THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 17 / NO 2 SEPTEMBER 2018 INSIDE Ensuring speedy justice for the poor 1-4 Development Dialogue: Delivering rural justice India, EU and the privacy challenge 5-7 through community- Blogworld: Electrocracy in India: Power of, by, and for the people 8-9 owned courts in Bihar Lighthouse India: Empower the woman. The family and the Nation will grow 10-12 Recent Project Signings 13 In June 2017, a long-running land dispute was settled in just six days in a community-owned court in Bihar. Face to Face 14-15 Returning to his village after many years, Ramashish had received a rude shock. His cousins had deprived him of the 5.90 acres of land he had ICR Update: Odisha Rural Livelihoods ‘Tripti’ Project inherited. Over the last 20 years, Ramashish had approached villagers, 16-17 policemen, and civil court judges to resolve the dispute, but without much New Additions to the Public luck. Ultimately, Ramashish approached Pushpanjali Singh, the woman Information Center 18-27 Sarpanch (head of the village) of the Wari Panchayat. Contact Information 28 Photo by the World Bank This was no easy case, but Pushpanjali Panchayats. Since India’s Independence in summoned the three disputing parties — 1947, Gram Katchahris were recognized by Ramashish and his cousins’ descendants statutes (the Bihar Panchayat Raj Act of 1947 — to the Gram Katchahri (Village Court – a and the Bihar Panchayat Raj Act of 1993 and judicial forum for resolving disputes locally). 2006), solidifying their status. The common Pushpanjali helped the parties realize how feature underlining all the legislation is to echo much money they were wasting on their legal the villagers’ demands: Gaonka samasya squabbles, and convinced them to withdraw gao me hi niptaiye (let’s village’s problems be their cases against each other. With the help settled in the village itself). of her husband, she measured the disputed property and allocated plots to each party. Functions of a Gram After six days, the parties agreed to her proposal. Katchahri The Panchayat Raj Act of 2006 introduced Ensuring speedy justice innovative, unique features to the Gram Katchahri. The modern Gram Katchahri is Though this case might be one of a rural dispute resolution forum headed by Pushpanjali’s more recognized achievements, a Sarpanch (head of the village court) and she has settled more than 100 cases over the comprised of four Panches (members), all last two years. While ensuring speedy justice, elected by the villagers of a Panchayat. To Pushpanjali is known by the locals as a fair help the forum understand and implement its Sarpanch. own rules and powers, it is supported by a Unique as the Bihar Gram Katchahri might law graduate and volunteers. seem, it is intimately related to the Gram However, in practice, not all these forums Panchayat, the oldest system of local function as well as Pushpanjali’s. The police government in India. have often taken over the powers of non- Traditionally, these Panchayats settled functional Gram Katchahris, causing the Bihar disputes between the villagers. But before Police to issue an order in 2012 restricting India’s independence, a provincial government all local police stations from interfering in in Bihar set up five experimental Gram the matters to be addressed by the Gram Katchahris to complement the existing Gram Katchahris. After these developments, the 12 2 The World Bank in India • September 2018 Sarpanches have been enjoying full legality The vigilance committees at the village over their powers and developing better ways level monitor the delivery of various public of coordinating with the police. As of today, services such as public distribution system, Bihar has set up 8,386 Gram Katchahris. mid-day-meal for school children and report There are 8,386 elected Sarpanches and any violations to the Gram Katchahri. Such 114,000 elected members. issues are initially dealt by issuing a warning letter by the Gram Katchahri to the service Meetings of Gram Katchahris are organized provider. If they continue to default, a hearing on the basis of the need of cases registered. of the service provider and the beneficiary Upon filing of a case, the Gram Katchahri is conducted and most of the cases are sends notice to both the parties. Issues resolved in-house. For some cases the like family disputes are resolved within involvement of other government officials one hearing while other issues related to (at block level) are required and hence may public services may require more hearings. take longer to resolve. The officials at all levels cooperate with the Gram Katchahris to resolve issues. Role of a Sarpanch Sarpanchs have the power to impose fine up to Rs 1,000 and declare emergency for a period upto 15 days. A Sarpanch’s job is a challenging one as there are also instances of they being threatened by aggrieved parties. Based on the severity of the cases the Sarpanch is provided with police protection and the local police force work together with Sarpanch to resolve the issues. Gram Katchahris are also empowered to take necessary action against those who lodge false complaints or attempt to embarrass another party by filing false cases. The World Bank in India • September 2018 12 3 The success of Gram Katchahris can be Building capacity measured by their stability, the extent of their use by local communities, and their ability But there is more to the Project than just the to dispense justice with sensitivity to local construction of buildings. The members of social conditions. This makes them worthy of Gram Katchahris need to be trained through consideration. That said, though they have focussed capacity building interventions to been remarkably effective in delivering their ensure justice is delivered without any errors. mandate, numerous obstacles continue to Realizing the need for capacity building of exist. One of the biggest challenges so