03 WORLD BANK ATLAS Preface 2 19 Improving the investment and business climate 40 The world by region 3 20 Improving the performance of government 42 Topics 21 Building sound infrastructure 44 1 The world's growing population 4 22 Conflict and development 46 2 Longer lives 6 23 The integrating world 48 3 Rich countries--and poor 8 24 Reducing barriers to trade 50 4 Urban demands on the world's environment 10 25 Aid for development 52 5 Many people are still poor 12 Data tables 6 Millennium Development Goals 14 1 Key indicators of development 54 7 Education opens doors 16 2 Poverty and mortality 56 8 Gender and development 18 3 Health 58 9 Children under five--struggling to survive 20 4 Education and gender 60 10 Improving the health of mothers 22 5 Environment 62 11 Global killers 24 6 Economy 64 12 The education vaccine 26 7 Energy and infrastructure 66 13 Limited land and more mouths to feed 28 8 Business and investment climate and trade 68 14 Forests shrinking 30 9 Government finance, external debt, and aid 70 15 Energy use and a warmer world 32 Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators 72 16 Growth and opportunity 34 Definitions, sources, and notes 74 17 The rise of the service economy 36 Data sources 79 18 Investment for growth 38 Ranking of economies by GNI per capita 80 PREFACE Canada For more than 30 years the World Bank Atlas has emphasis on measuring results have increased been a resource for students and others seeking the demand for timely, reliable, and relevant data. a global view of development indicators. The World The Atlas still provides an overview of United States Bank Atlas 2003 continues in that tradition, but it development issues, highlighting key social, Bermuda (UK) has changed, just as our understanding of the economic, and environmental data for 208 development process has grown. economies. But it has been expanded and The Bahamas Early editions of the Atlas included only three substantially redesigned, offering more Cayman Is.(UK) indicators: population, gross national product information in a stronger thematic structure. Mexico Cuba Haiti (GNP) per capita, and growth of GNP per capita in Each topic is presented on two facing pages-- Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras 136 economies. The principal development illustrated by maps, graphs, and accompanying El Salvador Nicaragua strategy was investment for industrialization. In text to provide a multidimensional introduction. Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname the background hovered the concern that The topics are organized in three sections: Colombia French Guiana (Fr) population would rapidly outstrip economic · Measuring the world--examines population, output, leading to declining standards of living life expectancy, poverty, world economy, and Ecuador Kiribati and, perhaps, widespread starvation. environment. Not until the 18th edition of the Atlas in 1985 · Measuring development--presents an Peru Brazil French Polynesia (Fr) did "social indicators" appear--life expectancy, assessment of progress toward some of the infant mortality, primary school enrollment, and targets of the Millennium Development Goals. Bolivia later literacy and fertility rates, signaling that · Measuring action--comprises 19 detailed Paraguay development is not just about how economies presentations on health, education, social grow but also about how people's lives change. By welfare, use of environmental resources, Dominican Republic Puerto Rico (US) then coverage had expanded to 189 economies. performance of the public sector, and Uruguay Antigua and Barbuda Chile In 1992 the 25th edition added a section on the integration of the global economy. U.S. Virgin Argentina Islands (US) Guadeloupe (Fr) St. Kitts environment, recognizing the demands that Drawing on the World Development Indicators and Nevis Dominica Netherlands development makes on the world's resources. 2003 database, the Atlas includes nine tables that Antilles (Neth) Martinique (Fr) St. Lucia Much has happened since. Development provide more information on many of the indicators Aruba St. Vincent and (Neth) the Grenadines Barbados efforts are now directed more toward alleviating that appear in the thematic discussions. Grenada poverty. The Millennium Development Goals, We hope that you find the new Atlas Trinidad and Tobago adopted by all members of the United Nations, informative and engaging. You may also find it R.B. de Venezuela set specific, quantified targets for reducing challenging, not because it presents arcane poverty and achieving progress in health, material or complicated concepts, but because education, and the use of environmental improving the lives of billions of people is very resources. These goals and the growing real, touching us all. 2 2003 World Bank Atlas The world's growing population The 20th century saw unprecedented population Demographic windows of opportunity growth--the world's population grew from 1.6 There is a "population effect" on economic growth. On average, developing billion to 6.1 billion. Most of the increase was in countries with slower population growth have had faster economic growth. One reason is that investments in health and education and improvements developing countries. And the largest share of in the status of women, which help to increase growth and reduce poverty, future increases will occur in the poorest also set the stage for lower population growth. And slowing the growth of population creates an opportunity for further increases in economic growth. regions of the world. Given a choice, poor people in developing countries choose to have When the population is growing up only 18 percent of the smaller families than their parents did. Educated women, in particular, are fast, the average age is low. In population and people over 65 likely to have fewer children. When fertility rates drop, the proportion of 2001 there were 5.2 billion make up 14 percent. Even when young people--who are dependent on the working-age population--declines people living in developing birth rates begin to decline, while the proportion of the elderly rises much more slowly. So a larger pool countries and about a third of population growth will continue of workers is supporting fewer young and old dependents--a demographic them were under the age of 15. as large numbers of young window--creating an opportunity for increased personal savings and In the fastest growing regions, people move into child-bearing investment, faster economic growth, and rising incomes. To take advantage the youth population is even age. Countries like Bangladesh of this window, countries must pursue sound social and economic policies larger--44 percent in Sub- and India can expect to grow that enable the large pool of potential workers to find productive Saharan Africa and 36 percent in another 30 percent even once employment. The moment will not last. Eventually, the proportion of the Middle East and North couples have only two children. dependents rises as the share of the older population increases. Many Africa. In slow growing, high- By 2050 the world's population countries in East Asia took advantage of this opportunity, but countries that income countries, youths make will reach 8.8 billion. are now making the transition to low fertility may not benefit unless they too encourage growth, investment, and human capital development. Countries need to invest in growth and human capital before the demographic window of opportunity closes Percentage of working-age population (15­64 years) Youth dependency Old-age dependency 100 80 60 40 20 0 1960 1990 2020 2050 1960 1990 2020 2050 1960 1990 2020 2050 1960 1990 2020 2050 Low-income countries Lower-middle-income countries Upper-middle-income countries High-income countries 4 2003 World Bank Atlas 1 Population growth rate, 2001­15 Average annual percentage 2.5% or more 2.0­2.4% 1.0­1.9% 0.0­0.9% Less than 0.0% No data The next billion Most of the projected population increase in coming years is in the poorest countries The population growth Between 2001 and 2015 Absolute population increase by country, 2001­15 (millions) rate measures how fast 200 approximately one billion a country's population people will be added to the is changing. Rapid world. Ninety-seven percent will 150 population growth can be born in low- and middle- strain the capacity for income countries and handling a wide range of 100 concentrated mainly in urban economic, social, and areas. The fastest growing environmental issues. 50 region will be Sub-Saharan This is particularly so Africa, but the largest number when it occurs with 0 of people will be added in Asia. widespread poverty, poor And the population of some access to resources, or high-income and Eastern ­50 unsustainable patterns of India China Pakistan Nigeria Indonesia United Bangladesh Brazil Congo, Ethiopia Germany Japan Italy Ukraine Russian European countries will decline. production and States Dem. Rep. Federation consumption. 2003 World Bank Atlas 5 Longer lives Life expectancy in developing countries has What affects life expectancy? increased to 64 years, mainly because of large Life expectancy at birth reflects the likelihood of surviving, averaged over reductions in infant mortality. Higher life all age groups. So changes in life expectancy are strongly influenced by improvements in health conditions that lower mortality rates for all age expectancy increases productivity and groups. But the fastest improvements have been a result of declining stimulates economic growth because people infant mortality. Infant mortality rates are often divided into two parts: those that are more willing to invest in human and occur in the first month of life and those that occur in the remainder physical capital. of the first year. This distinction separates the biological from the socioeconomic factors that affect infant mortality, which require Life expectancy in developing compared with the 110 years different kinds of efforts to control. countries increased rapidly after it took for such a change in Where people live affects infant mortality. Those living in cities World War II--reflecting modern Sweden. Recently, new and have better access to health care and a lower incidence of infectious health care and technology. And reemergent diseases have childhood diseases. Socioeconomic factors also play a role, including increases have come much slowed improvements in life the occupation, income, and education of a child's parents. High-income faster than they did in Europe a expectancy. Between 1960 and countries have made enormous progress in controlling infant mortality century earlier. Life expectancy 2001 life expectancy increased caused by environmental factors and are now focusing on reducing in Trinidad and Tobago jumped by only 15 years in low-income deaths among newborns. from 39 to 61 years in 34 years, countries. Around the world, women outlive men--more in high-income countries and In some South Asian countries men formerly outlived women, but that has less in low-income countries recently changed Life expectancy at birth, 1960­2001 (years) Life expectancy at birth, South Asia (years) 90 80 Women outlive men by 6­8 Women Men years in richer countries and 70 Men Women by 2­3 years in low-income 62 63 80 countries. Why the gap? 60 High-income countries Females in some low-income Men 50 countries are more likely to die Women 70 45 43 in childhood and in their 40 reproductive years. And often 60 women do not get a fair share 30 World of health resources. This bias was most pronounced in 20 50 South Asia, where female life 10 expectancy did not catch up Low-income countries with male life expectancy until 0 40 1990. 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 1960 2001 6 2003 World Bank Atlas 2 Life expectancy at birth, 2001 Life expectancy at birth is a measure of mortality Years levels of populations. Less than 55 Improvements in health 55--64 conditions are therefore 65--69 mirrored in life expec- 70--74 tancy at birth. This 75 or more indicator reflects many No data social, economic, and environmental influences and is closely related to other demographic variables, particularly infant mortality. Infant mortality rate, 2001 In the second half of the 20th century rapid Per 1,000 live births improvements in life 100 or more expectancy resulted 50­99 mainly from declining 25­49 infant mortality. Given its 10­24 association with GNI per Less than 10 capita, infant mortality is No data also considered one of the best indicators of the socioeconomic develop- ment of a community. 2003 World Bank Atlas 7 Rich countries--and poor More than 80 percent of the world's people live in developing countries. In 2001 their economies produced goods and services worth $6.2 trillion, about one-fifth of the world's total output. As these numbers suggest, world output and income are not distributed evenly. The 2.5 billion people in low- capita shown in the map were income economies have an converted to dollars using average annual income of $430 a three-year average exchange rates person, with some economies as (World Bank Atlas method), which low as $80. For the 2.7 billion reflect the values of currencies in people in middle-income economies, world markets. But exchange rates the average is $1,860. And for the do not always give an accurate 960 million in high-income picture of the purchasing power countries, it is $26,510. To make of incomes within domestic comparisons between countries, economies. One alternative is to local currencies must be converted convert GNI per capita to dollars to a common value. The values of using purchasing power parities gross national income (GNI) per (see below). Making comparisons: shares of global output . . . . . . and standards of living GNI per capita, 2001 ($) Purchasing Atlas power Purchasing power parities (PPPs), estimated by comparing method parity the prices of similar goods and services between countries, Japan 35,610 25,550 give a clearer picture of comparative standards of living. United States 34,280 34,280 When they are used to convert the GNI of each country to a United Kingdom 25,120 24,340 Germany 23,560 25,240 common currency, the share of world income in low- and France 22,730 24,080 middle-income countries is larger, reflecting the lower cost Canada 21,930 26,530 of many goods and Share of PPP GNI Italy 19,390 24,530 Low services in those income Spain 14,300 19,860 12% Korea, Rep. 9,460 15,060 countries. In 2001 world Lower Mexico 5,530 8,240 GNI valued in PPP terms middle High income Brazil 3,070 7,070 was $45.2 trillion, with income 23% Russian Federation 1,750 6,880 56% Upper 44 percent produced in China 890 3,950 middle Indonesia 690 2,830 developing countries. income 9% India 460 2,820 8 2003 World Bank Atlas 3 GNI per capita, 2001 Low-income countries ($745 or less) Lower-middle-income countries ($746­2,975) Upper-middle-income countries ($2,976­9,205) High-income countries ($9,206 or more) No data GNI per capita converted to US$ using the World Bank Atlas method. 2003 World Bank Atlas 9 Urban demands on the world's environment People are using more natural resources than Urbanization and environment ever, and demands on the environment will only In many towns and cities exposure to air pollution is the main increase. The global economy, having expanded environmental threat to human health. Long-term exposure to high levels of soot and small particles (fine suspended particulates less than 10 more than sevenfold since 1950, is still microns in diameter) in the air also contributes to a wide range of expanding. By far the greatest expansion has effects, including respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and heart disease. Urbanization by itself is not the environmental issue. Instead, come from activities in cities and towns. environmental problems arise as a byproduct of transport, industrial Cities, now home to almost half percent of the total. Sub-Saharan activities, and the overcrowding of human habitation. The problems the world's people, are growing Africa, with only 32 percent of its include pollution of the air and water and accumulation of solid waste. rapidly in size and number, people in urban areas, remains The largest and most important cost of urban pollution is to human especially in developing regions. quite rural by comparison. By health. People flock to cities in search of 2030, 60 percent of the world's Air and water pollution in many of the world's major cities cause work, access to public services, people will live in urban areas, tens of thousands of deaths, millions of cases of moderate to severe and a higher standard of living. resulting in further demand on sickness, and billions of dollars in lost productivity and other damages. In developing economies natural resources and urban Not only are the human and financial costs of pollution large, they tend urbanization is greatest in Latin services, with environmental to fall disproportionately on the poor. So addressing pollution is justified America, where the urban consequences, including on equity grounds as well as economic and environmental grounds. population accounts for 76 pollution of air and water. Lower-income countries are becoming more urban Urban populations rise Latin America is the most urban-- with income South Asia, the least Share of global urban population Population living in urban areas (%) Population living in urban areas (%) 1980 1980 1980 2001 Sub-Saharan (1,742 million) (2,891 million) World Africa 2001 2001 East Asia Low & Pacific income Low income 22% High income Low income High income South 26% 27% 34% Asia Lower middle Middle East & Upper North Africa Lower middle Lower Upper Upper middle 13% middle middle Europe & middle 30% 34% Central Asia 14% High Latin America income & Caribbean 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 2003 World Bank Atlas 4 Particulate matter, 1999 Particulate matter refers Micrograms per cubic to fine suspended meter particulates capable of More than 80 penetrating deep into the 46­80 respiratory tract and 31­45 causing significant health 22­30 damage. Particulate Less than 22 pollution, on its own or in combination with sulfur dioxide, leads to an enormous burden of ill health. Where coal is the primary fuel for power plants, steel mills, and heating, the result is usually high levels of urban air pollution and, if the coal's sulfur content is high, widespread acid deposition. Freshwater resources per capita, 2000 Water is crucial to economic development-- Cubic meters and to the survival of Less than 1,000 ecosystems. But more 1,000­1,699 than 1 billion people lack 1,700­3,999 access to safe water, and 4,000­9,999 600 million live in 10,000 or more countries facing water No data stress (less than 1,700 cubic meters of water a year per person). Global per capita water supplies have declined by a third over the past 25 years. Further economic and population growth will boost the demand for water. By 2050 the share of the world's population facing water stress could increase fivefold. 2003 World Bank Atlas 11 Many people are still poor Although poverty has many dimensions, income Measuring poverty is the most common way of measuring it. The There is almost never just one way to measure an economic indicator, proportion of people in developing countries and income poverty is no exception. Most countries set their own poverty lines. But to measure poverty across countries, an international poverty living on less than $1 a day declined from line is needed. The $1 a day poverty line was chosen as representative 29 percent in 1990 to 23 percent in 1999, which of typical poverty lines prevailing in a sample of low-income countries. Poverty at this level is sometimes called "extreme poverty." is still unacceptably high. To estimate poverty in a country, the $1 a day poverty line is The Millennium Development Goals from 1.2 billion in 1999 to about converted to local currency units using purchasing power parity (PPP) aim to reduce the proportion of 800 million in 2015. But not all exchange rates. However, PPP rates are themselves a product of a complex people living on less than $1 a day regions would succeed. East Asia and error-prone data collection process. And different methods of deriving in 1990 by half in 2015--to 14.5 and Pacific should readily achieve them can change the relative value of expenditures between countries. percent. If developing countries the target, but the Middle East and Poverty measures based on international poverty lines should not grow as projected, the proportion North Africa and Sub-Saharan be confused with estimates based on national poverty lines. Most of poor people will fall to 13.3 Africa will make little progress. In poverty analysis by the World Bank is based on national poverty lines. percent, exceeding the goal. Such fact, Sub-Saharan Africa will fall far The PPP-based international poverty line is required only to estimate growth, based on good policies short, with more than 400 million aggregate poverty across countries, so that people with the same and productive investments, would people continuing to live on less purchasing power are treated the same no matter where they live. reduce the number of poor people than $1 a day. With sustained growth, many regions will reach the goal, but Sub-Saharan Despite progress, millions remain in extreme poverty of less than $1 a day-- Africa remains severely off-track and millions more live on less than $2 a day Share of people living on less than $1 a day, On target Close to target Off target 1990 1999 2015 actual and projected (%) Share of people living on less than $1 a day (%) 50 East Asia & Pacific 30.5 15.6 3.9 Excluding China 24.2 10.6 1.1 Sub-Saharan Europe & Central Asia 1.4 5.1 1.4 Africa 40 Latin America & Caribbean 11.0 11.1 7.5 Middle East & North Africa 2.1 2.2 2.1 South Asia 45.0 36.6 15.7 East Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 47.4 49.0 46.0 30 & Pacific Total 29.6 23.2 13.3 South Share of people living on less than $2 a day (%) Latin America Asia 20 East Asia & Pacific 69.7 50.1 16.6 & Caribbean Excluding China 64.9 50.2 18.4 Europe & Central Asia 6.8 20.3 9.3 Latin America & Caribbean 27.6 26.0 18.9 10 Middle East & North Africa 21.0 23.3 16.0 Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa South Asia 89.8 84.8 68.0 Sub-Saharan Africa 76.0 74.7 70.4 0 1990 1999 2015 Total 62.1 55.6 38.1 12 2003 World Bank Atlas 5 Population below $1 a day, 1984­2001 A poverty line set at $1 a day (updated to $1.08 in 50.0% or more 1993 prices) has been 20.0­49.9% accepted as the working 10.0­19.9% definition of extreme 5.0­9.9% poverty in low-income Less than 5.0% countries. An estimated No data 1.2 billion people live below that poverty line. Population below $2 a day, 1984­2001 A poverty line of $2 a day (updated to $2.15 in 50.0% or more 1993 prices) is closer to 20.0­49.9% national poverty lines in 10.0­19.9% middle-income countries. 5.0­9.9% In 1999 an estimated 2.8 Less than 5.0% billion people were living No data on less than $2 a day-- more than half the population of the developing world. 2003 World Bank Atlas 13 Millennium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals, adopted Key to country progress unanimously by the members of the United The Millennium Development Goals set quantified time-bound targets. The graphs show the proportion of countries at each stage of progress Nations in September 2000, summarize and give measured by some of the key indicators over the period 1990­2001. See substance to the commitments embodied in the pages 72 and 73 for a complete list of the Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators. Millennium Declaration. The Goals underscore Countries in dark green have already reached the target. The the paramount task of development as challenge for them is to continue forward and not fall back. Countries in light green are on track to reach the target by the agreed improving the welfare of all people on Earth. date. Ambitious, but achievable, and mutually reinforcing, the Goals should Countries in orange are off track. They are unlikely to reach the goals be viewed together: unless progress is accelerated. Countries in red are seriously off track. For some, outcomes have · Eradicate extreme poverty and · Improve maternal health worsened. They are very unlikely to reach the goals. hunger · Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and Countries in gray lack adequate data to measure progress. Their · Achieve universal primary many other diseases statistical systems need improvements to provide a complete and education · Ensure environmental accurate picture of their progress. · Promote gender equality and sustainability This is an assessment of where we stand now, not a prediction of where empower women · Develop a global partnership the regions will end up. · Reduce child mortality for development East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia 23 countries (2,000 million people) 28 countries (480 million people) 100 100 50 50 0 0 Child Primary school Gender Child Births attended Access to Child Primary school Gender Child Births attended Access to malnutrition completion equality mortality by skilled water malnutrition completion equality mortality by skilled water in school personnel in school personnel 14 2003 World Bank Atlas 6 Target: Reduce child Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa malnutrition by half 33 countries (520 million people) 16 countries (300 million people) between 1990 and 2015. 100 100 Indicator: Prevalence among children under five. 50 50 Target: Achieve 100% primary school completion by 2015. Indicator: Percentage of 0 0 children completing last grade of primary school. Target: Achieve gender equality in enrollment ratios by 2005. Indicator: Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary Child Primary school Gender Child Births attended Access to Child Primary school Gender Child Births attended Access to malnutrition completion equality mortality by skilled water malnutrition completion equality mortality by skilled water and secondary school. in school personnel in school personnel Target: Reduce child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Indicator: Mortality rate for children under five. 8 countries (1,380 million people) 48 countries (670 million people) 100 100 Target: Achieve attendance at 90% of deliveries by trained health personnel by 50 50 2015. Indicator: Percentage of births attended by skilled 0 0 personnel. Target: Reduce the proportion of people without access to water by half between 1990 and 2015. Indicator: Percentage of population without Child Primary school Gender Child Births attended Access to Child Primary school Gender Child Births attended Access to malnutrition completion equality mortality by skilled water malnutrition completion equality mortality by skilled water access to an improved in school personnel in school personnel water source. 2003 World Bank Atlas 15 Education opens doors "Education can be the difference between a life Enrolling children and keeping them in school of grinding poverty and the potential for a full Education is development. It creates choices and opportunities for people, and secure one; between a child dying from reduces the twin burdens of poverty and disease, and gives a stronger voice in society. For nations it creates a dynamic workforce and well- preventable disease, and families raised in informed citizenry able to compete and cooperate globally--opening doors healthy environments; ...between countries to economic and social prosperity. The 1990 United Nations Conference on Education for All pledged to ripped apart by poverty and conflict, and access achieve universal primary education by 2000. But in 2000, 115 million to secure and sustainable development." school-age children were still not in school. Of those, 56 percent were girls and 94 percent were in developing countries--mostly in South Asia --Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel and Sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Development Goals set a more In developing countries, advantage of government realistic, but still difficult, deadline of 2015. investment in education is seen services. Poor people recognize To reach the education Goal countries must first enroll all school-age as the most important way out that literacy would help them children. Then they must keep them in school. While the majority of of poverty, and parents make manage their lives better. But developing countries have already built sufficient schools to educate all considerable sacrifices to keep quality matters. Schooling has their primary school-age children, only about a quarter of these countries their children in school. This is become a disappointment for retain all the children through primary graduation. According to a World because illiteracy limits the many. In some countries poor Bank study, only 37 of 155 developing countries analyzed have achieved ability of individuals to secure parents find the costs of education universal primary completion. Based on trends in the 1990s, another 32 employment and to take greater than the benefits. are likely to achieve that goal. But 70 countries risk not reaching the goal unless progress is accelerated. In several of them completion rates have stagnated or even fallen in recent years. The world is not on track to achieve primary education for all Not all who start primary school will finish Primary school completion rate (%) Primary school gross enrollment and completion rates, 2000 (%) Enrollment Completion 100 120 100 80 80 World 60 60 40 Sub-Saharan Africa 20 Actual Current trend Required trend to achieve the goal 40 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Bangladesh Benin Chad Paraguay Indonesia Madagascar 16 2003 World Bank Atlas 7 Primary completion rate, 1995­2001 Percentage of relevant age group Less than 50% 50­74% 75­84% 85­94% 95% or more No data In India rich students are far more . . . as are urban students . . . . . . and male students . . . . . . creating a huge gap between Primary completion rates likely to attend school . . . rich male and poor female students measure the proportion Completion rate, 1999 (%) Completion rate, 1999 (%) Completion rate, 1999 (%) Completion rate, 1999 (%) of all children of official 100 100 100 100 Richest 20% Urban students Rich male students Male students graduation age who of students complete primary school. 