9 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.4 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 173 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 33.9 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 39,508 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 9 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 50 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 880 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 0.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 10.3 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 345 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 183 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 33 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 64 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 36.8 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.5 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1993, MtCO2e) –46.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/29/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 56 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Channel Islands 153.4 GDP ($ billions) 11.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 67,960 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) .. Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) .. Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights .. Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights .. Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 57 Chile Population (millions) 17.1 GDP ($ billions) 203.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,950 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.2 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 716 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –118 to 24 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.1 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.6 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 35 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.5 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 9 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 0.5 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,472 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.5 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.2 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.3 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.4 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,266 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 39 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.4 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 325.0 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 73.1 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –9.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 18.1 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.1 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,826 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 134.3 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/8/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 51 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 7,307 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 58 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1,338.3 GDP ($ billions) China 5,878.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,260 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 1 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 627 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –37 to 86 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.1 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 8.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 19.7 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 10.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 15.9 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.6 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 18 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.5 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 3 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 55 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 89 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,450 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.4 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 53.5 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.1 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 942 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 91 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 929.3 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 7,031.9 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –407.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1,333.1 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 467.2 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 141.4 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,695 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 273.2 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/10/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1,604 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 430,696 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 59 Colombia Population (millions) 46.3 GDP ($ billions) 288.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,510 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,612 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –80 to 199 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.9 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 38 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.6 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 16.0 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.4 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.1 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 394 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 74 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,017 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 93.6 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,549 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 42 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 115 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 182.3 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 67.7 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2004, MtCO2e) 26.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 58.1 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.3 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 697 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 84.5 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 34 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,094 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 60 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 734.8 Comoros GDP ($ millions) 541.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,754 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –9 to 140 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 19 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 13.5 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.8 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 46.1 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 86 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 25.0 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 24,619 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 36 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,064 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 76.5 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.9 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 1.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 157 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 81 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 84 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 179.3 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 60 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 59.5 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/5/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 61 Congo, Dem. Rep. Population (millions) 66.0 GDP ($ billions) 13.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 180 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,543 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –48 to 128 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.2 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 59.2 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 170 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 28.2 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 37,400 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 23 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 46 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 789 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 11.1 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 1.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 22.4 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 174 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 178 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 56 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 77 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 151.2 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.8 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2003, MtCO2e) –178.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 56.4 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 54.6 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 357 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,196.4 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/28/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 62 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.0 Congo, Rep. GDP ($ billions) 11.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,150 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,646 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –40 to 134 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 33 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.0 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 54.1 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.4 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 93 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 11.8 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 34,298 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 30 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 71 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 862 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 37.1 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.1 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.9 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 23.7 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 77 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 181 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 74 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 92 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.5 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 147.0 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.9 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -82.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.6 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.6 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 356 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 99.1 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/27/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 63 Cook Islands Population (thousands) 20.3 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,925 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –57 to 174 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 11 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 87.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 62.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.8 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 9 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.9 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 106 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.4 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 64 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.7 Costa Rica GDP ($ billions) 34.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,550 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,926 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –239 to 60 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.1 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.8 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 31 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.4 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.9 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 10 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 51 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,770 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.3 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 25.3 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.3 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.1 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 144 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 121 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.8 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 171.0 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.0 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) -3.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.6 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.3 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,067 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 106.1 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/7/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 8 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 320 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 65 Côte d’Ivoire Population (millions) 19.7 GDP ($ billions) 22.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,160 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,348 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –125 to 73 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.2 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.4 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.8 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 23.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.6 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 123 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.7 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 36,482 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 23 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,900 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 47.3 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.9 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 319 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 167 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 46 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 69 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 223.0 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 7.0 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –18.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.0 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.4 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 535 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 317.2 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/26/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 3 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 66 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.4 Croatia GDP ($ billions) 60.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 13,780 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 16 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,113 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –112 to –2 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.4 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.0 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 99 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,117 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.9 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 719 .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 80 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 303.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 23.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -8.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.9 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,965 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 120.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 5% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 67 Cuba Population (millions) 11.3 GDP ($ billions) 62.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,335 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –108 to 39 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 11 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 12.7 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 19 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 19.8 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.2 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.4 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 91 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,069 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 97.0 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 15.0 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.0 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 60 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.8 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 31.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1996, MtCO2e) –21.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.5 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.4 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,022 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/28/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 171 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 68 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 142.7 Curaçao GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) .. Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) .. Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights .. Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights .. Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 69 Cyprus Population (millions) 1.1 GDP ($ billions) 25.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 30,480 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 24 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 498 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –98 to –44 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 6.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.7 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 20.8 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 900 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 64.6 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 23.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 40 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 103 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 410.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,298 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 121.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 8 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 70 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Czech Republic 10.5 GDP ($ billions) 192.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 17,890 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 3 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 677 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –43 to 55 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 13.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.3 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.1 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,074 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 64 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 11.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 483.3 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 117.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –6.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,022 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 178.3 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 58 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 607 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 71 Denmark Population (millions) 5.5 GDP ($ billions) 310.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 59,210 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 11 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 703 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 21 to 87 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 17.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 18.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 17.4 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.6 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,776 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 18.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) -0.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 5 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 246.4 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 46.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –1.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.9 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.3 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,550 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 108.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/11/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 72 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 888.7 Djibouti GDP ($ billions) 1.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,270 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 220 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –29 to 57 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.6 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.6 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.0 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 6.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.3 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 18.8 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.0 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 91 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 29.6 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 467 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 56 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,111 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 45.0 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.2 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 396 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 170 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 35 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 82 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 302.5 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.5 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 170 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 87.3 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/2/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 73 Dominica Population (thousands) 67.8 GDP ($ millions) 382.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,410 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,436 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -106 to 42 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -3 / -3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 9.4 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.4 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 21.7 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 12 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 81 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,437 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.4 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.1 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 65 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.9 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 214.5 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 628 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 74.4 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/4/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 74 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Dominican Republic 9.9 GDP ($ billions) 51.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,000 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,410 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –128 to 30 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.1 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 22 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.8 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 16.6 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.3 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.1 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 27 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.4 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 46 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 83 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 86 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,846 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 95.9 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.4 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.7 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.2 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 69 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 108 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.2 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 289.4 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 21.6 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –18.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.1 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.3 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 826 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 104.7 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/17/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 12 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 75 Ecuador Population (millions) 14.5 GDP ($ billions) 58.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,290 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 16 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,087 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 22 to 273 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.3 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 31 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.7 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.5 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 12.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.4 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 25.1 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.2 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 63 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 92 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,974 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 92.2 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.8 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.1 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.3 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 239 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 130 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 106 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.9 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 263.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 26.8 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) 46.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17.1 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.6 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 796 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 111.0 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/15/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 17 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,184 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 76 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Egypt, Arab Rep. 81.1 GDP ($ billions) 218.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,440 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 51 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –20 to 1 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.0 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 25.6 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 19 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3,788.9 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.9 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.8 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 94 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,571 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.6 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.9 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.4 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.9 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,588 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 110 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.7 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 514.8 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 210.3 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) –9.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 47.0 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 19.0 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.2 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 903 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 164.5 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 9 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 7,012 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 77 El Salvador Population (millions) 6.2 GDP ($ billions) 21.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,360 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,724 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –205 to 14 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.5 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 25 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.8 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 7.8 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 5.1 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.8 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.1 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 87 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,727 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 86.4 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.8 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.0 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.0 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 152 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 112 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.0 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 158.9 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 6.1 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 3.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.1 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 828 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 137.5 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/10/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 6 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 790 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 78 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Equatorial Guinea 700.4 GDP ($ billions) 14.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 14,540 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,156 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –16 to 129 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 19.2 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 121 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 10.6 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 27,726 .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 51 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 43 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 155 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 50 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 83 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 234.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.8 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,732 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 94.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission .. Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 79 Eritrea Population (millions) 5.3 GDP ($ billions) 2.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 384 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –55 to 26 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.1 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.2 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 7.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 20.8 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 61 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 34.5 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 762 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 14 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 61 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 500 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 32.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 21.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 40 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 180 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 48 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 77 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 171.0 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 142 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 288.2 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/16/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 80 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.3 Estonia GDP ($ billions) 18.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 14,370 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2/9 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 626 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 33 to 93 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.9 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.2 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,761 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 28.8 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 10.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 24 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 100 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 13.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 731.7 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 18.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –7.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,085 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 249.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 12 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 81 Ethiopia Population (millions) 82.9 GDP ($ billions) 29.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 16 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 848 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –42 to 79 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 21 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.7 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.4 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 4 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.4 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.6 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 39.0 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.4 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 106 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 34.6 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 11,509 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 12 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 38 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,677 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 17.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.7 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 111 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 55 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 88 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 109.9 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 7.1 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –9.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 52.2 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.5 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 402 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 464.6 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/16/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 82 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Faeroe Islands 48.7 GDP ($ billions) 2.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4/8 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 0.6 to 1.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,578 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 16 to 95 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.5 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 14.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 83 Fiji Population (thousands) 860.6 GDP ($ billions) 3.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,580 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,593 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –93 to 271 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 11.4 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.3 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.3 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,458 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.2 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.4 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.3 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 90 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 77 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 348.5 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.3 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –7.