76193 REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE Ministério das Obras Públicas e Habitação WATER SUPPLY AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Identification of the Project: P0104566 Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final Report January 2013 COWI Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA Contact of the Proponent Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de �gua (FIPAG) Avenida Felipe Samuel Magaia, Nº 1291 Maputo, Moçambique Tel: +258 21308840 / 308815 Fax: +258 21 308881 www.fipag.co.mz Contacts of the Consultants In order to ensure the environmental sustainability of the activities in this Project, FIPAG selected through a public tender FICHTNER in partnership with COWI (Mozambique) as consultants to conduct the Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme within the Water Supply and Institutional Support Project. COWI (Mozambique) FICHTNER Av. Zedequias Manganhela, N. 95 Sarweystraße 3 � 70191 Stuttgart 1.º Andar Postfach 10 14 54 � 70013 Stuttgart Maputo-Cidade, Moçambique Tel.: 0711 8995-418 (Dr. Miller) Tel.: +258 21 358 351 Fax: 0711 8995-459 Fax: +258 21 307 369 Werner.Miller@Fichtner.de Cellular phone: 82 315 1190/82 311 6530 www.fichtner.de Direct contact: Direct contact: Yara Barreto (Team Leader) Dr. Hans G. Back (Project Manager) Tel.: +258 82 20 50 0749 Tel: +258 82 66 85 002 E-Mail: yaba@cowi.co.mz E-Mail: h.back@gefaoe.de 7753P01 COWI/FICHTNER I Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA The whole set of Environmental Impact Reports contains the following volumes: Vol. 1: Non-Technical Summary (NTS) Vol. 2: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Vol. 3: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Vol. 4: Bio-Physical Specialized Study Vol. 5: Socio-Economic Specialized Study Vol. 6: Health and Safety Specialized Study Vol. 7: Surface Water Specialized Study Vol. 8: Public Participation Process Report Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA Executive Summary Introduction The Greater Maputo Area is growing rapidly and neighbouring districts are more and more absorbed. The integration of these adjacent areas will nearly triple the service area and the population to be served will double up to 2035 reaching a total of 4,000,000 inhabitants. As a consequence, the water demand will grow drastically and will exceed the present water production capacity between 2016 and 2019 for the actually served areas. It is realized that the extension of the water supply scheme for Greater Maputo area is of paramount interest with respect to reliable and full provision of the population with potable water. Therefore the Government of Mozambique (GOM) is recently undertaking an investment program of urban water provision which includes the rehabilitation and extension of the water supply systems. GOM’s implementation agency for the new urban water program is the Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de �gua (FIPAG, Water Supply Investment and Assets Fund) and the presented Project to develop a new source for drinking water supply to the Greater Maputo Area is part of this investment program. Project Description The project is located in Maputo province and crosses a number of human settlements, of both rural and peri-urban nature, in the Moamba District and the Machava Municipal Administrative Post (Matola Municipality). Within this Project it is foreseen to take 60,000 m³/d from Corumana Dam Reservoir in a first step, to treat it at a new Water Treatment Plant near Sabie and pump it to Machava Distribution Center. These 60,000 m³/d drinking water shall be available until 2017. Additional 60,000 m³/d shall be added until 2024, thus the full intended capacity of 120,000 m³/d will be reached then. Main parts of the projected installations are: 1. About 94 km main from Corumana Dam site to Machava Distribution Center 2. Pumping station near Corumana Dam (1 ha land needed) 3. Water treatment plant north-west of Sabié (10 ha needed including sludge storage site) 4. Area for control tanks south of Pessene (1 ha land needed) 5. Several off-takes along the corridor (not all determined yet) 6. Access roads 7. Medium voltage overhead lines to pumping station and to WTP site. 1 Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA There is no other feasible alternative to the Project if the drinking water demand in the Greater Maputo Area beyond 2015 is met. The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process The Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) has classified this Project as a Category A activity, making it necessary to carry out a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process aims to identify the Project’s possible impacts on the environment and to develop mitigation measures to the impacts identified as well as their monitoring as to support the decision making regarding the environmental licensing of an activity. In the process are included the screening, the scoping of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and the phase of environmental impact assessment and environmental and social management plan. In the scoping phase different alternatives concerning pipeline routing, location of pumping station, water treatment plant