80 80 Rural students 80 80 Female students 60 60 60 60 Poorest 20% Poor female students of students 40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Grade Grade Grade Grade 2003 World Bank Atlas 17 Gender and development Women have an enormous impact on the Gender equality is important throughout women's lives well-being of their families and societies--yet Gender inequality starts early and keeps women at a disadvantage their potential is not realized because of throughout their lives. In some countries, infant girls are less likely to survive than infant boys because of parental discrimination and discriminatory social norms, incentives, and neglect--even though biologically infant girls should survive in greater legal institutions. And while their status has numbers. Girls are more likely to drop out of school and to receive less education than boys because of discrimination, education expenses, improved in recent decades, gender inequalities and household duties. remain pervasive. Later in life, low education levels and their responsibilities for household work prevent women from participating in high-income Women and girls bear the largest education are half as likely as employment and decisionmaking. Although women's participation in the and most direct cost, but women with a secondary labor force has increased in almost every region, women typically occupy persistent inequalities limit the education to immunize their low-paid, low-status jobs or work in family enterprises. Even when women ability of societies to grow, children. Female illiteracy and work in the same sector as men, their wages are usually lower. reduce poverty, and govern low female education also hurt Women's participation in politics and government also remains limited, effectively. In 2000 65 million economic productivity. In Kenya making it difficult for them to influence policy. Yet investing in women girls did not attend primary raising the level of education and significantly boosts family well-being and economic growth. Educated school. Mothers' illiteracy and resources available to female mothers tend to start their families later, have fewer children, and take lack of schooling directly farmers to the level of male better care of them. And when women and men are relatively equal, disadvantage their young farmers could increase yields by economies generally grow faster--benefiting both sexes. Because children. Women with no as much as 22 percent. women's contributions are so crucial for a country's development, active measures are needed to achieve gender equality. Closing the gender gap In most regions, illiteracy is higher Women account for a much larger Most members of parliaments among young women share of unpaid family workers are men Youth illiteracy, 2001 (% of 15- to 24-year-olds) Unpaid family workers, most recent year available Women in parliamentary seats, 2002 (% of total) Recognizing that empowering (% of employment) women extends beyond the Mozambique classroom and the household, South Asia Bangladesh Bulgaria the Millennium Development Vietnam Sub-Saharan Turkey Goals include three additional Africa China indicators of gender equality: India Middle East & Ethiopia illiteracy rates, the proportion North Africa Brazil of women working outside Thailand Latin America Thailand agriculture, and the proportion & Caribbean Indonesia Russian of seats women hold in East Asia Egypt, Federation & Pacific Arab Rep. national parliaments. Kenya Male Nigeria Europe & Boys Guatemala Central Asia Girls Female Yemen 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 18 2003 World Bank Atlas 8 Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school, 2000 Less than 90% 90­94% 95­99% 100­104% 105% or more No data Loans to women can boost family welfare more than loans to men Fewer children under five die as Growth would have been faster had The ratio of girls to boys mothers' education increases education been more nearly equal in school has increased Deaths per 1,000 Average annual growth in GNI per capita, 1960­92 considerably over the As Bangladesh's Grameen Bank shows, providing credit directly to women can empower them within the household, helping to increase their consumption and that of their children past two decades, Actual and contributing to other measures of welfare. Eritrea, 1995 especially in Latin Sub-Saharan Estimated Effect of Effect of Africa growth with America and East Asia. narrower female male gender gap But it remains low in Welfare change (% increase) borrowing borrowing Bolivia, 1998 much of South Asia and Increase in boys' schooling 6.1 7.2 Sub-Saharan Africa. Indonesia, Increase in girls' schooling 4.7 3.0 South Asia 1997 Increase in per capita spending 4.3 1.8 Turkey, 1998 Reduction in recent fertility 3.5 7.4 No education Middle East & Increase in women's labor supply 10.4 0.0 Primary North Africa Jordan, 1997 Secondary Increase in women's nonland assets 19.9 0.0 and above 0 50 100 150 200 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 2003 World Bank Atlas 19 Children under five--struggling to survive More than 10 million children die each year in Malnutrition weakens children, reducing their resistance to disease the developing world, the vast majority from Although child mortality rates have been declining in every region, causes preventable through a combination of progress has not been even. In 2001, 47 countries had child mortality rates greater than 100 per 1,000 live births. Ten countries--eight in good care, nutrition, and medical treatment. Sub-Saharan Africa--had mortality rates of more than 200. A major factor Mortality among children under five has been contributing to child mortality is malnutrition, which weakens children and reduces their resistance to disease. Malnutrition plays a role in more than declining at an average rate of 1 percent a year. half of all child deaths. Mortality rates for children under Significant challenges remain in Educating girls is the best What are children dying of? five dropped by 19 percent in the Sub-Saharan Africa and South strategy for reducing child deaths. Deaths among children under five, global, 1999 past two decades, but the rates Asia. At current rates of progress, Babies of mothers with no formal Acute remain high in developing only a few countries are likely to education are twice as likely to die Other 29% respiratory countries. In low-income achieve the Millennium Develop- before age five as are babies of infections 20% countries, one child in eight dies ment Goal of reducing child mothers with more than primary before its fifth birthday, compared mortality to one-third of their education. Other effective interven- Deaths associated with Diarrhea with 1 in 143 in high-income 1990 levels. At the end of the tions include immunizations against malnutrition 12% countries. Child deaths have 20th century fewer than 30 major endemic diseases, and 60% dropped rapidly in the past 25 countries--most of them middle- access to appropriate care, reliable Perinatal Measles 5% years, but progress everywhere income--were on a path to do so. water, and improved sanitation. In causes slowed in the 1990s, and a few Current trends raise the possi- all countries the poorest are least 22% Malaria 8% countries have experienced bility that many developing likely to receive health care, and so HIV/AIDS 4% increases in the same period. countries will not reach the goal. have the highest mortality rates. Developing regions still see many children die before the age of five Urban children tend to In most of the world child mortality be healthier is higher for boys Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 300 Urban children Male Armenia, Egypt, 2000 2000 Rural children Female 250 Bangladesh, Armenia, 200 East Asia 1999­2000 2000 Sub-Saharan Africa & Pacific Middle East Cambodia, Cambodia, 150 & Nor 2000 2000 Latin America th South Asia & Caribbean Africa 100 Bolivia, Haiti, 2000 2000 50 Ethiopia, Malawi, Europe & Central Asia High-income countries 2000 2000 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 20 2003 World Bank Atlas 9 Under-five mortality rate, 2001 Per 1,000 live births 100 or more 50­99 Kazakhstan 20­49 Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births 10­19 Less than 10 99 No data 52 1990 2001 Tanzania India Under-five mortality Côte d'Ivoire Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births Per 1,000 live births Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births 163 165 175 155 123 93 Bolivia Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births 1990 2001 1990 2001 Zambia 1990 2001 Under-five mortality 122 Per 1,000 live births 202 192 77 1990 2001 1990 2001 Good health care reduces Richer children have better access . . . and immunization So they are less likely to die Child deaths have child mortality to treatment for diarrhea . . . dropped rapidly in the Children receiving treatment in a public facility (%) Children lacking immunization coverage (%) Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) Deaths of children under five past 25 years, but years old are a sensitive Poorest 20% Poorest 20% progress slowed Turkey, Turkey, Indonesia, Poorest 20% indicator of the availability, 1993 1993 1997 Richest 20% everywhere in the 1990s. Richest 20% Richest 20% quality, and use of health Under-five mortality rates Colombia, Colombia, Turkey, care. Moreover, given the remain high in developing 1995 1995 1993 association with income per countries, and a few capita, family income, Bangladesh, Bangladesh, Bolivia, countries experienced 1996­97 1996­97 1998 mother's education, and increases in child deaths. nutrition, deaths of children Burkina Burkina India, Faso, Faso, under five are also a good 1992­94 1992­93 1992­93 indicator of a community's Côte Côte Malawi, d'Ivoire, d'Ivoire, overall socioeconomic 1992 1994 1994 development. 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 0 100 200 300 2003 World Bank Atlas 21 Improving the health of mothers Worldwide, more than 50 million women suffer Why do mothers die? from poor reproductive health and serious The higher rates of maternal mortality throughout much of the developing world are the result of serious neglect of women's reproductive health, pregnancy-related illness and disability. And particularly for the poorest women, as well as ineffective interventions. every year more than 500,000 women die from Maternal deaths reflect the disparities between the standing of men and women in society and the inequities in access to education, health, and complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Most nutrition resources. of the deaths occur in Asia, but the risk of dying Recent progress on maternal health in developing countries has been mixed, with maternal mortality rates remaining fairly constant is highest in Africa. globally. Greater access to family planning can help reduce the maternal mortality rate by reducing the number of pregnancies. Women in high-fertility countries in women. Compounding the risks In addition to contraception, women need access to a broad range Sub-Saharan Africa have a 1-in-16 that high fertility poses to of services. The primary means of preventing maternal deaths is to lifetime risk of dying from maternal maternal health are poorly timed provide rapid access to emergency obstetrical care, including treatment causes, compared with women in and inadequately spaced births. of hemorrhages, infections, hypertension, and obstructed labor. It is also low-fertility countries in Europe, Even where fertility rates are low, important to ensure that a midwife, nurse, or doctor is present at every who have a 1-in-2,000 risk, and in the timing and spacing of delivery. In developing countries only about half of deliveries are attended North America, who have a 1-in- pregnancies, and the extent to by professional health staff. 3,500 risk of dying. High maternal which the births are wanted, Skilled attendants must be supported by the right environment. Life- mortality rates in many countries warrant attention. Contraception to saving interventions--such as antibiotics, surgery, and transportation to are the result of inadequate limit, space, or time pregnancies medical centers--are unavailable to many women, especially in rural areas. These women may lack the money for health care and transport, reproductive health care for can help reduce these risks. or they may simply lack their husbands' permission to seek care. Sub-Saharan Africa suffers a huge number of maternal deaths Contraceptive use is much lower in the Middle East and Africa Number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth, 2000 (per 100,000 live births) Women using or with partners using contraception, 1991­2000 (%) 1,000 70 60 800 50 600 40 30 400 20 200 10 0 0 East Asia Europe & Latin America Middle East South Asia Sub-Saharan East Asia & Europe & Latin America Middle East & South Asia Sub-Saharan & Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean & North Africa Africa Pacific Central Asia & Caribbean North Africa Africa 22 2003 World Bank Atlas 10 Total fertility rate, 2001 Births per woman 4.5 or more 3.5­4.5 2.5­3.5 1.5­2.5 Less than 1.5 No data Many pregnancies result in abortions or unplanned births Medical care is often lacking Richer women are more likely to The total fertility rate, during pregnancy have a skilled attendant at delivery the number of children a Latin America & Caribbean, 1994 Middle East & North Africa, 1994 Pregnant women ages 15­49 receiving Births attended by skilled health staff (%) prenatal care (%) woman will bear in her 12% lifetime, has important 1993­94 Chad, Poorest 20% 28% Bangladesh impacts on maternal 1999­2000 1996­97 38% 18% Richest 20% 58% health. In high-fertility 1992 Morocco, 19% 12% Egypt 2000 1993 countries a woman risks 15% pregnancy-related death 1993 India, Kenya Sub-Saharan Africa, 1994 Japan, 1992 1998 1992­93 many times during her 3% 11% 1990 reproductive lifetime. Indonesia, Colombia 25% 2000 1997 10% 36% Wanted births 3% 1995 Dominican Kazakhstan Mis-timed births Rep., 1996 76% 1999 36% Unwanted births 1998 Uzbekistan, Cambodia 2000 1996 Abortions 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 2003 World Bank Atlas 23 Global killers HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are the Big threats to health world's biggest killers, and all have their greatest With an estimated 42 million people living with HIV/AIDS and more than impact among poor countries and poor people. 20 million deaths, the epidemic poses a great threat to public health and to development. In many countries it is swiftly dismantling the These diseases interact in ways that make their development achievements of the past 50 years by infecting the young combined impact worse. Effective prevention and disproportionately and killing adults in their prime. UNAIDS projects that an additional 45 million people will become infected with HIV in treatment programs will save lives, reduce developing countries between 2002 and 2010, with more than 40 poverty, and help economies develop. percent of the cases occurring in the East Asia and Pacific region. Tuberculosis is the main cause of death from a single infectious The economic burden of epidemics countries where malaria is endemic, agent among adults 15­45 years old. Africa has the highest tuberculosis such as tuberculosis, malaria, and this means that GDP is about a rates, but Asia carries the greatest absolute burden and the epidemic is HIV/AIDS on families and commu- third lower than it might have been. worsening in Europe and Central Asia. Poor people are especially nities is enormous. Estimates And when the prevalence of vulnerable because of their underlying health problems and limited suggest that tuberculosis costs the HIV/AIDS reaches 8 percent-- access to treatment. And people with weak immune systems are at average patient three to four about where it is for 13 African greater risk--up to 60 percent of tuberculosis patients are HIV positive in months of lost earnings, which can countries today--the cost in some Sub-Saharan African countries. represent up to 30 percent of economic growth is estimated at Malaria is endemic in more than 100 countries. It disproportionately annual household income. Malaria about 1 percent a year. The fiscal affects poor people and contributes to poverty by reducing the slows economic growth in Africa by cost is as much as 2­3 times per productivity of infected people and their caretakers. Approximately 60 about 1.3 percent a year. capita GDP (without antiretrovirals) percent of all deaths from malaria occur among the poorest 20 percent Compounded over 35 years in annually in the poorest countries. of the world's population. Bednets keep malaria-carrying mosquitos away Averting infection saves many years of life Children under five who sleep under an insecticide-treated bednet (%) Years of expected life lost 60 20 50 15 40 30 10 20 10 5 0 Tomé oon Niger Chad PDR Malawi Leone Gambia SenegalGuyana nzania Ta Lao 0 São Principe VietnamTajikistanCamer Azerbaijanra The Sier Madagascar Malaria Measles Tuberculosis HIV infection and 24 2003 World Bank Atlas 11 Adult HIV prevalence, 2001 8.00% or more 5.00--7.99% 1.00--4.99% 0.50--0.99% Less than 0.50% No data Tuberculosis cases, 2000 Dominican Republic 147 cases per 100,000 people Cambodia Cameroon Kenya 572 cases 341 cases 484 cases per 100,000 people per 100,000 people per 100,000 people Botswana Chile 757 cases 25 cases per 100,000 people per 100,000 people South Africa 576 cases per 100,000 people AIDS is decimating the workforce in several African countries It is also reducing life expectancy . . . . . . and leaving many orphans The most common Workforce lost to AIDS by 2005 and 2020, selected African countries (%) Impact of AIDS on life expectancy at birth, 2000­05 AIDS orphans as share of total orphans, measure of the HIV/AIDS (years lost compared with "no-AIDS" case) selected countries 2005 2020 epidemic is the percent- 35 South Africa Botswana age of adults living with 30 HIV. Because HIV/AIDS Malawi Zimbabwe reduces resistance to 25 tuberculosis, the map Cameroon Malawi also shows, for selected 20 countries, the tubercu- 15 Cambodia Haiti losis prevalence rate. 10 Thailand Thailand 5 2001 Brazil Cambodia 2010 0 Botswana Cameroon Guinea-Bissau Mozambique South Africa Zimbabwe 0 10 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 2003 World Bank Atlas 25 The education vaccine The education of young people merits the highest Education can protect girls and women from HIV priority in a world afflicted by HIV/AIDS. Why? Girls and young women are highly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS--and a lack of Because education is the most effective--and the education makes them more so. Girls are at greater risk than boys because of gender inequalities in status, power, and access to most cost-effective--means of preventing new resources. Education is among the most powerful tools for reducing the cases. But the disease is destroying education social and economic vulnerabilities that expose women to a higher risk of HIV/AIDS than men. An analysis of demographic and household surveys systems in developing countries. from 32 countries conducted since the early 1990s found that nearly half HIV/AIDS appears to be doing the clear is the epidemic's impact of all illiterate women lacked the basic knowledge to protect themselves most damage to education supply on the demand for education. against HIV/AIDS. Studies also show that: and quality in Africa, where School-age populations are · Women with a post-secondary education are three times more likely mortality rates are increasing expected to grow in almost all than uneducated women to know that HIV can be transmitted from sharply among teachers and developing countries, though mother to child. administrators at all levels. An they will be smaller than in the · In Zimbabwe secondary education had a protective effect against estimated 860,000 children in absence of HIV/AIDS. Only in HIV infection for women that extended at least into early adulthood. Sub-Saharan Africa lost teachers the worst-affected countries will · In 17 countries in Africa and 4 in Latin America better-educated girls to AIDS in 1999. Moreover, many school-age populations be tended to start having sex later, and were more likely to require teachers are sick, ineffective, or smaller in 2015. But in all male partners to use condoms. underqualified because schools countries AIDS orphans are less · In Uganda infection rates fell among young women of all educational must make do with available staff likely to enroll in school and backgrounds--but the decline was greatest among those with a or cut corners on training. Less more likely to drop out. secondary education. Why action on HIV/AIDS is so urgent for education Many teachers in Africa will die of AIDS Percentage of teachers who will die of AIDS, selected African countries, 2000­2010 25 HIV prevalence grows 23 Teacher deaths rise, teaching quality 20 Public budgets for health 18 falls, and AIDS orphans and and education dry up out-of-school youth increase 15 15 The vicious cycle of HIV/AIDS and education 10 Illiteracy expands, skilled workforce Economic growth declines shrinks, and human capital deteriorates 5 5 Country's ability to compete in the knowledge economy suffers 0 Zimbabwe Zambia Kenya Uganda 26 2003 World Bank Atlas 12 Adult illiteracy, 2001 Percentage of population ages 15 and older 50% or more 25­49% 15­24% 5­14% Less than 5% No data Morocco Illiteracy among ages China 15­24, 2001 (%) Illiteracy among ages 15­24, 2001 (%) 40 23 Ethiopia 3 1 Male Female Illiteracy among ages Pakistan Male Female 15­24, 2001 (%) Illiteracy among ages 50 15­24, 2001 (%) Nigeria 38 57 Illiteracy among ages 15­24, 2001 (%) 28 Male Female Brazil 15 Illiteracy among ages 10 Male Female 15­24, 2001 (%) Male Female 6 3 Male Female Education--a window of hope AIDS reduces the demand Enrollment would be higher Men know more than women Illiterate people are less for schooling without AIDS about AIDS likely to understand how Projected reduction in size of primary school­age Net enrollment ratio in Zambia (%) Percentage points by which men's awareness A basic education can inform population by 2010, selected African countries (%) exceeds that of women diseases are transmitted 100 children and youth and equip and how to protect Niger, 1998 them to make decisions about Zimbabwe themselves. Also shown In absence of 80 HIV/AIDS their lives, bring about long- for selected countries are Chad, 1997 term behavioral change, and In presence of the illiteracy rates for a HIV/AIDS Zambia give them the opportunity for 60 narrower age group of Bangladesh, 1999­2000 economic independence. So, males and females by strengthening education 15 to 24 years old--the 40 Eritrea, 1995 Kenya systems, countries can offer a age group that are window of hope unlike any particularly vulnerable Nigeria, 1999 20 other for escaping the grip of to HIV/AIDS. Uganda HIV/AIDS. Turkey, 1998 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2003 World Bank Atlas 27 Limited land and more mouths to feed Land is one of the world's most important Causes and extent of land degradation natural resources, yet it is increasingly Degradation significantly reduces land's productive capacity and degraded--mainly because of human activities. threatens current and future global food security. Among the causes of land degradation are overgrazing, deforestation, bad farming practices And although food production outpaces (including improper crop rotation and poor irrigation methods), removal of population growth in most regions, the demand natural vegetation, poor soil and water management, and frequent use of heavy machinery. Around the world, land degradation stands at: for food is mounting and many of the world's · 680 million hectares degraded by overgrazing. About one-fifth of the people are going hungry. world's pastures and rangelands have been damaged. Recent losses have been most severe in Africa and Asia. Whether the world will continue to products must be made more · 580 million hectares degraded by deforestation. Vast swaths of forests be able to feed itself will largely efficient. But current projections have been degraded by large-scale logging and by clearance for farm depend on how land and other indicate that meeting the growing and urban uses. During 1975­1990 more than 220 million hectares of natural resources are managed. demand for food will also require tropical forests were destroyed, mainly for food production. The world's growing population expanding arable areas in · 550 million hectares degraded by agricultural mismanagement. means that intense pressure on developing countries. Such Water erosion causes 25 billion tons of soil to be lost each year, and land will continue, particularly in expansions must come from some 40 million hectares of land suffer from soil salinization and Africa and Asia. This requires converting additional forests and waterlogging. increasing crop and livestock woodlands or from bringing into · 137 million hectares degraded by fuelwood consumption. Each year yields and intensifying land use. cultivation fragile semi-arid areas. 1.7 billion cubic meters of fuelwood are harvested from forests and In addition, the harvesting and Both approaches raise serious plantations. In many developing regions wood is the primary source processing of agricultural environmental concerns. of energy. Food production has outpaced world population growth globally and in Land degradation is a serious problem in many regions every region except Sub-Saharan Africa Population growth and food production (1980 = 100) Millions of hectares Nondegraded land Degraded land 180 World 2,000 Population Food production 160 1,500 Sub-Saharan Africa Population Food production 1,000 140 500 120 0 Africa Asia Latin Africa Asia Latin Africa Asia Latin 100 America America America 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Forest & woodland Permanent pasture Agricultural land 28 2003 World Bank Atlas 13 Arable land, 1998­2000 Hectares per capita Less than 0.10 0.10­0.19 0.20­0.29 0.30­0.49 0.50 or more No data China Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 4,869 3,022 India Sub-Saharan Africa 1979­81 1999­ Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2001 Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 2,321 Argentina 1,324 Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare) 1,188 895 1979­81 1999­ 1979­81 1999­ 2001 3,397 2001 2,184 1979­81 1999­ 2001 Although low-income countries are . . . agricultural land per capita . . . and agricultural yields have . . . despite an increase in the use Over the last two using more land to produce food . . . has fallen . . . changed only modestly . . . of agricultural machinery decades arable land per Land under cereal production (millions of hectares) Land under cereal production (hectares per Cereal yields (thousands of kilograms per hectare) Agricultural machinery per 1,000 hectares of 1,000 people) arable land capita has declined globally. Arable land 1979­81 1979­81 1979­81 1979­81 Low-income Low-income Low-income Low-income areas traditionally have countries countries countries countries 1999­2001 1999­2001 1999­2001 1999­2001 been the main sources of agricultural growth. With Lower-middle- Lower-middle- Lower-middle- Lower-middle- income income income income increasing demand for countries countries countries countries diversified crop and livestock products, the Upper-middle- Upper-middle- Upper-middle- Upper-middle- income income income income world is now largely countries countries countries countries dependent on increased yields to expand High-income High-income High-income High-income countries countries countries countries agricultural supply. 0 100 200 300 0 50 100 150 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 2003 World Bank Atlas 29 Forests shrinking Forests contribute to the livelihoods of 90 percent Protecting land areas to slow the loss of biodiversity of the 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, refers to the variety of life on Earth, They nourish the natural systems supporting the including the variety of plant and animal species, the genetic variability within each species, and the variety of different ecosystems. The agriculture and food supplies on which many more Earth's biodiversity is the result of millions of years of evolution of life people depend. They account for as much as 90 on this planet. But human activities are causing losses in biodiversity 50 to 100 times faster than would be expected in the absence of percent of terrestrial biodiversity. But in most human activities. countries they are shrinking. The two most species-rich ecosystems are tropical forests and coral reefs. Tropical forests are under threat largely from conversion to other The Earth Summit in 1992 Some loss of forest is an land uses, while coral reefs are experiencing increasing levels of recognized that forests provide inevitable part of economic overexploitation and pollution. The pressure on biodiversity is largely essential public goods including development. But because driven by economic development and related demands, including those ecosystem of global value, such forests are undervalued in many for biological resources, habitat conversion and destruction, as carbon sequestration, nutrient places, they are subject to more fragmentation of large ecosystems into smaller disconnected patches of and hydrological cycling, and destructive and unsustainable original vegetation, and introduction or accidental release of exotic biodiversity preservation. The loss activities than is economically or species that prove harmful to indigenous species. in the tropics, alone, is responsible environmentally justified. And In response, several international conventions have been developed for between 10 and 30 percent of forest loss is taking a terrible to conserve threatened species. One of the most widely used global greenhouse gas emissions, toll on both the natural and approaches for conserving habitat is to designate protected areas, such with the great majority of this economic resources of many as national parks. The total area of protected sites has increased destruction from human actions. countries. steadily in the past three decades. Forests now cover about 30 percent They shrank by 94 million hectares But protected land area is increasing of all land in the last decade Forest as percentage of land Change in forest areas, 1990­2000 (million hectares) Global area of protected sites (million square kilometers) Number of protected sites (thousands) Latin Latin America America & & Caribbean 1970 Caribbean Europe Europe 1980 North North America America 1990 Asia & Asia & Pacific Pacific 2000 Africa Africa 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 0 10 20 30 40 50 ­60 ­50 ­40 ­30 ­20 ­10 0 10 30 2003 World Bank Atlas 14 Forest cover, 2000 Forest ecosystems play multiple roles globally Percentage of total land area and locally as providers Less than 5.0% of environmental 5.0­14.9% services--and as sources of economically valued 15.0­29.9% products. 30.0­49.9% 50.0% or more No data Deforestation, 1990­2000 Over the past several centuries an estimated Average annual percent 60 percent of European 1.0% or more forests, 30 percent of 0.5­0.9% North American forests, 0.1­0.4% and 35 percent of the ­0.4­0.0% former Soviet Union's Less than ­0.4% forest have been cleared, No data primarily for agricultural purposes. The greatest forest loss is now occurring in the species- rich tropics. More than a fifth of the world's tropical forests have been cleared since 1960. Note: Negative numbers indicate increases in forest area. 2003 World Bank Atlas 31 Energy use and a warmer world The Earth's climate has warmed by about half a Carbon dioxide emissions mean faster warming degree Celsius this century and much scientific The extensive use of fossil fuels in recent decades has boosted carbon evidence suggests that human activities have dioxide emissions--a major contributor to global warming. The heat- trapping carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) released each year by contributed to this. The burning of coal, oil, and human activities is estimated at 6 to 7 billion tons. Some 2 billion tons natural gas and the cutting of forests are are absorbed by oceans, and another 1.5 to 2.5 billion by plants, with the rest released in the atmosphere. changing the atmospheric concentration of green- The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is up by some 30 house gases, changing our planet's climate, with percent since the beginning of the industrial revolution. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the rate and duration of far-reaching consequences. warming in the 20th century are unprecedented in the past thousand Global warming shrinks glaciers, impact vary across regions, but years. The global average surface temperature has increased by about changes the frequency and developing countries are likely to 0.6 degrees Celsius, with the 1990s being the warmest decade since intensity of rainfall, shifts growing suffer most because of their 1861. seasons, advances the flowering dependence on climate-sensitive Increases in the maximum temperature and the number of hot days of trees and emergence of activities--such as agriculture have been observed over nearly all regions. The warming is expected to insects, and causes the sea level and fisheries. They also have continue, with increases projected to be in the range of 1.4 to 5.8 to rise. The direction and limited capacity to respond to degrees Celsius between 1990 and 2100. magnitude of climate change climate change. Less oil, more coal used for electricity High-income economies use half the energy and emit half the carbon dioxide Global sources of electricity generation Energy use, 2000 Carbon dioxide emissions, 1999 1980 2000 India India 5% 5% Others Others Other Other Nuclear 0.2% 1% low-income low-income 9% Gas 8% 6% 9% Gas Other Other 17% Coal high-income China high-income China Coal 32% 29% 12% 27% 13% 40% Hydropower Nuclear 21% 17% United United Oil States States Hydropower 29% Oil 23% 24% 17% 8% Other Other middle-income middle-income 23% 25% 32 2003 World Bank Atlas 15 Energy use per capita, 2000 The world's growing population, with its Kilograms of oil equivalent desire for economic 5,000 or more growth and a better 2,500­4,999 quality of life, is raising 1,000­2,499 the demand for energy. 