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 627 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 145.9 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/18/2006 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 36 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 84 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 5.4 Finland GDP ($ billions) 238.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 47,160 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –2 / 6 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 3.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 536 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 37 to 103 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.4 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.8 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,760 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 65.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 11 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 316.3 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 56.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –40.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.7 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 6,639 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 210.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/23/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 3 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 245 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 85 France Population (millions) 64.9 GDP ($ billions) 2,560.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 42,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 7 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 867 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –112 to 2 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 22 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 15.9 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.1 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,456 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 29 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 193.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 377.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –63.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 77.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 49.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,073 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 137.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/8/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 17 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 3,535 86 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) French Polynesia 270.8 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –79 to 283 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 37.6 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 19.8 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.9 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 87 Gabon Population (millions) 1.5 GDP ($ billions) 13.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,740 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,831 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –51 to 148 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.5 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.9 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.9 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 74 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 8.8 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 29,451 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 33 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,389 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 36.7 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 10.2 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.3 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.3 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 125 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 156 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 70 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.7 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 126.8 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.5 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –500.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.2 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,214 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 93.3 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/22/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 88 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.7 Gambia, The GDP ($ millions) 806.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 450 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 837 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –87 to 26 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 16.6 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 33.4 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.0 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.4 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 34.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.5 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 98 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 15.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 31,925 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 67 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,049 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.3 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 35 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 149 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 72 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 209.4 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1993, MtCO2e) –50.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 84 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 71.5 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/6/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 89 Georgia Population (millions) 4.5 GDP ($ billions) 11.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,690 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 0 / 11 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,026 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –77 to -3 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.3 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 25 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.6 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.8 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 15.3 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.7 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.3 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,918 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 94.1 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.4 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.7 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 61 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 16 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 107 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.2 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 262.8 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5.2 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.4 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.0 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 723 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 167.4 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/2/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 53 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 90 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 81.7 Germany GDP ($ billions) 3,309.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 43,290 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 700 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –38 to 57 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.4 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 36.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 40.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.1 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,201 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 14.4 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 19 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 283.8 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 786.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 17.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 67.6 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 56.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 31.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,057 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 121.1 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/11/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 11 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2,087 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 91 Ghana Population (millions) 24.4 GDP ($ billions) 31.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,230 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,187 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –159 to 83 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.8 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.3 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.2 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.2 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 30.0 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.0 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 74 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 14.3 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 31,179 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 13 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 82 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,660 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 60.5 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.9 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.1 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.1 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 290 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 63 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 83 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 267.6 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.6 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1996, MtCO2e) –19.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.0 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.9 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 388 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 275.0 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/2/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 92 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 29.2 Gibraltar GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 22 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 618 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –100 to –26 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 100.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 100.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 14.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,597 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 93 Greece Population (millions) 11.3 GDP ($ billions) 304.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 27,260 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 20 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 652 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -110 to -40 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -2 / -2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 6.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.9 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 29 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 12.2 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 16.9 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,103 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.8 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.7 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 100 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.7 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 323.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 97.8 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –3.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,387 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 95.5 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/18/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 94 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 56.5 Greenland GDP ($ billions) 1.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 26,020 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –23 / –10 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 585 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 6 to 74 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 16.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 52.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 40.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 95 Grenada Population (thousands) 104.5 GDP ($ millions) 627.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,550 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,535 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –245 to 7 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 15 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 21.7 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 21.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.7 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 11 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 97 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 989 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 61.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 10.1 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 14 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 73 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 126 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.4 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 290.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 784 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 96.5 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/21/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 96 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 179.9 GDP ($ millions) Guam .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –25 to 230 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 19 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 20.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 26.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 26.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 99 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,333 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 97 Guatemala Population (millions) 14.4 GDP ($ billions) 41.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,730 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,712 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –186 to 22 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.6 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.3 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.7 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 11.7 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 30.6 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 32 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 17.7 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 184 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 81 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,966 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 80.5 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 34.5 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 971 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 97 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 94 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.9 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 199.4 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 11.9 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) –39.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.3 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.4 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 701 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 163.8 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/1/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 11 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,023 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 98 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.0 Guinea GDP ($ billions) 4.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 400 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,651 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –122 to 104 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 20 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.1 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.6 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.9 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 43.3 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 130 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 40,585 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 19 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 71 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,339 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.1 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.2 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 71 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 179 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 62 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 77 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 145.0 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –17.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/28/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 99 Guinea-Bissau Population (millions) 1.5 GDP ($ millions) 878.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 590 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,577 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -69 to 130 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 9.5 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 18.8 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.1 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 48.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.1 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 150 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 17.4 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 34,043 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 21 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 61 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,445 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 27.9 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.0 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 19 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 1.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 176 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 31 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 65 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 186.6 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.3 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 67 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 64.8 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/1/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 100 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 754.5 Guyana GDP ($ billions) 2.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,300 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,387 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –158 to 72 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.7 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 31.3 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 7.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 8.7 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.9 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 30 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 10.8 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 2,194 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 81 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,568 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.4 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.4 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 26 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 114 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 109 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.0 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 780.2 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.5 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1998, MtCO2e) –30.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 667 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 260.8 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/16/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 101 Haiti Population (millions) 10.0 GDP ($ billions) 6.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 650 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,440 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –125 to 34 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 /–3 Latin Country America & Low data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.9 1.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.4 3.8 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 35 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.5 2.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 9.2 2.0 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 54.9 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.3 20.8 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 165 23 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 18.9 3.8 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,891 206 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 17 79 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 63 93 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 991 3,337 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 38.5 93.4 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 24.3 28.1 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 6.9 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.2 2.3 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1 33,064 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 174 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 102 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 102 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 2.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 238.9 285.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.4 1,584 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.0 1,009 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 442 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 263 1,245 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 247.5 130.6 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/3/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 102 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 7.6 Honduras GDP ($ billions) 15.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,880 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,976 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -204 to 15 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -2 / -2 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.2 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.2 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.2 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 23.3 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.2 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 24 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 8.6 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 335 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 71 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 86 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,752 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 70.3 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.4 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.9 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.2 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 321 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 128 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 107 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.2 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 326.6 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.7 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) 4.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.2 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.9 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 592 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 169.2 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/15/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 19 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 568 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 103 Hong Kong SAR, China Population (millions) 7.1 GDP ($ billions) 224.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 32,780 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,240 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –83 to 73 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 10 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 24.6 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 26.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 100 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 41.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 30.7 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 2 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 136.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 38.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,133 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 54.2 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 104 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.0 Hungary GDP ($ billions) 130.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 12,980 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 589 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –75 to 23 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 89.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.8 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,712 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 37.7 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.4 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –32.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,645 .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 51 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 312.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 54.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –3.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.6 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,542 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 153.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/10/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 11 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 1,321 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 105 Iceland Population (thousands) 317.4 GDP ($ billions) 12.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 33,990 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –1 / 5 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 0.9 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 978 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –1 to 101 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 13.1 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 2 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 36.6 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 20.4 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 23.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 9 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.0 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 191.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 0.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 16,876 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 512.0 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 30% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 106 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1,170.9 GDP ($ billions) India 1,729.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,083 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –91 to 135 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Lower Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.8 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 13 13 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 2.7 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 4.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 47.8 50.6 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 35.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 41.6 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.3 6.1 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 63 67 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 43.5 42.5 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,124 1,127 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 36 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,572 2,728 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 66.3 62.1 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 49.3 58.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.9 1.7 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 1.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 71,898 73,548 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 132 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 86 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 92 92 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 1.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 549.8 504.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,742.7 1,970 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 14.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 584.0 846 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 212.9 268 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.4 9 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 585 532 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 195.4 193.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/22/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 727 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 118,184 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 107 Indonesia Population (millions) 239.9 GDP ($ billions) 706.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,500 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,702 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –160 to 234 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 17 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.5 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.2 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 5.6 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 16.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 18.7 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.1 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 35 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 17.5 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,645 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 52 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,813 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 64.5 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 59.1 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.3 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.9 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,408 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 129 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 109 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.7 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 484.1 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 406.0 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 164.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 208.9 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 123.3 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 851 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 230.3 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/27/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 70 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 3,007 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 108 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Iran, Islamic Rep. 74.0 GDP ($ billions) 331.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 10 / 24 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 228 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –51 to 6 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.6 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.0 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 24 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 72.5 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 19.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.1 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 26 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 18 .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 83 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 93 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,289 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.4 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 73.3 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.5 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.9 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 486 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 144 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.4 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 716.3 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 538.4 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 31.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 114.6 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 26.6 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.6 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,951 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 282.1 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/31/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 7 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 109 Iraq Population (millions) 32.0 GDP ($ billions) 82.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 216 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –38 to -2 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –1 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.0 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 23 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 187.5 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.0 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 39 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 7.1 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 73 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 79 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,222 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 86.0 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 84.3 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.1 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 956 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 164 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 64 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 81 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.4 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,057.0 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 102.9 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.9 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.4 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,035 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 317.1 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 110 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.5 Ireland GDP ($ billions) 203.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 40,720 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 0.9 to 1.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,118 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –13 to 78 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 25 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.0 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 99 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,798 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 15.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 13.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 10 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 252.9 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 43.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -2.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,333 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 94.7 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/3/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 111 Isle of Man Population (thousands) 82.9 GDP ($ billions) 4.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 48,910 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –13 to 56 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 12.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 27.8 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 112 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 7.6 GDP ($ billions) Israel 217.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 27,170 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 435 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –41 to -11 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.8 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 57 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 241.9 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 28.