55973 ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF LATIN AMERICAN DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES Ernesto Valenzuela, Marianne Kurzweil, Esteban Jara, Johanna Croser and Kym Anderson* ernesto.valenzuela@adelaide.edu.au marianne136@gmail.com jara.esteban@gmail.com johlou@gmail.com kym.anderson@adelaide.edu.au Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 49, December 2007 The authors were all at the University of Adelaide in Australia at the time of completing this compilation except Kurzweil, who is at the African Development Bank in Tunis. This is a product of a research project on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, under the leadership of Kym Anderson of the World Bank's Development Research Group. The authors are grateful for helpful comments from workshop participants and for funding from World Bank Trust Funds provided by the governments of Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands (BNPP) and the United Kingdom (DfID). This Working Paper series is designed to promptly disseminate the findings of work in progress for comment before they are finalized. The views expressed are the authors' alone and not necessarily those of the World Bank and its Executive Directors, nor the countries they represent, nor of the institutions providing funds for this research project. ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF LATIN AMERICAN DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES Ernesto Valenzuela, Marianne Kurzweil, Esteban Jara, Johanna Croser and Kym Anderson This compilation summarizes the estimates, for the focus countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, of key distortion indicators defined in Anderson et al. (2008). These tables appear also in an Appendix in Anderson and Valdés (2008). Three tables are provided for each country: (a) the Nominal Rate of Assistance to individual farm products covered in the study and their weighted average, using as weights production valued at undistorted prices; (b) the Relative Rate of Assistance to producers of agricultural (relative to non-agricultural) tradables, again using as weights production valued at undistorted prices, and the component parts of the RRA calculation; and (c) the weights themselves for individual covered farm products and for the residual non-covered group of products, shown as percentages and so they sum to 100 percent. The Nominal Rate of Assistance (NRA) in the case of a product having just its output price distorted by government policies is the percentage by which the domestic producer price exceeds the price that would prevail under free markets, that is, the border price appropriately adjusted to account for differences in product quality, transport costs, processing costs, etc. A negative value indicates the domestic price is below that comparable border price. If producers of that product also are affected by distortions to product-specific input prices, their ad valorem equivalent is accounted for by subtracting the ad valorem input price distortion times its input-output coefficient from the farm industry's output NRA to get the total nominal rate of assistance to production of that farm product. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. The sources of these tables are the Working Paper version of the chapters in Anderson and Valdés (2008) (and its associated spreadsheet), each of which is downloadable in the Working Paper section of the project's website, www.worldbank.org/agdistortions. Also available at that website is the complete global distortions database (Anderson and Valenzuela 2008). The references are provided below. References Anderson, K., M. Kurzweil, W. Martin, D. Sandri and E. Valenzuela (2008), "Methodology for Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 02, World Bank, Washington DC, revised January. Anderson, K. and A Valdés (eds.) (2008), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America, Washington DC: World Bank (forthcoming September). Anderson, K. and E. Valenzuela (2008), Global Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, 1955 to 2007, database spreadsheets available at www.worldbank.org/agdistortions, forthcoming October. Berthelon, M., D. Kruger and D. Saavedra (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Nicaragua', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 18, World Bank, Washington DC, December. de los Santos, J. and P. Pablo Peña (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Dominican Republic', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 15, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Guterman, L. (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Colombia', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 14, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Lopes, M., I. Lopes, M. Silva de Oliveira, F. Campos Barcelos, E. Jara and P. Rangel Bogado (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Brazil', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 12, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Soloaga, I. and G. Lara (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Mexico', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 17, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Sturzenegger, A.C. and M. Salazni (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Argentina', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 11, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Valdés, A. and E. Jara (2007),' Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Chile', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 13, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Valenzuela, E., S. Wong and D. Sandri (2007), `Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Ecuador', Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 16, World Bank, Washington DC, December. Table 1: Annual distortion estimates, Argentina, 1960 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Wheat Maize Soybean Sunflower Beef Milk All 1960 -36 -32 na na -40 na -38 1961 -23 -17 na na -40 na -33 1962 -21 -3 na na -44 na -33 1963 -13 4 na na -39 na -27 1964 -2 1 na na -23 na -13 1965 -18 -9 na na -35 na -26 1966 -6 10 na na -25 na -15 1967 8 -35 na na -38 na -30 1968 -25 -20 na na -38 na -32 1969 -16 -7 na na -39 na -28 1970 -16 -20 na na -25 na -22 1971 -11 -17 na na -13 na -14 1972 -30 -28 na na -31 na -30 1973 -42 -25 na na -35 na -35 1974 -63 -28 na na -28 na -39 1975 -36 -44 na na -42 na -41 1976 -40 -58 na na -19 na -34 1977 -9 -20 -16 -24 -32 na -24 1978 -19 -11 -15 -36 -14 na -17 1979 -13 -12 -12 -23 -3 na -8 1980 -11 6 -7 -25 -4 na -6 1981 -4 -15 -13 -9 -36 na -26 1982 -12 -14 -14 -26 -35 na -27 1983 -27 -28 -27 -33 -31 na -30 1984 -21 -22 -24 -24 -21 na -22 1985 -26 -20 -24 -25 -18 na -22 1986 -21 -32 -33 -32 -7 na -21 1987 -11 -25 -22 -22 -7 na -14 1988 -2 -2 -17 -14 -6 na -11 1989 -25 -30 -38 -39 -22 -3 -25 1990 -30 -31 -36 -39 -19 1 -27 1991 -6 -7 -12 -13 -5 1 -8 1992 -3 -3 -9 -10 -1 0 -4 1993 2 3 -5 -4 3 1 0 1994 -12 1 -6 -14 4 2 -3 1995 -2 -5 -9 -23 4 6 -5 1996 -8 -6 -5 -17 2 5 -4 1997 -14 -4 -5 -11 2 5 -4 1998 -14 -8 -10 -18 2 5 -7 1999 -10 -2 -8 -29 2 5 -6 2000 -14 -7 -8 -27 2 6 -6 2001 -3 -6 -3 -20 2 6 -3 2002 -19 -25 -30 -41 -4 -4 -24 2003 -23 -25 -28 -36 -5 -4 -23 2004 -24 -27 -30 -35 -5 -4 -23 2005 -26 -29 -29 -40 -7 -9 -24 Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Argentina, 1960 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1960 0 -38 -19 -33 -33 na -33 66 -60 1961 0 -33 -16 -29 -29 na -29 63 -57 1962 0 -33 -17 -29 -29 na -29 61 -56 1963 0 -27 -14 -24 -24 na -24 59 -52 1964 0 -13 -8 -12 -12 na -12 58 -44 1965 0 -27 -14 -23 -23 na -23 56 -51 1966 0 -15 -8 -13 -13 na -13 54 -44 1967 0 -30 -13 -26 -26 na -26 53 -52 1968 1 -32 -16 -28 -28 na -28 50 -52 1969 -1 -27 -15 -23 -23 na -23 48 -48 1970 -1 -21 -11 -18 -18 na -18 43 -42 1971 0 -14 -6 -11 -11 na -11 38 -36 1972 0 -30 -15 -25 -25 na -25 35 -44 1973 0 -35 -17 -29 -29 na -29 31 -46 1974 0 -39 -18 -32 -32 na -32 28 -47 1975 1 -42 -20 -34 -34 na -34 24 -47 1976 0 -34 -14 -27 -27 na -27 21 -40 1977 1 -25 -13 -20 -20 na -20 21 -34 1978 0 -16 -8 -14 -14 na -14 20 -28 1979 0 -8 -3 -6 -6 na -7 19 -22 1980 -1 -5 -4 -5 -5 na -5 19 -20 1981 0 -26 -13 -23 -23 na -23 19 -35 1982 1 -28 -14 -24 -24 na -24 17 -35 1983 1 -31 -16 -26 -26 na -26 17 -36 1984 1 -23 -12 -19 -19 na -19 16 -31 1985 2 -23 -13 -19 -19 na -19 16 -30 1986 0 -21 -8 -18 -18 na -18 16 -29 1987 -1 -13 -6 -12 -12 na -12 16 -24 1988 0 -11 -4 -9 -9 na -9 17 -22 1989 0 -25 -11 -21 -21 na -21 15 -31 1990 0 -27 -13 -23 -23 na -23 12 -32 1991 0 -8 -3 -6 -6 na -6 11 -16 1992 0 -4 -1 -3 -3 na -3 11 -13 1993 -1 1 1 0 0 na 0 10 -9 1994 -4 1 0 -3 -3 na -3 11 -12 1995 -4 -1 0 -4 -4 na -4 11 -13 1996 -3 -1 0 -3 -3 na -3 10 -12 1997 -4 0 0 -3 -3 na -3 10 -12 1998 -4 -2 0 -5 -5 na -5 11 -15 1999 -6 -1 0 -5 -5 na -5 11 -14 2000 -4 -2 0 -5 -5 na -5 10 -13 2001 -5 3 0 -2 -2 na -2 9 -10 2002 -1 -23 -20 -23 -23 na -23 3 -25 2003 -2 -21 -20 -22 -22 na -22 3 -25 2004 -1 -22 -20 -22 -22 na -22 4 -25 2005 -1 -22 -20 -23 -23 na -23 3 -25 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Argentina, 1960 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Sun- Non- Wheat Maize Soybean flower Beef Milk covered Total 1960 20 12 na na 43 na 25 100 1961 16 13 na na 50 na 20 100 1962 15 12 na na 48 na 25 100 1963 17 11 na na 47 na 25 100 1964 23 10 na na 41 na 25 100 1965 22 10 na na 43 na 25 100 1966 13 14 na na 48 na 25 100 1967 11 21 na na 43 na 25 100 1968 20 13 na na 42 na 25 100 1969 12 12 na na 38 na 37 100 1970 13 16 na na 36 na 35 100 1971 8 16 na na 38 na 38 100 1972 9 11 na na 46 na 34 100 1973 17 15 na na 36 na 33 100 1974 22 15 na na 30 na 33 100 1975 10 12 na na 44 na 34 100 1976 11 19 na na 37 na 33 100 1977 12 11 8 2 34 na 33 100 1978 8 13 9 7 31 na 32 100 1979 9 8 9 4 37 na 33 100 1980 15 8 8 4 37 na 28 100 1981 7 12 8 3 43 na 27 100 1982 9 8 9 5 42 na 27 100 1983 13 10 9 5 34 na 29 100 1984 8 9 17 7 31 na 27 100 1985 7 15 17 11 24 na 26 100 1986 9 11 16 9 28 na 27 100 1987 7 8 17 5 35 na 27 100 1988 5 8 29 8 23 na 27 100 1989 1 5 16 7 38 8 25 100 1990 10 5 23 8 23 7 24 100 1991 9 6 22 8 23 6 25 100 1992 9 7 18 5 25 12 25 100 1993 9 7 18 5 24 13 24 100 1994 9 7 21 9 18 13 23 100 1995 13 8 19 11 16 11 23 100 1996 12 9 21 9 15 11 23 100 1997 14 8 19 8 16 11 23 100 1998 9 9 23 9 16 11 24 100 1999 9 7 23 10 16 12 24 100 2000 11 7 24 7 17 10 24 100 2001 11 6 27 8 13 10 24 100 2002 13 8 36 6 9 5 23 100 2003 9 7 40 5 9 7 23 100 2004 9 6 39 4 11 7 23 100 2005 9 7 36 4 12 9 23 100 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Sturzenegger and Salazni (2007) Table 2: Annual distortion estimates, Brazil, 1966 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Soy- Pig- Poultr Rice Wheat Maize bean Sugar Cotton Coffee Beef meat y All 1966 na 44 -9 0 na -16 na na na na -8 1967 na 41 -9 0 na -5 na na na na -6 1968 na 38 -9 0 na -9 na na na na -6 1969 na 43 -9 0 na -6 na na na na -5 1970 na 69 -9 -3 -35 4 na na na na -9 1971 na 53 7 7 -45 -6 na na na na -8 1972 na 4 20 0 -78 -7 na na na na -35 1973 19 -30 -5 -24 -82 1 na na na na -36 1974 -3 5 -12 -3 -89 8 na na na na -49 1975 -4 39 0 -6 -84 -9 na na na na -37 1976 1 81 -5 -16 -36 -9 na na na na -11 1977 -13 115 -3 -23 -55 -29 na na na na -22 1978 -32 80 -17 -14 -40 -9 na na na na -21 1979 -7 14 -35 -19 -47 -30 na na na na -27 1980 -28 17 -37 -10 -68 -17 -43 1 na -21 -32 1981 -25 76 -35 -15 -61 -27 -43 14 na 6 -29 1982 51 107 22 1 -60 -11 -41 19 7 4 -10 1983 2 4 -26 -17 -64 -25 -57 7 -7 -20 -35 1984 -4 3 -48 -17 -66 -23 -53 36 1 -10 -34 1985 18 3 -45 -28 -59 -14 -27 -23 -9 -37 -33 1986 60 29 -14 30 -56 -15 5 35 -13 34 2 1987 -12 -4 -49 -23 -50 -32 -43 -21 -15 -29 -34 1988 5 -23 -38 -28 -63 -16 -46 -34 -52 -40 -38 1989 -52 -34 -23 -56 -48 -67 -14 55 -8 3 -31 1990 4 -7 -23 -26 -54 -35 -19 22 -48 18 -21 1991 9 -14 -29 -34 -49 -36 -23 -38 12 -24 -30 1992 11 -21 -31 -32 -30 18 20 -47 24 -28 -26 1993 7 42 -15 -24 -40 -6 26 -40 24 -21 -19 1994 -6 25 -18 62 -38 -23 53 -18 55 -11 7 1995 25 4 -5 -3 -25 9 3 6 2 0 -1 1996 15 6 4 -6 -12 8 5 4 2 2 0 1997 19 1 3 2 -2 8 10 4 5 4 4 1998 19 25 15 1 1 4 10 2 -4 -7 4 1999 7 5 2 -1 -13 4 6 6 1 6 2 2000 10 9 5 -2 10 12 4 -1 -5 -1 2 2001 16 -2 -14 -3 3 13 5 6 1 6 1 2002 11 -1 5 -14 -4 8 19 1 4 4 -1 2003 20 -3 -1 0 -1 22 3 6 2 1 2 2004 23 0 3 7 2 1 4 5 0 2 5 2005 19 -1 16 -2 0 7 2 2 3 2 3 Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Brazil, 1966 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1966 0 -8 -8 -8 -10 44 -8 na na 1967 0 -6 -6 -6 -8 41 -6 na na 1968 0 -6 -6 -6 -8 38 -6 na na 1969 0 -5 -5 -5 -7 43 -5 na na 1970 0 -9 -9 -9 -14 69 -9 35 -33 1971 0 -8 -8 -8 -13 53 -8 35 -32 1972 0 -35 -35 -35 -38 4 -35 36 -52 1973 0 -36 -36 -36 -44 8 -36 34 -52 1974 0 -49 -49 -49 -57 -1 -49 35 -62 1975 0 -37 -37 -37 -48 4 -37 34 -53 1976 0 -11 -11 -11 -17 12 -11 34 -33 1977 0 -22 -22 -22 -29 11 -22 33 -41 1978 0 -21 -21 -21 -24 -17 -21 39 -43 1979 0 -27 -27 -27 -32 -20 -27 38 -47 1980 5 -36 -32 -29 -33 -28 -29 39 -49 1981 5 -34 -29 -28 -32 -22 -28 35 -46 1982 4 -14 -10 -6 -19 49 -6 32 -29 1983 4 -39 -35 -33 -39 0 -33 31 -49 1984 4 -38 -34 -33 -35 -32 -33 30 -48 1985 3 -35 -33 -31 -35 -26 -31 30 -47 1986 10 -12 -2 2 -6 7 2 38 -26 1987 3 -37 -34 -28 -35 -31 -28 38 -48 1988 11 -49 -38 -28 -41 -29 -28 24 -42 1989 -15 -17 -31 -21 -30 -33 -21 18 -32 1990 3 -24 -21 -13 -22 -20 -13 13 -23 1991 3 -33 -30 -20 -33 -21 -20 11 -28 1992 8 -34 -26 -20 -28 -21 -20 7 -25 1993 5 -24 -19 -14 -25 -3 -14 5 -18 1994 4 2 7 10 14 -14 10 6 4 1995 2 -3 -1 5 -3 4 5 7 -2 1996 5 -4 0 4 -1 8 4 7 -2 1997 4 0 4 11 3 7 11 9 2 1998 5 -1 4 9 1 16 9 9 0 1999 5 -3 2 11 2 4 11 8 3 2000 3 -1 2 6 1 7 6 9 -3 2001 2 -1 1 3 1 13 3 5 -2 2002 3 -3 -1 1 -1 7 1 4 -3 2003 2 0 2 4 2 14 4 4 0 2004 2 4 5 7 4 16 7 4 3 2005 -3 6 3 4 2 14 4 4 1 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Brazil, 1966 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Soy- Pig- Poul- Non- Rice Wheat Maize bean Sugar Cotton Coffee Beef meat try covered 1966 na 1 20 2 na 9 na na na na 67 1967 na 1 22 2 na 7 na na na na 69 1968 na 2 19 2 na 10 na na na na 67 1969 na 2 21 3 na 10 na na na na 64 1970 na 4 27 6 19 11 na na na na 32 1971 na 5 22 6 21 15 na na na na 31 1972 na 4 14 6 33 10 na na na na 32 1973 9 2 13 11 28 7 na na na na 30 1974 7 3 10 8 36 5 na na na na 31 1975 12 3 10 10 29 3 na na na na 33 1976 13 2 17 17 13 6 na na na na 31 1977 10 2 11 23 16 8 na na na na 32 1978 15 2 15 16 16 6 na na na na 31 1979 11 4 17 16 15 6 na na na na 30 1980 11 2 9 9 14 2 12 10 na 3 27 1981 5 2 11 9 12 3 23 8 na 3 24 1982 6 1 8 9 18 3 9 9 2 3 32 1983 4 1 7 9 19 2 13 8 2 3 32 1984 3 1 12 11 18 3 9 6 2 2 32 1985 3 1 11 11 14 3 14 7 2 1 32 1986 4 2 9 6 13 3 4 7 2 3 46 1987 3 2 9 8 13 2 13 11 2 3 32 1988 4 3 10 12 13 3 10 11 2 3 31 1989 6 2 7 16 7 4 6 6 1 2 42 1990 3 2 9 10 13 3 6 9 5 4 37 1991 5 1 11 9 11 4 6 14 2 6 32 1992 3 1 13 9 10 2 4 15 2 6 35 1993 4 2 11 13 9 1 4 15 2 6 33 1994 4 1 10 9 8 2 8 9 2 5 43 1995 3 1 9 9 10 1 5 18 3 7 33 1996 4 1 9 13 11 2 7 18 3 6 27 1997 4 1 9 16 11 1 7 14 3 7 29 1998 4 1 7 14 10 1 10 13 2 8 30 1999 5 1 9 14 7 2 8 15 3 9 28 2000 3 1 9 16 7 2 7 17 3 8 26 2001 3 1 10 16 7 2 5 15 3 10 27 2002 3 1 9 20 7 2 5 14 3 10 28 2003 4 1 10 24 7 2 3 13 3 9 24 2004 4 2 8 23 6 3 5 14 3 9 23 2005 5 2 6 23 7 2 5 15 4 8 24 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Lopes et al. (2007) Table 3: Annual distortion estimates, Chile, 1960 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Wheat Maize Sugar Apple Grape Beef Milk All 1960 35 -28 na 4 6 -18 209 12 1961 20 -42 na 0 1 -13 204 9 1962 6 -5 na -1 -2 0 198 16 1963 -7 -18 na 33 34 3 198 13 1964 -3 -4 na 17 18 -16 198 3 1965 22 -2 na 14 11 -21 81 4 1966 52 -27 na -2 -9 -26 34 1 1967 -7 1 na 37 37 -27 17 -8 1968 -12 -9 na 33 30 -30 15 -14 1969 -19 3 na 31 30 -25 3 -14 1970 -1 -8 na 31 33 -19 39 -2 1971 17 -16 na 49 39 -16 13 1 1972 -6 -9 na 75 57 -38 -15 -16 1973 -68 31 na 11 3 -32 13 -16 1974 -39 -48 na 13 32 -18 13 -19 1975 -35 -51 69 -1 3 -1 25 -13 1976 -23 -19 -9 -1 -1 0 23 -6 1977 96 -17 10 -2 -1 0 0 15 1978 6 2 71 -1 -1 23 9 13 1979 -16 -8 55 -2 -1 0 54 3 1980 1 -13 26 -2 -1 8 17 6 1981 7 -9 -17 -2 -1 -1 -3 -3 1982 6 6 52 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 1983 3 -6 52 -3 -2 -1 -1 2 1984 22 -31 27 -4 -3 30 22 13 1985 20 -28 91 -2 -1 43 80 27 1986 41 -7 63 -1 -1 49 47 36 1987 24 -3 44 -1 -1 27 60 25 1988 -10 5 26 -1 -1 28 27 11 1989 -4 -19 21 -1 -1 18 13 5 1990 8 -28 12 -1 -1 -12 -1 -5 1991 40 -8 24 0 -1 20 10 15 1992 30 2 27 0 -1 31 23 20 1993 25 -4 35 0 -1 21 36 19 1994 35 5 6 0 -1 23 43 20 1995 17 5 -4 0 -1 26 18 13 1996 0 1 4 0 -1 16 9 6 1997 26 -4 13 0 -1 10 22 12 1998 42 3 35 0 -1 3 18 12 1999 40 6 63 0 -1 7 11 13 2000 35 4 54 0 0 6 22 15 2001 1 0 36 0 0 2 10 6 2002 3 3 41 0 0 10 0 6 2003 18 0 26 0 0 3 5 6 2004 2 0 15 0 0 -2 -2 0 2005 4 -2 15 0 0 0 -1 1 Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Chile, 1960 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1960 5 6 8 23 5 15 12 