500­999 By far the most common Less than 500 way to satisfy the need No data for energy in modern economies is through burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Since 1950 fossil fuel use has increased more than fourfold. Carbon dioxide emissions, 1999 Each year the use of fossil fuels releases Metric tons per capita billions of tons of 10.0 or more greenhouse gases into 5.0­9.9 the atmosphere. High 2.5­4.9 income economies, with 1.0­2.4 15 percent of the world's Less than 1.0 population, produce more No data than half the global emission of carbon dioxide--the most important contributor to global warming. 2003 World Bank Atlas 33 Growth and opportunity Without economic growth there can be no long- After 40 years of slowdown, is the rate of growth accelerating? term poverty reduction. Economies that have A faster rate of growth can have a profound effect on the welfare of achieved sustained growth--through productive people within a single generation. Even a small improvement can make a difference. An increase in annual growth from 1.75 percent to 3.5 investments in physical, social, and human percent reduces the time needed to double output from 40 years to 20 capital--have significantly reduced poverty. years. Between 1990 and 1999 gross domestic product per capita in East Asia and Pacific grew by 6.4 percent a year--75 percent in 9 Economies that have not grown have experienced years--and the poverty rate fell by half. stagnant or increasing rates of poverty. Economic growth does not follow a smooth path, but for most of the last 40 years the rate of growth has been slowing--in both high-income Between 1990 and 1999 GDP per people living on less than $1 a and developing economies. Why? Growth opportunities from postwar capita in all developing countries day increased sharply. In Latin reconstruction ran out. The energy crises of the 1970s interrupted growth grew by 1.2 percent a year, but America and the Caribbean, the in oil consuming countries. The growth slowdown contributed to increasing growth was not evenly distributed Middle East and North Africa, and debt in developing economies, which, combined with poor macroeconomic and the effect on poverty varied Sub-Saharan Africa, growth rates management, left many with fewer opportunities for investment. widely. The greatest gains were were low, and poverty rates also But growth did not slow everywhere. The export-oriented economies of made in the two fastest growing remained stagnant. Whether East Asia grew rapidly, creating new jobs and raising incomes. India, which regions, East Asia and Pacific and growth helps to reduce poverty liberalized its trade and investment policies, also began to grow faster. There South Asia. In Europe and Central depends on how growth is are other signs of faster growth ahead. In the last two years, nine countries Asia, which experienced a painful distributed. A continuing challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa had per capita growth rates greater than 4 percent. economic contraction, both the for development is to ensure that As more countries recognize the need for an environment that encourages number and the proportion of poor people are not left behind. productive investment, more widespread growth will be possible. Some of the 30 poorest countries in 1960 experienced the fastest Weak policies and investor uncertainty caused a financial crisis in 1997­98 growth rates in the following 40 years, lifting millions out of poverty that spread from Asia to other vulnerable economies GDP per capita (1995 dollars) Annual growth of GDP per capita (%) 5,000 15 Botswana 10 Thailand 4,000 Korea, Rep. 5 Malaysia 3,000 Thailand 0 Philippines 2,000 ­5 Indonesia Russian 1,000 Low income cutoff, 2001 Federation ­10 China Indonesia Other 26 0 ­15 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 1990 1995 2001 34 2003 World Bank Atlas 16 GDP per capita growth, 1990­2001 Average annual percent Less than 0.0% 0.0­0.9% 1.0­1.9% 2.0­2.9% 3.0% or more No data Over many years average growth rates have fallen, and low-income countries were frequently the slowest-growing--but that pattern is starting to change The last 12 years saw a surge of growth, Annual growth in GDP per capita (%) High income Middle income Low income World trend especially among 7 countries that opened 6 their economies to trade 5 and investment. The 4 transition economies of 3 Europe and Central Asia 2 experienced setbacks, but many are now 1 growing rapidly. 0 ­1 ­2 ­3 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2003 World Bank Atlas 35 The rise of the service economy Services are the fastest growing sector of the Trade in services is growing world economy. Since 1970 global output of Merchandise trade still accounts for about 80 percent of all world trade, services has increased by more than 250 but trade in services is growing in importance. Unlike merchandise, services are often intangible, invisible, and perishable. And they often percent. The service sector now accounts for require the supplier and consumer to be near to each other. For trade to two-thirds of global economic output. In take place, one of them must move. Trade in services is thus divided into four modes of supply: developing countries the share of services in · Cross-border supply is similar to merchandise trade: the product (such GDP increased from 42 percent in 1970 to more as software or an insurance policy) moves from supplier to consumer. · Consumption abroad occurs when consumers travel abroad to than 52 percent in 2001. purchase services such as tourism, education, or health care. Services form the backbone of a spread knowledge and improve the · Commercial presence involves establishing a subsidiary in another modern economy and make operation of markets. Transpor- country, which supplies the services locally. important contributions to tation services contribute to the · Movement of individuals occurs when individuals move temporarily economic growth and human efficient distribution of goods. from their own country to another to supply services. welfare. Banking and financial Wholesale and retail services are a Data on trade in services are collected from balance of payments services guide investment and vital link between producers and records, which cover primarily cross-border supply and consumption savings to productive uses. consumers and increase the abroad. Commercial presence, involving foreign direct investment, is Software development and efficiency of trade. Health and thought to be increasing. Trade through the movement of individuals is computer services make possible education services and the services particularly important for developing countries. Many more would be the growth of a knowledge provided by government improve the able to "export" their labor if rules governing temporary immigration economy. Telecommunications quality of people's lives. were liberalized. Services now account for two-thirds of global output . . . . . . and a fifth of global trade Value added in services as share of GDP (%) Exports of commercial services as share of total exports (%) 80 30 70 High income 20 High income 60 50 Middle income 10 Middle income Low income 40 Low income 30 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 36 2003 World Bank Atlas 17 Services value added, 2001 Percentage of GDP Less than 35% 35­44% 45­54% 55­64% 65% or more No data Services are the largest part of gross domestic product, except in East Asia and Pacific, where China's manufacturing sector dominates The service sector Shares of value-added (%) produces the largest share of gross domestic 80 product in most high- and Services middle-income economies. 60 Services Low-income economies Industry Services are catching up. Services 40 Industry Industry Agriculture Agriculture Industry Agriculture 20 Agriculture 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 2003 World Bank Atlas 37 Investment for growth Almost a quarter of world output adds new assets Foreign direct investment flows to countries with a good investment climate needed for economic growth or replenishes those Foreign direct investment provides much needed capital for poor countries used up in production. Investment rates are whose savings rates are low. It is also important for the transfer of new technology and management skills. Companies make foreign direct highest in rapidly growing economies of East Asia investments to establish a lasting interest in an enterprise or exert and Pacific and lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. But effective management control over it. They thus share in the risk of the enterprise and have a greater stake in its success. demand is greatest in high-income economies, This makes foreign direct investment a stable source of investment. where investment exceeded $5 trillion in 2001. But it also means that developing country governments and businesses must create a sound investment climate, able to attract and hold foreign Investment is financed out of limiting opportunities for growth. investors. That implies an open economy without burdensome saving. Countries with high Investment generally refers to restrictions, access to markets and links to the global economy, the savings rates usually have high the acquisition of buildings and absence of internal or external conflicts, and favorable macroeconomic investment rates. But not all equipment, improvements to policies to encourage economic growth. investment is financed from property, and net changes In 2001 foreign direct investment fell to $747 billion, a 49 percent domestic sources. Countries in stocks of goods. Other drop from 2000 that reversed a steady increase since 1991. Almost 77 can obtain financing from the investments--not measurable percent of the world's foreign direct investment goes to developed savings of foreigners through directly in monetary terms-- countries. Among developing regions, Latin America and East Asia receive lending or direct investment. If may be even more important. the largest share, with Brazil, China, and Mexico accounting for more than countries cannot obtain Investments in people and in half the flows to developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, adequate external financing, the institutions that help people where most of the poor live and with the greatest need to accelerate they may not be able to achieve work together raise productivity economic growth, receive less than 3 percent of foreign direct investment. their desired level of investment, and incomes. Domestic savings exceed investment needs in three regions Latin America and East Asia have been the largest recipients of foreign direct investment in the last decade Savings minus investment as share of GDP, 1997­2001 (%) Foreign direct investment ($ billions) 6 200 South Asia 175 Middle East & North Africa 4 Sub-Saharan Africa 150 Europe & Central Asia 2 125 100 East Asia & Pacific 0 75 50 ­2 25 ­4 Latin America & Caribbean 0 South Asia Latin America Sub-Saharan Europe & Middle East & East Asia & Caribbean Africa Central Asia North Africa & Pacific 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 38 2003 World Bank Atlas 18 Gross capital formation, 2001 Percentage of GDP Less than 15% 15­19% 20­24% 25­29% 30% or more No data Investment has increased rapidly in some developing countries, slowly in others Investment rates have been highest in East Asia Gross capital formation and the Pacific and Billions of 1995 dollars Share of GDP (%) 15 50 lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. But exceptions 12 40 occur everywhere as domestic and foreign investors pursue new 9 30 opportunities. 6 20 3 10 0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2001 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2001 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2001 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2001 Mozambique Bangladesh Vietnam Albania 2003 World Bank Atlas 39 Improving the investment and business climate Investment is the foundation of growth. To Helping smaller enterprises create more jobs attract and sustain investment, an economy Small and medium-size enterprises, including small farms, can improve must provide a good investment climate in lives and reduce poverty by creating jobs in local communities--where poor people live and work. This is true in urban areas as well as rural which entrepreneurs take risks, markets work, areas, where smaller enterprises can help farmers market their produce governments deliver public services efficiently, and earn income from off-farm employment. This is an important way out of poverty for poor people who have few opportunities in large firms or and people have the confidence to invest in the public sector. their own and their children's futures. Yet small and medium-size enterprises often lack the resources and clout to circumvent official corruption, unreliable power supplies, and Most investment comes from the investment policies that foster burdensome taxes and regulations. To improve their business prospects, private sector, but governments openness, productivity, and these enterprises need a better business environment, increased technical play an important role by providing growth. And businesses require assistance and capacity building, stronger business associations, closer a predictable environment in a well-functioning legal and which people, ideas, and money regulatory system--with links with larger firms, and easier access to capital. work together productively and protection of property rights, Microcredit is filling the financing needs of many micro, small, efficiently. This allows private ready access to credit, and and medium-size enterprises. Such firms normally have to pay high firms operating in competitive efficient judicial, taxation, and interest rates for borrowing or they have to rely on family, friends, and markets to be the engines of customs systems. Reliable and other informal sources of funds. Around the world, microcredit is growth and job creation, providing affordable infrastructure--power, developing into a thriving, self-sustaining industry. In Cambodia the opportunities to escape poverty. communications, transport, Association of Cambodian Local Economic Development Associations A good investment climate water--lowers costs and helps has some 84,000 borrowers and has lent $24 million to micro and requires sound macroeconomic attract new investment, as does small businesses. management and trade and a well-educated workforce. Foreign direct investment goes to . . . less goes to countries with In a poor business climate, the informal sector and smaller firms may be countries with macro stability . . . poor macro performance the only place poor people can make a living 2001 (%) 2001 (%) Manufacturing jobs created or lost in Nigeria, 1990­2000 (%) 180 FDI net inflows Estonia (% of GDP) Sri Lanka 150 Inflation GDP growth 120 90 Trinidad Haiti & Tobago 60 30 Morocco Zimbabwe 0 70.1 ­30 Very small firms Small firms Medium-size firms Large firms Very large firms 0 5 10 15 20 ­10 ­5 0 5 10 15 20 (20­49 employees) (50­99 employees) (100­199 employees) (200­499 employees) (500+ employees) 40 2003 World Bank Atlas 19 Time to start a new business, 2002 Days 100 or more 70­99 50­69 20­49 Less than 20 No data Countries with many start-up . . . tend to have high registration . . . expensive contract . . . and a long time to resolve To start a new business procedures . . . costs . . . enforcement . . . insolvency in Mozambique, an Number of start-up procedures Costs to register a business (% of GNI per capita) Costs to enforce a contract (% of GNI per capita) Time to resolve insolvency (days) entrepreneur must Belarus Belarus Belarus Belarus complete 16 procedures taking an average of 214 Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar business days. In Italy such procedures take an Egypt, Egypt, Egypt, Egypt, average of 62 business Arab Rep. Arab Rep. Arab Rep. Arab Rep. days. But Canada India India India India requires only 2 start-up procedures--and the Latvia Latvia Latvia Latvia process takes just 2 days. Canada Canada Canada Canada 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 2,500 5,000 2003 World Bank Atlas 41 Improving the performance of government Good governance--good management of a Governance, participation, and development assistance country's economic and social resources in Development assistance works best in countries with sound or improving fostering development and fair treatment of its policies and institutions. Good governance is important for economic growth and for service delivery. But it has to be complemented by a citizens--makes governments more effective, strong civil society with local organizations capable of holding government creates a better investment climate, improves institutions accountable for high-quality service delivery. Institutional and governance reforms should reflect country-specific public services, and enables poor people to issues and priorities, including the role of culture--the shared values, participate in a country's economic growth. beliefs, knowledge, skills, and practices of social groups. The most effective strategy for reform may require focusing on a broad agenda of political Effective development requires to mobilize revenue, deliver accountability and transparency and an independent media. Recognizing and that states complement markets, services, and improve governance. giving voice to participatory community development and diverse cultures not substitute for them. States Policies and institutions and the can make for a more dynamic society that contributes to economic growth, should focus on providing a good services they deliver--healthcare, looks toward a more prosperous future, and preserves its cultural heritage. business environment--in which education, law enforcement, In Monterrey, Mexico, in March 2002 developing countries committed contracts are enforced, markets judicial functions, roads, and to improving their governance, institutions, and policies, and rich countries can function, basic infrastructure postal, telephone, and power committed to increasing aid, opening trade, and supporting capacity is provided, and people (especially services--affect how people live building. Bilateral and multilateral donors are trying to direct assistance to poor people) are empowered to and how efficiently businesses countries that govern justly, promote economic freedom, and invest in participate. When a country's key operate. Small businesses and people. The countries of Sub-Saharan Africa--recognizing that they must policies and institutions are weak, farmers are especially vulnerable take responsibility for improving their governance, institutions, and it undermines government efforts to weak governance. policies--recently established the New Partnership for Africa's Development. Government effectiveness lags in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Budgetary potholes--much needed, little provided Proportion of countries in the world that score below selected region on quality of public service delivery (%). Percentage of budget for road maintenance Estimated need Actual A higher score shows a better governance outcome. 60 20 50 15 40 30 10 20 5 10 0 0 South Asia Sub-Saharan Latin America Eastern Middle East East Asia Albania Bosnia and Croatia Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Bulgaria Romania Africa & Caribbean Europe & North Africa Herzegovina Fed. Rep. FYR 42 2003 World Bank Atlas 20 Firms rating government services as bad, 1999­2000 60.0% or more 45.0­59.9% 30.0­44.9% 15.0­29.9% Less than 15.0% No data Community-driven projects--good Improvements in public services Firms rate the quality and efficiency of courts and customs--with very In 1999­2000 more than outcomes, but often unsustainable through information different results 10,000 firms in 80 Percent, fiscal year 1988­99 Surveyed firms rating services as bad (%) Customs Courts countries were asked to In Uganda in the mid-1990s 100 rate the quality and Community-driven projects Satisfactory monthly education transfers to efficiency of such public outcomes districts were published in news- services as customs, All World Bank projects 80 papers and broadcast on the radio. courts, roads, utilities, But reports from local school and healthcare. The map Substantial 60 institutional districts showed that only 13 per- shows the percentage of development cent of the funding reached the firms in each country that impact 40 schools. This information empow- rated government ered local organizations to press services as slightly bad, Likely for action--and by the late 1990s 20 bad, or very bad. sustainable the share of funds received by local schools had risen to 80 percent. 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Botswana South Africa Romania Philippines Bolivia 2003 World Bank Atlas 43 Building sound infrastructure Roads, rails, power, communications, and water Roads, water, sewerage, electricity, and health care are at the top of poor people's list and sanitation systems deliver services that promote better health and education. Better In developing countries, 2 of 10 people (1.1 billion) lack affordable access to safe water, and 5 of 10 (2.4 billion) lack adequate sanitation. housing increases people's earning capacity About 90 children die every 15 minutes because of unsafe water and and assets. And good transportation and inadequate sanitation. Most die from diarrhea. In 1990 there were 4 billion episodes of diarrhea, and some 3 million deaths worldwide were schooling help advance gender equality and attributed to diarrhea. the empowerment of women. Affordable access to safe water and sanitation not only improves health and saves lives, it can also affect a child's chances of getting an Infrastructure investment needs sector is--and will remain--the education. In Bangladesh, where facilities with clean water and sanitation are large. About 1.5 billion people main player in the development of for girls were installed in schools, girls' attendance increased by 15 will have to be provided affordable infrastructure and services. But percent. And in parts of Africa researchers found that a lack of piped access to safe water and about 2 new partnerships with the private water could reduce school attendance by nearly 20 percent--because the billion people will require basic sector are showing the way to time-consuming chore of fetching water for the household usually falls on sanitation during 2000­2015 to more effective investment that the family's school-age children. meet the Millennium Development enables businesses to grow, Improving access to other infrastructure, such as electricity supply, Goals. This will require about creates jobs, raises worker roads, and information and communications services, and enhancing its $30 billion a year, twice current productivity, and improves health quality also raise living standards. And better access and quality also annual investments. The public and education. contribute to the success of manufacturing and agricultural businesses by strengthening employment prospects, productivity, and income growth. More access to personal computers Private participation in infrastructure Water is reaching more people in Latin America & the Caribbean is concentrated in some sectors Personal computers per 1,000 people Sector distribution of infrastructure investment Population with access to an improved water source (%) 1990 2000 with private participation 100 All developing countries, 1990­2001 Latin America & Caribbean Water and sewerage 80 Europe & Natural gas 5% Central Asia 5% Middle East & 60 North Africa Transport East Asia Telecom- 18% 40 & Pacific munications 44% Sub-Saharan Africa 20 Electricity 28% South Asia 0 Sub--Saharan East Asia South Asia Latin America Middle East & Europe 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Africa & Pacific & Caribbean North Africa Central Asia 44 2003 World Bank Atlas 21 Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers, 2001 Per 1,000 people Less than 50 50­199 200­499 Czech Republic Subscribers per 500­999 1,000 people Fixed line 375 1,000 or more Mobile 675 No data Austria Subscribers per 1,000 people Fixed line 468 Mobile 807 Venezuela, RB Subscribers per Malaysia 1,000 people Subscribers per Fixed line 109 1,000 people Mobile 263 Fixed line 196 Mobile 314 Water, sanitation, and electricity Electrification rates--high and low Transport is important for school Transport affects school The combined mobile and are good for health and education attendance and health care attendance in Peru fixed telephone lines per Population with access to electricity, 2000 (%) Children attending school (%) · In Bangladesh, installing · In Morocco, girls' attendance in 1,000 people is a facilities with clean water Egypt, Arab Rep. primary school more than tripled measure of access to Travel time to school: 1 hour or less and sanitation for girls after a paved road was built. information and commu- increased their school Colombia · In Africa, 11 percent of people nications technology. In attendance by 15 percent. surveyed say that the high 2001 almost 100 Sudan 1 to 2 hours · Access to sewerage in cost of transport--or its countries had more some urban Nicaraguan absence--is the major barrier mobile than fixed line Zambia communities reduced child to health care. subscribers, including 2 to 4 hours mortality by 50 percent. Lesotho · In central Peru, a rural road Austria, the Czech · Electricity makes it possible project reduced travel time by Republic, Malaysia, and Uganda to refrigerate vaccines and half for more than 2.5 million Venezuela. 4 hours or more use electric lights for medical people, providing access to Afghanistan treatment and reading. health clinics, schools, and jobs. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2003 World Bank Atlas 45 Conflict and development Of the more than 20 major armed conflicts Conflict and civil war are inimical to development in 2001, most were civil wars. Civil conflicts During 1990­2002 there were 56 major armed conflicts in 44 locations in have devastating economic and social costs, the world. Most of today's conflicts are internal wars, and civilians--including women and children--account for 90 percent of the casualties. And after a reversing years of development, mainly in conflict ends, people continue to suffer and die of conditions brought on by the world's poorest countries. What are the the conflict, including landmines and the spread of infectious diseases. The effects of armed conflicts also spill over into neighboring economic and social costs and spillovers, and countries. As refugees flee conflicts in their home country, and seek what can be done to reduce risk of conflict? asylum in neighboring countries, they often are put into crowded conditions without adequate food, safe water, and sanitation and are at The incidence of civil war--the years--and the duration has risk of contracting infectious diseases and spreading them to the host proportion of countries that are in increased, at least up to the population. At the beginning of 2002, 20 million people were displaced as civil war at any given time-- early 1990s. Civil war is heavily refugees in another country or were displaced within their own country. increased during the past 40 concentrated in the poorest Links between poverty and conflict are strong. Of the world's 20 years. In 1964 the incidence of countries. Low-income countries, poorest countries, 80 percent have suffered from a major conflict in the civil war was around 5 percent, where about a billion people live, past 15 years. Economic instability, poverty, political and social exclusion, with a peak in the early 1990s of face the greatest risk of civil dependence on "lootable" natural resources, and weak institutions--all about 17 percent. Civil wars last war--about 15 times that of contribute to increased risk and persistence of conflict. a long time--on average about 7 high-income countries. How can these risks be reduced? If governments and the international community help to provide the environment for generating economic growth, strengthen democratic institutions, improve transparency and provide credible guarantees to minorities, the risk of conflict can be greatly reduced. The incidence of ongoing civil wars peaked in the early 1990s and The risk of civil war in low-income countries increases as the share of has fallen since primary commodity exports increases Proportion of countries in civil war by year (%) % Primary commodity exports as a share of GDP Risk of civil war 30 20 25 15 20 Ongoing wars 10 15 10 5 New wars 5 0 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 46 2003 World Bank Atlas 22 Refugee population by country of origin, 2001 200,000 or more 30,000­199,999 3,000­29,999 500­2,999 Less than 500 No data Colombia The conflict in Colombia has been going on for four decades. During the Burundi nineties, the annual Since 1993, some number of violent deaths 200,000 Burundians has been between 25,000 Angola have perished in the and 30,000. About The civil war in Angola, widespread ethnic 720,000 Colombians are which ended in 2002, violence. Hundreds of internally displaced. caused as many as thousands have been one and a half million internally displaced or deaths. The extraction have become refugees of diamonds has been in neighboring countries. an important source of funding for the UNITA armed opposition. In January 2002, there were 12 million of them were refugees . . . . . . seeking asylum in these . . . and 5 million were internally Refugees are people who 19.8 million displaced persons countries . . . displaced persons are outside their country Asylum-seekers, refugees, internally displaced Top 10 countries of origin Top 10 countries of origin Countries of asylum Top 10 countries and cannot return owing persons, and others of concern to UNHCR (millions) to a well-founded fear of Afghanistan 3,809,600 Pakistan, Iran Afghanistan 1,200,000 Asia 8.82 persecution because of Burundi 554,000 Tanzania Colombia 720,000 race, religion, nationality, Europe 4.86 Iraq 530,100 Iran Sri Lanka 683,300 political opinion, or Uganda, Ethiopia, Congo, Dem. Rep., Kenya, Sudan 489,500 Azerbaijan 573,000 membership in a Central African Rep. Africa 4.17 Angola 470,600 Zambia, Congo, Dem. Rep., Namibia Russian Federation 443,300 particular social group. In 2001, there were North Somalia 439,900 Kenya, Yemen, Ethiopia, USA, U.K. Bosnia-Herzegovina 438,300 1.09 America Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep., USA, Sweden, Denmark, more than 20 ongoing Bosnia-Herzegovina 426,000 Georgia 264,200 Netherlands Latin America civil conflicts, including 0.77 Congo, Dem. Rep. 392,100 Tanzania, Congo Rep., Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 263,600 & Caribbean those in Angola, Burundi, Vietnam 353,200 China, USA Angola 202,000 and Colombia. Oceania 0.08 Eritrea 333,100 Sudan Liberia 196,100 0 2 4 6 8 10 2003 World Bank Atlas 47 The integrating world In an integrated global economy, it is easier for A global trade agenda focusing on development people in different countries to do business with The rules of the global trading system are overseen by the World Trade each other and for people and goods to move Organization, the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Through a series of trade "rounds" the members of GATT between countries. The links between economies negotiated substantial reductions in tariffs and other trade barriers, but have grown in the past 20 years as transportation the new trade round resulting from the World Trade Organization meeting in Doha, Qatar, in 2001, is the first to take development as its costs and trade barriers have fallen and primary goal. And China's accession to the World Trade Organization international financial markets have expanded. should help keep market access issues at the forefront. Although participants at Doha did not agree unanimously on all points, the New technologies have altered increase in an open, integrated declaration emerging from the negotiations gave developing countries longstanding patterns of economy. Immigrants are often reason to hope for a more welcoming trade environment and promised production and employment. more productive in the host a focus on implementation. Several key agreements at Doha relate to Increasingly, products are country, reducing labor costs market access: produced in multiple locations and there, while remittances sent to · To reduce all forms of export subsidies (with a view to phasing them distributed all over the world. their home countries boost out), and to substantially reduce trade-distorting domestic support. Developing countries have become incomes there. Integration, by · To support growth in service trade for developing countries. important suppliers of manufac- opening new markets, sharing · To reduce or, as appropriate, eliminate tariffs. This includes reducing tured goods and services, spurring knowledge, and increasing the or eliminating tariff peaks, high tariffs, and tariff escalation as well as new opportunities for investment. efficiency of resources, can nontariff barriers, particularly on nonagricultural products of export Like trade and financial flows, the increase opportunities for people interest to developing countries. movement of labor is likely to and reduce poverty. Trade is an important avenue for integration Ten countries received 79 percent of net private capital flows to the developing world in 2001 Exports and imports of goods (% of GDP) 1990 2001 Net private capital flows ($ billions) * Data for Europe and Central Asia are for 1994 and 2001. 