73225 Cities Alliance Project Output Final Report on City Development and Slum Upgradation Strategy of Bengaluru Bruhat Bangalore Comprehensive Development and Slum Upgradation Strategy P106505 This project output was created with Cities Alliance grant funding. City Development and Slum Upgradation Strategy Report - Bengaluru CDSUS Report, BBMP 1 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike City Managers’ Association Karnataka Cities Alliance JBIC USAID CDSUS Report, BBMP 2 Acknowledgement We acknowledge with gratitude for the co-operation and contribution of the City Managers Association of Karnataka (CMAK), who constantly supported the entire activity of City Development & Slum Upgradation Strategy (CDSUS) by providing physical, technical & mentorship support to the project. We also thank all the stakeholders, involved in each of the initiatives, for their valuable time towards the success of this endeavour. We would especially like to thank the expert panel for putting in their expertise and efforts through extensive consultation process at all stages of evaluation process to be able to arrive at key conclusions & strategies with regard to the initiatives that would be showcased through this report. And also help in assessing the urban poor, planning & municipal reforms issues & implement the recommendations. We acknowledge Mr. Sandeep Dash for his constant guidance and support during the entire CDSUS project activity. We thank Dr. S. Subramanya, IAS, Commissioner, BBMP & President CMAK for his mentorly support & guidance. We acknowledge Cities Alliance for providing the financial assistance to this project & US AID, JBIC for being the co financers & also providing valuable inputs & interaction during the project. Special thanks are also due to all the staff at CMAK, BBMP & KUIDFC for their support, encouragement and critique during the entire documentation process. Lastly we would like to acknowledge each and every individual who has generously contributed in making this CDSUS report possible. CDSUS Report, BBMP 3 Foreword During the last 50 years, the population of India has grown two and a half times, but urban India has grown by nearly five times. Karnataka is among the highly urbanized state with 34% of its population being urban & Bengaluru being the capital city observes the maximum urbanisation. With an overall growth, the city has been witnessing an increase in the percentage of urban poor. A large percentage of its population (about 18 per cent), is living in slums. In addition to the recognized slums, a large number of poor households live in mixed, un- recognized & low-income settlements and in villages that are surrounded by development activities. As in the case of poverty eradication, a critical issue facing Bengaluru is that of growth management and service delivery which, is divided up between the BBMP and a large number of organizations / parastatal such as the Development Authority, Utility Board and the Slum Board etc. The consequence of such accelerated pace of urban growth is increased pressure on infrastructure. As with the problem of poverty, it is imperative to strengthen the planning mechanism in order to achieve an overall improvement in the living conditions. In this regard the planning focus requires a clear, implementable and comprehensive urban planning strategy and a policy to address the overall development, especially slum upgradation and services to the urban poor cutting across administrative, institutional and spatial boundaries; In this context the CDSUS project is an effort, which we all hope shall contribute in bringing out excellent information & analysis of urban poor, planning, resource mobilisation areas help in deriving strategies, action plans for overall city development & urban poverty alleviation programmes. Dr. Subramanya, IAS Sd/- Commissioner, BBMP & President, CMAK CDSUS Report, BBMP 4 Preface Bengaluru is India’s fifth largest city with a population of about 6 million. The city is renowned for its good weather as also its progressive industrial and technical climate that has been responsible for its steady growth. Bangalore is known as Silicon Valley of India as a large number of software and business processing outsourcing organizations is based in the city. It is also known as the garden city of India as it houses many parks & playgrounds in the city. However as in any Asian cities even in Bangalore slums co-exist with well- developed areas. In addition to recognised slums, a large number of poor households live in mixed settlements, in un-recognised low-income settlements and in villages that are surrounded by the expanding urban sprawl (urban villages). Most such areas have large deficiencies in water supply and environmental sanitation infrastructure and services. In the present structure, both activities namely urban planning and citywide slum upgradation is fragmented among various institutions like Municipal Corporation, Development Authority, Utility Board, Slum Clearance Board, Housing Board, etc. In the context of JNNURM and various other funded programs, Bangalore city has an opportunity to increase investments in infrastructure and slum upgradation. Government of Karnataka (GoK) positioned Bengaluru Mahanagar Palike (BMP) as the key centre for this coordinated efforts in compliance with the implementation of 74th constitutional amendment which envisages urban decentralization and empowers local bodies. The Government of Karnataka (GoK) has by recent notification (December 2006), instituted a larger entity Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BBMP), substantially expanding the size of the city from the present 225 sq. kms to over 800 sq. kms duly integrating the peripheral urban local bodies (ULBs), 7 City Municipal Councils and one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages. CDSUS Report, BBMP 5 With the expansion of city limits, there is an immediate need to re-orient the planning strategies for streamlining the city development in compliance with the legally, economically and environmentally sustainable development models. Also the city needs a comprehensive urban planning strategy to improve basic infrastructure. Simultaneously there is a need to develop a citywide slum upgradation program cross-cutting various sectors. However resources are limited in BBMP & there is an urgent need for involvement of Management tools & techniques in planning & implementation of projects. This requires professional management involving experts, individuals, stakeholders etc. Hence creation of a Strategic Advisory Cell (SAC), change unit in Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagar Palike (BBMP) would be an ideal driver for such initiatives, which identifies the existing slum situation, and also plan for future growth. This strategy would be woven into the JNNURM & other investments so that the growth process is effectively managed. In the above context the City Development & Slum Upgradation Strategy (CDSUS) project report would act as a guide & ready reckon to focus on developing strategies based on above observations & derive strategies & action plans, develop ToRs for speedy implementation of recommendations. CDSUS Report, BBMP 6 The CDSUS Project Team Dr. Subramanya, IAS President CMAK & Commissioner, BBMP Mr. Sandeep Dash, ICAS Project Head CDSUS & Spl. Commissioner (Fin & Res), BBMP Mr. Mukundan Krishnamachary Expert - Municipal Finance Mr. Gopi Prasad Expert - Urban & Regional Planning Mrs. Renu Mukunda Expert - Urban Poverty & Social Development Mr. M Srinivas Project Manager, CDSUS Project Mrs. Sapna Swamy Coordinator, CMAK CDSUS Report, BBMP 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sl.No Contents i Acknowledgement ii Foreword iii Preface iv CDSUS Project Team v Table of Contents vi Abbreviations a City Profile Chapter I Objectives and Outputs Chapter II Existing Situation a Slums, Urban Poverty and Land Issues b Access to Land, Infrastructure and Services c Access to Land and Process of Planning d Resource mobilization and Institutional Issues Chapter III Strategic Actions Chapter IV The Strategic Advisory Cell Annexure An Overview of Slum Improvement and Poverty Alleviation Annexure 1 Programmes in Karnataka. Annexure 2 Terms of Reference for Poverty Mapping Annexure 3 Terms of Reference Redevelopment Programme Annexure 4 Terms of Reference Strategic Advisory Cell CDSUS Report, BBMP 8 ABBREVIATIONS BMP……………………Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike BBMP…………. ……...Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike BPL…………………… Below Poverty Line CMC…………………. City Municipal Council EWS ………………… Economically Weaker Section FAR …………………. Floor Area Ratio GoI ……………………Government of India GoK …………………..Government of Karnataka JnNURM……………...Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission JBIC…………………..Japan Bank for International Co operation KHB …………………. Karnataka Housing Board KTCP Act …………… Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act KSCB ……………….. Karnataka State Slum Clearance Board LPCD………………… Litres per capita per day MLP …………………. Million Liters per day MPCE…………………Monthly Per Capita Expenditure NIUA …………………. National Institute for Urban Affairs PDS …………………. Public Distribution System PHC …………………. Primary Health Centers RMP …………………. Revised Master Plan 2015 SAC………………… Strategic Advisory Cell SJSRY …………….. Swarna Jayanti Swaraj Rozgar Yojana TMC………………… Town Municipal Council UGD ………………… Underground Drainage CDSUS Report, BBMP 9 About 14.3% of the total population CIIT TYY PR RO FIIL OF LEE belong to the backward communities Bangalore is the capital of the Indian (Schedules Castes and Scheduled state of Karnataka. Bangalore is India's Tribes). There are about 13.37% of third most populous city and fifth-most Muslims, 1.05% of Jains and 5.79% of populous urban agglomeration. Christians in Bangalore. About 47.5% of It is home to numerous public sectors the population in Bangalore comprises such as heavy industries, software of women. Approximately 10% of the companies, aerospace, population dwells in the slum areas of telecommunications, machine tools, the city.1 heavy equipment, and defense City Summary 6.8 Million establishments. Bangalore is known as Urban Population (Approx) the Silicon Valley of India owing to its 800 Sq Km Area (Approx) pre-eminent position as the leading City Roads 1500 Kms 10 Lakhs contributor to India's IT industry. Num Properties (Approx) Total Water Supply 950 MLD Bangalore is located at an altitude of Per Capita Water Supply 147 LPCD (BWSSB) 920 m (3,018 ft). It is positioned at 12.97° N 77.56° E and covers an area of Source: BBMP Website 741 km². The topology of Bangalore is Civic Administration flat except for a central ridge running NNE-SSW. The majority of the city of The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) is in charge of district of Karnataka and the the civic administration of the city. It was surrounding rural areas are a part of the formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of Bangalore Rural district. the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with the neighbouring 7 City Bangalore features a growth rate of Municipal Councils (CMC), one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages population of 1.72% per year. The around Bangalore density of population in Bangalore is 3,000 per square kilometer. A large number of people from other states and foreign countries also inhabits in 1 Source: www.mapsofindia.com Bangalore. CDSUS Report, BBMP 10 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Area Notified Villages BMP Area Bommanahalli CMC Byatarayanapura CMC Dasarahalli CMC K. R. Puram CMC Mahadevapura CMC R R nagar CMC Yelahanka CMC Kengeri TMC CDSUS Report, BBMP 11 OBJECTIVES AND OUTPUTS CDSUS Report, BBMP 12 villages). Poverty as an issue is owing CH HA PT AP ER TE RI to the lack of: O OB JE BJ EC CTTIIV VE SA ES AN NDDO OUUT TP UT PU TS S Regular income, employment opportunities and purchasing power; 1.. 