and extraction point have been analysed. The other component of the ESIA process, whose importance is highlighted in the applicable legislation, is the Public Participation Process (PPP). Public participation is crucial, since it allows I&AP's to be informed about the various aspects that characterize the development of the Project while it can identify the expectations and concerns of those IA&P's during the ESIA. Baseline Data The land uses in the investigation area varies from dense settlement areas between Machava and Matola Gare to mainly agriculture fields and pasture areas for livestock from Matola Gare to Moamba and Corumana. Comperatively undisturbed habitats are found along the Matola River bed from Pessene to Moamba, between Incomati and Sabie Rivers and right downstream of Corumana Dam. The areas affected by the Water Supply Scheme, run from Moamba District through the Machava Municipal Administrative Post (Matola Municipality). The current population of Greater Maputo is estimated to exceed two million inhabitants (INE, 2009). The projections indicate that Matola Municipality had 796.263 inhabitants in 2011. An urban area, it accounts for 53% of the total population in Maputo Province and has the highest population density (INE, 2009). Moamba is a rather rural district with low population density (MAE, 2005) and an estimated population of 62.392 inhabitants (Profile of Moamba District, 2005). Most house walls in both Machava (93%) and Moamba (73%) are made of concrete blocks and cement. In Machava, only eight of the 108 typical houses are made of a different material: cane (5), burned brick (1), bamboo (1) and plastic (1). There is less diversity in houses made of different materials in Moamba: burned brick (4) or cane (2). 2 Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA Roads are bad and public transport scarce, especially for Matola Gare. Electrical power distribution has been weak with many cuts. The focus groups also complained that electrical installation costs are beyond household means. As an alternative people use kerosene lamps, candles, batteries and solar panels; Difficulties in accessing water are not just linked to long distances to the river but also the long waiting time in queues to get water and the bad quality of water. In the particular case of households in Moamba as they spend a long time during the day getting water from rivers/the dam they expressed the strongest dissatisfaction with the quality of water supply services. Most respondents in Machava have access to piped water either in their own or a neighbour’s yard (64%). In Moamba, however, the river, a pond or the dam (Corumana) is the main source for many households (36%). Very few have other water sources such as a tank in the yard (27%) and piped water in a neighbour’s yard (9%). For assessment of resettlement needs all households in a potential working width corridor have been surveyed. This corridor of impact was selected to be 15 m on each side of the pipeline in rural areas and 8m from one side of the pipeline axis in populated areas. Within this corridor, it was estimated that up to approximately 450 units (households, persons, private and public infrastructures) can be identified whose assets (e.g. dwellings, fences, latrines, kiosks, farming areas, trees, shrubs etc.) will be potentially impacted by the Project. The survey indicates that up to a total of 15 households may require relocation and that 36 other households may lose other infrastructures such as a fence, storage sheds, latrines, etc. Only during the final survey for construction, it can be decided whether some of these households will really have to be relocated physically or not. It is expected that most of these households will in practice remain in place by means nominal realignment of the pipeline during the final setting out process. Combining houses and other infrastructures the Project may affect up to 321 infrastructures, such as latrines, rooms, kitchens, fences, drains and sheds, among others. It is estimated that the agricultural areas of about 236 households will be affected and about 233 f the total households will lose trees/shrubs, mainly fruit bearing. During construction, disturbance of cropping activities will occur, except where the pipeline is installed during the dry season when most fields lay idle. In the vicinity of the Machava Distribution Center there are about 80 small roadside kiosks in the corridor of impact. Some of these kiosks will need to be moved a few meters back, some of them have to be relocated to other places temporarily and/or permanently, depending on the way they may interfere with the normal operations of the water main after installation. Exact figures will be presented in the Resettlement Action Plan currently prepared to the Project. The climate of the area is sub-tropical, varying from wet in the coastal areas to arid inland. The geology in the investigation area consists of five geological formations from coastal recent sediments at east, old sandy sediments around Matola River. From Pessene to Moamba and Sabie clay alluvium deposits are found and finally in the west there are the Lebombo basalt rhyolithes. Protected areas are not occurring in the investigation. 