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,182 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.7 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 34 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 200.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 37.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2007, MtCO2e) -0.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.8 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,873 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 110.4 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 22 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,160 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 113 Italy Population (millions) 60.5 GDP ($ billions) 2,051.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 35,150 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 10 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 832 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –108 to –11 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.2 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.8 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 18.8 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,035 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.5 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.5 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 87 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 264.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 445.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –94.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 40.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 28.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,814 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 105.2 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/17/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 114 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 2.7 Jamaica GDP ($ billions) 14.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,770 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,051 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –102 to 28 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.1 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.8 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.2 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.9 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 24 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.2 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 83 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,262 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 92.0 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 73.3 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.5 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.6 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 170 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 88 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.5 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 618.4 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 12.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.3 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,208 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 169.3 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/21/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 211 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 115 Japan Population (millions) 127.5 GDP ($ billions) 5,497.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 42,130 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 7 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,668 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –47 to 80 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 16.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 49 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 20.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 35.2 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,920 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 79.6 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –0.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 20 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 302.2 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,208.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -71.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 42.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 29.8 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 53.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,883 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 125.7 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/21/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 25% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 116 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 6.0 Jordan GDP ($ billions) 27.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 111 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –28 to -3 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.0 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.2 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.6 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 136.5 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.4 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.9 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,044 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.9 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.5 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.2 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 301 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 96 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.7 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 723.4 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 21.4 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) 0.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.8 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,260 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 246.3 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/8/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 986 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 117 Kazakhstan Population (millions) 16.3 GDP ($ billions) 143.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,440 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 1 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 250 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –1 to 37 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 6.7 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 42.1 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.5 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 33 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.9 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 97 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 95 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,254 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 89.9 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.8 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.0 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 596 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 47 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 108 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 15.1 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,444.1 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 237.0 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 47.1 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17.6 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,134 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 396.5 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/4/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1992) 15% NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 118 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 40.5 GDP ($ billions) Kenya 31.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 692 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 0 to 144 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.4 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.7 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 6.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 13.2 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 19.7 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.6 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 85 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.4 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 30,307 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 59 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,204 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 16.1 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.1 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.1 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 492 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 109 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 187.6 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 10.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –28.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 22.1 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.5 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 474 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 329.4 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/22/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 119 Kiribati Population (thousands) 99.5 GDP ($ millions) 151.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,010 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,942 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 81 to 385 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights -2 / -2 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 96.7 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 95.2 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.8 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 5.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.0 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 49 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 61 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.4 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 115 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 118 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 107 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 134.6 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.0 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 116 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 49.9 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 120 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Korea, Dem. Rep. 24.3 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 0 / 11 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,062 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –9 to 129 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 East Country Asia & Low data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.4 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.3 10.3 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 12 .. 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.4 3.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.3 10.8 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.0 14.9 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 33 24 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.6 9.0 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 284 525 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 59 59 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 88 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,513 4,860 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 26.0 90.8 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 2.8 15.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.4 2.8 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 47 14,638 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 103 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.2 4.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 78.4 8,259 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) –14.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 18.2 1,928 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.4 707 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.8 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 795 1,436 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/7/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 121 Korea, Rep. Population (millions) 48.9 GDP ($ billions) 1,014.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 19,890 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 7 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,404 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 0 to 181 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 48 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 39.3 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 51.6 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 8 .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,238 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 78.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –0.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 8 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 410.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 509.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2001, MtCO2e) –34.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 32.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 13.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,044 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 186.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/1/2003 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 64 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 77,317 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 122 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.8 Kosovo GDP ($ billions) 5.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,300 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –148 to -34 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.4 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 117 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 123 Kuwait Population (millions) 2.7 GDP ($ billions) 109.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 47,790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 32 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 121 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –19 to 4 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 22.8 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 84 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.6 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 11 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.7 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,084 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 100.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 85.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 67 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 30.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 602.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 76.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.4 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.9 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 11,402 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 217.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 124 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Kyrgyz Republic 5.4 GDP ($ billions) 4.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 880 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) -5 / 8 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 381 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –32 to 35 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Country Central Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 0.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 20.6 6.5 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.4 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.9 7.5 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 38 23 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.7 .. 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 93 89 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 95 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,034 2,475 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.1 85.8 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.0 9.9 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.1 2.8 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 14 22,652 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 70 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 94 95 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 97 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.2 7.7 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 575.9 708.0 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 6.2 3,110 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) –0.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.6 937 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.5 214 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 76 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 566 2,833 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 271.4 276.8 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/4/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 125 Lao PDR Population (millions) 6.2 GDP ($ billions) 7.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,040 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,834 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –95 to 70 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.8 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.6 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 33.9 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 16.3 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 54 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 31.6 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 327 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 53 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 57 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,808 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 55.0 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.5 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.2 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.7 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,860 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 165 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 75 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 87 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 125.3 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.5 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) –104.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/2/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 2 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 126 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 2.2 GDP ($ billions) Latvia 24.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 11,620 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2/9 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 641 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 31 to 89 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 23.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –1.0 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.4 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 17.8 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 10 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 78 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,075 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.8 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 122 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 21 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.3 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 213.9 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 7.6 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –20.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.1 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.3 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.9 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,871 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 144.9 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/16/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 0 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 127 Lebanon Population (millions) 4.2 GDP ($ billions) 39.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,080 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 22 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 661 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –75 to -27 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.7 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.1 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 46 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 26.3 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 19.9 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.5 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.2 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,832 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.9 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.8 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 12.7 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 104 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 85 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.1 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 372.5 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 17.1 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,580 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 133.2 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/31/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 128 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 2.2 Lesotho GDP ($ billions) 2.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,040 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 19 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 789 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –66 to 89 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 10 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.7 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.0 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 43.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.5 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 85 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.6 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 29 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 85 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 421 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 16.0 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 18.3 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.7 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.5 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 11 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 143 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 69 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 107 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 1.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 9 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 7.0 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/17/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 129 Liberia Population (millions) 4.0 GDP ($ millions) 986.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 200 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,391 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –115 to 81 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.3 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 30 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.7 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.9 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.1 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 83.7 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.1 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 103 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.4 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 29,994 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 17 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 68 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,610 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 6.2 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 25.1 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 135 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 151 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 58 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 72 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 447.7 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 130 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 6.4 GDP ($ billions) Libya 62.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 12,320 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 57 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –18 to 5 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.8 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.7 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 17 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 718.0 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.6 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 97 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 54 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 569 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.8 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 57.2 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.7 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.5 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 619.1 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 58.3 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.7 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.3 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,258 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 212.1 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 131 Liechtenstein Population (thousands) 36.0 GDP ($ billions) 4.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 137,070 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2/9 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,539 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –66 to 32 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 42.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 2 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 107 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/25/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 132 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.3 Lithuania GDP ($ billions) 36.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 11,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 10 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 656 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 22 to 83 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.6 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 17.7 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.5 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 7 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,450 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 28.6 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 11.0 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 104 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 27 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.5 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 255.8 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 15.1 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –3.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.5 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,512 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 166.3 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/22/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 12 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2,408 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 133 Luxembourg Population (thousands) 505.8 GDP ($ billions) 55.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 79,630 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 934 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –86 to 26 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 19.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,202 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 279.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 50 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 84 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 21.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 291.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 10.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –0.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 8,313 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 116.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/14/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 134 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Macao SAR, China 543.7 GDP ($ billions) 21.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 40,030 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,219 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –83 to 73 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 10 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 35.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 79.9 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 46.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 135 Macedonia, FYR Population (millions) 2.1 GDP ($ billions) 9.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 619 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –150 to -43 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 28.8 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 7.3 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.8 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 12 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.8 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 89 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,373 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 56.5 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.9 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.2 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 86 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 22 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.8 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 655.2 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 11.8 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2002, MtCO2e) –2.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,352 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 155.6 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/15/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 136 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 20.7 Madagascar GDP ($ billions) 8.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 430 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,513 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –104 to 56 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.3 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.9 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.4 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 67.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.9 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 62 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 36.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 3,735 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 11 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 41 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,582 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 19.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.6 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.9 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 132 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 137 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 79 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 102.9 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.9 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –233.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 137 Malawi Population (millions) 14.9 GDP ($ billions) 5.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 330 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 17 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,181 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -53 to 91 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 16 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.0 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 8.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.0 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 73.9 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 92 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 15.5 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 33,773 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 56 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 80 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,163 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 9.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 45.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 116 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 1.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 145 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 59 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 120.1 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.2 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 17.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/2/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 138 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 28.4 Malaysia GDP ($ billions) 237.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,760 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,875 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –160 to 117 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.5 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.1 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 17.9 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 75 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,750 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.4 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 82.8 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.7 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.8 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,201 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 18 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.6 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 585.7 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 208.3 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –220.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 46.5 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.1 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,391 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 191.2 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/14/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 101 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,475 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 139 Maldives Population (thousands) 315.9 GDP ($ billions) 1.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,240 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,972 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –2 to 319 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 22 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Upper Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 100.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 100.0 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 13 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 2.7 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 50.6 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 6.1 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 15 67 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 25.7 42.5 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 1,127 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 36 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,042 2,728 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 62.1 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 58.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.0 1.7 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 11.1 1.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 490 73,548 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 79 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 119 86 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 92 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.0 1.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 580.8 504.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.9 1,970 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 846 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 268 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 9 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 985 532 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 200.3 193.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/5/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 140 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 15.4 GDP ($ billions) Mali 9.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 600 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 36 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.5 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 282 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –142 to 43 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.6 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.9 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 51.