1 The primary objective of this Access to services such as health exercise is to set up a Strategic care, education, water and sanitation; Advisory Cell (SAC) within Bruhat and Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) Political power, participation, dignity to address growth management and and respect. service delivery issues as a result of the In the context of the city’s rapid extension of its jurisdiction from 226.2 expansion, these issues are further sq. km to 813.62 sq. km. The added compounded. area includes a large segment of the City and Town Municipal Councils, 3.. 3 As in the case of poverty wherein a certain level of basic eradication, a critical issue facing infrastructure exists; though not at par Bengaluru is that of growth with the core city. The villages have management and service delivery lower level of services, but there are which, is divided up between the BBMP locations that have witnessed peri- and a large number of organizations/ urbanization to a great extent. parastatals such as the development authority, utility board and the slum 2.. 2 With an overall growth, the city board. has been witnessing an increase in the percentage of urban poor. A large 4.. 4 As with the problem of poverty, it percentage of its population (about 18 is imperative to strengthen the planning per cent, although estimates vary), is mechanism in order to achieve an living in slums. In addition to the overall improvement in the living recognized slums, a large number of conditions. In this regard the planning poor households live in mixed focus requires: settlements, un-recognized low-income settlements and in villages that are A clear, implementable and surrounded by developments (urban comprehensive urban planning strategy and a policy to address the CDSUS Report, BBMP 13 overall development, especially slum Popu lation up -gradation and services to the Institution Area 2006 urban poor cutting across Zone falling in (sq.km) (in administrative, institutional and spatial each zone lakhs boundaries; ) Existing BMP Zone 226.20 44.12 BMP Refining and devising a coherent CMCs of policy to support the strategy that is Byataraya derived mainly with the consensus of npura Byatarayanpura 132.49 5.42 the stakeholders and the public at Yelahanka large. and 26 villages. CMC of Building the organization’s capacity Mahadeva to implement the strategy in the form Mahadevapuram puram KR 143.94 6.45 of projects and initiatives. The Puram and 23 villages exercise has to focus on the CMC of involvement of the community as Bommana partners and the existing ground Bommanahalli 105.69 4.79 halli and realities. The demand side 33 villages management will be an important CMC of RR nagar, outcome for positioning the RR Nagar Kengeri 141.79 2.92 projects/initiatives. TMC and 17 villages 5.. 5 The SAC is expected to explore CMC of these opportunities and its objectives Dasarahalli Dasarahalli 63.51 5.20 and 11 will be woven into the JNNURM, JBIC villages and the World Bank investments so that BMP, 7 it is effectively managed. Monitoring will CMCs, 1 be an integral part of the SAC. Total TMC and 813.62 68.90 110 villages. 6.. 6 The task involved in this exercise is to define the scope of the SAC and the resources required to meet the CDSUS Report, BBMP 14 challenges posed by the additional An approach for resource areas, especially settlements of the mobilization focusing on property tax poor, under its jurisdiction and the and advertisement tax duly optimizing possible funding of activities by the and improving the efficiency of the BBMP and the donors. One of the present tax administration purposes of the grants from donors will be to provide technical assistance to the 8.. The process involved in this design 8 BBMP for setting up the SAC. It is include: expected that this will be carried out in Consultations and focus group and partnership with Cities Alliance, USAID- discussions in four slums; India and the JBIC. The proposed SAC Discussions with poor in non-slum is expected to be broad-based to localities; address the development needs of Discussions with select NGOs; and Bruhat (Greater) Bengaluru and of the Discussions with officials of the poor, in particular. BBMP, the KSCB and the Bengaluru Development Authority (BDA). 7.. As part of the preparatory process, 7 the important areas identified for review The team members also participated in concern: local workshops that focused on issues relating to poverty and governance. Policy options and an action plan to address the urban poor issues in 9.. 9 The outputs include a structure for terms of infrastructure service delivery the SAC that can “respond to the growth such as housing, water, sanitation, demands� and in a broader sense the drainage, street lighting and waste “ability to manage the investment plan management, including benchmarking and related resource mobilization the service levels with other mega requirements�. The objectives of the cities in India and abroad’; SAC are in line with the thrust of the Basic Services for the Urban Poor Definition of activities for improving (BSUP)- Jawaharlal Nehru National the urban and regional planning Urban Renewal Mission: capacity within the BBMP; and Focused attention to provide integrated development of basic services to the urban poor CDSUS Report, BBMP 15 Provision of basic services to the Strengthening design and urban poor, including security of tenure implementation of poverty-specific at affordable prices, improved housing, programmes both in terms of services water supply, sanitation and ensuring and access to livelihood; delivery through convergence of other already existing universal services of Strengthening overall planning the government for education, health arrangements through redevelopment care and social security. Care will be to benefit the poor; taken to see that the urban poor are provided housing near their place of Strengthening financial management occupation. and investment functions of BBMP and supporting activities that address Effective linkages between asset the national mission objectives. creation and asset management so that the basic services are maintained 11 1 1.. The key elements of the efficiently and are self-sustaining functioning of the SAC would focus on an integrated approach to eradication of Ensuring adequate investment of slums inclusive of strengthening local funds in order to remove the capacities and by way of innovative deficiencies in the basic services to the means of financing to scale up service urban poor upgradation and livelihood programmes. Scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor 10 1 0.. Based on discussions with the BBMP and the objectives of JNNURM, the SAC is expected to focus on: Strengthening poverty-related project development and policy advisory capacities; CDSUS Report, BBMP 16 EXISTING SITUATION CDSUS Report, BBMP 17 purview of the following government CH HA PT AP ER TE R II authorities or others. E EX ST XIIS NG TIIN GS SIIT TU AT UA ON TIIO N Table 1: Varying Estimates of Slum population in Bengaluru Slum Slum Population Source Population % to Total Population 1 Census 6,80,516 12 (2001) 2 KSCB (2005) 6,10,030 11 3 CDP (2007) 14,89,950 26 (estimated) As these are estimates, intervention of a. Slums, Urban Poverty and Land any sort must identify the precise nature Issues of tenure and jurisdiction under which As per the census 2001, 12% of the settlements are located. The population resides in slums2, while the location by class of towns and their Karnataka Slum Clearance Board status is as given below in Table 2: statistics indicate a level of 11%, Independent Researchers and NGOs Table 2: Number of slums and claim a high estimate of urban poor households under KSCB, BMP, CMCs population at around 20-25%3.The and TMC slums in Bengaluru City come under the N N N oo o ... o o o f ff A A Agg gee en nnc ccy yy R R Ree em mma aar rk rk kss s S S S u llluummm s ss 2 Karnataka Slum 'Slums' have been defined under Section 3 of Clearance Board 218 Declared the Slums Areas (Improvement and Clearance) (KSCB) Act, 1956 as areas where buildings are in any B B Bee en nng gga aa u llluur ru ruM u M Maa ah hha aan n n a a agg gaa ar ra raP a PPa a alll k iiikke( e e ( (BB BM MMPP P) )) respect unfit for human habitation, are by reason North zone 82 Out of the 420 of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement East zone 44 slums, 237 and design of such buildings, narrowness or South zone 145 slums are faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, West zone 99 declared, 127 light, sanitation facilities or any combination of are undeclared these factors which are detrimental to safety, Central zone 50 and 56 are health and morals. 3 unlisted slums. There are about 778 slums in BBMP area (comprising the erstwhile BMP and the 7 CMC + Total 420 1 TMC). That is, 26 % (and growing) of Bengaluru’s population lives in slums and in total about 35% of Bengaluru is classified as urban poor. This is largely different from the numbers obtained from formal documents such as the City Development Plan under JnNURM programme. CDSUS Report, BBMP 18 C C C t iiity tyyM M M u u u n n n c iiicc p iiippa aalll C C Coo ouu unn ncc c lll ( iii ((C CCM M M C C C)) ) A key aspect with regard to location of Byatarayanapura 54 Out of 188 the slums is that of siting. Slums are Krishnarajapura 39 slums, 101 either on government or private land Mahadevapura 24 slums are declared and and this determines their qualification of Bommanahalli 37 R R Nagar 11 55 slums are tenure and services. The key features Dasarahalli 13 undeclared of land issues are: and 32 are Yelahanka 10 Slums on Government Land: The land unlisted. may belong to more than one parastatal/ Total 188 T T T o o oww wnnM n M Muu un nn c iiicc p iiippa a alll C C Coo ouu unn ncc c lll ( iii ((T TTM M M C C C)) ) Government body and instances of Kengeri 6 Undeclared lake//tank bed being encroached upon is 4 Grand Total 614 common. As part of any upgradation, regularisation and providing a tenure status is easier if they are on public land. Slum Population 1 – 620 621 – 1400 1401 – 2700 2701 – 6600 6601 - 20000 4 There are 110 villages within the new limits and present high density and low services. These settlements also incorporate high quality developments within the village limits. CDSUS Report, BBMP 19 The inter-departmental co-ordination not living in slums are also poor5. In and provision of the “hakku patra� is of effect, there is huge disparity with necessity and is manageable. regard to basic statistics and the point is that poverty6 is not restricted to slums Slums on Private Land are alone. As per preliminary data, the characterised by limited documentation Below Poverty Line7 population in the such as conversion of land, change of city is roughly 10 lakhs. Since this figure land use and titling may be missing or is higher than the total slum population incomplete as the case may be (largely (as per Census 2001), it suggests that the developments have come up there are overlaps in the estimation of through the unorganized/informal route) BPL population and it would be incorrect or it could be that large land parcels to assume that all population living in have been let out on rent as make-shift Bengaluru slums are poor or living quarters. Many such arrangements are below the poverty line. In effect, there is over 10 years old. huge disparity with regard to basic statistics. Hence, poverty mapping and Poverty Levels developing a city’s poverty profile In India, each State has a distinct becomes a priority issue in this context. poverty line. The Planning Commission In this regard, the first step towards estimated poverty line for each State in enabling redevelopment 2004-05 through monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE). It estimated the 5 Baseline-survey conducted in 2002 by Aus-aid poverty line in Karnataka in terms of assisted project for Bengaluru Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) MPCE to be Rs.324 for rural and Rs.600 6 for urban areas. It is to be noted that The most common method of measuring poverty is based on incomes or consumption levels. The World poverty line measured through MPCE is Bank uses an international poverty line of $1 per person per day (at 1985 purchasing power parity below the national mark (Rs.356) for prices). The United Nations calculates a Human rural but above the national mark Poverty Index based on a wider base of indicators such as probability at birth of not surviving up to age (Rs.539) for urban areas. 