far the members of the Gram Katchahris, the has been to provide Gram Katchahris with Project supports a strong partnership with an official address due to the lack of their the Chanakya National Law University to own buildings. In some instances, the Gram train all members of the Gram Katchahris Katchahris conduct their proceedings in the (Sarpanches, law graduates, and volunteers) house of a panchayat member. to empower them on their current functions, and train them on alternative dispute The World Bank, through its ongoing Bihar resolution techniques and tools. All these Panchayat Strengthening Project, has been Project interventions are aimed at assisting supporting the construction of independent (Change background colour as needed) the Gram Katchahris to emerge as key office buildings for Gram Panchayats, instruments of community-owned justice, with exclusive blocks to be used for Gram thereby easing the burden on the state’s Katchahris. This would ensure institutional justice system. strengthening of Gram Katchahris and encourage even the most vulnerable groups Contributed by Jorge Luis Alva-Luperdi, such as women and other weaker sections Senior Counsel, World Bank and Farah Zahir, in the community to freely approach the Senior Economist, World Bank “People’s Court,” and the inexpensive dispensing of justice at their doorsteps. 12 4 The World Bank in India • September 2018 Development Dialogue India, EU and the privacy challenge India will have to update its data protection regime to safeguard services trade with EU, say Aaditya Mattoo, Research Manager at the World Bank and Joshua Meltzer, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution T he free flow of data across borders underpins today’s globalized economy. Such flows are growing exponentially and and diagnostics — went to the EU. Provision of these services often requires the collection of data from EU citizens. The EU regulation are estimated to have raised world GDP by makes exporting harder by making data about 10 per cent over the past decade. India transfers more difficult. is a major beneficiary. Data flows drive the Developing countries like India face a country’s most dynamic exports of digitally- dilemma now. Data transfers to a non- delivered data processing and other business EU country will henceforth be permitted services. only if the latter enacts a national privacy But the international transfer of personal data law equivalent to the EU law. A handful of also raises concerns about the protection countries, including Argentina and Uruguay, of privacy. Earlier this week, the European have already done so. However, a national Union (EU) introduced the world’s most law imposes the same standard on all firms in legally comprehensive data protection the country, even when they sell at home. regime, in keeping with its concept of privacy The risk is that such prematurely stringent that stems from its own unique history and privacy laws could hamper the development cultural trajectory. of domestic markets. For example, by What does the new EU regulation mean for constraining the operation of credit bureaus India? In 2016-17, nearly a quarter of India’s and other information-sharing mechanisms, IT-enabled exports — ranging from financial such laws could limit access to finance and accounts and analysis to health transcriptions other services. The World Bank in India • September 2018 12 5 Enacting EU-type national privacy legislation would increase the cost of doing business and lead to a loss of competitiveness in other markets. A recent survey suggested that Fortune 500 companies would need to spend $16 million on average to avoid falling foul of the EU regulation. The increased costs would hurt not just access to services at home but also competitiveness in foreign markets where privacy is a less acute concern. When the Philippines drafted tough national privacy legislation to ensure continued access to the EU market, US firms based in that country suspended investment plans because operating costs would increase. If a country’s national law does not pass the EU adequacy test, as happened with India, then its firms are required either to accept corporate rules that bind their operations all over the world, or to use special model contracts for each EU business deal. Both options require firms to ensure levels of data protection that would be offered in the EU. Both also require a data controller or processor, who can be held liable for breach, to be established in an EU member state. These requirements increase costs and limit the benefits of digital trade, especially for smaller firms. A survey in India of service exporters showed that the EU’s earlier data protection regime had a significant impact on India’s exports, even though it was less strict. The corporate rule process took over six months and 90 per cent of respondents chose to use model contracts instead, but those too proved complex and time- consuming. Two-thirds of surveyed exporters claimed a significant loss of business opportunities because of data protection concerns. 