71846 xfd|f] ah]6 M xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L { f/ ah]6 th'd gful/s cg'udg g]kfndf hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd lk|m8d kmf]/d 1 ;Dkfbg÷n]vg tf/fgfy bfxfn n]vg÷cg'jfb ;f]dgfy nfld5fg] Ps/fh kf7s clg?b| Gof}kfg] 5kfO Joj:yfkg 6L Pg l3ld/] ljz]if wGojfb cfO=aL=kL=-OG6/g];gn ah]6 kf6{gl;{k_ / ljj]s /fds'df/ s[lt M ah]6 th'{df / gful/s cg'udg k|sfzs M g]kfndf hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd (PRAN), ljZj a}+s sf7df8f}Fsf nflu lk|m8d kmf]/d, yfkfynL, sf7df8f}F k|sfzg ldlt M @)^* r}t !% ;+:s/0f M klxnf] k|sfzgk|lt M !))) lrq M bLks uf}td l8hfOg M dx]Zj/ k'mofn 2 s[t1tf of] k'l:tsfn] g]kfndf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xLtfsf] k|j4{gdf ;lqmo x'g vf]lh/x]sf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+3–;+:yfnfO{ jh]6 cg'udg ;DaGwL ljifodf sfd ug{ s]xL 1fg / /rgfTds ;Lkaf/] hfgsf/L lbP/ yk k|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg]5 eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . ljZj a}+ssf] g]kfn sfof{nodf /x]sf] g]kfndf hjfkmb]xLtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd (PRAN) sf] ;xof]u tyf OG6/g];gn ah]6 k|f]h]S6sf] ;xdltdf lk|m8d kmf]/dn] of] nufot rf/j6f o; ljifosf k'l:tsf tof/ u/]sf] xf] . rf/}j6f k'l:tsfdf g]kfndf ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj clej[l4sf nflu ePsf cleofgsf s]xL ;kmn syfx? klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . ah]6 cg'udg, kf/blz{tf / ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg Pj+ e|i6frf/hGo 36gfsf] ;TotYo aflx/ Nofpg gful/s txaf6 k|efjsf/L cg'udg ;'? ug{ of] k|of; ;xof]lu x'g] ljZjfz lnPsf] 5' . ljZj a}+s g]kfnsf PRAN sfo{qmd k|d'v l/rf8{ xnj] tyf pkk|d'v c~hnL ysfnLn] of] k'l:tsfsf] k|sfzgsf nflu k|bfg ug'{ePsf] cj;/k|lt pxfFx?df xflb{s s[t1tf k| s 6 ub{ 5 ' . cfkm\ g f] k| s fzg Our Money, Our Responsibility sf] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L of] k'l:tsf tof/ ug]{ cg'dlt lbP/ cfO{aLkLsf ljj]s /fds'df/n] k'¥ofpg' ePsf] k|]/0ffbfoL ;xof]u gx'Fbf] xf] t of] sfo{ ;Dej lyPg, d ljj]s /fds'df/ / cfO{aLkLk|lt klg xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . cg'jfb, ;Dkfbg tyf k'gn]{vgsf] uxg lhDd]jf/L k"/f ul/lbg'x'g] ldq ;f]dgfy nfld5fg] tyf g]kfnL 36gf;lxt cGo s]xL ;kmntfsf syf vf]hL ul/lbg'x'g] ldq Ps/fh kf7sk|lt klg d'/Ld'/L wGojfb k|s6 ub{5' . o;sfo{df lk|m8d kmf]/dsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs s[i0f ;fksf]6f tyf csf{ 3 ldq clg?b| Gof}kfg]sf] k|fl1s d]x]gtsf] klg d xflb{s k|z+;f ub{5' . o;}u/L, k'l:tsfnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg lrq agfpg] ldq bLks uf}td ;fh;Hhf tyf l8hfOg ul/lbg'x'g] ldq dx]Zj/ k'mofn Pj+ 5kfO{ sfo{ Joj:yfkg ug{'x'g] ldq 6L Pg l3ld/]nfO{ klg xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' . tf/fgfy bfxfn cWoIf lk|m8d kmf]/d 4 ljifo;"rL ] ============================================================================ & ljifo k|jz != ah]6 ===========================================================================!! s= ah]6 lgdf{0f ============================================================================================== !# v= ah]6 :jLs[lt===========================================================================================!& u= ah]6 sfof{Gjog ==================================================================================== !* 3= n]vfk/LIf0f / ah]6 d"Nofª\sg =================================================== @) @= ;/sf/L /sd lsg cGoq vr{ x'G5=====================================@! s= sdhf]/ ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL =============================================== @@ v= e|i6frf/ ===================================================================================================== @@ u= /fHosf]ifsf] /sdfGt/ ======================================================================== @# 3= ck|Tofl;t sfo{df sf]ifsf] k|of]u =================================================@$ ª= /sdsf] ckof{Kttf ===============================================================================@$ r= ah]6df g;d]l6g] bft[ ;xof]u =========================================================@$ 5= sdhf]/ lgu/fgL =====================================================================================@$ #= ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmof =====================================================@% s= dGqfno, ljefu / cGo lgsfox?nfO{ ah]6 lgsf;f ===== @& v= vr{ cf/De ============================================================================================= @& u= e'QmfgL ======================================================================================================= @& 3= sf/f]af/sf] vftf /fVg] =====================================================================@* ª= n]vf tyf ah]6 k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L==============================================@* 5 $= ;/sf/L sfuhftn] ah]6 sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 @( s= kfl/t ah]6 ================================================================================================ #) v= cfjlws k|ltj]bg ================================================================================= #) u= k"/s ah]6 ================================================================================================ #@ 3= jflif{s k|ltj]bg=======================================================================================#% %= ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf gful/s ;dfh cleofgsf ;kmn 36gf cWoog================================================================= #& s= Pds]P;P;åf/f ef/tdf pbfx/0fLo ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ============================================================================================= #* v= u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu gful/s ;dfh u7aGwgåf/f dnfjLdf ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;e]{If0f ================== %) ^= ah]6 sfof{Gjog cg'udgsf cGo ;kmn kxnx? ==================== %& s= o'l8Pgåf/f ;fd'bflos cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ================================================================================ %* v= kmG8/åf/f d]lS;sf]df PrcfOeL÷P8\; sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg======================================================================================================^) u= a|flhndf ;kmn ;xeflutfd"ns ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof ====== ^# &= gful/s cg'udgsf g]kfnL ;kmn syfx? ============================= ^( s= kLl8t hgtf hfu], cfˆgf] k};f dfu] ============================================ &) v= kqsf/n] vf]h] clgoldttfsf] /x:o ======================================= &$ *= ah]6 cg'udgsf pkfo ===================================================== && zAbfy{ ========================================================================== *# 6 ] === ljifo k|jz a h]6 lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfd xf] . ah]6 ;/sf/sf] cfly{s gLlt emNsfpg] b:tfj]h xf] . ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] ljsf; / hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu s] s:tf] lg0f{o ub}{5 / To:tf lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ s] s:tf sfo{qmd / /0fgLlt to ub}{5 eGg] ljifo ah]6af6 k|ltljlDat x'G5 . ;/sf/n] ug]{ vr{ / To:tf] vr{ wfGg] ;|f]tsf] cg'dfg g} ah]6 xf] . gful/sn] ;/sf/sf nflu s/, z'Ns jf b:t'/x?dfkm{t \ ] ;|f]t ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cfjZos ;|f]t h'6fOlbG5g\ . To;/L h'6g cleGg cË aGb5 . To;}n] ah]6 cfd ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . ljZjJofkL ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] ah]6sf ;DaGwdf gful/s rf;f] cfhef]ln lgs} a9\b} uPsf] 5 . vf;u/L ah]6sf ljifox?df gful/s ;xeflutf a9fpg ah]6 tof/L, th'{df / sfof{Gjog tyf vr{sf] k|lqmof k4lt / To;sf] kl/0ffdsf] k/LIf0fh:tf ljleGg r/0fx?df gful/sn] cfˆgf] ;xeflutf vf]Hg yfn]sf 5g\ . To:tf] ;xeflutfsf nflu ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgf cfjZos x'g] ePsfn] o:tf] ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nflu ljZje/ ljleGg cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / To;sf af/]df gful/s txdf jsfnt ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; gful/s ;dfhsf] ;/f]sf/ / k|fyldstfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ah]6sf] kf/blz{tf / k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu gful/s ;dfhsf ;r]t / ;lqmo ;+3—;+:yfx?n]] cfˆgf] e"ldsf a9fpFb} nu]sf 5g\ . ljZje/L To:tf ;+3—;+:yfx? ah]6sf] ;xL pkof]uåf/f ljsf;sf nIox? k|fKt ug{ / ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;kmn ePsf pbfx/0f k|z:t 5g\ . t/, g]kfndf cem} klg ah]6 th'{df, ;+;baf6 ah]6 kfl/t ug]{ k|lqmof, nlIft pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] tyf lgodcg';f/ vr{ eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf gful/s cg'udg 7 Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/df a:g]x?df hgtfsf] k};f cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] vr{ ug]{ dfgl;stf cem} x6]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/, ;+;b\ / n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfosf] 3]/f aflx/ ah]6sf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / To;sf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntfaf/] kof{Kt rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . t;y{, ah]6sf ;DaGwdf lgu/fgL / jsfnt ug]{ gful/s kxn cleofgs} ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ vfFrf] 5 . o;sf nflu gful/s ;+3—;:yfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;lqmotf klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . ah]6 lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df vf;u/L :yfgLo txsf ljsf; cfof]hgfx? 5gf]6 ug{ / tLgdf /sd ljlgof]hg ug{] k|lqmofdf /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf sfo{stf{sf] ;lqmotf / bafasf/L e"ldsf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . s/;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0fdf pBf]u— jfl0fHo dxf;+3, r]Da;{ ckm sd;{nufotsf lghLIf]qsf ;+3— ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwsf] ;lqmotf / k|efj klg /xg] u/]sf] 5 . t/, ah]6sf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f tyf cfdhgtfsf] lxtdf ah]6 5'6Øfpg] u/L ;fdflhs cleofgx? ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ jf ePsf cleofgx? klg lgs} sdhf]/ 5g\ . cfkm"n] rfx]sf] sfo{qmddf ah]6 5'6Øfpg dfq xf]Og 5'6ØfOPsf /sdx? nlIft sfo{qmd cg'?k g} vr{ eP gePsf]df klg gful/s rf;f] h?/L 5 . ah]6df pNn]lvt /sd lgwf{l/t sfo{qmddf g} vr{ eP jf jf cGoq g} ;fl/P < vr{ ePcg'?k ljsf;sf] nIo k|fKt eof] ls ePg < vr{ ug]{ k|lqmofdf ckf/blz{tf / :j]R5frfl/tfsf] sf/0f lxgfldgf / clgoldttf kf] eof] ls < tyf ah]6sf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k5fl8 ltgsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof�g tyf n]vfk/LIf0fdf hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] 5 jf 5}g < h:tf cg]s ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;Ifd gful/s ;+3—;+:yf cfjZos kb{5 . ah]6 eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xf] . To:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs lxtdf ;b'kof]u ug{sf nflu clwsf/Lx?nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg gful/s ;d'bfon] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ If]qdf 8 k|efjsf/L x:tIf]k ug{ / /fHonfO{ cfkm\gf] nIo xfl;n ug]{ k|of;df ;fy{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . ah]6 cg'udg k|lqmof dfkm{t ah]6sf ljleGg r/0fdf ;xeflutf hgfP/ ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg tyf To;sf] cg'udgdf ;+nUg ;/sf/, ;+;b\, dxfn]vf k/LIfs / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uh:tf lgsfonfO{ pgLx?sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu gful/sn] ;sf/fTds of]ubfg klg lbg ;S5g\ . o;}u/L hgtfsf] jf:tljs lxt x'g] sfo{qmd / of]hgfdf /fHosf] ;Lldt ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ug{ klg ;lqmo gful/s ;+3–;+:yfn] ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . w]/}h;f] sfo{qmd / ah]6sf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf /fhgLlts bn, kx'Frjfnf ;d'bfo / ;f+;bx? tyf ljsf; / cy{ k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] dfq af]njfnf /xFb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df tNnf] txsf hgtfsf] kIfdf lg0f{o u/fpg gful/s ;d'bfon] oL k|lqmof dfkm{t pNn]vgLo of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ . To;}u/L, ah]6af6 7f]; kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfO/fVg klg gful/s ;+:yfx?n] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL ug{ ;Sb5g\ . gful/s ;+3–;+:yfn] ah]6;DaGwL hfgsf/L / k|lqmofx? af/] ;/n 9Ën] hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] cleofg rnfP/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pgLx?sf] gfddf /fHon] agfPsf] ljleGg sfo{qmd dfkm{t nfe k|fKt ug{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . To:tf gful/s / gful/s ;d'bfonfO{ oL ljifodf k|Zg ;f]Wg / pQ/ k|fKt u/L ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;Sg] agfpgsf nflu s]xL 1fg / ;Lk k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] of] k|of; ul/Psf] xf] . ;/sf/L vr{sf] gful/s cg'udg k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg] cleofgdf ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;+nUg ;++:yf …b OG6/g];gn ah]6 k|f]h]S6Ú sf nflu ljj]s /fds'df/n] tof/ ug'{ ePsf] æxfd|f] k};f, xfd|f] lhDd]jf/LÆ -cfj/ dgL, cfj/ /]:kf]G;Lljln6L_ gfds ;xof]uL k':tssf cfwf/df of] k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfdf ah]6 cg'udg af/]df ;fdfGo ;}4flGts hfgsf/L ;d]l6Psf] 5 eg] ;f] ljifodf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /x]sf] gLltut 9 / sfg'gL Joj:yf Pj+ Jojxfl/s k|rngaf/] klg ;ª\If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ah]6sf] ;}4flGts kIf, ah]6 lgdf{0f / sfof{ G jogsf r/0f, tL r/0fdf x' g ;Sg] nfk/jfxL / clgoldttf h:tf ljifonfO{ klg oxfF ;d]l6Psf] 5 . vf;u/L jh]6 cg'udg k|lqmofdf gful/s cg'udgsf] dxTj / To;n] ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL agfpg ;Sg] pkfosf af/]df klg oxfF ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] ah]6 cg'udgsf ljifodf gful/s k|of;df ljZjsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ul/Psf cg'udgsf sfd, To:tf] cg'udgdf k|of]u ePsf] ljlw tyf To;af6 k|fKt pknlAw / k|efj af/]df cWoog ljj/0fx? pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ klg xf] . o;}u/L, g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df gful/s txaf6 ah]6 cg'udgsf If]qdf ;Lldt kxnx? ul/Psf] eP klg ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg / e|i6frf/hGo 36gfsf] ;TotYo aflx/ Nofpg ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|of]u ul/Psf b'O{j6f pbfx/0fx¿ klg o; k'l:tsfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;fy}, ah]6 cg'udgdf sfd ug{ rfxg] ;+3;+:yfnfO{ s]xL Jojxfl/s ;'emfj klg lbOPsf] 5 . cGTodf, ah]6;DaGwL zAbfjnL ;/n ¿kdf a'‰g ;lhnf] xf];\ elg s]xL zAbsf] cy{ / JofVof klg k'l:tsfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ��� 10 ! ah]6 11 ;/sf/sf] jflif{s of]hgfa4 vr{, cg'dflgt /fh:j / cfpFbf] jif{sf] gLlt k|fyldstfnfO{ ah]6 dfkm{t\ k|ltljlDat ul/Psf] x'G5 . tyflk, ah]6 Pp6f b:tfj]h dfq geO{ of] jif{e/ lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmofut rqm xf] h;sf ljleGg r/0fdf gful/s ;dfhn] ah]6sf] ;|f]t, ljlgof]hg / pknlAwsf ljifodf 5nkmn / ax; rnfpg ;S5g\ . :s]r ! M ah]6 rqm ah]6 b:tfj]hM ah]6 b:tfj]hM n]vfk/LIf0f ;/sf/sf] k|ltj]bg, != ah]6 lgdf{0fM ah]6 k|:tfj, ;+;bLo n]vf ;/sf/n] ah]6 ah]6sf ;ldlt k|ltj]bg lgdf{0f ub{5 ;xof]uL k|ltj]bg $= ah]6 lgu/fgLM ah]6 n]vfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ul/G5 / ;+;b\n] @= ah]6 :jLs[ltM ;+;b\n] n]vfk/LIf0fsf tYodfly ;dLIff ah]6 k'g/fjnf]sg / ub{5 . ;/sf/n] n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;+zf]wg ub{5– / To;kl5 cf}+FNofOPsf tYox?dfly cfjZos o;nfO{ sfg'gsf] ?k lbG5 sfo{jfxL ub{5 . ah]6 b:tfj]hM ah]6 b:tfj]hM cfjlws k|ltj]bg, #= ah]6 sfof{GjogM ;/sf/n] ah]6 sfg'g, cw{jflif{s k|ltj]bg, /fh:j ;ª\sng ub{5 / ;+;bLo ah]6 jflif{s k|ltj]bg, ah]6 sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] k"/s ah]6 u/]adf]lhd vr{ ub{5 k|ltj]bg ah]6df ;fdfGotof rf/j6f r/0f x'g] ub{5g\M • ah]6 lgdf{0f, ;/sf/n] ah]6 of]hgf tof/ ub{5, • ah]6 :jLs[lt, ;+;b\n] cfjZos 5nkmn / ;+zf]wg u/L ah]6 kfl/t ub{5, • sfof{Gjog, ;/sf/n] ah]6sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ub{5, / • n]vfk/LIf0f / ;+;bLo d"Nofª\sg, /fli6«o n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yf -h:t}, dxfn]vf k/LIfs_ / ;+;b\sf] n]vf ;ldlt -h:t} ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt_ 12 n] ah]6 vr{nfO{ d"Nofª\sg ub{5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] ah]6 vr{sf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f u/L tof/ kf/]sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«k|d'v -/fi6«klt_ ;dIf a'emfpF5 / ;f] k|ltj]bg ;/sf/ dfkm{t\ ;+;b\df a'emfOG5 . ;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf l;nl;nfdf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf] cWoog u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg hf/L ub{5 . s= ah]6 lgdf{0f ;/sf/ g} ah]6 lgdf{0fsf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g] ub{5 . vf;?kdf, cy{ dGqfnodf /xg] ah]6 sfof{no -g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvf_ n] ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;+of]hgsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . dxfzfvfn] x/]s dGqfnoaf6 cfjZos sfo{qmd / of]hgf ;lxt ah]6 lgdf{0f u/L k7fpg tyf To:tf] of]hgfsf] s'n ah]6 ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ k|fyldstfnfO{ ;'xfpg] u/L cfo÷Joosf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f u/L ah]6 lgdf{0f ug{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . dGqfnox?sf] ;+nUgtf / To;df x'g] dWo:ytfsf] cfwf/df ah]6 lgdf{0f ug{ s]xL xKtfb]lv w]/} dlxgf;Dd nfUg ;S5 . ;fdfGotof, ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ah]6sf] hudf tof/ ePsf] x'G5 . cl3Nnf] jif{af6 x'g] kl/jt{gn] gofF gLltut k|fyldstfx? -vf;u/L gofF ;/sf/ cfPkl5_ sf ;fy} ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkdf x'g] vr{sf] cj:yfsf] c;/nfO{ k|ltljlDat ul//x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf ;+;b\sf] cy{ ;ldltn] jflif{s ah]6 tof/Lsf ;Gbe{df lgoldt 5nkmn cfof]hgf ug'{sf ;fy} cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ lgoldt?kdf Wofgfsif{0f u/fO/x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof k|To]s cfly{s jif{df ;+;b\df ah]6 k]; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L cy{ dGqfnosf] x'G5 . k|To]s sfof{non] tfn's sfof{nosf] lgb]{zg / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kl/kq adf]lhd cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 th'{df ug'{kb{5 . of]hgf cfof]un] cfjlws of]hgfsf cfwf/df jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd th'{df ub{5 . of]hgf cfof]un] of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|fyldstf tyf gLltut nIo lgwf{/0f u/L cy{ dGqfno dfkm{t\ ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox?nfO{ dfu{bz{g pknAw u/fpF5 . 13 f c fof]u n] of]hgf tf of]hg md sf] k|fyld s tyf sfoq { ut nIo tyf gLlt /L cy{ u lgwf{/0f fkm{t\ d dGqfno ;a} ;/sf/sf fO{ dfub { { zg n lgsfox? /fpF5 . u pknAw cfjlws of]hgfsf] nIo, gLlt / /fli6«o of]hgfsf] dfu{bz{g ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfof{non] ug'{kg]{ sfo{, xfl;n ug'{kg]{ nIo, sfo{qmd / cfly{s ;|f]t tyf b]xfosf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cfof]un] ;DalGwt dGqfno / lgsfox? ;d]tsf] ;Nnfxaf6 cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] nflu If]qut, dGqfnout ah]6sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox?n] cy{ dGqfnosf] kl/kq adf]lhd b]xfosf ljifox? v'nfO{ ah]6 lgwf{/0f u/L cy{ dGqfnodf k]; ug{' kb{5 . s= ;fna;fnL ug'{kg]{ sfo{x? v= cfjlws of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf sfo{x? u= rfn' /x]sf of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? 