40, adult literacy rate, population without sustainable access to an improved water source, children underweight for age and population below income poverty line. A Global Hunger Index was calculated In terms of poverty ratios, assuming that in October 2006 by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) based on three equally slum dwellers are poor, it is estimated weighted indicators: proportion of undernourished population, prevalence of underweight in children that an equal percentage of residents under the age of five and under-five mortality rate. 7 Janaagraha’s ongoing project, “Creating a Common BPL List in Bengaluru�, CDSUS Report, BBMP 20 (as contemplated) in the implementation phase should be poverty mapping (Annex 2 for TOR). b. Access to land, infrastructure and BOX1: THE BENEFITS OF POVERTY services MAPPING There is a widespread inadequacy in i. Creates an important opportunity terms of access to water, sanitation, for different actors to join in the solid waste management and health public debate on poverty care and the effect of the lack of these ii. An important source of information for actions to reduce poverty services is reflected on the health, income and productivity of the iii. Raises awareness, generates population. Land ownership rights play discussions and leads to action on poverty an important role in determining service provision levels. Equally important is a iv. Reveals levels of inequality both across and within regions responsive governance system (Box 2). A survey of 985 slums across v. Important background resource for 8 Karnataka reveals that 30% of the media articles, other publications, lectures and organized discussions slums do not have access to drinking .for eg. to foster partnership to water. 66.3% of the slums do not have assist the poorest communities. latrine facilities, 37.3% of the slums do vi. Offers information about the heterogeneous poverty conditions not have drainage facilities. An that underlie the national average, assessment by the Public Affairs revealing unsuspected pockets of poverty Center9 indicates water, electricity and sanitation, and Public Distribution vii. Supply empirical evidence to System and health care were next in confirm patterns in poverty that were suspected, but are order of importance. However, a very controversial recent study of service levels in 115 viii. Provides data that are relevant and slums, carried out for the NIUA (2007-8) important to local communities, service providers and other indicates a higher access to water and stakeholders. lower access to sanitation and housing. ix. Have several qualities that contribute to the role of the maps in strengthening accountability 8 STEM 2005 mechanisms. 9 Public Affairs Centre: Public Services for the Urban Poor: A report card on Three Indian Cities CDSUS Report, BBMP 21 BOX 2: KEY ISSUES FROM THE CONSULTATION PROCESS 1. Water is always inadequate and the residents depend on the Board or private suppliers. 2. Sanitation (limiting it to latrines) provided through community facilities is ill maintained and the other is open defecation and is an important issue for women. 3. The urban poor of Bengaluru city depend on private doctors as the Primary Health Centres are most of the time without doctors or medicines are not available. Primary Health Centres are useful to the extent that vaccinations are available during pre-natal period and to the infants. 4. The Public Distribution System, an important element for the dwellers, has gone from bad to worse. The quality of grain supplied is bad, the timings of distribution are irregular, and women who, invariably wait in the queue at the PDS counters, lose their daily wages, also there is no guarantee of supply. 5. Education: Parents of the urban poor want their children to study in English Medium Schools as they realize that this would help the child get a job more easily. While they have access to low fee education at Government/Corporation Schools, the medium of instruction in these schools is Kannada. Parents, therefore, prefer private schools even if the fees are high and the infrastructure inadequate. The lack of teachers in corporation schools was another drawback. 6. Housing is dependent on land tenure and even in Declared (under Slum Regulation Act) slums threat of eviction persists. Housing is further complicated by limited access to credit facilities and generally people run into debts with high interest borrowings to construct houses. 7. Employment opportunities are limited to daily wage sectors such as construction, semi-skilled jobs, domestic work and garment industries, Employment guarantee programmes for poverty alleviation does not reach the needy. One reason is that people are not aware of the programmes or are not aware of how to access them. Micro-finance through Self-Help Groups were useful to an extent but was not sustainable or did not lead to the families crossing the poverty line/enjoying improved quality of life. The vocational/skills training very rarely led to employment or enterprise. 8. Infrastructure, in terms of street lights, drainage and electricity, does exist though the quality of work is very bad;, coverage of the slum is not complete; difference was noticed in the service levels, even intra-slum services and provision is dependent on the slum leaders. 9. Community Initiatives are beginning to lose the momentum that was there in the 1980s The NGOs/ CBOs are unable to deal with the growing problems. Notes: The Consultation Process involved Focus Groups with women and men in four slums and interviews with BPLs families who do not live in slums. Some houses in Laxmanmurthynagar in Krishnarajapuram received eviction notices last year even though they were issued Possession Certificates in the year 2000. CDSUS Report, BBMP 22 Table 3: Access to Basic Services land is critical and the general belief is Access to that access to land improves security Service Description Households (%) and access to services. 1W W W a a att tee er rrs s suu upp ppp p y llly y Individual WSC 43 Community Taps 50 Table 4: Development Priorities of the Open/Bore Well 2 Urban Poor in Bengaluru Tanker 5 Sl People’s No of Percentage 2S 2 2 S Sa aan n n t iiita taat tt o iiioon nn No. Priorities slums (%) Individual Toilets-UGD 35 To get land Individual Toilets-Others 14 1. and housing 53 69 Public Convenience 35 rights Open Defecation 16 Drinking water 2. 27 35 3S 3 3 S So oo d iii lll ddW W W a a ass st tte ee supply Daily/Alternate Day 3. Latrine facility 34 44 61 Clearing of Waste 4. Drainage 31 40 Daily/Alternate Day Repair & 5 Clearing of Drains 5. maintenance 10 13 Disposal Daily/Alternate of road 59 Day Sweeping of Roads Unemployment 4D 4 4 D Dr ra ra a n iiinna aag g g e e e 6. problem 9 12 Roadside Drains 56 among youth 5H 5 5 H Ho oou uus ss n iiinng gg Night school Pucca 13 7. for student 7 09 Semi-pucca 49 youth Kuccha 38 Tackle exorbitant 8. 8 10 electricity While income poverty is a measure of billing deprivation and vulnerability, Total number of 179 100 contemporary development thinking responses recognizes the multi-dimensionality of Source: Janasahayog and CIVIC (2003) poverty reflected in access to basic amenities, health care, education, NIUA assessment of vulnerability10 employment, social inclusion and based on 15 parameters indicates that gender equality. Empowerment, security close to 46% of the slums in the city are and opportunity have become the vulnerable. Given the priorities land and cornerstones of development. Recent 10 assessment of priorities indicates that CDSUS Report, BBMP 23 services are critical aspects and discussions with communities on the needs indicate the importance of BOX 3: MOTIVATION TO TAKE livelihood opportunities and access to health care services. The assessment CONNECTION by NIUA also indicates that most borrowing by households is for health Residents in slums are being motivated to care. avail themselves of the opportunity to legally connect to BWSSB water supply system and Table 5: Assessment of Vulnerability are actively discouraged from resorting to Vulnera Computed Values (%) illegal means. BWSSB has offered a bility frequency Less than rationalized reduction in the connection rates. Low 31 27 0.4125 A house with an area of 150 sq.ft. is required Between to pay only the meter cost of Rs.550/; 0.4126- Medium 31 27 0.5150 between 151sq.ft. and 600 sq.ft. Rs.800/ More (meter cost of Rs.550 + Rs.250- cost of UGD than High 53 46 connection) and a house above 600 sq.ft. has 0.5151 to pay the regular rates. The slum dwellers Total 115 100 are allowed to pay the connection charges in In a socio-political atmosphere there is two installments. Further, the connection unregulated privatization of medical procedures have been simplified so that a practice. Added to this, the state has slum dweller can apply for a connection been steadily withdrawing from enclosing “hakku patras� issued by the BDA, providing health care services, KSCB, BMP; any proof of residence, such as especially primary health care, access ration card, election identity card, identity card to primary health care is becoming issued by the Karnataka Slum Clearance increasingly difficult for the vulnerable Board, along with the application. communities and the poor in general. The common emerging issues as revealed by the survey conducted by Janaarogya Andholana were: CDSUS Report, BBMP 24 Table 6: Indicators of Vulnerability Large number of vacancies of medical staff in PHCs; Indicators of Unit/Response Score Unavailability of adequate amount of Vulnerability Statistically appropriate drugs/essential drugs in Employed Assigned Per Cent PHCs; Persons number Statistically Anti-people and unfriendly attitude of Density of Per Hectare Assigned Population the PHC staff towards the poor (0.6); (0.1); patients; Land Belongs Government, (0.3) to Private, Mixed Respectively Corruption and blatant demand for (0.1); (0.9) money for all services and turning Status of Slum Notified, Not Respectively Notification Notified away of people owing to the poor Ecologically (0.1); (0.9) Sensitivity Sensitive, Respectively patients’ incapacity to pay. Normal Location Statistically Housing Per Cent Assigned BOX 4 - SJSRY Condition Kuchcha Status of Title (0.1); (0.9) Patta