70 50 60 40 50 30 40 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 Europe & East Asia Sub-Saharan Middle East Latin America South Asia China Mexico Brazil Poland South Chile Czech Kazakhstan Hungary Colombia Central Asia* & Pacific Africa & North Africa & Caribbean Africa Republic 48 2003 World Bank Atlas 23 Merchandise trade flows, 2001 US$ billions 30­49 Europe and Central Asia 50­149 Canada 150­249 250 or more European Union United States Middle East and North Africa Japan East Asia South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America and Caribbean Money sent home far exceeds aid in the 10 countries with the highest Immigrants play an important role in OECD economies Trade in goods is a major worker remittances in 2001 avenue of global Foreign population in selected OECD countries, 2000 (thousands) % of total Net worker integration. The arrows remittances Net aid United States show the value of trade Country ($ millions) ($ millions) 28,400 10 (exports plus imports) Germany 7,297 9 India 9,001 1,705 between major trading Australia Mexico 8,896 75 4,517 24 partners. Flows of less Morocco 3,234 517 United Kingdom 2,342 4 than $30 billion are not Egypt, Arab Rep. 2,877 1,255 Japan 1,686 1 shown. Trade between Turkey 2,786 167 Italy 1,388 2 developing countries and Bangladesh 2,092 1,024 Switzerland 1,384 19 regions has been El Salvador 1,911 234 Spain 896 2 increasing, but more than Dominican Republic 1,808 105 Belgium 862 8 half of world trade still Jordan 1,640 432 occurs between high- Austria 758 9 Colombia 1,564 380 income countries. 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 2003 World Bank Atlas 49 Reducing barriers to trade An open and equitable global trading system is Barriers to developing country agricultural exports essential for development. But after many Agricultural products are the most important exports of many developing rounds of multilateral trade negotiations, countries, but these exports face numerous obstacles in high-income countries. Some of the highest tariffs imposed in both developing and significant barriers remain. Trade barriers high-income countries are on agricultural products. Developing country impose costs on both high-income countries agricultural exports face average tariffs of 16 percent in rich countries and 20 percent in developing countries. "Peak" tariffs on some sensitive and the developing world. commodities exceed 100 percent. Developing countries face tariffs countries' exports are in labor- In addition to tariff and nontariff barriers, the United States, the that are on average more than intensive goods, so encouraging European Union, and Japan provide large subsidies to domestic twice those faced by high-income export-led growth can help agricultural producers, further distorting the market. Agricultural countries. They also confront reduce poverty. Not only will subsidies by OECD members exceeded $300 billion in 2001--six times nontariff barriers, such as increased export earnings help their contributions of foreign aid. Consider this: the average subsidy per quotas, rules of origin, and raise national income levels, but cow is about $2.50 a day in Europe and nearly $7 a day in Japan. Then antidumping actions. A reduction growth in labor-intensive sectors recall that three-quarters of the people in Sub-Saharan Africa live on in trade barriers often results in will lead to more employment less than $2 a day. significant growth opportunities opportunities for poor people. Improving market access in agriculture will produce real income for low- and middle-income Safety nets help ensure that gains for both high-income and developing countries. countries. Most of these liberalization will be pro-poor. Further trade liberalization could reduce poverty substantially Some high-income countries give large subsidies to agricultural producers Reduction in number of poor by 2015 relative to baseline (millions) $1 a day $2 a day Total support to agriculture as share of GDP, 1999 (%) 120 2.5 100 2.0 80 1.5 60 1.0 40 0.5 20 0 0.0 Sub-Saharan East Asia South Asia Eastern Europe Middle East & Latin America & Switzerland European Japan Norway United Canada Australia New Africa & Pacific & Central Asia North Africa the Caribbean Union States Zealand 50 2003 World Bank Atlas 24 Weighted mean tariffs, pre-1998 Weighted mean tariffs are weighted by the 20.0% or more value of the country's 15.0­19.9% trade with its trading 10.0­14.9% partners. Some coun- 5.0­9.9% tries set fairly uniform Less than 5.0% tariff rates across all No data imports. Others are more selective, setting high tariffs to protect favored domestic industries. For the time covered in this map (latest year available for 1988­97) the lowered trade barriers of the Uruguay Round had not yet taken effect. Weighted mean tariffs, 1998­2001 In recent years-- 1998­2001--tariffs have 20.0% or more dropped in most countries, 15.0­19.9% reflecting the international 10.0­14.9% commitment to freer 5.0­9.9% trade. Nontariff barriers Less than 5.0% such as quotas, licensing, No data and prohibitions have also been decreasing, but the use of antidumping measures to restrict imports has increased. 2003 World Bank Atlas 51 Aid for development Development is a partnership between The Monterrey Consensus developing and high-income countries. Donor In March 2002 leaders from developing and high-income countries came countries help recipient countries build capacity together in Monterrey, Mexico, to discuss new strategies for attacking global poverty. Rich countries made new commitments that would to foster change. And recipient countries invest increase official development assistance in real terms by about $16 in their people and create an environment that billion a year by 2006: · Members of the European Union: to strive to raise development assis- sustains growth. tance to at least 0.33 percent of gross national income (GNI) by 2006, Aid is one way for rich countries to will need to double from its with the EU average rising to 0.4 percent or more of GNI. transfer resources to developing current level, and countries · United States: to achieve a $5 billion increase (almost 50 percent) over countries. But aid to poorest themselves will have to supply current levels by 2006. countries has fallen from $58 several times more than that. · Canada: to double its aid by 2010. billion in 1990 to $52 billion in More than aid is needed. Rich · Japan: to reduce its development assistance budget in fiscal 2002 and 2001 and now represents less countries can increase debt 2003 as part of necessary fiscal consolidation. than a quarter of 1 percent of relief, market access, and the · Norway: to increase its development assistance to 1 percent of GNI by donor GNI. Aid is most effective in volume and predictability of 2005. reducing poverty when it goes to aid. Developing countries can · Switzerland: to increase its development assistance to 0.4 percent of poor countries with good policies strengthen governance, improve GNI by 2010. and sound governance. To help the climate for private investment, · Australia: to increase its development assistance by 3 percent in real the poorest countries reach the and increase human capital terms in 2002­03. Millennium Development Goals, through more effective delivery official development assistance of basic and social services. Much external financing comes More aid to developing countries is Debt relief for poor countries The total debt burden of heavily from private sources coming as grants indebted poor countries has declined Total net flows to countries receiving development Bilateral official development assistance ($ billions) Total external debt of HIPCs ($ billions) The Debt Initiative for Heavily assistance, 2001 ($ billions) 40 Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) 250 Bilateral official development 35 provides debt relief to the 35 assistance Grants world's poorest and most 200 Multilateral 30 official heavily indebted countries. By 16 development 25 March 2003, 26 countries had assistance 150 qualified for debt relief Other 20 ­1 official flows amounting to about $42 billion. 100 15 The savings in debt service Net private 53 flows 10 have allowed average annual 50 Loans social spending in these Net grants by 5 nongovernmental 7 countries to rise from 6 organizations 0 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 percent of GDP to 8 percent. ­10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 52 2003 World Bank Atlas 25 Aid per capita, 2001 $50 or more $20­49 $5­19 Less than $5 Net aid donor No data Only five countries provide as much as 0.7 percent of GNI for official development assistance--and the shares of most major aid donors have declined In most countries aid plays a relatively small Net official development assistance (% of donor country GNI) 1990 2001 role. But for the very 1.2 poorest countries it can be very important. In 0.9 2001 43 developing countries received more than $50 per capita. 0.6 Additional aid--together with good policies--could 0.3 help countries lift millions of people out of poverty. 0.0 g way Spain many tugal Japan eece Italy Nor Finland France Austria Canada Gr States Denmark Sweden Ireland Belgium Kingdom Ger Australia Zealand Por Luxembour Netherlands Switzerland New United United 2003 World Bank Atlas 53 Key indicators of development Total Surface Population Life Gross national income PPP Youth Total Surface Population Life Gross national income PPP Youth population area density expectancy gross unemployment population area density expectancy gross unemployment at birth national at birth national income a income a thousand people per capita per capita % ages thousand people per capita per capita % ages millions sq. km per sq. km years $ billions $ $ 15­24 millions sq. km per sq. km years $ billions $ $ 15­24 Economy 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 b 2001 b 2001 2000 Economy 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 b 2001 b 2001 2000 Afghanistan 27.2 c 652.1 42 43 .. .. d .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 65.2 1,001.5 65 68 99.6 1,530 3,560 .. Albania 3.2 28.8 115 74 4.2 1,340 3,810 .. El Salvador 6.4 21.0 309 70 13.0 2,040 5,160 .. Algeria 30.8 2,381.7 13 71 51.0 1,650 5,910 e .. Equatorial Guinea 0.5 28.1 17 51 0.3 700 .. .. American Samoa 0.1 0.2 350 .. .. .. f .. .. Eritrea 4.2 117.6 42 51 0.7 160 1,030 .. Andorra 0.1 0.5 140 .. .. .. g .. .. Estonia 1.4 45.1 32 71 5.3 3,870 9,650 16.1 Angola 13.5 1,246.7 11 47 6.7 500 1,690 e .. Ethiopia 65.8 1,104.3 66 42 6.7 100 800 .. Antigua and Barbuda 0.1 0.4 156 .. 0.6 9,150 9,550 .. Faeroe Islands 0.1 1.4 36 .. .. .. g .. .. Argentina 37.5 2,780.4 14 74 260.3 6,940 10,980 .. Fiji 0.8 18.3 45 69 1.8 2,150 4,920 .. Armenia 3.8 29.8 135 74 2.2 570 2,730 .. Finland 5.2 338.2 17 78 123.4 23,780 24,030 21.6 Aruba 0.1 0.2 474 .. .. .. g .. .. France 59.2 551.5 108 79 1,380.7 22,730 i 24,080 26.6 Australia 19.4 7,741.2 3 79 385.9 19,900 24,630 12.3 French Polynesia 0.2 4.0 65 73 4.1 17,290 28,020 .. Austria 8.1 83.9 98 78 194.7 23,940 26,380 5.9 Gabon 1.3 267.7 5 53 4.0 3,160 5,190 .. Azerbaijan 8.1 86.6 94 65 5.3 650 2,890 .. Gambia, The 1.3 11.3 134 53 0.4 320 2,010 e .. Bahamas, The 0.3 13.9 31 70 4.5 14,860 15,680 15.8 Georgia 5.3 69.7 76 73 3.1 590 2,580 .. Bahrain 0.7 0.7 917 73 7.2 11,130 15,390 .. Germany 82.3 357.0 231 78 1,939.6 23,560 25,240 7.7 Bangladesh 133.3 144.0 1,024 62 48.6 360 1,600 .. Ghana 19.7 238.5 87 56 5.7 290 2,170 e .. Barbados 0.3 0.4 624 75 2.6 9,750 h 15,110 21.8 Greece 10.6 132.0 82 78 121.0 11,430 17,520 29.7 Belarus 10.0 207.6 48 68 12.9 1,290 7,630 .. Greenland 0.1 341.7 0 .. .. .. g .. .. Belgium 10.3 31.0 313 78 245.3 23,850 26,150 22.6 Grenada 0.1 0.3 295 73 0.4 3,610 6,290 .. Belize 0.2 23.0 11 74 0.7 2,940 5,150 22.5 Guam 0.2 0.6 285 78 .. .. g .. .. Benin 6.4 112.6 58 53 2.4 380 970 .. Guatemala 11.7 108.9 108 65 19.6 1,680 4,380 .. Bermuda 0.1 0.1 1,200 .. .. .. g .. .. Guinea-Bissau 1.2 36.1 44 45 0.2 160 890 .. Bhutan 0.8 47.0 18 63 0.5 640 .. .. Guinea 7.6 245.9 31 46 3.1 410 1,900 .. Bolivia 8.5 1,098.6 8 63 8.1 950 2,240 .. Guyana 0.8 215.0 4 63 0.6 840 4,280 e .. Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.1 51.1 80 74 5.0 1,240 6,250 .. Haiti 8.1 27.8 295 52 3.9 480 1,870 .. Botswana 1.7 581.7 3 39 5.3 3,100 7,410 .. Honduras 6.6 112.1 59 66 5.9 900 2,760 6.3 Brazil 172.4 8,547.4 20 68 528.9 3,070 7,070 18.3 Hungary 10.2 93.0 110 72 49.2 4,830 11,990 12.4 Brunei 0.3 5.8 65 76 .. .. g .. .. Iceland 0.3 103.0 3 80 8.2 28,910 28,850 4.4 Bulgaria 8.0 110.9 73 72 13.2 1,650 6,740 34.2 India 1,032.4 3,287.3 347 63 477.4 460 2,820 .. Burkina Faso 11.6 274.0 42 44 2.5 220 1,120 e .. Indonesia 209.0 1,904.6 115 66 144.7 690 2,830 .. Burundi 6.9 27.8 270 42 0.7 100 680 .. Iran, Islamic Rep. 64.5 1,648.2 39 69 108.7 1,680 5,940 .. Cambodia 12.3 181.0 69 54 3.3 270 1,790 .. Iraq 23.8 438.3 54 62 .. .. k .. .. Cameroon 15.2 475.4 33 49 8.7 580 1,580 .. Ireland 3.8 70.3 56 77 87.7 22,850 27,170 8.5 Canada 31.1 9,970.6 3 79 681.6 21,930 26,530 e 14.0 Isle of Man 0.1 0.6 133 .. .. .. f .. .. Cape Verde 0.4 4.0 111 69 0.6 1,340 5,540 e .. Israel 6.4 21.1 309 79 106.6 16,750 19,630 17.2 Cayman Islands 0.0 0.3 135 .. .. .. g .. .. Italy 57.9 301.3 197 79 1,123.8 19,390 24,530 32.9 Central African Republic 3.8 623.0 6 43 1.0 260 1,300 e .. Jamaica 2.6 11.0 239 76 7.3 2,800 3,490 34.0 Chad 7.9 1,284.0 6 48 1.6 200 1,060 .. Japan 127.0 377.8 349 81 4,523.3 35,610 25,550 9.2 Channel Islands 0.1 0.2 768 79 .. .. g .. .. Jordan 5.0 89.2 57 72 8.8 1,750 3,880 .. Chile 15.4 756.6 21 76 70.6 4,590 8,840 21.2 Kazakhstan 14.9 2,724.9 6 63 20.1 1,350 6,150 .. China 1,271.8 9,598.1 i 136 70 1,131.2 890 3,950 3.1 Kenya 30.7 580.4 54 46 10.7 350 970 .. Hong Kong, China 6.7 .. .. 80 170.3 25,330 25,560 10.3 Kiribati 0.1 0.7 127 62 0.1 830 .. .. Macao, China 0.4 0.4 .. 79 6.3 j 14,380 j 21,630 9.9 Korea, Dem. Rep. 22.4 120.5 186 61 .. .. d .. .. Colombia 43.0 1,138.9 41 72 81.6 1,890 6,790 36.3 Korea, Rep. 47.3 99.3 480 74 447.6 9,460 15,060 14.2 Comoros 0.6 2.2 256 61 0.2 380 1,890 .. Kuwait 2.0 17.8 115 77 37.4 18,270 21,530 .. Congo, Dem. Rep. 52.4 2,344.9 23 45 4.2 80 630 .. Kyrgyz Republic 5.0 199.9 26 66 1.4 280 2,630 .. Congo, Rep. 3.1 342.0 9 51 2.0 640 680 .. Lao PDR 5.4 236.8 23 54 1.6 300 1,540 e .. Costa Rica 3.9 51.1 76 78 15.7 4,060 9,260 11.7 Latvia 2.4 64.6 38 70 7.6 3,230 7,760 23.1 Côte d'Ivoire 16.4 322.5 52 46 10.3 630 1,400 .. Lebanon 4.4 10.4 429 71 17.6 4,010 4,400 .. Croatia 4.4 56.5 78 74 19.9 4,550 8,930 29.8 Lesotho 2.1 30.4 68 43 1.1 530 2,980 e .. Cuba 11.2 110.9 102 77 .. .. k .. .. Liberia 3.2 111.4 33 47 0.5 140 .. .. Cyprus 0.8 9.3 82 78 9.4 12,320 21,110 e .. Libya 5.4 1,759.5 3 72 .. .. f .. .. Czech Republic 10.2 78.9 132 75 54.3 5,310 14,320 17.0 Liechtenstein 0.0 0.2 188 .. .. .. g .. .. Denmark 5.4 43.1 126 77 164.0 30,600 28,490 10.0 Lithuania 3.5 65.2 54 73 11.7 3,350 8,350 24.9 Djibouti 0.6 23.2 28 45 0.6 890 2,420 .. Luxembourg 0.4 2.6 170 77 17.6 39,840 48,560 6.8 Dominica 0.1 0.8 96 76 0.2 3,200 4,920 .. Macedonia, FYR 2.0 25.7 80 73 3.5 1,690 6,040 .. Dominican Republic 8.5 48.7 176 67 19.0 2,230 6,650 .. Madagascar 16.0 587.0 27 55 4.2 260 820 .. Ecuador 12.9 283.6 47 70 14.0 1,080 2,960 23.5 Malawi 10.5 118.5 112 38 1.7 160 560 .. 54 2003 World Bank Atlas 1 Total Surface Population Life Gross national income PPP Youth Total Surface Population Life Gross national income PPP Youth population area density expectancy gross unemployment population area density expectancy gross unemployment at birth national at birth national income a income a thousand people per capita per capita % ages thousand people per capita per capita % ages millions sq. km per sq. km years $ billions $ $ 15­24 millions sq. km per sq. km years $ billions $ $ 15­24 Economy 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 b 2001 b 2001 2000 Economy 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 b 2001 b 2001 2000 Malaysia 23.8 329.8 72 73 79.3 3,330 7,910 .. St. Lucia 0.2 0.6 257 72 0.6 3,950 4,960 44.0 Maldives 0.3 0.3 934 69 0.6 2,000 .. .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines 0.1 0.4 297 73 0.3 2,740 4,980 .. Mali 11.1 1,240.2 9 41 2.5 230 770 .. Sudan 31.7 2,505.8 13 58 10.7 340 1,750 .. Malta 0.4 0.3 1,234 78 3.6 9,210 13,140 .. Suriname 0.4 163.3 3 70 0.8 1,810 .. 23.1 Marshall Islands 0.1 0.2 263 65 0.1 2,190 .. .. Swaziland 1.1 17.4 62 45 1.4 1,300 4,430 .. Mauritania 2.7 1,025.5 3 51 1.0 360 1,940 44.9 Sweden 8.9 450.0 22 80 225.9 25,400 23,800 14.2 Mauritius 1.2 2.0 591 72 4.6 3,830 9,860 .. Switzerland 7.2 41.3 183 80 277.2 38,330 30,970 5.6 Mayotte 0.1 0.4 388 .. .. .. f .. .. Syrian Arab Republic 16.6 185.2 90 70 17.3 1,040 3,160 .. Mexico 99.4 1,958.2 52 73 550.2 5,530 8,240 3.4 Tajikistan 6.2 143.1 44 67 1.1 180 1,140 .. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 0.1 0.7 172 68 0.3 2,150 .. .. Tanzania 34.4 945.1 39 44 9.4 m 270 m 520 .. Moldova 4.3 33.9 130 67 1.5 400 2,300 .. Thailand 61.2 513.1 120 69 118.5 1,940 6,230 7.4 Monaco 0.0 0.0 15,789 .. .. .. g .. .. Timor-Leste 0.8 14.9 51 .. 0.4 520 .. .. Mongolia 2.4 1,566.5 2 65 1.0 400 1,710 .. Togo 4.7 56.8 86 49 1.3 270 1,620 .. Morocco 29.2 446.6 65 68 34.7 1,190 3,500 35.0 Tonga 0.1 0.8 140 71 0.2 1,530 .. .. Mozambique 18.1 801.6 23 42 3.8 210 1,050 e .. Trinidad and Tobago 1.3 5.1 255 72 7.8 5,960 8,620 25.4 Myanmar 48.3 676.6 73 57 .. .. d .. .. Tunisia 9.7 163.6 62 72 20.0 2,070 6,090 .. Namibia 1.8 824.3 2 44 3.5 1,960 7,410 e .. Turkey 66.2 774.8 86 70 167.3 2,530 5,830 14.6 Nepal 23.6 147.2 165 59 5.8 250 1,360 .. Turkmenistan 5.4 488.1 12 65 5.1 950 4,240 .. Netherlands 16.0 41.5 473 78 390.3 24,330 27,390 7.4 Uganda 22.8 241.0 116 43 5.9 260 1,460 e .. Netherlands Antilles 0.2 0.8 275 .. .. .. g .. 35.5 Ukraine 49.1 603.7 85 68 35.2 720 4,270 22.5 New Caledonia 0.2 18.6 12 73 3.2 15,060 25,200 .. United Arab Emirates 3.0 83.6 36 75 .. .. g .. .. New Zealand 3.8 270.5 14 78 51.0 13,250 18,250 13.2 United Kingdom 58.8 242.9 244 77 1,476.8 25,120 24,340 12.3 Nicaragua 5.2 130.0 43 69 .. .. d .. .. United States 285.3 9,629.1 31 78 9,780.8 34,280 34,280 9.9 Niger 11.2 1,267.0 9 46 2.0 180 880 e .. Uruguay 3.4 176.2 19 74 19.2 5,710 8,250 24.3 Nigeria 129.9 923.8 143 46 37.1 290 790 .. Uzbekistan 25.1 447.4 61 67 13.8 550 2,410 .. Northern Mariana Islands 0.1 0.5 160 .. .. .. g .. .. Vanuatu 0.2 12.2 17 68 0.2 1,050 3,110 .. Norway 4.5 323.9 15 79 160.8 35,630 29,340 10.2 Venezuela, RB 24.6 912.1 28 74 117.2 4,760 5,590 25.7 Oman 2.5 309.5 8 74 14.9 6,180 10,720 .. Vietnam 79.5 331.7 244 69 32.8 410 2,070 .. Pakistan 141.5 796.1 183 63 60.0 420 1,860 .. Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.1 0.3 322 78 .. .. g .. .. Palau 0.0 0.5 42 .. 0.1 6,780 .. .. West Bank and Gaza 3.1 .. .. 72 4.2 1,350 .. .. Panama 2.9 75.5 39 75 9.5 3,260 5,440 e 28.7 Yemen, Rep. 18.0 528.0 34 57 8.2 450 730 .. Papua New Guinea 5.3 462.8 12 57 3.0 580 2,450 e .. Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 10.7 102.0 108 73 9.9 930 .. .. Paraguay 5.6 406.8 14 71 7.6 1,350 5,180 e .. Zambia 10.3 752.6 14 37 3.3 320 750 .. Peru 26.3 1,285.2 21 70 52.2 1,980 4,470 .. Zimbabwe 12.8 390.8 33 39 6.2 480 2,220 .. Philippines 78.3 300.0 263 70 80.8 1,030 4,070 21.2 Poland 38.6 323.3 127 74 163.6 4,230 9,370 30.0 World 6,130.1 s 133,781.2 s 47 w 67 w 31,400 t 5,120 w 7,370 w Portugal 10.0 92.0 110 76 109.3 10,900 17,710 8.7 Low income 2,505.9 34,245.8 76 59 1,069 430 2,190 Puerto Rico 3.8 9.0 433 76 42.1 10,950 h 18,090 20.3 Middle income 2,667.2 67,121.8 40 70 4,957 1,860 5,390 Qatar 0.6 11.0 54 75 .. .. g .. .. Lower middle income 2,163.5 45,709.0 48 69 2,672 1,230 4,700 Romania 22.4 238.4 97 70 38.6 1,720 5,780 19.5 Upper middle income 503.6 21,412.9 24 72 2,291 4,550 8,500 Russian Federation 144.8 17,075.4 9 66 253.4 1,750 6,880 26.8 Low & middle income 5,172.3 101,352.8 52 64 6,025 1,160 3,830 Rwanda 8.7 26.3 352 40 1.9 220 1,240 .. East Asia & Pacific 1,822.5 16,300.7 115 69 1,640 900 3,790 Samoa 0.2 2.8 61 69 0.3 1,490 6,130 .. Europe & Central Asia 474.6 24,066.4 20 69 935 1,970 6,320 San Marino 0.0 0.1 300 .. .. .. g .. .. Latin America & Carib. 523.6 20,459.5 26 71 1,876 3,580 6,900 São Tomé and Principe 0.2 1.0 157 65 0.0 280 .. .. Middle East & N. Africa 300.6 11,134.9 27 68 669 2,220 5,430 Saudi Arabia 21.4 2,149.7 10 73 181.1 8,460 13,290 .. South Asia 1,377.8 5,139.5 288 63 618 450 2,570 Senegal 9.8 196.7 51 52 4.7 490 1,480 .. Sub-Saharan Africa 673.9 24,266.7 29 46 311 460 1,750 Seychelles 0.1 0.5 183 73 0.5 6,530 .. .. High income 957.0 32,413.6 31 78 25,372 26,510 26,650 Sierra Leone 5.1 71.7 72 37 0.7 140 460 .. Europe EMU 306.7 2,568.9 121 78 6,339 20,670 23,800 Singapore 4.1 0.6 6,772 78 88.8 21,500 22,850 7.1 Slovak Republic 5.4 49.0 112 73 20.3 3,760 11,780 32.2 a. PPP is purchasing power parity; see Definitions. b. Calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. c. Estimate does not account for recent refugee Slovenia 2.0 20.3 99 76 19.4 9,760 17,060 18.2 flows. d. Estimated to be low income ($745 or less). e. The estimate is based on regression; others are extrapolated from the latest International Solomon Islands 0.4 28.9 15 69 0.3 590 1,910 e .. Comparison Programme benchmark estimates. f. Estimated to be upper-middle-income ($2,976­$9,205). g. Estimated to be high income ($9,206 or Somalia 9.1 637.7 14 47 .. .. d .. .. more). h. Included in the aggregates for upper-middle-income economies on the basis of earlier data. i. Includes Taiwan, China; Macao, China; and Hong South Africa 43.2 1,221.0 35 47 121.9 2,820 10,910 e 55.8 Kong, China. j. Refers to GDP or GDP per capita. k. Estimated to be lower middle income ($746­2,975). l. GNI and GNI per capita estimates include the Spain 41.1 506.0 82 78 588.0 14,300 19,860 28.5 Frehch overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion. m. Data refers to mainland Tanzania only. Sri Lanka 18.7 65.6 290 73 16.4 880 3,260 28.2 St. Kitts and Nevis 0.0 0.4 125 71 0.3 6,630 10,190 .. 2003 World Bank Atlas 55 Poverty and mortality International poverty line National poverty line Share of Under-five Infant Maternal International poverty line National poverty line Share of Under-five Infant Maternal poorest mortality mortality mortality poorest mortality mortality mortality quintile rate rate ratio, quintile rate rate ratio, in national modeled in national modeled income estimates income estimates Population Poverty Population below the per per Population Poverty Population below the per per below gap at poverty line % 1,000 100,000 below gap at poverty line % 1,000 100,000 Survey $1 a day $1 a day Survey Rural Urban National 1987­ per 1,000 live births live births Survey $1 a day $1 a day Survey Rural Urban National 1987­ per 1,000 live births live births Economy year % % year % % % 2001 a 2001 2001 1995 Economy year % % year % % % 2001 a 2001 2001 1995 Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 257 165 820 Egypt, Arab Rep. 2000 3.1 <0.5 1999­2000 .. .. 16.7 8.6 b 41 35 170 Albania .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 23 31 El Salvador 1997 21.4 7.9 1992 55.7 43.1 48.3 3.3 c 39 33 180 Algeria 1995 <2 <0.5 1995 30.3 14.7 22.6 7.0 b 49 39 150 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. 153 101 .. 1,400 American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. 1993­94 .. .. 53.0 .. 111 72 1,100 Andorra .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 6 .. Estonia 1998 <2 <0.5 1995 14.7 6.8 8.9 7.0 c 12 11 80 Angola .. .. .. .. .. .. 260 154 1,300 Ethiopia 1999­2000 81.9 39.9 1999­2000 45.0 37.0 44.2 2.4 b 172 116 1,800 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 12 .. Faeroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina .. .. 1998 .. 29.9 .. .. 19 16 85 Fiji .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 18 20 Armenia 1998 12.8 3.3 1998 .. .. 55.0 6.7 b 35 31 29 Finland .. .. .. .. .. 10.1 c 5 4 6 Aruba .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. France .. .. .. .. .. 7.2 c 6 4 20 Australia .. .. .. .. .. 5.9 c 6 6 6 French Polynesia .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 10 20 Austria .. .. .. .. .. 7.0 c 5 5 11 Gabon .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 60 620 Azerbaijan 2001 3.7 <1 1995 .. .. 68.1 7.4 b 96 77 37 Gambia, The 1998 59.3 28.8 1998 61.0 48.0 .. 4.0 b 126 91 1,100 Bahamas, The .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 13 10 Georgia 1998 <2 <0.5 1997 9.9 12.1 11.1 6.0 b 29 24 22 Bahrain .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 13 38 Germany .. .. .. .. .. 5.7 c 5 4 12 Bangladesh 2000 36.0 8.1 2000 37.4 19.1 33.7 9.0 b 77 51 600 Ghana 1999 44.8 17.3 1992 34.3 26.7 31.4 5.6 b 100 57 590 Barbados .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 12 33 Greece .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 c 5 5 2 Belarus 2000 <2 <0.5 2000 .. .. 41.9 8.4 b 20 17 33 Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Belgium .. .. .. .. .. 8.3 c 6 5 8 Grenada .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 20 .. Belize .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 34 140 Guam .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 6 12 Benin .. .. 1995 .. .. 33.0 .. 158 94 880 Guatemala 2000 16.0 4.6 1989 71.9 33.7 57.9 3.8 c 58 43 270 Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. 1991 .. .. 48.7 5.2 b 211 130 910 Bhutan .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 74 500 Guinea .. .. 1994 .. .. 40.0 6.4 b 169 109 1,200 Bolivia 1999 14.4 5.4 1999 81.7 .. 62.7 4.0 b 77 60 550 Guyana 1998 <2 <0.5 1993 .. .. 43.2 4.5 b 72 54 150 Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. 2001­02 19.9 13.8 19.5 .. 18 15 15 Haiti .. .. 1995 66.0 .. .. .. 123 79 1,100 Botswana 1993 23.5 7.7 .. .. .. 2.2 b 110 80 480 Honduras 1998 23.8 11.6 1993 51.0 57.0 53.0 2.0 c 38 31 220 Brazil 1998 9.9 3.2 1990 32.6 13.1 17.4 2.2 c 36 31 260 Hungary 1998 <2 <0.5 1997 .. .. 17.3 10.0 b 9 8 23 Brunei .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 6 22 Iceland .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 3 16 Bulgaria 2001 4.7 1.4 .. .. .. 6.7 c 16 14 23 India 1999­2000 34.7 8.2 1999­2000 30.2 24.7 28.6 8.1 b 93 67 440 Burkina Faso 1994 61.2 25.5 1998 51.0 16.5 45.3 4.5 b 197 104 1,400 Indonesia 2000 7.2 1.0 1999 .. .. 27.1 8.4 b 45 33 470 Burundi 1998 58.4 24.9 1990 .. .. 36.2 5.1 b 190 114 1,900 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1998 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 5.1 b 42 35 130 Cambodia .. .. 1997 40.1 21.1 36.1 6.9 b 138 97 590 Iraq .. .. .. .. .. .. 133 107 370 Cameroon 1996 33.4 11.8 1984 32.4 44.4 40.0 4.6 b 155 96 720 Ireland .. .. .. .. .. 6.7 c 6 6 9 Canada .. .. .. .. .. 7. 3 c 7 5 6 Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 29 190 Israel .. .. .. .. .. 6.9 c 6 6 8 Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Italy .. .. .. .. .. 6.0 c 6 4 11 Central African Republic 1993 66.6 38.1 .. .. .. 2.0 b 180 115 1,200 Jamaica 2000 <2 <0.5 2000 25.1 .. 18.7 6.7 b 20 17 120 Chad .. .. 1995­96 67.0 63.0 64.0 .. 200 117 1,500 Japan .. .. .. .. .. 10.6 c 5 3 12 Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 .. Jordan 1997 <2 <0.5 1997 .. .. 11.7 7.6 b 33 27 41 Chile 1998 <2 <0.5 1998 .. .. 17.0 3.2 c 12 10 33 Kazakhstan 1996 1.5 0.3 1996 39.0 30.0 34.6 8.2 b 99 81 80 China 2000 16.1 3.7 1998 4.6 <2 4.6 5.9 c 39 31 60 Kenya 1997 23.0 6.0 1992 46.4 29.3 42.0 5.6 b 122 78 1,300 Hong Kong, China .. .. .. .. .. 5.3 c .. 3 .. Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. 69 51 .. Macao, China .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 20 Korea, Dem. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 42 35 Colombia 1998 14.4 8.1 1992 31.2 8.0 17.7 3.0 c 23 19 120 Korea, Rep. 1998 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 7.9 c 5 5 20 Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 59 570 Kuwait .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 9 25 Congo, Dem. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. 205 129 940 Kyrgyz Republic 2000 2.0 0.2 1999 69.7 49.0 64.1 9.1 b 61 52 80 Congo, Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. 108 81 1,100 Lao PDR 1997­98 26.3 6.3 1997­98 41.0 26.9 38.6 7.6 b 100 87 650 Costa Rica 1998 6.9 3.4 1992 25.5 19.2 22.0 4.5 c 11 9 35 Latvia 1998 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 7.6 c 21 17 70 Côte d'Ivoire 1995 12.3 2.4 1995 .. .. 36.8 7.1 b 175 102 1,200 Lebanon .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 28 130 Croatia 2000 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 8.3 b 8 7 18 Lesotho 1993 43.1 20.3 1993 53.9 27.8 49.2 1.4 b 132 91 530 Cuba .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 7 24 Liberia .. .. .. .. .. .. 235 157 1,000 Cyprus .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 5 .. Libya .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 16 120 Czech Republic 1996 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 10.3 c 5 4 14 Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 10 .. Denmark .. .. .. .. .. 8.3 c 4 4 15 Lithuania 2000 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 7.9 b 9 8 27 Djibouti .. .. 1996 86.5 .. 45.1 .. 143 100 520 Luxembourg .. .. .. .. .. 8.0 c 5 5 .. Dominica .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 14 .. Macedonia, FYR 1998 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 8.4 b 26 22 17 Dominican Republic 1998 <2 <0.5 1992 29.8 10.9 20.6 5.1 c 47 41 110 Madagascar 1999 49.1 18.3 1999 76.7 52.1 71.3 6.4 b 136 84 580 Ecuador 1995 20.2 5.8 1994 47.0 25.0 35.0 5.4 b 30 24 210 Malawi 1997­98 41.7 14.8 1997­98 66.5 54.9 65.3 4.9 b 183 114 580 56 2003 World Bank Atlas 2 International poverty line National poverty line Share of Under-five Infant Maternal International poverty line National poverty line Share of Under-five Infant Maternal poorest mortality mortality mortality poorest mortality mortality mortality quintile rate rate ratio, quintile rate rate ratio, in national modeled in national modeled income estimates income estimates Population Poverty Population below the per per Population Poverty Population below the per per below gap at poverty line % 1,000 100,000 below gap at poverty line % 1,000 100,000 Survey $1 a day $1 a day Survey Rural Urban National 1987­ per 1,000 live births live births Survey $1 a day $1 a day Survey Rural Urban National 1987­ per 1,000 live births live births Economy year % % year % % % 2001 a 2001 2001 1995 Economy year % % year % % % 2001 a 2001 2001 1995 Malaysia 1997 <2 <0.5 1989 .. .. 15.5 4.4 c 8 8 39 St. Lucia .. .. .. .. .. 5.2 c 19 17 .. Maldives .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 58 390 St. Vincent & the Grenadines .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 22 .. Mali 1994 72.8 37.4 .. .. .. 4.6 b 231 141 630 Sudan .. .. .. .. .. .. 107 65 1,500 Malta .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 5 .. Suriname .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 26 230 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 54 .. Swaziland .. .. 1995 .. .. 40.0 2.7 c 149 106 370 Mauritania 1995 28.6 9.1 2000 61.2 25.4 46.3 6.4 b 183 120 870 Sweden .. .. .. .. .. 9.1 c 3 3 8 Mauritius .. .. 1992 .. .. 10.6 .. 19 17 45 Switzerland .. .. .. .. .. 6.9 c 6 5 8 Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Arab Republic .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 23 200 Mexico 1998 8.0 2.1 1988 .. .. 