3= j}b]lzs ;xfotfcGtu{t ug'{kg]{ sfo{x? ª= ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf sfo{x? r= lq–jifL{o -k~rjifL{o_ ah]6df tf]lsPsf] eP ;f] adf]lhdsf sfo{x? 5= ax'jifL{o of]hgfsf cfwf/df tf]lsPsf sfo{x? h= cGo cfjZos sfo{x? em= sfof{noaf6 p7\g] /fh:jx?sf] ljj/0f `= ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{sf] sfo{qmdsf] nIo / k|ult ljj/0f 14 6= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] lbUbz{gcg';f/ ah]6sf] ;Ldf, cfsf/ / k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/ 7= ah]6 k|:tfj ubf{ rfn' / k'FhLut vr{ ah]6 zLif{scg';f/ k|:tfj k]; ug'{kg]{5 . 8= ;dfj]zL tyf /f]huf/ s]lGb|t ah]6 k]; ug'{kg]{5 . ;/sf/sf] gLltut Joj:yfcg';f/ klxnf cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd k]; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L sfof{no k|d'vsf] x'G5 . k"/s ah]6 cfjZos ePdf ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd k]; ug'{kb{5 . != ah]6 / ;|ft ] ;ldlt ah]6 lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df s]Gb|df Pp6f ah]6 ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf u7g x'g] ah]6 ;ldltdf of]hgf cfof]usf ;a} ;b:ox?, g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ueg{/, cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;lrj / dxfn]vf lgoGqs ;b:o /x]sf x'G5g\ . To:t} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ah]6 x]g]{ ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;|f]t;fwg ;ldlt ;d]t u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] ;Dk" 0 f{ ? kdf ah]6 tof/ ul/;s]kl5 ;+ ; b\ d f k|:t't ug'{cl3 /fi6«k|d'v -/fi6«klt_ nfO{ ah]6af/] la|lkmª ug]{ k|rng 5 . @= ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] qmd jif{e/ rln/xG5 g]kfndf ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ jif}{e/ lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . ah]6sf] lgdf{ 0 fsf ;Gbe{ d f cy{ dGqfnon] ah] t th' { d f lbUbz{ g hf/L u/] s f] 5 . ;f] lbUbz{ g df ;d] l 6Psf] ;dotflnsf tn k| : t' t ul/Psf] 5 . 15 ah]6 lgdf{0f ;dotflnsf -ah]6 th'{df lbUbz{g, @)^*, cy{ dGqfno_ ah] 6 k| I f] k 0fsf] k| f /lDes k| l tj] b g tof/L sflQssf] bf];|f] -cjwf/0ff kq_ xKtf -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷cy{ dGqfno÷;DalGwt dGqfno_ k|If]k0fnfO{ ah]6 ;ldltdf k]z sflQssf] t];|f] -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷;|f]t ;ldlt_ xKtf ah]6 ;ldltn] ah]6sf] cfsf/ / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f dª\l;/sf] bf];|f] -ah]6 ;ldlt÷/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷ah]6 tyf xKtf sfo{qmd dxfzfvf_ dGqfnout / sfo{ut?kdf ah]6sf] ;Ldf / dª\l;/sf] t];|f] lgb]{zg tof/ ug]{ xKtf -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷cy{ dGqfno_ dGqfnout / sfo{ut?kdf ah]6sf] ;Ldf, dª\l;/sf] rf}yf] dfu{bz{g / lgb]{zg k7fpg] xKtf -cy{ dGqfno_ k|fKt ah]6sf] ;Ldf / dfu{bz{g ljefu, lhNnf k';sf] klxnf] sfof{no / cfof]hgfdf k7fpg] xKtf -;DalGwt dGqfnox?n] ug]{_ sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 tof/ u/L k]z ug]{ -lq–jifL{o df3sf] klxnf] vr{ k|If]k0f;lxt_ xKtfb]lv kmfu'gsf] t];|f] xKtf -;DalGwt lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox?÷;DalGwt dGqfnox?_ 16 sfo{qmd tyf ah]6dfly 5nkmn -lq–jifL{o vr{ kmfu'gsf] rf}yf] k|If]k0f;lxt_ xKtfb]lv h]7sf] -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷cy{ klxnf] xKtf dGqfno÷cy{dGqL÷;DalGwt dGqfno_ ah]6 k|:t't / ;+;b\af6 kfl/t c;f/sf] clGtd -cy{dGqL÷;+;b\_ xKtf ah]6 vr{sf] clVtof/L ;fpg ! ut] -cy{ ;lrj_ cg'udg÷d"Nofª\sg k|To]s dlxgfsf] -;a} dGqfno÷cy{ dGqfno_ & ut]leq ah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg cfly{s jif{sf] -cy{ dGqfno_ kmfu'g !% ut]leq v= ah]6 :jLs[lt ;/sf/n] tof/ kf/]sf] ah]6dfly cfjZos ljrf/ljdz{ -ljleGg ;+;bLo ;ldltdf ;'g'jfO klg x'g ;S5_ u/L cGttM :jLs[ltsf nflu ;+;b\df k|:t't ul/G5 . d'n'ssf] sfg'gL ;+/rgf d'tflas ;+;b\n] s] s:tf] 9ª\uaf6 ah]6df ;+zf]wg ug{ kfpF5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 . vf;?kdf, ;j{;fwf/0f / gful/s ;dfh b'j}n] oxL r/0fdf ah]6sf ;DaGwdf lgs} a9L Wofg lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ lsgeg] oxL r/0fdf gful/ssf ;'emfjnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L cfTd;ft ul/g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/n] ;+;b\sf] clwj]zg -h;nfO{ ah]6 clwj]zg jf jif]{ clwj]zg klg elgG5_ df cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] jflif{s ah]6 k|:t't ub{5 . of] ah]6 ;/sf/n] ;+;b\df k|:t't ug]{ jflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] hudf tof/ ePsf] x'G5 . ;+;b\sf] ax'dtn] To:tf] ah]6 :jLs[t ub{5 . ah]6 kfl/t x'g'cl3 ah]6df cfjZos 5nkmn ul/G5 . ljz]if kl/l:ylt gx'Fbf;Dd ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] k|:t't u/]sf] ah]6df ;+zf]wg ub}{g . 17 u= ah]6 sfof{Gjog ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog sfg'gåf/f ah]6 vr{ ug]{u/L ;/sf/n] cfkm" dftxtsf lgsfonfO{ clVtof/L lbPkl5 cf/De x'G5 . g]kfndf ;+;b\af6 ah]6 :jLs[t x'gf;fy cy{ dGqfnon] dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no dfkm{t\ ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt sfof{nox?sf nflu vr{sf] clVtof/L lbg] ub{5 . tyflk, Jojxf/df ah]6 :jLs[t ePadf]lhd ;xL tl/sfaf6 ;b}j sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] x'Fb}g . h:t}, vr{sf ;Ldf / Joj:yfnfO{ cfTd;ft gul/Psf] x'g ;S5, / clVtof/L lbOPsf] /sd tf]lsPs} p2]Zosf nflu vr{ eO/x]sf] x'Fb}g . tn a9L lj:t[t?kdf rrf{ ul/Pem}+ Ps zLif{ssf] ah]6 csf]{ zLif{sdf vr{ -/sdfGt/_ ul/Pdf To;n] zª\sf pTkGg u/fpF5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgwf{l/t sfo{qmd c;kmn x'g] tyf e|i6frf/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9fpF5 . clVtof/L lbOPsf] / jf:tljs vr{aLrsf] cGt/ lgs} a9L b]lvof] eg] gful/s ;dfhn] o;sf] sf/0f dfUg' kb{5 . ; + ; b \ a f6 ah6 ] ] fndf gk { Ls t [ x g ' f;fy cy :j ] dxfnv ] f fn on { \ dG q sfo n f{ o dfkmt lgoGqs ;DalGwt ;/sf/sf sf nflu ? sfof{nox lVtof/L lbg] vrs { f] c ub5 { . 18 cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷)^^ sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogaf6 l;lsPsf kf7 != g]kfndf ljsf;sf] nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdL /xg]5 . a? sdL /x]5 sfd ug]{ OR5fzlQm / k|lta4tfsf], @= /fhgLlts l:y/tf lagf ljsf;n] jfl~5t ult lng ;Sbf] /x]g5, #= ;ª\qmd0fsfndf cfly{s :yfloTj / l:y/tf sfod ug{ ;lsFbf] /xg]5 . ;fy}, o:tf] cj:yfdf cfly{s cg'zf;g klg sdhf]/ aGbf] /x]5, $= ljifout dGqfnox?n] :jfldTj u|x0f gu/]sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{dfsf] r/0fb]lv g} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutf gePdf To:tf gLlt / sfo{ q mdx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7g kbf]{ /x]5, %= lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog, ;e]{ l8hfOg, sfof{Gjog of]hgf gagfOsg gofF sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ubf{ ltgLx?sf] sfof{Gjog cnkq kbf]{ /x]5, ^= kof{Kt 5nkmn / ;xdlt lagf gofF gLlt 3f]if0ff ug{ gx'g] /x]5, &= ;Lldt ;fwgnfO{ w]/} cfof]hgfx?df 5g'{ gx'g] /x]5, *= nufgL / ;'wf/ k|lqmofnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg' kg]{ /x]5, ;'wf/ lagfsf] nufgLn] dfq k|ltkmn lbFbf] /x]g5, (= gLltdf lg/Gt/tf / lglZrttf rflxFbf] /x]5, !)= ;+:yfut ;dGjosf] cefjdf gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;Dej gx'g] /x]5, !!= sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf] nflu /fd|f] kl/kf6L /x]5 . -;|f]tM cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& sf] ah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg, kmfu'g, @)^^_ 19 3= n]vfk/LIf0f / ah]6 d"Nofª\sg ah]6 rqmsf] clGtd r/0fdf ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L / ;xL 9ª\uaf6 k|of]u eP–gePsf] hfF r ug] { nIosf ;fy ljleGg lqmofsnfk eO/x] s f x' G 5g\ . ;fdfGotof ;/sf/n] ;+ ; b\ / hg;dIf cfly{ s kl/rfng;F u hf] l 8Psf lqmofsnfkx? k| : t' t ug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/L vr{nfO{ s'g} :jtGq / Jofj;flos lgsfo, h:t} dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 lgoldt k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOg'kb{5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] cfF}NofPsf lgisif{nfO{ ;+;b\df k|:t't ul/g'kb{5 h;af6 ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cEof;df ;/sf/nfO{ cem a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpF5 . d"Nofª\sg / n]vfk/LIf0fn] ;/sf/n] ah]6 sfg'gnfO{ cg';/0f u/]sf] 5 5}g jf ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 5}g egL 7Dofpg ;+;b\nfO{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . oxL sf/0f cfw'lgs ah]6 lgdf{0f ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?dfly cfkm\gf sfo{;~rfngdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ah]6 sfo{;Dkfbg;DaGwL hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf c;fWo} hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ��� 20 @ ;/sf/L /sd lsg cGoq vr{ x'G5 < 21 ;+;b\åf/f kfl/t ah]6 klg Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{df k'¥ofP/ vr{ ul/g] w]/} sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ . s]xLsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ x'G5 eg] s]xL xr'jfsf e/df dgf]dfgL 9ª\uaf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . ah]6 /sd tf]lsPsf] sfo{qmdeGbf cGoq vr{ x'g'df k|foM lgDg sf/0f x'G5g\M s= sdhf]/ ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?n] sdhf]/ ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf sf/0f af/Daf/ ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g\ . ah]6 vr{df u'0f:t/Lotf / /sdsf] k|jfxnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] IfdtfnfO{ ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/Ln] ;ª\s6df kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . w]/} b]zdf cy{ dGqfnon] cfly{s jif{sf] gub k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf of]hgfa4 9ª\uaf6 kl/rfng ul//x]sf x'Fb}gg\ h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k vr{ ug'{kg]{ lgsfox? cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] tLg q}dfl;s cjlw;Dd cfjZos /sd vr{ ug{af6 al~rt eO/x]sf x'G5g\ / clGtd q}dfl;sdf ah]6 vr{ ug{ g;sL ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f TolQs} ylGsPsf] x'G5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox?dfly cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo x'g' s]xLcl3 /sd vr{ ug'{kg]{ rsf]{ bafa x'G5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf a9L /sd vr{ ug'{kbf{ kmh"n / e8lsnf] x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . cfly{s jif{e/ ah]6sf] lgoldt cg'udg u/]/ gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] gub k|jfxsf] of]hgfdf b]lvPsf q'6L / sdhf]/L cf}FNofP/ ;/sf/dfly bafa lbg ;S5g\ . vr{sf] lgoldt cg'udgn] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs gLlt / ah]6sf nIonfO{ k"/f ug]{tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ g} d2t ug{ ;lsG5 . v= e|i6frf/ e|i6frf/n] w]/} b]zsf] ljQ Joj:yfkgdf ;ª\s6 lgDTofO/x]sf] x'G5 . vf;u/L of] cj:yf sdhf]/ ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cg';/0f ug]{ ljsf;zLn 22 d'n'sx?df ljBdfg 5 . ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] hgtfaf6 p7fOPsf] /sdnfO{ æ/rgfTds n]vfÆ (creative accounting) / vl/b clgoldttfh:tf tl/sf ckgfP/ /fHosf]ifnfO{ cGoq vr{ ug{ cg]sg hfnem]n ug{ ;S5g\ . ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf qmddf e|i6frf/ ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] s'/f ah]6 sfof{Gjog / kl/of]hgf cg'udgaf6 dfq kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . u= /fHosf]ifsf] /sdfGt/ ;/sf/n] slxn]sflxF cg'ko'Qm 9ª\uaf6 cGo sfo{qmdsf lglDt /fHosf]ifsf] /sdfGt/ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf] pkrf/sf \ fOPsf] ah]6 æc:ktfn k|zf;gÆ cyjf cGo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf lglDt 5'6o If]qdf vr{ eO/x]sf] x'g ;S5 . /sdfGt/ ug'{nfO{ e|i6 Jojxf/ dfGg g;lsPnf, / ;/sf/n] slxn]sflxF sfg'gL k|lqmof ckgfP/ of] sfo{ u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . Ps zLif{sdf 5'6o\ fOPsf] /sd cGo zLif{sdf vr{ ug'{ klg ah]6 sfof{Gjogs} Ps c+z xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, æ/sdfGt/ lgodÆ / k"/s ah]6 dfkm{t\ ah]6 /sdnfO{ Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{df nluPsf] x'G5 cyjf Pp6f sfo{qmd jf lgsfoleq} klg yk /sd vr{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/, gful/s ;dfhn] vr{sf] nlIft p2]Zo adf]lhd sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug'{kb{5 . Q f/n] w]/} b]zsf] lj e|i6fr \ 6 df ;ªs of] Joj:yfkg f] x'G5 . vf;u/L ]s lgDTofO/x dhf]/ ljQLo g]{ cj:yf s k|0ffnL cg'z/0f u fg Joj:yfkg d'n'sx?df ljBd ljsf;zLn 5. 23 3= ck|Tofl;t sfo{df sf]ifsf] k|of]u s'g} ck|Tofl;t 36gf, h:t} k|fs[lts ljklQdf vr{ ug]{u/L k|foM ;/sf/;Fu cfktsfnLg sf]if /x]sf] x'G5 . To;y{, ljz]if lsl;dsf cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] ah]6df ;+zf]wg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cfktsfnLg sf]ifsf] kl/rfng ;xL?kdf eP–gePsf] ;DaGwdf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] dfq ljZn]if0f / kx/]bf/L ug{ ;S5g\ . ª= /sdsf] ckof{Kttf slxn]sflxF s'g} sfo{qmddf oy]i6 /sd vr{ ug{ ah]6 cIfd eO/x]sf] x'G5 . olb To:tf] sfo{qmd sfg'gL clwsf/ hf]l8Psf] sfo{qmd -pbfx/0fsf nflu, nfestf{x?, h:t} ckfª\u, n] sfg'gL?kd} ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ k|fjwfg ;d]l6Psf sfo{qmd_ xf] eg] ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{e/ s'g} klg r/0fdf /sd yKg' sfg'gL bfloTj x'g ;S5 . oL sfo{qmddf ah]6 cefj x'g] vt/f b]lvP gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?n] To:tf] bfloTj k"/f u/fpg ;/sf/dfly bafa klg lbg ;S5g\ . r= ah]6df g;d]l6g] bft[ ;xof]u ul/aLdf lklN;Psf d'n'sx?n] k|foM ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf lglDt låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo bftfx?af6 dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|fKt ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] /sd ;/sf/n] tof/ ug]{ cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df pNn]v gePsf] / ah]6n] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;du| j:t'l:yltsf] lrq0f klg gu/]sf] x'g ;S5 . s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] lj:t[t?kdf ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu sfo{qmddf ePsf] nufgLsf] ;|f]t / vr{sf] p2]Zosf af/]df k"0f{?kdf a'em\g cg'udg ul/g' cfjZos x' G 5 . 5= sdhf]/ lgu/fgL Ifdtf ;Lldttfn] slxn]sflxF ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx? / ;+;b\n] ah]6sf] ;du| sfof{Gjogsf af/]df k|efjsf/L?kdf lgu/fgL ug{ ;ls/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . gful/s ;dfhn] lgu/fgL Ifdtf a9fpg ;/sf/s} ljleGg :jtGq lgsfonfO{ d2t ug{ ;S5g\ . ��� 24 # ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmof 25 ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;fdfGotof kfFrj6f r/0f x'G5g\M • :jLs[t ah]6sf cfwf/df ljleGg dGqfno -cyjf ljefu÷lgsfox?_ nfO{ /sd lgsf;f lbOG5 . • ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ;f]em} jf j:t' tyf ;]jf vl/b u/L vr{ ug{ yfN5g\ . • vr{ ePsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL ul/G5 . • vr{sf] ljj/0fnfO{ n]vf vftfdf r9fOG5 . • cfjlws k|ltj]bg lg/Gt/ tof/ ul/G5, cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf vftf aGb ul/G5 / jif{sf] cGTodf jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/G5 . ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmof vr{ ug]{ lgsfox?nfO{ sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 /sd lgsf;f n]vf k|0ffnLdf ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] sf/f]af/sf] ah]6 vr{ ug{ yfN5g\ /]s8{ sfof{Gjog -tna, vl/b, k|lqmof \ OToflb dfkm{t_ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/bsf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfox?af6 e'QmfgL cfjlws / jflif{s n]vf ljj/0f / ah]6 k|ltj]bg tof/L 26 s= dGqfno, ljefu / cGo lgsfox?nfO{ ah]6 lgsf;f ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] sfof{Gjog r/0f ;Da4 dGqfno, ljefu, jf lgsfox?nfO{ /fli6«o sf]if sfof{no -dxfn]vf lgoGq0f sfof{no_ af6 /sd lgsf;f lbg cf/De u/]kl5 ;'? x'G5 . o:tf] lgsf;f ;fdfGotof ;+;b\n] ah]6 kfl/t u/L sfg'gL x}l;ot k|bfg ugf{;fy cf/De x'G5 . q}dfl;s jf dfl;s e'QmfgL ug]{u/L s]Gb|Lo /fh:j sf]ifaf6 cf}krfl/s clVtof/L - ;/sf/L clVtof/L kmf/fd_ lbOPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] clVtof/L lbFbf ah]6 lgsf;f km's'jf ug'{sf ;fy} sfof{nox?n] ug]{ vr{sf] ljj/0f;DaGwL ah]6 zLif{s v'nfOPsf] x'G5 . s]xL d'n'sx? – h:t}, kf]r'{un, O6fnL / ltgLx?sf k"j{ pklgj]zx?– df ;jf]{Rr n]vf ;+:yf -P;PcfO{_ nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vr{sf s]xL lglZrt zLif{snfO{ ;f]em} :jLs[t ug]{ lhDd]bf/L lbOPsf] kfOG5 . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t P;PcfO{n] /sd 6«fG;km/ ug'{cl3 lj:t[t hfFr ub{5 . o; ljk/Lt klZrdf ;+;bLo (Westminster) k|0ffnLdf dxfn]vf -n]vfk/LIf0f / sf]if Joj:yfkg b'j}sf] lhDd]jf/L ePsf] sfof{no_ lgoGqs sfof{non] ;DalGwt ljefux?df /sd lgsf;f :jLs[t ub{5 . v= vr{ cf/De dGqfno / ljefux?nfO{ /sd lgsf;f lbO;s]kl5 lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf clws[tx?n] vr{sf] p2]Zoaf/] k|:tfj ub{5g\ . dGqfno jf ljefusf k|d'v n]vf clws[t -cyjf pgn] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf clwsf/L, k|foM k|d'v n]vf clws[t_ n] oL k|:tfjx? ah]6 cGtu{t 5 5}g / pko'Qm ljlw k|lqmof k'¥ofOPsf] 5 5}g egL ;'lglZrt ug{ cWoog ub{5g\ . k|:tfj :jLs[t x'gf;fy dGqfno jf ljefun] s/f/df x:tfIf/ ub{5 jf h?/t k/]sf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf nflu vr{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfb]z lbG5 . o;}u/L, ;/sf/n] tna e'QmfgLsf nflu tna Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Payroll Management System) / C0f bfloTjsf lglDt C0f Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Debt Management System) sf] k|of]u ub{5 . u= e'QmfgL vr{sf] jf:tljs e'QmfgL ;fdfGotof dGqfno, ljefu jf sfof{nosf n]vf ljefuaf6 r]s jf a}+s 6«fG;km/åf/f ul/G5 . -s]xL b]zdf s]Gb|Lo sf]ifaf6} ;Dk"0f{ e'QmfgLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 ._ w]/}j6f km|fGsf]kmf]g d'n'sx?df 27 e'QmfgL lng] JolQmn] vr{sf] lg0f{o -cfOcf]8f]{gf6/_ ug]{ JolQmaf6 x'g ;Sg] cgfjZos k|efjdfly sfg'gL?kdf ;'/lIft ul/G5 . ;fgf w]/} ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df ;/sf/n] slxn]sflxF gub e'QmfgL ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf sf/f]af/n] e|i6frf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 / o;nfO{ cf}krfl/s a}+lsª k|0ffnLn] k|lt:yfkg ul/g'kb{5 . 3= sf/f]af/sf] vftf /fVg] ;a}h;f] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?n] gub n]vf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ h;cGtu{t e'QmfgL ugf{;fy vftfdf vr{ b]vfOG5 cyf{t\ e'QmfgL cfb]z hf/L x'gf;fy tTsfn} vr{ b]vfOG5 . o:tf] k|0ffnLn] ;/sf/sf] ljQLo cj:yfsf af/]df rfx]sf] avt ;du| b[Zo lgdf{0f ug{ sl7g x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;/sf/n] s'g} dxFuf j:t' jf ;]jf vl/bsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tf u/]sf] eP klg o;sf] ljQLo ljj/0fdf gub n]vf k|0ffnL cg'?k s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e'QmfgL gePsf] hgfOPsf] x'G5, / of] sfo{ s]xL dlxgf kl5 x'g ;S5 . ljQLo sf/f]af/sf lqmofsnfk x'gf;fy To;nfO{ Ps?cn btf{ ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ j:t' tyf ;]jf pknAw u/fpgf;fy vr{ b]vfOG5 -e'QmfgL gul/;s]sf] eP klg_ / s/ bflvnf afFsL /x]sf] jf j:t' / ;]jfsf] laqmL ePsf] -/fh:j k|fKt e}g;s]sf] cj:yf eP klg_ cj:yfdf /fh:j bflvnf eO;S5 . of] Ps?cn k|0ffnLn] d'n'ssf] ljQLo cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf lgs} ;xL t:jL/ tTIf0f k|:t't ub{5 . b'ef{Uoj;, k|of]udf of] ljlw lgs} hl6n 5, / s]xL yf]/} ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df dfq of] ljlw sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;|f]t;fwg 5g\ . ª= n]vf tyf ah]6 k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L ;fdfGotof ah]6sf] cjlw !