Issued; Deeds to Respectively PERFORMANCE IN BANAGLORE Not Issued House Sites Availability of Per Cent With Statistically (1997-2002) House Assigned Drinking Water Connection Availability of Per Cent with Statistically ƒ 1,02,479 BPL families Sanitation Sanitary Assigned Facilities Facility ƒ Uncertainties in beneficiary list Availability of (0.1); (0.9) Drainage Yes/No Respectively ƒ Less than 1% received USEP Facilities assistance (97-02) upto 24% of Availability of Waste (0.1); (0.9) loans overdue Yes/No Disposal Respectively Facilities ƒ Training & Capacity Building Within Slum; component not need based Availability of Minimum 1 Km. (0.1); (0.9) Educational ƒ Ambiguous job descriptions for away Respectively Facility project staff: overworked with sub- Within slum; Availability of (0.1); (0.9) minimum 1 km optional productivity Health Facility Respectively away ƒ Substantial portion of Bengaluru Budget going into community Non-availability and irregularity of the services component rather than soft Professional staff such as medical inputs ƒ No convergence with any other officers, nurses and lab technicians schemes/programmes and pharmacist; CDSUS Report, BBMP 25 Poverty Alleviation Programmes: Prepare a long-term plan Karnataka has initiated many schemes Budgets linked to priorities to address poverty in urban areas Need for performance management (Annex 2). While most of them are national programmes being Studies also indicate that elements for implemented by the State, the State- effective design and management of owned programmes are by far focused projects are effective targeting on housing and upgrading services, and (beneficiary identification) and, project social security to an extent. Most urban sustainability and replication. Current poverty alleviation schemes attempt to interventions are programme -specific address poverty by: and they need to be designed as a package of benefits like training, Provision of physical infrastructure placement, input supply and marketing such as houses, roads, water supply of products; provision of infrastructure and sewerage and amenities in the case of sites and Generating employment opportunities services (Aziz, 1994). This is expected Social security to ensure effectiveness of impact and, Governance reforms for improved more importantly, partnerships with service delivery NGO’s are critical. The main issues with the project driven approaches12 and Some of the assessment studies on their limited impact relate to: UPA has revealed (also see Box 4) that there are crucial areas that need to be Inadequate project planning addressed if the benefits of the UPA has Inability to develop locally appropriate to reach the poor. They are: organizations and provision for people’s participation Need for a systematic approach to Leakage of benefits due to ineffective identify urban poor11 targeting Need to link empowerment Unproductive nature of assets programmes with job opportunities acquired/created; and Limited recovery of funds provided. 11 A consultation undertaken in this study with the slum dwellers of Krishnarajapuram area also revealed that out of the 11 interviewed not a single person was employable. Another finding was also that eight of the 11 beneficiaries were from the same household for 12 three consecutive years. ISEC 1991 CDSUS Report, BBMP 26 On both these accounts, the revised c. Access to land and the process master plan has made an attempt and of planning requires further detailing and action leading to successful implementation. The preparation and revision of the Most importantly, the limited capacity to master plan is by definition to provide pursue such tasks and areas need to be vision, infrastructure, allow for economic overcome. In the current situation, the growth, regulate land use and its scale of the BDA’s operation is macro controls through Zonal Regulations. The and does not deal with micro-level exercise of plan making allows for two interventions. The organizational important decisions related to the city _ energies are best focused on the possible consensus building on strategic development projects and land allocation of infrastructure (this depends development than redevelopment/ on the institutional preparedness of the poverty focused actions. The transfer of respective departments) and planning powers and redevelopment, in identification of projects that require particular to the BBMP in the near multiple stakeholder involvement along future, will allow the BBMP to address with resource mobilization. the needs and demands of the urban poor. BDA is the planning authority for Bengaluru and according to the KTCP The BDA master plan attempts to Act, 1961; the planning powers are streamline its policy and programme vested with this body. As per the development in line with the National provisions, BDA has two main tasks to Housing and Habitat Policy. The key carry out: objective of providing shelter is planned to be met by harnessing the public, i) The task of making the master private/corporate, household sectors plan and revising it once in 10 and by creating adequate housing stock. years and to accord The addition of the stock shall permissions/sanctions to building essentially focus on encouraging rental development plan/layouts and and ownership housing13. ii) Sites and services schemes as a development authority 13 BDA Revised master plan 2015, vision document , page no: 33 CDSUS Report, BBMP 27 The strategic outlook of the master plan in relation to housing and shelter includes housing strategy, budget housing and redevelopment of slums, night shelters and rental housing. Under the housing strategy, the master plan lays emphasis on the development of new housing areas, upgradation and redevelopment strategy needs to be in- intensification through redevelopment of situ. Relocation of the slums needs to existing housing areas including be resorted to only in those cases where unauthorized colonies, slums and conditions pose a danger to squatter settlements. health/safety. In some instances, the lands may be required for public In the same manner, the RMP 2015, purpose. Certain relaxations in the under the budget housing, a co- development control need to be made to operative resettlement model is suit and encourage project viability suggested for providing tenure rights wherein private sector participation can and for developers to ensure a minimum be solicited. The Zonal Regulations of of 15% of FAR or 35% of dwelling units, Revised Master Plan 2015 state that whichever is higher are earmarked for “following regulations shall apply for all EWS and lower income category. Both redevelopment schemes taken up these are to be tested thoroughly before KSCB, BDA, BBMP and KHB within the implementing the same through the local planning area of Bengaluru: master plan. Redevelopment of Slums/Area Redevelopment schemes may be Development: allowed in any zones, Though the Master Plan provides for Maximum plot coverage of 60% and redevelopment, exercise of maximum FAR is allowable upto 3.0 redevelopment has been limited to a few cases. The large number of slums and Though the redevelopment possibility is their population are linked to the highlighted, the specifics for economic activities and their redevelopment and the institutional CDSUS Report, BBMP 28 mechanism are not clear. There is a manner and be implemented through need for comprehensive planning to government, private sector participation, cover redevelopment and densification ULB, community participation. in order to align the specific intervention d. Resource Mobilization and to the entire city level infrastructure, including utilities and transport. The Institutional Issues issue of redevelopment necessitates Bengaluru City primarily derives its working with FAR, land and capital revenues from own sources to the investment coupled with better urban extent of 75%. Among the own source; management practices. property tax accounts for close to 60% of the revenue. The other sources The Revised Master Plan has being; assignments from the state and introduced some innovative tools that grants. From a resource mobilization allow the urban local body to assign and perspective, while the key lies in redevelop for the selected areas. These property taxes, the mobilization will also are covered under the heading of need to focus on other levies in relation planning perimeters and are delineated to the nature of services provided by the on the map to indicate the need for BBMP. action planning and detailed studies. While property tax is the major source Area improvement scheme: and reflects better collection In the planning perimeters section, the performance, some of the recent RMP 2015 rightfully identifies areas for developments such as reduction in detailed schemes covering slums, additional stamp duty to a surcharge poorly serviced infrastructure areas and have affected the financial status. For any other area that have significant example, the stamp duty was an impact are to be taken up. These areas additional 2%, which was transferred are envisaged to be implemented and is now a surcharge due to through the Urban Local Body (read commitments as part of national reforms BBMP) with development of by the State. programme, development specifics, assignment of development controls, rights and transfers and overall planning. These can be in a phased CDSUS Report, BBMP 29 Table 7: Properties and DCB of Table 8: Property Tax Collection Property Tax of BMP details Year (Base yr 00 - 01 - 02 - 03 - 04 - 05 - Items 2001 - 2002 - 2003- 2004 - 2005- CAGR 2000) 01 02 03 04 05 06 02 03 04 05 06 No. of properties 4.05 4.50 5.38 5.41 5.90 6.34 Actual in Rs. Crores % (Lakhs) Revenue Demand 150 175 200 230 300 320 Account (Rs. crores) Collection Income 402.39 427.83 458.18 423.23 558.16 13.2 156 163 195 200 230 260 (Rs. crores) Expenditure 360.19 379.76 444.25 649.82 579.18 18.2 Collection Surplus/ 104 93.1 97.5 87.0 76.7 81.3 42.20 48.07 13.92 (226.59) (21.03) Performance (%) Deficit Capital The key issues with regard to financing Account Receipts 70.56 185.30 251.73 457.56 343.17 64 infrastructure and development in Payments 177.58 292.39 310.77 304.37 427.40 42 Bengaluru stems for the fact that Surplus/ property tax has its limitation in terms of (107.02) (107.09) (59.04) 153.19 (84.23) Deficit revisions as the city had carried out two Overall major reforms in this regard. The first Status incl. 85.64 94.97 95.79 111.62 104.43 O.B. being, shift to an area-based system through a Self Assessment Mechanism The concept of surplus appears of taxation and the recent move of shift notional, especially with the huge to capital-based valuation; with the investment and O&M backlog. The extension of this method to the areas average deficit as % of revenue of the added as part of the BBMP, starting BBMP has been of the order of 7 % of 1.4.200814. The options include its revenue income. The debt-servicing improving administration by expanding ratio of BMP is around 33% (Rs.153 the tax net and land -based charges. crores during 2005-06) and is just over the comfort zone of 30%. 