10.1 3.4 c 29 24 65 Tajikistan 1998 10.3 2.6 .. .. .. 8.0 b 116 91 120 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 20 .. Tanzania 1993 19.9 4.8 1993 49.7 24.4 41.6 6.8 b 165 104 1,100 Moldova 2001 22.0 5.8 1997 26.7 .. 23.3 7.1 b 32 27 65 Thailand 2000 <2 <0.5 1992 15.5 10.2 13.1 6.1 b 28 24 44 Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 4 .. Timor-Leste .. .. .. .. .. .. 124 85 850 Mongolia 1995 13.9 3.1 1995 33.1 38.5 36.3 5.6 b 76 61 65 Togo .. .. 1987­89 .. .. 32.3 .. 141 79 980 Morocco 1999 <2 <0.5 1998­99 27.2 12.0 19.0 6.5 b 44 39 390 Tonga .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 17 .. Mozambique 1996 37.9 12.0 1996­97 71.3 62.0 69.4 6.5 b 197 125 980 Trinidad and Tobago 1992 12.4 3.5 1992 20.0 24.0 21.0 5.5 c 20 17 65 Myanmar .. .. .. .. .. .. 109 77 170 Tunisia 1995 <2 <0.5 1995 13.9 3.6 7.6 5.7 b 27 21 70 Namibia 1993 34.9 14.0 .. .. .. 1.4 c 67 55 370 Turkey 2000 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 6.1 b 43 36 55 Nepal 1995 37.7 9.7 1995­96 44.0 23.0 42.0 7.6 b 91 66 830 Turkmenistan 1998 12.1 2.6 .. .. .. 6.1 b 87 69 65 Netherlands .. .. .. .. .. 7.3 c 6 5 10 Uganda 1996 82.2 40.1 1993 .. .. 55.0 7.1 b 124 79 1,100 Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Ukraine 1999 2.9 0.6 1995 .. .. 31.7 8.8 b 20 17 45 New Caledonia .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 7 10 United Arab Emirates .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 8 30 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. 6.4 c 6 6 15 United Kingdom .. .. .. .. .. 6.1 c 7 6 10 Nicaragua 1998 82.3 52.2 1998 68.5 30.5 47.9 2.3 b 43 36 250 United States .. .. .. .. .. 5.2 c 8 7 12 Niger 1995 61.4 33.9 1989­93 66.0 52.0 63.0 2.6 b 265 156 920 Uruguay 1998 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 4.5 c, d 16 14 50 Nigeria 1997 70.2 34.9 1992­93 36.4 30.4 34.1 4.4 b 183 110 1,100 Uzbekistan 1998 19.1 8.1 .. .. .. 9.2 b 68 52 60 Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Vanuatu .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 34 32 Norway .. .. .. .. .. 9.7 c 4 4 9 Venezuela, RB 1998 15.0 6.9 1989 .. .. 31.3 3.0 c 22 19 43 Oman .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 12 120 Vietnam 1998 17.7 3.3 1993 57.2 25.9 50.9 8.0 b 38 30 95 Pakistan 1998 13.4 2.4 1998­99 35.9 24.2 32.6 8.8 b 109 84 200 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 8 .. Palau .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 24 .. West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 21 .. Panama 1998 7.6 2.9 1997 64.9 15.3 37.3 3.6 b 25 19 100 Yemen, Rep. 1998 15.7 4.5 1998 45.0 30.8 41.8 7.4 b 107 79 850 Papua New Guinea .. .. 1996 41.3 16.1 37.5 4.5 b 94 70 390 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 17 15 Paraguay 1998 19.5 9.8 1991 28.5 19.7 21.8 1.9 c 30 26 170 Zambia 1998 63.7 32.7 1998 83.1 56.0 72.9 3.3 b 202 112 870 Peru 1996 15.5 5.4 1997 64.7 40.4 49.0 4.4 c 39 30 240 Zimbabwe 1990­91 36.0 9.6 1995­96 48.0 7.9 34.9 4.6 b 123 76 610 Philippines 2000 14.6 2.7 1997 50.7 21.5 36.8 5.4 b 38 29 240 Poland 1998 <2 <0.5 1993 .. .. 23.8 7.8 b 9 8 12 World 81 w 56 w Portugal 1994 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 5.8 c 6 5 12 Low income 121 80 Puerto Rico .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 30 Middle income 38 31 Qatar .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 11 41 Lower middle income 41 33 Romania 2000 2.1 0.6 1994 27.9 20.4 21.5 8.2 b 21 19 60 Upper middle income 27 23 Russian Federation 2000 6.1 1.2 1994 .. .. 30.9 4.9 b 21 18 75 Low & middle income 88 61 Rwanda 1983­85 35.7 7.7 1993 .. .. 51.2 9.7 b 183 96 2,300 East Asia & Pacific 44 34 Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 20 15 Europe & Central Asia 38 31 San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 4 .. Latin America & Carib. 34 28 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 57 .. Middle East & N. Africa 54 44 Saudi Arabia .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 23 23 South Asia 99 71 Senegal 1995 26.3 7.0 1992 40.4 .. 33.4 6.4 b 138 79 1,200 Sub-Saharan Africa 171 105 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 13 .. High income 7 5 Sierra Leone 1989 57.0 39.5 1989 76.0 53.0 68.0 1.1 b 316 182 2,100 Europe EMU 6 4 Singapore .. .. .. .. .. 5.0 c 4 3 9 Slovak Republic 1996 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 8.8 c 9 8 14 a. Data are for the most recent year available. b. Refers to expenditure shares by percentiles of population; ranked by per capita expenditure. c. Refers to Slovenia 1998 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 9.1 c 5 4 17 income shares by percentiles of population; ranked by per capita income. d. Urban data. Solomon Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 20 60 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. 225 133 1,600 South Africa 1995 <2 <0.5 .. .. .. 2.0 b 71 56 340 Spain .. .. .. .. .. 7.5 c 6 4 8 Sri Lanka 1995­96 6.6 1.0 1995­96 27.0 15.0 25.0 8.0 b 19 17 60 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 20 .. 2003 World Bank Atlas 57 Health Measles Prevalence Births attended Contraceptive Prevalence of HIV Incidence Measles Prevalence Births attended Contraceptive Prevalence of HIV Incidence immunization of child by skilled prevalence of immunization of child by skilled prevalence of rate malnutrition health staff rate tuberculosis rate malnutrition health staff rate tuberculosis Weight Weight for age % of Young people for age % of Young people % of children % of children women % of ages 15­24 per 100,000 % of children % of children women % of ages 15­24 per 100,000 under age one under age five % of total ages 15­49 Male b Female b people under age one under age five % of total ages 15­49 Male b Female b people Economy 2001 1993­2001 a 1996­2000 a 1990­2001 a 2001 2001 2000 Economy 2001 1993­2001 a 1996­2000 a 1990­2001 a 2001 2001 2000 Afghanistan 46 49 .. .. .. .. 321 Egypt, Arab Rep. 97 4 61 56 .. .. 39 Albania 95 14 99 .. .. .. 29 El Salvador 99 12 90 60 0.77 0.35 64 Algeria 83 6 92 51 .. .. 46 Equatorial Guinea 19 .. .. .. 1.39 2.77 244 American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 Eritrea 88 44 .. 8 2.78 4.30 289 Andorra 90 .. .. .. .. .. 23 Estonia 95 .. .. .. 2.48 0.62 67 Angola 72 41 23 .. 2.23 5.74 275 Ethiopia 52 47 10 8 4.39 7.82 397 Antigua and Barbuda 97 .. 100 .. .. .. 9 Faeroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina 94 5 98 .. 0.86 0.34 48 Fiji 80 8 100 .. .. .. 35 Armenia 93 3 97 .. 0.22 0.06 69 Finland 96 .. .. .. 0.04 0.03 11 Aruba .. .. .. .. .. .. .. France 84 .. .. 71 0.26 0.17 15 Australia 93 0 100 .. 0.12 0.01 8 French Polynesia .. .. 99 .. .. .. 35 Austria 79 .. .. .. 0.22 0.12 15 Gabon 55 12 86 33 2.32 4.72 293 Azerbaijan 99 17 88 55 0.06 0.01 74 Gambia, The 90 17 51 .. 0.52 1.35 264 Bahamas, The 93 .. .. .. 2.64 3.03 66 Georgia 73 3 96 41 0.08 0.02 75 Bahrain 98 .. 98 62 .. .. 53 Germany 89 .. .. .. 0.10 0.05 12 Bangladesh 76 48 12 54 0.01 0.01 242 Ghana 81 25 44 22 1.36 2.97 286 Barbados 92 .. 91 .. .. .. 16 Greece 88 .. .. .. 0.14 0.06 22 Belarus 99 .. 100 .. 0.58 0.19 88 Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Belgium 83 .. .. .. 0.12 0.12 14 Grenada 96 .. 99 .. .. .. 6 Belize 96 .. .. 47 1.10 1.99 44 Guam .. .. 100 .. .. .. 87 Benin 65 23 60 16 1.17 3.71 259 Guatemala 90 24 41 38 0.90 0.85 85 Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Guinea-Bissau 48 25 35 .. 1.06 2.98 271 Bhutan 78 19 .. 31 .. .. 137 Guinea 52 33 35 6 0.57 1.43 270 Bolivia 79 8 59 49 0.11 0.05 230 Guyana 92 12 .. 31 3.28 4.01 115 Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 4 100 .. .. .. 91 Haiti 53 17 24 28 4.06 4.95 350 Botswana 83 13 99 .. 16.08 37.49 757 Honduras 95 17 55 62 1.20 1.50 91 Brazil 99 6 88 77 0.64 0.48 68 Hungary 99 .. .. 73 0.09 0.02 41 Brunei 99 .. 99 .. .. .. 61 Iceland 88 .. .. .. .. .. 3 Bulgaria 96 .. 99 .. .. .. 41 c India 56 53 42 52 0.34 0.71 184 Burkina Faso 46 34 27 12 3.97 9.73 324 Indonesia 59 25 56 57 0.06 0.06 280 Burundi 75 45 25 .. 4.95 11.05 406 Iran, Islamic Rep. 96 11 86 73 0.05 0.01 53 Cambodia 59 45 34 24 0.96 2.48 572 Iraq 90 .. .. .. .. .. 132 Cameroon 62 22 56 19 5.44 12.67 341 Ireland 73 .. .. 60 0.06 0.05 14 Canada 96 .. .. .. 0.28 0.17 7 Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde 72 14 89 53 .. .. 182 Israel 94 .. .. .. 0.06 0.06 11 Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Italy 70 .. .. .. 0.28 0.26 9 Central African Republic 29 23 44 15 5.82 13.54 445 Jamaica 85 4 95 65 0.82 0.86 8 Chad 36 28 16 4 2.38 4.28 274 Japan 96 .. 100 .. 0.01 0.04 36 Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Jordan 99 5 97 50 .. .. 10 Chile 97 1 100 .. 0.35 0.13 25 Kazakhstan 96 4 98 66 0.13 0.03 152 China 79 10 70 83 0.16 0.09 107 Kenya 76 22 44 39 6.01 15.56 484 Hong Kong, China .. .. 100 .. 0.00 0.00 91 Kiribati 76 .. 85 .. .. .. 87 Macao, China .. .. 100 .. .. .. 219 Korea, Dem. Rep. 34 28 99 .. .. .. 175 Colombia 75 7 86 77 0.85 0.19 50 Korea, Rep. 97 .. 100 .. 0.03 0.01 62 Comoros 70 25 62 21 .. .. 63 Kuwait 99 2 98 .. .. .. 31 Congo, Dem. Rep. 46 34 70 .. 2.92 5.91 320 Kyrgyz Republic 99 11 98 60 0.00 0.00 153 Congo, Rep. 35 .. .. .. 3.28 7.80 338 Lao PDR 50 40 21 25 0.05 0.03 160 Costa Rica 82 5 98 .. 0.58 0.27 16 Latvia 98 .. .. .. 0.94 0.24 118 Côte d'Ivoire 61 21 47 15 2.91 8.31 389 Lebanon 94 3 95 61 .. .. 22 Croatia 94 1 100 .. 0.00 0.00 59 Lesotho 77 18 60 23 17.40 38.08 578 Cuba 99 .. 100 .. 0.09 0.05 14 Liberia 78 .. .. .. .. .. 275 Cyprus 86 .. .. .. .. .. 7 Libya 93 5 94 45 .. .. 24 Czech Republic 97 .. .. 69 0.00 0.00 19 Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark 94 .. .. .. 0.14 0.06 13 Lithuania 97 .. .. .. 0.16 0.05 111 Djibouti 49 18 .. .. .. .. 643 Luxembourg 91 .. .. .. .. .. 15 Dominica 99 .. 100 .. .. .. 21 Macedonia, FYR 92 6 97 .. 0.00 0.00 52 Dominican Republic 98 5 96 64 2.10 2.76 147 Madagascar 55 40 46 19 0.06 0.23 254 Ecuador 99 14 69 66 0.31 0.15 176 Malawi 82 25 56 31 6.35 14.89 447 58 2003 World Bank Atlas 3 Measles Prevalence Births attended Contraceptive Prevalence of HIV Incidence Measles Prevalence Births attended Contraceptive Prevalence of HIV Incidence immunization of child by skilled prevalence of immunization of child by skilled prevalence of rate malnutrition health staff rate tuberculosis rate malnutrition health staff rate tuberculosis Weight Weight for age % of Young people for age % of Young people % of children % of children women % of ages 15­24 per 100,000 % of children % of children women % of ages 15­24 per 100,000 under age one under age five % of total ages 15­49 Male b Female b people under age one under age five % of total ages 15­49 Male b Female b people Economy 2001 1993­2001 a 1996­2000 a 1990­2001 a 2001 2001 2000 Economy 2001 1993­2001 a 1996­2000 a 1990­2001 a 2001 2001 2000 Malaysia 92 20 96 .. 0.70 0.12 111 St. Lucia 89 .. 100 .. .. .. 22 Maldives 99 43 .. .. .. .. 58 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 98 20 99 .. .. .. 38 Mali 37 27 24 7 1.37 2.08 267 Sudan 67 11 .. 10 1.08 3.13 193 Malta 65 .. .. .. .. .. 7 Suriname 90 .. 85 .. 1.22 1.52 74 Marshall Islands 94 .. 95 .. .. .. 86 Swaziland 72 10 .. .. 15.23 39.49 600 Mauritania 58 32 57 8 0.38 0.59 226 Sweden 94 .. .. .. 0.06 0.05 5 Mauritius 90 15 99 75 0.04 0.04 69 Switzerland 81 .. .. .. 0.46 0.40 11 Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Arab Republic 93 13 .. 45 .. .. 85 Mexico 97 8 86 65 0.37 0.09 38 Tajikistan 86 .. 77 .. 0.00 0.00 160 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 84 .. 93 .. .. .. 86 Tanzania 83 29 35 25 3.55 8.06 359 Moldova 81 .. 99 74 0.46 0.14 135 Thailand 94 18 95 72 1.11 1.66 140 Monaco 99 .. .. .. .. .. .. Timor-Leste .. .. 26 .. .. .. .. Mongolia 95 13 97 60 .. .. 216 Togo 58 25 51 24 2.05 5.93 317 Morocco 96 .. .. 59 .. .. 118 Tonga 93 .. 92 .. .. .. 34 Mozambique 92 26 44 6 6.13 14.67 433 Trinidad and Tobago 91 .. 99 .. 2.41 3.23 13 Myanmar 73 43 57 .. 1.04 1.72 168 Tunisia 92 4 90 60 .. .. 37 Namibia 58 .. 76 29 11.10 24.29 521 Turkey 90 8 81 64 .. .. 36 Nepal 71 48 12 29 0.26 0.28 208 Turkmenistan 98 12 97 .. 0.00 0.00 84 Netherlands 96 .. 100 75 0.20 0.09 9 Uganda 61 23 38 15 1.99 4.63 351 Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ukraine 99 3 99 72 1.96 0.88 79 New Caledonia .. .. .. .. .. .. 87 United Arab Emirates 94 7 99 .. .. .. 21 New Zealand 85 .. .. .. 0.05 0.01 11 United Kingdom 85 .. 99 .. 0.10 0.05 12 Nicaragua 99 12 61 60 0.23 0.08 85 United States 91 1 99 64 0.47 0.22 5 Niger 51 40 16 8 0.95 1.50 256 Uruguay 94 4 100 .. 0.52 0.20 28 Nigeria 40 31 42 15 2.99 5.82 305 Uzbekistan 99 19 96 56 0.01 0.00 104 Northern Mariana Islands .. .. 100 .. .. .. 86 Vanuatu 94 .. .. .. .. .. 87 Norway 93 .. .. .. 0.08 0.04 6 Venezuela, RB 49 4 95 .. 0.65 0.15 42 Oman 100 23 91 24 .. .. 9 Vietnam 97 34 70 75 0.31 0.17 189 Pakistan 54 38 20 28 0.06 0.05 175 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Palau .. .. 100 .. .. .. 89 West Bank and Gaza .. 15 .. 42 .. .. 28 Panama 97 8 90 .. 1.88 1.25 52 Yemen, Rep. 79 46 22 21 .. .. 107 Papua New Guinea 58 .. 53 26 0.33 0.39 262 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 90 2 93 .. .. .. 45 Paraguay 77 .. 71 57 0.13 0.04 66 Zambia 85 24 47 26 8.06 20.98 529 Peru 97 7 56 69 0.41 0.18 212 Zimbabwe 68 13 84 54 12.38 33.01 584 Philippines 75 32 56 47 0.01 0.01 330 Poland 97 .. .. .. 0.09 0.05 36 World 72 w .. w 44 w 0.77 w 1.34 w 145 w Portugal 87 .. 100 .. 0.41 0.19 52 Low income 60 .. 44 1.13 2.37 233 Puerto Rico .. .. .. 78 .. .. 9 Middle income 86 13 61 0.61 0.77 107 Qatar 92 6 98 43 .. .. 25 Lower middle income 84 10 61 0.62 0.85 119 Romania 98 .. 98 48 0.02 0.02 135 Upper middle income 94 9 .. 0.57 0.43 55 Russian Federation 98 3 99 34 1.87 0.67 132 Low & middle income 71 .. 44 0.87 1.58 168 Rwanda 78 24 31 13 4.91 11.20 405 East Asia & Pacific 76 15 59 0.19 0.16 147 Samoa 92 .. 100 .. .. .. 35 Europe & Central Asia 95 .. 64 1.08 0.41 91 San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Latin America & Carib. 91 9 40 0.68 0.46 73 São Tomé and Principe 69 .. .. .. .. .. 133 Middle East & N. Africa 92 15 54 .. .. 64 Saudi Arabia 94 .. 91 21 .. .. 45 South Asia 58 53 49 0.27 0.55 190 Senegal 48 18 51 11 0.19 0.54 261 Sub-Saharan Africa 58 .. 21 4.12 9.34 354 Seychelles 95 .. .. .. .. .. 43 High income 90 .. .. 0.26 0.14 18 Sierra Leone 37 27 42 .. 2.48 7.53 278 Europe EMU 85 .. .. 0.24 0.15 17 Singapore 89 .. 100 .. 0.14 0.16 48 Slovak Republic 99 .. .. .. 0.00 0.00 25 a. Data are for most recent year available. b. Data are an average of high and low estimates. c. Data are for 2001. Slovenia 98 .. .. .. 0.00 0.00 26 Solomon Islands .. 21 85 .. .. .. 87 Somalia 38 26 34 .. .. .. 360 South Africa 72 9 84 62 10.66 25.64 526 Spain 94 .. .. .. 0.51 0.24 34 Sri Lanka 99 33 95 .. 0.03 0.04 58 St. Kitts and Nevis 94 .. 99 .. .. .. 16 2003 World Bank Atlas 59 Education and gender Public Primary completion Adult Ratio of Ratio of Women in Women Public Primary completion Adult Ratio of Ratio of Women in Women expenditure rate literacy female to male literate parliament employed expenditure rate literacy female to male literate parliament employed on education rate enrollments in females in the on education rate enrollments in females in the primary and to males nonagricultural primary and to males nonagricultural secondary sector secondary sector % of relevant school c % of relevant school c % of age group % ages Ages 15­24 % of % of age group % ages Ages 15­24 % of GDP Male Female 15 and over % % total % of total GDP Male Female 15 and over % % total % of total Economy 2000 1995­2001 a 1995­2001 a 2001 2000 2001 2002 1998­2000 a Economy 2000 1995­2001 a 1995­2001 a 2001 2000 2001 2002 1998­2000 a Afghanistan .. 15 0 b .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. .. 104 92 56 94 83 2 21 Albania .. 89 93 85 102 97 6 .. El Salvador 2.3 79 79 79 98 98 10 .. Algeria .. 93 88 68 98 90 3 .. Equatorial Guinea 0.6 .. .. 84 72 97 5 .. American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 4.8 40 31 57 77 76 15 .. Andorra .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 .. Estonia 7.5 89 86 100 99 100 18 51 Angola 2.7 .. .. .. 84 .. 16 .. Ethiopia 4.8 36 12 40 68 81 8 .. Antigua and Barbuda 3.2 .. .. .. .. .. 5 .. Faeroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina 4.0 91 95 97 103 100 31 43 Fiji 5.2 .. .. 93 .. 100 6 .. Armenia 2.9 70 95 98 106 100 3 .. Finland 6.1 .. .. .. 106 .. 37 50 Aruba 4.7 .. .. .. 100 .. .. .. France 5.8 .. .. .. 100 .. 11 .. Australia 4.7 .. .. .. 100 .. 25 .. French Polynesia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Austria 5.8 .. .. .. 97 .. 27 .. Gabon 3.9 79 80 .. 98 .. 9 .. Azerbaijan 4.2 99 101 .. 101 .. 11 .. Gambia, The 2.7 62 47 38 85 76 2 .. Bahamas, The .. .. .. 95 97 102 15 .. Georgia .. 83 82 .. 102 .. 7 .. Bahrain 3.0 85 99 88 103 100 .. .. Germany 4.6 .. .. .. 99 .. 32 45 Bangladesh 2.5 68 72 41 103 71 9 .. Ghana 4.1 .. .. 73 88 95 9 .. Barbados 7.1 .. .. 100 100 100 11 .. Greece 3.8 .. .. 97 101 100 9 40 Belarus 6.0 95 92 100 101 100 10 .. Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Belgium 5.9 .. .. .. 106 .. 23 .. Grenada 4.2 107 104 .. .. .. 27 .. Belize 6.2 81 83 93 101 101 7 .. Guam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 3.2 47 30 39 62 52 6 .. Guatemala 1.7 52 45 69 92 85 9 .. Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau 2.1 40 24 40 65 62 8 .. Bhutan 5.2 .. .. .. .. .. 9 .. Guinea 1.9 44 24 .. 57 .. 9 .. Bolivia 5.5 .. .. 86 97 96 12 .. Guyana 4.1 84 95 99 .. 100 20 .. Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 .. Haiti 1.1 69 70 51 .. 101 4 .. Botswana 8.6 96 107 78 102 109 17 47 Honduras 4.0 .. .. 76 .. 104 9 .. Brazil 4.7 .. .. 87 103 103 7 45 Hungary 5.0 102 102 99 100 100 8 .. Brunei 4.8 .. .. 92 100 101 .. .. Iceland .. .. .. .. 103 .. 35 52 Bulgaria 3.4 92 92 98 97 100 26 .. India 4.1 88 63 58 78 82 9 .. Burkina Faso .. 30 20 25 70 52 8 .. Indonesia .. 90 92 87 98 99 8 .. Burundi 3.4 .. .. 49 79 96 20 .. Iran, Islamic Rep. 4.4 95 89 77 95 95 3 .. Cambodia 1.9 68 51 69 83 89 7 .. Iraq .. .. .. 40 77 50 8 .. Cameroon 3.2 46 39 72 81 96 6 .. Ireland 4.4 .. .. .. .. .. 12 46 Canada 5.5 .. .. .. 101 .. 21 48 Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde 4.4 115 119 75 .. 93 11 .. Israel 7.3 .. .. 95 100 100 13 48 Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Italy 4.5 .. .. 98 98 100 10 40 Central African Republic 1.9 .. .. 48 .. 79 7 .. Jamaica 6.3 91 98 87 101 107 13 .. Chad 2.0 29 9 44 56 83 2 .. Japan 3.5 .. .. .. 101 .. 7 40 Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Jordan 5.0 102 106 90 101 100 1 .. Chile 4.2 92 92 96 88 100 13 .. Kazakhstan .. 99 101 99 98 100 10 .. China 2.9 111 106 86 98 98 22 .. Kenya 6.4 76 80 83 97 98 4 .. Hong Kong, China .. .. .. 94 .. 101 .. .. Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 .. Macao, China 3.6 .. .. 94 100 98 .. 50 Korea, Dem. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 .. Colombia .. 84 88 92 104 101 12 49 Korea, Rep. 3.8 95 98 98 100 100 6 40 Comoros 3.8 .. .. 56 83 79 .. .. Kuwait .. 69 71 82 101 102 .. .. Congo, Dem. Rep. .. 45 34 63 80 86 .. .. Kyrgyz Republic 5.4 107 103 .. 99 .. 10 .. Congo, Rep. 4.2 28 60 82 89 99 12 .. Lao PDR 2.3 73 64 66 82 84 21 .. Costa Rica 4.4 91 88 96 101 101 19 39 Latvia 5.9 87 84 100 101 100 17 51 Côte d'Ivoire 4.6 48 33 50 71 75 9 .. Lebanon 3.0 .. .. 86 102 96 2 .. Croatia 4.2 80 79 98 .. 100 21 47 Lesotho 10.1 65 92 84 107 119 4 .. Cuba 8.5 .. .. 97 100 100 28 .. Liberia .. .. .. 55 70 63 8 .. Cyprus 5.4 .. .. 97 101 100 11 44 Libya .. .. .. 81 103 94 .. .. Czech Republic 4.4 110 107 .. 101 .. 15 47 Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 .. Denmark 8.2 .. .. .. 103 .. 38 49 Lithuania 6.4 97 94 100 99 100 11 53 Djibouti 3.5 36 24 65 85 90 .. .. Luxembourg 3.7 .. .. .. 103 .. 17 .. Dominica 5.1 99 107 .. .. .. 19 .. Macedonia, FYR 4.1 94 87 .. 98 .. 7 .. Dominican Republic 2.5 78 86 84 106 102 16 .. Madagascar 3.2 26 26 67 97 92 8 .. Ecuador 1.6 96 96 92 100 99 15 .. Malawi 4.1 72 58 61 94 76 9 .. 60 2003 World Bank Atlas 4 Public Primary completion Adult Ratio of Ratio of Women in Women Public Primary completion Adult Ratio of Ratio of Women in Women expenditure rate literacy female to male literate parliament employed expenditure rate literacy female to male literate parliament employed on education rate enrollments in females in the on education rate enrollments in females in the primary and to males nonagricultural primary and to males nonagricultural secondary sector secondary sector % of relevant school c % of relevant school c % of age group % ages Ages 15­24 % of % of age group % ages Ages 15­24 % of GDP Male Female 15 and over % % total % of total GDP Male Female 15 and over % % total % of total Economy 2000 1995­2001 a 1995­2001 a 2001 2000 2001 2002 1998­2000 a Economy 2000 1995­2001 a 1995­2001 a 2001 2000 2001 2002 1998­2000 a Malaysia 6.2 .. .. 88 105 100 10 .. St. Lucia 5.8 109 104 .. 105 .. 11 .. Maldives 3.9 .. .. 97 101 100 6 .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines 9.3 85 84 .. .. .. 23 .. Mali 2.8 29 18 26 66 54 12 .. Sudan .. 46 39 59 102 87 10 .. Malta 4.9 .. .. 92 101 102 9 .. Suriname .. .. .. .. 106 .. 18 .. Marshall Islands 16.6 .. .. .. .. .. 3 .. Swaziland 1.5 78 85 80 96 102 3 .. Mauritania 3.0 48 43 41 93 72 4 .. Sweden 7.8 .. .. .. 115 .. 43 51 Mauritius 3.5 115 108 85 97 101 6 .. Switzerland 5.5 .. .. .. 96 .. 23 .. Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Arab Republic 4.1 95 86 75 92 83 10 .. Mexico 4.4 85 93 91 101 99 16 37 Tajikistan 2.1 79 75 99 87 100 13 .. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 5.5 .. .. .. 109 .. .. .. Tanzania 2.1 54 54 76 99 95 22 .. Moldova 4.0 96 94 99 102 100 13 .. Thailand 5.4 .. .. 96 95 99 9 .. Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 .. Timor-Leste .. 55 53 .. .. .. .. .. Mongolia 2.3 70 80 98 112 101 11 .. Togo 4.8 73 52 58 70 74 5 .. Morocco 5.5 63 47 50 83 78 1 .. Tonga 5.3 .. .. .. 102 .. .. .. Mozambique 2.4 50 22 45 75 63 30 .. Trinidad and Tobago 4.0 79 84 98 102 100 17 40 Myanmar 0.5 .. .. 85 98 99 .. .. Tunisia 6.8 93 90 72 100 92 12 .. Namibia 8.1 86 94 83 104 104 25 .. Turkey 3.5 .. .. 86 84 95 4 .. Nepal 3.7 70 58 43 82 57 6 .. Turkmenistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 .. Netherlands 4.8 .. .. .. 97 .. 36 44 Uganda 2.3 57 44 68 89 85 25 .. Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. 97 95 100 .. .. Ukraine 4.4 .. .. 100 92 100 8 .. New Caledonia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. United Arab Emirates 1.9 76 86 77 105 108 .. .. New Zealand 6.1 .. .. .. 103 .. 31 50 United Kingdom 4.5 .. .. .. 111 .. 18 .. Nicaragua 5.0 61 70 67 105 102 21 .. United States 4.8 .. .. .. 100 .. 14 .. Niger 2.7 24 16 17 67 44 1 .. Uruguay 2.8 95 101 98 105 101 12 .. Nigeria .. 73 61 65 .. 95 3 .. Uzbekistan .. .. .. 99 .. 100 7 .. Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Vanuatu 7.3 .. .. .. 102 .. .. .. Norway 6.8 .. .. .. 101 .. 36 48 Venezuela, RB .. 77 79 93 105 101 10 .. Oman 3.9 76 76 73 97 97 .. .. Vietnam .. 104 98 93 .. 101 26 .. Pakistan 1.8 .. .. 44 61 60 .. .. Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palau .. .. .. .. 100 .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Panama 5.9 .. .. 92 100 99 10 42 Yemen, Rep. 10.0 77 38 48 50 58 1 .. Papua New Guinea 2.3 64 53 65 90 90 2 .. Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 5.1 69 70 .. .. .. 7 .. Paraguay 5.0 79 80 93 99 100 3 .. Zambia 2.3 90 75 79 92 95 12 .. Peru 3.3 90 89 90 97 97 18 33 Zimbabwe 10.4 116 111 89 94 97 10 .. Philippines 4.2 .. .. 95 103 100 18 41 Poland 5.0 96 97 100 98 100 20 47 World 4.4 w .. w .. w .. w 93 w .. w .. w Portugal 5.8 .. .. 93 102 100 19 46 Low income 2.8 .. .. 63 84 85 .. Puerto Rico .. .. .. 94 .. 101 .. .. Middle income 4.5 105 100 87 98 98 .. Qatar 3.6 45 43 82 102 105 .. .. Lower middle income 4.6 106 101 86 97 97 .. Romania 3.5 99 98 98 100 100 11 46 Upper middle income 4.4 .. .. 91 101 101 42 Russian Federation 4.4 .. .. 100 .. 100 8 .. Low & middle income 4.1 .. .. 76 92 92 .. Rwanda 2.8 .. .. 68 97 96 26 .. East Asia & Pacific 2.3 108 103 87 97 98 .. Samoa 4.2 105 92 99 102 100 6 .. Europe & Central Asia 4.4 .. .. 97 98 99 43 San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 .. Latin America & Carib. 4.4 .. .. 89 102 101 41 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 .. Middle East & N. Africa 5.3 90 83 65 95 86 .. Saudi Arabia 9.5 68 69 77 94 96 .. .. South Asia 2.5 86 61 55 81 79 .. Senegal 3.2 49 34 38 84 71 17 .. Sub-Saharan Africa 3.4 .. .. 62 82 89 .. Seychelles 7.6 .. .. .. .. .. 24 .. High income 5.3 .. .. .. 101 .. 44 Sierra Leone 1.0 36 30 .. 77 .. 9 .. Europe EMU 4.8 .. .. .. 100 .. 43 Singapore 3.7 .. .. 93 .. 100 12 45 Slovak Republic 4.2 96 97 .. 101 .. 14 .. a. Data are for the most recent year available. b. Less than 0.5. c. Break in series between 1997 and 1998 due to change from International Standard Slovenia .. 90 94 100 .. 100 12 48 Classification of Education 1976 (ISCED76) to ISCED97. Solomon Islands 3.6 .. .. .. .. .. 2 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 5.5 95 100 86 100 100 30 .. Spain 4.5 .. .. 98 103 100 28 39 Sri Lanka 3.1 108 114 92 102 100 5 .. St. Kitts and Nevis 2.9 115 104 .. .. .. 13 .. 2003 World Bank Atlas 61 Environment Nationally Freshwater Annual Forest Average Access to Access to Carbon Nationally Freshwater Annual Forest Average Access to Access to Carbon protected resources freshwater area annual an improved improved dioxide protected resources freshwater area annual an improved improved dioxide areas withdrawals deforestation water source sanitation emissions areas withdrawals deforestation water source sanitation emissions Total facilities Total facilities renewable renewable % of resources % of % of resources % of total per capita % of total total % of % of Per capita total per capita % of total total % of % of Per capita land area a cu. m b renewable land area % population population metric tons land area a cu. m b renewable land area % population population metric tons Economy 2002 2000 resources c 2000 1990­2000 2000 2000 1999 Economy 2002 2000 resources c 2000 1990­2000 2000 2000 1999 Afghanistan 0.3 2,448 40.2 2.1 0.0 13 12 0.0 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1.0 1,071 96.4 0.1 ­3.4 97 98 2.0 Albania 3.8 13,593 3.3 36.2 0.8 97 91 0.5 El Salvador 0.4 2,836 3.9 5.8 4.6 77 82 0.9 Algeria 5.0 471 35.0 0.9 ­1.3 89 92 3.0 Equatorial Guinea .. 56,893 .. 62.5 0.6 44 53 1.5 American Samoa 22.0 .. .. 60.0 0.0 .. .. .. Eritrea 5.0 2,148 .. 15.7 0.3 46 13 0.1 Andorra .. .. .. .. .. 100 100 .. Estonia 11.8 9,346 1.6 48.7 ­0.6 .. .. 11.7 Angola 6.6 14,009 0.3 56.0 0.2 38 44 0.8 Ethiopia 22.8 1,711 2.0 4.6 0.8 24 12 0.1 Antigua and Barbuda 30.2 1,471 .. 20.5 0.0 91 95 5.2 Faeroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina 6.6 24,276 3.2 12.7 0.8 .. .. 3.8 Fiji 1.1 35,164 .. 44.6 0.2 47 43 0.9 Armenia 7.6 2,787 27.4 12.4 ­1.3 .. .. 0.8 Finland 9.3 21,268 2.0 72.0 0.0 100 100 11.3 Aruba 0.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. France 13.3 3,218 17.0 27.9 ­0.4 .. .. 6.1 Australia 13.2 25,649 3.0 20.6 0.0 100 100 18.2 French Polynesia 5.5 .. .. 28.7 0.0 .. .. 2.3 Austria 33.9 10,357 2.9 47.0 ­0.2 100 100 7.6 Gabon 2.8 133,333 0.1 84.7 0.0 86 53 3.0 Azerbaijan 5.5 3,615 56.7 12.6 ­1.3 78 81 4.2 Gambia, The 2.3 6,140 .. 48.1 ­1.0 62 37 0.2 Bahamas, The 14.6 .. .. 84.1 0.0 97 100 6.0 Georgia 2.8 12,395 5.3 43.0 0.0 79 100 1.0 Bahrain 1.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 29.4 Germany 31.3 2,165 26.0 30.1 0.0 .. .. 9.7 Bangladesh 0.8 9,238 1.2 10.2 ­1.3 97 48 0.2 Ghana 5.6 2,756 0.6 27.8 1.7 73 72 0.3 Barbados 0.7 375 .. 4.7 0.0 100 100 7.6 Greece 3.6 6,913 11.9 27.9 ­0.9 .. .. 8.2 Belarus 6.3 5,797 4.7 45.3 ­3.2 100 .. 5.7 Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.6 Belgium 2.6 1,561 .. .. .. .. .. 10.2 Grenada 1.8 .. .. 14.7 0.0 95 97 2.2 Belize 45.2 77,292 0.5 59.1 2.3 92 50 2.7 Guam 15.8 .. .. 38.2 0.0 .. .. 26.8 Benin 11.4 4,114 0.4 24.0 2.3 63 23 0.2 Guatemala 20.0 9,591 1.1 26.3 1.7 92 81 0.9 Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. 22,519 .. 77.8 0.9 56 56 0.2 Bhutan 25.1 118,012 .. 64.2 0.0 62 70 0.5 Guinea 0.7 30,479 0.3 28.2 0.5 48 58 0.2 Bolivia 13.9 37,305 0.4 48.9 0.3 83 70 1.4 Guyana 0.3 316,689 0.6 85.7 0.3 94 87 2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.5 9,429 2.7 44.6 0.0 .. .. 1.2 Haiti 0.4 1,633 7.7 3.2 5.7 46 28 0.2 Botswana 18.5 8,776 0.7 21.9 0.9 95 66 2.4 Honduras 6.4 14,945 1.6 48.1 1.0 88 75 0.8 Brazil 6.7 43,022 0.8 63.0 0.4 87 76 1.8 Hungary 7.0 11,855 5.7 19.9 ­0.4 99 99 5.6 Brunei 23.0 25,148 .. 83.9 0.2 .. .. 14.2 Iceland 9.8 607,143 0.1 0.3 ­2.2 .. .. 7.4 Bulgaria 4.5 2,595 65.6 33.4 ­0.6 100 100 5.1 India 5.2 1,878 26.2 21.6 ­0.1 84 28 1.1 Burkina Faso 10.4 1,286 2.8 25.9 0.2 42 29 0.1 Indonesia 19.7 13,759 2.6 58.0 1.2 78 55 1.2 Burundi 5.7 529 2.8 3.7 9.0 78 88 0.0 Iran, Islamic Rep. 5.1 2,018 54.5 4.5 0.0 92 83 4.8 Cambodia 18.5 39,613 0.1 52.9 0.6 30 17 0.1 Iraq 0.0 4,776 38.5 1.8 0.0 85 79 3.3 Cameroon 4.5 18,352 0.1 51.3 0.9 58 79 0.3 Ireland 1.0 13,706 1.5 9.6 ­3.0 .. .. 10.8 Canada 11.7 94,314 1.6 26.5 0.0 100 100 14.4 Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. 690 .. 21.1 ­9.3 74 71 0.3 Israel 15.8 273 94.1 6.4 ­4.9 .. .. 10.0 Cayman Islands 34.6 .. .. 50.0 0.0 .. .. .. Italy 7.9 3,281 22.2 34.0 ­0.3 .. .. 7.3 Central African Republic 8.9 37,934 0.1 36.8 0.1 70 25 0.1 Jamaica .. 3,653 9.6 30.0 1.5 92 99 4.0 Chad 9.1 5,589 0.5 10.1 0.6 27 29 0.0 Japan 7.0 3,389 21.3 66.1 0.0 .. .. 9.1 Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Jordan 3.4 143 .. 1.0 0.0 96 99 3.1 Chile 18.9 58,115 2.3 20.7 0.1 93 96 4.2 Kazakhstan 2.7 7,278 30.7 4.5 ­2.2 91 99 7.4 China 7.8 2,241 18.6 17.0 ­0.9 75 38 2.3 Kenya 8.0 1,004 6.6 30.0 0.5 57 87 0.3 Hong Kong, China .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.2 Kiribati 36.6 .. .. 38.4 0.0 48 48 0.3 Macao, China .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 Korea, Dem. Rep. 2.6 3,462 18.4 68.2 0.0 100 99 9.4 Colombia 9.1 49,930 0.4 47.8 0.4 91 86 1.5 Korea, Rep. 6.9 1,485 34.0 63.3 0.1 92 63 8.4 Comoros .. 1,792 .. 3.6 4.0 96 98 0.1 Kuwait 1.5 .. .. 0.3 ­5.2 .. .. 24.9 Congo, Dem. Rep. 6.5 23,809 0.0 59.6 0.4 45 21 0.0 Kyrgyz Republic 3.6 9,461 21.7 5.2 ­2.6 77 100 1.0 Congo, Rep. 5.0 275,679 .. 64.6 0.1 51 14 0.8 Lao PDR 13.1 63,175 0.3 54.4 0.4 37 30 0.1 Costa Rica 23.0 29,501 5.2 38.5 0.8 95 93 1.6 Latvia 13.4 14,924 0.8 47.1 ­0.4 .. .. 2.8 Côte d'Ivoire 6.4 4,790 0.9 22.4 3.1 81 52 0.8 Lebanon 0.5 1,109 27.1 3.5 0.3 100 99 4.0 Croatia 7.5 16,301 1.1 31.9 ­0.1 .. .. 4.8 Lesotho 0.2 2,555 1.9 0.5 0.0 78 49 .. Cuba 67.5 3,405 13.6 21.4 ­1.3 91 98 2.3 Liberia 2.6 74,121 0.0 36.1 2.0 .. .. 0.1 Cyprus 8.5 1,057 .. 12.7 0.0 100 100 8.0 Libya 0.1 113 .. 0.2 ­1.4 72 97 8.3 Czech Republic 16.1 1,382 19.0 34.1 0.0 .. .. 10.6 Liechtenstein 38.8 .. .. 43.8 ­1.6 .. .. .. Denmark 34.0 1,124 20.0 10.7 ­0.2 100 .. 9.3 Lithuania 10.0 7,102 1.2 30.8 ­0.2 67 67 3.8 Djibouti 0.4 3,639 .. 0.3 0.0 100 91 0.6 Luxembourg .. 3,653 .. .. .. .. .. 18.6 Dominica 22.8 .. .. 61.3 0.8 97 83 1.1 Macedonia, FYR 7.1 3,151 29.7 35.6 0.0 .. .. 5.6 Dominican Republic 32.0 2,508 39.5 28.4 0.0 86 67 2.8 Madagascar 2.1 21,710 4.8 20.2 0.9 47 42 0.1 Ecuador 46.4 34,161 3.9 38.1 1.2 85 86 1.9 Malawi 11.3 1,668 5.2 27.6 2.4 57 76 0.1 62 2003 World Bank Atlas 5 Nationally Freshwater Annual Forest Average Access to Access to Carbon Nationally Freshwater Annual Forest Average Access to Access to Carbon protected resources freshwater area annual an improved improved dioxide protected resources freshwater area annual an improved improved dioxide areas withdrawals deforestation water source sanitation emissions areas withdrawals deforestation water source sanitation emissions Total facilities Total facilities renewable renewable % of resources % of % of resources % of total per capita % of total total % of % of Per capita total per capita % of total total % of % of Per capita land area a cu. m b renewable land area % population population metric tons land area a cu. m b renewable land area % population population metric tons Economy 2002 2000 resources c 2000 1990­2000 2000 2000 1999 Economy 2002 2000 resources c 2000 1990­2000 2000 2000 1999 Malaysia 5.3 24,925 2.2 58.7 1.2 .. .. 5.4 St. Lucia .. .. .. 14.8 4.3 98 89 2.1 Maldives .. .. .. 3.3 0.0 100 56 1.7 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 21.3 .. .. 15.4 1.5 93 96 1.4 Mali 3.7 9,225 1.4 10.8 0.7 65 69 0.0 Sudan 5.2 4,792 11.9 25.9 1.4 75 62 0.1 Malta 0.9 256 .. 0.0 .. 