@ dlxgf cyf{t\ Ps jif{sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ cfly{s jif{ elgG5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cjlwdf n]vf clws[tx? jf pgLx?n] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf sd{rf/Ln] jif{e/Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ afFsL aSof}tf /fh:j / vr{sf] ljj/0fnfO{ /]s8{ ub{5g\ . oL /]s8{ ul/Psf sf/f]af/n] cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 tof/ ug{ / n]vf k|ltj]bg tof/L ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5g\ . jif{sf] cGTodf ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]af/nfO{ /]s8{ ul/;s]kl5 n]vf clws[tx?n] jif{e/sf] ;+:yfsf] ljQ kl/rfngsf] clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ kfb{5g\ . oL clGtd n]vfnfO{ jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dflji6 ul/G5 h;nfO{ n]vf k/LIf0fsf nflu P;PcfO{ -dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu_ ;dIf k7fOG5 . ��� 28 $ ;/sf/L sfuhftn] ah]6 sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 29 rf/ lsl;dsf ;/sf/L k|ltj]bgn] ah]6 sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g\M kfl/t ah]6, cfjlws k|ltj]bg, k"/s ah]6 / jflif{s k|ltj]bg . s= kfl/t ah]6 ;/sf/n] k|:t't u/]sf] ah]6dfly 5nkmn / ax; ul/;s]kl5 ;+;b\n] o;nfO{ sfg'gsf] ?k k|bfg ug{ dtbfg ub{5 . -To;kl5 o;nfO{ kfl/t ah]6 elgG5 ._ s]xL d'n'sdf kfl/t ah]6n] x/]s vr{ ug]{ lgsfonfO{ 5'6o \ fOPsf] /sd / sfo{qmd ah]6df b]vfpg'kb{5 . cGo sltko d'n'sdf ah]6n] ;du| vr{sf] l:yltnfO{ dfq b]vfPsf] x'G5 . kfl/t ah]6df dfq sfg'gL x}l;ot /x]sf] x'G5 . o;df /flvPsf] lj:t[t ljj/0fsf] :t/n] vr{ of]hgfdf kl/jt{gsf nflu ;+;b\sf] clVtof/L glnO{ jif{e/Ldf ah]6df ;/sf/n] ug{ ;Sg] kl/jt{gnfO{ lrlqt u/]sf] x'G5 . oxL sf/0f kfl/t ah]6 cg'udg p2]Zosf lglDt lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;leq cfufdL cfly{s jif{df ;/sf/n] ug]{ vr{sf ljifodf ;':ki6 9ª\uaf6 tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . v= cfjlws k|ltj]bg ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf r/0fdf ;/sf/n] k/Dk/fut z}nLd} vr{, /fh:j / C0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ cg'udg ul//x]sf] x'G5 .1 w]/} ;/sf/n] dfl;s, q}dfl;s, dWosfnLg k|ltj]bg tof/ kfb{5g\ h;n] :jLs[t ah]6;Fu jf:tljs ah]6sf] t'ngf ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf ah]6 vr{, /fh:j / C0fsf k|fjwfgx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ 5}gg\ x]g{ o:tf] t'ngfn] d2t ub{5 . jif{leq k|sfzg x'g] o:tf k|ltj]bgn] ;fdfGotof ;/sf/n] k|jfx ul//x]sf] ;]jf ah]6df pNn]v ePcg'?k ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 5}g eg]/ ;d]6]sf] x'Gg . w]/} sd /fi6«n] dfq ;]jf k|jfx / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg ub{5g\ . ah]6sf] pbfx/0fdf lbOPem}+ gful/s ;dfhn] ckgfpg] ;jf]{Ts[i6 tl/sf eg]s} kl/of]hgf / ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;f]emf] cjnf]sg xf] . pgLx?n] ;/sf/L ah]6sf sfuhftdf dfq lge{/ /x]/ lrQ a'emfpg' hfoh x'Fb}g . cfjlws k|ltj]bgx? ;du| ;/sf/ jf s'g} Pp6f lgsfonfO{ lnP/ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 . s]xL d'n'sdf /fh:j ;+sng lgsfox?n] cfkm\gf] cnUu} k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ub{5g\ . cGo sltko d'n'sdf ;/sf/sf] abnfdf s]Gb|Lo a}+sn] ;/sf/sf] a}+s vftfsf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf k|ltj]bg hf/L ub{5 . oL ! km|fO8Dofg / uf]d]h, @))% . 30 k|ltj]bgn] k|zf;sLo OsfO{x?nfO{ dfl;s?kdf /sd lbPsf] s'/feGbf ;du| vr{ ePsf] /sdnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] cj:yf /x];Dd To;nfO{ cfjlws k|ltj]bgs} ?kdf u|x0f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ah]6 vr{, /fh:j / C0fsf ljj/0fx? cy{ dGqfno, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / ;Da4 lgsfox?n] ;fj{hlgs ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . /fi6« a}+sn] k|sfzg ug]{ q}dfl;s cfly{s ;dLIff lgs} nf]slk|o dflgG5 . cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ljsf; ;+u7g -cf]Ol;8L_ sf] ah]6 kf/blz{tfsf pTs[i6 cEof; (Best Practices for Budget Transparency) n] l/kf]l6{ª cjlw ;dfKt ePsf] rf/ dlxgfleq dfl;s k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 -cf]Ol;8L, @))!_ . k|ltj]bgn] k|To]s dlxgf / cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL dlxgfsf] cGTo;Dd k|fKt ePsf] /fh:j / vr{sf] ljj/0f ;d]6g \ ' kb{5 . ;fy}, k|ltj]bgn] l/kf]l6{ª cjlwsf] dfl;s /fh:j / vr{sf] k|If]lkt /sdnfO{ t'ngf klg ug'{ kb{5 . k|ltj]bgn] jf:tljs / k|If]lkt /fh:j tyf vr{aLr x'g ;Sg] s'g} dxTjk"0f{ ljrngsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljZn]if0f / JofVof klg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . s]xL d'n'sn] sfo{qmdsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ / s/ /fh:j;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ub{5g\ eg] cGon] ;/sf/sf] s'n /fh:j / vr{ dfq b]vfpF5g\ . s]xL d'n'sdf oL k|ltj]bgx? k|To]s k|zf;sLo lgsfon] cf–cfkm}+ hf/L ub{5g\ eg] cGo sltko b]zdf ;a} ;"rgfnfO{ Pslqt ul/G5 / vf;?kdf cy{ dGqfnon] hf/L ub{5 . ;ot df dfq sfg'gL x}l kfl/t ah]6 . o;df /flvPsf] /x]sf] x'G5/0fsf] :t/n] vr{ s b\ f] lj:t[t ljj l/jt{gsf nflu ;+; df ]6 of]hgfdf k glnO{ jif{e/Ldf ah { clVtof/L g{ ;Sg] kl/jt{gnfO u ;/sf/n] f] x'G5 . ]s lrlqt u/ 31 u= k"/s ah]6 s'g} cfly{s jif{leq k|fs[lts ljklQ cfOk/]df jf ah]6 of]hgfdf sdhf]/L ePsf sf/0f s'g} sfo{qmdsf nflu /sd cefj ePsf] h:tf cfsl:ds cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ k|f/Dedf hf/L ah]6dfly ;+zf]wg ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 / To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] k"/s ah]6 NofpF5 . k"/s ah]6 Nofpg] sfo{ ;a}h;f] b]zdf gf}nf] s'/f geP klg 7"nf] k"/s ah]6 Nofpg] afgL a;]df To;n] sdhf]/ ah]6 cEof;nfO{ Oª\ l ut ub{ 5 . lgoldt?kdf k"/s ah]6sf] cg'/f]w x' g yfn] dGqfno / ;/sf/L Nofpg] s a h ] 6 f lgsfox?leq} of]hgfsf sfo{x?nfO{ k"/ a } h ;f] b]zd "nf] { ; cjd" N og u/]sf] 7xl/G5 . sfo klg 7 g f} n f] geP Nofpg] ;|f]t;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8dfly x'g'kg]{ ]6 k"/s ah h]6 dhf]/ a t v'nf ax;nfO{ klg o:tf] sfo{n] fg Ln ] s cj/f]w k'¥ofpF 5 . jf:tjdf a fO{ Oª\lu cEof;n ;/sf/af6 k| : t' t x' g ] cfufdL ub{5 . cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 k|:tfjdfly ;+;b\df 5nkmn ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] /fd|f] cEof;sf lglDt k"/s ah]6nfO{ klg ;+;b\af6} kfl/t ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] k"/s ah]6sf] afXo lgu/fgLnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub{5 . ;/sf/af6 ul/g] ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df cfjZos hfFr ;'lglZrt ug{' klg h?/L 5 . cfOlakLn] u/]sf] %( d'n'ssf] ;e]{If0fn] -tflnsf !_ #% d'n'ssf ;/sf/n] k"/s ah]6 k|:tfj gu/]sf] cyjf ah]6df 5'6o \ fOPsf] /sdsf] k|of]u ug'{cl3 ;+;bLo :jLs[lt lnPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 .2 t/, @@ j6f b]zdf /sd vr{ eO;s]kl5 ;+;b\sf] k/fdz{ lnPsf] jf ljNs'n} glnPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . 2 ljZjsf lgDg %( b]z ;d]l6Psf 5g\M cNafgLof, cNh]l/of, c+uf]nf, ch]{lG6gf, ch/a}hfg, a+unfb]z, af]lnleof, af]T;jfgf, a|flhn, a'Nu]l/of kmf:sf], Sofd?g, rf8, sf]nlDaof, sf]:6fl/sf, qmf]Pl;of, r]s l/klJns, OSj]8/, OlhK6, Pn ;fNef8f], km|fG;, hlh{of, 3fgf, Ujf6]dfnf, xf]G8'/;, ef/t, OG8f]g]l;of, hf]8{g, shfv:tfg, s]Gof, dnfjL, d]lS;sf], dGuf]lnof, df]/Ssf], gfldlaof, g]kfn, Go"lhNof08, lgsf/ fu'jf, gfOh]l/of, gj]{, kfls:tfg, kk'cf Go"lugL, k]?, lkmlnlkG;, kf]NofG8, /f]dfgLof, ?;, :nf]e]lgof, blIf0f clkm|sf, blIf0f sf]l/of, >Ln+sf, :jL8]g, tfGhfgLof, 6sL{, o'ufG8f, cd]l/sf, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, leotgfd / hflDaof . 32 ah]6 cg'udgdf d'Vo ;fdu|L / g]kfnsf] cj:yf ah]6 ljZn]if0f / jsfntsf] If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o ah]6 ;xsfo{ -cfOlakL_ n] cf7j6f ah]6;DaGwL b:tfj]hsf] pknAwtf / To;df gful/ssf] kx'FrnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ljZje/ v'nf ah]6 ;e]]{If0f ub{5 . cfOlakLsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf lk|m8d kmf]/dn] u/]sf] v'nf ah]6 ;e]{If0f—@)!) df tL sfuhftsf] cj:yf lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . -!_ k"j{ ah]6 jQmJo (Pre–Budget Statement) ah]6 k|:t't ug'{ Ps dlxgf klxn] ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ of] b:tfj]h cfa @)^&÷^* df lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOPg . -@_ ah]6 (Executive Budget Proposal) ;/sf/n] ah]6 jQmJo k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f u/]sf] kfOof] . ;/sf/sf] ah]6 k|:tfjcGtu{t x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo cyf{t\ c;f/ d;fGtdf ;+;b\df k|:t't ul/g] ah]6 efif0f;lxt Joo cg' d fgsf] ljj/0f k| : t' t u/] s f] b] l vof] . ah] 6 df Joo cg'dfgsf] vr{ -vr{ zLif{sut / ;|f]tut ;d]t_, dGqfnout k|ult ljj/0f, ljlgof]hg ljw]os, cfly{s ljw]os, /fi6« C0f p7fpg] ljw]os, C0f tyf hdfgt ljw]os / k]ZsL ljw]os ;dfj]z 5g\ . ah] 6 sf cGo ;xof] u L ;fdu|Lx¿df k|fljlws ;xof] u -låkIfLo÷ax'kIfLo_ tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+;yfx¿af6 k|fKt ;xof]usf] ljj/0f, lq–jifL{o vr{ k|If]k0fsf] ljj/0f / cfly{s ;e]{If0f /x]sf x'G5g\ . -#_ gful/s ah]6 (Citizen Budget) g]kfndf gful/s ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] cEof; clxn];Dd k|f/De ePsf] 5}g . gful/s ah]6n] ;/sf/L ah]6sf k|fljlws ljifonfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] ;lhn} a'em\g, ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|:t't u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ljifosf af/]df hfgsf/L gePsf ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L ljleGg efiffdf ;/n ?kn] gful/s ah]6 lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . 33 -$_ kfl/t ah]6 (Enacted Budget) x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 cy{dGqLn] ;bgdf k|:t't ug]{ ah]6nfO{ ;+;b\n] cg'df]bg u/]kl5 dfq sfof{Gjogdf hfG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] of] ah]6 ;fj{hlgs?kdf hf/L ub{5 . -%_ cfjlws k|ltj]bg (In–Year Report) g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;fj{hlgs ug]{ q}dfl;s cfly{s a'n]l6gn] jflif{s ah]6 k|efjsf] l:ylt bzf{pF5 . of] a'n]l6g klg ah]6sf] k|efj ljZn]if0f ug{ oy]i6 5}g lsgsL o;df jflif{s vr{÷ cg'dflgt /sd ;lxtsf] jf:tljs vr{ / cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfTds l:ylt ;dfj]; ul/Psf] x'Gg . -^_ dWofjlw ;dLIff (Medium Term Evaluation) cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg x/]s jif{ tof/ ub{5 . o;n] cfly{s jif{sf] cw{jflif{s cfoJoosf] l:ylt / afF s L ;dodf ah] 6 sf gLlt tyf sfo{ q mdsf] k| e fjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifodf k"jf{g'dfgx? k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . -&_ jflif{s k|ltj]bg (Yearly Report) cy{ dGqfnon] jif{sf] cGTodf lgdf{0f ug]{ ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|ult b:tfj]h g} jflif{s k|ltj]bg xf] . o;n] kfl/t ah]6 / jf:tljs ah]6sf] sfof{Gjogsf] t'ngfTds l:ylt b]vfpF5 . cy{ dGqfnon] tof/ kfg]{ cfly{s ;e]{If0fn] d'Vo?kdf b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s l:ylt emNsfPsf] x'G5 . -*_ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg (Audit Report) dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L vr{sf] cfoJoosf] k/LIf0f u/L jflif{s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ub{5 . t/ o; ;+ j } w flgs lgsfon] u} / ah] 6 /L vr{ (Extra Budgetary Expenditures) sf] k/LIf0f eg] u/]sf] 5}g . pbfx/0f, cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷)^( sf] dWofjlw ;dLIffsf] cjlwdf ;+:yfut / JolQmut u/L ?= @* ca{ !% s/f]8 !) nfv u}/ ah]6/L /sd dfu ePsf] t/ s'g} /sd lgsf;f gePsf] cy{ dGqfnon] hgfPsf] 5 . 34 tflnsf !M ljZjsf %( b]zdf k"/s ah]6sf] ;+;bLo :jLs[ltsf] ;do tflnsf3 ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ eO;s]kl5 jf ;/sf/af6 x'g'cl3 jf ;/sf/n] la/n} cGo ;+;bLo :jLs[lt g} glnO{ k"/s ah]6 k|:tfj u/]sf] k"/s ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog #% b]z @@ b]z @ b]z ;|f]tM cfOlakLsf] cf]kg ah]6 OG8]S; @))^ 3= jflif{s k|ltj]bg jflif{s k|ltj]bgn] ;a} k|zf;lgs OsfO{x?sf] jf:tljs vr{, /fh:j ;ª\sng / C0f;DaGwL hfgsf/L Pslqt u/]sf] x'G5 . s]xL d'n'sdf of] k|ltj]bg ;/sf/sf] l;ª\uf] b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf cfPsf] x'G5 eg] s]xL cGo d'n'sdf x/]s k|zf;sLo OsfO{n] cfkm\gf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cnUu} hf/L ub{5g\ . o;}u/L, jflif{s k|ltj]bgx? PSnfPSn} jf 7"nf] k|ltj]bgsf ;fy cfPsf x'G5g\, h:t} cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 k|:tfj . t j ] b g n ] ;a} | l jflif{s k O s f O { x ? s f ] k|zf;lgs vr{, /fh:j jf:tljs / C0f;DaGwL ;ª\sng P s l q t u / ] s f ] hfgsf/L x'G5 . # tLgj6f d'n'sdf cfjlws k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Fb}g . cGo kfFrj6f d'n'sdf jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Gg . 35 cf]Ol;8Ln] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] 5 dlxgfleq ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgdf ah]6sf d'Vod'Vo ;a} kIfx?, k|f/lDes cg'dfg -;+;b\n] cg'df]bg u/] adf]lhd_ / jf:tljs vr{aLrsf] leGgtf, /fh:j, C0f / ;"Id–cfly{s cg'dfgnfO{ ;d]l6g'kb{5 . k|ltj]bgdf u}/ ljQLo sfo{;Dkfbg hfgsf/LnfO{ klg ;dflji6 ug'{ kb{5 h;nfO{ ah]6sf] gLltut nIonfO{ xfl;n ug]{tkm{sf pkfosf] dfkgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfjlws / jif{sf] cGTodf cfpg] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx? cWoog / cg'udgsf nflu lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ lsgeg] ltgLx?n] kfl/t ah]6sf k|fjwfgdf ;d]l6Pcg'?k ;/sf/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf] b]vfpF5 . tflnsf @ n] b]vfPem}+ cfOlakLåf/f ul/Psf] ;e]{If0fdf ;d]l6Psf ax';ª\Vos d'n'sx?n] oL k|ltj]bgx? ;fj{hlgs?kd} pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . tflnsf @M ljZjsf %( b]zdf ah]6 sfof{Gjog sfuhftsf] tof/L / k|sfzg ah]6 tof/ kfl/Psf] t/ ;fj{hlgs k|sflzt gul/Psf] kfl/t ah]6 ) %( cfjlws k|ltj]bg ( $& jflif{s k|ltj]bg $ %) ;|f]tM cfOlakLsf] cf]kg ah]6 OG8]S; @))^ ��� 36 % ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udgdf gful/s ;dfh cleofgsf ;kmn 36gf cWoog 37 ;fd'bflos txdf ;/sf/L vr{ ljZn]if0f ug{ / ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfPsf] dhb'/ ls;fg zlQm ;+u7g -Pds]P;P;_ eg]/ nf]slk|otf sdfPsf] ef/tsf] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngåf/f k|of]u ul/Psf] ;xefuLd"ns ljlwsf] oxfF cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 dnfjLsf] gful/s ;dfh u7aGwg cyf{t\ u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu gful/s ;dfh u7aGwg -l;P;;LSo"aLO{_ sf af/]df klg 5nkmn ul/g]5 . of] u7aGwgn] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ dfkgsf nflu ;e]{If0f ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] 5 / ;/sf/sf] Ps txaf6 csf]{ txdf lzIffsf] ah]6 /sd k'Ubf s'g :t/sf] ær'xfj6Æ x'G5 eGg] dfkg u/]sf] 5 . s= Pds]P;P;åf/f ef/tdf pbfx/0fLo ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfsf] kl/ro ef/tsf] /fh:yfg /fHosf] u|fdL0f e]udf ;fdGtL hldGbf/ / ul/a tyf sfdbf/aLr rs]{sf] e"ld ;ª\3if{kZrft\ ;dfhsf] tNnf] ju{nfO{ ;d]6]/ ;g\ !((! df dhb'/ ls;fg zlQm ;ª\u7g -Pds]P;P;_ u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5Nnf lbgdf o;n] ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt Ps sfo{qmddf nufOPsf sfdbf/nfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhdsf] Go"gtd Hofnf pknAw u/fpg ;/sf/ c;kmn ePsf] ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . Hofnf e'QmfgL c:jLsf/ ug'{ ;/sf/L uf]kgLotf;Fu ;f]em} hf]l8Psf] ljifo ePsfn] Pds]P;P;n] ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'g nfu" ug'{kg]{ tyf ljkGg ;d'bfosf sfdbf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{ sfg'gsf] dfu ;lxt ;kmn hgcleofg ;~rfng u¥of] . Pds] P ;P;sf] s] G b| L o sfo{ ; ldlt 5 / o;df bz hgf k"0f{sfnLg / b'O{ hgf cf+lzs sd{rf/L sfo{/t 5g\ . o; ;+:yfdf /fh:yfgsf] u|fdL0f e]usf xhf/f}+ ljkGg kl/jf/ / sfdbf/x? ;b:o ePsf 5g\ . ;b:ox?n] Pds]P;P; cleofgsf lglDt :j}lR5s?kdf cfkm\gf] ;do, k};f / vfBfGg k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . s= kl/ro clk|n @))^ df Pds]P;P; /fh:yfgsf] 8'ª\uf/k'/ lhNnfsf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu ef/tLo cGo u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;Fu cfa4 eof] . 38 -;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;xefuLd"ns k|lqmof xf] h;dfkm{t\ ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf ;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n] g} cg'udg ub{5g\ ._ ljleGg k[i7e"ld ePsf em08} *)) hgfn] of] cleofgdf ;xeflutf hgfPsf lyP . ef/t ;/sf/n] xfn} dfq 8'ªu \ f/k'/df ;~rfng u/]sf] /fli6«o u|fdL0f /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt P]g -Pgcf/OhLP_ cGtu{t k|fKt /sd vr{ ePsf] ;DaGwdf Tof] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . of] sfo{qmdn] u|fdL0f e]ssf x/]s 3/n] !)) lbg a/fa/sf] tf]lsPsf] ;/sf/L /f]huf/L afkt Go"gtd Hofnf k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]6]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgf cf/De x'Fbf ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ b'O{ lbgsf] cled'vLs/0f tflnd lbOPsf] lyof] h;df Pgcf/OhLPsf] Joj:yfkg, Pgcf/OhLP sfo{qmd cGtu{t ePsf e'QmfgLsf] /]s8{;DaGwL ;/sf/L sfuhft, tyf ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf ljlwx? ;d] l 6Psf] lyof] . of] cled' v Ls/0fn] ;fdflhs n] v fk/LIf0fnfO{ ;xh agfpg uLtsf] k|of]u, s7k'tnL k|bz{gL / ;8s gf6s ;d]tsf ;~rf/ ;Lk /fh:yfg ljsf; u/fpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;xefuLx?nfO{ To;kl5 sl/a @)– @% hgf /x]sf] #! j6f ;d"xdf ljefhg u/]/ æ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;fdu|L -ls6_Æ pknAw u/fOof] . /ª\uLlj/ª\uL km]6f, s7k'tnL, Aofg/ tyf d] u fkmf] g af6 ;' ; lHht eO{ sfdbf/sf] gfd / pgLx?nfO{ lbOPsf] e'QmfgLsf] sfuhft emf]nfe/L /fv]/ k|lzlIft ;xefuLx? lhNnfsf ljleGg efudf 5l/P . csf]{ ;ft lbgdf ;xefuLx?n] x/]s ufpF / Pgcf/OhLP sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf 7fpFsf] e|d0f u/] . pgLx?n] e|d0fsf qmddf em08} !$),))) sfdbf/;Fu e]63f6 u/] . oL sfdbf/x? Pgcf/OhLP cGtu{t lgdf{0f eO/x]sf ;8s, afFw, Ogf/ agfpg vl6Psf lyP . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf ;b:ox?n] sfdbf/;Fu sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{sf ;fy} ;~rflnt sfo{qmd Pgcf/OhLPsf] dfkb08cg'?k eP–gePsf] af/]df 5fglag u/] . o; cnfjf Pgcf/OhLPn] Go"gtd Hofnfsf] e'QmfgL lgoldt?kdf lbg'kb{5 / sfo{:yndf k|fylds pkrf/ / vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . sfdbf/ cfdfx?sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] lbjf :ofxf/ ;]jfsf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . sfg'gcg';f/ sfo{qmdsf] /]s8{ sfo{:yndf pknAw x'g' klg 39 cfjZos 5 h;nfO{ :yfgLo hgtfn] tTsfn} hfFr ug{ ;S5g\ . 8'ªu\ f/k'/sf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fn] w]/} lsl;dsf] abdf;L klxrfg u¥of], h:t} Go"gtd Hofnfsf] e'QmfgL gePsf], l9nf] Hofnf e'QmfgL ul/Psf], / sfo{:ynsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf . Hofnf e'QmfgLsf] tl/sfn] klg uDeL/ k|Zg pAhfPsf] 5M clwsf+z sfo{:yndf >ldsx?n] sfg'gtM Joj:yf ul/Psf] Go"gtd Hofnf k|lt lbg ef/tLo ?k}ofF &# -sl/a !=* cd]l/sL 8n/_ eGbf sd kfO/x]sf lyP lsgeg] To:tf] Hofnf sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] cEof; s]Gb| ;/sf/åf/f hf/L Pgcf/OhLP lgb]{lzsfsf] alv{nfk lyof] . lgb]{lzsfn] :ki6?kd} s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf s[lif dhb'/sf nflu /fHo ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd Hofnfsf] b/eGbf sd e'QmfgL ug{ kfOg] 5}g eg]sf] 5 . oL ;a} ljifonfO{ ;fj{hlgs d~r dfkm{t\ lhNnf k|zf;g ;dIf p7fOPsf] lyof] h;n] ;'wf/fTds sfo{jfxL ug]{ k|lt1f hgfPsf] lyof] . v= ljlw u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtfaf6 ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fdf nfe x'g] eP klg o;sf nflu t];|f] kIfsf] ;xeflutf ;w}F h?