14 Tax Rate Category (%) Vacant land Below 1,000 sq. m 0.1 to 0.2 Above 1,000 sq. m & below 0.025 to 0.5 4000 sq. m Above 4,000 sq. m 0.01 to 0.02 Residential properties 0.3 to 1 Non-residential properties 0.05 to 2 CDSUS Report, BBMP 30 STRATEGIC ACTION CDSUS Report, BBMP 31 concerned. The key issue is that the city CH HA PT AP ER TE R III has grown in size and changed in form and characteristics and activities of slum S STTR RAAT TEEG CA GIIC AC CTTIIO ONN improvement fall short. Land tenure issues, basic services, housing and environmental sanitation need to be re- III Strategic Actions visited in the context of quality, sustainability and even quantity. There is It is crucial for city stakeholders to take a a need for site and poverty mapping in proactive role in defining a shared vision for the BBMP area as a first step towards their city’s future and improving the quality of poverty and infrastructure interventions life of the people, including the urban poor. and While the CDP sets the vision, there is a need to formulate sub-sector plans for the Strengthening the planning and city, poverty eradication being one of the design capabilities are critical and important aspects. This would involve a community participation is the key to planning method that is compatible to both successful implementation of slum city-level planning and improvement programmes and micro- neighbourhood/community-level planning plans prepared through a participatory needs to be chosen for decision making and strategy design. Some of the key issues in process and rational fund allocation is planning poverty reduction or slum critical for sustenance. The fund-flow upgradation/redevelopment in the context of needs to be continuous and not Bengaluru are: lapsable. 15 The objectives of KSCB , BMP and BDA are similar as far as slums are Apart from processes and strengthening capacities, a key requirement is 15 a. The major objectives of the Karnataka Slum Clearance Board under the provisions of the investment funds given the magnitude of Karnataka Slum Improvement and Clearance the problem. The investment demand Act, 1974, are general : • To undertake environmental for the medium-term with regard to improvement, clearance and redevelopment of slums physical infrastructure improvement for • To improve the hygiene conditions of the slums by providing water, drainage, lower income areas is placed at Rs.4, roads, lights, etc., • To construct tenements for slum 995 crores (until the year 2031) and the dwellers from eviction by landlords immediate requirement for the medium- • To protect bona fide slum dwellers from eviction by landlords • To clear unauthorized huts and to the socio-economic conditions of the prevent new slums slum dwellers • To take up socio-economic studies of slums to get a better understanding of CDSUS Report, BBMP 32 term of 2012 is Rs.2,000 crores functionally independent or be a (Roughly Rs 500 crores per year). department within BMP? Additional requirement for non- iii. In terms of resources, should this be investment funds will be at least Rs.25 another source of funding or should cores over the project period. With this be a pool of all forms of funding regard to rolling out lower-income area and support a broad range of related improvements and skill/ social poverty-related initiatives? development activities, the key issue that need to be considered are: The first step in this regard is the establishment of SAC to overcome i. Should BBMP/SAC spend time institutional constraints of limited defining poverty and assessing the capacities to plan. The activities of SAC same or evolve a mechanism that would include design of an Urban could address the needs of the poor Poverty Eradication Policy and based on an agreed criterion? investment guidelines. It is expected that Pilot schemes for improvement will ii. If the answer is yes to above, it need to be conducted by NGO’s. The needs to be a system that responds various activities in this regard are: to the needs of the target group. The issue is, should this unit be “Address the needs of the poor……� CDSUS Report, BBMP 33 Table 9: Proposed Activities of SAC S S S ... lll B B B u u u d d d g gge eet tt A A Acc ctt t v iiivv t iiit e iii t ees ss P P Puu urr rp ppo oos sse e e M M M e e ett thh hoo odd doo o o llloog ggy yy N N Nooo ( ((R RRsC s s CCrr ro oor re re e s ss) )) To assess the Semi-Structured affordability and 1 Household surveys questionnaire 1.0 willingness for cost (10%sample) sharing Demand responsive arrangement and will be sub project based. Any settlement that needs any infrastructure development will need to carry out a mapping exercise followed by surveys to assess needs and design the transaction in terms of infrastructure design and social activities Capacity building needs To develop capacity assessment study building programmes for ƒ Community-based self-management and Participatory processes 2 organizations situation specific and need like focus group 0.20 ƒ Intermediary based programmes. discussions Agencies (NGOs Stakeholder analysis as etc.) part of this study To be carried out for a sample of slums and define the needs during the project period Key informant Knowledge, attitude, interviews, Focus Group for developing hygiene 3 practice study – health Discussions, application 0.25 promotion strategies & hygiene issues of hygiene indicators in sample households More in terms of dissemination and would seek support from other State departments such as Health for financial support Based on household CSR initiatives/ 4 Locating resources for surveys and corporate Sub-projects/ activity 4.0 5 converging specific request, design design intervention To develop and market the same to the corporate entities and area redevelopment programmes to be implemented by BBMP/ private partners Primary Health Centers and schools _ To optimize the services Interviews with PHC users, doctors, performance 6 of PHC/schools to the ANMs, Health Department officials, review assessment study and urban poor of health policy and select schools recommendations for optimization of utilization 7 Urban slum upgrading Define programmes and Discussions and based on surveys of CDSUS Report, BBMP 34 Policy policies and operating select communities procedures For the two activities above, define methods of augmenting services through community/ private participation. Resources for project structuring to be obtained from 4 above In this context the mobilization of resources, i.e, in terms of balancing its a. Revising the ARV/CV of property tax in the BMP, annual revenues and expenditure in part added ULB and villages during 2008-09; could also be by improved financial b. Bringing un-assessed management. This is critical with the properties under the tax net; limited buoyancy in the property tax c. Maintaining 90% regimes due to shifts from ARV to area- collection efficiency; and Settling all the based and capital value methods over a outstanding liabilities shorter period of time, which would constrain altering the base. The only Table 11: Investment details increments will be annual addition and Sl. No Investment Head (Agency/ 2006 - 2012 2012 - 2031 Grand Total Period) Rs. Crores At constant Prices 1 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara 15,635 65,861 81,497 Palike Core infrastructure 5,127 4,776 9,903 Major road and BRTS project 8,088 56,286 64,374 Other projects 2,420 4,799 7,219 2 BWSSB 8,189 7,854 16,043 Water Supply 5,986 5,732 11,718 Sewerage 2,203 2,121 4,325 16 3 BDA 4,000 4,000 Total 27,824 73,715 1,01,540 16 This investment is only for the peripheral road as identified in CDP; in addition BDA has its own CDSUS Report, BBMP 35 expanding the tax net to account of implement the investment plan the order of investment will be in the region of about four lakh properties Based on Rs.1, 200 crores. Currently the level of current revenue streams and borrowing is to the level of 80% of its improvements, a recent assessment capital sources and the main sources are KUIDFC and HUDCo19. The indicates that the BBMP will be able to implementation of the plan would mean sustain its investment of Rs.11, 410 at least doubling of the manpower effort crores, i.e., 57 per cent of the total to design and implement programme. From this perspective, it is necessary to required investment17. This includes review the possibilities of PPP grants under JNNURM (GoI and GoK) arrangements and its impact on framework as applicable to a tune of finances. Rs.4,389 crores. This is a do minimum In terms of resource mobilization scenario and the review carried out by options, the best option for BBMP will be consultants18 indicates a higher in terms of land-based charges. Currently based on provisions under the investment, subject to additional state Karnataka Town and Country Planning assignments and land-based impact Act 1961, land-based levies are fees. While this is an unlikely scenario, charged. These include: a. Planning permission fees b. Betterment charges and the investments need to be viewed in c. Development charges the context of additional resources from land-based charges such as betterment The issue with development charges is levy and enhancement of the that when BDA develops a layout, the implementation capacities of the BBMP. costs are in-built as part of the land cost, whereas for private lay out the levy is Current average annual capital Rs.20 per sq.m (as per KTCP Act, expenditure is of the order of Rs.400 1961). These rates are levied based on crores and if the BBMP were to a 1993-94 Government Order and have investment proposals for implementation of its zonal development plan. 19 Currently, BMP has an outstanding loan of 18 CRISIL 2007 Rs.742.02 crores. CDSUS Report, BBMP 36 not been revised since then. In the year development charges. The Andhra 2005-06, the BDA collected Rs.25 Pradesh Government also revised the crores as betterment charges and development charges in the year 200721. Rs.15.7 crores as development charges. The per square meter rates for The BMP collected a betterment of levy regularization in Chennai are Rs.1, 250 of Rs 6.26 crores during the same for residential and industrial, and period. The BDA also receives Rs.2,500 for commercial. The substantial revenues by way of auction development charge rates for residential of plots and the resources are generally in Chennai are Rs.5/ sq.m for land and not ploughed back for development Rs.12.5 for buildings and is in multiples works of the BBMP. of two for commercial properties. The The resource mobilization plan as underlying fact in all the cities, including prepared by the KUIDFC indicated Bangalore, is that while the layouts additional inflows through the Sakrama developed by public agencies factor in scheme of regularizing unauthorized the cost of development and charge the developments. As per the scheme, the buyers, in the case of layouts developed rates are graduated based on the site by private builders, the developments 20 area . While there are issues in terms are not up to the mark and the fee of the process, it needs mention that collected by the agencies do not reflect similar schemes are under way in other the true cost of development. The metros and the rates are far higher than impact is on the local body to mobilize those prescribe in Karnataka. In additional resources and upgrade Hyderabad, for layout regularization it is services and the only source available of the order of Rs.600 per sq.m inclusive to raise resources is the property-based of all charges, including betterment and taxes, which is in itself a constraint. The additional option will be to explore the 20 Area Rate Rs./ Sq.M Violation-Formation of Sites 21 Upto 60 200 Hyderabad >60-120 400 Use Land Building >120 600 ( Rs/ Sq.M) Set Back Violations % Hyde Urban Hydera Urban Res Non Res rabad Agglom bad Agglom Upto 25 10 25 eration eration 25-50 25 40 Res 75 75 100 50 FAR Violations Com 100 100 125 60 Upto 25 10 25 Ind 60 60 125 30 25-50 25 40 Ins 60 60 125 30 CDSUS Report, BBMP 37 proposed redevelopment provision in the corresponding rates are Rs.60 and the Master Plan