22 -9 1961 3 6 6 21 0 13 9 22 -11 1962 1 15 6 24 -1 20 13 44 -21 1963 1 11 21 35 34 11 18 40 -15 1964 1 2 10 25 17 2 7 40 -24 1965 1 3 9 26 13 5 8 37 -21 1966 -4 4 1 12 -4 3 1 28 -21 1967 -5 -4 17 17 37 -9 6 25 -16 1968 -5 -9 14 14 33 -13 2 26 -20 1969 -7 -8 13 12 30 -14 0 14 -12 1970 -2 0 17 17 32 -2 8 14 -5 1971 -3 4 23 22 48 -2 14 19 -4 1972 -9 -7 24 19 71 -16 11 38 -20 1973 -2 -14 0 2 10 -16 -7 60 -42 1974 -1 -19 10 -1 16 -20 -8 29 -29 1975 -4 -9 0 -4 -1 -11 -8 18 -22 1976 -2 -3 0 0 -1 -5 -4 14 -16 1977 -2 18 3 10 -2 14 9 10 -1 1978 -2 16 4 10 -1 13 8 6 2 1979 -3 6 4 7 -2 7 4 7 -3 1980 -3 9 5 8 -2 9 6 6 0 1981 -3 1 4 3 -2 3 2 5 -3 1982 -3 6 4 5 -1 7 4 5 0 1983 -5 7 7 6 -2 9 5 8 -3 1984 -7 21 11 14 -3 21 13 12 1 1985 -7 34 10 18 -2 28 18 12 5 1986 -6 42 8 19 -1 31 20 10 9 1987 -6 31 8 15 -1 25 16 10 6 1988 -5 15 5 8 -1 13 8 7 2 1989 -5 10 5 5 -1 9 6 7 -1 1990 -5 0 5 1 -1 1 0 7 -6 1991 -5 20 5 9 0 16 9 6 3 1992 -4 23 4 10 0 18 10 5 5 1993 -4 23 5 10 -1 17 10 6 4 1994 -2 22 4 10 -1 17 10 6 5 1995 -2 15 4 8 -1 13 8 5 3 1996 -2 8 5 6 -1 9 6 5 0 1997 -2 14 5 8 -1 13 8 5 2 1998 -2 15 4 9 -1 13 8 6 2 1999 -2 15 4 10 0 13 8 5 3 2000 -2 17 5 10 0 15 8 4 4 2001 -1 7 2 6 0 6 3 3 0 2002 -1 7 1 5 0 5 3 2 0 2003 -1 8 1 5 0 5 3 2 1 2004 -1 1 0 3 0 1 0 1 -1 2005 -1 2 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Chile, 1960 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Wheat Maize Sugar Apple Grape Beef Milk covered Total 1960 14 4 na 1 1 28 4 48 100 1961 15 5 na 2 1 27 4 46 100 1962 16 3 na 4 1 27 4 45 100 1963 23 4 na 3 1 29 4 36 100 1964 21 4 na 3 1 31 4 36 100 1965 14 4 na 2 1 26 5 48 100 1966 10 4 na 4 1 22 7 53 100 1967 13 4 na 2 1 21 8 52 100 1968 12 3 na 2 1 21 7 54 100 1969 14 1 na 3 1 22 8 51 100 1970 13 3 na 4 1 24 6 50 100 1971 11 3 na 3 1 24 9 50 100 1972 8 2 na 2 1 17 7 62 100 1973 5 3 na 4 1 17 9 61 100 1974 13 5 na 2 0 30 8 41 100 1975 20 8 3 2 1 13 8 45 100 1976 16 3 7 2 1 18 8 46 100 1977 7 3 4 3 1 17 9 56 100 1978 8 2 1 2 1 13 8 64 100 1979 10 4 1 2 1 17 5 60 100 1980 7 3 1 2 1 13 7 65 100 1981 5 3 3 2 1 13 7 65 100 1982 4 3 1 2 1 13 7 69 100 1983 5 5 2 2 1 14 7 64 100 1984 8 8 5 2 2 14 7 55 100 1985 9 7 3 2 2 9 4 64 100 1986 10 4 5 3 2 8 4 64 100 1987 10 3 4 3 3 9 4 64 100 1988 12 3 4 2 2 10 5 62 100 1989 11 5 4 2 2 11 7 57 100 1990 7 5 3 3 3 14 8 57 100 1991 5 3 3 4 2 10 6 66 100 1992 5 3 3 4 4 8 6 68 100 1993 4 3 3 2 4 9 6 69 100 1994 4 3 4 3 3 8 6 69 100 1995 4 3 4 3 3 9 7 67 100 1996 5 4 3 4 4 9 8 64 100 1997 4 2 2 3 5 9 7 67 100 1998 4 2 2 2 5 9 7 68 100 1999 3 2 2 3 5 7 7 71 100 2000 4 1 2 3 4 7 6 73 100 2001 6 2 2 2 3 7 8 70 100 2002 6 2 2 3 4 5 7 71 100 2003 5 3 1 3 4 5 6 72 100 2004 6 3 1 3 4 5 7 70 100 2005 4 3 1 3 5 6 8 69 100 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Valdes and Jara (2007) Table 4: Annual distortion estimates, Colombia, 1960 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Wh- Sor- Soy- Palm- Cot- Cof- Rice eat Maize ghum bean oil Sugar ton fee Beef Milk All 1960 77 37 -19 -4 10 -4 19 6 -20 -2 -3 -6 1961 75 47 8 -4 -1 -4 35 -5 -4 -2 -3 2 1962 48 31 -14 -4 10 -4 45 -13 -3 -2 -3 0 1963 36 18 -7 -4 4 -4 19 2 -16 -2 -3 -4 1964 83 71 19 -4 12 -4 55 8 -18 -2 -3 -2 1965 100 74 -12 -4 12 -4 80 -11 -25 17 -3 1 1966 45 44 -19 -4 0 -4 62 18 -32 -3 -3 -11 1967 6 47 -14 -4 5 -4 79 4 -29 8 -3 -8 1968 10 49 -10 -4 8 -4 82 3 -25 5 -3 -6 1969 0 50 -19 -4 13 -4 6 -2 -22 5 -3 -7 1970 15 48 -22 -4 16 -5 -3 -3 -26 -10 -4 -14 1971 20 25 -19 -6 4 -7 -20 -11 -23 -3 -5 -10 1972 -5 40 -3 15 -9 -3 -38 -10 -22 -14 -4 -14 1973 -38 -6 -12 -4 -41 -4 -55 -10 -21 -12 -4 -18 1974 -50 -14 -35 -15 -17 2 -80 -9 -17 -11 -2 -25 1975 -37 13 -30 -16 -8 0 -79 0 -17 1 -3 -22 1976 -20 11 -25 -16 -4 -3 -53 3 -28 9 -4 -15 1977 19 52 24 23 8 -1 16 -1 -34 19 -4 -17 1978 -12 86 -3 9 8 -3 26 -2 -23 12 -4 -9 1979 3 39 12 26 9 -3 39 1 -35 11 44 -10 1980 -5 32 28 26 17 -1 -53 5 -21 10 49 -5 1981 3 35 20 28 33 -1 -32 11 -20 5 92 2 1982 53 43 26 41 56 -2 101 20 -22 9 110 12 1983 41 40 4 20 35 -3 68 20 -21 6 121 9 1984 51 23 -7 15 57 -5 82 7 -27 -4 112 2 1985 55 19 8 25 53 -4 143 19 -30 4 70 2 1986 49 31 13 18 33 -4 59 36 -24 15 25 -2 1987 30 52 37 49 25 -2 17 7 -5 8 33 9 1988 56 53 7 16 12 -2 23 0 -28 3 -1 -7 1989 18 39 6 11 38 -4 -12 1 -10 -19 -1 -7 1990 10 64 3 5 35 80 -20 -13 -3 -25 -7 -8 1991 4 70 -12 0 19 21 -4 -7 -3 2 0 -1 1992 22 40 -16 4 13 23 3 13 17 47 3 18 1993 29 30 1 8 6 39 51 41 -5 10 35 16 1994 51 21 18 15 14 4 67 1 -36 11 60 6 1995 32 5 3 0 7 6 38 -7 -30 -1 49 1 1996 43 -12 -8 21 -11 20 57 5 -17 29 37 17 1997 79 13 12 18 -10 6 72 3 -26 5 57 8 1998 69 19 24 20 5 3 70 14 -19 5 51 11 1999 64 40 44 51 28 33 94 20 -14 -6 27 12 2000 66 57 39 35 27 51 119 3 -11 -20 113 20 2001 115 22 26 26 23 65 88 22 18 -24 103 25 2002 80 9 4 16 12 41 149 -3 25 -6 134 41 2003 78 4 8 7 -4 45 104 -1 9 17 76 38 2004 66 7 8 18 -26 34 99 7 -4 -11 57 19 2005 55 21 28 40 na 32 78 34 1 -13 84 22 Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Colombia, 1960 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1960 -2 -4 -2 -5 -16 13 -7 19 -22 1961 -2 4 6 4 -3 34 8 20 -9 1962 -2 2 2 1 -3 16 3 19 -14 1963 -2 -2 -2 -3 -12 10 -4 19 -20 1964 -2 0 4 0 -14 41 3 19 -14 1965 -2 3 5 3 -5 34 5 20 -13 1966 -2 -9 -3 -8 -17 11 -9 37 -34 1967 -2 -6 -5 -7 -11 -2 -8 32 -30 1968 -2 -4 -3 -5 -9 4 -5 26 -25 1969 -2 -5 -5 -7 -8 -6 -8 26 -26 1970 -3 -11 -8 -12 -18 -3 -14 29 -33 1971 -3 -7 -6 -9 -13 -1 -10 28 -30 1972 -2 -12 -7 -12 -18 -2 -14 24 -31 1973 -1 -17 -15 -17 -18 -26 -21 23 -35 1974 0 -26 -23 -24 -22 -42 -30 19 -41 1975 -1 -21 -18 -20 -22 -31 -25 18 -36 1976 -2 -14 -12 -14 -16 -20 -17 17 -29 1977 0 -16 -3 -14 -21 21 -16 20 -30 1978 -2 -8 -6 -9 -11 -6 -10 20 -25 1979 -1 -9 -1 -8 -18 21 -8 19 -23 1980 -1 -4 2 -3 -13 24 -3 19 -19 1981 -1 3 7 3 -10 43 4 18 -12 1982 -2 13 13 12 -5 72 14 22 -6 1983 -2 11 11 9 -6 64 11 29 -13 1984 -3 5 6 3 -13 60 5 31 -20 1985 -3 4 6 3 -11 51 4 26 -17 1986 -3 2 3 0 -8 27 0 23 -19 1987 -2 11 8 9 2 34 11 23 -10 1988 -2 -4 -1 -5 -13 13 -5 24 -24 1989 -3 -4 -3 -6 -14 7 -6 22 -23 1990 -3 -6 -3 -4 -15 4 -4 17 -18 1991 -2 2 0 1 -2 1 2 9 -7 1992 -2 19 7 16 25 4 20 6 13 1993 -1 17 10 17 10 28 22 7 13 1994 -1 7 8 10 -9 46 13 8 5 1995 -1 2 5 6 -11 34 8 8 0 1996 -1 19 11 21 12 29 26 8 17 1997 -1 10 10 13 -7 51 16 8 7 1998 -2 13 11 13 -3 50 17 9 8 1999 -2 14 9 13 0 36 16 7 9 2000 -1 21 17 20 16 49 25 7 17 2001 -2 27 21 26 20 67 34 7 24 2002 -2 42 21 34 41 40 45 8 34 2003 -2 39 20 31 37 40 40 7 31 2004 -2 21 14 18 16 35 23 6 16 2005 -1 24 16 20 20 42 28 6 20 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Colombia, 1960 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Wh- Sor- Soy- Palm- Cot- Cof- covere Rice eat Maize ghum bean oil Sugar ton fee Beef Milk d 1960 2 1 6 0 0 0 1 3 26 21 6 34 1961 3 1 5 0 0 0 1 4 22 21 7 36 1962 4 1 4 0 0 0 1 5 23 22 7 33 1963 3 1 5 0 0 0 1 3 21 20 7 39 1964 3 0 5 0 0 0 1 2 25 20 6 37 1965 3 1 5 0 0 0 1 3 23 19 7 38 1966 4 1 5 0 0 0 1 2 25 17 6 38 1967 5 0 4 0 1 0 1 3 22 16 6 41 1968 5 1 4 1 1 0 1 4 23 18 6 37 1969 4 0 4 0 1 0 1 4 22 19 6 37 1970 3 0 4 0 1 0 1 4 27 20 8 32 1971 3 0 4 1 1 0 2 4 21 22 8 34 1972 4 0 3 1 1 0 2 5 19 23 7 34 1973 6 0 4 1 1 0 3 3 20 20 6 35 1974 10 0 3 1 1 0 5 5 12 16 6 41 1975 7 0 3 1 1 0 8 3 15 14 5 41 1976 5 0 3 1 0 0 3 4 26 15 7 35 1977 3 0 2 1 1 0 1 4 52 13 6 16 1978 5 0 2 1 1 0 1 2 37 16 7 26 1979 5 0 3 1 1 1 1 2 37 17 5 28 1980 6 0 3 1 1 1 5 3 31 18 6 26 1981 6 0 3 1 0 1 4 3 28 21 6 28 1982 4 0 3 1 0 1 2 1 29 23 7 30 1983 4 0 3 2 1 1 2 1 31 22 6 28 1984 3 0 3 1 0 1 2 2 28 22 6 31 1985 3 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 31 20 7 30 1986 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 2 38 16 8 27 1987 3 0 2 1 0 1 3 2 26 19 8 33 1988 3 0 2 1 0 1 3 3 27 16 9 34 1989 5 0 3 1 1 1 4 2 17 19 10 36 1990 6 0 3 2 1 1 5 3 18 19 11 30 1991 3 0 3 1 1 1 6 3 18 13 9 43 1992 3 0 2 1 0 1 5 2 14 12 10 49 1993 3 0 2 1 0 1 4 1 14 14 10 50 1994 2 0 2 1 0 1 4 1 21 13 8 48 1995 2 0 2 1 0 1 5 1 21 14 8 46 1996 3 0 2 1 0 1 5 1 16 16 11 44 1997 2 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 21 14 8 47 1998 3 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 20 15 9 47 1999 4 0 2 0 0 2 3 1 16 17 12 45 2000 3 0 2 0 0 1 3 1 16 18 7 48 2001 3 0 2 0 0 1 4 1 12 23 9 45 2002 4 0 3 0 0 2 3 0 12 19 8 48 2003 4 0 3 1 0 2 4 1 14 15 11 45 2004 4 0 3 0 0 2 3 1 13 19 12 42 2005 2 0 2 0 na 1 3 1 11 14 7 59 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Guteman (2007) Table 5: Annual distortion estimates, Dominican Republic, 1955 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Rice Sugar Coffee Banana