/L kb{}g . ;Ifd ;d'bfon] cfkm}F klg ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf sfo{x? ug{ ;S5g\ . t/, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;~rfng ug{ s'g} ;d'bfonfO{ cfjZosLo lgDg ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg ;S5g\M -!_ ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ tflnd, -@_ ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;"rgfdf kx'Fr, -#_ ;d'bfonfO{ ;"rgf ;+sng / k|;f/df d2t, / - $_ ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0faf6 k|fKt tYosf] b:tfj]hLs/0f tyf sfo{jfxLsf] dfu . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f h;n] u/] klg of] k|lqmofsf lglDt lgDg ;ftj6f r/0f cGof]Gofl>t x'G5g\ . r/0f !M n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{If]qsf] klxrfg s'g} ;d'bfodf w]/}j6f ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] Ps};fy leGgleGg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] klxnf] r/0fdf n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/g] vf; sfo{qmd / lgsfox? klxrfg ug'{ xf] . s'g ;dofjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0f -slt jif{_ ug]{ xf] 40 To;af/]df klxNo} ljrf/ ug'{k5{ . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{If]q tf]Sg lgDg k|Zgx?n] d2t k'¥ofpF5g\ M != ;/sf/L lgsfox?af6 sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/L / ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ slt sl7g 5, / n]vfk/LIf0fn] ;d]6g \ ] ;dofjlwdf hfgsf/L pknAw x'g ;S5g\ < @= ;d'bfon] s'g txsf] ;+nUgtf hgfpg ;S5 < ;d'bfosf] cfa4tf hlt a9L x'G5 Jofks:t/sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf Tolts} a9L x'G5 . #= n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfaf6 s:tf lsl;dsf ;|f]t;fwg pknAw 5g\ < ;+:yfn] n]vfk/LIf0f x'g nfu]sf] ;d'bfoleq}af6 ;|f]t;fwg h'6fPsf] 5 eg] Tof] a]; x'G5 . o:tf ;|f]t;fwgdf sfof{nosf ;fy} ;fdu|L ;d]tsf] aGbf]a:t ug{ ;Sg] :jod\;]js x'g ;S5g\ . $= ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? / n] v fk/LIf0fsf] ;+ o f] h g ul//x] s f ;+:yfx?aLr s] s:tf] ;DaGw 5 < ;xfg'el" t bzf{pg] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] n]vfk/LIf0fsf kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df sfo{jfxL ug'{k5{ eGg] ;+:yfsf] dfu ePsf] cj:yfdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . %= n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ ;d"xsf] /0fgLlts dg;fo s] 5 < oxL ljz]if nIodf cfl>t eP/ s'g} klg ;d"xn] r'lgPsf lgsfo÷sfo{qmdsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ ;S5g\ . r/0f @M sfo{qmdx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf af/]df :ki6 ;dembf/L n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{kg{] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 :yfgLo txsf sfof{no dfkm{t,\ /fHo÷k|fGtLo ;/sf/L lgsfox?af6, :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ;f]em} jf oL lgsfox?af6 ;+o'Qm?kdf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 . n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g'kg]{ sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ug]{ s'g} lgsfon] k|zf;sLo ;+/rgfsf] hfFr ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] ;+:yfn] 41 ;/n lsl;dsf] lgb]{zg k'l:tsf tof/ u/]df nfebfoL x'G5 h;df sfo{ q md ;~rfng ug] { ljleGg lgsfox?sf] ;" r L, pgLx?sf] hjfkmb]xLtf / Joj:yfksLo ;+/rgf, tyf sfo{qmdsf] /sd k|jfx k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . of] hfgsf/Ln] kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lgsfo -;Dejt kl/of]hgfsf d'Vo clwsf/L ;d]t_ klxrfg ug{ ;3fpg'sf ;fy} cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf kl/of]hgf af/] hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg OR5's s'g} k|d'v kbflwsf/L;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 . n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf ;+:yfn] ;d'bfodf /x]a;]sf t/ ;/sf/L kl/of]hgfdf sfd ul/;s]sf JolQmx?sf] klxrfg klg ug'{kb{5 . pgLx?nfO{ kl/of]hgfsf Joj:yfksx?n] /fVg] sfuhftx? h:t} sfdbf/sf] Hofnf e'QmfgL / ;fdu|L vl/bsf sfuhft ;DaGwdf /fd|f] ;"rgf x'g ;S5 . r/0f #M n]vfk/LIf0f cGtu{tsf sfo{qmd;DaGwL hfgsf/L xfl;n n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfnfO{ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf sfuhftdf kx'Fr cfjZos kg{ ;S5 h;df n]vf;DaGwL /]s8{x? -h:t} gub vftf, Hofnf gfdfjnL, vl/b ;fdu|Lsf] lan_, kl/of]hgfsf k|fljlws /]s8{x? -h:t} kl/of]hgf OlGhlgo/sf] d]h/d]G6 vftf / sG6«fS6 :k]l;lkms];g_, tyf Joj:yfksLo /]s8{ -h:t} kl/of]hgf ;dfKt x'Fbf kl/of]hgf Joj:yfksn] hf/L ug]{ k|df0fkq_ ;dfj]z x'g ;S5g\ . s'g} klg kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ ;/sf/n] /fVg] /]s8{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ klg cfjZos 5 . x/]s lj:t[t /]s8{df kx'Fr h?/t x'Fb}g, t/ vr{;DaGwL /]s8{df kx'Fr eg] cTofjZos x'G5 . oL /]s8{df lgDg s'/f ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5M • ljut tLg jif{b]lvsf] gub vftf ;d]tsf] n]vf /]s8{ . o;df /fli6«o ;/sf/, /fHo÷k|fGtLo ;/sf/, cGt/f{li6«o bft[ ;d'bfoaf6 k|fKt ;Dk"0f{ /sd tyf vr{ ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd;DaGwL hfgsf/L x'g'k5{, • :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf lgsfoaf6 vl/b ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] lan tyf kl/of] h gf cjlwdf 7] s ] b f/nfO{ uPsf] e' Q mfgLsf sfuhft 42 -7]s]bf/nfO{ e'QmfgL ul/Psf ;a} lansf] clGtd ;"rL_, • cGo lgsfox?af6 vl/b u/]/ lgdf{0f kl/of]hgfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/df k7fOPsf ;fdu|Lsf] :6s /lh:6/ . • sfo{qmdsf nfestf{n] ;f]em} gub /sd a'em]sf] x:tfIf/÷cf}F7f5fk ;lxtsf] e/kfO{ -l/l;K6_ . • OlGhlgol/ª /]s8{, d]h/d]G6 a's -vftf_ h;df ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f kl/of]hgfsf] lj:t[t :k]l;lkms];g -h:t} kl/of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ l;d]G6sf] kl/df0f, >lds cg'dfg tyf kl/of]hgf l8hfOg_ x' G 5 . • kl/of]hgf :yndf sfddf nufOPsf x/]s sfdbf/, Hofnf b/, sfdbf/nfO{ e'Qmfg ul/Psf] s'n /sd tyf sfdbf/n] Hofnf a'em]sf] k|df0f b]vfpg] e/kfOdf x:tfIf/÷cf}F7f5fk nufOPsf] ;DaGwL ;"rL /flvPsf] >ldssf] gfdfjnL . :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?n] kl/of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ubf{ To;sf] kl/0ffd 8/nfUbf] x'g] cg'ej u/]df pgLx?n] ;"rgf lbg c;lhnf] dfG5g\ . ;"rgf dfUg rfxg] dflg;dfly ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] wDSofpg], dgfpg], cg'go ug]{, jf a]jf:tf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofdf ckgTj :yflkt ug{ / of] k|lqmofdf bLuf]kg Nofpg] u/L d2t ug{ ;fd'bflos :jod\;]jsn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ / pgLx?n] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{sf nflu nfdf] ;ª\3if{ klg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . k|foM, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfdf x'g] nfdf] / ;kmn ;"rgf ;+sng cleofgn] n] v fk/LIf0fsf] ljifo dfq geO{ ;d' b fo :jod\ n fO{ ;zQmLs/0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 . r/0f $M ;"rgf÷hfgsf/Lsf] t'ngf ;"rgf k|fKt ugf{;fy ;+of]hs ;+:yfn] :yfgLo :jod\;]js;Fusf] ;xof]udf To;nfO{ s]nfpg' kb{5 / kl/of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt x/]s kmfOn / ;"rgfnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf hDdf ug'{kb{5 tfls To;nfO{ vf]h]sf] avt 43 k|fKt ug{ ;lsof];\ . Pds]P;P;n] kl/of]hgfsf hfgsf/LnfO{ Dofl6«;df r9fpF5 h;n] kl/of]hgf /]s8{af6 k|fKt x'g] ljljw lsl;dsf hfgsf/LnfO{ ;ª\If]lks[t ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6f Dofl6«;df sfdbf/sf] gfdfjnLaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L /fVg ;lsG5 h;n] Ps} lbg b'O{ leGg kl/of]hgfdf sfo{/t sfdbf/;DaGwL ;"rgfnfO{ /]s8{ ub{5 / o;af6 abdf;Lsf k|df0fx? kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . ;+of]hg ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;lhnf lsl;dsf rf6{x? klg agfpg ;S5g\ . oL rf6{df s'g} ;d'bfodf lgdf{0f x'g] k"jf{wf/ kl/of]hgfdf cfjZos kg]{ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] kl/df0fnfO{ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . oL rf6{x?df kl/of]hgfsf nflu tf]lsPsf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] kl/df0f / pBf]un] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd dfgb08nfO{ t'ngf ug{ klg d2t ub{5 . r/0f % M ;"rgf÷hfgsf/L ljt/0f n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hs ;+:yfn] kl/of]hgf sfuhft tyf Dofl6«;sf] k|ltlnlk agfpg'kb{5 / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ul/g] ufpFdf n}hfg'kb{5 . :jod\;]jL 6f]nLx? 3/3/ k'u]/ kl/of]hgfsf kmfOnx?df /x]sf ;"rgf hgtfnfO{ lbg'kb{5 . kl/of]hgfdf sfd u/]sf :yfgLojf;L jf pgLx?sf l5d]sL;Fusf] a}7s÷e]63f6df lbOg] kl/of]hgfsf af/]sf] hfgsf/L pgLx?sf nflu lgs} pkof]uL x'g;S5 . Pds]P;P;n] u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddf sfdbf/sf] gfdfjnLsf] k|ltlnlkdf d[ts jf gSsnL dflg;sf] gfd b]v]/ :yfgLox? crlDet ePsf lyP . o;}u/L, kl/of]hgfsf] sfddf lnOPsf :yfgLo sDkgLsf vr{sf lanx? klg :yfgLojf;Ln] unt 7x¥ofpg ;S5g\ lsgeg] pgLx?n] To:tf] sDkgL cfkm\gf] ;d'bfod} gePsf] atfpg ;S5g\ . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLn] k|To]s kl/of]hgf :ynsf] e|d0f ug'{kb{5 / lgdf{0f of]hgfdf ug'{kg]{ ck]lIft sfdsf ;a} r/0fx? k"/f u/]sf] hfFr ug'{kb{5 . o;}u/L, ;fdflhs sfo{qmdsf nfestf{x?;Dd e|d0f u/L 44 vr{sf] /]s8{df b]vfP adf]lhdsf] /sd k|fKt u/]–gu/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo :jod\;]jLn] kl/of]hgf :ynx? / sfo{qmdsf nfestf{x?sf] klxrfg ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ / oL nfestf{;Dd e|d0f u/fpg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . ;d'bfoaf6 ;ª\slnt ;a} hfgsf/L ;Da4 kl/of]hgf kmfOndf ;'/lIft tl/sfaf6 /fVg'kb{5 . ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] ;a}nfO{ cfufdL ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf af/]df atfpg'kb{5 / ToxfF pkl:yt eP/ kl/of]hgf;DaGwL oyfy{ s'/fsf af/]df af]Ng k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 . ;"rgf ljt/0f k|lqmof Ps xKtfb]lv b'O{ dlxgf;Dd nfUg ;S5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO cfpg} nfUbf ;d'bfoleq lgs} xnrn lgdf{0f ug{] /fd|f] cj;/ h'6fpF5 . r/0f ^M ' fOsf] cfof]hgf ;fj{hlgs ;'gj ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO :yfgLo ;d'bfosf nflu lgs} /f]rs / /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . ;"rgf ;ª\sng / ljt/0fsf r/0fx? k|efjsf/L ePsf 5g\ eg] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ;d'bfoleq} lgs} rrf{sf] ljifo alg/x]sf] x'G5 h;k|lt w]/}sf] pRr cfsfª\Iff /xG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ug]{ :yn :yfgLojf;L ;a}nfO{ ;'xfpg] lsl;dsf] :yndf 5gf}6 ug{ ljz]if k|oTg ug'{kb{5 . of] ;'g'jfO lbge/ x'g ;Sb5, To;}n] cfdGq0f ul/Psf ;a}sf nflu a:g] 7fpF, vfg]kfgL / cGo ;fdu|Lsf] aGbf]a:t /fd|f];Fu ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . lgs} a9fOr9fO ul/Psf] ;'g'jfO :yn klg /fd|f] x'Fb}g lsgeg] o:tf] d~r s]xL /jflkmnf] x'G5 / oxfF cfddflg;n] v'n]/ ;xefuL x'g ?rfpFb}gg\ . ;'g'jfOdf kfFr lsl;dsf dflg;sf] ljz]if e"ldsf x'g ;S5M • ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfn] :yfgLo :jod\;]jLsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnP/ Ph]G8f to ug'{kb{5 . • k| a ' 4 gful/ssf] Pp6f Kofg] n -;Dej eP jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?_ n] sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx?n] 45 sfo{qmdsf af/]df lgodx? -h:t} ckdfghgs, cg'lrt zAbsf] k|of]udf aGb]h nufpg]_ hf/L ug{ ;S5g\ . • :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwnfO{ klg ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOdf cfdGq0f ug'{ kb{5 / ;/sf/L kl/of]hgfdf x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/sf] l:yltsf af/]df ;'g'jfOsf qmddf p7\g] eofgs tYox?nfO{ pgLx?n] cf–cfkm\gf ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . • kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf :yfgLo ;/sf/L clwsf/LnfO{ klg ;'g'jfOdf pkl:yt x'g cfqmd0f ug{' kb{5 . pgLx?nfO{ :ki6?kdf atfpg' kb{5 ls ;'g'jfOsf] sfo{ cf}Fnf 78\ofpg] cEof; dfq xf]Og / ;d'bfosf nflu k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ klg xf] . ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtfsf af/]df Tolt kl/lrt gePsf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] ;'g'jfOdf p7\g ;Sg] ljifok|lt Tolt v'zL gx'g ;S5g\, t/ sf}t'xn / g}lts aGwgn] pgLx?nfO{ ;'g'jfOdf pkl:yt x'g pTk|]/0ff lbg ;S5 . -slxn]sflxF jl/i7 clwsf/Lx?n] cfkm"eGbf tNnf] txsf clwsf/LnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOdf pkl:yt x'g lgb]{zg klg ug{ ;S5g\ ._ • cGTodf, ;d'bfosf] klg ;'g'jfOk|lt clt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . 7"nf] / ;lqmo >f]tfsf] pkl:yltn] klg ;kmn / c;kmn ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0faLr leGgtf Nofpg ;S5 . ;d'bfosf JolQmx?n] k|df0fx? b]vfPkl5 ;Da4 clwsf/Lx?nfO{ cfkm"n] s'g} sf/jfxL ug]{ jf pgLx?nfO{ cfkm"lj?4 nfu]sf cfIf]ksf] ;kmfO k]; ug]{ k"0f{ cj;/ lbOg'kb{5 . ;'g'jfOsf] of] r/0f lgs} /:;fs:;Lsf] x'g ;S5, t/ ;a} ;xefuLsf cfjfh ;'lgPsf] / /]s8{ ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 . Pds]P;P;sf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddf Pskl5 csf]{ jQmfn] e|i6frf/sf pbfx/0f, ;/sf/L /sdsf] k|of]udf ckl/kSjtf, tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox?aLr g} sdhf]/ of]hgf /x]sf] atfPsf lyP . of] ax; / 5nkmn lgs} hLjGt ag] s f] lyof] lsgeg] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf kl/of]hgfsf] kIfsf] arfj ul//x]sf x'Gy] eg] ufpFjf;Ln] tTsfn} k|ltjfb u/L ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?sf egfOdf /x]sf uNtL sdhf] / LnfO{ cfF } N ofpF y ] . s] x L n] v fk/LIf0fdf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] uNtL ePsf] :jLsf/ ub}{ rf]/L u/]sf] ;/sf/L /sd ;'g'jfOsf] cWoIftf ul//x]sf Kofg]n;dIf a'emfPsf lyP . 46 r/0f & M ' fOsf] cg'udg ;'gj ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf glthfnfO{ k|efjsf/L k}/jL cleofgdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{kb{5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtfsf ;DaGwdf x'g] s'k|aGwsf ljz]if b[i6fGt / Jofks gLlt ;f]rljrf/ b'j}nfO{ of] sfo{ ul/P ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sb5 . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f;DaGwL cf}krfl/s k|ltj]bg ;'g'jfO ;dfKt ePnuQ} tof/ ug'{ kb{5 / To;sf] k|ltlnlk agfO ;Da4 jl/i7 ;/sf/L clwsf/L, ;~rf/ dfWod / cleofgdf sfd ul//x]sf cGo ;d"xnfO{ k7fpg'kb{5 . k|ltj]bgn] abdf; clwsf/Ldfly rfNg ;lsg] sbd tyf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{tkm{ cfjZos gLlt kl/jt{g ;d]l6Psf] ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{kb{5 . n]vfk/LIf0f ;+of]hs ;+:yfn] To;kl5 n]vfk/LIf0fdf b]lvPsf tYodfly cfjZos sfo{jfxLnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg]tkm{ k|oTg ug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox? n]vfk/LIf0fsf kl/0ffdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{tkm{ l9n9fn ul//x]sf x'g ;S5g\ / lgs} 7"nf] afXo bafa h?/t x'g ;S5 . u= pknlAw ;kmntf ;g\ !((% / @))% aLr Pds]P;P;n] ;" r gfsf] xs;DaGwL hfu?stf km}nfpg lg s fo x ? /fHo -/fh:yfg_ / /fli6«o :t/ u/L ; / s f/ L f 0 f s f I b'O{ txdf w]/}j6f ;'g'jfO sfo{qmd n ] v f k / L fO { ; D a f] w g k l/ 0 ff d n n 9 fn cfof] h gf u/] s f] lyof] . oL u g ] { t k m{ l9 ;'g'jfOk|lt Jofks k|ltlqmof k|fKt ] s f x'g ul//x . ePsf] lyof], /fh:yfg ;/sf/n] ;S5g\ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'g nfu" ug'{ k g]{ dfu;lxt xhf/f}+ k| b z{ g sf/Ln] Pds] P ;P;sf] 47 cleofgdf ;fy lbPsf lyP . ;+;b\n] of] sfg'g ;g\ @))) df kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . ;"rgfsf] xs cleofgn] To;kl5 s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] / kfFr jif{kl5 g} ef/tsf] ;+;b\n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'g kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . ;"rgfsf] xs gful/s ;d"xx?sf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ zlQmzfnL c:q xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ @))$ df cfof]lht hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xssf nflu /fli6«o cleofgåf/f cfof]lht ;Dd]ngdf ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwdf #( j6f sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP . sfo{zfnfdf cfjZosLo vfBfGgsf] cfk"lt{, e|i6frf/, cfly{s ljZjJofkLs/0fsf gsf/fTds c;/ tyf /fHosf ;'/Iff sf/jfxLsf] kl/0ffd:j?k gful/ssf] j]kQfh:tf ljljw ljifo p7]sf lyP . ;Dd]ngdf ef/tsf ljleGg :yfgaf6 $)) hgf ;xefuL ePsf lyP . o;afx]s, Pds]P;P; / cGo w]/}j6f gful/s ;dfh ;d"xn] ;"rgfsf] xsb]lv u|fdL0f e]ssf 1ul/asf nflu clgjfo{ /f]huf/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ dfu u/]sf lyP . of] cleofg ;kmn eof] / ;/sf/n] klg Pgcf/OhLP - dfly JofVof ul/Psf]_ nfO{ sfof{Gjog u¥of] . of] sfo{qmd dfkm{t\ x/]s u|fdL0f e]ssf lgjf;Ln] ;/sf/af6 Go"gtd !)) lbgsf] /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf lyP . Pgcf/OhLPsf] Pp6f ljlzi6 ljz]iftf eg]s} /fHo ;/sf/x?n] of] sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg'kb{5 . sfo{qmdsf] sfof{GjognfO{ cg'udg ug{ Pds]P;P;åf/f lgld{t ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . ;g\ @))& ;Dddf ef/tsf ljleGg /fHodf /x]sf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfdWo] em08} cfwfn] Pgcf/OhLPsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L sfuhft k|fKt ug{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|of]u ul//x]sf lyP . pgLx?n] ;d'bfodf Pgcf/OhLPsf] nufgL /x]sf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ul//x]sf lyP . oL n]vfk/LIf0fx?n] dfly JofVof u/]em}+ 8'ªu \ f/k'/ n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ;fj{hlgs ePs} lsl;dsf] kl/0ffd pb\3fl6t u/fpg ;kmn ePsf lyP . Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljsf;qmd cg';f/ cfGw| k|b]zsf] /fHo ;/sf/n] Pgcf/OhLP sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/ /f]Sg ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dxTjnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] . o;n] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ w]/}j6f gful/s ;dfh ;d"x;Fu ;fem]bf/L ul//x]sf] 5 . r'gf}tLx? Pds]P;P;n] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{Gjogdf w]/}j6f r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;"rgfsf] xssf afah"b ef/tdf 48 f]ifL s ' k | a Gwdf b ljQLo /L x l / P s f ;/sf m"dfly 7 fk L x? c c l w sf / nfUg] eon] cleof]u g clgR5's b ;"rgf l x'G5g\ . ;"rgfdf kx'Fr lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . ljQLo s'k|aGwdf bf]ifL 7xl/Psf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? cfkm"dfly cleof]u nfUg] eon] ;"rgf lbg clgR5's x'G5g\ . pgLx?n] ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfg'g cGtu{t ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ cg'/f]w u/] klg To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ c:jLsf/ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ jf ;"rgf lbgaf6 cNemfpg], l9nfO ug]{ jf n'sfpg] u5{g\ . Pds]P;P;n] /]s8{x? kfOxfn] klg Hofbfh;f] ltgLx? lgs} v/fa xfntdf x'G5g\ / sfuhftaf6 cy{ lgsfNg c;fWo} d'l:sn x'G5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] sdhf]/ /]s8{ k|0ffnLn] n]vfk/LIf0fdf l9nfO ub{5 / o;sf] c;/nfO{ klg 36fpF5 . o;afx]s, ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] slxn]sflxF wDSofpg] ub{5g\ / ;fj{hlgs d~rdf pkl:yt x'gaf6 /f]Sg]u/L ufpFaf;LnfO{ klg wDsL lbG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf :yfgLojf;Ln] ;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf af/]df cfkm\gf lzsfot atfpg ;ª\sf]r dfG5g\ . cGTodf, ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg] o;nfO{ ;/sf/L ah]6 k|lqmofleq} ;dflxt ul/g'kb{5 . To;kl5 dfq :yfgLojf;Ln] ;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] lgoldt cj;/ kfO/xG5g\ . Pds]P;P;;DaGwL hfgsf/L Od]n dfkm{t\ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] Od]n 7]ufgf xf]M mkssrajasthan@gmail.com Pds]P;P;sf] cfkm\g} j]e;fO6 5}g . 