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.4 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 178 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 27.9 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 25,366 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 36 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 56 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,588 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.6 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 254 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 146 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 64 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 80 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.0 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 44.2 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –9.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/13/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 141 Malta Population (thousands) 413.0 GDP ($ billions) 8.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 18,430 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 23 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 383 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –67 to –28 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 19.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 21.8 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.9 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 53.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 22.2 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 17.2 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,431 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.4 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 100 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 274.3 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) -0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,935 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 87.5 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 7/27/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 142 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Marshall Islands 54.0 GDP ($ millions) 155.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,450 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,705 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 8 to 240 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 21 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 99.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 99.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.1 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 26 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 73 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.1 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.6 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 1.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 106 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 94 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.9 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 610 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/24/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 143 Mauritania Population (millions) 3.5 GDP ($ billions) 3.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,030 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 92 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –113 to 9 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 11 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.0 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 20.4 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.0 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 399.8 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 21.2 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.5 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 111 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.7 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 17,325 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 26 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 49 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 876 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 26.8 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 133 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 159 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 64 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 343.6 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.0 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -1.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/6/2008 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 144 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.3 Mauritius GDP ($ billions) 9.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,041 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –165 to 67 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.1 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.6 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 26.4 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 21.4 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.5 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 15 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 91 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 8,307 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.4 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 98.0 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.8 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.4 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 26 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 23 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 89 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.1 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 269.6 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.0 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –0.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 947 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 85.9 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/28/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 145 Mayotte Population (thousands) 204.1 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 4.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –24 to 112 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 20 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 21.6 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 21.6 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.2 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 146 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 113.4 Mexico GDP ($ billions) 1,039.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 8,930 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 752 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –178 to 10 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.9 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 35 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.9 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 19.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.5 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.1 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.4 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 3 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 85 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,434 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 35.3 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.9 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6,360 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 53 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.3 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 332.6 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 475.8 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2006, MtCO2e) 70.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 128.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 42.5 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.6 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,497 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 119.8 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/20/2010 (4th) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 132 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 10,122 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 147 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Population (thousands) 111.1 GDP ($ millions) 287.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,700 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –85 to 411 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 26 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 33.4 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 54.9 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 31.2 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.0 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 42 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 27 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,450 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 17.5 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.8 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.5 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 140 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 196.8 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 148 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.6 Moldova GDP ($ billions) 5.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,810 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 553 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –72 to 11 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.3 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –0.8 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 191.5 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 9.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.4 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.2 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 79 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,340 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 85.8 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.3 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.3 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 35 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 81 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.3 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 483.1 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.8 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) –1.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.4 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 687 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 263.6 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/27/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 4 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 149 Monaco Population (thousands) 35.4 GDP ($ billions) 6.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 183,150 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 10 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 894 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –114 to 1 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) Population below 5m (% of total) 100.0 2.2 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 100.0 7.7 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. .. Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 1.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. 10.4 Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. .. Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 23.7 13.4 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4 6 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 132 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/25/2011 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 30% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 150 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 2.8 Mongolia GDP ($ billions) 6.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,850 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –8 / 6 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 241 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 1 to 50 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.4 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 22.4 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.4 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 32 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.3 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 50 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 76 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,552 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 67.0 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 3.5 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.3 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 23.9 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 86 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.1 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,146.7 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 10.9 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2006, MtCO2e) –2.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.1 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.5 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,194 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 345.1 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/10/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 3 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 15 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 151 Montenegro Population (thousands) 631.5 GDP ($ billions) 4.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,620 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –138 to –27 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.3 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.2 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 92 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,464 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.5 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 19.0 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 56 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.1 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 293.7 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.0 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2003, MtCO2e) –0.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,384 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 139.9 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/12/2010 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 152 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 32.0 Morocco GDP ($ billions) 91.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,900 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 23 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 346 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –62 to –5 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.7 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.8 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 19 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 43.4 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 2.5 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.5 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 36 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 9.9 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 69 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 81 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,911 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 97.0 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 67.8 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.5 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,124 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 94 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 88 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 379.0 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 47.9 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) 3.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.6 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.8 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 477 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 113.7 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/3/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 6 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 330 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 153 Mozambique Population (millions) 23.4 GDP ($ billions) 9.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 440 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,031 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –69 to 61 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 15 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.5 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 7 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.7 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 59.6 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 135 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.2 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 32,555 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 17 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 47 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 877 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 11.7 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.2 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 80 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 139 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 61 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 89 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 133.6 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.3 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 7.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12.8 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.5 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 427 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 529.7 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/2/2006 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 154 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 48.0 Myanmar GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 8 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,091 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –84 to 97 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 East Country Asia & Low data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.6 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.0 10.3 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 .. 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 3.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 3.3 10.8 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 24.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.3 14.9 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 66 24 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 29.6 9.0 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 7,943 525 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 81 59 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 71 88 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,949 4,860 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 13.0 90.8 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.9 15.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.3 2.8 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 556 14,638 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 97 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 103 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 12.8 8,259 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 77.2 1,928 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.9 707 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 316 1,436 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission .. Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 155 Namibia Population (millions) 2.3 GDP ($ billions) 12.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,500 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 285 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -67 to 23 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.3 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.9 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.0 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.9 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 49.1 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.5 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 40 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 17.5 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 4,589 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 33 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 92 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 365 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 34.0 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.8 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.2 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.0 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 9 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 78 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.8 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 311.4 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.0 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) -5.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.1 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.8 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 764 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 135.4 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/7/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 156 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 10.3 GDP ($ millions) Nauru .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,445 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –60 to 565 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 18 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 40.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 40.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 40 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 50 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.6 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 112 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 13.9 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 157 Nepal Population (millions) 30.0 GDP ($ billions) 15.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 480 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,321 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –116 to 231 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country South Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 4.4 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 13 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.8 2.7 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 5.1 50.6 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 27.7 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 55.1 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 17.0 6.1 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 50 67 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 38.8 42.5 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 103 1,127 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 31 36 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 87 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,374 2,728 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 43.6 62.1 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 55.9 58.9 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.7 1.7 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 1.3 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 34 73,548 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 107 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 70 86 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 82 92 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 1.3 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 120.0 504.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3.5 1,970 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 8.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 22.1 846 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.5 268 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 9 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 338 532 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 323.2 193.5 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/1/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 4 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 92 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 158 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 16.6 Netherlands GDP ($ billions) 783.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 49,750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 778 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –18 to 50 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 58.5 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 61.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 12 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 105.1 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 10.6 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 9,032 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –2.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 31 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 100 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 277.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 173.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 2.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,016 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 135.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/19/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 159 New Caledonia Population (thousands) 254.0 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,498 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –122 to 118 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 34.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,391 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 12.8 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 160 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.4 New Zealand GDP ($ billions) 126.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 29,050 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.1 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,732 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –44 to 53 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 12.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 32 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.3 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 3.2 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 25.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,924 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 65.9 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 13.3 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –1.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 3 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.8 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 304.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 33.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –26.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 27.6 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,193 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 162.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/23/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 10% / 20% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 7 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 1,898 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 161 Nicaragua Population (millions) 5.8 GDP ($ billions) 6.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,090 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,391 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –220 to 19 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.6 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.5 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 23 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.2 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.7 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 15.8 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 36.7 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 27 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.3 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 26 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 52 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 85 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,077 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 72.1 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 12.0 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.8 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 547 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 118 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 75 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.8 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 308.2 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.3 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –13.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.0 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.3 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 540 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 222.8 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/22/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 602 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 162 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 15.5 GDP ($ billions) Niger 5.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 370 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 151 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –71 to 36 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 7 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.9 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 7.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 67.5 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 43.1 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.8 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 143 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 39.9 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 37,958 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 9 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 48 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 380 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 20.7 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 17.1 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 107 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 173 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 41 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 78 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 90.3 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.9 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –16.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/9/2009 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 163 Nigeria Population (millions) 158.4 GDP ($ billions) 193.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,180 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,150 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –128 to 89 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 19 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.5 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 15 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 4.7 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 64.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.8 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 143 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 26.7 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 38,259 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 32 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 58 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,528 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 50.6 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 15.0 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.0 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.1 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 3,036 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 133 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 79 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 85 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 326.6 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 95.8 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 105.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 130.3 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.6 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 701 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 345.1 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/17/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 312 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 164 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 1.5 GDP ($ millions) Niue .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) -2.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,210 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –9 to 153 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 15 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 10.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.2 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 19.0 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 126 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 129 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.5 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.0 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/2/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 165 Northern Mariana Islands Population (thousands) 60.9 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 24 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 7,369 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 1 to 197 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 17 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 28.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 39.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 94 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 166 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 4.9 Norway GDP ($ billions) 414.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 85,340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –2 / 5 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 3.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,119 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 41 to 131 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.9 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,105 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 80.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 18.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.8 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 6 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 100 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 215.9 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 50.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –25.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 16.9 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.7 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 6,332 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 134.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/22/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 30% / 40% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 167 Oman Population (millions) 2.8 GDP ($ billions) 46.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 18,260 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 125 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –16 to 31 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 94.7 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.0 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 9 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 87 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,473 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 43.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 49 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 17.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 703.9 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 45.7 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,554 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 229.3 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 168 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 173.6 Pakistan GDP ($ billions) 174.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,050 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 13 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.4 to 3.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 305 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –60 to 36 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Lower Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.4 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.3 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 13 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.1 2.7 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 313.8 50.6 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 73.9 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 22.6 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.3 6.1 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 87 67 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 31.3 42.5 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 881 1,127 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 45 36 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,790 2,728 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 62.4 62.1 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 65.4 58.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 1.7 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.2 1.