Bean Garlic Onion Tomato Poultry All 1955 87 -43 -69 -37 14 566 159 -21 163 -22 1956 131 -28 -65 -27 57 221 260 -18 170 -9 1957 99 -48 -69 -24 28 100 197 -25 159 -22 1958 60 -21 -71 -22 48 192 193 -11 178 -3 1959 43 -10 -65 -23 17 84 136 -35 172 1 1960 51 -34 -63 -21 39 344 246 -18 171 -7 1961 62 -29 -39 -28 28 390 161 -24 177 1 1962 150 -29 -33 -26 37 383 127 17 150 -8 1963 116 -42 -32 -29 37 200 153 -24 141 -17 1964 100 -7 -32 -31 91 246 158 33 121 5 1965 37 36 -32 -30 39 225 161 20 89 13 1966 11 6 -30 -43 64 129 72 -23 91 1 1967 19 7 -36 -28 61 164 76 60 78 6 1968 37 -1 -35 -38 55 146 215 86 34 6 1969 26 -6 -36 -18 47 164 276 60 24 0 1970 27 -2 -64 -44 127 10 26 123 184 -14 1971 21 0 -45 -18 17 29 53 82 40 -2 1972 13 -8 -55 -31 -9 33 20 79 21 -14 1973 -26 -27 -49 24 -9 51 70 113 72 -22 1974 -9 -53 -35 51 -2 57 16 -20 101 -37 1975 -4 -60 -1 109 63 44 54 251 82 -43 1976 -6 -11 -41 21 50 29 12 191 -10 -14 1977 30 16 -75 -34 65 110 83 30 -11 -20 1978 8 26 -65 -32 53 152 30 25 -11 -17 1979 16 18 -64 -36 40 89 217 120 -16 -13 1980 -13 -35 -47 -54 28 130 209 58 -19 -26 1981 45 -53 -25 -53 129 224 162 182 65 -21 1982 41 -32 -44 -49 84 123 66 39 -6 -14 1983 -12 -58 -67 -59 20 12 30 -14 -11 -41 1984 5 -76 -72 -53 71 14 42 -33 -25 -52 1985 68 -64 -61 -29 82 204 180 26 4 -25 1986 12 -68 -65 -48 49 130 268 83 -25 -41 1987 -28 -69 -48 -51 14 19 67 91 -49 -43 1988 -12 -58 -37 -58 54 145 128 119 -21 -25 1989 29 -82 -61 -63 9 198 -3 86 -41 -48 1990 86 -74 -42 -67 65 -19 108 103 -30 -20 1991 142 -74 -15 -54 110 239 77 60 -18 -12 1992 249 -66 -10 -52 132 374 253 123 -5 13 1993 204 -64 0 -44 206 260 214 98 -20 16 1994 72 9 -46 -45 210 285 334 93 -21 -1 1995 87 7 -27 -18 143 250 109 156 -23 9 1996 62 2 -14 -44 97 97 58 8 32 13 1997 53 15 -30 -15 90 246 177 8 28 8 1998 60 10 -19 -35 83 72 149 42 14 10 1999 77 -7 -15 -42 7 384 68 -53 8 6 2000 115 18 -11 -61 82 528 73 -38 6 20 2001 125 6 -43 -68 105 552 98 -8 3 9 2002 95 18 -36 -69 69 418 59 -34 5 3 2003 16 -21 -41 -80 31 108 42 -16 -15 -24 2004 61 -3 -2 -65 113 204 98 6 5 5 2005 105 73 -13 -57 197 306 276 1 36 28 * Cassava has a zero NRA throughout the period. Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Dominican Republic, 1955 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1955 0 -22 -22 -22 -50 96 -23 8 -29 1956 0 -9 -9 -9 -39 134 -10 8 -16 1957 0 -22 -22 -22 -50 107 -24 7 -29 1958 0 -3 -3 -3 -33 94 -3 8 -10 1959 0 1 1 1 -25 70 1 8 -6 1960 0 -7 -7 -7 -35 86 -8 8 -14 1961 0 1 1 1 -30 92 1 8 -6 1962 0 -8 -8 -8 -30 134 -9 8 -15 1963 0 -17 -17 -17 -39 115 -18 8 -24 1964 0 5 5 5 -19 111 5 8 -3 1965 0 13 13 13 -7 54 14 9 5 1966 0 1 1 1 -15 35 1 9 -8 1967 0 6 6 6 -7 39 7 9 -2 1968 0 6 6 6 -11 43 6 9 -3 1969 0 0 0 0 -14 33 -1 9 -9 1970 0 -14 -14 -14 -30 46 -15 9 -22 1971 0 -2 -2 -2 -11 24 -2 9 -10 1972 0 -14 -14 -14 -23 11 -15 9 -22 1973 0 -22 -22 -22 -28 -11 -23 9 -30 1974 0 -37 -37 -37 -49 3 -39 9 -44 1975 0 -43 -43 -43 -54 20 -44 9 -48 1976 0 -14 -14 -14 -21 0 -14 10 -22 1977 0 -20 -20 -20 -42 30 -22 11 -30 1978 0 -17 -17 -17 -33 15 -18 11 -25 1979 0 -13 -13 -13 -31 14 -13 11 -22 1980 0 -26 -26 -26 -40 -4 -27 11 -34 1981 0 -21 -21 -21 -48 65 -22 9 -28 1982 0 -14 -14 -14 -37 38 -14 11 -22 1983 0 -41 -41 -41 -60 -6 -42 12 -48 1984 0 -52 -52 -52 -74 9 -53 9 -57 1985 0 -25 -25 -25 -62 59 -26 9 -32 1986 0 -41 -41 -41 -65 11 -42 10 -47 1987 0 -43 -43 -43 -58 -26 -44 10 -49 1988 0 -25 -25 -25 -47 0 -26 10 -33 1989 0 -48 -48 -48 -73 -11 -49 12 -54 1990 0 -20 -20 -20 -61 36 -21 11 -28 1991 0 -12 -12 -12 -52 61 -13 10 -21 1992 0 13 13 13 -46 111 13 9 4 1993 0 16 16 16 -40 94 17 9 7 1994 0 -1 -1 -1 -25 47 -1 8 -8 1995 0 9 9 9 -14 45 9 8 1 1996 0 13 13 13 -11 56 13 7 6 1997 0 8 8 8 -13 54 9 7 2 1998 0 10 10 10 -10 44 11 4 7 1999 0 6 6 6 -19 43 6 4 2 2000 0 20 20 20 -12 59 21 4 16 2001 0 9 9 9 -33 63 10 5 5 2002 0 3 3 3 -32 51 3 4 -1 2003 0 -24 -24 -24 -49 4 -25 4 -28 2004 0 5 5 5 -22 41 5 4 1 2005 0 28 28 28 -10 81 30 4 25 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Dominican Republic, 1955 to 2005: (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Ban- Cass- Tom- Non- - Rice Sugar Coffee ana Bean ava Garlic Onion ato Poultry covered 1955 3 17 10 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 60 1956 3 15 9 6 1 4 0 0 0 2 60 1957 3 19 8 4 1 3 0 0 0 2 60 1958 5 15 7 6 1 3 0 0 0 2 60 1959 6 14 6 8 2 2 0 0 0 2 60 1960 5 17 5 8 1 2 0 0 0 2 60 1961 6 14 5 9 1 2 0 0 0 2 60 1962 2 22 7 5 1 2 0 0 0 2 60 1963 2 22 7 4 1 2 0 0 0 2 60 1964 3 15 11 4 1 2 0 0 0 2 60 1965 8 8 11 5 2 3 0 0 0 3 60 1966 8 12 9 4 1 3 0 0 1 2 60 1967 7 13 9 2 1 2 0 0 2 2 60 1968 7 12 9 3 1 2 0 0 2 3 60 1969 7 15 9 2 1 2 0 0 1 3 60 1970 6 13 14 3 1 2 0 0 1 1 60 1971 6 15 9 2 1 2 0 0 2 1 60 1972 5 15 11 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 60 1973 7 16 10 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 60 1974 6 26 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 60 1975 3 31 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 60 1976 8 15 10 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 60 1977 5 9 16 1 1 4 0 0 0 3 60 1978 7 9 16 0 2 2 0 0 0 3 60 1979 8 9 14 1 2 2 0 0 0 5 60 1980 8 14 10 0 2 2 0 0 0 4 60 1981 6 24 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 60 1982 6 15 11 1 2 1 0 0 0 3 60 1983 9 18 7 1 2 1 1 0 0 3 60 1984 6 23 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 60 1985 7 17 9 1 2 2 0 0 0 3 60 1986 6 13 13 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 60 1987 8 11 10 2 2 1 1 0 0 5 60 1988 5 7 11 4 2 1 0 1 0 9 60 1989 5 14 7 2 2 1 0 0 0 9 60 1990 7 11 9 3 2 1 0 1 0 7 60 1991 5 14 8 3 1 2 0 0 0 6 60 1992 5 12 7 5 2 2 0 0 0 7 60 1993 6 11 6 4 2 2 0 1 0 8 60 1994 5 9 12 4 1 2 0 0 0 6 60 1995 6 7 14 2 1 2 0 1 0 7 60 1996 7 10 11 3 1 2 0 1 0 4 60 1997 6 9 14 2 1 2 0 0 0 4 60 1998 6 8 14 1 1 2 0 0 0 7 60 1999 6 7 10 5 2 2 0 1 1 7 60 2000 7 7 9 4 1 2 0 1 0 9 60 2001 6 7 7 6 1 2 0 1 0 9 60 2002 6 6 9 7 1 2 0 1 1 8 60 2003 6 6 8 7 1 1 0 1 0 9 60 2004 8 6 9 7 1 2 0 1 0 7 60 2005 8 4 11 6 1 2 0 0 0 7 60 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: de los Santos and Pablo Peña (2007) Table 6: Annual distortion estimates, Ecuador, 1966 to 2003 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Soybe Coffe Banan Pigme Poultr Rice Maize an Sugar e Cocoa a Beef at y Milk All 1966 -5 26 42 1 -20 25 -31 0 2 289 -22 -12 1967 -26 26 51 -5 -17 13 -35 -13 15 322 -25 -16 1968 1 42 58 -7 -16 7 -35 -13 17 289 -4 -11 1969 4 19 52 -28 -23 -23 -38 -20 -9 240 -5 -20 1970 16 -15 20 -45 -37 -26 -38 -22 -7 189 17 -22 1971 6 53 -43 -38 -43 -18 -56 -21 19 239 -26 -32 1972 8 83 3 -34 -45 -15 -56 -24 -16 266 -47 -35 1973 -31 39 -43 -57 -35 7 -48 -31 -31 160 -46 -32 1974 -38 39 25 -61 -48 -29 -45 -49 -34 289 -39 -37 1975 -26 52 41 -63 -49 5 -54 96 -28 223 1 -26 1976 7 57 34 -28 -72 4 -54 99 -21 262 19 -24 1977 10 87 15 19 -79 -41 -52 96 -5 277 21 -32 1978 -4 89 35 59 -54 -21 -50 101 2 257 11 -12 1979 4 64 24 120 -56 -14 -52 -16 6 251 61 -10 1980 -10 63 27 -31 -23 -1 -56 -15 18 220 68 -7 1981 -5 50 23 -29 -43 -15 -62 58 47 440 80 4 1982 38 62 23 40 -54 -1 -20 125 40 446 63 25 1983 46 91 15 -27 -47 21 -35 83 29 249 39 17 1984 55 47 -28 -30 -30 -24 -22 59 32 222 41 11 1985 94 55 16 70 -46 -12 -40 97 45 218 54 15 1986 81 39 40 30 -29 -7 -46 76 0 99 29 6 1987 -18 72 16 -42 -1 -10 -42 35 -19 120 19 0 1988 -23 27 -39 -28 -54 -21 -51 -14 -18 58 40 -16 1989 -6 4 -10 -35 -13 -18 -9 13 16 33 -22 -9 1990 -16 7 7 -32 5 -20 -7 -19 -22 26 -25 -12 1991 -30 10 1 -15 -22 -18 -11 -11 -27 30 17 -9 1992 -17 9 -5 -35 -25 -33 -15 -21 -31 6 -4 -16 1993 -3 28 -5 -15 1 -8 -3 23 -11 15 24 5 1994 35 38 -7 21 -37 -4 -7 -4 -9 24 35 0 1995 31 23 -2 0 14 -17 -11 -2 -8 43 19 6 1996 37 5 -16 42 -6 -9 -7 7 -31 41 -7 0 1997 73 29 -1 33 -40 -3 -22 5 -34 38 2 -7 1998 54 51 -12 41 -40 -13 -24 35 14 24 32 7 1999 -19 42 -6 28 -36 -17 -19 -19 5 -4 -13 -15 2000 28 48 -6 22 -30 -4 -35 1 12 9 -4 -4 2001 92 55 35 -15 13 -11 -3 49 39 29 16 19 2002 12 56 26 38 13 -3 8 53 93 90 7 28 2003 27 41 -6 7 4 -9 1 24 58 -30 16 6 Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ecuador, 1966 to 2003 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1966 0 -12 0 -7 -14 -5 -12 2 -13 1967 0 -16 0 -10 -21 -8 -16 1 -18 1968 0 -11 0 -7 -19 6 -11 2 -13 1969 0 -20 0 -13 -28 -1 -20 -1 -19 1970 0 -22 0 -15 -34 7 -22 1 -22 1971 0 -32 0 -23 -44 -6 -32 -2 -30 1972 0 -35 0 -25 -41 -25 -35 -4 -32 1973 0 -32 0 -23 -35 -27 -32 -5 -28 1974 0 -37 0 -26 -46 -21 -37 -6 -33 1975 0 -26 0 -18 -47 8 -26 -1 -25 1976 0 -24 0 -17 -49 28 -24 3 -26 1977 0 -32 0 -24 -56 36 -32 6 -36 1978 0 -12 0 -9 -33 31 -12 7 -18 1979 0 -10 0 -7 -32 29 -10 9 -17 1980 0 -7 0 -5 -28 30 -7 2 -9 1981 0 4 0 2 -46 61 4 11 -6 1982 0 25 0 15 -26 80 25 16 8 1983 0 17 0 10 -29 51 17 8 8 1984 0 11 0 7 -27 47 11 9 2 1985 0 15 0 10 -27 76 15 15 0 1986 0 6 0 5 -28 45 6 12 -5 1987 0 0 0 0 -17 11 0 6 -6 1988 0 -16 0 -12 -45 7 -16 6 -21 1989 0 -9 0 -7 -14 -5 -9 3 -12 1990 0 -12 0 -10 -8 -16 -12 -1 -11 1991 0 -9 0 -8 -14 -5 -9 3 -12 1992 0 -16 0 -14 -20 -12 -16 -1 -15 1993 0 5 0 4 -3 13 5 4 1 1994 0 0 0 0 -10 15 0 7 -7 1995 0 6 0 5 1 11 6 7 -1 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 -5 1997 0 -7 -2 -6 -15 7 -8 5 -12 1998 0 7 -3 4 -14 30 4 9 -4 1999 0 -15 -3 -13 -18 -9 -15 3 -18 2000 0 -4 -4 -1 -19 7 -3 5 -8 2001 0 19 -3 15 2 32 17 10 7 2002 0 28 -3 22 5 41 26 13 12 2003 0 6 -3 5 -1 10 5 7 -1 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ecuador, 1966 to 2003 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Soybe Coffe Banan Pigme Poultr Non- Rice Maize an Sugar e Cocoa a Beef at y Milk covered 1966 4 1 0 7 10 5 18 4 3 0 12 36 1967 4 1 0 6 9 5 19 4 3 0 13 36 1968 3 1 0 8 8 6 20 4 3 1 11 36 1969 4 1 0 7 7 7 22 5 3 1 11 33 1970 3 1 0 6 9 7 23 5 3 1 11 31 1971 2 2 0 7 8 6 27 5 3 1 14 26 1972 2 1 0 6 8 7 21 4 3 1 16 30 1973 4 3 0 5 7 8 18 5 5 1 16 29 1974 6 3 0 11 8 8 14 5 3 1 13 29 1975 7 3 0 14 7 7 16 2 4 1 11 28 1976 5 2 0 5 19 8 15 2 4 1 9 30 1977 4 1 0 4 24 16 12 2 3 1 8 25 1978 3 1 1 3 15 18 12 2 4 1 10 29 1979 4 2 1 3 18 14 11 6 4 1 8 28 1980 6 2 1 8 11 12 13 5 4 1 7 32 1981 7 2 1 4 11 4 13 5 4 1 9 40 1982 4 2 1 3 13 4 10 4 5 1 11 42 1983 4 2 0 4 14 5 6 5 5 2 12 41 1984 4 3 1 3 15 12 5 5 5 2 11 33 1985 3 2 1 2 18 15 5 4 5 2 10 33 1986 5 2 1 3 21 8 8 4 5 3 11 29 1987 8 2 2 4 12 7 9 5 6 3 13 29 1988 11 2 3 3 20 7 5 6 4 3 15 23 1989 9 2 2 4 12 5 17 5 4 3 17 21 1990 7 2 2 4 10 5 21 6 5 3 17 19 1991 7 2 2 3 8 4 27 11 7 4 10 16 1992 8 2 2 4 6 4 27 10 6 4 14 15 1993 8 2 2 3 6 3 25 9 6 4 14 18 1994 6 1 1 2 15 3 23 9 4 4 12 19 1995 6 2 1 3 13 3 24 10 4 4 14 16 1996 5 2 1 2 11 3 26 8 5 5 15 17 1997 4 2 0 1 7 3 35 7 5 6 12 18 1998 5 0 0 3 4 2 28 9 5 5 14 23 1999 7 1 0 2 5 3 32 10 4 7 14 16 2000 7 2 1 3 5 3 18 12 7 10 15 17 2001 3 2 1 3 2 2 29 11 6 8 17 16 2002 4 1 1 2 1 4 25 13 5 6 18 20 2003 4 1 1 2 1 4 23 13 5 15 14 18 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Valenzuela, Sandri and Wong (2007) Table 7: Annual distortion estimates, Mexico, 1979 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Sor- Pig- Wh- Mai ghu Bar- Soy- Su- Cof- Be- Tom mea Poul Mil Rice eat ze m ley bean gar fee an ato Beef t try Egg k All 1979 -9 -13 -10 -25 -40 -2 0 -12 15 -55 -17 -13 188 -10 115 -3 1980 -16 -6 14 8 -9 25 -52 -7 15 -52 -9 -11 156 24 144 5 1981 -17 17 58 4 18 44 -2 -84 -12 -20 16 -6 178 32 220 26 1982 -4 -7 39 14 -48 29 0 -93 2 -43 -8 -33 158 -10 83 -3 1983 -30 -3 1 -20 51 31 4 -93 244 24 -50 -50 101 -16 59 -21 1984 31 42 19 12 71 104 22 -95 1 2 -38 -18 82 -29 204 0 1985 89 121 16 11 11 73 21 7 46 -51 -2 -9 108 -5 324 22 1986 -33 20 18 6 7 30 21 -68 -29 -35 -15 -57 44 -21 165 -8 1987 -22 18 64 18 -42 60 -5 -70 -31 -55 -33 -51 122 -1 105 -10 1988 -44 29 4 -13 -11 10 -19 -84 -21 -35 -13 4 99 10 40 -8 1989 -17 4 16 -14 -28 20 -13 -33 -53 -53 26 10 108 -15 93 10 1990 -11 48 27 -13 -21 7 18 -6 -17 -27 34 -6 161 -11 265 23 1991 9 77 42 4 50 73 85 -13 4 -57 32 1 136 -11 129 24 1992 15 47 30 0 47 30 88 -26 -11 39 43 16 81 2 116 38 1993 55 64 30 5 40 26 86 -28 -10 -31 48 4 103 15 195 34 1994 33 72 10 -16 25 -6 54 -45 -20 -41 30 17 90 15 170 25 1995 4 0 -14 -1 -40 -15 -15 -55 -45 -72 -20 -23 10 -15 24 -19 1996 8 30 -20 -21 -12 -10 33 -22 -21 -45 13 -22 10 -11 34 -7 1997 -4 17 -17 -19 -13 -16 41 -32 7 -32 31 -10 28 -6 63 5 1998 -1 40 -5 -15 4 -4 56 -32 -2 -33 24 9 24 -22 87 10 1999 12 38 -7 -18 -11 19 126 1 -4 -11 10 23 16 -27 95 12 2000 27 60 9 -6 -4 -8 105 -35 12 -18 12 -2 55 -21 85 17 2001 60 86 11 -11 2 21 97 -34 41 -41 -1 4 42 -13 96 16 2002 69 60 -6 -9 -8 -6 69 -28 -13 -39 14 23 72 -20 107 17 2003 17 51 -11 -11 -23 5 67 -27 -15 -47 -16 5 42 -16 79 1 2004 14 49 -18 -22 -1 -25 70 -45 -27 -40 -23 -13 27 -9 61 -6 Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Mexico, 1979 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1979 4 -7 7 -1 -28 13 -1 8 -9 1980 6 -1 24 9 -23 23 9 10 0 1981 11 15 39 30 -18 48 30 10 18 1982 7 -11 -8 -4 -38 13 -4 9 -12 1983 6 -27 -9 -19 -50 -3 -19 4 -22 1984 9 -8 11 3 -47 26 3 4 -1 1985 9 13 43 26 -21 46 27 6 19 1986 5 -13 -3 -7 -29 3 -7 2 -9 1987 5 -15 -1 -8 -46 15 -8 3 -11 1988 4 -11 -2 -7 -38 13 -7 5 -11 1989 4 5 12 10 -6 19 10 4 6 1990 8 15 35 26 6 35 27 5 21 1991 3 20 20 23 -17 46 23 5 17 1992 3 35 48 41 38 43 42 6 34 1993 6 28 33 34 2 51 34 6 27 1994 6 19 21 30 -6 40 30 7 22 1995 2 -22 -15 -15 -45 -7 -15 2 -17 1996 2 -9 -3 -3 -18 -2 -3 2 -5 1997 1 4 7 9 -6 10 9 4 5 1998 1 8 11 13 -9 19 13 4 9 1999 1 10 16 17 -1 21 17 4 13 2000 1 16 15 20 -5 28 20 6 14 2001 2 14 9 19 -20 31 19 7 11 2002 2 15 4 18 -13 26 19 7 11 2003 3 -2 -4 4 -30 16 4 7 -3 2004 2 -9 -10 -4 -31 6 -4 6 -10 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Mexico, 1979 to 2004 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Sor- To- Pig- Non Wh- Mai ghu Soy- Barl Su- Coff Bea mat mea Poul Mil cove Rice eat ze m bean ey gar ee n o Beef t try Egg k red 1979 1 4 11 4 2 1 3 1 3 7 23 14 2 4 6 17 1980 1 4 14 4 1 1 7 0 3 5 19 11 2 3 5 22 1981 1 4 13 5 1 1 4 3 5 4 15 11 1 3 4 26 1982 1 5 8 3 1 1 3 4 2 6 17 17 2 4 6 20 1983 1 3 13 4 1 0 3 4 1 3 22 16 2 4 5 20 1984 0 4 13 4 1 0 2 4 2 3 18 15 3 5 3 23 1985 1 3 16 5 1 1 3 1 2 6 17 13 3 5 3 22 1986 1 4 11 4 1 1 3 2 4 6 19 13 4 7 3 18 1987 1 3 8 4 1 1 4 3 3 10 20 12 3 5 3 19 1988 1 3 10 5 0 0 4 7 2 5 21 9 2 5 5 21 1989 1 5 10 4 2 1 5 1 3 6 20 7 3 6 4 24 1990 0 3 13 4 1 1 4 1 6 5 16 8 3 6 2 27 1991 0 3 11 3 1 0 2 1 4 11 16 8 3 5 4 28 1992 0 3 16 4 1 0 3 0 3 5 16 7 4 5 5 29 1993 0 3 16 2 1 0 3 0 5 10 14 6 3 5 3 29 1994 0 3 15 2 1 0 4 1 4 6 16 6 4 5 4 29 1995 0 3 16 3 0 1 5 1 4 9 16 6 5 5 5 20 1996 0 3 17 5 0 1 3 1 4 8 11 7 6 6 6 21 1997 0 3 15 4 0 1 4 1 3 7 12 8 6 6 5 25 1998 0 2 13 4 0 0 3 1 4 7 13 6 8 6 5 27 1999 0 2 13 3 0 0 2 1 3 7 15 5 8 7 5 28 2000 0 2 11 3 0 1 2 1 2 7 15 7 7 7 6 28 2001 0 2 11 3 0 1 3 0 2 6 16 7 8 7 5 28 2002 0 2 13 3 0 1 3 0 4 6 15 6 7 7 5 28 2003 0 2 12 3 0 1 3 0 3 6 18 6 7 7 5 26 2004 0 1 13 3 0 1 3 0 3 7 20 7 8 6 5 24 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Soloaga and Lara (2007) Table 8: Annual distortion estimates, Nicaragua, 1991 to 2004 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Mai- Sor- Soy- Grou Ses- Cof- Poul- Rice ze ghum bean ndnut ame Sugar fee Bean Beef try Milk All 1991 -10 2 -33 31 0 -39 2 -44 10 -10 94 65 -8 1992 -6 17 -13 52 -1 -42 44 -26 -11 -15 97 18 -6 1993 3 30 -14 8 -15 12 43 -20 86 -19 82 12 1 1994 -25 30 -19 10 -21 27 55 -42 -23 -27 70 19 -15 1995 16 0 -24 15 -30 -38 50 -62 -10 -21 86 26 -14 1996 -5 15 -25 -38 -18 -31 74 -37 -17 -38 33 6 -18 1997 23 26 -5 -37 -35 -15 62 -53 -12 -35 33 -12 -20 1998 32 31 0 -21 -37 -45 60 -59 13 -35 30 39 -16 1999 28 20 -4 0 -15 -42 60 -43 -7 -26 22 8 -13 2000 71 57 8 -5 -18 -47 52 -31 -16 -28 32 17 -6 2001 49 12 0 -2 -45 -30 35 -14 -31 -27 14 8 -11 2002 61 13 -23 -21 -30 -39 43 -7 -17 -24 33 -15 -8 2003 21 -12 -15 -30 -42 -43 35 -44 -34 -17 na 7 -16 2004 34 9 -20 -53 -37 -43 35 -19 -4 -16 na na -9 Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Nicaragua, 1991 to 2004 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1991 -3 -5 -8 -5 -15 12 -5 7 -12 1992 -3 -2 -7 -2 -14 13 -2 7 -9 1993 -3 4 -1 5 -8 19 5 7 -2 1994 -3 -12 -17 -10 -24 6 -10 7 -16 1995 -3 -12 -19 -9 -29 22 -9 6 -14 1996 -2 -15 -21 -15 -28 4 -15 5 -19 1997 -2 -18 -23 -15 -33 15 -15 6 -20 1998 -2 -14 -20 -12 -31 30 -12 6 -17 1999 -2 -11 -15 -6 -24 17 -6 8 -13 2000 -2 -3 -6 -1 -19 52 -1 6 -6 2001 -3 -8 -10 -4 -20 24 -4 6 -10 2002 -3 -5 -8 -3 -18 31 -3 5 -8 2003 -3 -13 -14 -10 -19 0 -10 6 -15 2004 -3 -6 -7 -2 -14 16 -2 6 -8 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Nicaragua, 1991 to 2004 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Non- Sor- Soy- Groun Ses- Cof- Poul- cover Rice Maize ghum bean dnut ame Sugar fee Bean Beef try Milk ed 1991 8 4 2 0 0 2 3 11 4 40 2 3 20 1992 10 5 2 0 0 2 3 7 4 42 2 4 18 1993 12 6 2 0 1 1 3 6 4 44 3 5 13 1994 11 4 2 1 1 1 3 9 6 43 3 4 13 1995 10 5 1 1 2 3 3 17 4 33 3 4 15 1996 9 7 2 1 2 2 3 11 8 33 3 5 14 1997 10 4 1 1 2 1 3 16 6 36 3 4 13 1998 10 4 1 1 2 1 2 17 9 34 3 3 13 1999 7 4 1 0 3 0 2 18 9 33 4 8 10 2000 6 5 1 0 3 1 2 14 11 36 4 8 8 2001 6 5 1 0 3 0 2 7 11 37 6 10 11 2002 7 6 2 0 3 0 2 6 9 40 5 11 10 2003 5 6 1 0 3 1 