100 100 8.8 Suriname 5.2 292,566 0.4 90.5 0.0 82 93 5.2 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland 3.5 4,306 .. 30.3 ­1.2 .. .. 0.4 Mauritania 1.7 4,278 14.0 0.3 2.7 37 33 1.2 Sweden 13.2 20,656 1.6 65.9 0.0 100 100 5.3 Mauritius 7.8 1,853 .. 7.9 0.6 100 99 2.1 Switzerland 30.0 7,437 2.2 30.3 ­0.4 100 100 5.7 Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Arab Republic .. 2,761 26.8 2.5 0.0 80 90 3.4 Mexico 10.2 4,675 17.0 28.9 1.1 88 74 3.9 Tajikistan 4.2 12,853 14.9 2.8 ­0.5 60 90 0.8 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 29.8 2,701 1.3 43.9 0.2 68 90 0.1 Moldova 1.4 2,735 25.6 9.9 ­0.2 92 99 1.5 Thailand 13.9 6,750 8.1 28.9 0.7 84 96 3.3 Monaco .. .. .. .. .. 100 100 .. Timor-Leste .. .. .. 34.1 0.6 .. .. .. Mongolia 11.5 14,512 1.1 6.8 0.5 60 30 3.2 Togo 7.9 2,651 0.8 9.4 3.4 54 34 0.3 Morocco 0.7 1,010 39.7 6.8 0.0 80 68 1.3 Tonga 5.1 .. .. 5.6 0.0 100 .. 1.2 Mozambique 8.4 11,870 0.3 39.0 0.2 57 43 0.1 Trinidad and Tobago 6.0 2,921 7.9 50.5 0.8 90 99 19.4 Myanmar 0.9 21,898 0.4 52.3 1.4 72 64 0.2 Tunisia 0.3 481 60.9 3.3 ­0.2 80 84 1.8 Namibia 13.6 25,896 0.4 9.8 0.9 77 41 0.1 Turkey 1.6 3,593 15.1 13.3 ­0.2 82 90 3.1 Nepal 8.9 9,122 13.8 27.3 1.8 88 28 0.1 Turkmenistan 4.2 11,523 39.1 8.0 0.0 .. .. 6.4 Netherlands 14.2 5,716 8.6 11.1 ­0.3 100 100 8.5 Uganda 24.9 2,972 0.3 21.3 2.0 52 79 0.1 Netherlands Antilles 9.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ukraine 3.9 2,820 18.6 16.5 ­0.3 98 99 7.5 New Caledonia 6.3 .. .. 20.4 0.0 .. .. 8.0 United Arab Emirates 0.0 69 .. 3.8 ­2.8 .. .. 31.3 New Zealand 23.7 85,361 0.6 29.7 ­0.5 .. .. 8.1 United Kingdom 22.8 2,503 8.0 10.7 ­0.8 100 100 9.2 Nicaragua 17.8 37,409 0.7 27.0 3.0 77 85 0.8 United States 25.9 9,985 16.6 24.7 ­0.2 100 100 19.7 Niger 7.7 3,000 1.5 1.0 3.7 59 20 0.1 Uruguay 0.3 39,856 0.5 7.4 ­5.0 98 94 2.0 Nigeria 3.3 2,206 1.3 14.8 2.6 62 54 0.3 Uzbekistan 2.0 4,623 50.8 4.8 ­0.2 85 89 4.8 Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. 0.0 .. .. .. Vanuatu 0.3 .. .. 36.7 ­0.1 88 100 0.4 Norway 6.8 87,508 0.5 28.9 ­0.4 100 .. 8.7 Venezuela, RB 63.8 29,892 0.6 56.1 0.4 83 68 5.3 Oman 12.6 415 .. 0.0 0.0 39 92 8.5 Vietnam 3.5 11,350 6.1 30.2 ­0.5 77 47 0.6 Pakistan 4.9 1,610 70.0 3.2 1.1 90 62 0.7 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 32.1 .. .. 41.2 0.0 .. .. 121.2 Palau 2.6 .. .. 76.1 0.0 79 100 12.9 West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Panama 22.9 51,647 1.1 38.6 1.6 90 92 2.9 Yemen, Rep. .. 234 70.7 0.9 1.8 69 38 1.1 Papua New Guinea 2.3 156,140 0.0 67.6 0.4 42 82 0.5 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. .. 17,674 6.9 .. 0.0 98 100 3.7 Paraguay 3.5 17,103 0.4 58.8 0.5 78 94 0.8 Zambia 61.0 11,498 1.5 42.0 2.4 64 78 0.2 Peru 6.1 67,852 1.1 50.9 0.4 80 71 1.2 Zimbabwe 12.9 1,117 8.5 49.2 1.5 83 62 1.4 Philippines 5.7 6,251 11.6 19.4 1.4 86 83 1.0 Poland 12.4 1,594 20.0 30.6 ­0.1 .. .. 8.1 World 11.7 w 8,649 w 29.7 w 0.2 w 81 w 55 w 3.8 w Portugal 6.6 7,294 10.0 40.1 ­1.7 .. .. 6.0 Low income 9.2 6,559 27.1 0.8 76 44 1.0 Puerto Rico 3.5 .. .. 25.8 0.2 .. .. 2.7 Middle income 9.3 10,230 32.7 0.1 82 59 3.2 Qatar 0.2 171 .. 0.1 .. .. .. 91.5 Lower middle income 7.5 7,066 31.8 ­0.1 80 55 3.0 Romania 4.7 9,463 12.2 28.0 ­0.2 58 53 3.6 Upper middle income 13.0 23,872 34.5 0.5 88 79 4.3 Russian Federation 8.3 30,904 1.7 50.4 0.0 99 .. 9.8 Low & middle income 9.3 8,460 30.9 0.3 79 51 2.2 Rwanda 14.7 611 15.4 12.4 3.9 41 8 0.1 East Asia & Pacific 9.2 6,020 27.2 0.2 76 46 2.1 Samoa 4.1 .. .. 37.1 2.1 99 99 0.8 Europe & Central Asia 7.0 13,465 39.7 ­0.1 91 .. 6.6 San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Latin America & Carib. 11.5 31,530 47.1 0.5 86 77 2.5 São Tomé and Principe .. 14,865 .. 28.1 0.0 .. .. 0.6 Middle East & N. Africa 10.4 1,413 1.5 ­0.1 88 85 3.7 Saudi Arabia 38.4 116 .. 0.7 0.0 95 100 11.7 South Asia 4.8 2,777 16.3 0.1 84 34 0.9 Senegal 11.6 4,134 3.6 32.2 0.7 78 70 0.4 Sub-Saharan Africa 9.9 8,306 27.3 0.8 58 53 0.8 Seychelles 100.0 .. .. 66.7 0.0 .. .. 2.7 High income 19.5 9,672 26.1 ­0.1 .. .. 12.3 Sierra Leone 2.1 31,803 0.3 14.7 2.9 57 66 0.1 Europe EMU 13.1 3,832 37.0 ­0.3 .. .. 7.9 Singapore 4.9 .. .. 3.3 0.0 100 100 13.7 Slovak Republic .. 15,293 2.2 42.5 ­0.3 100 100 7.2 a.These are tentative data and are being finalized. b. River flows from other countries are included when available, but river outflows are not, because of Slovenia 6.0 9,402 7.0 55.0 ­0.2 100 .. 7.3 data unreliability. c. Most data refer to years between 1980 and 2000. Solomon Islands 0.3 106,683 .. 90.6 0.2 71 34 0.4 Somalia 0.8 1,789 5.1 12.0 1.0 .. .. 0.0 South Africa 5.5 1,168 26.6 7.3 0.1 86 87 7.9 Spain 8.5 2,753 31.6 28.8 ­0.6 .. .. 6.8 Sri Lanka 13.5 2,708 19.6 30.0 1.6 77 94 0.5 St. Kitts and Nevis 7.2 .. .. 11.1 0.0 98 96 2.4 2003 World Bank Atlas 63 Economy Gross Agricultural Services Gross capital Current Average Gross domestic product Gross Agricultural Services Gross capital Current Average Gross domestic product domestic value added value added formation account inflation domestic value added value added formation account inflation product balance rate product balance rate Per capita Per capita Average Average average Average Average average annual annual annual annual annual annual $ millions % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % growth % growth $ millions % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % growth % growth Economy 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 1990­2001 1990­2001 1990­2001 Economy 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 1990­2001 1990­2001 1990­2001 Afghanistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 98,476 17 50 15 0.0 7.8 4.5 2.5 Albania 4,114 50 26 19 ­5.4 34.4 3.7 4.3 El Salvador 13,739 9 61 16 ­1.3 6.8 4.5 2.4 Algeria 54,680 10 36 26 .. 17.0 2.0 0.1 Equatorial Guinea 1,846 8 5 .. .. 16.8 22.0 18.8 American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea 688 19 59 35 ­30.0 9.0 5.3 2.5 Andorra .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Estonia 5,525 6 65 28 ­6.1 46.1 0.2 1.6 Angola 9,471 8 25 34 ­3.7 658.8 2.0 ­1.1 Ethiopia 6,233 52 37 18 ­4.4 6.1 4.7 2.4 Antigua and Barbuda 682 4 75 27 ­6.9 2.2 3.3 2.7 Faeroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina 268,638 5 69 14 ­1.7 4.3 3.6 2.3 Fiji 1,684 18 53 13 1.6 3.1 2.6 1.7 Armenia 2,118 28 38 19 ­9.5 172.0 ­0.7 ­1.3 Finland 120,855 3 63 20 7.1 1.9 2.9 2.6 Aruba .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. France 1,309,807 3 72 20 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.5 Australia 368,726 4 70 21 ­2.4 1.7 3.9 2.7 French Polynesia 3,929 5 .. .. .. 1.2 1.9 0.1 Austria 188,546 2 65 23 ­2.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 Gabon 4,334 8 42 31 10.0 5.6 2.6 ­0.1 Azerbaijan 5,585 17 36 21 ­0.9 96.9 ­0.3 ­1.3 Gambia, The 390 40 46 18 ­13.5 4.1 3.4 0.1 Bahamas, The 4,818 .. .. .. ­9.8 2.7 1.9 0.1 Georgia 3,138 21 57 19 ­8.9 279.0 ­5.6 ­5.5 Bahrain 7,935 .. .. 13 2.0 0.8 4.7 1.9 Germany 1,846,069 1 68 20 0.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 Bangladesh 46,706 23 52 23 ­1.7 3.9 4.9 3.1 Ghana 5,301 36 39 24 ­4.7 26.6 4.2 1.9 Barbados 2,757 6 74 20 ­5.5 2.9 2.4 2.1 Greece 117,169 8 71 23 ­8.0 8.5 2.4 2.0 Belarus 12,219 11 50 22 ­2.3 318.1 ­0.8 ­0.6 Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Belgium 229,610 2 71 21 4.1 1.9 2.2 1.9 Grenada 398 8 69 32 ­19.5 2.3 3.5 2.9 Belize 805 23 52 35 ­16.9 1.8 4.1 1.6 Guam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 2,372 36 50 19 ­3.1 8.2 4.8 1.9 Guatemala 20,496 23 58 15 ­6.0 9.9 4.1 1.4 Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. 3.5 1.7 .. Guinea-Bissau 199 56 31 22 .. 28.7 1.0 ­1.3 Bhutan 533 33 29 49 ­20.3 9.3 6.6 3.5 Guinea 2,989 24 38 22 ­2.0 5.1 4.2 1.6 Bolivia 7,969 16 56 13 ­3.7 8.0 3.8 1.4 Guyana 699 31 40 22 .. 11.9 4.9 4.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,769 15 55 21 ­20.0 2.7 .. .. Haiti 3,737 .. .. 31 ­4.7 20.3 ­0.4 ­2.5 Botswana 5,196 2 51 22 8.4 9.0 5.2 2.5 Honduras 6,386 14 55 31 ­5.1 18.0 3.1 0.3 Brazil 502,509 9 57 21 ­4.6 168.2 2.8 1.4 Hungary 51,926 .. .. 27 ­2.1 18.3 1.9 2.1 Brunei .. .. .. .. .. 1.1 2.1 ­0.7 Iceland 7,702 .. .. 21 ­10.0 3.4 3.0 2.1 Bulgaria 13,553 14 57 20 ­6.6 93.4 ­1.2 ­0.6 India 477,342 25 48 23 0.3 7.6 5.9 4.0 Burkina Faso 2,486 38 41 25 ­13.6 4.5 4.5 2.0 Indonesia 145,306 16 37 17 4.7 15.8 3.8 2.3 Burundi 689 50 31 7 ­3.5 12.6 ­2.2 ­4.3 Iran, Islamic Rep. 114,052 19 48 29 4.2 25.7 3.6 2.0 Cambodia 3,404 37 41 18 ­3.1 21.7 5.0 2.2 Iraq .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 8,501 43 38 18 ­1.7 4.9 2.1 ­0.3 Ireland 103,298 4 55 24 ­1.0 3.7 7.7 6.8 Canada 694,475 .. .. 20 2.8 1.5 3.1 2.1 Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde 588 11 72 18 ­14.8 4.8 6.0 3.5 Israel 108,325 .. .. 19 ­1.7 9.3 4.7 2.0 Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Italy 1,088,754 3 68 20 0.0 3.6 1.6 1.4 Central African Republic 967 55 24 14 1.7 4.2 2.1 ­0.3 Jamaica 7,784 6 63 30 ­10.1 22.1 0.2 ­0.5 Chad 1,600 39 48 42 ­41.3 6.7 2.5 ­0.5 Japan 4,141,431 1 67 25 2.1 ­0.1 1.3 1.0 Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Jordan 8,829 2 73 26 0.0 2.9 4.8 0.9 Chile 66,450 9 57 21 ­1.9 7.5 6.3 4.7 Kazakhstan 22,389 9 52 26 ­5.5 168.5 ­2.8 ­1.9 China 1,159,031 15 34 38 1.5 6.2 10.0 8.8 Kenya 11,396 19 63 13 ­2.8 13.4 2.0 ­0.6 Hong Kong, China 161,896 0 86 26 7.2 3.3 3.8 2.1 Kiribati 40 .. .. .. .. 3.3 2.9 0.6 Macao, China 6,199 .. 71 11 .. 3.0 1.9 0.2 Korea, Dem. Rep. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Colombia 82,411 13 57 15 ­2.2 20.0 2.7 0.8 Korea, Rep. 422,167 4 54 27 2.0 4.5 5.7 4.7 Comoros 221 41 48 13 .. 3.6 1.1 ­1.4 Kuwait 32,806 .. .. 9 26.1 1.9 3.4 ­1.0 Congo, Dem. Rep. 5,187 56 25 5 .. 846.2 ­4.8 ­7.7 Kyrgyz Republic 1,525 38 35 16 ­1.3 95.2 ­2.9 ­3.9 Congo, Rep. 2,751 6 28 27 .. 8.8 1.4 ­1.6 Lao PDR 1,761 51 26 22 ­4.7 28.5 6.4 3.9 Costa Rica 16,108 9 62 18 ­4.4 16.3 5.1 2.8 Latvia 7,549 5 69 28 ­9.7 42.0 ­2.2 ­1.0 Côte d'Ivoire 10,411 24 54 10 ­0.6 8.4 3.1 0.1 Lebanon 16,709 12 66 19 ­23.8 15.1 5.4 3.6 Croatia 20,260 9 58 24 ­3.0 72.2 1.1 2.1 Lesotho 797 16 42 37 ­11.9 9.5 4.0 2.1 Cuba .. 7 47 10 .. 1.1 4.2 3.7 Liberia 523 .. .. .. ­14.2 53.3 6.2 3.5 Cyprus 9,131 .. .. 19 ­4.3 3.4 4.2 3.2 Libya 34,137 .. .. 13 7.0 .. .. .. Czech Republic 56,784 4 55 30 ­4.6 10.6 1.2 1.3 Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark 161,542 3 71 21 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.0 Lithuania 11,992 7 58 22 ­4.8 63.3 ­2.2 ­1.6 Djibouti 576 4 82 13 .. 3.6 ­1.1 ­3.6 Luxembourg 18,540 1 78 23 9.0 2.2 5.6 4.2 Dominica 263 17 60 28 ­18.6 2.8 1.7 1.7 Macedonia, FYR 3,426 11 58 17 ­9.5 66.0 ­0.2 ­0.9 Dominican Republic 21,211 11 55 23 ­4.0 9.1 6.0 4.2 Madagascar 4,604 30 56 16 ­0.4 17.9 2.4 ­0.6 Ecuador 17,982 11 56 25 ­4.4 1.7 1.8 ­0.3 Malawi 1,749 34 48 11 ­30.4 33.0 3.6 1.5 64 2003 World Bank Atlas 6 Gross Agricultural Services Gross capital Current Average Gross domestic product Gross Agricultural Services Gross capital Current Average Gross domestic product domestic value added value added formation account inflation domestic value added value added formation account inflation product balance rate product balance rate Per capita Per capita Average Average average Average Average average annual annual annual annual annual annual $ millions % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % growth % growth $ millions % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % growth % growth % growth Economy 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 1990­2001 1990­2001 1990­2001 Economy 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 1990­2001 1990­2001 1990­2001 Malaysia 88,041 9 42 29 8.3 3.6 6.5 3.9 St. Lucia 662 7 75 21 ­12.7 2.7 2.2 0.7 Maldives 584 .. .. 23 ­10.5 1.8 5.0 2.5 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 353 10 65 27 ­7.8 2.1 3.2 2.5 Mali 2,647 38 36 21 .. 6.9 4.1 1.6 Sudan 12,525 39 42 18 ­4.2 58.2 5.6 3.2 Malta 3,623 .. .. 20 ­4.8 2.8 4.6 3.8 Suriname 757 11 67 16 ­11.1 82.8 3.0 2.6 Marshall Islands 96 13 71 .. .. 5.3 ­2.4 ­3.5 Swaziland 1,255 17 39 19 ­4.2 12.3 3.2 0.1 Mauritania 1,007 21 50 27 6.4 6.2 4.2 1.2 Sweden 209,814 2 71 18 3.2 2.0 2.1 1.7 Mauritius 4,500 6 62 24 5.5 6.2 5.2 3.9 Switzerland 247,091 .. .. 22 9.2 1.2 1.0 0.3 Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Arab Republic 19,495 22 50 21 5.9 7.4 4.8 1.9 Mexico 617,820 4 69 21 ­2.9 18.2 3.1 1.5 Tajikistan 1,056 29 41 12 ­7.0 202.4 ­8.5 ­9.9 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 237 .. .. .. .. 3.0 0.8 ­1.3 Tanzania a 9,341 45 39 17 ­7.9 20.1 3.2 0.4 Moldova 1,479 26 50 20 ­6.7 103.1 ­8.4 ­8.2 Thailand 114,681 10 49 24 5.4 3.9 3.8 3.0 Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Timor-Leste 389 .. .. 43 .. .. .. .. Mongolia 1,049 30 53 30 ­7.5 51.4 1.2 0.0 Togo 1,259 39 39 21 ­11.4 6.6 2.2 ­0.6 Morocco 34,219 16 53 25 4.7 2.7 2.5 0.7 Tonga 142 29 56 .. ­9.1 2.2 2.5 2.1 Mozambique 3,607 22 52 42 ­44.5 29.6 6.7 4.3 Trinidad and Tobago 8,842 2 55 19 .. 5.4 3.6 2.9 Myanmar .. 57 33 15 .. 24.6 7.4 5.7 Tunisia 19,990 12 60 28 ­4.2 4.3 4.7 3.1 Namibia 3,100 11 56 24 .. 8.5 4.6 2.2 Turkey 147,683 14 61 16 2.3 74.2 3.3 1.7 Nepal 5,562 39 39 24 3.1 7.8 4.9 2.4 Turkmenistan 5,962 29 20 37 ­1.2 328.0 ­2.8 ­6.1 Netherlands 380,137 3 70 22 1.0 2.1 2.9 2.3 Uganda 5,675 36 43 20 ­6.5 10.9 6.8 3.6 Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ukraine 37,588 17 44 20 3.7 220.9 ­7.9 ­7.4 New Caledonia 3,057 .. .. .. .. 1.7 1.6 ­0.9 United Arab Emirates .. .. .. .. .. 2.3 2.9 ­1.6 New Zealand 50,425 .. .. 20 ­2.8 1.6 3.1 2.0 United Kingdom 1,424,094 1 72 17 ­2.1 2.8 2.7 2.5 Nicaragua .. .. .. .. .. 45.2 2.8 ­0.1 United States 10,065,265 2 73 21 ­3.9 2.0 3.4 2.1 Niger 1,954 40 43 11 ­8.7 5.8 2.5 ­0.9 Uruguay 18,666 6 67 13 ­2.7 27.8 2.8 2.1 Nigeria 41,373 30 25 28 1.5 26.5 2.5 ­0.3 Uzbekistan 11,270 34 43 19 ­1.0 210.7 0.4 ­1.5 Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Vanuatu 213 19 72 .. 0.9 2.9 1.8 ­1.1 Norway 166,145 2 55 22 15.6 3.2 3.5 2.9 Venezuela, RB 124,948 5 45 19 3.1 42.8 1.5 ­0.6 Oman 19,826 .. .. .. 17.3 1.8 4.3 0.6 Vietnam 32,723 24 39 31 2.1 13.8 7.7 6.0 Pakistan 58,668 25 52 16 ­1.9 9.6 3.7 1.2 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palau 122 4 83 .. .. 2.8 2.2 .. West Bank and Gaza 3,972 8 66 33 .. 8.4 1.2 ­3.0 Panama 10,171 7 77 28 ­4.9 1.9 3.8 2.1 Yemen, Rep. 9,276 16 35 20 11.9 21.1 5.8 2.4 Papua New Guinea 2,959 26 32 19 9.7 7.3 3.6 1.0 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 10,861 15 53 13 ­5.5 .. .. .. Paraguay 7,206 20 54 24 ­2.9 12.0 2.1 ­0.6 Zambia 3,639 22 52 20 ­17.1 48.1 0.8 ­1.7 Peru 54,047 9 62 18 ­2.0 23.3 4.3 2.4 Zimbabwe 9,057 18 58 8 .. 28.4 1.8 ­0.2 Philippines 71,438 15 54 18 6.3 8.2 3.3 1.0 Poland 176,256 4 59 22 ­3.0 21.3 4.5 4.4 World 31,121,436 t 4 w 66 w 22 w 2.7 w 1.2 w Portugal 109,803 4 66 28 ­9.1 5.1 2.7 2.6 Low income 1,082,138 24 45 20 3.4 1.4 Puerto Rico 67,897 1 56 .. .. 3.1 4.3 3.5 Middle income 5,156,519 10 54 24 3.4 2.2 Qatar 16,454 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lower middle income 2,739,311 12 48 26 3.7 2.5 Romania 38,718 15 50 22 ­6.0 91.0 ­0.4 ­0.1 Upper middle income 2,422,397 7 60 21 3.1 1.7 Russian Federation 309,951 7 56 22 11.2 139.6 ­3.7 ­3.5 Low & middle income 6,237,602 12 52 23 3.4 1.8 Rwanda 1,703 40 38 18 ­6.9 13.1 0.8 ­1.3 East Asia & Pacific 1,664,945 15 36 31 7.5 6.2 Samoa 255 17 57 .. ­8.1 3.8 2.7 2.0 Europe & Central Asia 993,753 10 55 22 ­1.0 ­1.1 San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Latin America & Carib. 1,968,782 8 60 20 3.2 1.5 São Tomé and Principe 47 20 63 50 ­45.7 46.7 1.9 ­0.6 Middle East & N. Africa 698,444 .. .. 22 3.0 0.9 Saudi Arabia 186,489 .. .. 19 7.8 3.7 1.5 ­1.1 South Asia 613,755 25 49 22 5.5 3.5 Senegal 4,645 18 55 20 ­6.4 4.2 3.9 1.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 315,705 16 56 18 2.6 0.0 Seychelles 570 3 72 37 ­17.0 3.9 1.6 0.1 High income 24,886,672 2 70 22 2.5 1.8 Sierra Leone 749 50 20 8 .. 29.2 ­4.4 ­6.6 Europe EMU 6,110,901 2 69 21 2.0 1.6 Singapore 85,648 0 68 24 20.9 0.9 7.4 4.4 Slovak Republic 20,459 4 67 32 ­3.5 10.4 2.1 1.9 a. GDP and GDP per capita refer to mainland Tanzania only. Slovenia 18,810 3 58 28 0.2 18.3 2.9 3.0 Solomon Islands 264 .. .. .. 7.1 8.2 1.3 ­1.4 Somalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Africa 113,274 3 66 15 ­0.1 9.3 2.1 0.2 Spain 581,823 4 66 25 ­2.6 3.9 2.7 2.2 Sri Lanka 15,911 19 54 22 ­1.7 9.1 5.0 3.6 St. Kitts and Nevis 343 3 68 46 ­34.2 3.0 4.4 3.9 2003 World Bank Atlas 65 Energy and infrastructure Commercial GDP per unit Electric power Paved Fixed line Personal Internet Commercial GDP per unit Electric power Paved Fixed line Personal Internet energy use of energy use roads and mobile computers a users a energy use of energy use roads and mobile computers a users a per capita phone per capita phone Transmission subscribers a Transmission subscribers a and and PPP $ Consumption distribution PPP $ Consumption distribution kg of oil per kg of per capita losses per 1,000 per 1,000 kg of oil per kg of per capita losses per 1,000 per 1,000 equivalent oil equivalent kwh % of output % people people thousands equivalent oil equivalent kwh % of output % people people thousands Economy 2000 2000 2000 2000 1995­2000 a 2001 2001 2001 Economy 2000 2000 2000 2000 1995­2000 a 2001 2001 2001 Afghanistan .. .. .. .. 13.3 .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 726 4.8 976 12 78.1 147 15.5 600 Albania 521 6.7 1,073 51 39.0 138 7.6 10 El Salvador 651 8.1 587 13 19.8 218 21.9 50 Algeria 956 6.4 612 16 68.9 64 7.1 60 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. 47 5.3 1 American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. 248 .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. 21.8 .. 1.8 15 Andorra .. .. .. .. .. 740 .. 7 Estonia 3,303 2.9 3,628 15 20.1 808 174.8 430 Angola 584 3.6 88 15 10.4 12 1.3 60 Ethiopia 291 2.6 22 10 12.0 5 1.1 25 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. .. .. .. 804 .. 5 Faeroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. 932 .. 3 Argentina 1,660 7.2 2,038 13 29.4 416 91.1 3,300 Fiji .. .. .. .. 49.2 211 60.9 15 Armenia 542 4.5 944 25 96.3 147 7.9 50 Finland 6,409 3.8 14,588 4 64.5 1,326 423.5 2,235 Aruba .. .. .. .. .. 850 .. 24 France 4,366 5.4 6,539 6 100.0 1,179 337.0 15,653 Australia 5,744 4.3 9,006 8 .. 1,095 515.8 7,200 French Polynesia .. .. .. .. .. 507 280.0 16 Austria 3,524 7.5 6,457 7 100.0 1,275 335.4 2,600 Gabon 1,271 4.7 697 10 9.9 234 11.9 17 Azerbaijan 1,454 1.9 1,852 15 92.3 191 .. 25 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. 35.4 67 12.7 18 Bahamas, The .. .. .. .. 57.4 597 .. 17 Georgia 533 4.5 1,212 15 93.5 213 .. 25 Bahrain 9,858 1.6 8,507 7 77.6 672 141.8 140 Germany 4,131 6.1 5,963 4 .. 1,317 382.2 30,800 Bangladesh 142 10.8 96 16 9.5 8 1.9 250 Ghana 400 5.5 288 1 29.6 21 3.3 41 Barbados .. .. .. .. 95.0 672 92.3 15 Greece 2,635 6.3 4,086 8 91.8 1,281 81.2 1,400 Belarus 2,432 3.0 2,678 13 89.0 292 .. 422 Greenland .. .. .. .. .. 766 .. 20 Belgium 5,776 4.4 7,564 4 78.2 1,244 232.8 3,200 Grenada .. .. .. .. 61.3 392 130.0 5 Belize .. .. .. .. 17.0 305 135.2 18 Guam .. .. .. .. .. 716 .. 48 Benin 377 2.5 64 72 20.0 29 1.7 25 Guatemala 628 7.1 335 25 34.5 162 12.8 200 Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. 1,076 495.4 25 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 10.3 .. .. 4 Bhutan .. .. .. .. 60.7 .. 5.8 3 Guinea .. .. .. .. 16.5 10 4.0 15 Bolivia 592 3.9 387 18 6.5 152 20.5 150 Guyana .. .. .. .. 7.4 178 26.4 95 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,096 5.2 1,473 17 52.3 168 .. 45 Haiti 256 7.5 37 45 24.3 21 .. 30 Botswana .. .. .. .. 55.0 213 38.7 50 Honduras 469 6.0 499 19 20.4 83 12.2 40 Brazil 1,077 6.7 1,878 18 5.5 385 62.9 8,000 Hungary 2,448 4.9 2,909 14 43.4 872 100.3 1,480 Brunei 5,870 3.0 7,263 1 34.7 673 74.6 35 Iceland 12,246 2.4 24,779 4 29.5 1,484 418.1 195 Bulgaria 2,299 2.8 2,962 15 94.0 551 44.3 605 India 494 5.5 355 27 45.7 44 5.8 7,000 Burkina Faso .. .. .. .. 16.0 11 1.5 19 Indonesia 706 4.2 384 11 46.3 66 11.0 4,000 Burundi .. .. .. .. 7.1 6 .. 6 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1,771 3.2 1,474 16 .. 201 69.7 1,005 Cambodia .. .. .. .. 16.2 19 1.5 10 Iraq 1,190 .. 1,450 .. 84.3 .. .. .. Cameroon 427 3.8 183 22 12.5 27 3.9 45 Ireland 3,854 7.9 5,324 9 94.1 1,214 390.7 895 Canada 8,156 3.3 15,620 8 .. 1,038 459.9 13,500 Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. 78.0 215 68.6 12 Israel 3,241 6.5 6,188 3 100.0 1,285 245.9 1,800 Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. 998 .. .. Italy 2,974 8.2 4,732 7 100.0 1,311 194.8 16,400 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. .. 5 1.9 2 Jamaica 1,524 2.4 2,328 9 70.1 467 50.0 100 Chad .. .. .. .. 0.8 4 1.6 4 Japan 4,136 6.1 7,628 3 46.0 1,185 348.8 55,930 Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Jordan 1,061 3.6 1,236 11 100.0 294 32.8 212 Chile 1,604 5.6 2,406 7 19.4 575 106.5 3,102 Kazakhstan 2,594 2.2 2,622 17 94.7 125 .. 100 China 905 4.1 827 7 22.4 248 19.0 33,700 Kenya 515 1.9 106 22 12.1 30 5.6 500 Hong Kong, China 2,319 10.9 5,447 13 100.0 1,439 386.6 2,601 Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. 48 23.2 2 Macao, China .. .. .. .. 100.0 828 178.6 101 Korea, Dem. Rep. 2,071 .. .. .. 6.4 .. .. 0 Colombia 681 10.3 788 24 14.4 247 42.1 1,154 Korea, Rep. 4,119 3.6 5,607 5 74.5 1,106 256.5 24,380 Comoros .. .. .. .. 76.5 .. 5.5 3 Kuwait 10,529 1.8 13,995 .. 80.6 685 131.9 200 Congo, Dem. Rep. 292 2.5 40 4 .. 3 .. 6 Kyrgyz Republic 497 5.4 1,606 25 91.1 83 .. 151 Congo, Rep. 296 3.2 86 60 9.7 55 3.9 1 Lao PDR .. .. .. .. .. 15 3.0 10 Costa Rica 861 11.7 1,630 7 22.0 305 170.2 384 Latvia 1,541 4.6 1,887 24 38.6 588 153.1 170 Côte d'Ivoire 433 3.6 .. .. 9.7 63 7.2 70 Lebanon 1,169 3.5 1,814 18 84.9 407 56.2 300 Croatia 1,775 4.9 2,695 19 84.6 742 85.9 250 Lesotho .. .. .. .. 18.3 20 .. 5 Cuba 1,180 .. 1,049 16 49.0 52 19.6 120 Liberia .. .. .. .. 6.2 3 .. 1 Cyprus 3,203 6.3 3,958 6 57.7 1,087 246.6 150 Libya 3,107 .. 3,921 .. 57.2 118 .. 20 Czech Republic 3,931 3.6 4,807 7 100.0 1,050 145.7 1,400 Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. 902 .. .. Denmark 3,643 7.9 6,079 6 100.0 1,457 540.3 2,900 Lithuania 2,032 3.9 1,768 12 91.3 566 70.6 250 Djibouti .. .. .. .. 12.6 20 10.9 3 Luxembourg 8,409 6.4 13,050 33 100.0 1,701 517.3 110 Dominica .. .. .. .. 50.4 310 75.0 6 Macedonia, FYR .. .. .. .. 63.8 373 .. 70 Dominican Republic 932 7.4 788 27 49.4 257 .. 186 Madagascar .. .. .. .. 11.6 13 2.4 35 Ecuador 647 4.9 624 21 18.9 170 23.3 328 Malawi .. .. .. .. 18.5 11 1.3 20 66 2003 World Bank Atlas 7 Commercial GDP per unit Electric power Paved Fixed line Personal Internet Commercial GDP per unit Electric power Paved Fixed line Personal Internet energy use of energy use roads and mobile computers a users a energy use of energy use roads and mobile computers a users a per capita phone per capita phone Transmission subscribers a Transmission subscribers a and and PPP $ Consumption distribution PPP $ Consumption distribution kg of oil per kg of per capita losses per 1,000 per 1,000 kg of oil per kg of per capita losses per 1,000 per 1,000 equivalent oil equivalent kwh % of output % people people thousands equivalent oil equivalent kwh % of output % people people thousands Economy 2000 2000 2000 2000 1995­2000 a 2001 2001 2001 Economy 2000 2000 2000 2000 1995­2000 a 2001 2001 2001 Malaysia 2,126 4.3 2,628 8 75.8 510 126.1 6,500 St. Lucia .. .. .. .. 5.2 330 146.8 3 Maldives .. .. .. .. .. 168 21.9 10 St. Vincent & the Grenadines .. .. .. .. 30.8 240 116.1 4 Mali .. .. .. .. 12.1 8 1.2 30 Sudan 521 3.8 66 15 36.3 18 3.6 56 Malta 2,088 6.7 4,018 12 87.5 884 229.6 99 Suriname .. .. .. .. 26.0 374 45.5 15 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. 67 50.0 1 Swaziland .. .. .. .. .. 96 .. 14 Mauritania .. .. .. .. 11.3 10 10.3 7 Sweden 5,354 4.4 14,471 8 78.4 1,529 561.2 4,600 Mauritius .. .. .. .. 97.0 509 109.1 158 Switzerland 3,704 7.5 7,294 6 .. 1,476 540.2 2,223 Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Arab Republic 1,137 2.9 900 .. .. 115 16.3 60 Mexico 1,567 5.5 1,655 14 32.8 354 68.7 3,636 Tajikistan 470 2.3 2,137 15 .. 36 .. 3 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. .. 17.5 .. .. 5 Tanzania 457 1.1 56 22 4.2 16 3.3 300 Moldova 671 3.1 720 45 87.0 202 15.9 60 Thailand 1,212 5.1 1,448 8 97.5 222 27.8 3,536 Monaco .. .. .. .. 100.0 .. .. .. Timor-Leste .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mongolia .. .. .. .. 3.5 133 14.6 40 Togo 338 4.9 .. .. 31.6 31 21.5 150 Morocco 359 9.5 447 6 56.4 204 13.7 400 Tonga .. .. .. .. 27.0 112 .. 3 Mozambique 403 2.5 53 10 18.7 13 3.5 15 Trinidad and Tobago 6,660 1.3 3,692 7 51.1 437 69.2 120 Myanmar 262 .. 69 31 .. 6 1.1 10 Tunisia 825 7.4 939 11 64.8 149 23.7 400 Namibia 587 12.0 .. .. 13.6 122 36.4 45 Turkey 1,181 5.3 1,468 19 34.0 587 40.7 2,500 Nepal 343 3.7 56 21 30.8 14 3.5 60 Turkmenistan 2,627 1.4 1,071 14 81.2 84 .. 8 Netherlands 4,762 5.7 6,152 5 90.0 1,388 428.4 7,900 Uganda .. .. .. .. 6.7 17 3.1 60 Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. 13 .. .. .. 2 Ukraine 2,820 1.4 2,293 18 96.7 256 18.3 600 New Caledonia .. .. .. .. .. 541 .. 25 United Arab Emirates 10,175 2.0 10,725 9 100.0 956 135.5 976 New Zealand 4,864 3.7 8,813 10 62.8 1,076 392.6 1,092 United Kingdom 3,962 6.0 5,601 8 100.0 1,358 366.2 24,000 Nicaragua 542 4.6 267 30 11.0 49 9.6 50 United States 8,148 4.2 12,331 6 58.8 1,118 625.0 142,823 Niger .. .. .. .. 7.9 2 0.5 12 Uruguay 923 9.4 1,924 19 90.0 438 110.1 400 Nigeria 710 1.2 81 32 30.9 9 6.8 115 Uzbekistan 2,027 1.2 1,612 9 87.3 68 .. 150 Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. 452 .. .. Vanuatu .. .. .. .. 23.9 35 .. 6 Norway 5,704 5.1 24,422 8 76.0 1,546 508.0 2,700 Venezuela, RB 2,452 2.3 2,533 24 33.6 373 52.8 1,265 Oman 4,046 3.0 2,952 17 30.0 213 32.4 120 Vietnam 471 4.2 286 13 25.1 53 11.7 1,010 Pakistan 463 4.0 352 24 43.0 29 4.1 500 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. 853 .. 12 Palau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. 168 .. 60 Panama 892 6.5 1,331 20 34.6 355 37.9 90 Yemen, Rep. 201 4.0 107 26 11.5 30 1.9 17 Papua New Guinea .. .. .. .. 3.5 14 56.7 50 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 1,289 .. .. .. 62.3 416 23.4 600 Paraguay 715 7.2 838 2 .. 255 14.2 60 Zambia 619 1.2 556 3 .. 19 7.0 25 Peru 489 9.5 668 11 12.8 137 47.9 3,000 Zimbabwe 809 3.1 845 21 47.4 43 12.1 100 Philippines 554 6.8 477 14 21.0 192 21.7 2,000 Poland 2,328 4.0 2,511 10 68.3 555 85.4 3,800 World 1,694 t 4.5 w 2,176 w 9 w 43.4 m 329 w 86.2 w 501,478 s Portugal 2,459 7.2 3,834 8 86.0 1,201 117.4 2,500 Low income 569 4.0 352 22 16.1 40 6.2 15,932 Puerto Rico .. .. .. .. 100.0 643 .. 600 Middle income 1,318 4.0 1,391 11 52.7 281 35.4 96,658 Qatar 26,773 .. 14,994 7 90.0 568 163.9 40 Lower middle income 1,206 3.7 1,193 10 53.0 246 25.5 60,355 Romania 1,619 3.4 1,513 13 49.5 356 35.7 1,000 Upper middle income 1,805 4.9 2,252 14 51.1 432 77.2 36,303 Russian Federation 4,218 1.6 4,181 12 67.4 281 49.7 4,300 Low & middle income 971 4.0 914 13 30.9 165 21.6 112,591 Rwanda .. .. .. .. 8.3 11 .. 20 East Asia & Pacific 871 .. 760 8 21.2 207 19.1 50,902 Samoa .. .. .. .. 42.0 82 6.7 3 Europe & Central Asia 2,653 2.3 2,753 13 91.3 375 52.1 18,778 San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Latin America & Carib. 1,181 6.1 1,528 16 26.9 326 59.3 26,282 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. 68.1 .. .. 9 Middle East & N. Africa 1,368 3.8 1,346 12 66.3 153 32.0 3,356 Saudi Arabia 5,081 2.6 4,912 8 .. 258 62.7 300 South Asia 453 5.5 323 26 36.9 38 5.3 7,973 Senegal 324 4.5 121 17 29.3 56 18.6 100 Sub-Saharan Africa 669 2.9 432 10 12.9 41 9.9 5,300 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. 800 146.5 9 High income 5,430 4.9 8,617 6 91.8 1,202 416.3 388,888 Sierra Leone .. .. .. .. 7.9 10 .. 7 Europe EMU 3,824 6.2 5,757 6 92.9 1,251 286.2 91,231 Singapore 6,120 3.9 6,948 4 100.0 1,196 508.3 1,500 Slovak Republic 3,234 3.6 4,075 6 86.7 685 148.1 674 a. Data are for the latest year available in the period shown. b. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) World Telecommunication Slovenia 3,288 5.0 5,290 6 99.9 1,161 275.7 600 Development Report 2002. Please cite the ITU for third-party use of these data. Solomon Islands .. .. .. .. 2.5 21 50.9 2 Somalia .. .. .. .. 11.8 .. .. 1 South Africa 2,514 4.4 3,745 8 20.3 364 68.5 3,068 Spain 3,084 6.4 4,653 9 99.0 1,086 168.2 7,388 Sri Lanka 437 7.8 293 20 95.0 80 9.3 150 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. .. 42.5 600 174.5 2 2003 World Bank Atlas 67 Business and investment climate and trade Entry regulations Institutional Stock Net private Foreign Trade High- Entry regulations Institutional Stock Net private Foreign Trade High- Investor market capital direct in goods technology Investor market capital direct in goods technology Time to Cost to credit capitalization flows investment exports Time to Cost to credit capitalization flows investment exports start up register rating a start up register rating a a business a business a business a business % of % of % of % of days GNI per capita manufactured days GNI per capita manufactured January January September $ millions $ millions % of GDP % of GDP exports January January September $ millions $ millions % of GDP % of GDP exports Economy 2002 2002 2002 2002 2001 2001 2001 2001 Economy 2002 2002 2002 2002 2001 2001 2001 2001 Afghanistan .. .. 6.9 .. .. .. .. .. Egypt, Arab Rep. 52 76 45.5 26,094 2,068 0.5 17.1 1 Albania 62 63 15.9 .. 203 5.0 39.4 1 El Salvador .. .. 46.0 1,522 674 1.9 57.4 7 Algeria 29 36 31.5 .. 243 2.2 56.1 4 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. 88 4.8 37.9 .. American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. .. .. 34 5.0 72.6 .. Andorra .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 Estonia .. .. 59.5 2,430 624 9.8 139.6 19 Angola .. .. 14.0 .. 1,924 22.7 106.1 .. Ethiopia 44 429 16.0 .. 10 0.3 23.4 0 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. .. .. .. .. 49.1 .. Faeroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Argentina 63 11 15.8 103,434 ­3,897 1.2 17.5 9 Fiji .. .. .. .. ­9 ­0.2 84.7 0 Armenia 79 12 .. .. 74 3.3 60.1 4 Finland 36 1 91.1 190,456 .. 3.1 62.0 23 Aruba .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. France 53 3 92.9 1,174,428 .. 4.0 49.4 23 Australia 6 2 84.5 374,269 .. 1.2 34.5 10 French Polynesia .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.1 11 Austria 30 18 90.7 25,204 .. 3.1 76.8 14 Gabon .. .. 21.8 .. 170 4.6 82.3 .. Azerbaijan 104 21 26.8 .. 216 4.1 71.4 8 Gambia, The .. .. .. .. 36 9.1 53.5 3 Bahamas, The .. .. 65.1 .. .. 5.2 58.2 .. Georgia 62 38 15.4 .. 173 5.1 32.8 .. Bahrain .. .. 54.8 6,855 .. .. 123.6 .. Germany 45 6 94.0 1,071,749 .. 1.7 57.6 18 Bangladesh 30 78 27.3 1,193 304 0.2 32.0 .. Ghana 126 98 25.7 740 244 1.7 89.2 1 Barbados .. .. 58.8 1,828 171 0.6 54.9 21 Greece 45 50 75.3 86,538 .. 1.4 29.1 8 Belarus 143 39 13.8 .. 83 0.8 127.4 8 Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Belgium 34 15 89.5 16,584 .. 32.1 161.3 10 Grenada .. .. 37.9 .. 30 8.6 56.5 .. Belize .. .. 42.0 .. 125 4.2 71.4 .. Guam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin 63 168 20.1 .. 131 5.5 43.5 .. Guatemala 41 69 33.0 232 403 2.2 39.4 8 Bermuda .. .. .. 2,480 .. .. .. .. Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 30 15.1 60.3 .. Bhutan .. .. .. .. 0 0.0 55.5 .. Guinea .. .. 15.1 .. 1 0.1 47.7 0 Bolivia 77 164 30.9 1,555 637 8.3 37.8 10 Guyana .. .. .. .. 55 8.0 152.0 .. Bosnia and Herzegovina 74 56 .. .. 226 4.7 81.6 .. Haiti .. .. 14.8 .. 3 0.1 34.5 .. Botswana 70 16 59.0 1,723 55 1.1 91.6 .. Honduras 146 67 26.1 .. 126 3.1 66.3 1 Brazil 86 12 39.0 123,807 23,336 4.5 23.2 18 Hungary 65 65 66.1 13,110 3,952 4.7 123.6 23 Brunei .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Iceland .. .. 73.6 3,552 .. 1.7 29.8 3 Bulgaria 30 9 40.7 733 1,043 5.1 97.1 2 India 88 51 47.3 131,011 3,534 0.7 19.5 6 Burkina Faso 39 328 18.8 .. 26 1.0 33.4 .. Indonesia 168 15 23.8 29,991 ­7,312 ­2.3 60.1 13 Burundi .. .. 11.3 .. 0 0.0 26.0 0 Iran, Islamic Rep. 69 11 34.1 9,704 1,049 0.0 37.5 2 Cambodia .. .. 19.6 .. 113 3.3 91.7 .. Iraq .. .. 10.2 .. .. .. .. .. Cameroon 56 197 19.7 .. ­16 0.9 42.4 0 Ireland 16 10 88.5 75,298 .. 9.6 129.3 48 Canada 2 1 89.4 700,751 .. 4.0 70.1 15 Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. .. .. 8 0.1 41.3 .. Israel 44 21 58.6 45,371 .. 3.0 62.6 25 Cayman Islands .. .. .. 145 .. .. .. .. Italy 62 23 86.2 527,396 .. 1.4 43.5 10 Central African Republic .. .. .. .. 8 0.8 27.0 .. Jamaica 37 16 28.9 5,838 1,385 7.9 58.5 0 Chad .. .. 14.8 .. 80 5.0 49.7 .. Japan 30 12 82.7 2,251,814 .. 