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 437 73,548 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 105 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 61 86 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 82 92 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.0 1.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 420.7 504.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 163.2 1,970 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 6.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 137.4 846 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 26.8 268 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 9 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 502 532 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 212.7 193.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/15/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 12 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 2,983 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 169 Palau Population (thousands) 20.5 GDP ($ millions) 169.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,470 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 24 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,259 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –89 to 172 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 25 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 21.4 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 55.6 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.0 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 83 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 84 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.2 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 116 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 104 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 10.5 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 827.5 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/18/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 170 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.5 Panama GDP ($ billions) 26.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,980 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.6 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,692 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –228 to 107 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.7 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 39 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 2.4 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 18.7 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 35 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 69 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 93 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,019 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 88.1 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 38.1 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.3 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.8 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 339 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 61 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.0 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 173.8 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 6.9 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 23.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 896 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 75.5 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 7/20/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 7 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 138 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 171 Papua New Guinea Population (millions) 6.9 GDP ($ billions) 9.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,300 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,142 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –163 to 421 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.8 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.0 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 35.8 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.1 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 61 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 18.1 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 18,012 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 45 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 40 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,415 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 3.5 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.6 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.3 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 150 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 101 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 53 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 158.0 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.1 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/27/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 215 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 172 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 6.5 Paraguay GDP ($ billions) 18.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,940 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,130 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –48 to 112 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3 / 12 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Latin Lower Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 31 35 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.3 2.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.5 2.0 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 5.1 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.4 20.8 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 25 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 16 206 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 70 79 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 86 93 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,358 3,337 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 96.7 93.4 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 50.8 28.1 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.9 6.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 2.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 45 33,064 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 102 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 102 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 102 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.7 2.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 151.9 285.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 4.1 1,584 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 19.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.4 1,009 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.1 442 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 21 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 749 1,245 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 182.3 130.6 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/10/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 173 Peru Population (millions) 29.1 GDP ($ billions) 153.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,780 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 26 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,493 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –57 to 181 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.4 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 31 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.2 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 5.9 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 13.6 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 19 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.4 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 478 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 68 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 82 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,910 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 85.7 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 13.9 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.2 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.8 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,663 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 41 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 101 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.4 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 178.7 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 40.5 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) 56.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 17.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.6 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.3 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 550 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 69.2 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/28/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 25 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 620 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 174 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 93.3 Philippines GDP ($ billions) 199.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,060 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,348 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –136 to 140 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 6.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.5 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.6 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 16.5 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 22.6 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.9 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 29 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.7 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 96 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 76 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,229 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 89.7 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 9.9 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.2 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.9 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,817 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 136 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 94 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.9 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 272.6 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 83.2 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 51.9 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 13.0 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 424 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 125.9 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/19/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 57 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 245 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 175 Poland Population (millions) 38.2 GDP ($ billions) 468.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 12,410 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 600 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –12 to 64 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 4 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 21.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 6 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,475 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.2 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.9 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4,638 .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 62 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 503.8 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 316.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –37.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 70.0 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,663 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 153.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/12/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 17 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 176 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.6 Portugal GDP ($ billions) 228.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 21,850 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 10 / 20 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 855 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –113 to –7 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.2 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 39 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 31.3 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 11.4 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 4 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,455 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 86.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 30 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 103 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 241.4 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 56.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –14.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12.2 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.0 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.8 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,210 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 102.0 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/11/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 177 Puerto Rico Population (millions) 4.0 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,054 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –133 to 37 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 13 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 69 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 14.0 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 8.5 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,878 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 95.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 43 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 178 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.8 GDP ($ billions) Qatar 98.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 6.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 74 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –23 to 8 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 13.4 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 23.1 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 6.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 471.4 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.7 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,746 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.7 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 90.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 10.1 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 8.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 36 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 108 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 120 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 49.1 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 636.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 68.5 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 15.7 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 14,911 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 203.7 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/20/2011 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 179 Romania Population (millions) 21.4 GDP ($ billions) 161.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 7,840 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 637 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –92 to 2 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 9 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –0.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 21.7 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 7.1 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 14 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.5 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 72 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,825 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 30.2 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.1 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.1 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 680 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 72 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.4 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 373.1 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 94.7 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –36.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 24.3 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.5 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,602 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 148.2 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/15/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 15 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 2,405 180 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Russian Federation 141.8 GDP ($ billions) 1,479.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) –0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,910 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –10 / 0 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.6 to 3.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 460 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 24 to 79 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.9 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.9 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 18 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –0.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.5 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 2.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.0 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 12 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 87 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,281 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 80.1 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 12.8 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.9 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 16,097 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 120 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 12.0 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 815.1 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1,708.7 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –656.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 562.8 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 76.1 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 59.7 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 4,561 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 334.8 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/16/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 15% / 25% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 25 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 7,211 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 181 Rwanda Population (millions) 10.6 GDP ($ billions) 5.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 12 / 24 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,212 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –12 to 211 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 8.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.6 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 76.8 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 91 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 18.0 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 11,429 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 54 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 65 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,829 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.5 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.8 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 63 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 45 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 54 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 71.1 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.7 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2002, MtCO2e) –7.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/6/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 3 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 182 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 183.1 Samoa GDP ($ millions) 565.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,860 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 24 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,991 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –41 to 196 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.3 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 15.6 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.4 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 20 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 88 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 14.2 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.2 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 60 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 4.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 105 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.9 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 213.0 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 320 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 80.4 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/14/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 183 San Marino Population (thousands) 31.5 GDP ($ billions) 1.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 50,400 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 8 / 16 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 840 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –111 to 3 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 2 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2007, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 8/24/2009 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 184 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change São Tomé and Príncipe Population (thousands) 165.4 GDP ($ millions) 196.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,200 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,169 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –42 to 137 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 20 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.7 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.1 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.5 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.3 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 29.7 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 80 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 13.1 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,961 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 26 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 89 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,056 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 68.1 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.4 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.5 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 50 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 163 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 85 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.8 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 496.2 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1998, MtCO2e) –1.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 280 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 180.0 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/19/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 185 Saudi Arabia Population (millions) 27.4 GDP ($ billions) 434.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 16,190 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 18 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –27 to 9 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.5 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 39 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 943.3 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 31.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 18 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 5.3 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 7 .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 99 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 96 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,161 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 21.5 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.0 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 12 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 91 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 16.6 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 805.7 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 433.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) -15.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 48.2 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.2 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,888 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 292.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/29/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 186 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 12.4 Senegal GDP ($ billions) 13.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,090 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 35 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 687 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –124 to 37 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 7 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.5 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 14.8 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 23 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.2 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 8.6 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.7 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 33.5 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 24.1 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 75 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 14.5 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 7,077 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 51 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 69 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,135 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 42.0 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 29.3 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.5 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 258 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 154 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.5 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 57 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 246.0 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5.0 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –10.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.1 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.1 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 243 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 142.2 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/16/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 187 Serbia Population (millions) 7.3 GDP ($ billions) 39.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) -0.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,810 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –125 to -15 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.1 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 15 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.0 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.0 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 7 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.8 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 92 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,623 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 47.7 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.5 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.4 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 107 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 92 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.8 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 663.2 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 49.9 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1998, MtCO2e) –8.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.8 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.6 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.5 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,974 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 198.1 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/29/2010 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 188 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 86.5 Seychelles GDP ($ millions) 936.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,760 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,970 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –75 to 226 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 18 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 43.9 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 41.3 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.6 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 42.0 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 14 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 96.5 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.4 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 39.4 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 15 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 103 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 105 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.8 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 404.4 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.7 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –0.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,411 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 120.0 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/15/2020 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 189 Sierra Leone Population (millions) 5.9 GDP ($ billions) 1.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 340 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,526 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –96 to 128 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.1 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.7 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.3 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 53.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 174 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.3 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 36,141 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 13 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 49 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,402 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 8.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.5 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 168 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 141 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 68 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 332.2 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.3 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 1/8/2007 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 190 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 5.1 Singapore GDP ($ billions) 222.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 41,430 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,497 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –134 to 49 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.1 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 12.1 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 95 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.3 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 100.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 17.3 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 1 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.7 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 139.0 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 32.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.2 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.1 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,704 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 80.2 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/12/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 191 Sint Maarten (Dutch part) Population (thousands) 37.9 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) .. Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) .. Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights .. Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights .. Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 192 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Slovak Republic 5.4 GDP ($ billions) 89.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 16,210 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 824 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –44 to 45 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.2 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.0 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 23.5 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,327 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.6 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.6 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 48 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 338.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 37.6 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –3.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.9 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,178 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 165.1 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/15/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 0 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 193 Slovenia Population (millions) 2.1 GDP ($ billions) 47.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 24,000 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 14 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,161 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –93 to 5 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) –0.1 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.9 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 12.1 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,257 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 10.6 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.8 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 37 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 312.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 17.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –8.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.5 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,455 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 138.3 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/6/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 194 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) Solomon Islands 538.1 GDP ($ millions) 678.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,030 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,028 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –107 to 314 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 22 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 11.5 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 13.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.3 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.1 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 27 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 11.5 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 13,718 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 29 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 69 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,265 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 2.4 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.6 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 35.0 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 5 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 74 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 94 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 160.1 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 129 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 55.5 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 9/29/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 195 Somalia Population (millions) 9.3 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 282 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –4 to 111 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 21 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.6 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.2 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 16 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.9 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 4.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 55.0 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.6 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 180 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 32.8 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 8,711 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 23 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 30 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 371 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 11.8 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.1 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 53 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.6 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication .. Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission .. Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 196 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 50.0 South Africa GDP ($ billions) 363.7 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 6,090 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 495 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –78 to 33 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 10 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Upper Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 0.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.5 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 34 14 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.6 4.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 27.9 3.2 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 17.4 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.9 11.7 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 57 121 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 24.6 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 80 26,113 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 77 31 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 60 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,414 1,297 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 75.0 32.5 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 17.3 18.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.9 1.2 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.4 3.6 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 2,107 11,957 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 35 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 67 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 89 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.9 0.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 930.3 428.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 435.9 685 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –18.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 63.8 590 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 24.0 334 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.6 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,921 689 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 312.7 308.4 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/11/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes, with Goal NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 20 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 1,900 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 197 Spain Population (millions) 46.1 GDP ($ billions) 1,407.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 31,750 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 8 / 19 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 636 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –112 to -18 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 24 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.7 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 33.4 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 11.9 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 8.6 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,940 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 99.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 8.9 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.8 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 44 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 103 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.2 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 255.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 329.3 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –28.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 36.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 26.5 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,781 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 103.2 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/18/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 3 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 198 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 20.9 Sri Lanka GDP ($ billions) 49.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,240 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,712 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 11 to 196 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Lower Country South middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.9 1.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.4 4.4 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 13 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.3 2.7 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 24.5 50.6 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 7.0 40.3 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 20.8 6.1 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 17 67 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 21.6 42.5 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 21 1,127 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 91 36 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 90 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,664 2,728 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 76.6 62.1 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 81.0 58.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.9 1.7 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.0 1.3 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 72 73,548 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 89 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 97 86 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 92 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.6 1.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 138.5 504.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 11.8 1,970 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) 379.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.2 846 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.1 268 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 9 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 449 532 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 105.5 193.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/6/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 7 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 238 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 199 St. Kitts and Nevis Population (thousands) 52.4 GDP ($ millions) 526.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,520 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,133 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –102 to 32 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 19.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 22.1 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 0.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.6 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 5.8 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 24.3 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 13 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 95 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.9 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 350.5 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,645 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 122.1 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 200 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 174.0 St. Lucia GDP ($ millions) 932.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,970 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,301 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –159 to 14 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 14 / 24 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.1 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 20.9 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.3 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 89 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.6 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 13.0 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 11 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 52 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 4.0 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.3 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 253.7 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) -0.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 760 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 82.7 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 201 St. Martin (French part) Population (thousands) 30.2 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) .. Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) .. Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights .. Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights .. Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) .. 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) .. 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 202 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change St. Vincent & the Grenadines Population (thousands) 109.3 GDP ($ millions) 561.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,850 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,583 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –165 to 15 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 15 / 25 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 22.0 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 22.0 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.9 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 10.9 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 21 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,387 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 70.0 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.5 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 17.8 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 35 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 75 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 109 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.8 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 215.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1997, MtCO2e) –0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 642 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 75.7 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/21/2000 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 203 Sudan Population (millions) 43.6 GDP ($ billions) 62.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,270 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 34 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 417 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –69 to 44 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 5 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.2 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 12 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.1 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 2.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 123.8 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.0 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.9 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 103 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 31.7 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 12,805 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 34 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 57 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 587 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 35.9 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 36.3 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.1 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.7 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 478 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 135 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 57 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 89 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.3 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 173.2 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 14.1 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) 17.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 67.4 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 49.5 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 372 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 187.5 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/7/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 204 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 524.6 Suriname GDP ($ billions) 3.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 5,920 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,331 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –138 to 107 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 3.4 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 68.2 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.8 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.8 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 15.5 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.4 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 31 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 7.5 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 681 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 84 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 93 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,750 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 26.3 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.1 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –2.9 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 60 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 158 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 88 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 107 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.7 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 697.7 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.4 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2003, MtCO2e) 1.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,400 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 213.8 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/27/2006 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 205 Swaziland Population (millions) 1.2 GDP ($ billions) 3.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,630 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 16 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 788 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –82 to 34 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 11 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 9.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 39.5 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 62.9 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.0 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 78 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.1 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 57 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 55 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 69 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,148 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 30.0 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.5 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.5 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 15 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 124 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 72 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 92 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.9 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 205.6 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.1 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –3.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 373 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 81.5 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/21/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 206 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 9.4 Sweden GDP ($ billions) 458.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 50,000 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) –2 / 6 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 624 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 35 to 107 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/4 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.5 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.6 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.6 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.3 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 3 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,086 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 23.6 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 15.2 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 14 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 155.1 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 49.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –41.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 11.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.9 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 5,414 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 160.7 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/4/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 0 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 0 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 207 Switzerland Population (millions) 7.8 GDP ($ billions) 523.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 70,030 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2/9 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,537 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –89 to 11 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 15 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.8 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.5 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 22.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 6,579 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.1 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) –1.2 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 4.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 26 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 98 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 5.3 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 138.7 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 40.4 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) 0.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.7 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.4 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,362 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 89.8 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/14/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 208 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Syrian Arab Republic 20.4 GDP ($ billions) 59.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,790 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 11 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 3.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 318 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –57 to -13 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –1 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.3 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 34 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.1 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 235.0 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 8.9 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.6 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 10.0 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 89 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,708 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 92.7 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 91.0 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.4 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.3 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 65 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 134 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 112 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 3.6 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 808.0 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 71.6 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 12.5 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.5 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,123 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 239.5 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/29/2010 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 3 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 209 Tajikistan Population (millions) 6.9 GDP ($ billions) 5.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 800 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) -4 / 8 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.3 to 3.4 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 491 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –46 to 27 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Country Central Low data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 2.5 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.4 0.3 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 5.4 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 18.0 6.5 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 14.8 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 21.5 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.1 7.5 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 63 23 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 14.9 .. 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 9 .. 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 94 89 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 70 95 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,731 2,475 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 85.8 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.0 9.9 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.3 2.8 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 56 22,652 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 147 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 98 95 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 91 97 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.5 7.7 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 264.0 708.0 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3.1 3,110 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2003, MtCO2e) –1.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.9 937 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.4 214 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.4 76 .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 342 2,833 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 180.3 276.8 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/31/2008 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 210 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 44.8 Tanzania GDP ($ billions) 23.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.8 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 530 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 17 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.2 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,071 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –9 to 167 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 22 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.2 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.3 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 7 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.5 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.2 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 67.9 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 27.7 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 76 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.7 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 24,088 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 24 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 54 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,110 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 13.9 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 7.4 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.2 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.9 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 625 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 127 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.3 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 130.4 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 6.5 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 913.6 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 32.0 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 21.6 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 451 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 373.1 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 7/4/2003 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 56 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 211 Thailand Population (millions) 69.1 GDP ($ billions) 318.8 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,150 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.7 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,622 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –109 to 76 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 17 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 East Upper Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.2 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 13.8 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 10 .. 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.7 3.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 3.8 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 25.5 10.8 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 19.6 14.9 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 13 24 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 7.0 9.0 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 322 525 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 59 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 88 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,951 4,860 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.3 90.8 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 98.5 15.9 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.8 2.8 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.0 3.0 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 4,720 14,638 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 17 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 103 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.2 4.3 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 567.3 827.1 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 285.7 8,259 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) –7.9 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 83.3 1,928 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 22.3 707 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.1 .. 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,504 1,436 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 210.0 259.5 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 3/24/2011 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 55 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 902 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 212 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 1.1 Timor-Leste GDP ($ millions) 701.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,220 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –123 to 206 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 16 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.9 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.4 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.6 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 37.4 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.0 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 55 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 41.5 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 46,380 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 50 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 69 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,316 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 22.0 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.3 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 39.9 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 168 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.7 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 80 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 95 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 234.5 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 58 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 84.9 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/20/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 213 Togo Population (millions) 6.0 GDP ($ billions) 3.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 490 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.5 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,168 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –175 to 100 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 21 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.6 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 6.1 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 28 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.5 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.5 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 38.7 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 11.3 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 103 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 22.3 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 30,388 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 12 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 60 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,398 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 20.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 21.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.3 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 23 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 162 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 61 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 75 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 280.6 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.4 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1998, MtCO2e) 28.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.9 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.7 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 445 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 503.1 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 7/21/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 214 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 104.1 GDP ($ millions) Tonga 357.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,390 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 23 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,966 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –13 to 182 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 8 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 40.5 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 31.3 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.0 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.5 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 27.0 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.9 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.5 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 10 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 58 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 105 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.7 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 413.9 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –0.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 567 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 139.9 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 215 Trinidad and Tobago Population (millions) 1.3 GDP ($ billions) 20.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 15,400 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.5 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,787 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –266 to 8 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 15 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 8.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.5 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 6.0 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 12.7 .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 4.2 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 31.2 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 27 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.4 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 92 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,598 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 51.1 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.7 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.7 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 68 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 37.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,552.9 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 49.8 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1990, MtCO2e) -1.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 15,158 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 654.9 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/30/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 216 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 10.5 Tunisia GDP ($ billions) 44.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,060 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 25 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 313 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –57 to –16 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/7 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Upper Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.8 1.4 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 9.5 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 20 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 2.5 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 67.6 121.9 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.1 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 2.6 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.3 4.0 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 16 34 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.3 6.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 85 84 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 87 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,813 2,512 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.5 92.9 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 75.2 74.3 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 4.5 3.6 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 3.4 2.9 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 1,061 5,854 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 46 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 90 88 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 103 93 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.4 3.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 329.2 604.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 25.0 1,230 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –1.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 8.2 287 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.4 74 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 7 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 881 1,399 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 117.4 213.9 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/27/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission Yes NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 2 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 217 Turkey Population (millions) 72.8 GDP ($ billions) 735.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 9,890 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 17 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.9 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 593 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –103 to -29 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Upper Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.0 2.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.4 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 29 18 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.3 0.3 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 17.7 6.5 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 13.4 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 2.7 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 1.9 7.5 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 18 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.5 .. 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 90 89 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 95 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,808 2,475 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 85.8 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.6 9.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.3 2.8 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 6,606 22,652 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 71 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 93 95 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 97 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.0 7.7 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 322.8 708.0 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 284.0 3,110 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –82.