3 8 10 38 na 9 16 2004 5 5 1 0 4 1 3 6 8 41 na na 24 a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Source: Berthelon, Kruger and Saavedra (2007) Table 9: Annual distortion estimates for Latin America, 1955 to 2005 (a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent) Wh- Sorg- Bar- Soy- Groun Palm- Sunfl Ses- Cot- Cof- Rice eat Maize hum ley bean dnut oil ower ame Sugar ton fee 1955 87 na na na na na na na na na -43 na -69 1956 131 na na na na na na na na na -28 na -65 1957 99 na na na na na na na na na -48 na -69 1958 60 na na na na na na na na na -21 na -71 1959 43 na na na na na na na na na -10 na -65 1960 70 -22 -27 -4 na 10 na -4 na na -22 6 -21 1961 72 -9 -12 -4 na -1 na -4 na na -11 -5 -6 1962 61 -12 -6 -4 na 10 na -4 na na -18 -13 -5 1963 48 -11 0 -4 na 4 na -4 na na -33 2 -17 1964 86 -1 6 -4 na 12 na -4 na na 10 8 -19 1965 83 -11 -9 -4 na 12 na -4 na na 53 -11 -26 1966 29 14 -6 -4 na 0 na -4 na na 14 -11 -31 1967 2 9 -16 -4 na 1 na -4 na na 14 -3 -28 1968 14 -15 -12 -4 na 1 na -4 na na 11 -6 -25 1969 5 -8 -9 -4 na 2 na -4 na na -9 -5 -23 1970 18 4 -14 -4 na -1 na -5 na na -31 2 -30 1971 19 15 -3 -6 na 7 na -7 na na -39 -7 -26 1972 0 -11 6 15 na -1 na -3 na na -72 -8 -27 1973 4 -41 -11 -4 na -25 na -4 na na -78 -1 -25 1974 -16 -43 -19 -15 na -4 na 2 na na -87 4 -22 1975 -10 -7 -15 -16 na -6 na 0 na na -80 -7 -19 1976 -2 2 -16 -16 na -16 na -3 na na -34 -7 -35 1977 -8 44 -5 23 na -22 na -1 -24 na -49 -24 -40 1978 -28 19 -14 9 na -14 na -3 -36 na -33 -8 -27 1979 -5 -5 -22 -18 -40 -16 na -3 -23 na -33 -25 -37 1980 -25 -2 -10 10 -9 -8 na -1 -25 na -62 -11 -34 1981 -16 23 0 6 18 -11 na -1 -9 na -50 -20 -41 1982 48 13 21 19 -48 -1 na -2 -26 na -48 -8 -40 1983 8 -14 -13 -14 51 -16 na -3 -33 na -54 -19 -48 1984 10 8 -22 13 71 -16 na -5 -24 na -56 -19 -48 1985 34 35 -17 12 11 -22 na -4 -25 na -45 -10 -28 1986 48 11 -6 7 7 6 na -4 -32 na -41 -9 -23 1987 -8 3 -12 22 -42 -18 na -2 -22 na -40 -25 -33 1988 5 -2 -17 -9 -11 -22 na -2 -14 na -48 -12 -47 1989 -39 -16 -11 -11 -28 -50 na -4 -39 na -38 -62 -14 1990 7 1 -3 -10 -21 -27 na 80 -39 na -41 -31 -13 1991 9 24 1 3 50 -20 0 21 -13 -39 -27 -30 -14 1992 18 13 -2 0 47 -20 -1 23 -10 -42 -9 16 13 1993 17 31 8 5 40 -17 -15 39 -4 12 -10 3 8 1994 7 23 -4 -11 25 36 -21 4 -14 27 -11 -20 9 1995 28 1 -8 -2 -40 -5 -30 6 -23 -38 -15 6 -18 1996 22 4 -8 -19 -12 -6 -18 20 -17 -31 1 7 -6 1997 32 -2 -6 -16 -13 0 -35 6 -11 -15 11 7 -13 1998 30 7 3 -14 4 -3 -37 3 -18 -45 14 5 -5 1999 17 8 -1 -16 -11 -4 -15 33 -29 -42 23 5 -5 2000 29 9 6 -4 -4 -4 -18 51 -27 -47 36 11 -6 2001 48 14 -1 -9 2 -3 -45 65 -20 -30 29 13 5 2002 32 -2 -4 -8 -8 -21 -30 41 -41 -39 26 7 16 2003 28 -4 -8 -10 -23 -13 -42 45 -36 -43 19 21 0 2004 31 -7 -9 -21 -1 -8 -37 34 -35 -43 22 1 0 2005 27 -15 3 40 na -13 na 32 -40 na 8 9 1 Continued over Table 9(a) (continued): Ban- Tom- Pig- Poul- Cocoa Apple ana Grape Bean Garlic Onion ato Beef meat try Egg Milk 1955 na na -37 na 14 566 159 -21 na na 163 na na 1956 na na -27 na 57 221 260 -18 na na 170 na na 1957 na na -24 na 28 100 197 -25 na na 159 na na 1958 na na -22 na 48 192 193 -11 na na 178 na na 1959 na na -23 na 17 84 136 -35 na na 172 na na 1960 na 4 -21 6 39 344 246 -18 -26 na 171 na 27 1961 na 0 -28 1 28 390 161 -24 -26 na 177 na 26 1962 na -1 -26 -2 37 383 127 17 -27 na 150 na 26 1963 na 33 -29 34 37 200 153 -24 -25 na 141 na 22 1964 na 17 -31 18 91 246 158 33 -16 na 121 na 20 1965 na 14 -30 11 39 225 161 20 -21 na 89 na 14 1966 25 -2 -32 -9 64 129 72 -23 -19 2 147 na 0 1967 13 37 -34 37 61 164 76 60 -24 15 147 na -4 1968 7 33 -35 30 55 146 215 86 -25 17 88 na 1 1969 -23 31 -36 30 47 164 276 60 -25 -9 75 na -2 1970 -26 31 -37 33 127 10 26 123 -20 -7 187 na 8 1971 -18 49 -53 39 17 29 53 82 -11 19 115 na -5 1972 -15 75 -53 57 -9 33 20 79 -26 -16 108 na -17 1973 7 11 -43 3 -9 51 70 113 -28 -31 117 na -12 1974 -29 13 -42 32 -2 57 16 -20 -22 -34 192 na -9 1975 5 -1 -51 3 63 44 54 251 -32 -28 145 na 3 1976 4 -1 -51 -1 50 29 12 191 -6 -21 64 na 5 1977 -41 -2 -51 -1 65 110 83 30 -13 -5 89 na 2 1978 -21 -1 -49 -1 53 152 30 25 -1 2 78 na 1 1979 -14 -2 -52 -1 17 89 217 -55 -6 -13 164 -10 85 1980 -1 -2 -56 -1 15 130 209 -52 -2 -10 21 24 96 1981 -15 -2 -62 -1 -9 224 162 -20 -5 -4 49 32 139 1982 -1 -1 -22 -1 7 123 66 -42 -8 -24 48 -10 80 1983 21 -3 -37 -2 211 12 30 24 -22 -41 18 -16 70 1984 -24 -4 -26 -3 5 14 42 2 -11 -13 29 -29 136 1985 -12 -2 -38 -1 49 204 180 -51 -8 -7 25 -5 78 1986 -7 -1 -47 -1 -27 130 268 -35 5 -46 38 -21 53 1987 -10 -1 -43 -1 -29 19 67 -55 -17 -41 16 -1 61 1988 -21 -1 -53 -1 -17 145 128 -35 -14 -9 5 10 24 1989 -18 -1 -13 -1 -51 198 -3 -53 14 5 32 -15 23 1990 -20 -1 -11 -1 -16 -19 108 -27 8 -27 54 -11 38 1991 -18 0 -13 -1 6 239 77 -57 -4 2 21 -11 42 1992 -33 0 -18 -1 -6 374 253 39 0 15 6 2 33 1993 -8 0 -6 -1 -3 260 214 -31 0 9 15 15 57 1994 -4 0 -10 -1 -16 285 334 -40 5 31 19 15 57 1995 -17 0 -11 -1 -39 250 109 -71 -1 -11 4 -15 23 1996 -9 0 -9 -1 -19 97 58 -45 8 -14 7 -11 19 1997 -3 0 -21 -1 7 246 177 -32 8 -6 15 -6 33 1998 -13 0 -24 -1 1 72 149 -33 6 4 5 -22 39 1999 -17 0 -21 -1 -4 384 68 -11 4 14 10 -27 33 2000 -4 0 -38 0 7 528 73 -18 0 -2 20 -21 49 2001 -11 0 -9 0 28 552 98 -41 -1 5 21 -13 50 2002 -3 0 -1 0 -12 418 59 -39 5 20 31 -20 57 2003 -9 0 -8 0 -17 108 42 -47 -3 7 11 -16 38 2004 na 0 -65 0 -22 204 98 -40 -8 -8 11 -9 32 2005 na 0 -57 0 197 306 276 1 -2 3 3 na 20 * Cassava has a zero NRA throughout the period. Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates for Latin America, 1955 to 2005 (b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries (percent) Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA All Covered products Non- products Non-ag covered (incl Export- Import- tradables Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA 1955 0 -22 -22 -22 -50 96 -23 8 -29 1956 0 -9 -9 -9 -39 134 -10 8 -16 1957 0 -22 -22 -22 -50 107 -24 7 -29 1958 0 -3 -3 -3 -33 94 -3 8 -10 1959 0 1 1 1 -25 70 1 8 -6 1960 0 -17 -6 -13 -27 22 -17 26 -34 1961 -1 -12 0 -7 -21 30 -10 23 -27 1962 -1 -12 -4 -9 -22 27 -12 27 -31 1963 -1 -13 -5 -9 -21 20 -13 29 -33 1964 -1 -5 1 -2 -12 32 -4 30 -26 1965 -1 -11 1 -5 -15 23 -8 30 -30 1966 -1 -9 -6 -7 -12 12 -8 34 -32 1967 -1 -13 -3 -8 -12 3 -9 33 -32 1968 -1 -13 -4 -8 -13 4 -10 30 -31 1969 -1 -12 -4 -8 -12 1 -10 30 -31 1970 -1 -13 -6 -11 -16 10 -12 29 -32 1971 -1 -10 -2 -7 -11 8 -8 29 -29 1972 -1 -26 -14 -21 -27 -7 -24 27 -40 1973 0 -31 -22 -28 -34 -9 -30 28 -45 1974 0 -42 -34 -39 -46 -17 -41 26 -53 1975 0 -35 -28 -32 -42 -4 -34 25 -47 1976 0 -15 -10 -13 -19 3 -14 25 -31 1977 0 -20 -15 -19 -26 15 -19 24 -35 1978 -1 -15 -12 -15 -18 -10 -15 24 -32 1979 1 -14 -9 -11 -21 2 -12 18 -25 1980 4 -19 -10 -12 -24 3 -13 21 -28 1981 5 -17 -4 -8 -26 24 -8 19 -22 1982 4 -12 -6 -5 -21 27 -5 20 -21 1983 3 -27 -19 -21 -34 6 -22 17 -33 1984 4 -23 -16 -16 -31 8 -17 17 -29 1985 3 -15 -8 -9 -28 23 -9 16 -22 1986 5 -11 -3 -3 -13 9 -3 21 -20 1987 2 -22 -17 -15 -29 0 -16 19 -29 1988 5 -25 -17 -15 -30 0 -15 15 -26 1989 -7 -11 -20 -12 -25 -7 -13 13 -23 1990 3 -12 -5 -3 -18 11 -3 10 -11 1991 2 -8 -6 -2 -21 18 -2 8 -9 1992 4 -1 3 6 -7 19 6 6 0 1993 3 0 3 7 -11 30 7 6 1 1994 3 6 8 12 4 19 13 7 6 1995 1 -7 -1 0 -9 4 0 6 -6 1996 2 -3 2 3 -3 5 3 6 -2 1997 1 1 5 7 -2 14 8 7 0 1998 1 3 6 8 -3 22 8 8 1 1999 1 2 7 9 -2 17 9 6 3 2000 1 5 8 10 -1 23 10 7 2 2001 0 6 6 9 -2 30 10 6 3 2002 1 2 1 5 -6 25 6 5 1 2003 1 -3 -2 0 -8 15 0 5 -4 2004 1 -4 -2 -1 -7 9 -1 4 -5 2005 -2 1 3 1 -3 22 1 3 -2 a NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance. b NRAs including products specific input subsidies. c The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/ (100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively. Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates for Latin America, 1955 to 2005 (c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products, (percent) Sun- Rice Wheat Maize Sorghum Soybean flower Sugar Cotton Coffee Cocoa 1955 3 na na na na na 17 na 10 na 1956 3 na na na na na 15 na 9 na 1957 3 na na na na na 19 na 8 na 1958 5 na na na na na 15 na 7 na 1959 6 na na na na na 14 na 6 na 1960 1 10 7 0 0 na 2 1 11 na 1961 2 8 8 0 0 na 1 2 10 na 1962 2 8 7 0 0 na 3 2 10 na 1963 2 9 7 0 0 na 3 1 9 na 1964 1 12 7 0 0 na 2 1 11 na 1965 2 12 7 0 0 na 1 1 9 na 1966 1 4 12 0 1 na 1 4 6 0 1967 1 4 14 0 1 na 1 3 6 0 1968 2 6 11 0 1 na 1 5 6 0 1969 1 5 11 0 1 na 1 5 6 0 1970 1 6 13 0 2 na 7 4 8 0 1971 1 5 12 0 2 na 8 6 6 0 1972 1 4 9 0 2 na 15 5 5 0 1973 6 5 10 0 5 na 14 4 4 0 1974 6 6 9 0 5 na 22 3 2 0 1975 8 4 8 0 6 na 19 2 3 0 1976 8 3 12 0 9 na 9 4 7 0 1977 6 3 8 0 13 0 9 5 12 1 1978 8 3 10 0 9 1 8 3 10 1 1979 4 4 10 1 7 1 6 2 7 0 1980 6 4 9 1 5 0 9 1 10 0 1981 3 3 10 1 5 0 8 2 14 0 1982 3 3 7 1 5 1 9 1 9 0 1983 2 3 8 1 5 1 9 1 11 0 1984 2 3 10 1 7 1 9 2 9 0 1985 2 2 11 1 7 1 8 2 11 0 1986 2 3 8 1 5 1 7 2 8 0 1987 2 3 7 1 6 1 8 1 10 0 1988 2 3 8 1 8 1 7 1 10 0 1989 4 3 7 1 11 1 5 2 5 0 1990 2 3 9 1 8 1 8 2 5 0 1991 3 3 8 1 6 1 6 2 5 0 1992 2 3 10 1 6 1 6 1 4 0 1993 2 3 10 1 7 1 5 1 4 0 1994 2 2 9 1 7 1 5 1 7 0 1995 2 3 9 1 6 1 6 1 6 0 1996 2 3 10 1 8 1 6 1 6 0 1997 2 3 8 1 9 1 6 0 6 0 1998 2 2 7 1 9 1 5 0 7 0 1999 3 2 8 1 8 2 4 1 5 0 2000 2 3 8 1 10 1 4 1 5 0 2001 2 3 8 1 10 1 4 1 3 0 2002 2 4 8 1 13 1 4 1 3 0 2003 2 3 9 1 17 1 4 1 2 0 2004 2 3 8 1 16 1 3 1 3 na 2005 3 3 5 0 21 1 5 1 5 na Continued over Table 9(c) (continued): ... Non- Apple Banana Bean Cassava Tomato Beef Pigmeat Poultry Egg Milk covered 1955 na 4 2 2 0 na na 2 na na 60 1956 na 6 1 4 0 na na 2 na na 60 1957 na 4 1 3 0 na na 2 na na 60 1958 na 6 1 3 0 na na 2 na na 60 1959 na 8 2 2 0 na na 2 na na 60 1960 0 1 0 0 0 29 na 0 na 3 34 1961 0 1 0 0 0 31 na 0 na 3 33 1962 0 0 0 0 0 30 na 0 na 3 34 1963 0 0 0 0 0 30 na 0 na 3 35 1964 0 0 0 0 0 28 na 0 na 3 34 1965 0 0 0 0 0 29 na 0 na 3 35 1966 0 1 0 0 0 16 0 0 na 3 49 1967 0 1 0 0 0 14 0 0 na 3 51 1968 0 1 0 0 0 15 0 0 na 3 48 1969 0 1 0 0 0 16 0 0 na 3 49 1970 0 2 0 0 0 17 0 0 na 3 36 1971 0 1 0 0 0 18 0 0 na 3 37 1972 0 1 0 0 0 16 0 0 na 3 37 1973 0 1 0 0 0 13 0 0 na 2 35 1974 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 na 2 34 1975 0 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 na 1 36 1976 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 na 2 34 1977 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 na 2 30 1978 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 na 2 32 1979 4 0 1 0 2 16 4 1 1 3 29 1980 0 0 1 0 1 16 3 2 1 2 28 1981 0 0 1 0 1 16 3 2 1 2 28 1982 0 0 1 0 1 17 5 2 1 3 30 1983 0 0 0 0 1 17 5 2 1 2 30 1984 0 0 0 0 1 14 4 2 1 2 30 1985 0 0 1 0 1 12 4 2 1 2 30 1986 0 0 1 0 1 14 4 2 2 2 35 1987 0 0 1 0 2 16 4 2 1 2 30 1988 0 0 1 0 1 15 3 2 1 3 30 1989 0 0 1 0 1 13 2 2 1 3 37 1990 0 1 2 0 1 13 4 3 1 3 33 1991 0 1 1 0 3 15 3 3 1 4 33 1992 0 1 1 0 1 16 3 3 1 5 35 1993 0 1 1 0 3 15 3 3 1 4 34 1994 0 1 1 0 1 12 2 3 1 4 39 1995 0 1 1 0 2 16 3 4 1 4 32 1996 0 1 1 0 2 15 3 4 1 5 28 1997 0 1 1 0 2 13 3 4 1 5 31 1998 0 1 1 0 2 13 2 5 1 5 33 1999 0 1 1 0 2 15 2 6 2 5 32 2000 0 1 1 0 2 16 3 6 2 5 31 2001 0 1 1 0 2 15 4 6 2 5 31 2002 0 1 1 0 2 13 3 6 2 4 31 2003 0 1 1 0 2 13 3 6 2 4 28 2004 0 0 1 0 2 15 3 6 2 4 28 2005 0 0 0 0 0 13 2 5 na 3 33 * Barley, groundnut, sesame, palmoil, grape, onion and garlic are omitted due to very low shares (<0.5 percent of the gross value of regional production). a At farmgate undistorted prices, US$ Sources: Sturzenegger and Salazni (2007); Lopes et al. (2007); Valdés and Jara (2007); Guterman (2007); de los Santos and Pablo Peña (2007); Valenzuela, Wong and Sandri (2007); Soloaga. and Lara (2007); Berthelon, Kruger and Saavedra (2007). Table 10: Annual distortion estimates of nominal rates of assistance to non-agricultural industries by trade status, Latin American countries, 1955 to 2005 (percent) Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Import- Export- Total Import- Export- Total Import- Export- Total Import- Export- Total ables ables tradables ables ables tradables ables ables tradables ables ables tradables 1955 na na na na na na na na na na na na 1956 na na na na na na na na na na na na 1957 na na na na na na na na na na na na 1958 na na na na na na na na na na na na 1959 na na na na na na na na na na na na 1960 103 -3 66 na na na 38 0 22 44 0 19 1961 100 -3 63 na na na 38 0 22 44 1 20 1962 97 -2 61 na na na 77 0 44 43 1 19 1963 94 -2 59 na na na 69 0 40 43 0 19 1964 91 -2 58 na na na 69 0 40 44 0 19 1965 88 -2 56 na na na 63 0 37 44 1 20 1966 86 -2 54 na na na 48 0 28 61 1 37 1967 83 -1 53 na na na 43 0 25 54 2 32 1968 80 -1 50 na na na 45 0 26 49 2 26 1969 78 -1 48 na na na 24 0 14 49 1 26 1970 70 -1 43 52 0 35 24 0 14 55 1 29 1971 63 -1 38 51 0 35 32 0 19 55 1 28 1972 57 -1 35 53 0 36 66 0 38 51 0 24 1973 51 0 31 50 0 34 105 0 60 47 0 23 1974 46 -1 28 48 0 35 51 0 29 37 -2 19 1975 41 -1 24 47 0 34 32 0 18 38 -1 18 1976 37 -1 21 46 0 34 25 0 14 35 -1 17 1977 36 0 21 44 0 33 17 0 10 36 1 20 1978 35 -1 20 52 0 39 10 0 6 35 1 20 1979 35 -1 19 51 0 38 13 0 7 33 1 19 1980 34 -1 19 53 -2 39 10 0 6 33 -2 19 1981 33 1 19 47 -2 35 9 0 5 32 0 18 1982 32 -1 17 44 -1 32 8 0 5 34 2 22 1983 31 -2 17 42 -1 31 15 0 8 43 2 29 1984 31 -3 16 41 -2 30 22 0 12 50 2 31 1985 30 -4 16 40 -2 30 23 0 12 45 2 26 1986 29 -3 16 51 -1 38 18 0 10 48 1 23 1987 29 -1 16 51 -1 38 18 0 10 50 0 23 1988 28 1 17 34 -1 24 14 0 7 47 0 24 1989 25 1 15 26 -5 18 14 0 7 45 0 22 1990 22 3 12 24 -14 13 14 0 7 38 0 17 1991 19 4 11 17 -5 11 11 0 6 26 0 9 1992 18 4 11 13 -9 7 10 0 5 12 0 6 1993 17 4 10 11 -7 5 10 0 6 12 1 7 1994 16 6 11 14 -12 6 10 0 6 13 1 8 1995 16 6 11 15 -7 7 10 0 5 13 0 8 1996 16 6 10 13 -2 7 10 0 5 13 1 8 1997 16 5 10 14 0 9 10 0 5 14 1 8 1998 17 6 11 15 0 9 11 0 6 14 1 9 1999 17 6 11 13 -2 8 10 0 5 14 2 7 2000 15 6 10 13 1 9 8 0 4 14 2 7 2001 15 5 9 8 1 5 6 0 3 14 2 7 2002 14 -2 3 7 0 4 5 0 2 14 4 8 2003 14 -2 3 7 0 4 3 0 2 13 2 7 2004 14 -1 4 7 1 4 2 0 1 13 2 6 2005 14 -2 3 6 0 4 2 0 1 13 2 6 Table 10 (cont.): Annual distortion estimates of nominal rates of assistance to non- agricultural industries by trade status, Latin American countries, 1955 to 2005 (percent) Dominican Republic Ecuador Mexico Nicaragua Import- Export- Total Import- Export- Total Import- Export- Total Import- Export- Total ables ables tradables ables ables tradables ables ables tradables ables ables tradables 1955 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1956 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1957 20 0 7 na na na na na na na na na 1958 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1959 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1960 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1961 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1962 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1963 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1964 20 0 8 na na na na na na na na na 1965 20 0 9 na na na na na na na na na 1966 25 -3 9 8 -2 2 na na na na na na 1967 27 -4 9 9 -3 1 na na na na na na 1968 26 -3 9 14 -3 2 na na na na na na 1969 27 -4 9 13 -8 -1 na na na na na na 1970 28 -3 9 13 -6 1 na na na na na na 1971 27 -3 9 8 -7 -2 na na na na na na 1972 26 -3 9 -1 -6 -4 na na na na na na 1973 27 -3 9 -3 -6 -5 na na na na na na 1974 27 -3 9 -1 -8 -6 na na na na na na 1975 29 -4 9 12 -6 -1 na na na na na na 1976 30 -5 10 18 -5 3 na na na na na na 1977 38 -8 11 21 -5 6 na na na na na na 1978 33 -7 11 19 -1 7 na na na na na na 1979 36 -8 11 19 1 9 12 0 8 na na na 1980 35 -8 11 19 -7 2 12 0 10 na na na 1981 24 -2 9 35 -6 11 12 0 10 na na na 1982 38 -9 11 43 -3 16 12 0 9 na na na 1983 43 -12 12 35 -11 8 12 0 4 na na na 1984 23 -2 9 35 -10 9 12 0 4 na na na 1985 23 -2 9 47 -11 15 12 0 6 na na na 1986 23 -2 10 36 -7 12 12 0 2 na na na 1987 23 -2 10 25 -8 6 12 0 3 na na na 1988 26 -3 10 24 -8 6 12 0 5 na na na 1989 40 -11 12 15 -5 3 12 0 4 na na na 1990 30 -6 11 6 -6 -1 12 0 5 na na na 1991 23 -2 10 12 -3 3 12 0 5 11 0 7 1992 20 0 9 6 -7 -1 13 0 6 11 0 7 1993 18 2 9 12 -2 4 13 0 6 11 0 7 1994 16 2 8 14 -1 7 13 0 7 11 0 7 1995 17 1 8 15 -3 7 12 0 2 10 0 6 1996 12 2 7 9 -1 5 12 0 2 8 0 5 1997 11 3 7 10 -2 5 21 0 4 8 1 6 1998 8 0 4 18 -3 9 19 0 4 9 1 6 1999 8 0 4 5 -1 3 21 0 4 11 1 8 2000 8 0 4 9 0 5 18 0 6 8 1 6 2001 10 0 5 16 0 10 18 0 7 8 1 6 2002 9 0 4 20 1 13 17 0 7 7 1 5 2003 9 0 4 10 1 7 17 0 7 8 1 6 2004 9 0 4 na na na 15 0 6 9 1 6 2005 9 0 4 na na na na na na na na na Source: Spreadsheets of authors of Chapters 2-9 of Anderson and Valdés (2008). Table 11: Gross subsidy equivalents of assistance to farmers, Latin American countries, 1960 to 2005a (US$ million) ISO Code AR BR CL CO DO EC MX NI Total 1960 -428 na 90 -65 -20 na na na -423 1961 -356 na 87 50 2 na na na -217 1962 -405 na 100 8 -30 na na na -327 1963 -342 na 118 -50 -62 na na na -335 1964 -215 na 107 9 16 na na na -84 1965 -464 na 141 45 36 na na na -242 1966 -217 -247 91 -138 2 -37 na na -545 1967 -407 -188 129 -125 17 -51 na na -625 1968 -469 -179 115 -89 16 -34 na na -639 1969 -474 -144 95 -129 -2 -64 na na -717 1970 -424 -217 132 -265 -62 -78 na na -913 1971 -267 -215 195 -188 -9 -109 na na -594 1972 -564 -1613 200 -304 -77 -141 na na -2498 1973 -1206 -2965 19 -570 -165 -152 na na -5037 1974 -1616 -7646 -7 -1090 -411 -250 na na -11019 1975 -1968 -5720 -38 -888 -655 -190 na na -9458 1976 -724 -1124 -3 -676 -126 -191 na na -2844 1977 -1009 -3483 153 -895 -159 -334 na na -5727 1978 -765 -2733 145 -553 -149 -120 na na -4176 1979 -516 -3907 131 -548 -101 -102 -190 na -5233 1980 -396 -9164 201 -231 -342 -78 1590 na -8420 1981 -2333 -9458 102 260 -422 36 5731 na -6084 1982 -2071 -1621 127 904 -158 213 -653 na -3259 1983 -2163 -8466 129 701 -444 123 -3026 na -13145 1984 -1924 -9792 256 254 -786 106 525 na -11361 1985 -1148 -8830 317 217 -329 152 4192 na -5429 1986 -1213 579 397 -27 -563 70 -1028 na -1785 1987 -770 -8401 361 614 -423 4 -1250 na -9866 1988 -678 -6997 201 -386 -237 -200 -1102 na -9399 1989 -1849 -10242 155 -450 -509 -134 1882 na -11147 1990 -1999 -4213 24 -275 -238 -175 4961 na -1915 1991 -519 -5593 329 142 -152 -175 4819 -39 -1189 1992 -297 -5462 438 1445 141 -307 8429 -17 4369 1993 39 -4152 414 1496 190 106 7413 42 5548 1994 -282 4466 457 1204 -15 -2 6471 -98 12201 1995 -469 2045 428 853 130 141 -3334 -92 -298 1996 -467 1678 339 2342 185 -4 -764 -168 3141 1997 -491 4169 476 1593 140 -234 2166 -187 7632 1998 -789 3761 491 1555 164 117 3068 -147 8220 1999 -628 3185 485 1096 93 -356 3837 -71 7641 2000 -625 1877 551 1619 273 -23 4792 -10 8454 2001 -304 922 279 2018 145 467 4935 -54 8409 2002 -3433 318 265 2403 40 733 4608 -42 4891 2003 -4251 1530 254 1966 -350 169 1116 -150 284 2004 -4430 3236 166 1522 75 na -1146 -27 -604 2005 -4930 2404 203 2737 520 na na na 933 Source: Spreadsheets of authors of Chapters 2-9 of Anderson and Valdés (2008). Table 12: Share of regional value of agricultural production, Latin American studied countries, 1960 to 2004a (percent) ISO AR BR CL CO DO EC MX NI TOTAL, Code studied countries 1960 38.8 na 11.7 41.5 8.1 na na na 100.0 1961 37.1 na 12.9 42.9 7.0 na na na 100.0 1962 38.3 na 11.3 40.5 9.9 na na na 100.0 1963 39.8 na 9.4 40.6 10.2 na na na 100.0 1964 40.8 na 9.6 42.0 7.6 na na na 100.0 1965 44.5 na 12.3 37.1 6.1 na na na 100.0 1966 20.7 38.0 9.5 21.6 3.8 6.4 na na 100.0 1967 18.7 40.9 9.2 22.0 3.4 5.8 na na 100.0 1968 21.1 36.1 10.2 23.0 3.6 6.0 na na 100.0 1969 23.6 35.8 8.9 22.2 4.0 5.5 na na 100.0 1970 27.5 27.4 8.8 25.3 5.0 6.0 na na 100.0 1971 26.9 29.6 9.6 24.0 4.7 5.1 na na 100.0 1972 19.5 39.8 9.1 22.2 4.6 4.9 na na 100.0 1973 22.9 45.5 5.6 18.3 4.1 3.7 na na 100.0 1974 17.8 55.1 4.1 15.8 3.9 3.3 na na 100.0 1975 19.7 53.3 3.1 15.2 5.2 3.5 na na 100.0 1976 12.6 50.0 5.4 22.3 4.3 5.4 na na 100.0 1977 16.1 51.9 4.8 20.2 2.6 4.5 na na 100.0 1978 19.2 45.2 5.2 22.5 3.1 4.7 na na 100.0 1979 16.8 31.1 4.0 15.3 1.7 3.0 28.1 na 100.0 1980 11.0 45.3 3.7 11.1 1.9 2.4 24.6 na 100.0 1981 13.1 43.7 4.0 9.9 2.5 2.0 24.7 na 100.0 1982 14.1 41.0 4.1 12.0 1.9 2.3 24.6 na 100.0 1983 13.5 41.3 3.3 12.2 1.7 2.0 25.9 na 100.0 1984 14.3 43.3 2.7 10.8 2.2 2.1 24.6 na 100.0 1985 9.6 45.9 2.9 11.1 2.2 2.5 25.8 na 100.0 1986 11.7 42.7 3.6 12.3 2.3 2.6 24.8 na 100.0 1987 10.2 47.0 3.8 11.2 1.5 2.2 24.2 na 100.0 1988 12.4 39.7 4.0 13.0 1.5 2.6 26.7 na 100.0 1989 9.5 54.9 3.2 9.0 1.2 2.0 20.3 na 100.0 1990 11.5 44.7 4.2 10.2 1.6 2.5 25.3 na 100.0 1991 10.8 37.6 5.1 12.7 1.6 3.0 28.2 1.0 100.0 1992 12.5 36.5 5.9 12.1 1.5 3.0 27.4 1.0 100.0 1993 12.2 37.9 5.3 11.3 1.5 3.0 27.7 1.0 100.0 1994 11.3 44.7 4.6 11.7 1.6 3.1 22.1 1.0 100.0 1995 12.9 41.3 5.3 13.3 1.5 3.0 21.8 1.0 100.0 1996 14.2 40.0 5.2 10.7 1.4 3.5 23.9 1.1 100.0 1997 14.6 38.1 5.4 12.3 1.6 3.7 23.0 1.2 100.0 1998 15.6 39.7 5.4 11.5 1.5 2.6 22.5 1.2 100.0 1999 15.3 34.5 6.0 10.1 1.9 3.3 27.5 1.4 100.0 2000 15.2 36.7 6.1 9.4 1.6 2.6 27.1 1.4 100.0 2001 15.9 34.4 5.3 8.6 1.8 3.5 29.2 1.4 100.0 2002 16.6 35.5 5.5 7.8 1.7 3.7 27.9 1.4 100.0 2003 18.3 38.7 5.0 6.0 1.4 3.6 25.6 1.4 100.0 2004 17.0 41.1 5.4 7.1 1.3 na 26.9 1.2 100.0 a The shares of studied countries in part (a) have been `scaled down' in part (b) to account for the fact that the studied countries are not all countries of the region, the assumption being that the share for the non-studied group of countries at undistorted prices is the same as its share of regional agricultural value added at distorted prices (from the World Bank's World Development Indicators). Source: Spreadsheets of authors of Chapters 2-9 of Anderson and Valdés (2008). Table 13: Summary of NRA data for studied Latin American countries Country ISO Max. Maximum Number 2000-04 Code number number of of NRA of years products observ- Weighted Standard Gross ations average deviation value of NRAa NRAa productionb Argentina AR 46 6 213 -14.9 12.6 16.2 Brazil BR 40 10 331 4.1 7.6 36.6 Chile CL 46 7 307 5.8 13.3 5.3 Colombia CO 46 11 505 25.9 46.0 7.5 Dominican Rep. DO 51 10 510 2.5 132.8 1.5 Ecuador EC 38 11 418 10.1 29.6 3.1 Mexico MX 26 15 390 11.6 41.1 26.6 Nicaragua NI 14 12 165 -4.2 27.7 1.3 All LA studied countriesc 51 27 2839 4.8 23.9 98.1 a Weighted average NRA and standard deviation NRA for covered products, in percent, using the gross value of production at undistorted prices as weights. b Gross value of production at undistorted prices, in current US$ billions. c The regional averages are weighted using the 5-year average annual value of production by country. Source: Chapters 2-9 of Anderson and Valdés (2008). Table 14: Summary of NRA data by major product, Latin American region, 2000-04 2000-04 Product Number Unweighed Weighted Gross Countries included of average Average value of (by ISO Code) countries NRA, % NRA, % a production Apple 1 -0.2 -0.2 0.15 CL Banana 2 -43.7 -24.3 0.69 DO, EC Barley 1 -6.8 -6.8 0.18 MX Bean 3 19.8 -3.3 0.88 DO, MX, NI Beef 7 -0.7 -1.3 14.30 AR, BR, CL, CO, EC, MX, NI Cassava 1 0.0 0.0 0.02 DO Cocoa 1 -6.7 -6.7 0.08 EC Coffee 6 -11.9 3.3 3.20 BR, CO, DO, EC, MX, NI Cotton 2 8.4 10.7 0.86 BR, CO Egg 1 -15.7 -15.7 1.84 MX Garlic 1 361.9 361.9 0.00 DO Grape 1 -0.4 -0.4 0.20 CL Groundnut 1 -34.5 -34.5 0.04 NI Maize 7 7.4 -3.1 8.07 AR, BR, CL, CO, EC, MX, NI Milk 6 35.1 45.3 4.26 AR, CL, CO, EC, MX, NI Onion 1 74.0 74.0 0.01 DO Palmoil 1 47.4 47.4 0.14 CO Pigmeat 3 14.3 4.5 2.93 BR, EC, MX Poultry 5 18.2 18.8 5.78 BR, DO, EC, MX, NI Rice 6 50.7 33.7 1.87 BR, CO, DO, EC, MX, NI Sesame 1 -40.5 -40.5 0.01 NI Sorghum 3 -0.4 -10.3 0.87 CO, MX, NI Soybean 6 -6.0 -9.9 13.00 AR, BR, CO, EC, MX, NI Sugar 7 41.6 26.5 3.71 BR, CL, CO, DO, EC, MX, NI Sunflower 1 -31.9 -31.9 0.91 AR Tomato 2 -27.5 -37.0 1.68 DO, MX Wheat 5 15.3 2.0 2.91 AR, BR, CL, CO, MX All covered products 8 4.1 2.7 68.6 a Gross value of production at undistorted prices (US$billion). Table 15: Shares of global production, consumption and trade of covered products, Latin American countries, 2000-2004 (percent) (a) Production (Q) and consumption (C) volume Total, Dominican Total, Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Nicaragua studied Rep. World countries Apple C 0.1 0.1 100.0 Q 1.9 1.9 100.0 Banana C 0.5 2.4 2.9 100.0 Q 0.6 8.4 9.0 100.0 Barley C 0.8 0.8 100.0 Q 0.6 0.6 100.0 Bean C 0.3 7.1 0.9 8.3 100.0 Q 0.1 6.7 1.0 7.9 100.0 Beef C 3.8 10.3 0.5 1.2 0.3 3.1 0.0 19.2 100.0 Q 4.5 7.9 0.6 2.4 0.3 4.7 0.6 21.0 100.0 Cassava C 0.1 0.1 100.0 Q 0.1 0.1 100.0 Cocoa C 0.4 0.4 100.0 Q 2.7 2.7 100.0 Coconut C 0.0 100.0 Q 0.0 100.0 Coffee C 4.3 0.9 0.5 1.1 1.8 0.3 8.9 100.0 Q 29.1 11.5 1.1 0.8 4.5 0.9 47.9 100.0 Cotton1 C 4.0 0.3 4.3 100.0 Q 4.9 0.2 5.1 100.0 Egg C 3.2 3.2 100.0 Q 3.2 3.2 100.0 Grape C 1.6 1.6 100.0 Q 1.6 1.6 100.0 Groundnut C 0.1 0.1 100.0 Q 0.2 0.2 100.0 Maize C 0.7 6.4 0.3 0.5 0.1 3.9 0.1 12.0 100.0 Q 2.5 6.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 3.2 0.1 12.7 100.0 Milk C 1.4 0.3 1.0 0.4 1.8 0.1 5.1 100.0 Q 1.5 0.4 1.1 0.4 1.6 0.1 5.1 100.0 Oat C 0.0 100.0 Q 0.0 100.0 Pigmeat C 2.5 0.1 1.4 4.0 100.0 Q 1.8 0.1 1.5 3.4 100.0 Poultry C 7.5 0.3 0.3 3.4 0.1 11.5 100.0 Q 10.0 0.2 0.3 3.5 0.1 14.2 100.0 Rice C 2.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 3.0 100.0 Q 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.7 100.0 Sorghum C 0.4 18.0 0.2 18.6 100.0 Q 0.4 10.8 0.2 11.4 100.0 Soybean C 11.9 14.4 0.3 0.0 2.4 0.0 29.1 100.0 Q 16.2 24.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 40.6 100.0 Sugar2 C 27.5 1.3 2.7 0.4 0.4 3.5 0.3 34.8 100.0 Q 23.6 1.1 1.6 0.4 0.4 3.5 0.3 29.7 100.0 Sunflower C 14.6 14.6 100.0 Q 18.5 18.5 100.0 Tobacco C 0.0 100.0 Q 0.0 100.0 Wheat C 0.9 1.7 0.4 0.2 1.0 4.1 100.0 Q 2.5 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.5 3.9 100.0 Notes: (1) For this calculation, Cottonseed + Cotton lint volume was used as a proxy of cotton primary product; (2) Sugar beet in Chile, and sugar cane in other countries.