49 v= u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu gful/s ;dfh { f0f u7aGwgåf/f dnfjLdf ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;e]I ;+:yfsf] kl/ro u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu gful/s ;dfh u7aGwg -l;P;;LSo"aLO{_ ;g\ @))) :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . of] ;+:yfdf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?, lzIfs o'lgogx?, wfld{s ;+:yfx? / lhNnf ;~hfn ;d]t dnfjLsf ^& j6f gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx? /x]sf 5g\ . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] clwsf/ k| f lKtsf] ;femf nIo k" / f ug] { dg;fosf ;fy oL ;+:yfx?nfO{ Ps} ynf]df NofPsf] 5 . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] clk|n @))) sf] 8fsf/ ;Dd]ngdf ;xdlt hgfOPsf] ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf ;fy} ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodf pNn]lvt pknlAwx? xfl;n ug]{tkm{ cg'udg ug]{ bL3{sfnLg k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . -;g\ @))) df /fi6«;ª\3n] cf7j6f ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ug]{u/L Pp6f k|:tfj :jLs[t u/]sf] lyof] h;nfO{ x/]s /fi6«n] xfl;n ug'{k5{ . tL k|:tfjx? lgs[i6 ul/aLnfO{ cfwf 36fpg]b]lv PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf] k|;f/nfO{ /f]Sg] / ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ljZjJofkL k|fylds lzIff pknAw u/fpg];Ddsf /x]sf 5g\ ._ s= kl/ro dnfjLn] k|fylds lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 ;g\ !(($ b]lv @))! aLrdf lzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] nufgL a9fPcg'?k lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g . w]/} gful/sn] z+sf hgfPsf lyP ls ;/sf/df JofKt e|i6frf/ / s'k|aGw g} o;sf] d'Vo h8 xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ !((( df pb\3fl6t ePsf] Pp6f rlr{t sf08df dnfjLsf] lzIff dGqfnon] ljBfno lgdf{0fsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] !* s/f]8 &) nfv dnfjL Sjfrf -sl/a !# nfv cd]l/sL 8n/_ 3f]6fnf u/]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] . gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?sf] ljZjf;df ;/sf/L ah]6 / vr{nfO{ glhsaf6 lgofn]sf] 50 eP e|i6frf/ /f]Sg / ;fj{hlgs /sdsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg k|f]T;flxt x'g ;SYof] . oxL sf/0f l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] lzIff If]qdf cfkm\gf] Wofg nufpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . dnfjLsf] ;+;b\n] kfl/t u/]sf] cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] /sd /fli6«o sf]ifaf6 ;f]em} lhNnfl:yt vftfdf k7fOPsf] x'G5 / To;nfO{ lhNnf kl/ifb\sf] :jtGq 9ª\uaf6 vr{sf] afF8kmfF8 ul/G5 . of] ljs]lGb|t k4ltn] ;Lldt hjfkmb]xLtf dfq lbG5 lsgeg] /fli6«o / lhNnf ;/sf/n] /sdsf] k|of]usf af/]df yf]/} dfq hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpF5g\ . oBlk l;P;;LSo"aLO{sf] ;e]{If0fn] lzIff sf]ifsf] k|of]u;DaGwL :jtGq tYofª\s pknAw u/fpF5 h;nfO{ gful/s ;dfhn] lzIffdf Jofks / a9L k|efjsf/L nufgLsf nflu k}/jL ug{ k|of]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] lzIff / ah]6 gLlt tyf hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cfjZostfsf] ;DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] a'emfOnfO{ klg k|a4{g ug]{ kxn ub{5 . of] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;+:yfn] lzIff ah]6sf] cg'udgnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug{ !# j6f lhNnf ;~hfn u7g u¥of] . oL ;~hfnx?n] :s'n jf ;fd'bflos ;d"x dfkm{t :s'n ah]6 cg'udgnfO{ ;xfotf ub{5, h:t} :s'n af]8{ jf cleefjs– lzIfs ;ª\3 . o;sf] abnfdf l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] oL ;~hfnx?nfO{ :yfgLo k|oTgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg pgLx?sf] IfdtfnfO{ ;anLs[t ug]{u/L k|fljlws ;xfotfsf nflu d2t ub{5 . oL lhNnf ;~hfn Psk6s k"0f{?kdf ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 pgLx?n] ;b:o ;+:yfx?nfO{ lzIffafx]s cGo If]qdf ;d]t ah]6 cg'udgdf ;+nUg u/fpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . 51 v= ljlw ;fj{hlgs vr{ 6«flsª k|0ffnL -k]6; \ _ ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ljj/0f kQf nufpg] ljlw xf] h;n] ah]6 k|jfxsf af/]df vf]hL ug{]u/L /fh:j / vr{sf] ljj/0f /fVg] ;/n kmDof{6 xf] . k]6; \ sf] k|of]u u/]/ s'g} klg ;+:yfn] ;/sf/sf ljleGg tx dfkm{t\ k|jfx eO{ clGtd pkef]Qmf;Dd k'Ug] ;|f]t;fwg / ToxfF x'g] r'xfj6nfO{ kQf nufpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :s'n dd{tsf nflu s]Gb| ;/sf/åf/f pknAw u/fOPsf] lzIff sf]ifnfO{ kQf nufpg k]6; \ nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] of] /sd lhNnf k|zf;gaf6 ljBfnod} k'u]sf] x'G5 . \ df klxnf]k6s ljZj a}+sn] k|of]u u/]sf] k]6; o'ufG8f -aS;df x]g'{xf];_ \ nfO{ ljZje/sf bh{gf}+ d'n'ssf ax'kIfLo bft[ lgsfox? / /fli6«o bft[ lgsfox?n] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . \ – o'ufG8fnL cg'ej aS; !M k]6; ;g\ !(() sf] dWolt/ o'ufG8f ;/sf/sf lglDt k|d'v bft[ lgsfo ljZj a}+sn] Ps bzseGbf a9Lb]lv k|fylds lzIffsf nflu o'ufG8f ;/sf/n] ah]6df kof{Kt dfqfdf a9f]Q/L u/] klg k|fylds ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ egf{sf] b/ l:y/ /x]sf] kfof] . o:tf] z+sf ul/of] ls /sdsf] r'xfj6 jf /sdfGt/ ul/Psf sf/0f 5'6o\ fOPsf] ah]6 /sd k|fylds ljBfno;Dd /sd gk'u]sf] xf] . o;sf] ;Totf kQf nufpg ljZj a}s + n] klxnf] ;fj{hlgs vr{ 6«flsª ;e]{If0f u¥of] . o;sf] glthfn] ;/sf/L clwsf/Ldf c;fWo} 7"nf] lrGtf a9fof]M !((! / !((% aLrdf cf};tdf k|fylds ljBfnodf dfq !# k|ltzt jflif{s k|lt ljBfyL{ cg'bfg k'u]sf] b]lvof] . afFsL /sd of t cg'lrt sfo{df nufOof] jf lzIff;Fu c;DalGwt p2]Zodf k|of]u ul/of] . of] ;e]{If0fn] 7"nf ljBfno / wgL kl/jf/sf s]6fs]6L k9\g] ljBfnon] ;fgf / Go"g:t/df /x]sf ljBfnon] k|fKt u/]sf] cg'bfgeGbf a9L nfe lnO/x]sf lyP . oyfy{df cfwfh;f] ljBfnon] /sd g} kfPsf lyPgg\ . oL cToGt lrGtfhgs tYox?n] clwsf/Lx?nfO{ kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf k|a4{g ug{ cg]sg k|oTg cl3 a9fpg pTk|]l/t u/]sf] lyof] . s]Gb| ;/sf/n] lhNnfdf hfg] /sdnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{ yfNof] / ljBfno tyf lhNnf sfof{nox?n] k|fKt u/]sf] /sdnfO{ :yfgLo txdf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ lgod agfof] . ljBfno ;ldltx?n] klg lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/L sfof{nox?nfO{ s;/L lhDd]bf/ agfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ o:tf hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ af/]df tflnd lnP . oL k|oTgsf] c;/ gf6sLo lyof]M !((( df ljBfno ;e]{If0f ubf{ ljBfnosf nflu 5'6o \ fOPsf] ah]6 /sdsf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L tL ljBfnon] k|fKt u/]sf] kfOof] -;g8]6, @))$_ . 52 l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;g\ @))@ / @))& sf] aLrdf lzIffdf ePsf] vr{sf] \ nfO{ tLgk6s k|of]u ;e]{If0f ug{ k]6; ul/;s]sf] 5, / k|To]s k6s o;sf] ljlwdf ;'wf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k]6\; k|lqmofsf] Ps efusf] ?kdf l;P;;LSo" a LO{ s f ;d' b flos ;b:ox?n] b]ze/sf lzIfsx? / lzIff clwsf/Lx?nfO{ Pskl5 csf]{ dfgsLs[ t k| Z gfjnL e/fpF 5 g\ . w]/}j6f :s'ndf k|wfgfWofksx?nfO{ e/fOPsf] k| Z gfjnLn] ljBfyL{ ; F u ;DalGwt hfgsf/L -egf{, k/LIff pQL0f{ b/, ljBfno 5f8\g] b/, OToflb_, lzIfs -of]Uotf, lzIfssf] sdL, cfjf;, OToflb_, ptna e'QmfgL -lzIfssf] tna ;fdfGotof gub lbOG5, vf;u/L ;x/L If]qdf_, lzIf0f / l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf, ;'ljwfx?, tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f / hjfkmb]xLtfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;e]{If0fsf nflu ;x/ / u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfnoaf6 k|ltlglwd"ns %)) j6f ljBfnosf] gd"gf ;ª\sng ub{5 -d'n'ssf bzdWo] Pp6f_ . ljBfno:t/Lo k|ZgfjnLn] ljBfyL{sf] egf{, sd{rf/Lsf] tx, ljBfyL{ / lzIfssf] cfjf;, tyf lzIfssf] of]Uotf;DaGwL tYofª\s ;ª\sng ub{5 . oL k|ZgfjnLdf cy{ dGqfnodf k7fOPsf] ljBfnosf] k|:tfljt ;fna;fnL ah]6 vr{, dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt jf:tljs /sd, tyf tLgj6f 5gf}6 ul/Psf dlxgfsf] jf:tljs ;fna;fnL vr{ ;dfj]z x'G5 . cGo k|Zgx?n] sIffsf]7f / l;sfOsf ;fdu|Lsf] kof{KttfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] lhNnf ;bg, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, lzIff cfk"lt{ OsfO{, tyf lzIfs tflnd sn]hx?af6 klg tYofª\s ;ª\sng ub{5 . lhNnf cfo'QmnfO{ ljt/0f ul/g] k|ZgfjnLn] ;fna;fnL vr{sf nflu cy{ dGqfnoaf6 cg'/f]w ul/Psf] /sd, lhNnfsf nflu 5'6o \ fOPsf] ah]6 /sd, lhNnfn] oyfy{df k|fKt u/]sf] /sd tyf dfl;s vr{ -vr{ ePsf] p2]Zo ;d]t_ ;DaGwL ljj/0f eg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;f]lwPsf cGo k|Zgx?df rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df of]hgf ul/Psf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf tyf xfn} sfof{Gjog ul/Psf kl/of]hgf / ltgLx?sf] nfut /x]sf lyP . o;}u/L, lhNnf lzIff Joj:yfksx?nfO{ tLgj6f 5gf}6 ul/Psf dlxgfsf] ;fna;fnL vr{ / k|fylds lzIffsf] ah]6df 5'6o \ fOPsf] dfl;s afF8kmfF8 - 53 k|fKt /sd / vr{sf] t'ngfdf_ af/]df ;f]lwg]5 . pgLx?nfO{ egf{, sd{rf/L, tna ljt/0f, / oftfoft / cGo ;'ljwf;DaGwL tYofª\s pknAw u/fpg klg cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . cfk"lt{ OsfO{nfO{ lzIf0f / l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] afF8kmfF8sf nflu ah]6 cfjZostf / jf:tljs lgsf;faLr lglZrt ug{, vl/b / cfk"lt{ k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ug{ tyf k|fKt ePsf] ;fdu|Lsf] kl/0ffd;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;e]{If0f ul/g'kb{5 . l;P;;LSo"aLO{ ;lrjfnon] k|ZgfjnL ;+sng ub{5, On]S6«f]lgs :k|]8l;6df tYofª\s eb{5 / o;sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg pTkfbg ug{ ljZn]if0f ub{5 . o; qmddf tn pNn]lvt sfo{x?df ljz]if Wofg lbOg'kb{5M • ah]6 afF8kmfF8df ePsf] s'g} a9f]Q/L, • lzIffsf ljleGg txsf nflu ah]6df ePsf] leGgtf, • ljBfno / sn]hx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] lzIf0f / l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] kl/df0f, • lzIfssf] tnasf] kl/df0f / ;doj4tf, • lgo'Qm ul/Psf / tflnd lbOPsf lzIfssf] ;+Vof, • ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf lzIfsx?sf] ljt/0f, • k|To]s ljBfnodf vf;u/L n}+lustfsf cfwf/df afnaflnsfsf] egf{, / • ljz]if h?/t kg]{ afnaflnsfsf] egf{ / pgLx?sf nflu lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf . Pp6f d:of}bf k|ltj]bg l;P;;LSo"aLO{ ;+:yfx?aLr afFl8G5 / To;nfO{ :jLs[t ug{sf nflu ljz]if a}7sdf 5nkmn cfof]hgf ul/G5 . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/G5 . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;+;b\df jflif{s ah]6 5nkmn eO/x]s} ;dodf dGqfnosf clwsf/Lx?, ;f+;b\x?, ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? tyf ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx? ;dfj]z /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs e]nfsf qmddf of] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ub{5 . To;kl5 lhNnf a}7sx? cfof]hgf u/L lhNnf ;bgsf clwsf/Lx?, lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lx?, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? tyf ljBfnosf clwsf/Ln] k|fKt glthfsf af/]df 5nkmn rnfpF5, olb cfjZos eP ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/G5 . k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ;dfrf/kq tyf /]l8of] 54 / 6]lnlehgdf ;dfrf/ k|sfzg, k|;f/0f x'G5g\ . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] dGqLx?, /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no / bft[ lgsfoh:tf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ k|ltj]bgsf k|ltx? pknAw u/fpF5 / k|ltj]bgn] p7fPsf ljifonfO{ s;/L pgLx?n] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ k|lta4tfsf nflu cg'/f]w ub{5 . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] oL k|lta4tfnfO{ ;+u|x ub{5 / pgLx?n] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]adf]lhd To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ub{5 . u=pknlAw ;kmntf l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] k]6; \ dfkm{t\ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))@ df, pbfx/0fsf nflu, /sd cefjs} sf/0f ;/sf/n] lzIfs tflnd sn]h aGb u/]kl5 gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?n] tLg dlxg] cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . of] cleofgs} kl/0ffd:j?k ;/sf/n] Tof] sn]h k'gM ;~rfng ug{ afWo eof] . u7aGwgn] sn]hx? aGb ul/P x/]s jif{ ^,))) gofF lzIfsnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ ;/sf/L k|lta4tf pNnª\3g x'g] ts{ u/]sf lyP . ;g\ @))# df w]/} lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] tna l9nf] u/L jf ljNs'n} gkfPsf] kQf nfu]sf] lyof] . gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?n] o; ljifodf ljz]if?kdf ljrf/ ug{ ;+;bLo ;ldltdfly bafa lbP . ;+;bLo ;ldltn] Tof] ljifonfO{ g];gn P;]DAnLdf lkmtf{ k7fof] . ;g\ @))$ df ;/sf/n] l;P;;LSo"aLO{sf] ;kmn sfo{ b]v]kl5 ;/sf/n] vr{;DaGwL cfkm\g} tl/sfsf] 6«flsª ;e]{If0f ;~rfng u¥of] . gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;e]{If0fsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f / cg'udg sfo{df cfa4 u/fOPsf] lyof] . gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?n] ljz]if Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf vf; h?/tnfO{ ah]6 5'6o \ fpg tyf oL ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fpg] lzIfssf nflu ljz]if lsl;dsf ;fdu|L vl/b ug{ ;/sf/dfly bafa lbPsf lyP . o;afx]s, ;/sf/n] clxn] u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qaLr /x]sf] z}lIfs lje]bnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] u|fdL0f If]qsf lzIfsx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ljleGg pTk|]/0ff lbg] of]hgf cl3 ;fg'{sf ;fy} u|fdL0f If]qsf lzIfsx?sf nflu cfjf; lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf lqmofsnfk cGtu{t g} l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ljZj a}+s, o'g]:sf], lzIffsf nflu ljZjJofkL cleofg tyf ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf lglDt clkm|sL g]6js{ SofDk]gh:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?;Fu lgs6 /x]sf] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;/sf/L a}7s / lzIff;DaGwL sfo{;d"xdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu lgoldt?kdf cfdGq0f ul/Psf] 5 . gful/s ;dfhsf] 55 :yfgnfO{ cem a9fjf lbg / dnfjLsf] ;dfhdf k|efj kfg{ tyf cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfkm\gf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu o;n] cfkm\gf] cg'ejnfO{ k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . . r'gf}tLx? ;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;fj{hlgs vr{;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf nflu cfof]hgf u/]sf ;e]{If0fdf w]/} lsl;dsf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . klxnf], ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] ah]6 / vr{sf tYofª\sx? k"0f{?kdf ;fj{hlgs ub}{gg\, h;n] vr{sf] jf:tljstf yfxf kfpg lgs} sl7g x'G5 / z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{tkm{ ;/sf/n] s'g xb;Dd sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug{ d'lZsn x'G5 . bf];|f], w]/}h;f] ;/sf/L clwsf/Ln] pknAw u/fpg] hfgsf/L ck"0f{ x'G5g\ jf Tof] klg pknAw u/fpg c:jLsf/ u5{g\ . pgLx? hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ul//x]sf] bfaL u/]/ cNdNofpF5g\ . t];|f], w]/} ;b:ox?df z}lIfs ah]6sf tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;Lldt k|fljlws Ifdtf dfq x'G5 . rf}yf], u7aGwg ;d"xsf ;b:ox? cfkm\g} ljljw sfddf pNem]sf x'G5g\ / k]6;\ k|lqmofdf pgLx?n] kof{Kt ;do lbO/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} s'g} cj:yfdf t ;e]{If0fsf nflu ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] u'0f:t/Lofsf sf/0f k|ltj]bg /fd|f] ag]sf] x'Gg . cGTodf, dnfjLn] ;a}sf nflu lzIff / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ k"/f ug'{cl3 w]/} r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf lzIff If]qsf nflu s'n ah]6sf] em08} @* k|ltzt ah]6 /x] klg cfly{s jif{ @))%÷)^ df Tof] 36]/ !# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] ;g\ @)!% sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ cGt/f{li6«o hutn] u/]sf] @^ k|ltzt /fVg'kg]{ l;kmfl/;eGbf of] lgs} sd ah]6 xf] . ;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;kmntfk"j{s ah]6 vr{sf] cg';Gwfg u/] klg of] u7aGwgn] lzIffsf] ah]6 j[l4 u/fpg]tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ cem} cfZj:t kfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] j[l4n] dfq dnfjLsf] lzIff k|0ffnLdf cfjZos ;'wf/sf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ k|d'v kIf x'g] b]lvG5 . ;P;;LSo"aLO{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L Od]n 7]ufgf cscqbe@sdnp.org.mw df k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . of] u7aGwgsf] cfkm\g} j]e;fO6 eg] 5}g . \ ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L 3= k]6; k]6; \ ;DaGwL cltl/Qm hfgsf/L ljZj a}s « + , z}lIfs of]hgfsf nflu cGt/f{li6o OlG:6Ro"6 tyf o'g]:sf]df pknAw 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx?n] k]6;\ ;~rfngsf nflu ;+:yfx?nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf lj:t[t hfgsf/L ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . 56 ^ ah]6 sfof{Gjog cg'udgsf cGo ;kmn kxn 57 Pds]P;P; / l;P;;LSo"aLO{sf cg'ejx? vr{nfO{ cg'udg ug]{ gful/s ;dfhsf k|oTgx?sf b'O{j6f ;kmn syfx? x'g\ . tn b'O{j6f To:t} pbfx/0fx? ;ª\If]kdf lbOPsf] 5 . klxnf]n] ljBfno lgdf{0fsf] cg'udgsf nflu o'ufG8f 8]A6 g]6js{ -o'l8Pg_ n] k|of]udf NofPsf] ;fd'bflos cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ckgfOPsf r/0fx? lbvfPsf] 5 . bf];|f]n] d]lS;sfnL ;d"x kmG8/sf] ;kmntfsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . kmG8/n] PrcfOeL÷P8\; sfo{qmdsf nflu ;/sf/n] 5'6o \ fPsf] /sd k"0f{?kdf vr{ u/fpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] lyof] . s= o'l8Pgåf/f ;fd'bflos cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf k}/jL ug]{ ;+:yfx? / JolQmx?sf] u7aGwgn] ;+o'Qm?kdf /fi6«JofkL C0f df]rg cleofgsf nflu Pstfa4 x'g] lg0f{o u/]kZrft\ o'l8Pg ;g\ !((^ df :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .4 Tof] cleofgdf ;kmntf xft nfu]kl5 o'l8Pgn] C0f df]rgsf lglDt 5'6\ofOPsf] ;/sf/L artaf6 ePsf] vr{ cg'udgdsf lqmofsnfkdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/L sfo{qmdnfO{ lhNnf txb]lv ufpF tx;Dd cg'udg ug{ o'l8Pgn] ;fd'bflos cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL -l;aLPdOP;_ sf] k|of]u u¥of] . o'l8Pgn] of] k|0ffnLnfO{ cf7j6f lhNnf / em08} $& j6f pk–sfpG6Ldf k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . l;aLPdOP;nfO{ lgDg tl/sfaf6 sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] lyof]M != nlIft lhNnf / pk–sfpG6Lsf] 5gf}6 . @= lhNnf:t/sf lgsfox?dfem l;aLPdOP;sf nflu ;xof]u h'6fpg lhNnf txdf k|f/lDes r/0fsf] a}7s cfof]hgf tyf d'Vo ;+:yf / JolQmx?sf] kl/rfng . #= l;aLPdOP; cjwf/0ff atfpg, ;d'bfosf] k|ltlqmof a'em\g tyf ;xefuL kl/rfngsf af/]df kl/ro lbg :yfgLo ;d'bfox?;Fu e]63f6 . $= :yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6 cg'udgstf{x? -em08} *)–!)) hgf_ sf] 5gf}6 . %= 5gf}6 ul/Psf cg'udgstf{x?nfO{ tflnd . ^= ;fd'bflos ;"rsfFs tyf ;"rgf Joj:yfkg / sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, / ljleGg ;/sf/L txdf sfo{x? x'g'kg]{ dfu ub}{ cg'udgsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf $ of] cWoog 8] /]lGhcf] OToflb, @))^ df klg cfwfl/t 5 . 58 k|:tfj lgdf{0f . &= ;d'bfo:t/sf kl/of]hgf / lqmofsnfksf] cg'udg . *= pk–sfpG6L txdf cg'udgstf{x?n] ;+sng u/]sf tYox?sf] ;ª\u|x . (= :yfgLo ;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu pk–sfpG6L txsf] a}7s cfof]hgf, dflyNnf] txsf clwsf/L;Dd k'¥ofOg] ljifosf] klxrfg tyf lhNnf:t/sf] ;ldltsf lglDt k|ltlglwsf] lgo'QmL . !)