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 64.3 937 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 32.8 214 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 5.1 76 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,440 2,833 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 114.9 276.8 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/20/2007 (4th) Annex-I emissions reduction target .. NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 218 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) Turkmenistan 5.0 GDP ($ billions) 21.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,800 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 9 / 22 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 162 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –32 to 12 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 5.3 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 5.6 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.1 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1,831.6 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 24.8 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.0 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 56 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 10.5 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 98 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 83 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,203 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 81.2 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 7.0 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 9.9 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 44 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 9.7 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,537.5 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 47.8 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2004, MtCO2e) -0.8 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 28.0 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 4.3 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,933 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 593.2 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/29/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 219 Turks and Caicos Islands Population (thousands) 38.4 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 6.0 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,035 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –87 to 52 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 11 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 53.3 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 53.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 42.9 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 96 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.4 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.2 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 220 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 9.8 Tuvalu GDP ($ millions) 31.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 4,530 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 25 / 31 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 3,035 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 9 to 651 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 24 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 100.0 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 100.0 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) .. 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.4 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 33 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.6 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 84 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 97 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.5 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.8 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 112 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 221 Uganda Population (millions) 33.4 GDP ($ billions) 17.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.2 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 500 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 17 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.3 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,180 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –13 to 224 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 26 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –3 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 5 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.1 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.9 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 0.8 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 37.7 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 9.7 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 99 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 16.4 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 36,233 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 48 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 67 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,539 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 9.0 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 23.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.4 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.8 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 257 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 123 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.2 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 73 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.1 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 110.8 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 3.7 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 8.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/26/2002 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 222 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 45.9 Ukraine GDP ($ billions) 137.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) -0.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 3,010 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 4 / 13 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 565 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) -43 to 31 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.5 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 2.1 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 14 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) -0.5 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 72.5 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 5.3 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 3.5 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 13 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 0.9 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 95 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 98 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,004 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 97.8 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 11.6 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.7 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 423 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 152 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 7.0 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,040.6 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 323.5 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –19.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 70.4 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 26.1 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.7 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,507 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 435.9 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 2/8/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects 80 Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) 39,780 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 223 United Arab Emirates Population (millions) 7.5 GDP ($ billions) 230.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 7.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 33 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 2.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 78 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –26 to 17 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/9 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 4.6 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 7.3 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 21 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 7.0 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2,032.0 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 5.6 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 7 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 97 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,000 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) 100.0 .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 6.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.7 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 33 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 99 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 25.0 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 638.6 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 155.1 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) -9.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 23.3 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 1.1 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 8,588 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 247.1 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 4/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 5 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 80 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 224 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) United Kingdom 62.2 GDP ($ billions) 2,246.1 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 38,560 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 5 / 12 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.1 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,220 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –10 to 66 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/5 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –2 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 7.6 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 8.6 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 26 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.0 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 10.0 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 24.4 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 5 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,072 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 13.0 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.1 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 7 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 8.5 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 251.5 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 522.9 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –4.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 65.8 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 30.6 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.4 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 3,283 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 102.0 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 6/12/2009 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 1990) 20% / 30% (EU) NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 225 United States Population (millions) 309.1 GDP ($ billions) 14,582.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.1 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 47,240 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 2 / 15 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 736 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –26 to 98 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.7 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.1 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 45 .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.5 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 17.0 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 14.8 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 8 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 1.3 .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 99 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 7,238 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) 67.4 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.8 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.6 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.5 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 4 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 96 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 101 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 17.9 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 414.8 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 5,461.0 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2009, MtCO2e) –990.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 548.1 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 317.2 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 239.5 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 7,232 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 169.6 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/28/2010 (5th) Annex-I emissions reduction target (base year: 2005) 17% NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects .. Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) .. 226 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 3.4 Uruguay GDP ($ billions) 40.3 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 10,590 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 12 / 23 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 1.8 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,265 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) 0 to 130 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 2/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 1.9 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 4.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 49 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.6 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.3 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 5.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 1.2 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) <2 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.3 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 11 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 6.0 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 100 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,045 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 98.3 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 9.3 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 4.0 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 42 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 90 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 106 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 2.5 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 214.0 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 8.3 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2004, MtCO2e) –10.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 19.6 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 7.0 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.1 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,224 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 102.5 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 11/18/2010 (3rd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 6 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 41 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 227 Uzbekistan Population (millions) 28.2 GDP ($ billions) 39.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.6 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,280 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 6 / 18 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 3.0 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 206 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –26 to 17 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 3/6 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 Europe & Lower Country Central middle data Asia income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.1 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 3.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 8 18 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 1.2 0.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 364.8 6.5 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 46.3 3.7 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 2.3 7.5 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 52 23 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 4.4 .. 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 0 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 100 89 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 87 95 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 4,269 2,475 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 87.3 85.8 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 13.4 9.9 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 2.1 2.8 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 644 22,652 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 166 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.8 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 92 95 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 99 97 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 4.6 7.7 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 1,862.7 708.0 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 124.9 3,110 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2005, MtCO2e) 0.4 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 39.6 937 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 10.0 214 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.6 76 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 1,758 2,833 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 673.3 276.8 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/3/2008 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 11 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 228 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (thousands) 239.7 Vanuatu GDP ($ millions) 729.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 2,760 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 27 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,876 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –163 to 180 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 10 / 19 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 11.7 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 10.8 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.0 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 4.3 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 14 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 11.7 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 6,036 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 52 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 83 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 565 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 23.9 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 1.8 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 5.3 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 35 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.0 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 76 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.4 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 83 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 100 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.4 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 98.7 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 0.1 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 0.0 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 157 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 40.1 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/30/1999 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 229 Venezuela, RB Population (millions) 28.8 GDP ($ billions) 387.9 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 11,590 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 20 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.8 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,875 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –150 to 85 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 9 / 27 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Latin Upper Country America & middle data the Carib. income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 2.3 1.5 1.8 Population below 5m (% of total) 3.7 3.8 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 32 35 22 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.4 2.0 2.3 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 1.3 2.0 5.6 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 3.0 8.1 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 53.7 20.8 13.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 18 23 20 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 3.7 3.8 4.1 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 263 206 80 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 91 79 68 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 93 93 92 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 3,695 3,337 3,690 Access to electricity (% of total population) 99.0 93.4 98.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 33.6 28.1 50.5 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 3.1 6.9 4.5 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) -0.4 2.3 2.7 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 423 33,064 26,166 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 177 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 95 102 98 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 102 102 103 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 6.1 2.8 5.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 516.2 285.6 659.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 169.5 1,584 12,860 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1999, MtCO2e) –14.3 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 61.2 1,009 3,455 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 14.9 442 1,144 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 2.5 21 243 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2,357 1,245 1,848 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 210.6 130.6 227.1 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/13/2005 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects .. Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) .. Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 230 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 86.9 Vietnam GDP ($ billions) 103.6 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 1.4 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,110 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 21 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.4 to 2.1 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,821 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –107 to 61 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 14 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –1 / –1 East Lower Country Asia & middle data Paci�c income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 17.5 2.5 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 42.8 10.3 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 13 .. 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 3.1 3.3 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 1.6 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 22.8 10.8 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) 13.1 16.8 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 6.2 14.9 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 23 24 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 20.2 9.0 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 55 525 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 75 59 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 94 88 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 5,075 4,860 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 97.6 90.8 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 47.6 15.9 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 2.2 2.8 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 7.7 3.0 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 155 14,638 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 98 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.6 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 102 97 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 93 103 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.5 4.3 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 573.2 827.1 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 127.4 8,259 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (2000, MtCO2e) 15.1 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 83.0 1,928 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 23.0 707 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 745 1,436 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 273.7 259.5 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 12/7/2010 (2nd) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target Yes Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 78 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 6,646 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 231 Virgin Islands (U.S.) Population (thousands) 109.8 GDP ($ millions) .. Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.3 GNI per capita (Atlas $) .. Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 22 / 30 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 1.3 to 1.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 2,263 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –116 to 44 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 12 / 23 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –3 / –3 Country High data income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 31.0 2.2 Population below 5m (% of total) 21.9 7.7 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. .. Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 0.7 1.0 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) .. 10.4 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 15.2 13.4 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) .. 6 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) .. .. Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) .. 100 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) .. 100 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) .. 5,445 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. .. Paved roads (% of total roads) .. 87.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) .. 10.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) .. 1.8 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) .. .. Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) .. Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) .. 97 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) .. 100 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) .. 11.9 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 354.4 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) .. 13,285 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 1,539 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 813 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 460 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 4,944 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 147.0 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 232 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) West Bank and Gaza 4.2 GDP ($ billions) 4.0 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.7 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,250 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) .. Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) .. Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –40 to –13 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4/8 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 14.8 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 11.2 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) .. 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 4.0 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 51.5 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 4.6 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) .. 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 22 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 2.2 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) .. .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 89 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 91 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,565 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) .. 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 100.0 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.2 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 47 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 131 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) .. Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 82 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 104 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.5 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 311.3 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 2.1 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (MtCO2e) .. Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) .. 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) .. 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication n/a Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission n/a NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects n/a Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) n/a Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 233 Yemen, Rep. Population (millions) 24.1 GDP ($ billions) 26.4 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 3.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,070 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 19 / 29 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.0 to 2.6 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 167 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –24 to 51 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 6 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Middle Lower Country East & middle data N. Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.6 1.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 1.8 9.7 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 10 20 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 5.6 2.5 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 0.1 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 161.4 121.9 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) 3.3 .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 3.6 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 0.5 4.0 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 77 34 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 43.1 6.8 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 1,106 .. 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 52 84 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 62 87 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 1,003 2,512 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 39.6 92.9 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 8.7 74.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.3 3.6 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 0.5 2.9 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 59 5,854 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 2.3 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 99 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.9 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 61 88 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 66 93 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 1.0 3.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 458.8 604.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 23.4 1,230 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1995, MtCO2e) –9.7 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.7 287 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 3.3 74 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 7 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 324 1,399 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 143.0 213.9 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 10/29/2001 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 234 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Population (millions) 12.9 Zambia GDP ($ billions) 16.2 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 2.5 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 1,070 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 15 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.1 to 2.7 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 1,020 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –54 to 94 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 18 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Lower Country Saharan middle data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 1.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 6.5 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 11 14 14 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.0 4.0 2.8 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) 4.2 Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 2.2 3.2 18.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 36.0 11.7 9.5 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 111 121 69 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 14.9 24.6 31.7 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 13,456 26,113 4,874 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 49 31 45 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 60 60 84 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 2,067 1,297 2,754 Access to electricity (% of total population) 18.8 32.5 67.3 Paved roads (% of total roads) 22.0 18.3 29.3 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.8 1.2 2.6 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 6.4 3.6 2.4 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 453 11,957 81,789 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) 3.8 Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 84 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 3.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 87 67 88 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 96 89 93 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.2 0.8 1.6 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 119.4 428.6 523.9 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 1.9 685 3,744 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) 3.5 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 19.3 590 1,705 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 25.1 334 687 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. 17 Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 617 689 680 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) 466.8 308.4 217.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 8/18/2004 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission Yes Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 1 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 235 Zimbabwe Population (millions) 12.6 GDP ($ billions) 7.5 Pop. growth (avg. ann. %, 1990–2010) 0.9 GNI per capita (Atlas $) 460 Climate Average daily min/max temperature (1961–90, Celsius) 14 / 28 Projected annual temperature change (2045–65, Celsius) 2.2 to 2.9 Average annual precipitation (1961–90, mm) 692 Projected annual precipitation change (2045–65, mm) –81 to 24 Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights 4 / 13 Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights –2 / –2 Sub- Country Saharan Low data Africa income Exposure to Impacts Land area below 5m (% of land area) 0.0 0.4 0.7 Population below 5m (% of total) 0.0 2.0 5.1 Population in urban agglomerations > 1 million (%) 13 14 11 Urban pop. growth (avg. annual %, 1990–2010) 2.3 4.0 3.7 Droughts, floods, extreme temps (% pop. avg., 1990–2009) .. Annual freshwater withdrawals (% of internal resources) 34.3 3.2 3.7 Agricultural land under irrigation (% of total ag. land) .. .. .. Population living below $1.25 a day (% of total) .. 50.9 .. Nationally terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) 28.0 11.7 10.6 Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000) 80 121 108 Child malnutrition, underweight (% of under age five) 14.0 24.6 28.3 Malaria incidence rate (per 100,000 people) 7,480 26,113 16,659 Resilience Access to improved sanitation (% of total pop.) 44 31 35 Access to improved water source (% of total pop.) 82 60 63 Cereal yield (kg. per hectare) 450 1,297 2,047 Access to electricity (% of total population) 41.5 32.5 23.0 Paved roads (% of total roads) 19.0 18.3 14.1 Health workers (per 1,000 people) 0.9 1.2 0.7 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) 1.4 3.6 3.2 Invest. in infrastructure w/private participation ($ millions) 301 11,957 4,471 Disaster risk reduction progress score (1–5 scale; 5 = best) .. Ease of doing business (ranking 1–183; 1 = best) 171 Public sector mgmt & institutions avg. (1–6 scale; 6 = best) 2.1 Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group) 81 67 65 Ratio of girls to boys in primary & secondary school (%) 97 89 91 GHG Emissions and Energy Use CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons) 0.7 0.8 0.3 CO2 emissions per units of GDP (kg/$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 428.6 270.2 CO2 emissions, total (MtCO2) 9.1 685 219 GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (1994, MtCO2e) –62.2 Methane (CH4) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 9.5 590 436 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, total (MtCO2e) 6.1 334 209 Other GHG emissions, total (MtCO2e) 0.0 .. .. Energy use per capita (kilograms of oil equivalent) 763 689 365 Energy use per units of GDP (kg oil eq./$1,000 of 2005 PPP $) .. 