3 Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA The area of natural habitats that will be directly affected by the construction activities is very small compared with the current extension of these habitats. Very few species of fauna occurring in the Project area are threatened, near threatened or vulnerable. However, a considerable number of species (flora and fauna) were detected which are endemic to Southern Africa and whose conservation is relevant. The proposed pipeline will cross two main rivers: Matola and Incomati Rivers as well as a few groups of mostly seasonal wetlands between Matola Gare and Pessene. These areas are considered to be sensitive areas because they are of ecological interest but they are degraded by intensive human utilization and do not present any official protection status. This type of wetland can be found very often in the broader investigation area and unique flora and fauna have not been detected in the corridor of the pipeline crossing these wetlands. Main Bio-Physical Impacts of the Project Potential impacts of the pre-construction phase vary in their importance from insignificant (in the physical environment) to low (in the biological environment). All impacts during this phase are considered to be insignificant after having implemented the proposed mitigation measures. Negative impacts identified for the construction phase vary between low to moderate, both regarding physical environment. All potential biological impacts are low, except for the loss of vegetation cover and plant diversity which is considered to be of high importance dropping to moderate after implementing the mitigation measures. All impacts can be mitigated to the greatest extent possible and will last only during the construction period. All predicted impacts for the operation phase are assessed to be low, and will be insignificant after implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Impacts of the decommissioning phase following similar pattern as for the construction phase (after mitigation insignificant to low). However, a positive impact of this phase is related to the restoration of higher levels of ecological water flow at Sabie and Incomati Rivers. Most critical issue of the construction activities during laying of the pipeline will be the crossing of the mostly seasonal wetlands and the Rivers of Matola and Incomati. For these pipeline sections specific mitigation activities have been developed to reduce the impact on these habitats to an absolute minimum. Furthermore, as the pipes will be installed below ground and the natural soil reinstated, the post construction impact will be negligible. Main Socio-Economic Impacts For the characterization of the socio-economic status in the Project area 130 households along the study area have been surveyed, from which 108 in Machava and the remaining 22 in Moamba are located. 50.2% are men and 49.8 % are women. 50.2% are men and 49.8 % 4 Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA are women. About half of all interviewed people are between 15 and 64 years. Most of these households living along the study area are not covered by a water supply system. During survey and processing the data, fatal issues that might derail from the installations of the project could not be identified. The socioeconomic negative impacts identified are most low or insignificant, and can be reduced significantly after implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. The impacts will come up during construction phase. Assets will be impacted, business will be interrupted and some physical relocation actions will be necessary. None of these impacts will have a significance bigger than moderate after implementing of the management measures to be developed. A very positive effect of the construction activity will be the employment of up to 300 skilled and unskilled workers. During operation positive effects of the Project are most obvious. Thus a much better supply with clean water will be possible after beginning of operation of the water supply system to the households. In a Dutch project (ORIO) it is foreseen to connect up to 20,000 household to the system. This will also improve the health situation of the population in the Greater Maputo Area. Main Impacts related to Health and Safety The impacts and risks for health & safety during the pre-construction phase are mostly related to the design of buildings, e.g. administration building, storage building, workshops, etc. required for the Project. It has been identified that the non-consideration of (i) ‘fire fighting equipment and fire alarm systems’ and (ii) ‘appropriate storage areas for chemicals, hazardous and flammable materials’ can present a risk of substantial significance. During the construction and operational/maintenance phases impacts and risks for workers and for the community can occur and are assessed in nature, likelihood and severity. Decommissioning activities and tasks are generally very close in nature to construction activities. Most of the impacts and risks identified have a low significance. Considering the nature of the required work, the extent of the construction activities and the proximity of local inhabitants to the construction corridor, the project can bring some substantial risks to workers and