12 6 The World Bank in India • September 2018 This arrangement has created a valuable opening. Under WTO law on services trade, the EU is required to offer other countries an opportunity to negotiate comparable arrangements. India must take advantage of this opportunity, while strengthening its case for recognition by creating credible assessment institutions. Such an arrangement would have big advantages over existing options. First, Indian firms serving the EU market would not be required to establish a presence in the EU or accept rules and contracts that are Can the EU’s legitimate need to protect costly and time-consuming. The assessment privacy be fulfilled without hurting a of conformity with EU standards would take developing country like India? A recent place at home by domestic regulators. example of cooperation offers a solution. Second, India would not need to pass a When the EU first enacted its privacy rules, national privacy law whose stringency is US national laws were deemed inadequate. determined by foreign norms. It would be To safeguard transatlantic data flows, the free to create domestic standards to meet EU and the US negotiated an agreement domestic needs, while following foreign that was updated after the Snowden standards for specific export markets. revelations as the “Privacy Shield”. Under this It would thus avoid a conflict between two agreement, US firms promise to protect the (Change background colour as needed) vital development goals — preserving access privacy of European citizens to EU standards to foreign services markets for its exporters in return for unrestricted data flows. The and improving access to services for its firms’ commitment is monitored and enforced citizens. by US institutions, notably the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of This article first appeared in the Indian Commerce. Express on 31st May, 2018 The World Bank in India • September 2018 12 7 Latest from the Blogworld Electrocracy in India: Power of, by, and for the people T o boost India’s solar rooftop program, the World Bank has partnered with the Government of India to provide $648 million million citizen-owned solar power systems, Germany now accounts for almost one- fourth of the world’s PV capacity. Armed with to place solar panels on rooftops across the solar rooftops and smart battery storage, country. German households have turned into energy producers, are paying lower utility bills, and Solar energy is not just for the elite and are fast approaching energy independence. wealthy. Today, with growing numbers of people taking power generation into their In California too, solar rooftops have taken own hands, solar energy has become the center stage. The state is the first in the U.S. world’s most democratic source of power – of to require solar panels on almost all new the people, by the people, and for the people. homes. And as solar rooftop installations rise, However, the pathway to this goal requires domestic storage systems are simultaneously a fundamental paradigm shift in the power being developed to keep pace. Tesla’s sector – one in which more and more people Powerwall, for example, enables users to take “power” generation into their own hands. store solar power generated during the day for use at night when the sun goes down. In the words of environmentalist and author Ross Gelbspan, “A common global project to As the world’s third-largest producer of rewire the world with clean energy could be conventional energy, India too is now rapidly the first step on a path to global peace and expanding its capacity to generate solar global democracy – even in today’s deeply power. The country has set itself an ambitious troubled world.” target of generating 100 GW of solar power by 2022. Today, solar power has emerged In Germany, solar rooftops have already set as the cheapest source of energy in India, off a transformation. Home to more than 1.7 12 8 The World Bank in India • September 2018 at prices that are a fraction of grid power. In For the people: Once solar rooftop fact, India’s 100 GW solar target, of which 40 energy emerges from millions of homes, GW is to come from rooftop solar, will play conventional, grid-sourced energy systems a key role in providing 24 X 7 sustainable, will be completely remade. As rooftop solar affordable, and reliable electricity to 300 power doesn’t rely on pipeline infrastructure million people. Currently, however, only some or railroad connectivity, we can envisage a 2 GW of this 40 GW target has been installed. shift from a monopolistic situation where control rests with a utility, to one where To boost India’s solar rooftop program, consumers have the power to untether the World Bank has partnered with the themselves from distribution companies Government of India to provide $648 million (discoms). Free of the need for discom- to place solar panels on rooftops across the implemented infrastructure, consumers can country. The program has financed 600 MW deal with energy as they would with any other in rooftop solar installations so far, of which commodity, and independently decide how 80 MW has already been installed. much they’re willing to pay for it. India’s solar-powered Of the people: With “power” moving into the hands of the people, India’s masses can democracy become self-reliant in energy, and eventually, As the world transitions to renewable energy, can profit by selling excess power to the grid consumers are beginning to control and own using transparent data from technologies like this green energy. This electro-cracy – or smart meters and net metering. Their reduced electron democracy – is, in turn, heralding reliance on discoms will also increase the a new democratic and decentralized energy reliability of power supply, as the ‘single landscape that is capable of benefiting India’s point’ is replaced by supply from wherever billions. the sun shines. Millions of households (Change background colour as needed) and businesses can then own a stake in By the people: By conservative estimates, their energy future and invest in better, India has approximately 250 million complementary technologies, including households. If we assume that a typical solar storage and net metering. rooftop installation generates 4 Kw of power, India’s 40 GW target for solar rooftop could Contributed by Amit Jain, Renewable Energy electrify 10 million households. An idealistic Specialist, World Bank estimate, perhaps, but one which reveals the massive potential of rooftop solar. The World Bank in India • September 2018 12 9 Lighthouse India Empower the woman. The family and the Nation will grow K iran Devi struggled to provide a meagre existence for herself and her landless family in rural Bihar. “I had no proper house, A