= lhNnf txdf cg'udgstf{af6 ;+slnt tYox?sf] ;ª\u|x . !!= o'l8Pgsf] kxndf Ps lbg] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf . sfo{zfnfdf cg'udgsf pknlAwx?, xfnsf r'gf}tLx? / cg'udg lqmofsnfkx?dfly lj:t[ t ?kdf 5nkmn . lhNnfsf jl/i7 sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{zfnfdf pkl:ylt . l;aLPdOP;sf] k| o f] u u/L o' l 8Pgn] :yfgLo txdf w] / } j 6f ;/sf/L sfo{qmdx?sf] ;kmntfk"j{s cg'udg ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;+slnt hfgsf/LnfO{ /fli6«o txdf k}/jL ug{ k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] Pp6f ;jf]{Ts[i6 pbfx/0f eg]s} ljBfno ;xof]u cg'bfg (School Facilities Grant P;PkmhL_ xf] h;nfO{ ;/sf/n] ljkGg ;d'bfodf lzIffsf k"jf{wf/x? -sIffsf]7f, zf}rfno, lzIfs cfjf;, OToflb_ sf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;g\ !((* df cf/De u/]sf] lyof] . clk| n @))@ df o' l 8Pg / o;sf ;fem] b f/ ;+ : yfx?n] o'ufG8fsf] k"jL{ If]q 6];f]sf] fO { sf6fjfsL lhNnfdf P;PkmhL s fo { q md n ; / s f/ L b]lv ufpF sf]if b'?kof]u ePsf] ;DaGwdf x lhNnf t c g ' u d g u g { D d k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyP . tx ; ] ; fd ' b fl o s o' l 8 P g n tyf d"Nofª\sg o' l 8Pgn] /sdsf] b' ? kof] u cg'udg l; a LP d O P ; _ s f] - ePsf] ;DaGwdf j[Qlrq ;d]t k|0 ff n L o f] . | o f] u u ¥ pTkfbg u/]sf] lyof] h;nfO{ k ;~rf/ dfWodx?n] Jofks?kdf k|rf/k|;f/ u/]sf lyP . of] k|ltj]bgn] k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nosf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fof] / ;/sf/L 5fglagsf nflu tTsfn} cfb]z klg lbOof] . 5fglagn] o'l8Pgn] k|:t't u/]sf tYox?nfO{ ;xL 7x¥ofof] / o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j?k lhNnf 6]G8/ af]8{nfO{ x6fOof] . lhNnfdf P;PkmhL kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu gofF lhNnf OlGhlgo/nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/of] . lgdf{0f sfo{sf] dfkb08 gk'¥ofO{ sdhf]/ lgdf{0fdf lhDd]bf/ b]lvPsf 7]s]bf/x?nfO{ k'gM lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof] . 59 o;afx]s, cg'bfg lbOPsf efjL of]hgfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df ;xof]u ug{ P;PkmhL lgb]{lzsfdf ;/sf/n] ;+zf]wg u¥of] . 7]s]bf/x?n] cab]lv u'0f:t/Lo sfo{ u5{' / ;a} kl/of]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg u5'{ eg]/ sfo{;Dkfbg Uof/]G6L sfuhftdf 3f]if0ff ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, 7]s]bf/x?n] a}+s Uof/]G6L klg a'emfpg'kg]{5 h;n] kl/of]hgfsf] nfutsf lglDt lgsf;f ePsf] /sd;Fu k]:sL /sd a/fa/ x'g]5 . o; lsl;daf6 olb 7]s]bf/n] ;t{gfdfdf pNn]v ePsf ;t{x? k"/f ug{ c;kmn eP ;/sf/n] 7]s]bf/sf] hdfgL a;]sf] a}+saf6 ;f]em} k]:sL lbOPsf] /sd lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]5 . o'l8Pgsf af/]df hfgsf/L rflxP ;+:yfs} j]a;fO6 www.udn.or.ug.af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 . v= kmG8/åf/f d]lS;sf]df PrcfOeL÷P8\; sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg k|To]s jif{ ;g\ @))# b]lv cg';Gwfg tyf k}/jL ;+:yf kmG8/n] d]lS;sf] ;/sf/n] PrcfOeL÷P8\;df u/]sf] vr{sf] ljZn]if0f ul//x]sf] 5 . kmG8/n] ;g\ @))% sf] ;ª\3Lo ah]6sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf If]qdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] /sdsf nflu gofF afF8kmfF8 k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] . klxnf]k6s ;]u'/f] kk'n/ -d'n'ssf] :jf:Yo ;]jf sfo{qmd_ nfO{ PrcfOeL÷P8\; /f]ulj?4 n8\g] sfo{qmdsf nflu /sd lbPsf] lyof] . oyfy{df, o; ;+:yfn] g];gn PrcfOeL÷P8\; ;]G6/ -;]lG;8f_ ;d]tsf cGo ;+:yfsf] t'ngfdf a9L /sd k|fKt ul//x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s, s]xL /fli6«o c:ktfnx? – of] dxfdf/LnfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ ljz]if1tf geP klg– n] PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf] pkrf/sf nflu /sd k|fKt u/]sf lyP . kmG8/n] PrcfOeL÷P8\; sf]ifsf] ah]6 k|of]u;DaGwL cg'udg u/L ljZn]if0f ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . d]lS;sf]sf] km]8]/n OlG:6Ro"6 ckm PS;]; 6' klAns OGkm/d];g -cfOPkmPcfO{_åf/f :yflkt ljB'tLo k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/L kmG8/n] cy{ ljefu, ;ª\3Lo :jf:Yo ljefu, ;]lG;8f, ;]u'/f] kk'n/sf nflu /fli6«o cfof]u / /fli6«o c:ktfnx?df Ps jif{leqdf cfly{s ljj/0fsf] dfu ub}{ @)) eGbf a9L cg'/f]w k7fof] . of] cg'/f]wdf PrcfOeL÷P8\; /sdnfO{ s'g tl/sfsf cfwf/df k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] / /sd k|fKt ul//x]sf c:ktfn tyf cGo ;+:yfn] s;/L To;nfO{ k|of]u ul//x]sf lyP eGg] hfgsf/L dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . kmG8/sf] cg';Gwfgn] lgs} lrGtfhgs tYox? kQf nufof] . klxnf], ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] pknAw u/fPsf hfgsf/Lsf] :t/Lotf lgs} sdhf]/ lyof] . kmG8/n] ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 /sdsf] ljt/0f, jif{sf] dWo efu;Dddf ePsf] 60 vr{sf] l:ylt tyf ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu ;|f]t;fwgsf] k'gM afF8kmfF8sf ;DaGwdf lgs} ljjfb:kb k|ltlqmofx? k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . bf];|f], ;+:yfx?n] PrcfOeL÷P8\; /sd vr{ ubf{ Jofks?kdf thlahL clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf lyP . of] /sdnfO{ tLgj6f ;+:yfn] cfkm"v'zL æ;fdfGo ;]jfÆ df k'gM juL{s[t u/L To;nfO{ a}+lsª / cfly{s ;]jf, ;/;kmfO, lgu/fgL tyf ejg lgdf{0f / ;jf/L;fwg dd{tdf vr{ u/]sf lyP . cGTodf, hjfkmb]xLtfdf lgs} 7"nf] sdhf]/L b]lvPsf] lyof] . d]lS;sf]df c:ktfn / ;+:yfx? :jfoQ ePsfn] :jf:Yo ljefun] PrcfOeL÷P8\; sf]ifsf] /sd s;/L vr{ x'G5 eg]/ tf]Sg ;Sb}g . o;afx]s, ;]lG;8fdf /fli6«o PrcfOeL÷P8\; /0fgLltsf af/]df /]vb]v ug]{ lhDd]jf/L eP klg of] /sdsf] k|of]unfO{ ;+of]hg ug]{ sfof{b]z 5}g . ;fy}, ljQ ljefun] klg sf]if k|fKt ug]{ ;+:yfdf /sd lgsf;f x'gf;fy /sd vr{ ePsf] dfGb5 rfx] Tof] /sd h'g;'s} ljlw ckgfP/ vr{ ul/Psf] g} lsg gxf];\ . kl/0ffd:j?k, ;/;kmfO, dd{t / a}+lsª ;]jfdf vr{ ePsf] /sd klg PrcfOeL÷P8\; sfo{qmdd} vr{ ePsf] b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf /f]uLsf] ;d"x;Fusf] ;xsfo{df kmG8/n] rf/ efusf] k}/jL /0fgLlt cf/De u/]sf] 5M5 != kmG8/ / cfOPkmPcfO{n] kmG8/n] phfu/ u/]sf tYo / sfo{jfxLsf ;DaGwdf ;kmn kqsf/ ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u¥of] . @= kqsf/ ;Dd]ngsf] kl/0ffd:j?k kmG8/n] ;]lG;8fsf lgb]{zsx? tyf :jf:Yo ljefusf ljQLo–k|zf;lgs k|d'vx?;Fu w]/}j6f a}7s u¥of] . % PyL, @))% df cfwfl/t cWoog . 61 oL a}7sdf kmG8/n] tf]lsPsf] sf]ifsf nflu hjfkmb]xLtf ;DaGwL :ki6 / bx|f] k|lta4tf k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . :jf:Yo ljefun] ;g\ @))% sf nflu cGo ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yf;Fu} u}/–PrcfOeL÷P8\; sfo{ q mddf /sd nufOPsf] ;DaGwdf klxrfg ug] { tyf To:tf] ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ s;/L vr{ ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ 5fglag ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf] lyof] . o;}aLr, ;]lG;8fn] :jfoQ ;+:yfaf6 PrcfOeL÷P8\;;DaGwL vr{nfO{ /fd|f];Fu lgoGq0f ug{ Pp6f ;+oGq agfpg] k|lta4tf ;d]t hgfof] . #= of] ljifonfO{ cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIfs ;dIf k'¥ofOof] . pgn] f ah]6 zLif{s aflx/ / tf]lsPeGbf L÷P8\;s P r c f O e pkrf/ ug]{ km/s p2]Zo /fv]/ x'g;Sg] ;a} la/fdLsf] ktfnnfO{ vr{nfO{ /f]Sg ;xdlt hgfPsf : d'Vo c 5'6\ofpg lyP . yk ah]6 f] 5 . ]s $= kmG8/n] cfkm\gf] cg';Gwfgsf dfu u/ tYox?nfO{ k|:t't ug]{u/L b'O{k6s sª\u|]; ;ldlt, :jf:Yo ;ldlt / n}+lus ;ldlt ;dIf e]6 u¥of] . e]6df tf]lsPsf ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf sª\u|];n] s;/L ljrf/ k' ¥ ofpg ;S5 egL k| : tfj k| : t' t ul/Psf] lyof] . kmG8/n] PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf If]qdf nufgL a9fpg / PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug]{ d'Vo c:ktfnx?nfO{ yk ah]6 5'6\ofpg dfu klg u/]sf] 5 . oL 5nkmnsf] kl/0ffd:j?k k| l tlglw;efn] nfO{ ;g\ @))^ sf] ah] 6 df PrcfOeL÷P8\ ; ;DaGwL cToGt dxTjk" 0 f{ sfo{ ul//x] s f b'O{j6f ;+:yfsf ;fy} ;]lG;8fsf] ah]6df lgs} yk u/L ah]6 :jLs[t u¥of] . kl5Nnf] yk ul/Psf] /sdnfO{ /f]syfdsf lglDt k|of]u ug]{u/L tf]lsPsf] lyof] . kmG8/ / cGo gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] PrcfOeL÷P8\; /f]syfdnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf /fVg o:tf] k|oTgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf]df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . kmG8/sf ljifodf hfgsf/L rflxP ;+:yfsf] j]a;fO6 http://www.fundar.org.mx df ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg]5 . 62 u= a|flhndf ;kmn ;xeflutfd"ns ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof 36gf cWoog b]zdf tfgfzfxL zf;g /x] tfklg Ps k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts bnsf] cu|;/tfdf ;'? ul/Psf] c;n zf;g jf nf]slk|o zf;gaf6 hgtf s;/L nfeflGjt x'G5g\ eGg] a|flhnsf] ;kmntfsf] syf xf] of] . ToxfFsf hgk|ltlglwn] ljz]ifu/L gu/kflnsfsf d]o/x?n] ;'? u/]sf] hg;xeflutfsf] ;kmntf of] cWoogaf6 b]lvG5 . gu/kflnsfsf d]o/x?n] ah]6 lgdf{0fsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx?df gu/jf;LnfO{ ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] sfdsf] yfngL pgLx?n] u/]sf 5g\ . ;'?df Pp6f gu/af6 yflnPsf] of] kxnn] clxn] b]zJofkL?kdf g} nf]slk|otf kfPsf] 5 . o;sf sf/0fn] cfˆgf cfjZostfsf] vf]hL / ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] Joj:yfkgdf gful/sdf hfu?stf / r]tgf knfPsf] 5 . o;sf sf/0fn] rfn' jif{sf] ah]6 s] s;/L vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 / cfufdL jif{ s'g If]qsf nflu vr{ cfjZos 5 of ah]6sf] afF8kmfF8 / vr{df ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w ug{ ;s]sf] 5 5}g eGg] af/]df klg gful/sn] cfkm} yfxf kfpg] ePsf 5g\ . o;sf nflu gu/jf;L jif{}e/L nflu/xG5g\ . pgLx? ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] df};d / k|lqmof tyf vr{sf] clGtd lx;falstfasf k|lqmof g} yfxf kfpg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] pgLx?nfO{ lx;falstfasf] gful/s vf]hL -;f];n cl86_ k|lt klg ;r]t / ;hu /xL cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ !(^$ b]lv !(*% ;Ddsf] cjlwdf a|flhndf tfgfzfxL zf;g Joj:yf lyof] . ;g\ !((* kl5 dfq k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] xf] . t/ lgs} cl3b]lv a|flhnsf] gful/s ;dfh ;lqmo / ;r]t lyof] . tfgfzfxL Joj:yfdf klg bnx? eg] ;lqmo g} lyP . o;}aLr ;g\ !(*( df ToxfF ;DkGg ePsf] gu/ lgjf{rgdf js{;{ kf6L{n] gu/ r'gfj lhTof] . gu/kflnsfåf/f gful/snfO{ lbg ;Sg] ;]jf / pgLx?nfO{ k|hftflGqs k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;Sg] pkfox?sf] vf]hL ;f] bnn] u¥of] . 63 o;} q mddf ;f] bnn] nf] s lk| o k|zf;gsf] gf/f lbof] / k|hftflGqs cEof;nfO{ gful/s tx;Dd gu/df d]o/n] ¿ ; F u a h ] 6 s f k'¥ofpg] kxn yfNof] . oxL qmddf g fu l/ s x fjZos / ;f] kf6L{sf tkm{af6 d]o/df lgjf{lrt nflu c fsf] dfu u/]/ JolQmx¿n] ah] 6 sf] lg0f{ o / k|fyldst d f{ 0 f k | l q mo fs f] a h ] 6 lgu/]sf x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] Joj:yfkgdf yfngL gful/s ;+nUgtfsf] df]8]nsf] k|of]u ug{ yfn] . of] k|lqmofsf] klxnf] k|of]u kf]6f{] PlnuL{ gu/df ul/of] / of] clxn];Dd Pp6f ;kmntfsf] syfsf ?kdf kl/lrt 5 . o;nfO{ pgLx¿n] k|hftflGqs cEof;sf nflu gful/s ;+nUgtfsf] l;h{gfTds k|of]usf] gfd lbPsf lyP . ;fy} o;nfO{ a|flhn aflx/ klg k|efjsf/L ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] k|hftflGqs k|lqmofsf ?kdf lnOof] . ;f] ;x/nfO{ k|ultzLn gful/s ;dfh tyf >d ;ª\u7x¿n] klg g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;x/sf ?kdf lnOGyf] / b]zdf clwgfosjfbL zf;g Joj:yf /x]sf avt klg gful/s ;dfh / >d ;ª\u7gx¿n] ;f] gu/df k|hftGqsf] k|rf/ ug]{ ub{y] . gu/ k|d'vn] ;f] gu/df gful/sx¿;Fu ah]6sf nflu cfjZos / k|fyldstfsf] dfu u/]/ of] k|lqmofsf] yfngL u/]sf x'g\ . gu/df k|d'vn] sfo{sfl/0fL / / pkk|d'vsf] sfof{non] ljwflosL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ df]8]n agfOof] . o;/L gu/ k|d'vn] ah]6 :jLs[t ug]{ / To;nfO{ pkk|d'vsf] sfof{no / p;sf cGo r]Da/åf/f cg'df]bg ug]{ sfo{sf] k|f?k agfOof] . of] ;+/rgf cGtu{t ah]6 lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df / ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf nflu ;dGjo ug{ gful/s cu|;/tfdf ;dGjo ;ldltx¿ klg lgdf{0f ul/of] . Tof] ;x/nfO{ ljleGg !^ j6f If]qdf ljefhg ul/of] / ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf ljifonfO{ kfFrj6f k|fyldstfdf afFl8of] . tL k|fylds ljifo lyP– oftfoft, lzIff / ;+:s[lt, :jf:Yo tyf ;dfhsNof0f, cfly{s ljsf; / s/, ;x/L ;ª\3;+:yf Pjd\ ;x/L ljsf; . oL ljifodf x/]s jif{ x/]s If]qdf b'O{ r/0fdf 5nkmn x'G5g\ . oL b'j} r/0fsf] 5nkmn gful/sn] pgLx? cfkmF};Fu cfk;L ?kdf / pgLx?s} ;xeflutfdf x'G5 . gful/ssf JolQmut, ;d"xut, ;d'bfout dfu / rfxgfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfsf nflu x/]s jif{sf] dfr{ dlxgfdf gful/s e]nf x'g] ub{5 . To;kl5 x'g] ljleGg r/0fsf] ah]6 5nkmndf efu lngsf nflu If]qLo k|ltlglwx¿ 5gf]6 ug]{ ul/G5 / o;sf nflu ;d'bfox¿sf] kl/rfng x'G5 . of] r/0f eg]sf] gful/s txdf x'g] ;d"xut 5nkmnsf] r/0f xf] / o;df 64 gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf /xFb}g . To;kl5sf] r/0f gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v;Fu ;d'bfosf k|ltlglw / gful/sx¿sf] pkl:yltdf x'g] ub{5 . clk|n dlxgfdf x'g] of] 5nkmndf ut jif{sf] ah]6sf] pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg cfufdL jif{ ;f] ;x/df ul/g'kg]{ ah]6 afF8kmfF8sf] cfjZostf / k|of]hgsf nflu ljleGg If]q / ;d'bfoaf6 k|ltlglwsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ sfd x'G5 . o;/L dfr{b]lv h'g;Dd ljleGg r/0fx¿df x'g] oL cgf}krfl/s 5nkmndf tL If]qsf ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;d"xx¿, o'lgogx¿, cfdf ;d"xx¿ nufotn] cf–cfˆgf If]q / :yfgsf] cfjZostf / dfux¿sf] klxrfg u/L cfufdL k|lqmofsf nflu k|:t't ub{5g\ . oL dfunfO{ cfjZostfsf cfwf/df k|flyldstfdf /flvG5 / ;xeflutfd"ns ah]6 lgdf{0f kl/ifb\df k7fOG5 . of] k|lqmof;Fu} kl/ifb\ klg u7g x'G5 . ;f] kl/ifb\ h'nfO{ dlxgfdf u7g x'G5 . o;df k|f/lDes ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psf ljifoj:t'df ;Da4 JolQmsf] klg ;xeflutf x'G5 . kl/ifb\df x/]s ;d'bfo, If]q tyf o;cl3sf ljleGg kfFrj6f ljifout 5nkmnsf ;xefuLdWo]] k|To]saf6 Pshgfsf] b/n] g5'6g \ ] u/L $$ ;b:o /xG5g\ . kl/ifb\n] cfˆgf] sfo{k|0ffnLsf ;Ldfx? / lg0f{o lng] k4lt cfkmF} agfpg] u5{ . o;kl5 ePsf 5nkmnaf6 l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf ljifodf kl/ifb\n] 5nkmn yfN5 . / tL dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ gu/kflnsf ;dIf k|:t't ub{5 . o;n] tof/ kf/]sf] clGtd ?knfO{ ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfdf gu/kflnsf ;dIf clGtd sfo{fGjogsf nflu k7fpF5 . gu/kflnsfsf] klg pkk|d'vsf] r]Da/df ljwflosL 9ª\uaf6 pQm k|:tfljt ah]6df 5nkmn x'G5 . l8;]Da/;Dd x'g] pQm 5nkmnnfO{ kl/ifb\n] s8fO{sf ;fy cg'udg klg ul//xG5 . r]Da/n] klg clGtd ?k lbPkl5 To;nfO{ ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf nflu sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /x]sf] d]o/ ;dIf k7fOG5 . oL r/0fx? kf/ ePkl5 ah]6 kfl/t ul/G5 . o;/L ah]6 kfl/t dfq x'Fb}g o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] klg cg'udg gful/sn] jif{}e/L ul/ g} /xG5g\ . ;kmntf of] sfo{ q mdn] ljz]iftM gful/snfO{ ;zQm agfPsf] 5 . i f b \ n ] cfkm\gf] kl/ nLsf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'gsf s f o { k | 0 f f / lg0f{o nflu o;n] gful/snfO{ ;Ldfx? lt cfkmF} pT;flxt agfPsf] 5 . hgtfn] lng] k4 5{ . lt/]sf] s/af6 ag]sf] /fh:jsf] u agfpg] kl/rfng s] s;/L x'G5 / 65 To;df gful/sn] cfˆgf] cfjZostfsf If]qdf s;/L ah]6sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf ;f] sfo{qmdn] gful/snfO{ hfgsf/ agfPsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ gu/x?sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\sdf klg ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ ;'lw|Psf w]/} pbfx/0f of] sfo{qmdkl5 cfPsf 5g\ . hgtfsf] r]tgfsf] :t/ a9]sf] tYo klg pgLx?sf] lgjf{rgdf a9]sf] ;xeflutfn] hgfpF5 . ;f] gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rgdf ;g\ !(** df #$ k|ltzt dfq gful/s ;xeflutf /x]sf]df ;g\ !((^ df of] a9]/ %^ k|ltzt ePsf] 5 . o; gu/nfO{ Ps k|l;4 cGt/f{li6«o jfl0fHo;DaGwL klqsfn] klg u'0f:t/Lo hLjgofkgsf] ;x/sf ?kdf dgf]lgt klg u/]sf] lyof] . ToxfF klxnf klxnf pBf]uwGbfx? g/x]sf, ;x/Ls/0f klg cToGt} cJojl:yt /x]sf], /fh:j p7\tLsf] cj:yf klg lgs} sd /x]sf], a;fO;/fOsf sf/0fn] ;x/ Jojl:yt aGg g;s]sf]df ;g\ !(*( kl5sf rf/ jif{otfsf] cj:yf x]bf{ ;f] ;x/df 7"nf] / ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(*( b]lv !((% ;Ddsf] ;f] cjlwsf] dfkg ubf{ klg vfg]kfgLdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr a9]/ *) af6 (* k|ltzt k'u]sf], gu/jf;Lsf] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgfdf kx'Fr $^ k|ltztaf6 a9]/ *% k|ltzt k'u]sf] / ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ egf{ ;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g'nfO{ klg pQm sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] dfkgs} ?kdf x]l/G5 . ;g\ !(*( b]lv ;f] gu/df x/]s jif{ sDtLdf #) lsnf]ld6/sf b/n] ;8s lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . { fO{ sg n ' } f/ L v r ;/s Jofj;flos f :jt Gq / fo , h : t} dxfn]v lgs lgoldt ]jf/L fs af6 k/LI n s f] g ug]{ lhDd k'g/ fj . lbOg'kb{5 66 ;8ssf nflu gu/jf;Lx? emu8f ub{}gg\ / cfˆgf] If]qdf dfq ;8ssf] of]hgf kfg{sf nflu /fhgLlts eg;'gsf nflu klg bf}8w'k ub{}gg\ . pgLx?n] cfFkm}F of]hgf agfPsf 5g\ / ;f]xL of]hgf d'tflas x/]s jif{ #) lsnf]ld6/sf b/n] ;8s aGb} hfG5 . To:t} kf/blz{tfsf sf/0f gu/kflnsfsf sfdx?k|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; a9]sf] 5 h;sf sf/0f gu/kflnsfnfO{ s/ ltg{] sfddf klg gful/s pT;flxt ePsf 5g\ . o;cl3sf lbgx?sf t'ngfdf clxn] cfP/ /fh:j p7\tLsf] b/ sDtLdf klg %) k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . gful/ssf] cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ePsf] tyf >ldssf] Hofnf klg a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] klg gful/s ;xeflutfsf] of] sfo{qmdn] lgs} g} ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] . To;}u/L a|flhndf gLltut txdf cyjf gLltlgdf{0f txdf dlxnfdf guGo dfq ;xeflutf /x]sf]df ;f] gu/df eg] n}ªl\ us ;dfgtf a9]sf] 5 . ah]6 lgdf{0f tyf gLltlgdf{0fsf If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf /xg] tyf pgLx?df klg ;zQmLs/0fsf] r]tgf cfPsfn] n}ªl\ us ;Gt'ngsf] /fd|f] jftfj/0f b]lvPsf] xf] . ;'?;'?df js{;{ kf6L{k|lt gful/sx? cfnf]rs Pjd\ zª\sfn' x'g] u/]sf] / gu/sf sfdx? k|lt pbfl;g /xL plDsg vf]Hg] k|j[lQ /x]sf]df clxn] klg gful/s cfkm}F gu/sf sfddf ;xefuL x'g] u/]sf kfOG5g\ . oL / o:tf c? klg s}of}F ;kmntfx? of] sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] k|ToIf dx;'; gu/jf;Ln] u/]sf 5g\ . hg;xeflutfsf] of] ;kmntfsf] a|flhndf dfq geP/ ;j{q pbfx/0f lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|efj of] sfo{qmdn] ;a}eGbf klxnf] / k|ToIf k|efj TolxFsf gu/jf;Ldf kf/]sf] 5 . pgLx?sf] dfgl;stfdf cfkm\gf] gu/sf] sfd cfFkmF} ug'{k5{ / cfkm"n] lt/]sf] s/sf] /sdsf] vf]hL cfkm"n] g} ug'{kb{5 eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;kl5 of] gu/sf] ;kmntfsf] syfn] cGo gu/x?df klg k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . sltko c? jf l5d]sL gu/sf gful/sx? :jodn] g} cfkm\gf] gu/sf] cl:tTjnfO{ ;f] kf]6f{] Plnu|L gu/df g} uflelbP klg x'GYof] eGg] dg;fo ;d]t JoQm u/]sf pbfx/0f klg ;'Gg] ul/GYof] . Tof] gu/df ePsf ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsf sfdsf pbfx/0fn] ubf{ l5d]sL gu/x?nfO{ klg o;/L k|efljt kf/]kl5 tL :yfgx?df of] sfdsf] l;sf] ul/Psf lyP . To;}u/L gu/df sfd ug]{ k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/df klg pNn]Vo dfqfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . klxnf gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Ln] gu/jf;Ln] ga'em'g\ eg]/ g} k|fljlws efiffdf af]Ng] u/]sf]df clxn] eg] pgLx?n] gful/snfO{ a'emfP/} s'/f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgLx?n] gful/snfO{ ljsf;sf ;xofqLsf ?kdf x]g{ yfn]sf 5g\ . of] pgLx?sf] dfgl;stfdf k/]sf] Pp6f 67 cToGt} ;sf/fTds k|efj xf] . s'g} klg gofF sfd ubf{ jf lg0f{o lnFbf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf vf]Hg] afgL clxn] pgLx?df k/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] k|efj of k|ultnfO{ (Techno Bureaucracy) af6 (Techno Democracy) df kl/jt{g ePsf] klg eGg] ul/G5 . gu/kflnsfsf] k|fljlws ljifodf klg k|ToIf?kdf gu/jf;L / k|fljlws sd{rf/LaLr 5nkmn x'g] ub{5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf gu/kflnsfn] ug]{ h'g;'s} gofF sfddf klg lj/f]w k|bz{g ug]{ ;+:sf/ /x]sf]df clxn] To;sf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . clxn] eg] gful/sx? lj/f]w jf alx:sf/sf] ;6\6f ;xeflutf rfxG5g\ . a|flhnsf *) eGbf a9L gu/n] hg;xeflutfdf ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] of] tl/sf ckgfPsf 5g\ . afFsLn] klg s'g} g s'g} ?kdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf cfjZos 5 eGg] vfnn] cfof]hgfsf] yfngL ug{] z}nL ckgfPsf 5g\ . ��� 68 & gful/s cg'udgsf g]kfnL ;kmn syf 69 s= kLl8t hgtf hfu], cfkm\gf] k};f dfu] ;+:yf kl/ro lk|m8d kmf]/d lj;+= @)^@ df :yfkgf ul/Psf] Ps u}/;/sf/L k|fl1s ;+:yf xf] . o;n] gful/s clwsf/, k|]; tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf, k|hftGq / ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL clwsf/sf] P]g Nofpgsf nflu ;/sfnfO{ bafa lbg b]zJofkL?kdf cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf] of] ;+:yfn] b]zdf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'g cfO;s]kl5 klg ;~rf/ dfWod / gful/s txdf o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;lqmo?kdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . gful/snfO{ ;"rgf dfUg] sfddf pT;flxt ug{ tyf cfkm}F klg ;"rgf dfu]/ ;/sf/sf s}of}F clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/h:tf 36gfnfO{ hgtfsf] tx;Dd aflx/ Nofpg cxd\ e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . tLg jif{cl3 g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf ePsf] Pp6f k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] 36gfdf k/L 3/jf/ljxLg ag]sf gful/snfO{ /fxt lbnfpg of] ;+:yfn] dfu]sf] ;"rgfn] 7"nf] ;xf/f ldn]sf] 5 . 