0.1 18.2 26 Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Jordan 89 48 38.7 7,087 ­114 1.1 80.8 7 Chile 34 14 66.1 47,584 5,727 6.7 52.2 1 Kazakhstan 54 39 38.8 1,204 4,947 12.3 67.0 4 China 55 13 58.9 463,080 43,238 3.8 44.3 20 Kenya 68 44 22.9 1,423 ­37 0.0 25.4 4 Hong Kong, China 20 3 67.7 506,131 .. 14.1 124.8 20 Kiribati .. .. .. .. .. .. 150.3 .. Macao, China .. .. .. .. .. .. 75.6 1 Korea, Dem. Rep. .. .. 7.3 .. .. .. .. .. Colombia 60 15 38.7 9,664 3,597 2.8 30.4 7 Korea, Rep. 36 19 65.6 248,533 9,279 0.8 69.1 29 Comoros .. .. .. .. 2 0.7 41.2 1 Kuwait .. .. 62.9 20,772 .. ­0.1 72.8 1 Congo, Dem. Rep. .. .. 8.7 .. 32 0.6 34.2 .. Kyrgyz Republic 26 13 16.9 .. ­73 0.3 61.6 5 Congo, Rep. .. .. 10.5 .. 59 2.1 109.8 .. Lao PDR .. .. 15.2 .. 24 1.4 50.4 .. Costa Rica 80 21 46.2 .. 630 2.8 71.9 36 Latvia 11 17 52.0 714 880 2.3 72.9 3 Côte d'Ivoire 91 136 18.5 1,328 137 2.4 60.3 3 Lebanon 46 116 26.8 1,401 2,757 1.5 48.8 3 Croatia 50 17 48.3 3,976 2,236 7.5 62.7 10 Lesotho 92 68 26.8 .. 113 14.7 120.9 .. Cuba .. .. 15.7 .. .. .. .. .. Liberia .. .. 9.6 .. 13 2.4 173.1 .. Cyprus .. .. 63.0 6,147 .. 1.8 55.2 3 Libya .. .. 33.5 .. .. .. 62.0 .. Czech Republic 89 5 64.0 15,893 5,194 8.7 123.9 10 Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark 3 0 90.5 94,958 .. 4.5 60.2 21 Lithuania 62 5 50.8 1,463 521 3.7 91.8 5 Djibouti .. .. .. .. 3 0.6 30.0 .. Luxembourg .. .. 94.7 23,783 .. .. 0.0 17 Dominica .. .. .. .. 24 4.5 64.6 6 Macedonia, FYR .. .. 20.6 46 466 12.9 81.3 1 Dominican Republic 86 41 38.1 .. 1,729 5.6 66.6 .. Madagascar 68 58 .. .. 9 0.2 45.7 3 Ecuador 90 65 22.5 1,750 1,444 7.4 54.5 4 Malawi 56 94 19.6 156 58 3.3 49.2 .. 68 2003 World Bank Atlas 8 Entry regulations Institutional Stock Net private Foreign Trade High- Entry regulations Institutional Stock Net private Foreign Trade High- Investor market capital direct in goods technology Investor market capital direct in goods technology Time to Cost to credit capitalization flows investment exports Time to Cost to credit capitalization flows investment exports start up register rating a start up register rating a a business a business a business a business % of % of % of % of days GNI per capita manufactured days GNI per capita manufactured January January September $ millions $ millions % of GDP % of GDP exports January January September $ millions $ millions % of GDP % of GDP exports Economy 2002 2002 2002 2002 2001 2001 2001 2001 Economy 2002 2002 2002 2002 2001 2001 2001 2001 Malaysia 56 27 57.7 123,872 855 0.6 184.0 57 St. Lucia .. .. .. .. 58 7.7 48.5 5 Maldives .. .. .. .. 12 2.0 80.2 0 St. Vincent & the Grenadines .. .. .. .. 35 10.1 64.3 .. Mali 61 230 19.1 .. 103 3.9 52.8 .. Sudan .. .. 9.7 .. 574 4.6 25.6 .. Malta .. .. 66.2 1,350 381 8.1 71.5 62 Suriname .. .. .. .. .. .. 130.8 0 Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Swaziland .. .. 28.2 127 35 1.7 130.9 .. Mauritania .. .. .. 1,091 27 3.0 61.1 .. Sweden 18 1 89.3 232,561 .. 6.2 65.7 18 Mauritius .. .. 53.5 1,328 ­75 ­1.1 78.1 1 Switzerland 20 18 96.2 521,190 .. 3.5 67.2 21 Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Arab Republic 42 17 23.1 .. 204 1.1 45.1 1 Mexico 51 21 59.0 103,137 28,079 4.0 54.2 22 Tajikistan .. .. 12.7 .. 39 2.1 126.7 .. Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Tanzania 37 229 21.3 398 197 2.4 26.1 6 Moldova 41 31 15.7 350 70 6.3 99.1 3 Thailand 45 7 51.9 46,084 ­3,052 3.3 110.9 31 Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Timor-Leste .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mongolia 31 14 21.7 .. 62 6.0 67.8 .. Togo .. .. 15.5 .. 67 5.3 83.6 1 Morocco 62 19 48.2 8,591 2,633 7.8 52.8 11 Tonga .. .. .. .. 1 0.7 73.5 .. Mozambique 214 74 19.1 .. 450 13.3 49.0 0 Trinidad and Tobago .. .. 53.3 6,506 830 9.4 93.3 1 Myanmar .. .. 13.8 .. 145 .. .. .. Tunisia 47 21 53.7 2,131 1,108 2.3 80.8 3 Namibia .. .. 40.8 171 .. .. 94.8 .. Turkey 53 43 33.8 33,958 906 2.2 27.5 5 Nepal 25 189 24.4 800 19 0.3 39.7 .. Turkmenistan .. .. 19.2 .. .. .. 79.3 5 Netherlands 42 17 94.6 458,221 .. 13.5 114.9 32 Uganda 36 114 20.0 36 147 2.5 36.1 22 Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ukraine 42 22 25.3 3,119 426 2.1 85.2 .. New Caledonia .. .. .. .. .. .. 54.0 1 United Arab Emirates 29 24 68.2 7,881 .. .. .. .. New Zealand 2 0 81.2 17,779 .. 3.4 53.7 8 United Kingdom 4 1 94.1 2,217,324 .. 4.4 42.5 31 Nicaragua 69 309 17.6 .. 13 .. .. 3 United States 4 1 93.1 13,810,429 .. 1.3 19.0 32 Niger 27 390 13.6 .. 7 0.7 35.3 8 Uruguay 27 49 41.9 153 796 1.7 27.4 2 Nigeria 50 92 17.6 5,740 920 2.7 26.9 1 Uzbekistan 33 17 18.6 50 46 0.6 53.9 .. Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Vanuatu .. .. .. .. 18 8.5 38.5 1 Norway 24 4 93.1 69,054 .. 1.3 54.3 12 Venezuela, RB 119 24 30.6 3,962 2,644 2.8 36.4 2 Oman .. .. 57.8 3,997 ­867 0.4 80.2 3 Vietnam 68 36 32.3 .. 710 4.0 93.6 .. Pakistan 53 44 20.0 10,200 ­308 0.7 33.8 0 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palau .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. 723 .. .. .. .. Panama 19 30 47.2 2,602 1,799 5.0 38.1 1 Yemen, Rep. 95 317 .. .. ­210 ­2.2 60.1 .. Papua New Guinea .. .. 30.4 .. 2 2.1 97.3 19 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 71 20 16.5 0 10 0.0 .. .. Paraguay .. .. 29.7 .. ­14 1.1 43.5 4 Zambia 40 43 15.8 217 126 2.0 50.3 1 Peru 114 23 38.3 13,363 1,400 2.0 29.1 2 Zimbabwe 122 27 11.9 15,632 ­28 0.1 36.5 .. Philippines 62 15 44.9 39,021 2,076 2.5 88.9 70 Poland 58 23 60.1 28,750 9,611 3.2 49.0 3 World 33.5 m 27,561,743 s .. s 2.2 w 40.0 w 23 w Portugal 104 22 84.2 46,338 .. 5.4 56.4 6 Low income 18.0 158,646 3,764 0.8 39.8 7 Puerto Rico .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Middle income 39.0 1,712,619 165,240 3.3 50.8 22 Qatar .. .. 58.9 5,152 .. .. 90.2 0 Lower middle income 33.8 883,032 79,848 3.1 50.3 17 Romania 46 36 33.8 4,561 2,633 3.0 67.8 6 Upper middle income 52.0 829,587 85,392 3.5 51.3 22 Russian Federation 50 7 39.0 124,198 1,488 0.8 50.6 8 Low & middle income 26.8 1,871,265 169,003 2.8 48.9 18 Rwanda .. .. .. .. 5 0.3 19.7 .. East Asia & Pacific 27.1 723,605 36,817 3.0 61.0 31 Samoa .. .. .. .. 1 0.5 57.3 .. Europe & Central Asia 33.8 181,064 36,162 3.0 65.9 8 San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Latin America & Carib. 35.5 609,072 72,067 3.7 37.6 15 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. .. 6 11.7 57.5 .. Middle East & N. Africa 36.4 131,528 7,462 1.0 45.4 4 Saudi Arabia 99 153 58.0 74,855 .. .. 53.3 0 South Asia 25.9 117,817 3,798 0.7 23.4 5 Senegal 58 116 27.8 .. 167 2.7 55.8 5 Sub-Saharan Africa 19.0 108,179 12,697 4.1 56.0 4 Seychelles .. .. 26.4 .. 56 10.4 104.1 .. High income 87.0 25,690,523 .. 2.0 37.9 24 Sierra Leone .. .. 9.6 .. 4 0.5 25.9 .. Europe EMU 89.5 4,164,198 .. 3.4 56.3 19 Singapore 8 6 86.1 117,338 .. 10.1 277.6 60 Slovak Republic 119 13 51.4 1,904 303 7.2 133.5 4 a. This copyrighted material is reprinted with permission from Institutional Investor Inc., 488 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 13057. Slovenia 62 13 65.8 4,606 .. 2.7 103.1 5 Prior written consent must be obtained for third-party use of these data. Solomon Islands .. .. .. .. ­9 ­1.9 74.6 .. Somalia .. .. .. .. 0 .. .. .. South Africa 32 7 52.7 184,622 6,627 6.3 50.9 5 Spain 100 16 87.0 468,203 .. 3.7 43.4 8 Sri Lanka 73 16 33.6 1,681 243 1.1 67.5 3 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. .. 110 24.2 59.8 1 2003 World Bank Atlas 69 Government finance, external debt, and aid Total central Central Military Public Total Total Aid dependency Total central Central Military Public Total Total Aid dependency government government expenditures a expenditure external debt ratios b government government expenditures a expenditure external debt ratios b expenditure overall budget on health debt service expenditure overall budget on health debt service balance balance Including % of exports Aid per Including % of exports Aid per grants of goods Aid as capita grants of goods Aid as capita % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP $ millions and services % of GNI $ % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP $ millions and services % of GNI $ Economy 2000 2000 2001 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 Economy 2000 2000 2001 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 Afghanistan .. .. .. 0.6 .. .. .. 15 Egypt, Arab Rep. .. .. 2.6 1.8 29,234 8.8 1.3 19 Albania 29.8 ­8.5 1.2 2.1 1,094 3.1 6.3 85 El Salvador 17.0 1.7 0.8 3.8 4,683 7.4 1.7 37 Algeria 29.3 9.9 3.5 3.0 22,503 19.5 0.3 6 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. 2.3 239 0.1 2.9 28 American Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eritrea .. .. 27.5 2.8 410 4.5 40.8 67 Andorra .. .. .. 6.8 .. .. .. .. Estonia 31.4 0.2 0.0 4.7 2,852 0.9 1.3 50 Angola .. .. 3.1 2.0 9,600 26.0 3.4 20 Ethiopia 26.8 ­5.0 6.2 1.8 5,697 20.6 c 17.5 16 Antigua and Barbuda .. .. .. 3.3 .. .. 1.3 125 Faeroe Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Argentina 17.0 ­2.3 1.4 4.7 136,709 48.6 0.1 4 Fiji .. .. 2.2 2.5 188 1.5 1.5 32 Armenia .. .. 3.1 3.2 1,001 8.1 9.7 56 Finland 33.4 ­0.3 1.2 5.0 .. .. .. .. Aruba .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ­19 France .. .. 2.5 7.2 .. .. .. .. Australia 23.5 1.4 1.7 6.0 .. .. .. .. French Polynesia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,636 Austria 40.4 .. 0.8 5.6 .. .. .. .. Gabon .. .. .. 2.1 3,409 13.6 0.2 7 Azerbaijan 22.6 ­2.5 2.6 0.6 1,219 4.7 4.3 28 Gambia, The .. .. 1.0 3.4 489 13.8 c 13.3 38 Bahamas, The 19.0 ­0.3 .. 4.4 .. .. .. 27 Georgia 12.4 ­1.6 0.7 0.7 1,714 8.1 9.2 55 Bahrain 25.9 2.2 4.1 2.8 .. .. 0.2 27 Germany 32.7 ­0.9 1.5 8.0 .. .. .. .. Bangladesh 12.7 ­2.8 1.3 1.4 15,216 9.0 2.2 8 Ghana .. .. 0.6 2.2 6,759 8.9 c 12.7 33 Barbados .. .. .. 4.1 701 4.3 0.0 ­4 Greece 30.7 ­4.4 4.6 4.6 .. .. .. .. Belarus 28.9 0.1 1.4 4.7 869 2.7 0.3 4 Greenland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Belgium 45.6 ­1.8 1.3 6.2 .. .. .. .. Grenada .. .. .. 3.4 215 5.4 3.1 115 Belize .. .. .. 2.1 708 24.5 2.9 87 Guam .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Benin .. .. .. 1.6 1,665 10.0 c 11.6 42 Guatemala .. .. 1.0 2.3 4,526 8.5 1.1 19 Bermuda .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Guinea-Bissau .. .. 3.1 2.6 668 0.7 c 32.0 48 Bhutan 38.1 ­3.5 .. 3.7 265 3.3 10.8 71 Guinea 21.0 ­2.4 1.7 1.9 3,254 9.2 c 9.4 36 Bolivia 23.8 ­3.3 1.6 4.9 4,682 16.1 c 9.4 86 Guyana .. .. .. 4.2 1,406 8.0 16.0 133 Bosnia and Herzegovina .. .. 9.5 3.1 2,226 18.3 12.8 157 Haiti 10.5 ­2.3 .. 2.4 1,250 4.5 4.4 20 Botswana .. .. 3.5 3.8 370 1.7 0.6 17 Honduras .. .. .. 4.3 5,051 5.7 10.9 103 Brazil 26.8 ­7.8 1.5 3.4 226,362 28.6 0.1 2 Hungary 40.2 ­3.5 1.8 5.1 30,289 8.5 0.8 41 Brunei .. .. 6.1 2.5 .. .. .. 1 Iceland 29.7 2.3 0.0 7.5 .. .. .. .. Bulgaria 35.3 0.6 2.7 3.0 9,615 15.5 2.6 43 India 16.7 ­5.2 2.5 0.9 97,320 12.6 0.4 2 Burkina Faso .. .. 1.6 3.0 1,490 11.0 c, d 15.7 34 Indonesia 20.5 ­1.1 1.1 0.6 135,704 13.8 1.1 7 Burundi 26.1 ­4.7 8.1 1.6 1,065 36.3 19.3 19 Iran, Islamic Rep. 21.9 ­0.6 4.8 2.5 7,483 4.1 0.1 2 Cambodia .. .. 3.0 2.0 2,704 1.1 12.4 33 Iraq .. .. .. 2.2 .. .. .. 5 Cameroon 15.5 0.1 1.4 1.1 8,338 9.9 c 5.0 26 Ireland .. .. 0.7 5.1 .. .. .. .. Canada 20.3 1.3 1.2 6.6 .. .. .. .. Isle of Man .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Cape Verde .. .. 0.8 1.8 360 7.0 13.1 171 Israel 46.3 0.9 7.7 8.3 .. .. 0.2 27 Cayman Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Italy 41.9 ­1.6 2.0 6.0 .. .. .. .. Central African Republic .. .. .. 1.4 822 11.5 7.9 20 Jamaica 37.3 ­1.2 .. 2.6 4,956 16.8 0.7 21 Chad .. .. 1.5 2.5 1,104 7.7 c 11.2 23 Japan .. .. 1.0 6.0 .. .. .. .. Channel Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Jordan 31.2 ­2.0 8.6 4.2 7,479 14.7 4.9 86 Chile 21.9 0.1 2.9 3.1 38,360 5.2 0.1 4 Kazakhstan 14.3 ­0.6 1.0 2.7 14,372 4.7 0.7 10 China 10.9 ­2.9 2.3 1.9 170,110 4.2 0.1 1 Kenya 26.0 0.6 1.8 1.8 5,833 11.4 4.0 15 Hong Kong, China .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.0 1 Kiribati .. .. .. 8.0 .. .. 17.6 134 Macao, China 17.5 1.6 .. .. .. .. 0.0 1 Korea, Dem. Rep. .. .. .. 1.6 .. .. .. 5 Colombia 19.1 ­7.1 3.8 5.4 36,699 28.1 0.5 9 Korea, Rep. .. .. 2.8 2.6 110,109 7.1 0.0 ­2 Comoros .. .. .. 3.2 246 5.6 12.4 48 Kuwait 44.2 ­9.7 11.3 2.6 .. .. 0.0 2 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.1 0.0 .. 1.1 11,392 0.0 5.3 5 Kyrgyz Republic 18.0 ­2.2 1.7 2.2 1,717 12.0 12.9 38 Congo, Rep. 25.5 1.2 .. 1.5 4,496 3.3 3.9 24 Lao PDR .. .. 2.1 1.3 2,495 9.0 14.5 45 Costa Rica 22.3 ­1.3 .. 4.4 4,586 8.2 0.0 1 Latvia 31.6 ­2.7 1.2 3.5 5,710 2.9 1.4 45 Côte d'Ivoire 17.9 ­1.1 .. 1.0 11,582 8.1 1.9 11 Lebanon 35.7 ­16.2 5.5 2.5 12,450 40.5 1.4 55 Croatia 46.5 ­4.9 2.6 8.0 10,742 13.7 0.6 26 Lesotho 49.7 ­3.6 3.1 5.2 592 12.4 5.5 26 Cuba .. .. .. 6.1 .. .. .. 5 Liberia .. .. .. 3.0 1,987 0.6 8.3 11 Cyprus 36.9 ­5.5 3.1 4.3 .. .. 0.5 65 Libya .. .. .. 1.6 .. .. .. 2 Czech Republic 36.8 ­3.0 2.1 6.6 21,691 4.4 0.6 31 Liechtenstein .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark 34.9 1.6 1.6 6.8 .. .. .. .. Lithuania 27.6 ­1.3 1.8 4.3 5,248 5.9 1.1 37 Djibouti .. .. .. 4.2 262 5.4 9.4 85 Luxembourg .. .. 0.8 5.3 .. .. .. .. Dominica .. .. .. 4.3 207 11.9 8.5 277 Macedonia, FYR .. .. 7.0 5.1 1,423 10.3 7.3 121 Dominican Republic 16.0 1.0 .. 1.8 5,093 6.6 0.5 12 Madagascar 17.1 ­2.4 1.2 2.5 4,160 3.4 c 7.8 22 Ecuador .. .. 2.1 1.2 13,910 22.0 1.1 13 Malawi .. .. 0.8 3.6 2,602 15.3 c 23.4 38 70 2003 World Bank Atlas 9 Total central Central Military Public Total Total Aid dependency Total central Central Military Public Total Total Aid dependency government government expenditures a expenditure external debt ratios b government government expenditures a expenditure external debt ratios b expenditure overall budget on health debt service expenditure overall budget on health debt service balance balance Including % of exports Aid per Including % of exports Aid per grants of goods Aid as capita grants of goods Aid as capita % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP $ millions and services % of GNI $ % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP $ millions and services % of GNI $ Economy 2000 2000 2001 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 Economy 2000 2000 2001 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 Malaysia .. .. 2.2 1.5 43,351 3.6 0.0 1 St. Lucia .. .. .. 2.7 238 6.9 2.6 104 Maldives 38.9 ­4.6 .. 6.3 235 4.3 4.5 89 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 33.9 ­2.2 .. 4.1 194 6.9 2.6 75 Mali .. .. 2.0 2.2 2,890 6.6 c 13.9 32 Sudan 8.7 ­0.9 3.0 1.0 15,348 3.2 1.5 5 Malta 42.3 ­5.6 0.8 6.0 1,531 2.6 0.0 4 Suriname .. .. .. 5.5 .. .. 3.4 55 Marshall Islands .. .. .. 5.8 .. .. 63.7 1,410 Swaziland 30.0 ­0.9 1.5 3.0 308 2.5 2.3 27 Mauritania .. .. 2.1 3.4 2,164 16.5 c,d 26.6 95 Sweden 39.3 0.1 2.0 6.5 .. .. .. .. Mauritius 24.0 ­1.3 0.2 1.9 1,724 4.7 0.5 18 Switzerland 26.7 3.0 1.1 5.9 .. .. .. .. Mayotte .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Syrian Arab Republic 23.2 0.7 6.2 1.6 21,305 2.1 0.8 9 Mexico 16.0 ­1.3 0.5 2.5 158,290 14.1 0.0 1 Tajikistan 11.3 ­0.2 1.2 0.9 1,086 6.3 15.5 25 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. .. .. .. 5.6 .. .. 51.6 1,144 Tanzania .. .. 1.3 2.8 6,676 7.3 c 13.3 36 Moldova 29.6 ­1.3 0.4 2.9 1,214 15.3 7.5 28 Thailand 18.0 ­3.0 1.4 2.1 67,384 7.9 0.3 5 Monaco .. .. .. 3.6 .. .. .. .. Timor-Leste .. .. .. .. .. .. 48.4 259 Mongolia 29.3 ­6.1 2.3 4.6 885 7.9 20.6 88 Togo .. .. .. 1.5 1,406 5.9 3.8 10 Morocco 32.5 ­2.5 4.1 1.3 16,962 21.9 1.6 18 Tonga .. .. .. 3.5 63 7.9 14.4 201 Mozambique .. .. 2.3 2.7 4,466 2.7 c 28.1 52 Trinidad and Tobago .. .. .. 2.6 2,422 3.8 0.0 ­1 Myanmar 8.7 ­3.4 2.3 0.4 5,670 2.8 .. 3 Tunisia 32.0 ­2.6 1.6 2.9 10,884 13.4 2.0 39 Namibia 36.2 ­3.6 2.8 4.2 .. .. 3.4 61 Turkey 39.4 ­11.4 4.9 3.6 115,118 24.6 0.1 3 Nepal 16.0 ­3.3 1.1 0.9 2,700 6.2 6.7 16 Turkmenistan .. .. 3.8 4.6 .. .. 1.2 13 Netherlands .. .. 1.6 5.5 .. .. .. .. Uganda 20.4 ­7.2 2.1 1.5 3,733 10.8 c 14.1 34 Netherlands Antilles .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 268 Ukraine 28.3 ­0.6 2.7 2.9 12,811 6.5 1.4 11 New Caledonia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,359 United Arab Emirates 11.2 ­0.3 2.5 2.5 .. .. .. 1 New Zealand 30.8 ­0.3 1.2 6.2 .. .. .. .. United Kingdom 36.0 0.0 2.5 5.9 .. .. .. .. Nicaragua 35.9 ­1.0 1.1 2.3 6,391 16. 7c .. 178 United States 19.2 2.4 3.1 5.8 .. .. .. .. Niger .. .. 1.1 1.8 1,555 6.6 c 12.8 22 Uruguay 31.5 ­3.4 1.3 5.1 9,706 30.3 0.1 5 Nigeria .. .. 1.1 0.5 31,119 11.5 0.5 1 Uzbekistan .. .. 1.1 2.6 4,627 20.6 1.4 6 Northern Mariana Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Vanuatu 25.8 ­1.3 .. 2.4 66 1.1 15.2 157 Norway 36.5 ­3.9 1.8 6.6 .. .. .. .. Venezuela, RB 21.7 ­1.7 1.5 2.7 34,660 20.9 0.0 2 Oman 28.6 ­4.8 12.2 2.3 6,025 6.8 .. 1 Vietnam 23.4 ­2.8 .. 1.3 12,578 6.5 4.4 18 Pakistan 23.1 ­5.5 4.5 0.9 32,019 21.3 3.4 14 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Palau .. .. .. 5.7 .. .. 25.0 1,753 West Bank and Gaza .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.6 280 Panama 28.0 0.3 1.2 5.3 8,245 11.2 0.3 10 Yemen, Rep. 26.7 ­3.5 6.1 2.1 4,954 6.3 5.0 24 Papua New Guinea 31.4 ­2.8 0.8 3.6 2,521 7.1 7.2 39 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. .. .. 4.9 2.9 11,740 2.0 12.1 123 Paraguay 19.4 ­4.0 0.9 3.0 2,817 8.3 0.9 11 Zambia .. .. 0.6 3.5 5,671 13.4 c 10.7 36 Peru 19.3 ­1.8 1.7 2.8 27,512 20.8 0.9 17 Zimbabwe .. .. 3.2 3.1 3,780 3.4 1.8 12 Philippines 19.6 ­4.1 1.0 1.6 52,356 13.3 0.8 7 Poland 34.6 0.3 1.9 4.2 62,393 11.5 0.6 25 World 25.8 w ­1.0 w 2.3 w 5.4 w .. s .. w 0.2 w 10 w Portugal 38.5 ­1.2 2.1 5.8 .. .. .. .. Low income 18.3 ­3.6 2.3 1.1 533,346 11.4 2.4 10 Puerto Rico .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Middle income 21.3 ­3.3 2.5 3.0 1,798,761 e 11.3 0.4 8 Qatar .. .. .. 2.5 .. .. .. 2 Lower middle income 20.7 ­3.8 2.7 2.6 917,109 9.5 0.6 7 Romania 34.2 ­4.0 2.5 1.9 11,653 13.7 1.7 29 Upper middle income 24.4 ­4.7 2.2 3.5 881,566 e 13.7 0.2 7 Russian Federation 22.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 152,649 12.0 0.4 8 Low & middle income 20.7 ­3.3 2.5 2.7 2,332,106 e 11.4 0.9 11 Rwanda .. .. 3.9 2.7 1,283 7.6 c 17.3 33 East Asia & Pacific 15.0 ­3.7 2.1 1.8 504,125 6.1 0.5 4 Samoa .. .. .. 3.9 204 7.1 17.0 248 Europe & Central Asia 30.5 ­1.3 3.0 4.0 497,827 11.4 1.0 21 San Marino .. .. .. 10.0 .. .. .. .. Latin America & Carib. 21.9 ­4.8 1.3 3.3 764,880 19.4 0.3 11 São Tomé and Principe .. .. .. 1.6 313 9.9 90.6 251 Middle East & N. Africa .. .. 6.7 2.9 200,641 11.3 0.7 16 Saudi Arabia .. .. 11.3 4.2 .. .. 0.0 1 South Asia 17.9 ­5.4 2.6 1.0 161,657 12.9 1.0 4 Senegal 20.6 ­1.2 1.5 2.6 3,461 9.3 c 9.2 43 Sub-Saharan Africa 25.9 ­1.6 1.8 2.5 202,976 9.0 4.6 21 Seychelles 57.9 ­14.6 1.8 4.1 215 2.1 2.4 164 High income .. .. 2.3 6.0 .. .. 0.0 1 Sierra Leone 20.9 ­8.5 3.6 2.6 1,188 74.3 c 45.8 65 Europe EMU .. .. 1.8 6.7 .. .. .. .. Singapore 18.8 10.0 5.0 1.2 .. .. 0.0 0 Slovak Republic 40.5 ­3.0 1.9 5.3 11,121 6.2 0.8 30 a. Data for some countries are based on partial or uncertain data or rough estimates from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. b. Regional Slovenia 40.2 ­1.3 1.4 6.8 .. .. 0.7 63 aggregates include data for economies not specified elsewhere. World and income group totals include aid not allocated by country or region. The 2001 data Solomon Islands .. .. .. 5.6 163 2.7 22.2 137 exclude aid from the World Food Program. c. Data are from debt sustainability analyses undertaken as part of the debt initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Somalia .. .. .. 0.9 2,532 .. .. 16 Countries (HIPC). Present value estimates for these countries are for public and publicly guaranteed debt only, and export figures exclude workers' remit- South Africa 29.1 ­2.2 1.6 3.7 24,050 6.8 0.4 10 tances. d. Enhanced HIPC assistance will be accoounted for in the 2004 Global development finance. e. Includes data for Gibraltar. Spain .. .. 1.2 5.4 .. .. .. .. Sri Lanka 25.7 ­9.5 3.9 1.8 8,529 9.2 2.0 18 St. Kitts and Nevis .. .. .. 3.1 189 13.5 3.4 236 2003 World Bank Atlas 71 Millennium Development Goals Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day · Proportion of population below $1 a daya · Poverty gap ratio (incidence times depth of poverty) · Share of poorest quintile in national consumption Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger · Prevalence of underweight in children (under five years of age) · Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full · Net enrollment ratio in primary education course of primary schooling · Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 · Literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-olds Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all · Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education levels of education no later than 2015 · Ratio of literate females to males among 15- to 24-year-olds · Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector · Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate · Under-five mortality rate · Infant mortality rate · Proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles Goal 5 Improve maternal health Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio · Maternal mortality ratio · Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS · HIV prevalence among 15- to 24-year-old pregnant women · Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rateb · Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDSc Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases · Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria · Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measuresd · Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis · Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and · Proportion of land area covered by forest reverse the loss of environmental resources · Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area · Energy use per unit of GDP · Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) and consumption of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons · Proportion of population using solid fuels 72 2003 World Bank Atlas Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration Indicators for monitoring progress Goal 7 Continued Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water · Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers · Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation · Proportion of households with access to secure tenure Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system Some of the indicators listed below will be monitored separately for the least developed countries, Africa, (includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction--both landlocked countries, and small island developing states. nationally and internationally) Official development assistance (ODA) · Net ODA, total and to least developed countries, as a percentage of DAC donors' gross national income (GNI) · Proportion of bilateral ODA for basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water, Address the special needs of the least developed countries (includes tariff- and quota-free access and sanitation) for exports, enhanced program of debt relief for and cancellation of official bilateral debt, and · Proportion of bilateral ODA that is untied more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction) · ODA received by landlocked countries as a proportion of their GNI · ODA received by small island developing states as a proportion of their GNI Market access Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing states (through the · Proportion of total developed country imports (excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and 22nd countries admitted free of duties General Assembly provisions) · Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing · Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their GDP · Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacitye Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and Debt sustainability international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term · Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and completion points (cumulative) · Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative · Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and · Unemployment rate of 15- to 24-year-olds, male and female and totalf productive work for youth In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs · Proportion of population with access to affordable, essential drugs on a sustainable basis in developing countries In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, · Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 people especially information and communications technologies · Personal computers in use per 100 people · Internet users per 100 people a. For monitoring at the country level, national poverty lines should be used. b. Among contraceptive methods, only condoms are effective in reducing the spread of HIV. c. The proportion of orphan to nonorphan 10­ to 14-year-olds who are attending school. d. Percentage of children under five sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets (prevention) and appropriately treated (treatment). e. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization are collecting data, which will be available from 2001 on. f. An improved measure of the target is under development by the International Labour Organization. 2003 World Bank Atlas 73 Definitions, sources, and notes United Nations High Commissioner for whose sexual partners are practicing, Refugees) any form of contraception. It is usually Agricultural machinery Wheel and Carbon dioxide emissions Emissions measured for married women ages crawler tractors (excluding garden trac- stemming from the burning of fossil 15­49 only. (Source: WHO) tors) in use in agriculture. (Source: FAO) Births attended by skilled health staff fuels (including the consumption of The percentage of deliveries attended solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flar- Crop production index Agricultural pro- Agricultural productivity The ratio of agri- by personnel trained to give the neces- ing) and the manufacture of cement. duction for each period relative to the cultural value added, measured in con- sary supervision, care, and advice to (Source: Carbon Dioxide Information base period 1989­91. It includes all stant 1995 US dollars, to the number of women during pregnancy, labor, and the Analysis Center) crops except fodder crops. (Source: workers in agriculture. (Source: FAO) postpartum period, to conduct deliver- FAO) ies on their own, and to care for new- Cereal yield Includes wheat, rice, Agricultural products Plant and animal borns. (Source: WHO) maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, Current account balance The sum of products, including tree crops but sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed net exports of goods and services, net excluding timber and fish products. Business, cost to register Includes grains, measured in kilograms per income, and net current transfers (Source: FAO) costs of all required procedures for hectare of harvested land. Production recorded in the balance of payments. legally operating a business. It is nor- data on cereals refer to crops harvest- (Source: IMF) Agriculture Includes hunting, forestry, malized by presenting it as a percent- ed for dry grain only. (Source: FAO) and fishing and corresponds to age of gross national income (GNI) per International Standard Industrial capita. (Source: World Bank) Child malnutrition, prevalence of The Debt, total external Debt owed to non- Classification (ISIC) divisions 1­5. percentage of children under five whose residents repayable in foreign currency, Business, costs to enforce a contract weight for age is more than two standard goods, or services. It is the sum of pub- Aid dependency ratios Net official aid Filing fees, court costs, and estimated deviations below the median for the inter- lic, publicly guaranteed, and private and official development assistance as attorney fees. (Source: World Bank's national reference population ages 0­59 nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of a percentage of GNI and aid per capita Doing Business Project) months. The reference population, adopt- IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short- provide a measure of the recipient ed by the World Health Organization in term debt includes all debt having an country's dependency on aid. They are Business, time to resolve an insolven- 1983, is based on children from the original maturity of one year or less and calculated using values in U.S. dollars cy The number of calendar days from United States, who are assumed to be interest in arrears on long-term debt. converted at official exchange rates. the moment of filing for insolvency in well nourished. (Source: WHO) (Source: World Bank) (Source: OECD) court until the moment of actual reso- lution of distressed assets. (Source: Civil war conflicts Internal conflicts Debt service, total The sum of princi- Aid, net official Grants and loans (net World Bank's Doing Business Project) between a government and a rebel organ- pal repayments and interest actually of repayments) that meet the criteria ization, with 1,000 or more deaths in the paid in foreign currency, goods, or serv- for official development assistance and Business, time to start up The time, in country and with at least 5 percent of the ices on long-term debt, interest paid on are made to countries and territories in calendar days, needed to complete all deaths on each side of the conflict. short-term debt, and repayments part II of the Development Assistance the procedures required to legally oper- (repurchases and charges) to the Committee's list of aid recipients. ate a business. If a procedure can be Computers, personal Self-contained International Monetary Fund. (Source: (Source: OECD) speeded up at additional cost, the computers designed to be used by a World Bank) fastest procedure, regardless of cost, single individual. (Source: ITU) Asylum seekers People who flee their is chosen. Time spent gathering infor- Deforestation The permanent conversion own country and seek sanctuary in a sec- mation about the registration process Contraceptive prevalence rate The per- of natural forest area to other uses, ond state and apply for asylum. (Source: is excluded. (Source: World Bank) centage of women who are practicing, or including shifting cultivation, permanent 74 2003 World Bank Atlas agriculture, ranching, settlements, and heat and power plants less transmis- Enrollment ratio, net The ratio of chil- includes nitrogenous, potash, and infrastructure development. Deforested sion, distribution, and transformation dren who are enrolled in an education phosphate fertilizers (including ground areas do not include areas logged but losses and own use by heat and power level and are of the official age for that rock phosphate). The time reference for intended for regeneration or areas plants. (Source: IEA) level (as defined by the national educa- fertilizer consumption is the crop year degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid pre- tion system) to all children of that age. (July through June). (Source: FAO) cipitation, or forest fires. Negative num- Electric power transmission and distri- (Source: UNESCO Institute for bers indicate an increase in forest area. bution losses Losses in transmission Statistics) Financing from abroad (obtained from (Source: FAO) between sources of supply and points of nonresidents) and domestic financing distribution and in distribution to con- Exchange rate, official The exchange (obtained from residents) The means Dependency ratios The ratios of sumers, including pilferage. (Source: IEA) rate determined by national authorities by which a government provides finan- dependents--people younger than 15 or the rate determined in the legally cial resources to cover a budget deficit and older than 64--to the working-age Energy, net imports Calculated as sanctioned exchange market. It is cal- or allocates financial resources arising population-those ages 15­64. (Source: energy use less production, both meas- culated as an annual average based on from a budget surplus. The data include World Bank) ured in oil equivalents. A negative value monthly averages (local currency units all government liabilities--other than indicates that the country is a net relative to the U.S. dollar). (Source: those for currency issues or demand, exporter. (Source: IEA) IMF) time, or savings deposits with govern- Education, primary Provides children ment--or claims on others held by gov- with basic reading, writing, and mathe- Energy production, commercial Refers Expenditure, total central government ernment, and changes in government matics skills along with an elementary to commercial forms of primary ener- Includes nonrepayable current and cap- holdings of cash and deposits. They understanding of such subjects as his- gy--petroleum (crude oil, natural gas ital expenditures, but does not include exclude government guarantees of the tory, geography, natural science, social liquids, and oil from nonconventional government lending or repayments to debt of others. (Source: IMF) science, art, and music. (Source: sources), natural gas, and solid fuels the government or government acquisi- UNESCO) (coal, lignite, and other derived fuels)-- tion of equity for public policy purposes. Food production index Covers food and primary electricity, all converted (Source: IMF) crops that are considered edible and that Education, public expenditure on Public into oil equivalents. (Source: IEA) contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are spending on public education plus sub- excluded because, although edible, they sidies to private education at the pri- Energy use, commercial Refers to Female to male enrollments in primary have no nutritive value. (Source: FAO) mary, secondary, and tertiary levels. apparent consumption of commercial and secondary school The ratio of (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) energy, which is equal to domestic pro- female students enrolled in primary and Foreign direct investment Net inflows of duction plus imports and stock secondary school to male students. investment to acquire a lasting manage- Education, secondary Completes the changes, minus exports and fuels sup- (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) ment interest (10 percent or more of vot- provision of basic education that began plied to ships and aircraft engaged in ing stock) in an enterprise operating in an at the primary level. It is aimed at lay- international transport. (Source: IEA) Fertility rate, total The number of chil- economy other than that of the investor. ing the foundations for lifelong learning dren that would be born to a woman if It is the sum of equity capital, reinvest- and human development by offering Enrollment ratio, gross The ratio of she were to live to the end of her child- ment of earnings, other long-term capital, more subject- or skill-oriented instruc- children who are enrolled in an educa- bearing years and bear children in and short-term capital as shown in the tion using more specialized teachers. tion level, regardless of age, to all chil- accordance with current age-specific balance of payments. (Source: IMF) (Source: UNESCO) dren of the official age for that level (as fertility rates. (Source: WHO) defined by the national education sys- Forest area Land under natural or Electric power consumption The pro- tem). (Source: UNESCO Institute for Fertilizer consumption The plant nutri- planted stands of trees, whether pro- duction of power plants and combined Statistics) ents used per unit of arable land. It ductive or not. (Source: FAO) 2003 World Bank Atlas 75 Freshwater resources Total renewable product taxes (less subsidies) not lar has the same purchasing power everyday life. (Source: UNESCO Institute resources in the country and river flows included in the value of the products. It over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the for Statistics) from other countries. (Source: World is calculated using purchaser prices United States. (Source: World Bank) Resources Institute) and without deductions for the depreci- Illiteracy rate, youth The illiteracy rate ation of fabricated assets or for the among people ages 15­24. (Source: Freshwater withdrawals, annual Total depletion and degradation of natural Health, public expenditure on Current UNESCO Institute for Statistics) water withdrawals, not counting evapo- resources. (Source: World Bank) and capital spending from government ration losses from storage basins but (central and local) budgets, external Industry Comprises mining, manufac- including water from desalination plants Gross domestic product (GDP) per borrowings, and grants (including dona- turing, construction, electricity, water, in countries where they are a significant capita Gross domestic product divided tions from international agencies and and gas, corresponding to International source. Withdrawal data are for single by midyear population. (Source: World nongovernmental organizations) and Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) years between 1980 and 2000. Bank) social (or compulsory) health insurance divisions 10­45. Manufacturing refers Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of funds. (Source: WHO) to industries in divisions 15­37. total renewable resources where extrac- Gross domestic product (GDP) per unit tion from nonrenewable aquifers or of energy use The PPP GDP per kilo- Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Inflation rate The average annual rate desalination plants is considerable or gram of oil equivalent of commercial (HIPC) Initiative An initiative by official of overall price change for all goods and where there is significant water reuse. energy use. PPP GDP is gross domestic creditors designed to help the poorest, services included in GDP. (Source: World Resources Institute) product converted to international dol- most heavily indebted countries escape lars using purchasing power parity from unsustainable debt. (Source: Institutional Investor credit rating A rates. An international dollar has the World Bank) ranking, from 0 to 100, of the chances Gross capital formation Outlays on same purchasing power over GDP as a of a country's defaulting on its debt. additions to the fixed assets of the U.S. dollar has in the United States. High-income economies Those with a (Source: Institutional Investor) economy, net of changes in the level of (Source: World Bank) gross national income (GNI) per capita inventories, and net acquisitions of of $9,206 or more in 2001. Interest payments Payments of inter- valuables. Fixed assets include land Gross national income (GNI) Gross est on government debt--including improvements (fences, ditches, drains, domestic product (GDP) plus net High-technology exports Products with long-term bonds, long-term loans, and and so on); plant, machinery, and receipts of primary income (compensa- a high intensity of research and devel- other debt instruments--to both equipment purchases; and the con- tion of employees and property income) opment. They include products such as domestic and foreign residents. struction of roads, railways, and the from abroad. Data are shown in dollars those in aerospace, computers, phar- (Source: World Bank) like, including schools, offices, hospi- using the World Bank Atlas method. maceuticals, scientific instruments, tals, private residential dwellings, and (Source: World Bank) and electrical machinery. (Source: UN) Internally displaced persons of concern commercial and industrial buildings. to UNHCR People who flee their homes Inventories are stocks of goods held by Gross national income (GNI) per capi- HIV, prevalence of The percentage of for the same reasons as refugees but firms to meet temporary or unexpected ta Gross national income divided by people ages 15­24 who are infected remain within their own country and are fluctuations in production or sales, and midyear population. (Source: World with HIV. (Source: UNAIDS) thus subject to the laws of that state. "work in progress." (Source: World Bank) They include certain groups of war-affect- Bank, OECD, UN) ed populations. (Source: United Nations Gross national income (GNI), PPP Illiteracy rate, adult The percentage of High Commissioner for Refugees) Gross domestic product (GDP) The Gross national income converted to people ages 15 and above who cannot, sum of gross value added by all resi- international dollars using purchasing with understanding, read and write a Internet users People with access to dent producers in the economy plus any power parity rates. An international dol- short, simple statement about their the worldwide network. (Source: ITU) 76 2003 World Bank Atlas Low-income economies Those with a Mortality ratio, maternal The number of gross national income (GNI) per capita women who die from pregnancy-related Land, arable Land under temporary of $745 or less in 2001. causes during pregnancy and childbirth, Particulate matter Fine suspended crops (double-cropped areas are count- per 100,000 live births. The data shown particulates less than 10 microns in ed once), temporary meadows for mow- have been collected in various years diameter that are capable of penetrat- ing or for pasture, land under market or Measles immunization rate The per- and adjusted to a common 1995 base ing deep into the respiratory tract and kitchen gardens, and land temporarily centage of children under one year of year. They are modeled estimates causing significant health damage. fallow. Land abandoned as a result of age receiving vaccination coverage for based on an exercise by the World (Source: World Bank) shifting cultivation is excluded. (Source: measles. (Source: WHO) Health Organization and United Nations FAO) Children's Fund. (Source: WHO, UNICEF) Paved roads Roads surfaced with Middle-income economies Those with crushed stone (macadam) and a hydro- Land under cereal production Refers to a gross national income (GNI) per capi- carbon binder (such as tar), concrete, harvested areas, although some coun- ta of more than $745 but less than Nationally protected areas Totally or par- or cobblestones, as a percentage of all tries report only sown or cultivated $9,206. tially protected areas of at least 1,000 the country's roads, measured by area. (Source: FAO) hectares that are designated as national length. (Source: IRF) Military expenditures Includes all cur- parks, natural monuments, nature Life expectancy at birth The number of rent and capital expenditures on the reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protect- Permanent cropland Land cultivated years a newborn infant would live if pre- armed forces, including peacekeeping ed landscapes or seascapes, or scientif- with crops that occupy the land for vailing patterns of mortality at the time forces; defense ministries and other gov- ic reserves with limited public access. long periods and need not be replant- of its birth were to stay the same ernment agencies engaged in defense The data do not include sites protected ed after each harvest, such as cocoa, throughout its life. (Source: World projects; paramilitary forces, when under local or provincial law. Total land coffee, and rubber. It includes land Bank) judged to be trained and equipped for area is used to calculate the percentage under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut military operations; and military space of total area protected. (Source: World trees, and vines, but excludes land Literacy rate, adult The percentage of activities. Excluded are civil defense and Conservation Monitoring Centre) under trees grown for wood or timber. people ages 15 and above who can, with current expenditures for previous mili- (Source: FAO) understanding, read and write a short, tary activities, such as for veterans' ben- simple statement about their everyday efits, demobilization, conversion, and Official development assistance (ODA) Phones, fixed lines and mobile phone life. (Source: UNESCO Institute for weapon destruction. (Source: Stockholm Comprises grants and loans (net of subscribers Telephone mainlines con- Statistics) International Peace Research Institute) repayments of principal) that meet the necting a customer's equipment to the Development Assistance Committee public switched telephone network, and Literate females to males, ratio of The Mortality rate, infant The number of (DAC) definition of ODA and are made users of portable telephones who sub- ratio of females ages 15­24 who are infants dying before reaching the age of to developing countries and territories scribe to a service that uses cellular literate to males in that age group who one year, per 1,000 live births in a in Part I of the DAC's list of recipients. technology to provide access to the net- are literate. (Source: UNESCO Institute given year. (Source: World Bank) (Source: OECD) work. (Source: ITU) for Statistics) Mortality rate, under-five The probabil- Official development assistance (ODA) Poorest quintile, share in national Livestock production index Includes ity that a newborn baby will die before provided for basic social services As income or consumption The share of meat and milk from all sources, dairy reaching age five, if subject to current reported by Development Assistance Com- consumption or, in some cases, products such as cheese, and eggs, age-specific mortality rates. The proba- mittee members, aid provided for basic income that accrues to the poorest 20 honey, raw silk, wool, and hides and bility is expressed as a rate per 1,000. health, education, nutrition, and water percent of the population. (Source: skins. (Source: FAO) (Source: World Bank) and sanitation services. (Source: OECD) World Bank) 2003 World Bank Atlas 77 Population, total Includes all residents Poverty gap The mean shortfall from the same amount of goods and services in reflect the sum of output of services, regardless of legal status or citizen- poverty line (counting the nonpoor as hav- the domestic market as a U.S. dollar including banking and financial services. ship--except for refugees not perma- ing zero shortfall), expressed as a per- would buy in the United States. nently settled in the country of asylum, centage of the poverty line. This measure (Source: World Bank) Small and medium-size enterprises who are generally considered part of reflects the depth of poverty as well as its Microenterprises (10 employees or the population of their country of origin. incidence. (Source: World Bank) less), small enterprises (10 to 50 (Source: World Bank) Refugees People who are outside their employees), and medium-size enterpris- Population below the poverty line, country and cannot return owing to a es (50 to 300 employees). (Source: Population, average annual growth rural The percentage of the rural popu- well-founded fear of persecution World Bank/ International Finance rate The exponential change in popula- lation living below the national rural because of their race, religion, nation- Corporation) tion for the period indicated. (Source: poverty line. (Source: World Bank) ality, political opinion, or membership in World Bank) a particular social group. (Source: Stock market capitalization The aver- Population below the poverty line , United Nations High Commissioner for age price of shares times the number of Population below $1 a day The per- urban The percentage of the urban pop- Refugees) shares outstanding (also known as mar- centage of the population living on less ulation living below the national urban ket value). (Source: Standard & Poor's) than $1.08 a day at 1993 international poverty line. (Source: World Bank) Revenue, current Includes all revenue prices. As a result of revisions in pur- of the central government from taxes Surface area A country's total area, chasing power parity exchange rates, Pregnant women receiving prenatal and current nontax revenues (other including areas under inland bodies of they cannot be compared with poverty care The percentage of women attended than grants), such as fines, fees, recov- water and some coastal waterways. rates reported in previous editions for at least once during pregnancy by skilled eries, and income from property or (Source: FAO) individual countries. (Source: World health personnel for reasons related to sales. (Source: IMF) Bank) pregnancy. (Source: UN) Survey year The year in which the underlying data were collected. Population below $2 a day The per- Primary completion rate The number of Sanitation facilities, access to centage of the population living on less students successfully completing the last improved The share of the population than $2.15 a day at 1993 international year of (or graduating from) primary with access to at least adequate excre- Tariff, simple mean The unweighted prices. (Source: World Bank) school in a given year, divided by the num- ta disposal facilities (private or shared average of the effectively applied rates ber of children of official graduation age in but not public) that can effectively pre- for all products subject to tariffs. Population density Midyear population the population. (Source: World Bank) vent human, animal, and insect contact (Source: World Bank, UNCTAD, WTO) divided by land area in square kilometers. with excreta. Improved facilities range Private capital flows, net Consist of from simple but protected pit latrines to Tetanus vaccinations The percentage of Population, rural Calculated as the dif- private debt and nondebt flows. Private flush toilets with a sewerage connec- pregnant women who receive two tetanus ference between the total population debt flows include commercial bank tion. To be effective, facilities must be toxoid injections during their first preg- and the urban population. (Source: lending, bonds, and other private cred- correctly constructed and properly nancy and one booster shot during each World Bank) its. Nondebt flows include foreign direct maintained. (Source: WHO, UNICEF) subsequent pregnancy. (Source: WHO) investment and portfolio equity invest- Population, urban The population ment. (Source: IMF) Services Corresponds to International Trade in goods as a share of GDP The of urban agglomerations--contiguous Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) sum of merchandise exports and inhabited territories defined without Purchasing power parity (PPP) conver- divisions 50­99. This sector is derived imports divided by the value of GDP, all regard to administrative boundaries. sion factor The number of units of a as a residual (from GDP less agriculture in current U.S. dollars. (Source: WTO, (Source: World Bank) country's currency required to buy the and industry) and may not properly World Bank) 78 2003 World Bank Atlas Tuberculosis, incidence of The esti- to remain employed for more than a Data sources refers to any economy for which the mated number of new cases of tuber- year in another economy than the one in The indicators presented in the World authorities report separate social or culosis (pulmonary, smear positive, which they are considered residents. Bank Atlas are compiled by internation- economic statistics. extrapulmonary). (Source: WHO) al agencies and by public and private The regional groupings of countries World Bank Atlas method The Atlas organizations, usually on the basis of include only low- and middle-income method of calculating gross national survey data and administrative statis- economies. Value added The net output of an indus- income (GNI) per capita. It converts tics obtained from national govern- For the income groups, every econ- try after adding up all outputs and sub- national currency units to U.S. dollars ments. The principal source of each omy is classified as low income, middle tracting intermediate inputs. The at prevailing exchange rates, adjusted indicator is given in parentheses follow- income or high income. industrial origin of value added is deter- for inflation and averaged over three ing the indicator definition. The World Low-income economies are those with mined by the International Standard years. The purpose is to reduce the Bank publishes these and many other a GNI per capita of $745 or less in Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3. effect of exchange rate fluctuations in statistical series in the World 2001. Middle-income economies are the cross-country comparison of nation- Development Indicators, available in those with a GNI per capita of more al incomes. print, CD-ROM, and online. More infor- than $745 but less than $9,206. Water source, access to an improved mation about development statistics is Lower-middle-income and upper-mid- The share of the population with rea- available at www.worldbank.org/data. dle-income economies are separated sonable access to water from an Youth unemployment The share of the Excerpts from the World Bank Atlas, at a GNI per capita of $2,975. High- improved source, such as a household labor force ages 15­24 without work additional information about sources, income economies are those with a connection, public standpipe, borehole, but available for and seeking employ- definitions, and statistical methods, and GNI per capita of $9,206 or more. protected well or spring, or rainwater ment. Definitions of labor force and suggestions for further reading are avail- The 12 participating member countries collection. Unimproved sources include unemployment differ by country. able at www.worldbank.org/data/atlas. of the European Monetary Union are: vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotect- (Source: ILO) Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, ed wells and springs. Reasonable Data notes and symbols Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxem- access is defined as the availability of The data in this book are for the most bourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. at least 20 liters a person per day from recent year unless otherwise noted. a source within one kilometer of the · Growth rates are proportional Symbols used in data tables: dwelling. (Source: WHO, UNICEF) changes from the previous year .. means that data are not avail- unless otherwise noted. able or that aggregates can- Women at risk of unintended pregnan- · Regional aggregates include data for not be calculated because of cy Fertile, married women of reproduc- low- and middle-income economies missing data. tive age who do not want to become only. 0 or 0.0 means zero or less than half pregnant and are not using contracep- · Figures in italics indicate data for the unit shown. tion. (Source: WHO) years or periods other than those $ means current U.S. dollars. specified. m (median), s (simple total), t (total Women in parliament Share of seats Data are shown for economies with including estimates for missing data), held by women in the lower or single populations greater than 30,000 or w (weighted average) are used to house of the national parliament. less if they are members of the World describe the calculation of the income (Source: IPU) Bank. The term country (used inter- and regional aggregates in the tables. changeably with economy) does not Workers' remittances Current transfers imply political independence or official by migrants who are employed or intend recognition by the World Bank but 2003 World Bank Atlas 79 GNI per capita, 2001--World Bank Atlas method Rank $ Rank $ Rank $ Rank $ Rank $ 1 Luxembourg 39,840 57 Saudi Arabia 8,460 105 Thailand 1,940 150 Solomon Islands 590 197 Tajikistan 180 2 Liechtenstein .. a 60 Argentina 6,940 106 Colombia 1,890 152 Cameroon 580 199 Eritrea 160 3 Switzerland 38,330 62 Palau 6,780 107 Suriname 1,810 152 Papua New Guinea 580 199 Guinea-Bissau 160 4 Norway 35,630 63 St. Kitts and Nevis 6,630 108 Jordan 1,750 154 Armenia 570 199 Malawi 160 5 Japan 35,610 64 Seychelles 6,530 108 Russian Federation 1,750 155 Uzbekistan 550 203 Liberia 140 6 Bermuda .. a 65 Oman 6,180 c 110 Romania 1,720 156 Lesotho 530 203 Sierra Leone 140 7 United States 34,280 66 Trinidad and Tobago 5,960 111 Macedonia, FYR 1,690 157 Timor-Leste 520 206 Burundi 100 8 Denmark 30,600 68 Uruguay 5,710 112 Guatemala 1,680 158 Angola 500 206 Ethiopia 100 9 Cayman Islands .. a 69 Mexico 5,530 112 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1,680 159 Senegal 490 208 Congo, Dem. Rep. 80 10 Iceland 28,910 70 Czech Republic 5,310 114 Algeria 1,650 160 Haiti 480 11 San Marino .. a 71 Hungary 4,830 114 Bulgaria 1,650 160 Zimbabwe 480 12 Sweden 25,400 72 Venezuela, RB 4,760 116 Egypt, Arab Rep. 1,530 162 India 460 13 Hong Kong, China 25,330 73 Chile 4,590 116 Tonga 1,530 163 Yemen, Rep. 450 14 United Kingdom 25,120 74 Croatia 4,550 119 Samoa 1,490 164 Pakistan 420 15 Monaco .. a 75 Poland 4,230 120 Kazakhstan 1,350 165 Guinea 410 16 Netherlands 24,330 76 Costa Rica 4,060 120 Paraguay 1,350 165 Vietnam 410 17 Austria 23,940 77 Lebanon 4,010 120 West Bank and Gaza 1,350 167 Moldova 400 18 Belgium 23,850 78 St. Lucia 3,950 123 Albania 1,340 167 Mongolia 400 19 Finland 23,780 79 Estonia 3,870 123 Cape Verde 1,340 169 Benin 380 20 Germany 23,560 80 Mauritius 3,830 125 Swaziland 1,300 169 Comoros 380 22 Ireland 22,850 81 Slovak Republic 3,760 126 Belarus 1,290 172 Bangladesh 360 23 France b 22,730 82 Grenada 3,610 127 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,240 172 Mauritania 360 25 Canada 21,930 83 Lithuania 3,350 128 Morocco 1,190 174 Kenya 350 26 Singapore 21,500 84 Malaysia 3,330 129 Ecuador 1,080 175 Sudan 340 Note: Rankings include all 208 economies 29 Australia 19,900 85 Panama 3,260 130 Vanuatu 1,050 176 Gambia, The 320 presented in tables 1­9, but only those that 30 Italy 19,390 86 Latvia 3,230 131 Syrian Arab Republic 1,040 176 Zambia 320 have confirmed Atlas GNI per capita estimates 31 Kuwait 18,270 87 Dominica 3,200 132 Philippines 1,030 178 Lao PDR 300 for 2001 or rank in the top 20 are shown. 34 French Polynesia 17,290 c 88 Gabon 3,160 134 Bolivia 950 179 Ghana 290 35 Israel 16,750 89 Botswana 3,100 134 Turkmenistan 950 179 Nigeria 290 Estimated ranges for economies that do not have confirmed Atlas GNI per capita figures are: 38 New Caledonia 15,060 c 90 Brazil 3,070 136 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 930 182 Kyrgyz Republic 280 High income ($9,206 and above): Andorra, 39 Bahamas, The 14,860 c 91 Belize 2,940 137 Honduras 900 182 São Tomé and Principe 280 Aruba, Brunei, Channel Islands, Faeroe Islands, 40 Macao, China 14,380 92 South Africa 2,820 138 China 890 184 Cambodia 270 Greenland, Guam, Netherlands Antilles, 41 Spain 14,300 93 Jamaica 2,800 138 Djibouti 890 184 Tanzania d 270 Northern Mariana Islands, Qatar, United Arab 44 New Zealand 13,250 94 St. Vincent & Grenadines 2,740 140 Sri Lanka 880 184 Togo 270 Emirates, and Virgin Islands (U.S.). Upper middle income ($2,976­$9,205): American 46 Cyprus 12,320 95 Turkey 2,530 141 Guyana 840 187 Central African Republic 260 Samoa, Isle of Man, Libya, and Mayotte. Lower 47 Greece 11,430 96 Dominican Republic 2,230 142 Kiribati 830 187 Madagascar 260 middle income ($746­$2,975): Cuba and Iraq. 49 Bahrain 11,130 97 Marshall Islands 2,190 143 Ukraine 720 187 Uganda 260 Low income ($745 or less): Afghanistan, Korea, 50 Puerto Rico 10,950 98 Fiji 2,150 144 Equatorial Guinea 700 190 Nepal 250 Dem. Rep., Myanmar, Nicaragua, and Somalia. 51 Portugal 10,900 98 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 2,150 145 Indonesia 690 191 Mali 230 52 Slovenia 9,760 100 Tunisia 2,070 146 Azerbaijan 650 192 Burkina Faso 220 a. Data not available; ranking is approximate. b. Data include the French overseas 53 Barbados 9,750 101 El Salvador 2,040 147 Bhutan 640 192 Rwanda 220 departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, 54 Korea, Rep. 9,460 102 Maldives 2,000 147 Congo, Rep. 640 194 Mozambique 210 Martinique, and Réunion. c. Data are for 2000; 55 Malta 9,210 103 Peru 1,980 149 Côte d'Ivoire 630 195 Chad 200 ranking is approximate. d. Data refer to 56 Antigua and Barbuda 9,150 104 Namibia 1,960 150 Georgia 590 197 Niger 180 mainland Tanzania only. 80 2003 World Bank Atlas GNI per capita, 2001--purchasing power parity (PPP) method Rank $ Rank $ Rank $ Rank $ 1 Luxembourg 48,560 67 Oman 10,720 a 114 Dominica 4,920 170 Mongolia 1,710 3 United States 34,280 69 St. Kitts and Nevis 10,190 117 Peru 4,470 171 Angola 1,690 5 Switzerland 30,970 70 Mauritius 9,860 118 Swaziland 4,430 172 Togo 1,620 7 Norway 29,340 71 Estonia 9,650 119 Lebanon 4,400 173 Bangladesh 1,600 8 Iceland 28,850 72 Antigua and Barbuda 9,550 120 Guatemala 4,380 174 Cameroon 1,580 9 Denmark 28,490 73 Poland 9,370 121 Guyana 4,280 175 Lao PDR 1,540 11 French Polynesia 28,020 a 74 Costa Rica 9,260 123 Ukraine 4,270 176 Senegal 1,480 13 Netherlands 27,390 75 Croatia 8,930 124 Turkmenistan 4,240 177 Uganda 1,460 Note: Rankings include all 208 economies 14 Ireland 27,170 76 Chile 8,840 125 Philippines 4,070 179 Côte d'Ivoire 1,400 presented in tables 1­9, but only those that 15 Canada 26,530 77 Trinidad and Tobago 8,620 127 China 3,950 180 Nepal 1,360 have confirmed PPP GNI per capita estimates 17 Austria 26,380 78 Lithuania 8,350 128 Jordan 3,880 181 Central African Republic 1,300 for 2001 are shown. 18 Belgium 26,150 79 Uruguay 8,250 130 Albania 3,810 183 Rwanda 1,240 19 Hong Kong, China 25,560 80 Mexico 8,240 131 Egypt, Arab Rep. 3,560 184 Tajikistan 1,140 Economies that do not have confirmed PPP GNI 20 Japan 25,550 81 Malaysia 7,910 132 Morocco 3,500 185 Burkina Faso 1,120 per capita figures are: 21 Germany 25,240 82 Latvia 7,760 133 Jamaica 3,490 187 Chad 1,060 Afghanistan, American Samoa, Andorra, Aruba, 22 New Caledonia 25,200 a 83 Belarus 7,630 134 Sri Lanka 3,260 188 Mozambique 1,050 Bermuda, Bhutan, Brunei, Cayman Islands, Channel Islands, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, 24 Australia 24,630 84 Botswana 7,410 136 Syrian Arab Republic 3,160 189 Eritrea 1,030 Faeroe Islands, Greenland, Guam, Iraq, Isle of 25 Italy 24,530 85 Namibia 7,410 137 Vanuatu 3,110 190 Benin 970 Man, Kiribati, Korea, Dem. Rep., Liberia, Libya, 26 United Kingdom 24,340 86 Brazil 7,070 139 Lesotho 2,980 190 Kenya 970 Liechtenstein, Maldives, Marshall Islands, 27 France 24,080 87 Russian Federation 6,880 140 Ecuador 2,960 193 Guinea-Bissau 890 Mayotte, Micronesia, Fed. Sts., Monaco, 28 Finland 24,030 88 Colombia 6,790 141 Azerbaijan 2,890 194 Niger 880 Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, 29 Sweden 23,800 89 Bulgaria 6,740 142 Indonesia 2,830 197 Madagascar 820 Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Qatar, San 32 Singapore 22,850 90 Dominican Republic 6,650 143 India 2,820 198 Ethiopia 800 Marino, Seychelles, Somalia, Suriname, São 34 Macao, China 21,630 91 Grenada 6,290 144 Honduras 2,760 199 Nigeria 790 Tomé and Principe, Timor-Leste, Tonga, United 35 Kuwait 21,530 92 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,250 145 Armenia 2,730 200 Mali 770 Arab Emirates, Virgin Islands (U.S.), West Bank 36 Cyprus 21,110 93 Thailand 6,230 147 Kyrgyz Republic 2,630 201 Zambia 750 and Gaza, and Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 39 Spain 19,860 94 Kazakhstan 6,150 148 Georgia 2,580 202 Yemen, Rep. 730 40 Israel 19,630 95 Samoa 6,130 149 Papua New Guinea 2,450 203 Burundi 680 a. Data are for 2000; ranking is approximate. 43 New Zealand 18,250 96 Tunisia 6,090 151 Djibouti 2,420 203 Congo, Rep. 680 b. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only. 44 Puerto Rico 18,090 97 Macedonia, FYR 6,040 152 Uzbekistan 2,410 205 Congo, Dem. Rep. 630 46 Portugal 17,710 98 Iran, Islamic Rep. 5,940 154 Moldova 2,300 206 Malawi 560 China 47 Greece 17,520 99 Algeria 5,910 155 Bolivia 2,240 207 Tanzania b 520 On July 1, 1997, China resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and on December 49 Slovenia 17,060 100 Turkey 5,830 156 Zimbabwe 2,220 208 Sierra Leone 460 20, 1999, it resumed its exercise of sovereignty 51 Bahamas, The 15,680 a 101 Romania 5,780 157 Ghana 2,170 over Macao. Unless otherwise noted, data for 52 Bahrain 15,390 102 Venezuela, RB 5,590 159 Vietnam 2,070 China do not include data for Hong Kong, China; 53 Barbados 15,110 103 Cape Verde 5,540 160 Gambia, The 2,010 Taiwan, China; or Macao, China. 54 Korea, Rep. 15,060 104 Panama 5,440 162 Mauritania 1,940 Timor-Leste 55 Czech Republic 14,320 105 Gabon 5,190 163 Solomon Islands 1,910 On May 20, 2002, Timor-Leste became an 56 Saudi Arabia 13,290 106 Paraguay 5,180 164 Guinea 1,900 independent country. Data for Indonesia include 57 Malta 13,140 107 El Salvador 5,160 165 Comoros 1,890 Timor-Leste through 1999 unless otherwise noted. 59 Hungary 11,990 108 Belize 5,150 166 Haiti 1,870 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 60 Slovak Republic 11,780 111 St. Vincent & Grenadines 4,980 167 Pakistan 1,860 On February 4, 2003, the Federal Republic of 63 Argentina 10,980 112 St. Lucia 4,960 168 Cambodia 1,790 Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and 64 South Africa 10,910 113 Fiji 4,920 169 Sudan 1,750 Montenegro. 2003 World Bank Atlas