for Bengaluru. Rs.120. After 15 years of initial prescription, these rates in Mumbai The possible options for mobilizing appear to be extremely low both additional resources to meet the compared to current property prices investment need can be from the and resource requirements for regularization fee, which would be of the infrastructure provision. Any increase 22 order of Rs.600 crores . This could be would be less than 3% of the current leveraged additional of investment in the cost of development in Bangalore. medium term, especially if the fund is managed by well-placed investments. The additional inflows for the fund could also be contributions by way of: Enhanced development charges. Currently the BBMP charges Rs.20 per sq. m (Rs.40 for industrial and Rs.75 for commercial) as development fee23. However, there is a need to develop annual costs and notify the same. Currently, this is notified by the GoK and will require empowerment of the BBMP to fix this levy on “annual basis�. For instance, in case of Mumbai, The rates prescribed for the MCGM, Mumbai, are a minimum of Rs.140 and a maximum Rs.350 per sq. m. of land and building where the FSI is 1 (the current applicable rate is Rs.175). In case of other Municipal Corporations, 22 It is proposed that the BBMP will regularise all the buildings where deviations are below 50% and at the proposed fee, BBMP would generate about Rs.600 crores in the next two years 23 As of 1993-94 CDSUS Report, BBMP 38 PROCESS OF CALCULATING DEVELOPMENT CHARGES Prepare Development Forecast Exclude ineligible services Estimate Increase in need for Service Less grants, subsidies Determine long term & other contributions capital & operating costs for infrastructure Net Capital costs Add unfunded works in place which will Less benefit to benefit future existing development development Amount of charge by Development type CDSUS Report, BBMP 39 Apart from enhanced This pool of resources will primarily be development charges, the city can also for demand-based development works benefit from the proposed in the BBMP area, including redevelopment schemes and as per the redevelopment programmes as act, a betterment levy would enable the contemplated in the Master Plan. In BBMP recover part of the costs. If the addition, the cell would also manage re- development warrants additional debts by substituting debt as well as FSI, this could be at a price and the deciding on implementation options for additional resources could be pooled infrastructure or social projects. into the Infrastructure Fund (IF), leveraged and utilized in the same zone Scope of the Investment Planning and for development. However, the rates of Debt Management Cell: development will need to be on actuals for the zone. Assistance in financial management: It is recommended that the ƒ Maintain an up to date database BBMP create an IF from a long-term on municipal finances perspective and also establish a Debt ƒ Reconciliation of accounts with Management and Investment Planning utilities and lenders Cell. The primary function of the cell will ƒ Carrying out variance analysis be managing the “Investments Funds�, with reference to the budget which could be specific to Slum ƒ Furnishing data and carrying out Improvement or General Infrastructure analysis for the BBMP. Investments. These funds could draw ƒ Tracking the growth of property resources from: tax assessments • All land-based levies ƒ Market watch and periodic • The regularization income substitution of loans (Sakrama), ƒ Investment of resources in the • And other sources transferred “specialized funds� and by the BBMP or the managing the same. government and possibly a ƒ Ensure enforceability of security share of land auction based mechanisms by maintaining a income of the BDA. register of hypothecated collateral. CDSUS Report, BBMP 40 Assistance in project crores and the capital of the order of financing: Rs.220 crores. Most of the capital works ƒ Assist various units of the BBMP is towards the BUSP. The BBMP could in structuring projects/engage as part of its policy to improve living experts to assist the cell in such conditions in lower-income areas merge transactions the 18% welfare allocation and an ƒ Disseminate information on the annual contribution of around. The projects to credit-rating agencies BBMP will also need to define a policy and interested financial for slum upgrading and allocate institutions. resources so that this could be mainstreamed as part of the Budget 12 1 2.. For financing services and than being linked to programmatic development activities for the poor, funds. beyond the national programmes-based support and allocation for basic 1 144.. The investment needs for slum infrastructure upgrading, the allocation upgradation is of the order of Rs.4,995 is limited. Even the BSUP primarily crores and additional Rs.50 crores will focuses on physical infrastructure and is be required for social development limited on the social development front. activities. : The only direct source for slum improvement is transfer of a cess on private development24 collected by BDA and transferred to a “slum development fund� jointly held by the Slum Clearance Board and the ULB. However, this fund can be utilized by the Slum Clearance Board as per standing orders of the government25. 13 1 3.. Currently, the welfare budget on the revenue side is of the order of Rs.55 24 The fee ranges from Rs.25,000 per ha for layouts to specific charges for plots developed by state agencies. 25 TPNo:DD-DG/SiCess/6-18/94-95 Dated 18.5.1994} CDSUS Report, BBMP 41 STRATEGIC ADVISORY CELL CDSUS Report, BBMP 42 and direct various actions to desired CH HA PT AP ER TE R IV outcomes within the statutory frameworks. In effect, the SAC will S STTR RAAT TEEG CA GIIC AD DVVIIS SOOR RYY oversee the following activities: C CEEL LLL Preparation of urban slum upgrading policy for Bengaluru city; Support the BBMP in The Strategic Advisory Cell establishment of debt management While fund management will be a cell, by engaging an expert or function within the BBMP supported by through an internal committee; CA through the SAC, the SAC will be Augmenting physical the nodal point for enabling all pro-poor infrastructure in general and in initiatives and advise/coordinate lower-income areas in particular by advisory services for coordinating with the works strategic/operational actions. This could department. This would involve be on a range of issues such as preparation of pilot projects and governance, resource mobilization or support during implementation of the programme or project development. projects. including community mobilization; Apart from pursuing projects or Managing and executing the catalysing action through various redevelopment – design TOR for stakeholders and implementing engagement of consultant and assist agencies, the SAC will also initiate the BBMP in its implementation, planning actions that will enable compensation, etc-. comprehensive Monitoring and implementation upgradation/redevelopment of areas of of redevelopment – project the city. The renewed planning implementation. approach essentially shall be strategic CDSUS Report, BBMP 43 THE PROPOSED STRUCTURE THE STRATEGIC ADVISORY CELL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair – Principal Secretary, UDD Members Principal Secretary, Housing Principal Secretary, Revenue TECHNICAL ADVISORY CELL COMMISSIONER BBMP CHAIRMAN - SAC CMD – BWSSB Commissioner, KSCB Commissioner, BDA Managing Director, KUIDFC Independent Engineering Specialist SPECIAL COMMISSIONER BBMP MEMBER SECRETARY SAC SAC TEAM Project Manager Municipal Engineer Social Development Specialist Financial Management Specialist Other Specialists The structure and suggested staffing for the SAC are as follows. The SAC will be anchored within the BBMP. The overall functions will be handled by a programme manager and technical specialist. Other skill sets will be acquired based on need. CDSUS Report, BBMP 44 Position Skill-sets Functions Project Urban Planner/ Management ƒ Overall management of SAC activities and Manager Graduate at least 10 years submission of performance and monitoring experience in program reports to the Steering Committee and the management in the urban Donors; sector ƒ Specific advice on project development; ƒ Lead design and oversee on behalf of SAC, the area development program; ƒ Policy advise to the SAC constituents and coordination of policy work outsourced through specialists and ƒ Coordinate procurement of goods and services for the SAC or activities of other agencies that would involve procurement Municipal Engineer Planner with ƒ Design, review and appraisal of Engineer adequate experience in infrastructure components of area/ in situ design of area development slum development programs and schemes. Around 10 years ƒ Support small initiatives on aspects relating experience, preferably with to procurement as well support other service experience in procurement of outsourcing such as health, education etc. works and services. The Municipal Engineer can also be on deputation form BBMP/ Government. Social Social scientist with around 10 ƒ Define TOR and procurement of agencies Development years experience in program to carry out poverty assessment and design, design of social mapping, social development programs; development/ livelihood ƒ Initiate IEC activities on various issues projects and research. relating to health and poverty ƒ Support the Engineer in design of slum upgrading programs ƒ liaise with the Corporate entities to market social projects and monitor program implementation Finance Master in Business Assist PM in Specialist Administration with Financial ƒ Financial appraisal of sub projects; CDSUS Report, BBMP 45 Management or CA/ ICWA ƒ Structuring of projects and with sufficient exposure to ƒ Management of project finances urban infrastructure projects, knowledge of capital market issues. Other Specialists as required . The overall poverty specific requirements for the short term would be of the order of Rs. 2053 crores (US$ 515 million) and the BBMP will finance the investment components. It is expected that CA and other partner donors, apart from supporting core staff will support project development activities/specific transaction and policy studies. The indicative costs of various actions are as follows: Cost Activity Description Rs Million Sources Crores US $ Design of urban Team and Expert slum upgrading formulate the policy and policy and strategy, define sub projects in and definition of consultation with 0.25 0.06 CA specific sub-project BBMP/KSCB implementation arrangements Finance sub-project/ Develop infrastructure transaction projects, area development and development projects and 4 1 CA/ USAID/JBIC social development social development activities/ programmes programmes Other advisory Activities such as support services as for legislative 4 1 CA demanded by amendments, market CDSUS Report, BBMP 46 constituent access support etc. bodies/GoK26 SAC operating costs Technical assistance for for a five-year setting up of Advisory period Cell in BBMP, 4 1 CA Infrastructure, Hiring Professional & experts, Operational Costs etc Implementation of Implementation of social development capacity building/ 25 6.25 BBMP Programmes livelihood programmes etc Infrastructure Physical infrastructure in lower income settlements BBMP/ GOK/ 2000 500 (JNNURM, BSUP, 18% GOI & users programmes etc) Total 2037.25 509.31 26 Such as Institutional Framework changes and amendments: ƒ Framework for declaring an area for redevelopment scheme/redevelopment. • Assessment of amendments to be brought