decade later, Devi confidently narrated her story in front of a large audience at a knowledge exchange workshop in New or money to feed and educate my children. Delhi. The workshop, held under the World Life was a struggle,” remembers this 33- Bank’s ‘Lighthouse India’ program, brought year old woman with only an elementary together government officials, UN agencies, education. the private sector, research institutes, as well as local and international NGOs, to discuss About 10 years ago, a rural woman from the how their knowledge and expertise could southern state of Andhra Pradesh visited be pooled on a common platform so others Devi’s remote Bihar village. Although the could learn from their experience. Together, languages they spoke were different, Devi they deliberated on existing knowledge could sense how being part of a women’s exchange strategies, reflected on gaps self-help group had transformed her visitor’s and challenges and listened to some good life. practice models on Women’s Economic Empowerment (WEE). Many high impact Inspired, Devi convinced 25 women from her models of WEE were showcased at the village to come together in a similar group. roundtable, which included the Kudumshree, Since then, with support from ‘Jeevika’ – the Swasti, Jeevika, and Tejaswini progams, Bank’s rural livelihood program in Bihar – among others. her women’s group has set-up a flourishing business trading in corn, the staple crop of the region. In the process, Devi has been Successful models able to provide her children with better Given India’s enormous diversity, women’s education, and a better standard of living. empowerment programs have often evolved 10 The World Bank in India • September 2018 12 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 11 program must also facilitate regular interaction and collaboration. The World Bank’s ‘Lighthouse India’ program aims to do just this. “This initiative is the first in a series of knowledge exchanges planned under the Lighthouse India program, where the emphasis will be on women sharing their experiences, their knowledge and the along different lines in various states challenges that they face in their journey across the country. One of the earliest was towards achieving economic empowerment,” Kudumbashree in Kerala that began in said Harjot Kaur, Senior Social Development 1998 to promote the active participation of Specialist, World Bank. women in local governance institutions to articulate the needs of the poor. Since then, Challenges to women’s the women groups have taken on other empowerment endeavors, including poverty reduction activities, the provision of micro-credit, Even so, there are several stumbling collective farming, water supply, health, and blocks on the road to women’s economic sanitation activities. empowerment. India ranks 139 out of 144 in the Global Gender Gap Index, and female In Madhya Pradesh in central India, women labour force participation is as low as 37%. have managed to circumvent the issue of Women run only 13 per cent of the total land titling by leasing land in the woman’s enterprises in the country and often face name, providing them a legal basis for constraints in accessing finance. Almost 73 cultivation. ‘Tejaswini’ in Jharkhand, and per cent of their demand for finance remains Jeevika in Bihar, while started more recently, unmet. While almost 80 percent of rural have enabled women’s groups to set up their women are engaged in agriculture, only 13 own enterprises. per cent have the rights to the land they farm. Given the wealth of experience that exists in And girls almost never inherit family land, women’s empowerment programs across the despite legal provisions. country, documenting successful practices Moreover, governments lack the capacity, and models becomes significant. “An online expertise and often the political will to include platform and e-groups would be a useful way women as active participants in the economic to document not only what worked but also growth of the country. Added to this is the how it worked,” explained Nilanjana Ray, lack of credible data as women usually work Chairperson, School of Gender Studies, Tata in the informal sector - in cottage industries, Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai, who or as domestic and construction workers. moderated the day’s discussion. It is vital to map organizations and skills The way forward to create a database of those who have As for Devi, her life today is a far cry from successfully implemented these models. the early years when she first set out to form Importantly, any knowledge exchange the women’s group. “Earlier, they would not accept a woman who had stepped out of the house and was running a business. Now, the community looks at me with awe and sees me as a role model for others.” Indeed, the wheels of the women’s (Change background colour as needed) empowerment program in India have been set in motion. The journey is replete with inspiring stories and learning which deserve to be shared. 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 Recent Project Signings India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program T he Government of India, the Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), and the World Bank have signed a $220 million GW indicated in India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Accord. The agreement for the Project was signed Loan Agreement and a $80 million Guarantee by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, Agreement for the India Energy Efficiency Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry Scale-Up Program. of Finance, on behalf of the Government The Program, to be implemented by EESL, of India; S Gopal, Chief General Manager will help scale up the deployment of energy (Finance) EESL, on behalf of EESL; and saving measures in residential and public Hisham Abdo, Acting Country Director, World