36gf lj;+= @)^% sf] ebf} @ ut] /flt ;Ktsf];L gbLsf] ;'g;/Ll:yt t6aGw elTsFbf Jofks hgwgsf] lgs} Iflt eof] . t6aGw eTs]/ ufpF k;]sf] af9Lsf sf/0f ;f] If]qsf sDtLdf klg ^) xhf/ gful/s 3/jf/ljxLg x'g k'u] . o;n] 3/jf/, ;8s, l;F r fO s" n f] , vfg] k fgL, :yfgLo ;~rf/, pBf]uwGbfnufotsf ;+/rgf Wj:t agfof] . xhf/f}F x]S6/df nufOPsf] wfgafnL gi6 x'g'sf ;fy} v]tLof]Uo hldg klg gi6 eof] . sl/a %) xhf/ rf}kfofnfO{ af9Ln] aufpg'sf ;fy} s]xL dflg;sf] Hofg uof], ;of}F 3fOt] eP . of] t6aGwsf] k'gMlgdf{0f jf k|efljt dflg;sf] p4f/ ;/sf/sf nflu 7"nf] r'gf}tL 70 aGof] . ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s?kdf jf cfˆgf] ah]6af6 of] Ifltsf] k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]v]g / o;sf nflu g]kfnL gful/s Pjd\ ljb]zL /fi6« tyf ;ª\3;+;yf;Fu ;xof]usf] cfu|x u¥of] . ;xof]u u/fpg cfXjfg ub}{ ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqL k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf p4f/ /fxt sf]if klg v8f u¥of] . /fxt sf]ifdf :jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL gful/s, b]z / /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfn] /sd pknAw u/fP . g]kfnleq}af6 s/f]8f}F ?k}ofF ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf eof] . ljb]zL bftf /fi6«, ;+:yfn] klg s/f]8f}F ?k}ofF ;f] sf]ifdf ;xof]u u/] . ;xof]u /sd lgs} 7"nf] dfqfdf hDdf eO/x] klg af9LkLl8tx¿ eg] lr;f] e'OFdf / Knfli6ssf] 5fgfd'lg /ft u'hfg{ afWo eO/x]sf lyP . 3/jf/ljxLg ag]sf gful/s cfkmGtsf] 3/df cf>o lnO/x]sf, lzlj/df a:g'kbf{ lr;f]n] la/fdL k/]sf, afnaflnsf k mf ] / d n ] g] vfg]kfgLsf] cefjdf la/fdL k/]sf lk | m 8 d fO { ; " r g f d fU s n g fu l/ p T ; fl xt u g { h:tf ;dfrf/x¿ cfO g} /x] . s fd d f m}F klg ;"rgf tyf cfk / s f/ s f of] c:tJo:t cj:yfkl5 kmf]/dsf d fu ] / ; tf / cWoIf tf/fgfy bfxfnn] tL c lg o ld tn fO { g fu l/ s f/ e | i 6 fr o fp g c x d \ . af9LkLl8tsf gfddf hDdf ePsf] t x d f N v ] l n / x ] s f] 5 /sdsf] x/lx;fa ;lxtsf] ;"rgf e"ldsf dfUg'eof] . /fxt sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd s] slt 5, / Tof] s'g s'g JolQm, ;+:yf jf b]zn] pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ tyf k|sf]kaf6 s] slt hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] 5 eg]/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;Fu lj;+= @)^% sflQs @% ut] lgj]bgdfkm{t tL ljifosf] ;"rgf ;"rgf dfluof] . t/ k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] of] hfgsf/L lbPg . Pp6f g]kfnL gful/ssf] x}l;otn] tyf cfkm}Fn] klg ;f] sf]ifdf /sd pknAw u/fPsfn] cfˆgf] jf cGo gful/saf6 lbOPsf] /sdsf] s] s;/L k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg]/ hfGg kfpg' :jfefljs xf] . t/ k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] ;f] hfgsf/L lbg ;s]g / lgj]bgnfO{ u[x dGqfnotkm{ k7fOof] . u[xn] klg nfdf] ;d;o;Dd ;"rgf lbg ;s]g / hfgsf/L lbg' egL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;'g;/LnfO{ n]vL k7fof] . kl5 u[x dGqfnosf ;lrj ;dIf ph'/L lbOof] / ;f] dGqfnon] ;"rgf lbg afWo eof] . u[xn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;"rgfdf k|sf]k kLl8tsf] p4f/ / k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] ? b'O{ ca{ ^) s/f]8 /sd 5'6ØfPsf] b]lvof] . ;/sf/n] p4f/sf nflu dGqfnout?kdf ;d]t ah]6 5'6ØfPsf] hfgsf/L u[xn] lbof] . lgj]bs bfxfnn] of] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ;'g;/Lsf af9LkLl8tnfO{ lbg'eof] . cfˆgf 71 gfddf :jb]z / ljb]zaf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;xof]u /sd ;/sf/n] cfkm"x¿nfO{ g} glbPsf]df kLl8tx¿ cfGbf]lnt ag] . pgLx¿n] kLl8tx¿af6} ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt agfP / cfˆgf] gfdsf] ;xof]u /sd cfkm"x¿n] g} kfpg'kg]{ dfu u/] . pgLx¿n] xKtf}+;Dd ;'g;/L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf wgf{ lbP . lzlj/sf lj:yflktx¿ lbgxF' ;f] If]qsf hgk|ltlglwnfO{ e]6\g, :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg] sfdsf Jo:t eP . kLl8tsf gfddf ;f9] @ ca{ ?k}ofF 5'6ØfOPsf] eP klg pgLx¿ eg] v'nf cfsfzdf vfgf / kfgLsf] cefjdf /ft u'hfg'{kg]{ cj:yf af/]sf ;dfrf/x¿ ;~rf/ dfWodn] klg ;Dk|]if0f u/] . ;ª\3if{ ;ldltsf ;+of]hs k~rgf/fo0f d08n eGg'x'G5 – …of] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 ;/sf/nfO{ klg bafa k¥of], o; If]qsf ;ef;b\dfly klg bafa eof] / ;+;b\df klg pgLx?n] s'/f p7fpg yfn] .Ú cGttM ;/sf/n] ;f] If]qdf rf/hgf dGqL g} v6fof] / /fxtsf nflu klg sfd yfNof] . ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnsf] l;kmfl/;df tTsfnsf nflu hUufsf] Ifltk"lt{, gi6 ePsf] afnLsf] d'cfAhf, 3/ dd{t jf gofF lgdf{0fsf nflu sf7sf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} af9Ldf k/]/ d'To' ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ ?= Ps nfv / lzlj/df d[To' ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ ?= @% xhf/sf b/n] ;xof]u ug]{ sfd ;'? u¥of] . ;/sf/sf dGqLx¿n] ToxfF a;]/ /fxt lbg] sfd t ;'? eof] t/ cfˆgf gfddf hDdf ePsf] ;a} /sd eg] gful/sn] kfpg ;s]gg\ . ;ª\3if{ ;ldltsf ;+of]hs d08n eGg'x'G5– …xfd|f gfddf ;/sf/n] @ ca{ ^) s/f]8 ?k}ofF /sd 5'6Ø \ fPsf] hfgsf/L xfdL ;a}n] yfxf kfof}F t/ klg tTsfnsf nflu eg]/ ;/sf/n] ?= &# s/f]8 lbg] lg0f{o u¥of] . lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd xfdLn] klv{of}F t/ ?= &# s/f]8 klg xfdLnfO{ ;xof]u ePg . To;af6 ?= @% s/f]8 dfq pknAw u/fPsf] yfxf eof] . To;kl5 xfdLn] ;ª\3if{sf sfo{qmdnfO{ hf/L g} /fVof}F . o;cl3 ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ug]{ eg]/ juL{s/0f u/]sf w]/} dflg;n] /fxt ;xof]usf nflu lgj]bg lbO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ clxn];Dd /fd|f];Fu ;xof]u kfPsf 5}|gg\ .Ú clxn] klg ;f] af9Lsf lj:yflkt / kLl8tx¿n] ;Dk"0f{?kdf ;xfotf t kfPsf 5}gg\ t/ ;"rgfsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0fn] hgtf hfu]sf 5g\ . o;sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/sf nflu n8\g tyf ;/sf/nfO{ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjaf]w u/fpg ;lhnf] agfof] . ljlw ;"rgf vf]Hgsf nflu of] 36gfdf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . vf]hstf{ tf/fgfy bfxfnn] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g @)^$ sf] k|of]u ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf # df ‘k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs 72 lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgfdf kx'r ] ’ eg]/ n]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] gful/sn] F x'g5 cfkm";Fu ;DalGwt / ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg / kfpg ;S5g\ . hgtfsf nflu / pgsf gfddf s] slt /sd ;/sf/n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 / sxfFaf6 s] slt ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 eGg] af/]df ;f] P]gsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;/sf/;Fu ;"rgf dfu ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf ;fy} o;df lgj]bs cfkm}Fn] klg ;f] påf/ sf]ifdf /sd pknAw u/fPsf]n] ;f] /sdsf] s] s:tf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 eg]/ klg ;"rgf dfUg'ePsf] 5 . ;'?df ;/sf/L lgsfon] of] ;"rgf lbg gdfg]klg lgj]bsn] lgs} ;f] ;"rgfsf nflu lk5f u/]kl5 of] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|efj kLl8t gful/ssf nflu hDdf ePsf] of] /sdsf af/]df yfxf ePkl5 n fl u pgLx?df cfˆgf] clwsf/sf nflu fu l/ s s f f k Ll 8 t gPsf] of] /sds D d f e k l5 Psh'6 x'g'k5{ eGg] k|efj hfu]sf] h fx f e P a f/ ] d f yf c fk m\ g f] c lw Gg] s f/ s f cg' e j ;' g fpg' x ' G 5 ;' g ;/Lsf d p g Lx ? sh'6 x g ' 'k5{ e n flu P ] s f] c g ' e j kqsf/ ofd k|wfg . cfˆgf gfddf fu k | e fj h ' G 5 ; ' g ; / Ls f :jb]z / ljb]zaf6 ;xof]u h'6]sf] ;'g fp g ' x fd k | w fg . k q s f/ o eGg] va/n] gful/snfO{ lgs} g} pT;fxL agfof] . cfjZos ;/sf/L ;xfotf klg gkfpF b f cfwf/e" t cfjZostfaf6 klg alGrt eO a];xf/f ag]sf pgLx?df of] ;dfrf/n] cfzf hufof] . pgLx?n] ;'?df Pp6f / To;kl5 c? klg ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt agfP / ;f] /sdsf] k|flKtsf nflu ;ª\3if{ yfn] . ;"rgf dfukl5 pgLx?sf gfddf hDdf ePsf] ;xof]u /sdsf] k|lt g} xftdf lnP/ pgLx?n] ;/sf/L sfof{nodf bafa lbg yfn] . ToxL cfwf/df pgLx?df cfˆgf s'/f /fVg;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Tolta]nf klg pgLx?n] cfˆgf gfddf 5'6o \ fOPsf] /sd cGoq nufgL eof] ls eg]/ vf]Hg] u/]sf lyP . o;sf nflu pgLx?n] cfˆgf hgk|ltlglw Pjd\ :yfgLo txsf /fhgLlts g]tfx?nfO{ klg cfˆgf] ;ª\3if{df ;fy lbg] sfddf Psh'6 kf/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} :yfgLo:t/sf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df kLl8t gful/sx? ah]6sf nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf lk5f u/]sf lyP . ;"rgfsf] xs k|of]u u/L k|fKt ul/Psf] ;f] b:tfj]hn] pgLx?nfO{ lgs} ;lhnf] agfPsf] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . clxn] klg tL kLl8t hgtf ;/sf/n] lbg] eg]sf] k'/fgf] k|lta4tf adf]lhdsf] /sd glbPsf] eGb} lg/Gt/ s]Gb| / :yfgLo 73 ;/sf/;dIf Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] / 8]lnu];g hfg] / bafa lbg] sfd ul//x]sf \ fpg 5g\ . ;fy} ;f] 36gfkl5sf /fli6«o ah]6x?df klg cfˆgf nflu /sd 5'6o tyf To;sf] ;xL sfof{Gjog u/fpgsf nflu ;ª\3if{ ;ldltx? agfP/} clwsf/sf nflu nl8/x]sf 5g\ . of] ;"rgfsf] k|flKtn] cfkm"x?nfO{ lgs} ;lhnf] agfPsf] cg'ej ;ª\3if{ ;ldltsf ;+of]hs d08nsf] klg 5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5– ;/sf/L lgsfon] xfdLn] kfpg] /sdsf af/]df s'g} cfgfsfgL u/] eg] xfdLn] ToxL ;"rgfsf] b:tfa]h b]vfP/} ;/sf/L clwsf/LnfO{ /sd / sfo{qmdsf nflu afWo agfpFYof}+ . To;}n] ;/sf/L nfk/jfxLsf sf/0fn] cfkm"x?sf] hLjg c:tJo:t ePsf] / To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu klg ;/sf/n] g} ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ eGg] k|efj ToxfFsf kLl8tx?df k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ––––––– v= kqsf/n] vf]h] clgoldtfsf] /x:o 36gf cWoog s'g} klg ljifosf] cg';Gwfg jf 5fglag u/L ;TotYo kQf nufpg ;/sf/n] ljleGg x}l;otsf cfof]u, ;ldlt, sfo{bn u7g ul//x]sf] x'G5 . oL cfof]u, ;ldlt, sfo{bnn] a'emfpg] clwsf+z k|ltj]bgx? ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] kfOGg . k|foM cfof]ux? u7g x'Fbf cg';Gwfg / 5fglagsf nflu lglZrt ;dofjlw / ah]6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df clwsf+z cfof]un] ;dod} sfd ;DkGg gu/]sf], cfof]usf] ;dofjlw a9fpg] ul/Psf], cg';Gwfgsf gfddf ckf/bzL{ tl/sfaf6 vr{ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:t} ;d:of em]n]sf] 5 h]kL hf]zL 36gfsf] cWoog ug{ ul7t cfof]un] klg . 36gf lj;+ @)^% dª\l;/ !# ut]sf] xf] . s}nfnLsf kqsf/ h]kL hf]zLsf] xTof ePsf] tYo v'Nof] . c;f]h dlxgfdf g} ckx/0fdf k/]sf pgsf] vf]hLsf nflu Jofks kxn ul/P klg pgnfO{ dª\l;/ !# ut] hª\undf d[t cj:yfdf e]l6of] . xTof/fnfO{ s8f sfg'gL sf/afxL ug{ / pgsf kl/jf/nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª\3n] b]zJofkL cleofg rnfof] . ;/sf/n] h]kL hf]zLsf ljifodf tYo kQf nufpg !% lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ 5fglag cfof]u u7g u¥of] . t/ cfof]un] !% lbgdf sfd k"/f ug{ ;s]g . k6sk6s cfof]usf] Dofb ylkof] . cfof]un] @)^^ ;fnsf] sflQsdf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnnfO{ k|ltj]bg a'emfof] . P3f/ dlxgfkl5 a'emfOPsf] of] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ul/Pg . kqsf/ hf]zLsf xTof/f sf] x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L cfdhgtf, kqsf/ 74 dxf;ª\3 jf o;sf ;b:onfO{ x'g ;s]g . cfof]un] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/f aflx/ cfPg lsgeg] ;/sf/n] kqsf/ hf]zLsf xTof/fnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] jf sf/afxL u/]sf] hfgsf/L g]kfnL hgtfn] kfpg ;s]gg\ . oL k|;ª\usf ;dfrf/ ;fj{hlgs eO/x]s} a]nf lxdfn va/klqsfsf ;dfrf/bftf /fdhL bfxfnn] @)^^ df3 !@ ut] ;f] cfof]un] !! dlxgfdf u/]sf] vr{sf] lx;fasf ;fy} cfof]un] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgsf] k|ltlnkL dfu ug'{eof] . pgn] s] s:tf sfdsf nflu s'g zLif{sdf vr{ ePsf] 5 / To;sf] lan ekf{O;d]t dfUg'ePsf] lyof] . hf]zLsf kl/jf/n] klg ;/sf/af6 s'g} Ifltk"lt{ / ;xfotf kfPsf lyPgg\ / pgLx? klg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf] kvf{Odf lyP . oxL sf/0f cfof]un] u/]sf] sfdk|lt kl/jf/ / l;Fuf] kqsf/ dxf;ª\3sf] rf;f] a9\g' :jfefljs lyof] . kqsf/ bfxfnn] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] k|of]u u/L u[xdGqfno;Fu oL b'O{ ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg'ePsf] 5 . t/ u[xdGqfnon] cfkm";Fu ;f] k|ltj]bg g/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fof] . ;fy} dGqfnosf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] cfof]usf nflu ?= #) nfv (^ xhf/ ^)! lgsf;f ePsf] / ?= @( nfv %# xhf/ %!# vr{ ePsf] hfgsf/L lgj]bsnfO{ u/fP . k|ltj]bgn] s;nfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofof] of ;/sf/n] xTof/fsf ?kdf s;nfO{ sf/afxL u¥of] eGg] g} lgj]bs bfxfnn] vf]h]sf lyP . u[xdGqfnon] xTof ljifodf s'g} hfgsf/L u/fPg . p;n] cfkm";Fu k|ltj]bg g/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fP/ plDsof], u[xdGqfnoh:tf] b]zsf] ;+j]bgzLn lgsfon] cfkm";Fu k|ltj]bg 5}g eg]/ hfgsf/L u/fpg'nfO{ gful/sk|ltsf] a]jf:tf eGg ;lsG5 . cfof]un] u/]sf] vr{sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f glbO{ ;du| vr{ dfq pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . ;kmntf u[xdGqfnon] vf]lhPsf] ;"rgf glbP klg kqsf/ bfxfnn] ;"rgf dfUg] sfdaf6 kl5 x6\g'ePg . pxfFn] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]udf ph'/L lbg'eof] . lgj]bs bfxfnn] cfof]usf nflu 5'6o \ fOPsf] ?= #) nfveGbf a9L /sd sxfF, s;/L / s] df vr{ ePsf] /x] 5 eGg] a f/] d f hfgsf/L dfUg' e Psf] lyof] . o;k6s klg u[xdGqfnon] cfof]usf nflu 5'6ØfOPsf] /sd / ;f]sf] nflu ePsf] vr{sf] 75 Psd'i7 /sd dfq lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] lyof] . ;"rgf cfof]un] lgj]bsn] dfu u/]adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf lbg u[xdGqfnonfO{ k'gM lgb]{zg lbof] . cfof]usf] bf];|f] k6ssf] cfb]zkl5 dfq dGqfnon] lgj]bsnfO{ ;f] 5fglag cfof]un] u/]sf] vr{sf] ljj/0f tyf o;sf nflu k|of]u ePsf lan ekf{Osf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbof] . k|fKt lan / ekf{Ox¿af6 cfof]un] u/]sf] clgoldtfsf] /x:o v'n]sf] 5 . cfof]un] u/sf] vr{dWo] clwsf+z kmh'n Pjd\ cgfjZos b]lvG5 . cfof]un] hf]zLsf xTof/f / bf]ifL ls6fg u/L sf/afxLsf nflu s;}nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . cfof]un] cfkm"nfO{ lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] klg b]lvGg . ;/sf/L /sdsf] b'?kof]u ug]{ dg;fo /fv]/ !% lbgsf] Dofb kfPsf] cfof]un] !! dlxgf nufPsf] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf plAhPsf] 5 . k|efj of] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 ;ldlt / cfof]ux?nfO{ ldtJooL agfpg bafa l;h{gf ePsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . of] 36gfn] cfof]u / ;ldltx? u7g ubf{ ;/sf/sf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjdfly g} k|Zg plAhPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] cfof]u u7g ug]{ t/ k|of]hg adf]lhd p2]Zo k"/f g} gu/L eQf dfq vfg] k|j[lQsf] klg o;n] phfuf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} cfkm\gf sfo{stf{ tyf glhssf JolQmnfO{ hflu/ lbg] h:tf] z}nLdf o:tf cfof]u jf ;ldlt u7g ug]{ / o;nfO{ tL JolQmn] klg ;dofjlw nDAofpFb} k};f vr{ u/L eQf vfg] sfddf dfq k|of]u ug]{ k|j[lQ of] 36gfn] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] of] 36gfsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0fn] cfufdL lbgdf o:tf cfof]u u7g ug{ / ltgsf sfdsf/afxLsf af/]df kf/bzL{ x'gsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbPsf] cg'ej ;"rgf dfUg] kqsf/ bfxfnsf] 5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5 –…hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL aGgsf nflu hgtfsf] s/af6 hDdf ePsf] /fHosf]ifsf] vr{sf] lx;fa klg hgtfnfO{ g} b]vfpg'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z of] 36gfn] lbPsf] 5 .Ú o;n] ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfPsf] / cgfjZos tyf kmh'n vr{sf af/]df hgtfn] vf]hL u5{g\ eGg] klg lzIff lbPsf] 5 . o;n] ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] cg'ej kqsf/ bfxfnsf] 5 . ��� 76 * ah]6 cg'udgsf pkfo 77 • ;+ ; f/sf w] / } d' n ' s df ljleGg lsl;dsf gful/s ;+:yfx?n] ah]6nfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] sfd k|efjsf/L ?kdf ul//x]sf 5g\ h'g oxfF klg ug{ ;Dej 5. • ah]6sf] gofF cg'udg ljlw to ug]{b]lv ;+;b\ tyf cGo lgsfo;Fu ;d]t ;xsfo{ u/L ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{ / uNtL cf}+FNofpg] 7"nf] cj;/ gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx?;Fu 5 . of] cj;/sf] k|of]u ug{}k5{ . • oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf ;a} ;d"xx?n] ljutdf s'g} g s'g} ?kdf ltgsf b]zsf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ . Tof] ;kmntfsf] pbfx/0fn] w]/}nfO{ To:t} sfdsf nflu pTk|]l/t u/fpg ;S5 . • ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cg'udg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf lgs} 5 . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf ljlwafx]s ah]6 cg'udgsf nflu b]zsf] kl/l:yltsf cfwf/df cGo w]/} pkfox? cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . vf;s'/f eg]sf] gful/s ;+:yfn] pknAw cj;/sf cfwf/df /rgfTds ljlwx? to ug{' ;a}eGbf pQd x'G5 . ah]6 cg'udgsf pkfo h'g;'s} vfnsf] jsfnt ug{sf nflu klg ;a}eGbf klxn] To:tf] jsfnt s;/L ;'? ug]{ eGg] to ul/g'k5{ . Pp6f egfO klg 5, Ps y'k|f] bfp/f lrg{sf nflu Ps 306f 5 eg] cfwf 306f aGr/f] pHofpgdf vr{g'k5{ . To:t}, ah]6 vr{sf] cg'udgsf] sfd ;'? ug{' cufl8 To;sf] tof/Lsf nflu lgs} ;do vr{g'kg]{ x'G5 h;af6 To:tf] ljlw to xf];\ ls To;sf nflu pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgaf6 dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsof];\ . sfd ;'? ug{] s]xL tl/sfx? oxfF k|:t't ul/G5M { ! /0fgLlts p2]Zo to ug]M ah]6;DaGwL jsfnt ug{sf nflu k|i6 /0fgLlts p2]Zo x'g' kb{5 . p2]Zo " f{ x'g'k5{ . cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] cg'ej / ;dfh / ;d"x b'j}sf nflu cy{k0 78 Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . /, To;n] ;d"xsf] jsfntsf] k|oTgnfO{ a9fjf lbg ;Sg'k5{ . ;d"xsf] ah]6 k}/jL of]hgfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] jf pko'Qm nIf lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] Pp6f pkfo SMART (p2]Zo k|i6, dfkgof]Uo, k|fKt x'g;Sg], kTofl/nf] / ;doa4 x'g'k5{ eGg] l;4fGt) xf] . { @= ah]6 k|lqmofaf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]M ah]6 cg'udg ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;a}eGbf klxn] ah]6 lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf x/]s k|lqmofaf/] k|i6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu ah]6 ;+a4 ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?, ah]6sf] a'emfO{sf b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] ;+;bsf ;b:ox?, o; ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ kqsf/x?, bftf;+:yfsf clwsf/Lx? / ah]6sf] ;a} cGt/j:t'sf] 1fg ePsf cy{zf:qL Pj+ gful/s ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglw;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ jf 5nkmn lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . To; cltl/Qm cWoogdf ;+nUg x'g] ;d"xn] ah]6;DaGwL ;/sf/sf ljleGg k|sfzgx?, ax'kIfLo ;+:yfx? h:t}, ljZj a+}s, cGt/fli6«o d'b|fsf]if nufotn] ;do ;dodf lgsfNg] k|sfzgx? klg ah]6;DaGwL ljifodf 1fg xfl;n ug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'G5g\ . o;}u/L s fn t b]zsf] ah]6;Da4 sfg'gsf] klg ' s } v fn s f] j ;a}eGbf h'g ; flu klg /fd|/L cWoog ug{'k5{ . ug{sf no : t f] j s fn t to k lx n ] ] T eG gg] '? ug]{ s;/L ;{ . P p 6 f e g fO #= ah]6 k|lqmofsf] ;xof]uL u l/ g ' k 5 Ps y' k|f] bfpf 5 /f 5 , 3 0 6 k':ts -ufO{8_ tof/ ug]M { klg nflu Ps lrg{sf f 306f aGr/ f] eg] c fw 'k 5 { . ah]6;DaGwL k}/jLstf{ ;d"xx?n] f vr{g pH o fp g d gful/snfO{ ah]6 k|lqmofaf/] ;r]tgf hufpg] vfnsf ;xof]uL k':ts -k'l:tsf_ klg tof/ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ;xof]uL k':ts k|sfzg ubf{ ;+:yf :jo+sf] 1fg / cg'ej lj:tf/df klg 6]jf k'Ub5 . o;n] ah]6 cg'udgsf nflu kf/ ug{' kg]{ dfly pNn]lvt txx?sf] kl/k"/ssf ?kdf ;d]t sfd ub{5 . o:tf ;xof]uL k'l:tsfx? ;/sf/sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjog, To;nuQ} x'g] n]vfk/LIf0f / ;'k/Lj]If0f nufotsf ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g] u/]sf] eP klg ah]6 rqmdf g} ;Lldt eP/ ;xof]uL k':ts tof/ ug{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . o;df ah]6 lgdf{0f / :jLs[lt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6]/ a9L hfgsf/Ld"ns agfpg' >]ois/ x'G5 . { $= ah]6 cg'udgsf] ;Lk xfl;n ug]M OG6/g];gn ah]6 kf6{g/;Lk h:tf ;+:yfx?n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ah]6 79 cg'udg sfo{df ;xefuL x'g rfxg] ;d"xx?sf nflu ah]6;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ u5{g\ . cg'udg ;d"xx?nfO{ k|fljlws / /0fgLlts ;Lk xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu To:tf tflndx? Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5g\ . ah]6;DaGwL ljifodf pT;'s ;d"xn] cfkm"n] ug{ vf]h]sf] cg'udgsf nflu ;Lk xfl;n ug{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ah]6 cg'udg u/]sf] cg'ej ePsf jf cg'udgdf ;+nUg cGo ;d"x;Fusf] e]63f6 / 5nkmn klg pkof]uL x'G5 . cGtdf, ah]6 cg'udg kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ rfx]sf ;+:yfn] ;'?jftL cj:yfx?df k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu lj1sf] k|of]u ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . k"j{ ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ljQsf] hfgsf/L ePsf JolQmx?sf] of] k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . g]kfndf cfOlakLsf tkm{af6 ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cg'udg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] lk|m8d kmf]/dn] of] ;+:yfsf] cg'ej klg ah]6 cg'udgsf] ;Lk k|fKt ug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'g;S5 . %= ah]6 ;"rgf k|flKtM w]/}h;f] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf ;+:yfsf sfdsf/jfxLsf] uf]Kotf sfod ug]{tkm{ pBt x'G5g\ . gful/s ;dfhn] ah]6 ;"rgfsf] dfu a9fPkl5 uf]Kotfdf /dfpg] o:tf ;+oGqsf] s]Gb| efudf g} cfqmd0f x'g] x'gfn] :f"rgf n'sfpgsf nflu e|i6 sd{rf/LaLr nfdf] ;dob]lv lgs} ldn]dtf] ePsf] x'g;S5 . cfOaLkLn] @))^ df ah]6 kf/blz{tf ;DaGwdf %( d'n'sdf u/]sf] cWoogn] ah]6 lgdf{0f / cg'df]bgeGbf ah]6 sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;Lldt?kdf dfq pknAw x'g] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg ah]6 sfof{Gjog, n]vfk/LIf0f / d"Nofª\sgh:tf ;"rgf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xh cj:yf 5}g . ah]6 ;DaGwdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx?n] s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txdf ah]6 k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tf j[l4sf nflu klxnf jsfnt ug{'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ah]6 kf/blz{tfsf nflu jsfntsf cltl/Qm ;+:yfn] ah]6 ;"rgf k|flKtsf nflu ljleGg /0fgLltx?sf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf /0fgLltx?dWo]Ù -s_ ;xof]uL clwsf/Lx? lrGg]M ;/sf/ Pp6} 7"nf] 9'u + f] h:tf] x'Fb}g . ;/sf/sf ;a} clwsf/L ;"rgf n'sfpg] / c;xof]uL x'Fb}gg\, gful/sd}qL / pbf/ klg x'G5g\ . kl5Nnf] k|j[lQsf sd{rf/Lx? ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ k|oTgdf dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ aGg ;S5g\ . csf]{tkm{ vf;} ;xof]uLh:tf] gb]lvPsf t/ c;xof]uL eg] g/x]sf clwsf/LnfO{ klg ;d"xn] ljz]if k|oTg dfkm{t kf/bzL{tfsf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; u/fpg / ;xof]uL t'Nofpg ;S5 . pgLx?sf] k|lti7f a9fpgsf 80 nflu ;sf/fTds sfd u/]sf] b]vfpg] / To;sf] h; kfpg] cj;/ l;h{gf ul/lbg'k5{ tf ls pgLx?df To;sf nflu k|]/0ff ldnf];\ . cg'bf/ clwsf/Laf6 ;"rgf lngsf nflu lgb]{zg jf bafa lbg dflyNnf] txdf u'gf;f] jf ph'/L klg ug{'k5{ . -v_ ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|of]uM ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gn] gful/snfO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ub{5 . ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu of] sfg'g 7"nf] ;xof]uL aGg ;Qm5 . t/, cg'udg ;d"xx?n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'g eP/ klg cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf xF'b}gg\ . ;"rgf k|flKtsf] lgj]bg lbO;s]kl5 klg kmfOnx? x/fPsf] jf To:tf] ;"rgf lbFbf /fli6«o lxtdf cfFr cfpg]h:tf ts{ lbP/ ;"rgf glbg] k|rng klg 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|fof]u ug{ lk|m8d kmf]/dn] gful/s ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;3fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . t;y{, cfjZos ;xof]usf nflu lk|m8d kmf]/ddf ;Dks{ u/f}+ . -u_ lgsfout ;fj{ h lgsLs/0f gLltx?sf] k|of]uM hfGg kfpg] clwsf/ k|Tofe"t ug{ sltko wL lgsfox?n] ;" r gf g fs f] xs;DaG { ;fj{ h lgs ug]{ cfkm\ g } ;"r gful/sn fO s fg ' g n ] gLltx? klg agfPsf x'g xssf] ;"rgfsf] k|bfg ;S5g\ . To:tf gLltsf] k|Tofe"lt cfwf/df klg ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ub{5 . ;lsG5 . -3_ n]vfk/LIfsx¿, ljwfosx¿ / bftfx¿;F u sf] ;xsfo{ M ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfox? ;"rgfsf e/kbf{ ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ . ;fdfGotofM ;f+;bx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs kl/of]hgfaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ eGbf clws hfgsf/L x'G5 . gful/s ;dfhsf ;d"xn] cfkm"x?sf] ljifodf ;xfg'el" t /fVg] ;f+;bx?af6 cfjZos w]/} ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5 . ;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf o:tf ;"rgfx? x'G5g\ . j}b]lzs ;xof]udf a9L g} lge{/ b]zx?df ;/sf/L kl/of]hgf To;df klg j}b]lzs ;xof]u /x]sf] kl/of]hgfsf] ;"rgfdf bft[ lgsfox?sf] kx'Fr x'G5 . bftfx?n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] ;xof]usf] ;xL ;b'kof]usf] ;'lglZrttf rfxG5g\ eg] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df pgLx? klg ;xof]uL xG5g\ . t;y{, pgLx?af6 klg ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 . 81 -ª_ k|ToIf bafa tyf cleofgM dxfTdf ufGwLn] eg]sf 5g\ …tkfO{s + f] bafanfO{ ;/sf/n] klxn] a]jf:tf u5{, To;kl5 xf;f]sf] ljifo agfOlbG5, clg o'4 5]85 \ t/ cGtdf ljhoL eg] tkfO+{ g} aGg'x'G5 .Ú k6sk6ssf] k|of;af6 klg cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ c;kmn ;+:yfx?df olb k|ToIf clx+;fTds bafa cleofgk|lt ljZjf; 5 eg] pgLx?n] ;"rgf glbg] To:tf ;/sf/L lgsfosf lj?4 cg;g nufotsf bafasf] pkfo ckgfpg ;S5g\ . gful/s ;+:yfx?n] cfdhgtfsf] lxtdf pgLx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\un] bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\ . To;}u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tyf cGo k|ltj]bgx? klg Hofb} pkof]uL ;|f]t x'g\ . o:tf]] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ug]{ xs gful/sdf x'G5 . dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no tyf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no klg ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgf k|fKt ug{sf nflu csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] . -r_ yfngL u/f}M + ;do lnP/, /fd|/L ;f]r]/ tyf /0fgLlts of]hgf th{'df ug{'kg]{ eP klg ah]6 ;d"xn] sfd t ug{' g} k5{ . s]xL ;d"xx?n] cfkm\gf] ;"?cftL /0fgLlt / s]xL k"j{ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ah]6;DaGwL sfd ;'? u/L sfds} l;nl;nfdf oL b'j}nfO{ lgs} ulx/f] 9ª\un] ljsf; ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . x/]s txsf] sfdaf6 ;d"xn] ;fj{hlgs ah]6nfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL agfpg] ;DaGwdf yk cg'ej, cfTdljZjf; / Ifdtf a6'N5g\ . /fd|f];Fu ;f]rljrf/ u/L ah]6 kf/blz{tfsf nflu /0fgLlt agfpFm . s]Gb|Lo txb]lv :yfgLo lgsfo;Dd ah]6 / sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf sfd cufl8 a9fpFm . ah]6 tyf gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmd;DaGwL kof{Kt ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj clej[[l4 ug{sf nflu cfTdljZjf;k"j{s cf–cfkm\gf] ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] k|of]u ug{ cu|;/ xf]cf}+ . ;fgf] yfngLn] ;dfh kl/jt{g ;Dej 5 . ��� 82 zAbfy{ � ah]6 -Budget_ cfufdL aif{sf] cg'dflgt cfo, Joo, C0f, ;xfotf cflbsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;d]l6Psf] ;/sf/L b:tfj]h g} ah]6 xf] . of] ;/sf/sf] d'Vo cfly{s b:tfj]h xf] . o;n] ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] lnPsf ;du| gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn] kl/nlIft p2]Zo;Fu cfly{s gLltsf] tfbfDotf / ljsf; k|fyldstf emNsfpF5 . � /ftf] lstfa (Red Book) cfufdL jif{sf nflu to ul/Psf]] vr{sf] zLif{sut ljj/0f, rfn' jif{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg / ut jif{sf] oyfy{ vr{ ljj/0f ;d]l6Psf] ;/sf/L b:tfj]h . o;df ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 tyf ljlgof]hg P]g adf]lhd x'g] Joo cg'dfgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . � afF8kmfF8 (Apportionment) lglb{i6 ;Ldfleq /x]/, lglZrt ;dodf ljlgof]lht jf :jLs[t /sd vr{ ug{ jf s;}nfO{ e'QmfgL ug{ ;Da4 dGqfno / vr{sf cGo OsfO{x¿sf nflu ;fdfGotof cy{ dGqfnon] ug]{ /sdsf] :jLs[lt jf ljt/0f . � ljlgof]hg -Appropriation) sfg'g adf]lhd lglZrt ;Ldfleq /x]/ tf]lsPsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t vr{g ;+;b\n] sfo{sf/LnfO{ lbPsf] :jLs[lt . jflif{s ljlgof]hg ah]6 sfg'g jf s'g} s'g} b]zdf ah]6 sfg'g:fFu ldNg] u/L 5'§} ljlgof]hg P]gdfkm{t\ ul/G5 . lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ slxn]sflxF jflif{s ljlgof]hg ckof{Kt b] l vg cfPdf k' / s ljlgof] h g klg :jLs[ t ug] { ul/G5 . slxn] s flxF 5' § } sfg' g dfkm{ t\ Ps cfly{ s jif{ e Gbf a9L cjlw;Ddsf nflu To:tf] clVtof/L k|bfg u/]df To:fnfO{ …:yfoL ljlgof]hgÚ gfdn] klg kl/eflift ul/G5 -h:t}M ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfg'g_ . clwsf+z b]zdf ljlgof]hg aflx/sf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{' k/]df lgsfo tyf ljefux¿sf nflu sfo{sf/Lsf] ljz]if :jLs[lt 83 cfjZos k5{ . � e}kl/ sf]if -Contingency fund/Contingency Reserve) cg'dfg gul/Psf] afx\o kl/l:ylt ;fdgf ug{sf nflu kl5 afF8kmfF8 x'g] u/L ah]6leq} Joj:yf ul/Psf] sf]if . dWosfnLg ah]6 Aoj:yfdf e}kl/ cfpg] jf gLltut sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ah]6df cfjZos nrstf k|bfg ug{ / s'g} zLif{sdf vr{ ul/xfNg'kg]{ cj:yf gcfpFb} vr{ gxf];\ eGgsf nflu o:tf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/G5 . � e}kl/ cfpg] bfloTj -Contingent Liability) bfloTjdf ;xefuL ePsf] t/ To:tf] bfloTj ltg{'kg]{ s'/f eljiodf x'g] jf gx'g] s'g} 36gf / To;sf] ;dodf lge{/ ug]{ s'/f e}}kl/ cfpg] bfloTj xf] . oL clxn]sf] xsdf jf:tljs bfloTj x}gg\ - eljiodf klg To:tf] bfloTj l;h{gf x'Fb} gx'g klg ;S5 _ � cfly{s juL{s/0f -Economic Classification) cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df vr{x¿, vl/b tyf lgM;u{ -laqmLnufot_ sf] If]qut ljefhg ug]{ k|lqmof g} cfly{s juL{s/0f xf] . o;nfO{ If]qut juL{s/0f -Sectoral Classification_ klg elgG5 . s[lif, ;]jf / pTkfbgd"ns If]q u/L tLgj6f d'Vo If]qx¿ x'G5g\ . � k|zf;lgs juL{s/0f -Administrative Classification_ vr{ ug]{ O{sfO{x?sf cfwf/df ul/g] vr{sf] juL{s/0f . h:t}, dGqfno, ljefu jf sfof{nox¿ vr{ ug]{ O{sfO x'g\ . � s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -Gross Domestic Product) ;du| pTkfbgsf] dfkg, h'g pTkfbg k|lqmofdf ;xefuL ;a} afl;Gbf JolQm jf pTkfbg OsfO{n] ug]{ s'n d"No clej[l4sf] hf]8kmn;Fu a/fa/ x'G5 -olb s/ ltl/Psf] 5 eg] Tof] 36fpg'k5{ tyf s'g} cfly{ s ;xfotf jf 5' 6 kfPsf] d f d" N o clej[ l 4af6 Tof] 36fpg'k5{_ . csf]{ zAbdf b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleq ul/Psf] pTkfbgsf] hf]8 h;df s'g} klg s'/f bf]xf]/f] hf]l8Psf] 5}g Tof] g} s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg xf] . 84 � /sdfGt/ -Virement) s'g} cfly{s jif{sf] aLrdf nlIft vr{ of]hgfnfO{ Pp6f vr{ zLif{saf6 csf]{ vr{ zLif{sdf ;fg]{ k|lqmof . /sdfGt/sf] :jLs[lt lngsf nflu vr{ ug]{ lgsfon] ;fdfGotof :jLs[t k|zf;lgs k|lqmof cjnDag ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . � dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -Medium Term Expenditure Framework_ jflif{s ah]6 bL3{sfnLg of]hgf;Fu d]n vfg] lsl;dsf] xf];\ / vr{sf] of]hgf s]xL nfdf] ;dosf] xf];\ eGgsf nflu ;fdfGotofM tLg jif{sf] vr{ cg'dfg jif}{lkR5] tof/ ul/g] k|0ffnL . ah]6 th{'df ubf{ x/]s jif{ yk b'O{ jif{sf] vr{ cg'dfg klg ;Fu} /fvL ah]6 ;Fu;Fu} To:tf] ;+/rgf tof/ ul/G5 . � lgsf;f -Disbursement) s'n jflif{ s ljlgof]hgsf] ;a} jf cf+ l zs /sd q}dfl;s jf dfl;s?kdf ;DalGwt dGqfno jf vr{ ug]{ lgsfonfO{ vr{g] k|of]hgsf nflu pknAw u/fpg' . To;}u/L vl/b ;+emf}tf adf]lhd 7]s]bf/nfO{ lbg'kg]{ ;+emf}tf cg';f/ lbOg] lgsf;f . � glthfd"ns ah]6 -Result Based Budget_ s'g} sfd;Fu geO{ To:tf] sfd u/]jfkt k|fKt x'g] jf x'g'kg]{ k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t /x]/ agfOg] ah]6 . � 3f6f ah]6÷Go"g ljQ÷ah]6 3f6f -Budget Deficit/Deficit Financing) ;fdfGotof ah]6 lgdf{0f ubf{ ;|f]teGbf klg ;/sf/n] ug]{ jf ug}{kg]{ vr{nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ tof/ ul/G5 . To:tf] vr{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t b]zleq}af6 x'g] /fhZj kl/rfng / j}b]lzs cg'bfgn] y]Ug g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ Joo cg'dfgeGbf cfo cg'dfg sd x'g hfG5 eg] To:tf] ah]6 . o;/L ck'u x'g] /sdnfO{ j}b]lzs jf cfGtl/s C0f jf b'j}af6 kl/k"lt{ ul/G5 h;nfO{ Go"g ljQ elgG5 . 85 � dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg -Mid-Term Review_ cy{ dGqfnon] ug]{ jflif{s ah]6n] kl/nlIft u/]sf of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] k|ult ;dLIff . � rfn' vr{ -Recurrent Expenditure) ;/sf/, dGqfno / cGo vr{sf OsfO{x?sf] b}lgs k|zf;lgs vr{ jf Ps cfly{s jif{eGbf a9L ;do;Dd c;/ afFsL g/xg] vr{ , h:t} zflGt–;' / Iff, tna–eQf, kfgL–lah' n L OToflbdf ul/g] vr{ . o:tf] vr{sf] pknlAw vr{ ul/Psf] ;do;Dd dfq /xG5 / ;fna;fnL ?kdf ul//fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . of] k|fylds vr{ xf] lsgeg] rfn' vr{ gu/]df ;/sf/sf] b}lgs k|zf;g g} 7Kk x'G5 . � F Lut vr{ -Capital Expenditure) k"h bL3{sfnLg lxtsf] p2]Zo /fvL ul/g] vr{ h:t}, ;8s oftfoft F Lut vr{sf] c;/ Ps cfly{s jif{eGbf nufotsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f . k"h a9L / slxn]sflxF bzsf}; + Dd klg /xG5 -h:t} hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf ul/g] vr{_ . � ljsf;sf k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg -Result Based Management_ ;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug]{ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?af6 lgwf{l/t k|ltkmnsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;f]xLcg';f/ To:tf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ nfu" ug]{ cfw'lgs / j}1flgs Joj:yfkg k4lt . o:tf] Joj:yfkg k/Dk/fut k|lqmof s]lGb|t geO{ k|ltkmn s]lGb|t x'G5 . cyf{t\ s;/L sfd ug]{eGbf klg s:tf] k|ltkmn xfl;n ug]{ eGg]df s]lGb|t ul/g] Joj:yfkg . � k"/s ah]6 -Supplementary Budget) cfly{s jif{sf] dWolt/ cfOk'Ubf ;+;b\n] :jLs[t u/]sf] ah]6df pNn]lvteGbf km/s zLif{sdf vr{ ug{'kg]{ jf ah]6sf] k|fyldstfdf g} kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ ePdf To:tf] kl/jt{gsf] k|:tfj tof/ u/L cg'df]bgsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;+;b\df k]z ug]{ ah]6 k|:tfj . ;fdfGotof cfly{s jif{sf] lrdf ;/sf/ kl/jt{g ePdf jf dxTjk'0f{ 86 kl/jt{g tTsfn} ug{' cfj:os b]lvPdf k'/s ah]6 k]; ug{] ul/G5 . � ;fjfF e'QmfgL -Principal Repayment) b]zleq p7\g] /fh:j ah]6n] kl/nlIft u/]sf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu ck'u x'g] ePdf b]zleq jf aflx/af6 ;/sf/n] C0f lng] ub{5 h'g tf]lsPsf] efsfleq lkmtf{ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ul/g] lkmtf{ ;fjfF e'QmfgL xf] . k/fDk/fut ah]6 k4ltdf o;nfO{ vr{sf ?kdf /fVg] rng /x]sf] eP klg clxn] o;nfO{ vr{ cGtu{t /flvF+b}g . � /fh:j -Revenue_ ;/sf/sf] cfDbfgL . ;/sf/n] s/, ;]jf z'Ns, b:t'/, ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] ef8f nufot dfkm{t cfDbfgL ub{5 . ;fdfGotofM /fh:j s/ / u}x| s/ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . � /fh:j cg'dfg -Revenue Estimate_ ah]6 cfufdL jif{sf] nflu /fHosf] cfo / Joosf] cg'dfg xf] . :jb]zleq}af6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] cg'dfg g} /fh:j cg'dfg xf] . � cfGtl/s C0f -Internal Borrowing_ Go"g ljQ kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu b]zleq}af6 p7fOg] ;fdfGotof 5f]6f] cjwLsf] C0f . g]kfn ;/sf/sf nflu o:tf] C0f g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] 6«]h/L lan, C0fkq cflb hf/L u/L p7fpF5 . ;fdfGotofM jfl0fHo a}+sx?n] ;/sf/sf] nflu C0fbftfsf] sfd ub{5g\ . kl5Nnf jif{x?df j}b]lzs C0feGbf cfGtl/s C0fsf] dfqf a9L x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . � ] zs C0f -Foreign Debt) j}bl Go" g ljQ ePsf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ k" l t{ ug{ s f] nflu ;/sf/n] l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ jf ax'kIfLo ;xfotf Ph]G;Lx¿;Fu lng] C0f . ;fdfGotofM ljsf;sf cfof]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu lnOg] o:tf] C0f ;x'lnotk"0f{ Aofhb/df / nfdf] cjlwsf nflu lnOG5 . 87 � cg'bfg -Aid_ eljiodf ;fjfF jf Aofh lkmtf{ ug{ gkg]{ u/L k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u . o:tf] ;xof]u ;/sf/sf] Pp6f lgsfon] csf{] lgsfonfO{, h:t} s]Gb| ;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ klg lbg ;Qm5 h;nfO{ cfGtl/s cg'bfg elgG5 . ljb]zL d'n's tyf bft[ ;+:yfn] s]Gb| ;/sf/nfO{ klg ;xof]u lbG5g\ eg] To;nfO{ j}b]lzs cg'bfg elgG5 . � u}x| ah]6/L vr{ -Off-Budget Expenditure_ ah]6df pNn]v gu/L ;/sf/n] cGo sfo{qmdsf nflu ug]{ vr{ /sd . � u}x| ah]6/L sf]if -Extra Budgetary Fund_ ah]6df pNn]v gul/Psf] / ljlgof]hg P]g cg';f/ geO{ a]Un} P]g jf lgodcg';f/ vr{ ug]{u/L ;/sf/n] v8f ug]{ ljz]if sf]ifx? . h:t}, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if, k|wfgdGqL /fxt sf]if, o'jf :j/f]huf/ sf]if cflb . ��� 88