about through the KTCP Act and the KMC Act. This includes the required changes to be brought about in the municipal bye laws and zonal regulations. • Framework changes for making BBMP/SAC in position to recommend Local Planning Authority for declaration of the scheme. • Action Plan for development of rental housing to be addressed. CDSUS Report, BBMP 47 ANNEXURES CDSUS Report, BBMP 48 GOI to support and develop micro- AN NN EX NE UR XU E1 RE enterprise and gainful employment A targeted towards the urban poor. The ANNO OVVE ERRV VIIE EWWO OFFS SL UM LU M highlight of this particular scheme is its IIM MPPR ROOV VEEM ME NT EN TA AN DP ND PO OV ER VE TY RT Y focus on empowering poor women in A AL LE LL VIIA EV ATTIIO ONNP PRRO OG RA GR MM AM ME ESS IIN N urban governance. It operates by setting K KAAR RN AT NA TA AKKA A up self-employment ventures or making space for wage employment through creation of suitable community Nirmal Nagar Programme (NNP): This structures and the implementation is programme, launched by the GoK, aims done through the local bodies and to provide optimum delivery of the community structures. services and change the way people look at service delivery institutions. Urban Housing Schemes: Greater accountability and citizen participation are the focus areas. The Integrated Housing & Slum following are the sub-components of the Development Programme (IHSDP): This programme: programme was introduced by the GoI, Urban Stree-Shakti for poverty and aims to enhance public and private alleviation. investments in housing and Urban cleanliness (solid waste infrastructural development in urban management) areas. Access to toilets for urban poor Promotion of rainwater The basic objective of the scheme is to harvesting practice strive for holistic slum development with Property taxes reforms and a healthy and enabling urban property=related GIS (geographic environment by providing adequate information system) shelter and basic infrastructure facilities Computerization to the slum dwellers of the identified Implementation of fund[based urban areas. accounting system in the ULBs Ashraya Scheme: The State Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana government-sponsored scheme for (SJSRY): This is a need-based informal housing for the houseless urban poor. employment programme launched by CDSUS Report, BBMP 49 The beneficiaries are selected by The objectives of BSUP are: Ashraya Committees comprising both official and non-official members Focused attention to integrated appointed by the government. The development of basic services to the financial assistance under the urban poor; programmee is limited by the urban Security of tenure at affordable local bodies. price, improved housing, water supply, sanitation; Dr. Ambedkar Housing Scheme: This is Convergence of services in fields a State government-sponsored housing of education, health and social scheme for the SCs/STs. The Ashraya security and Ambedkar housing programmes As far as possible providing were launched in Karnataka for the poor housing near the place of occupation in 1993-94, long before the National of the urban poor Habitat Policy was formulated. Effective linkage between asset creation and asset management to Infrastructure schemes ensure efficiency Scaling up delivery of civic Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban amenities and provision of utilities Renewal Mission (JNNURM) _ Basic with emphasis on universal access Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP): to urban poor. The Sub-Mission on BSUP under the Ensuring adequate investment of JNNURM has been launched with thrust funds to fulfill deficiencies in basic on integrated development of slums services to urban poor. through projects for providing shelter, basic services and other related civic Other Schemes: These include several amenities. In Karnataka, the JNNURM is schemes that the State government has applicable only to Bengaluru and undertaken to provide social security to Mysore, which are among the 63 cities the poor, particularly the weavers and selected for this scheme. towards slum development: CDSUS Report, BBMP 50 Social Security programmes: The water, better roads, community major national security schemes are : centre and street lighting. National Old Age Pension Niranthara-BBMP offers Scheme (NOAPS), which provides prioritized services to urban poor pension to people above the age of with footpaths, community toilets, 65 who have no source of income or and vocational training. financial support. Apart from the above there are National Family Benefit regular government schemes or Scheme, which provides Rs.10,000 even the BBMP allocation such as to families living below the poverty the 18% grants for SCs/STs etc. line when their main earning member dies. National Maternity Benefit Scheme, which provides Rs.500 to pregnant women of families living below the poverty line. Rural Group Insurance Scheme, which provides a maximum life insurance of Rs.5,000 covering the main earning members of families living below the poverty line on a group insurance basis. Kolache Pradeshagala Abhivridhi Yojane: This is an initiative of the Government of Karnataka to improve the conditions of the slum dwellers. Its main objective is to provide drinking CDSUS Report, BBMP 51 centers- mainly from data that come AN NN EX NE UR XU E2 RE from field surveys and official T databases. TE RM ER SO MS FR OF RE EFFE ERRE EN CE NC EF FOOR R iv. Government land, mainly that of the P POOV VEER RT YM TY MA AP PIIN PP NGG RGRHCL, the BBMP, the BDA, the KHB, for housing and land 1. Objective: Through a development. comprehensive mapping to be v. Housing situation – informal and carried out on various scales formal possibly through use of GIS, the vi. Transportation objectives are: vii. Health and education facilities covering primary, secondary and i. Transversal approach for tertiary health & education centers. understanding the key issues The role of private schools and ii. Arrive at urban poor networking health needs to be articulated and and identification of common role identified clearly. resources that can be shared. viii. Environmental features, including iii. Develop programme/projects that of the valleys, tanks, hill tops, based on different hazardous areas. territories/spatial context. ix. Trunk infrastructure for the water, sewerage, UGD _ this involves 2. Themes to be covered are: getting relevant information from the departments concerned and building i. Population densities _ changes and on the data and demand for growth services. ii. Geo-locating the slums/high-density x. Capital values and land prices of areas/urban villages and poorly various parts of the city along with serviced areas through the database the market guideline values in form of the KSCB, the BBMP, the BDA, of price bands in the city. the SAC listing (derived from the NGO, etc), the BDA RMP 2015 – 3. Tasks area improvement schemes and i. Conduct a stakeholder analysis satellite imagery interpretation. • Identify actual and potential iii. Employment and jobs location _ stakeholders who should be mapping of informal and formal job CDSUS Report, BBMP 52 involved in the various phases of poverty mapping and use the the poverty mapping process learnings of the process and the • Identify stakeholder needs, outcome to adopt it suitably. interests, capabilities and views, v. Evolve a variety of methods, so as to facilitate the including awareness raising participation of stakeholders in initiatives, to explain possible the poverty mapping process as applications and demonstrate producers, disseminators or power of the results to create a users in line with the objective of demand. the stakeholders. vi. Suggest ways of setting up user • Identify key actors on board and groups at an early stage. Involve engage them as ‘Champion27s’ the user groups in the mapping process. User groups can be i. Identify the focal point for the Parastatal bodies, NGOs, likely mapping process (in this case it CSR partners. will be the BBMP) vii. Identify situations of conflict and ii. Network with the key agencies tensions and deal with it with and counterparts and keep them understanding and consensus in the loop from the beginning. building process (the BWSSB, the KSCB, the viii. Enlist resources needed for KSPCB, NGOs/civil societies, setting up a poverty analysis unit mass organizations, National and a GIS unit to be set up Statistical Institute, Census within BBMP. Board and specific private ix. Obtain access to census and sector partners) any available survey data to iii. Develop indicators that need to build the poverty map. Check the be fed into the map through a compatibility of data sets and participatory process ensure data quality iv. Establish contacts with the x. Draw up clear guidelines for agencies of Best Practices in analysis of data. xi. Technical and Participatory 27 The role of the champions would be to disseminate validation exercises must be the methodology of the mapping process, objectives conducted to examine the and uses which may also be updated. The champions will ideally have the following characteristics: soundness of the mapping data Knowledgeable, well-connected, Senior) CDSUS Report, BBMP 53 and other outputs. Trust among the stakeholders and policy makers must be established through this exercise xii. Work out a dissemination strategy to spread public awareness. Data outlets may be identified. xiii. List out assumptions and limitations to the users. xiv. Provide follow-up action plan both to the BBMP and the user groups. 4. Outputs of this exercise will be to build the spatial and analytical data as well to maintain for a period of two years – the operation and maintenance part will be budgeted by the SAC and will involve PPP model and the CSR initiative to work. The database and mapping will be updated once in six months. CDSUS Report, BBMP 54 value – (financial) and allow for AN NN EX NE UR XU E3 RE participation and respective enjoyment of benefits commensurate with the T TEER RM SO MS FR OF RE EFFE ER EN RE CE NC E participation or subsidy. This is an R RE DE ED EV VEEL LO PM OP ME EN TP NT PR ROOG GR AM RA ME MM E extension of partnership model between the various stakeholders. Background: Bengaluru city has large number of areas that are poorly serviced The salient features of the model will be: and require some immediate intervention in short-, medium- and long- The scheme also highlights a term periods. An in situ type of “special attention area� and the development/upgradation has limited development intiatives and their co- scope and value. Therefore, there is a ordination can be continued. need for renewing a redevelopment The redevelopment area shall approach to tackle the various housing not only be limited to the slum or and infrastructure issues. Foremost, poor area, they will be covering a among them would be the need for the larger area for the redevelopment “declaration of scheme�, which will plan purpose. provide its legitimate status for planning The scheme area should also and development operation. have the flexibility of possessing an independent FAR as global FAR that The scheme in common parlance is need not be linked with the Master mostly understood as “static“ and Plan FAR. “predetermined�, leading to a freeze on Instead of land-based rights, the the existing ground situation. The form overall model has to be based on suggested here introduces flexibility and the development rights and transfer is modelled on similar lines of the “Town of development rights – through the Planning Schemes�. The key focus use of