sectors, strengthen EESL’s institutional Bank India, on behalf of the World Bank. capacity, and enhance its access to As an integral part of the operation, the commercial financing. first-ever IBRD guarantee in India will help The investments under the Program are EESL access new markets for commercial expected to avoid lifetime greenhouse gas financing in line with the Bank’s approach emissions of 170 million tons of CO2, and of maximizing finance for development. The (Change background colour as needed) contribute to avoiding an estimated 10 GW guarantee is expected to leverage some of additional generation capacity. This would $200 million in additional financing, to help be over 50 percent of the National Mission EESL with its growing portfolio and future for Enhanced Energy Efficiency target of 19.6 investment needs. Second Programmatic Electricity Distribution Reform Development Policy Loan for Rajasthan T he Government of India, the Government of Rajasthan and the World Bank have signed a $250 million development policy Rajasthan’s electricity distribution sector. The first loan closed in March 2017. The electricity distribution utilities (DISCOMs) loan (DPL) to support the state improve the in Rajasthan provide electricity to about 9.5 performance of its electricity distribution million customers. The key areas that the sector under the state’s 24x7 Power for All program will support include: strengthening program. governance in the distribution sector in the It is the second in the series of two operations state by establishing annual performance planned for a comprehensive turnaround of MoUs between the DISCOMs and the state government; putting in place a performance management system; providing incentives to employees for improving performance; financial restructuring and recovery in the sector by transferring considerable amounts of the DISCOMs debt to the state; bringing in more discipline in the revenue requirements of DISCOMs; taking initiatives in reducing the costs of energy procurement; and improving (Change background colour as needed) the operational performance of the DISCOMs through initiatives like publishing feeder level energy audits and increased usage of IT among others. 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 13 Face to Face The World Bank’s Human Capital Project targets better outcomes A growing body of research at the World Bank describes a future world in which countries may not be able to rely on the same pathways to development that other countries followed in the past. Annette Dixon, World Bank’s Vice President for Human Development spoke to Devex about this growing body of research at the Bank. Excerpts from the interview: Forthcoming human capital index is just one part of a much broader portfolio. Could you describe what that full portfolio looks like? H uman development in the Bank traditionally has been health, education, and social protection. It’s been a traditional area of competence of the Bank and actually has been pretty steady in terms of the share of the Bank’s activity overall. I think what has changed — and for us now is a big moment for human development — is this whole agenda around human capital development. That not only is there a need to invest more in human capital to get to high-income status, the future world is actually going to need healthier and better-educated people than ever before — and that’s one of the most important things that policymakers can do to prepare for a much more complex, technology-driven world. So the incentive there is only increasing. Exactly. The human capital project is really trying to put at the center of policymakers’ thinking the case for investing more in human capital development and accelerating progress 14 The World Bank in India • September 12 2018 January 2015 on human development outcomes. The human capital index is a way of galvanizing that commitment and giving countries an important signal on how far they have to travel in order to get to where they need to. Does this human capital push represent a historic change? In our work on the human capital project I loosely see three groups of countries. One is very poor, fragile countries that actually have really bad human development outcomes, but which are inextricably linked to just how poor they are — and how much help they need to get foundational investments in things which are going to improve their human development outcomes. These are countries that have very high levels of maternal-infant mortality. They still have a big agenda in getting kids into school. They often have very high fertility rates that are contributing to the poverty. They need a lot of external assistance, both technical and financial. There’s another group of countries that are underinvesting: They are neither mobilizing enough resources for services that their population needs, nor are they giving more priority to human capital investments. And that’s where the index can really help to bring home the value of making these investments at this point in a country’s development. And here, a lot of the dialogue is around how much growth they are foregoing by not prioritizing investment in human capital, which I think this project positions us well to do. Then there’s a third group of countries that actually are spending high levels — reasonable levels — but are still not seeing progress on outcomes. And those are countries that are really thinking about whether they’re targeting their expenditures in the right way. Are they investing in the right things? Is service delivery actually working effectively? And then there are countries that frankly, have got this, and who are doing well at it, and who are really important for motivational purposes for others. So, the project actually speaks to countries in all these categories. When it comes to operationalizing this body of knowledge, it sounds like a lot of it is compelling countries