communities especially during the construction and decommissioning phases. In order to assess the overall impacts of the Project, it should be considered that the water supply of the cities of Maputo and Matola and parts of the district of Moamba and Marracuene will be significantly improved. Especially the availability of potable water to areas not supplied by drinking water provided by the State will result in the improvement of the health and sanitation conditions, especially with respect to the reduction of the transmission of diseases by consumption of unsafe water. Most of the people in the project area are prone to contracting diseases caused by the consumption of unsafe water, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, gastroenteritis, intestinal worms, and polio. The supply of treated water in sufficient quantity will contribute to the reduction index of these diseases and consequently contribute to a reduction in mortality. 5 Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA HIV/AIDS represents one of the biggest threats for the development in Mozambique. Considering the high infection rate in Mozambique and the fact that the southern provinces are subject to an increase of the infection rate according to the newest statistics, there is a significant risk for the workers to contract an infection. The Contractor must undertake general preventive actions and shall develop and implement a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan in order to rise the awareness of workers and the population regarding transmission modes of HIV/AIDS and other STIs, including the consequences of risky behaviours. He has to take concrete measures to minimize the risk to an absolute minimum. One specific health issue is related to the possible occurrence of cyanobacteria (also called green-blue algae) in the Corumana Dam Reservoir. These cyanobacteria producing substances named mycrocystins that might be harmful to the human health. It was reported that in the last years a blooming of these cyanobacteria took place in the reservoir, however, no scientific measurements have been performed. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor the occurrence of cyanobacteria in the reservoir already during the construction period. Independent of the results of these measurements the water treatment process foresees to use ozonisation in the pre-oxidation process and to add powdered activated carbon in the flocculation process. Both measures are suitable to destroy and to remove cyanobacteria and mycrostins as well very effectively. Conclusion and Recommendations It can be stated that the Project can be implemented and operated without having significant impacts on the bio-physical environment if the proposed mitigation measures are implemented. In order to reduce the impacts on flora and fauna to a minimum, the following main recommendations are presented: (i) Usage of already existing roads and tracks especially when crossing natural habitats, (ii) The crossings of wetlands and rivers shall be done during the dry season to minimize the impacts on the aquatic environment. The pipeline will be buried below the river bed at both Matola and Incomati Rivers. For crossing the Incomati River, another possible option is to pass the pipeline along the bridge either mounted to the bridge or on own pylons. (iii) The Contractor shall establish well managed workers camps, provided with all the necessary means for waste water and solid waste collection. The project is viable from a social point of view and the implementation of the identified mitigation measures will minimize the socioeconomic implications of the project to a minimum. In order to compensate the loss of assets of affected people and to manage physical relocation properly a Resettlement Action Plan to the Project will be set up. The implementation of the resettlement plan especially the compensation payment shall be carefully monitored. 6 Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme Executive Summary of the Final ESIA For the construction works, it is highly recommended to hire local workers wherever possible. This will raise the acceptance of the population to the project even if they do not benefit directly from the expanded drinking water supply and will help to improve the livelihood in the region. Regarding Health and Safety aspects, the Project can be implemented without any remaining significant risks and impacts, provided that the Health and Safety requirements stated are put in place. The Contractor shall set up a corresponding Health, Safety and Environment Management (HSE) Plan and shall implement a Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSMS) during the whole construction phase. Overall Conclusion If the drinking water demand in the Greater Maputo Area beyond 2015 shall be met another feasible alternative to the Project including the No-Project option does not exist. From the findings gained during the investigations to the impact assessment to the proposed Project it can be stated that the Project can be constructed and operated without having any significant negative impact on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment and does not show any non-acceptable risks if the proposed ESMP is implemented. 7