FAR. should be the ability of amalgamation of A global FAR for the said area the various stakeholders’ rights and will be provided and this is required working out a proportional beneficiary to be utilized in a creative and position. This will be based on the prudent manner. extent of participation not limited to the The permission for implementing mere ownership of the resources. This the scheme and necessary form of model thrives on ascribing a CDSUS Report, BBMP 55 approvals will have to come through drawing up of budgets. Through the SAC. the careful dovetailing with the The guidelines and regulations Master Plan, Transportation for the redevelopment requires to networks, Infrastructure & Quasi be drawn up and will provide Political inputs. concessions so as to meet the D. Inclusion of budget items within optimum development of the site the municipal budgets for regular and the area. implementation. E. Screening and addition of areas The base information derived from the on an ongoing basis. databases requires to be analyzed for the veracity and also requires to be The tasks brought into a suitable framework for identification. This requires to be Activity .1: Benchmarking and handled in stages: minimum services provision: A. Consultancy part to anchor and Benchmarking of services to the current provide inputs to the SAC as well level and enhancement to a desired to enable policy/management level will require several of the framework. Derivation of initiatives: programmes and phasing Assessment of existing proposals. programand new ones will have to B. work with the multiple be introduced. departments and agencies to Community mapping – build consensus, agreements on identification of key CBOs, various issues concerning: NGOs,etc, i. Identification of stakeholders Social and economic ii. Identification of areas for assessment studies – including upgradation/redevelopment/slum investigating the role of employment areas. generation through mix of self-help iii. Conducting workshops, and organised turnkey construction seminars & dissemination of formats. information. C. Derivation of programmes and phasing for each area and CDSUS Report, BBMP 56 Activity 2: Engineering and Activity 3: Planning operations for Infrastructure: both area level upgradation and redevelopment The infrastructure part both from engineering aspects and social aspects Will involve detailed surveys – of community services will have to be physical, reconnaissance, improved upon–this will require the topographical and social surveys upgradation of services and as well as Profiling and needs assessment. to involve the community to take up the Land assessment and pooling design and implementation of the for redevelopment process. scheme. Design and Structuring the scheme – identification of equity Mapping of services. players, stakeholders and Needs and demand requirement beneficiaries. assessment. Action for limited re-location and Engineering studies rehabilitation. Integrating the informal sector Fixing of overall FAR for the within the planning process and operations. reservation of space/lending some Working out the social concessions for the owners of infrastructure components. tiny/informal businesses. In case of upgradation schemes Discussion with relevant In the short term – prioritize stakeholder for the services development along with actionable component. inputs limited to one or two priority Willingness to pay/affordability areas sectors consistent with Identification of key players in overall upgradation and planning. provision of infrastructure – Setting up of the budgetary engagement into formal system. support. Design of engineering aspects Identification of key players for for the works implementation and enrolling them. Implementation in phases by involving the community/CBO through a bid route. CDSUS Report, BBMP 57 reviewed by the Technical AN NN EX NE UR XU E4 RE Advisory Cell. T TEER RM SO MS FR OF RE EF ER FE RE EN CE NC E 4.0 Scope of Work of the SAC will S STTR RAAT TEEG GIIC CAAD DVVIIS SO RY OR YC CE LL EL L include design, support and oversight relating to the following activities: 1.0 Preamble: The SAC, the SAC 4.1 Preparation of urban slum will be the nodal point for upgrading policy for Bengaluru enabling all pro-poor initiatives city and advise/coordinate advisory 4.2 Support the BBMP in services for strategic/operational establishment of debt actions. This could be on a management cell, by engaging range of issues such as an expert or through an internal governance, resource group mobilization or program or 4.3 Augmenting physical project development. infrastructure in general and in lower-income areas in particular 2.0 Structure: The overall by coordinating with the works responsibility of the SAC will be department. This would involve with the Commissioner, BBMP, preparation of pilot projects and the Chair. A committee headed support during implementation of by the Secretary UDD will advise the projects. including and resolve cross departmental community mobilization issues relating to the work of the 4.4 Managing and executing SAC. A Technical Advisory cell redevelopment program – design on inter departmental operational TOR for engagement of issues will function under the consultant and assist the BBMP chairmanship of the in its implementation, Commissioner BBMP. compensation, etc- 4.5 Monitoring and implementation 3.0 Within the BBMP, the of redevelopment – project responsibility of the SAC will be implementation and with a Special Commissioner. All products of the SAC will be CDSUS Report, BBMP 58 4.6 Support the constituent 5.2 The overall functions will be members of the “Technical handled by a program Advisory Cell� on aspects manager and technical relating to planning, policy and specialist. The Program governance issues. Manager Will report to the Special Commissioner as 5.0 Location, Staffing and designated by the Responsibilities: Commissioner Bangalore Corporation 5.1 The SAC will be anchored within the BBMP and will be 6.0 Staff and responsibilities are as attached to one of the follows : Special Commissioners Position Skill-sets Functions Project Manager Urban Planner/ ƒ Overall management of SAC Management Graduate at activities and submission of least 10 years experience performance and monitoring in program management in reports to the Steering the urban sector Committee and the Donors; ƒ Specific advice on project development; ƒ Lead design and oversee on behalf of SAC, the area development program; ƒ Policy advise to the SAC constituents and coordination of policy work outsourced through specialists and ƒ Coordinate procurement of goods and services for the SAC or activities of other agencies that would involve procurement Municipal Engineer Engineer Planner with ƒ Design, review and appraisal adequate experience in of infrastructure components design of area of area/ in situ slum development schemes. development programs and Around 10 years ƒ Support small initiatives on experience, preferably with aspects relating to experience in procurement procurement as well support of works and services. other service outsourcing CDSUS Report, BBMP 59 The Municipal Engineer such as health, education can also be on deputation etc. form BBMP/ Government. Social Development Social scientist with around ƒ Define TOR and procurement 10 years experience in of agencies to carry out program design, design of poverty assessment and social development/ mapping, social livelihood projects and development programs; research. ƒ Initiate IEC activities on various issues relating to health and poverty ƒ Support the Engineer in design of slum upgrading programs ƒ liaise with the Corporate entities to market social projects and monitor program implementation Finance Specialist Master in Business Assist PM in Administration with ƒ Financial appraisal of sub Financial Management or projects; CA/ ICWA with sufficient ƒ Structuring of projects and exposure to urban ƒ Management of project infrastructure projects, finances knowledge of capital market issues. Other Specialists as required 7.0 Key activities Activity Description Urban Slum Policy To be developed using a specialist with the overall responsibilities with the social development specialist and the Project Manager. Urban Poverty Assessment and To be lead by the PM, will involve finalizing the Definition of the sub projects TOR in consultation with departments, procuring an agency, review of outputs and assist BBMP units in preparing designs and bid documents. Sub-projects: In consultation with agencies/ units of BBMP: transaction development and social ƒ Develop infrastructure projects, development activities/ programmes ƒ area development projects and ƒ social development programmes ƒ Support BBMP in implementation of BSUP Other advisory services as Activities such as support for legislative demanded by constituent amendments, market access support etc. bodies/GoK28 Involve: 28 Such as Institutional Framework changes and amendments: ƒ Framework for declaring an area for redevelopment scheme/redevelopment. CDSUS Report, BBMP 60 ƒ development of TORs, ƒ preparation of outsourcing policies ƒ organize events such as round tables, workshops, seminars Implementation of social Advise and oversee implementation of capacity development Programmes building/ livelihood programmes etc directly by BBMP or through Corporate Bodies Design and develop PPP projects. 8.0 Other Requirements The BBMP & CMAK would provide for space and services for the SAC to operate. • Assessment of amendments to be brought about through the KTCP Act and the KMC Act. This includes the required changes to be brought about in the municipal bye laws and zonal regulations. • Framework changes for making BBMP/SAC/ Metro Planning Committee as Local Planning Authority for declaration of the re development schemes. • Action Plan for development of rental housing to be addressed. CDSUS Report, BBMP 61 City Managers Association, Karnataka CMAK is a membership based professional body of City Managers’ and Urban Planners, which works to strengthen and enhance the capacities of ULBs, UDAs and Association members in Urban Planning, Management and Development. We believe in effectively utilizing and encouraging the existing expertise in urban development with a focus on innovative practices, trends and concepts. Our Strategies Our strategies revolve around peer exchange programs; information sharing between cities and countries; professional development opportunities to local officials and members of the Association; partnership and alliances with different organizations, experts, researchers, practitioners, doers, thinkers and implementers. Advisory Support & Networking We support ULBs by providing advisory and technical assistance in Municipal finance, Infrastructure development, Project Management, Costing, Resource mobilization and Research. We also facilitate project planning and implementation and other selected areas of interest to ULBs. Training & Education Participatory, implementation-oriented training is our main focus area while we endeavor to improve knowledge and skills for managing urban processes of today. Information Dissemination CMAK follows a multi-dimensional approach by facilitating national, regional and international workshops for capacity building. Seminars and city programmes are organised. We bring about “City Manager� a quarterly publication with information, analyses and perspectives on urban issues. We also develop and disseminate working papers, best practices documentation and other publications. CDSUS Report, BBMP 62 CDSUS Report, BBMP 63