308.4 303.9 National-Level Actions Latest UNFCCC national communication 5/25/1998 (1st) Annex-I emissions reduction target n/a NAMA submission .. NAPA submission n/a Renewable energy target .. Carbon Markets Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects 0 Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM (thousands) 0 Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects n/a Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI (thousands) n/a 236 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Renewable energy in 2010 2010 saw a new record for global investment in renewable power and fuels1 of $211 billion. This reflects a 32 percent increase in investments compared to 2009 and nearly seven-fold increase compared to 2004. Investment levels were boosted particularly by wind farm development in China and small-scale solar photovoltaic installations on rooftops in Europe. Asset finance for utility-scale generation and biofuel projects reached $128 billion in 2010 rising from 19 percent in 2009. Over the same period, invest- ment in small distributed capacity soared 91 percent to $60 billion. Though renewable power capacity remains a small fraction of total world power capacity at around 8 percent (excluding large hydropower), its share in overall new power capacity additions is gradually increasing and has risen from about 10 percent to 34 percent between 2004 and 2010. Investment in renewable energy (excluding large hydropower) is also progressively catching up with investment in fossil fuel–based generation capacity. Investment in small-scale renewable heat (e.g., biomass heating, ground- and air- source heating, and solar water heating) is also gaining traction. In 2010, invest- ment in solar water heating alone was estimated at $10 billion.2 Other segments of the value chain also grew over the period 2009–10: venture capital for young firms rose 59 percent to $2.4 billion; equity-raising on the public markets by quoted renewable energy companies grew 23 per- cent to $15.4 billion; and government-funded research and development increased by 121 percent to $5.3 billion as more “green stimulus� funds arrived in the sector. Only two areas of investment declined over this period. Corporate research, development, and deployment dropped 12 percent to $3.3 billion as companies retrenched in the face of economic difficulties. Expansion capital provided by private equity funds for renewable energy companies also decreased by 1 percent to $3.1 billion. For the first time, developing countries overtook industrialized countries in financial new investment (i.e., total investment minus small-scale projects and government and corporate research and development [R&D]). Financial new investment exceeded $72 billion in developing countries and just over $70 billion in developed countries. This compares to a ratio of nearly four- to-one for equivalent investment in favor of developed countries in 2004. Importantly, developing countries are starting to host the development of a range of new renewable energy technologies for specific, local applica- tions from rice-husk power generation to solar telecommunications towers. China attracted the most investment in renewable energy for the second year in a row. In 2010, financial new investment rose 28 percent to almost $49 billion, representing more than a third of global financial new invest- ment. Expenditure in the United States, ranked second, jumped 58 percent in 2010 to just over $25 billion. Developed economies remain well ahead in 1 This includes all biomass, geothermal, and wind generation project of more than 1  megawatt (MW), all hydro projects of 0.5 to 50.0 MW, all solar projects of more than 0.3 MW, all marine energy projects, and all biofuel projects with a capacity of 1 million liters or more per year. 2 Small-scale renewable heat is not included in the overall renewable energy because it delivers energy services but does not generate power. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 237 Renewable energy in 2010 Table: Global trends in renewable energy investment ($ billion) Category 2004 2008 2009 2010 ($ billion) ($ billion) ($ billion) ($ billion) New investment by value chain Technology development Venture capital 0.4 2.9 1.5 2.4 Government R&D 1.1 1.6 2.4 5.3 Corporate R&D 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.3 Equipment manufacturing Private equity expansion capital 0.3 6.6 3.1 3.1 Public markets 0.4 12.8 12.5 15.4 Projects Asset finance 18.3 114.7 107.5 127.8 of which re-invested equity 0.0 –4.5 –2.4 –6.0 Small distributed capacity 8.6 21.1 31.2 59.6 Total new financial investment 19 132 122 143 R&D, Small distributed capacity 14 26 37 68 Total 33 159 160 211 Mergers and acquisitions Private equity buy-outs 0.8 5.5 2.8 0.8 Public markets investor exits 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.3 Coporate mergers and acquisitions 2.4 18.0 21.6 20.2 Project acquisitions and refinancing 5.3 40.7 39.3 35.6 Total 9 65 66 58 Financial new investment by technology Biofuels 1.6 18.7 6.9 5.5 Biomass and w-t-e 3.7 10.1 11.5 11.0 Geothermal 1.0 1.6 1.4 2.0 Marine 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 Small hydro 1.1 5.8 4.1 3.2 Solar 0.5 33.3 25.3 26.1 Wind 11.3 62.7 72.7 94.7 Total 19 132 122 143 Financial new investment by geography Global Asia and Oceania 5.6 34.4 45.7 59.3 Europe 9.0 47.6 45.0 35.2 Middle East and Africa 0.3 2.4 2.4 5.0 North America 3.8 32.3 19.7 30.1 South America 0.5 15.7 9.4 13.1 Total 19 132 122 143 Select developing countries Brazil 0.4 13.2 7.3 6.9 China 1.5 23.9 38.3 48.9 India 1.3 4.1 3.0 3.8 Africa 0.3 1.1 0.7 3.6 Source: UNEP and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2011). Notes: New investment volume adjusts for re-invested equity. Total values include estimates of undisclosed deals. R&D = research and development, w-t-e = waste-to-energy. 238 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Renewable energy in 2010 investment for small-scale projects and R&D, which are not included in the financial new investment measure. Germany had the highest investment in small-scale projects in 2010 at $34.3 billion (60 percent of the world total). Wind remains the leading technology, with solar now a close second. Finan- cial new investment in wind energy and investment in small distributed wind capacity reached $95 billion in 2010 (up 30 percent from 2009). The majority of this investment was asset finance ($90 billion). Financial new invest- ment in solar energy and small distributed solar capacity rose 52 percent in 2010 compared to 2009 to reach $86 billion. Small distributed capacity represented 70 percent of this investment. Source: UNEP and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2011). The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 239 Urban areas GHG Emissions Population Total Per Country City Year (thousands) (MtCO2e) capita Belgium Brussels 2005 1,007 7.55 7.5 Brazil Rio de Janeiro 1998 5,633 12.11 2.1 São Paulo 2000 10,434 14.22 1.4 Canada Calgary 2003 922 .. 17.7 Toronto (Metro Area) 2005 5,556 64.22 11.6 China Beijing 2006 15,810 159 10.1 Shanghai 2006 18,150 211.98 11.7 Tianjin 2006 10,750 119.25 11.1 Czech Republic Prague 2005 1,182 11.03 9.4 Finland Helsinki 2005 989 6.94 7.0 France Paris (Île-de-France) 2005 11,532 59.64 5.2 Germany Frankfurt 2005 3,778 51.61 13.7 Hamburg 2005 4,260 41.52 9.7 Stuttgart 2005 2,668 42.57 16.0 Greece Athens 2005 3,989 41.57 10.4 Italy Bologna (Province) 2005 900 9.97 11.1 Naples (Province) 2005 3,087 12.49 4.0 Turin 2005 2,243 21.86 9.7 Veneto (Province) 2005 4,738 47.29 10.0 Japan Tokyo 2006 12,678 62.02 4.89 Jordan Amman 2008 .. .. 3.25 Netherlands Rotterdam 2005 593 17.64 29.8 Norway Oslo 2005 1,040 3.63 3.5 Portugal Porto 2005 1,667 12.14 7.3 Slovenia Ljubljana 2005 500 4.77 9.5 South Africa Cape Town 2005 3,497 40.43 7.6 Spain Barcelona 2006 1,606 6.74 4.2 Madrid 2005 5,964 40.98 6.9 Sweden Stockholm 2005 1,890 6.88 3.6 Switzerland Geneva 2005 432 3.35 7.8 Thailand Bangkok 2005 5,659 60.44 10.7 United Kingdom London (Greater Area) 2003 7,364 70.84 9.6 Glasgow 2004 1,747 15.3 8.8 United States Austin 2005 672 .. 15.57 Denver 2005 580 11.08 21.5 Los Angeles 2000 9,519 124.04 13.0 Minneapolis 2005 388 .. 18.34 New York City 2005 8,170 85.87 10.5 Portland, OR 2005 683 .. 12.41 Seattle 2005 576 .. 13.68 Sources: World Bank, 2010, Kennedy et al., 2009. 240 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Summary of national actions Renewable energy targets This table summarizes various renewable energy targets announced by coun- tries. Targets vary significantly with respect to sector coverage, baseline year, methodology, and form, and thus are generally not comparable. Renewable targets include both voluntary and mandatory targets. Renewable energy targets in italics are expressed as percentages of primary energy; other targets are expressed in terms of final energy. Primary energy typically covers direct use at the supply level before transformation or distribution, while final energy covers energy supplied to consumers. Renewable energy target Renewable electricity target Albania 18% by 2020 Algeria 5% by 2017 20% by 2030 Argentina 40% by 2015 Australia 20% by 2020 Austria 34% by 2020 Bangladesh 5% by 2015 10% by 2020 Belgium 13% by 2020 Botswana 1% by 2016 Brazil 16% by 2020 Bulgaria 16% by 2020 Burundi 2.1% by 2020 Cape Verde 50% by 2020 Chile 8% by 2020 China 15% by 2020 3% by 2020 Cyprus 13% by 2020 Czech Republic 13% by 2020 16–17% by 2030 Denmark 20% by 2011 30% by 2020 Dominican Republic 10% by 2015 25% by 2020 Egypt, Arab Rep. 14% by 2020 20% by 2020 Estonia 25% by 2020 8% by 2015 35% by 2020 Fiji 100% by 2013 Finland 38% by 2020 France 23% by 2020 Gabon 80% by 2020 Germany 18% by 2020 50% by 2030 30% by 2030 65% by 2040 45% by 2040 80% by 2050 60% by 2050 Ghana 10% by 2020 Greece 18% by 2020 Hungary 14.7% by 2020 India 10% by 2012 Indonesia 17% by 2025 Ireland 16% by 2020 Israel 50% by 2020 5% by 2016 7% by 2020 Italy 17% by 2020 26% by 2020 Jamaica 20% by 2030 15% by 2020 Japan 10% by 2020 1.6% by 2014 Jordan 7% by 2015 10% by 2020 The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 241 Summary of national actions Renewable energy target Renewable electricity target Korea, Rep. 4.3% by 2015 6.1% by 2020 11% by 2030 Kuwait 5% by 2020 Latvia 40% by 2020 Lebanon 12% by 2020 Libya 10% by 2020 30% by 2030 Lithuania 23% by 2020 20% by 2025 Luxembourg 11% by 2020 Madagascar 54% by 2020 75% by 2020 Malawi 7% by 2020 Maldives Mali 15% by 2020 Malta 10% by 2020 Mauritius 35% by 2025 65% by 2028 Mexico Moldova 20% by 2020 Mongolia 20–25% by 2020 Morocco 10% by 2012 20% by 2020 8% by 2012 Netherlands 14% by 2020 New Zealand 90% by 2025 Nicaragua 38% by 2011 Niger 10% by 2020 Nigeria 7% by 2025 Pakistan 10% by 2012 Peru Philippines 40% by 2020 Poland 15% by 2020 14% by 2020 Portugal 31% by 2020 55–60% by 2020 Romania 24% by 2020 35% by 2015 38% by 2020 Russian Federation 2.5% by 2015 4.5% by 2020 Rwanda 90% by 2012 Senegal 15% by 2025 Slovak Republic 14% by 2020 Slovenia 25% by 2020 South Africa 4% by 2013 13% by 2020 14% by 2050 Spain 20% by 2020 40% by 2020 Sri Lanka 10% by 2017 14% by 2022 Sweden 50% by 2020 Switzerland 24% by 2020 Syrian Arab Republic 4.3% by 2011 Thailand 20% by 2022 11% by 2011 14% by 2022 Tonga 100% by 2013 50% by 2012 Tunisia 11% by 2016 25% by 2030 Turkey 30% by 2023 Uganda 61% by 2017 United Kingdom 15% by 2020 10% by 2010/11 15% by 2015/16 Vietnam 5% by 2020 5% by 2020 8% by 2025 11% by 2050 Source: REN21 Secretariat, 2011. 242 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Summary of national actions Non-Annex-I country GHG emissions reduction goals This table summarizes GHG emissions reduction goals included by non- Annex-I countries in their Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action plans submitted to the UNFCCC. Goals vary significantly with respect to sector coverage, baseline year, methodology, and form, and thus are generally not comparable. NAMA emissions goal Antigua and Barbuda GHG emission reduction of 25% below 1990 levels by 2020 Bhutan Efforts to remain GHG neutral Brazil GHG reduction of 36.1–38.9% below its BAU emissions in 2020 Chile GHG reduction of 20% below its BAU emissions in 2020 China Reduce CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 40–45% by 2020 compared to 2005 Colombia 77% of total electric capacity installed will be from renewable sources and 20% of fuel consumption from biofuels by 2020 Costa Rica Long-term effort to enable carbon neutrality India Reduce CO2 emissions (except agriculture) per unit of GDP by 20–25% by 2020 compared to 2005 Indonesia GHG emissions reduction by 26% by 2020 Israel GHG reduction of 20% below its BAU emissions in 2020 Korea, Rep. GHG emissions reduction by 30% below BAU by 2020 Maldives Long-term transformational effort to achieve carbon neutrality as a country by 2020 Marshall Islands GHG reduction of 40% below 2009 level Mexico GHG reduction of 30% below its BAU emissions in 2020 Moldova GHG emissions reduction by 35% compared with the base year 1990, by 2020 Peru Renewable energy represents at least 33% of total energy used and zero net deforestation by 2020 Singapore GHG emissions reduction by 16% below BAU by 2020 South Africa GHG emissions reduction by 34% below BAU by 2020 Sources: UNFCCC, UNEP Risø Centre. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 243 Glossary Annex-I emissions reduction target is the Annex-I (A1) country’s target for reducing economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 to the UNFCCC under the Copenhagen Accord. Targets are relative to 1990 emissions unless otherwise specified. Multiple targets indicate that countries have signaled a willingness to accept deeper targets, contingent on commitments by other parties or other conditions. (EU) indicates that the target submitted by the European Union and its member States applies to this country. “n/a� indicates that the country is not an Annex-1 party to the UNFCCC. (UNFCCC on October 21, 2011) Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electric- ity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys, and international sources. (International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010; data are for 2008/2009) Access to improved sanitation is the percentage of population with ade- quate access to excreta disposal facilities (private or shared, but not pub- lic) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. (World Health Organization; data are for 2008) Access to improved water source is the percentage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as piped water into a dwelling, plot, or yard; public tap or standpipe; tube-well or borehole; protected dug well or spring; or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include an unprotected dug well or spring, cart with small tank or drum, bottled water, and tanker trucks. Reasonable access to an adequate amount means the availability of at least 20 liters a person a day from a source within 1 kilometer of the dwelling. (World Health Organization; data are for 2008) Agricultural land is arable land, land under permanent crops, and permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as land under temporary crops (double- cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, cof- fee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops. (Food and Agriculture Organization) Agricultural land under irrigation is the area purposely provided with water, including land irrigated by controlled flooding. (Food and Agriculture Organiza- tion; data are for 2009) 244 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Glossary Annual freshwater withdrawals are total water withdrawals, excluding evapo- ration losses from storage basins and including water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of internal renewable resources because river flows from other countries are not included, because extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable, or because there is signifi- cant water reuse. (Food and Agriculture Organization and World Resources Institute; data are for various years; for details, see World Development Indicators 2011, Primary data documentation) Average annual precipitation is the sum of the rainfall and the assumed water equivalent of the snowfall for the year in the country, averaged over the years 1961–1990. Values are based on gridded climatologies from the Climatic Research Unit (Mitchell et al., 2003). Average daily min/max temperature are the minimum and maximum daily temperatures in the country, averaged for the years 1961–90, based on gridded climatologies from the Climatic Research Unit (Mitchell et al., 2003). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement and include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; latest data are for 2008) Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita are carbon dioxide emissions divided by midyear population. (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, World Bank, and United Nations; data are for 2008) Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per units of GDP are carbon dioxide emis- sions in kilograms per $1,000 of GDP in 2005 purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP that a U.S. dollar has in the United States. (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Bank; data are for 2008) Certified Emission Reductions—see Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Cereal yield is measured in kilograms per hectare of harvested land and includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals refer to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage, and those used for grazing, are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. But most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year. (Food and Agriculture Organization; data are for 2009) Child malnutrition, underweight is the percentage of children under age 5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0–59 months. The data are based on the World Health Organization’s child growth standards The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 245 Glossary released in 2006. (World Health Organization; data are for the most recent year available) Disaster risk reduction progress score is an average of self-assessment scores, ranging from 1 to 5, submitted by countries under Priority 1 of the Hyogo Framework National Progress Reports. The Hyogo Framework is a global blueprint for disaster risk reduction efforts that was adopted by 168 countries in 2005. Assessments of “Priority 1� include four indicators that reflect the degree to which countries have prioritized disaster risk reduction and the strengthening of relevant institutions (UNISDR, 2009–11 Progress Reports, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo). Droughts, floods, and extreme temperatures is the annual average per- centage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region’s water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir, or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost, it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless, or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated. (EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database—http://www.emdat.be, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels [Belgium], World Bank) Ease of doing business ranks economies from 1 to 183, with first place being the best. A high ranking (a low numerical rank) means that the regula- tory environment is conducive to business operation. The index averages the country’s percentile rankings on 10 topics covered in the World Bank’s Doing Business. The ranking on each topic is the simple average of the percentile rankings on its component indicators. (World Bank; data are for October 2011) Emission Reduction Units—see Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from Joint Implementation (JI). Energy use per capita refers to use of primary energy before transforma- tion to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. (International Energy Agency; data are for 2009) 246 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Glossary Energy use per units of GDP is the kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use per $1,000 of GDP in 2005 purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end- use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using PPP rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP that a U.S. dollar has in the United States. (International Energy Agency, World Bank PPP data; data are for 2009) Foreign direct investment, net inflows is investments to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. They are the sum of inflows of equity capital, reinvest- ment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. Net inflows refer to new investments made during the reporting period netted against disinvestments. (World Bank and International Monetary Fund; data are for 2010) GDP is gross domestic product and measures the total output of goods and services for final use occurring within the domestic territory of a given country, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. GDP at purchaser values (market prices) is the sum of gross value added by all resident and nonresident producers in the economy plus any taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. (World Bank, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and United Nations; data are for 2010) GHG stands for greenhouse gas, a classification of gases that absorb infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, meth- ane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), ozone (O3 ), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are all considered greenhouse gases. GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, and so forth; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally consid- ered comparable across countries (UNFCCC). The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 247 Glossary GNI per capita is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in interna- tional transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country and the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. (World Bank; data are for 2010) Health workers include physicians, nurses, and midwives. Physicians include generalist and specialist medical practitioners. Nurses and midwives include professional nurses, professional midwives, auxiliary nurses, auxiliary mid- wives, enrolled nurses, enrolled midwives, and other associated personnel, such as dental nurses and primary care nurses. (World Health Organization, Global Atlas of the Health Workforce; data are for 2009 or the most recent year available) Hosted Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects refers to the num- ber of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects registered within the (host) country by the CDM Executive Board. One of the flexibility mechanisms set forth under the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism is designed to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable develop- ment by allowing entities from Annex I Parties to participate in low-emission project activities and obtain Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) in return. (UNEP Risø Centre: as of October 1, 2011) Hosted Joint Implementation (JI) projects refers to the number of deter- mined Joint Implementation (JI) projects within the (host) country. Joint Implementation is one of the flexibility mechanisms set forth under the Kyoto Protocol whereby entities from Annex I Parties may participate in low-emission project activities in Annex I countries and obtain Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) in return. (UNEP Risø Centre: as of October 1, 2011) Investment in infrastructure with private participation is the value of infra- structure projects in telecommunications, energy (electricity and natural gas transmission and distribution), transport, and water and sanitation that have reached financial closure and directly or indirectly serve the public, including operation and management contracts with major capital expenditure, green- field projects (in which a private entity or public-private joint venture builds and operates a new facility), and divestitures. Incinerators, movable assets, standalone solid waste projects, and small projects such as windmills are excluded. Investment in the four sectors are summed by year. The total value shown may not contain data for all sectors. (World Bank; data are for 2010) 248 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Glossary Issued Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) from CDM refers to the num- ber of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) issued to Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects within the (host) country. One CER represents a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent. (UNEP Risø Centre: as of October 1, 2011) Issued Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from JI refers to the number of Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) issued to Joint Implementation (JI) projects within the (host) country. One ERU represents a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent. (UNEP Risø Centre: as of October 1, 2011) Land area below 5m is the percentage of total land where the elevation is 5 meters or less. (CIESIN, Place II dataset; data are for 2000) Latest UNFCCC national communication is the date of the country’s most recent National Communication submission under the UNFCCC. The paren- thetical number indicates the number of reports submitted by the country. “n/a� indicates that the country is not a party to the UNFCCC. (UNFCCC: as of October 21, 2011) LUCF stands for Land Use Change and Forestry. Malaria incidence rate is the number of new cases of malaria per 100,000 people each year. The number of cases reported is adjusted to take into account incompleteness in reporting systems, patients seeking treatment in the private sector, self-medicating or not seeking treatment at all, and potential over-diagnosis through the lack of laboratory confirmation of cases. (World Health Organization, data are for 2008) Methane (CH4) emissions are emissions from human activities such as agriculture and from industrial methane production. (International Energy Agency; data are for 2005) NAMA submission indicates whether a non-Annex I country has submitted Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to the UNFCCC. “Yes, with Goal� indicates the country included a GHG emissions reduction goal as part of its NAMA. See “Summary of National Actions� for details. “n/a� indicates countries that are not non-Annex I parties to the UNFCCC. (UNFCCC, UNEP Risø Centre: as of September 13, 2011) NAPA submission indicates whether a country has submitted a National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) under the UNFCCC. NAPAs are part of an effort under the UNFCCC to address the urgent adaptation needs of Least Developed Countries. “n/a� indicates countries that are not consid- ered to be Least Developed Countries. (UNFCCC) National terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scien- tific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, and protected landscapes. Marine The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 249 Glossary areas, unclassified areas, littoral (intertidal) areas, and sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded. (World Conservation Monitoring Centre; data are for the most recent year available) Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are emissions from agricultural biomass burn- ing, industrial activities, and livestock management. (International Energy Agency; data are for 2005) Other GHG emissions are byproduct emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (byproduct emissions of fluoroform from chlorodifluoromethane manufacture and use of hydrofluorocarbons), perfluorocarbons (byproduct emissions of tetrafluoromethane and hexafluoroethane from primary aluminum production and use of perfluorocarbons, in particular for semiconductor manufacturing), and sulfur hexafluoride (various sources, the largest being the use and manufacture of gas insulated switchgear used in electricity distribution net- works). (International Energy Agency; data are for 2005) Paved roads are roads surfaced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydro- carbon binder or bituminized agents, with concrete, or with cobblestones. (International Road Federation and World Bank estimates; data are for the most recent year available) Population includes all residents who are present regardless of legal status or citizenship except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Values are midyear estimates. (World Bank; data are for 2010) Population growth is the exponential change for the period indicated. (World Bank) Population living below $1.25 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.25 a day at 2005 international prices. (World Bank; data are for the most recent year available) Population below 5m is the percentage of the total population living in areas where the elevation is 5 meters or less. (CIESIN, Place II dataset; data are for 2000) Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million is the percent- age of a country’s population living in metropolitan areas that in 2009 had a population of more than 1 million. (United Nations; data are for 2010) Primary completion rate is the percentage of students completing the last year of primary school. It is calculated by taking the total number of students in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the total number of children of official graduation age. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] Institute for Statistics; data are for 2009) Projected annual precipitation change is the projected change in annual precipitation in the years 2045–65, relative to the control period 1961– 250 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change Glossary 2000. The range reflects the 10th and 90th percentiles of results from nine general circulation models (GCMs), employing the A2 storyline and scenario family. Values are then calculated at the country level from 2-degree gridded data. (Modified from Meehl et al., 2007) Projected annual temperature change is the projected change in annual temperature in the years 2045–65, relative to the control period 1961– 2000. The range reflects the 10th and 90th percentiles of results from nine general circulation models (GCMs) at a standardized 2-degree grid, employing the A2 storyline and scenario family. Values are aggregated at the country level. (IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) Projected change in annual cool days/cold nights are the projected changes in the annual incidence of “cool days� and “cold nights� in the years 2045– 65, relative to the control period 1961–2000. Cool days and cold nights are those that fall below the 10th percentile of maximum temperature and the 10th percentile of minimum temperatures, respectively, in the control period. These indicators are useful to understand potentially critical thresholds related to cold stress and frequency of frost in different sectors such as agriculture and energy. The range reflects the 10th and 90th percentiles of results from nine general circulation models (GCMs), employing the A2 storyline and scenario family. Values are then calculated at the country level from 2-degree gridded data. (Climate Systems Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, 2009, calculated from Meehl et al., 2007) Projected change in annual hot days/warm nights are the projected changes in the annual incidence of “hot days� and “warm nights� in the years 2045–65, relative to the control period 1961–2000. Hot days and warm nights are those that exceed the 90th percentile of maximum temperatures and those that exceeded the 90th percentile in minimum temperatures, respectively, in the control period. These indicators are useful to understand potentially critical thresholds related to heat stress in different sectors such as agriculture and energy. The range reflects the 10th and 90th percentiles of results from nine general circulation models (GCMs), employing the A2 storyline and scenario family. Values are then calculated at the country level from 2-degree gridded data. (Climate Systems Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, 2009, calculated from Meehl et al., 2007) Public sector management & institutions average. The Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) assesses the quality of a country’s present policy and institutional framework. “Quality� refers to how conducive that framework is to fostering poverty reduction, sustainable growth, and the effective use of development assistance. The CPIA ratings are used in the International Development Association (IDA) allocation process and several other corporate activities. The public sector management and institutions cluster includes property rights and rule-based governance, quality of bud- getary and financial management, efficiency of revenue mobilization, quality of public administration, and transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector. (World Bank; data are for 2010) The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 251 Glossary Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school is the ratio of female to male gross enrollment in primary and secondary school. (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] Institute for Statistics; data are for 2009/2010) Renewable energy target indicates whether a country has announced one or more targets for renewable energy production, either as a percentage of electricity production, primary energy or final energy. See “Summary of National Actions� for details. (REN21 Secretariat, 2011) Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation; data are for 2010, 2011) UNFCCC stands for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the primary forum for international efforts to address climate change. Urban population is the share of the midyear population living in areas defined as urban in each country. Urban population growth is the exponential change for the period indicated. (United Nations) 252 2011 The Little Data Book on Climate Change References Kennedy, C., A. Ramaswami, S. Dhakal, and S. Carney. 2009. “Greenhouse Gas Emission Baselines for Global Cities and Metropolitan Regions.� Confer- ence Paper, 5th Urban Research Symposium, “Cities and Climate Change— Responding to an Urgent Agenda.� Marseille, France, June 28–29. Meehl, G. A., C. Covey, T. Delworth, M. Latif, B. McAvaney, J. F. B. Mitchell, R. J. Stouffer, and K. E. Taylor. 2007. “The WCRP CMIP3 Multi-Model Data- set: A New Era in Climate Change Research.� Bulletin of the American Meteo- rological Society 88: 1383–94. Mitchell, T. D., T. R. Carter, P. D. Jones, M. Hulme, M. New. 2003. “A Compre- hensive Set of High-Resolution Grids of Monthly Climate for Europe and the Globe: the Observed Record (1901–2000) and 16 Scenarios (2001–2100).� Journal of Climate: submitted. REN21 Secretariat. 2011. Renewables 2011 Global Status Report. Paris: REN21 Secretariat. UN (United Nations) Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. 2011. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2011. New York: United Nations Children's Fund. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) and Bloomberg New Energy Finance. 2011. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011; Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy. New York: UNEP. World Bank. 2010. Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ———. 2011. World Development Indicators 2011. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. The Little Data Book on Climate Change 2011 253 1818 H Street N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 USA Telephone: 202 473 1000 Fax: 202 477 6391 ISBN 978-0-8213-8959-1 Web site: data.worldbank.org SKU 18959 Email: data@worldbank.org AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA ALGERIA AMERICAN SAMOA ANDORRA ANGOLA ANTIGUA AND BARBU ARGENTINA ARMENIA ARUBA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA AZERBAIJAN THE BAHAMAS BAHRA BANGLADESH BARBADOS BELARUS BELGIUM BELIZE BENIN BERMUDA BHUTAN BOLIV BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA BRAZIL BRUNEI DARUSSALAM BULGARIA BURKIN FASO BURUNDI CAMBODIA CAMEROON CANADA CAPE VERDE CAYMAN ISLANDS CENTR AFRICAN REPUBLIC CHAD CHANNEL ISLANDS CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA COMOROS DEMOCRAT REPUBLIC OF CONGO REPUBLIC OF CONGO COOK ISLANDS COSTA RICA CÔTE D’IVOIRE CROAT CUBA CURACAO CYPRUS CZECH REPUBLIC DENMARK DJIBOUTI DOMINICA DOMINICA REPUBLIC ECUADOR ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT EL SALVADOR EQUATORIAL GUINEA ERITR ESTONIA ETHIOPIA FAEROE ISLANDS FIJI FINLAND FRANCE FRENCH POLYNESIA GABON T GAMBIA GEORGIA GERMANY GHANA GREECE GREENLAND GRENADA GUAM GUATEMALA GUIN GUINEA-BISSAU GUYANA HAITI HONDURAS HONG KONG SAR, CHINA HUNGARY ICELAN INDIA INDONESIA ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN IRAQ IRELAND ISLE OF MAN ISRAEL ITA JAMAICA JAPAN JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KENYA KIRIBATI DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBL OF KOREA REPUBLIC OF KOREA KUWAIT KYRGYZ REPUBLIC LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRAT REPUBLIC LATVIA LEBANON LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYA LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBOU MACAO, SAR CHINA FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA MADAGASCAR MALAW MALAYSIA MALDIVES MALI MALTA MARSHALL ISLANDS MAURITANIA MAURITIUS MAYOT MEXICO FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA MOLDOVA MONACO MONGOLIA MONTENEGR MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE MYANMAR NAMIBIA NAURU NEPAL NETHERLANDS NEW CALEDON NEW ZEALAND NICARAGUA NIGER NIGERIA NIUE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS NORW OMAN PAKISTAN PALAU PANAMA PAPUA NEW GUINEA PARAGUAY PERU PHILIPPINES POLA PORTUGAL PUERTO RICO QATAR ROMANIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION RWANDA SAMOA SA MARINO SÃO TOMÉ AND PR�NCIPE SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL SERBIA SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEO SINGAPORE SINT MAARTEN SLOVAK REPUBLIC SLOVENIA SOLOMON ISLANDS SOMALIA SOU AFRICA SPAIN SRI LANKA ST. 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