to take action. Government officials are going to see the amount of money they could be growing their economy by, they’re going to see where they rank, and then they will want to do these things. But are there also aspects that will influence World Bank lending, that might compel this institution to operate differently given what you’re learning? I see three parts to operationalizing. One is the development of an index. The innovative feature of this index is it’s going to put together some outcomes, which have strong evidence-based linkages to productivity and growth. The second part is helping countries understand how important it is to measure and understand their human capital challenges. And then the third thing, is how do we accelerate progress? When countries get to, “so what does this mean, what do we need to do,” that varies enormously from country to country. And (Change background colour as needed) this is really truly a cross-sectoral challenge. It may involve, on the public expenditure side, looking at revenue mobilization efforts and at expenditure priorities. It may be about investing more in interventions that there’s strong evidence will help countries to make faster progress— and that will vary enormously from country to country, based on what their needs are. This interview was originally published in Devex 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 15 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Odisha Rural Livelihoods ‘Tripti’ Project Context tribes (SC/ST) in 38 blocks of 10 project The Government of Odisha (GoO) articulated districts in the state. Another important aspect a strategy to accelerate growth and poverty of the Project was to bring in the ‘left-out’ reduction through several measures including empowering the poor through resource-user Odisha Rural Livelihoods ‘Tripti’ Project associations and women’s self-help groups (SHGs). Odisha requested World Bank Approval Date: 31 July, 2008 assistance for implementing a project under Closing Date: 30 June, 2015 which innovative, scalable and sustainable models for livelihoods enhancement of Total Project Cost US$ 77.16 million the rural poor could be piloted to “build Bank Financing: US$ 67.52 million institutions of the poor.” Implementing Odisha Poverty Project Development Objectives Agency: Reduction Mission, Government of Odisha The primary objective was to enhance the socio-economic status of the poor, especially Outcome: Moderately Satisfactory women and disadvantaged groups, in Risk to Development Moderate selected districts of Odisha. Outcome: The primary beneficiaries were to be around Overall Bank Moderately Satisfactory 300,000 women from the poor and extremely Performance: poor and vulnerable and marginalized groups, Overall Borrower Moderately Satisfactory such as the scheduled caste and scheduled Performance: 16 The World Bank in India • September 2018 12 poor into the SHGs. The Project aimed to There was a 12 percent growth in real strengthen existing institutions and form new total incomes and two percent in real total ones wherever required. The impetus was expenditures among poor households. to make federations at panchayat and block Gains were recorded for education and food levels. expenditures as well as in entrepreneurial and agricultural incomes. There was significant Achievements debt reduction – more than 250,000 The Project benefitted around 625,000 households had reduced household debts. women by supporting 79,000 SHGs and The results of the impact evaluation on the 1,000 Gram Panchayat Level Federations project villages showed that while there was (GPLFs). Over 540,000 women were linked no significant change in overall consumption, to a formal banking network and became there were statistically significant relative eligible to access finance. As a result, increases in spending on healthcare, as well 388,800 direct beneficiary households as on women and children’s goods. showed increased agriculture and enterprise The Project contributed considerably to the incomes in poor households and shifts in improvement in the social status for women expenditure patterns at the household level. at the individual and group level. According A study on Improved Paddy Production (IPP) to the impact evaluation, women in project and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) – areas were 13 percent more willing to two major agricultural interventions under address community problems through their the Project – showed that in addition to the own community institutions, and more likely production and income increases there were to address issues of violence and alcoholism. substantial positive changes in food security The community-based leaders and members among the participating women members. were active in pursuing external public For example, among the Extremely Poor support for their communities and were also and Vulnerable Groups, the proportion of more active in local elections. The most households with less than eight months of significant change was in the attitude of the food insecurity reduced from 25 percent to 3 disadvantaged and poor women as they no percent. longer hesitated in speaking, being seen in public, and in voicing their opinions. Lessons Learnt ● The participatory and inclusive process followed helped in identifying and mobilizing the poorest of the poor. ● The Project deliberately worked with the entire village, with older and new SHGs, with the poor and vulnerable and with the better-off population. This helped the poor and the vulnerable to be a part of the wider community. To reduce elite capture, special focus was placed on the capacity building and leadership of the Extremely Poor and Vulnerable Group (EPVG). ● Systems of accountability and transparency were developed at all levels. The Project reaffirmed that building solid community institutions is critical for sustained interventions and for further scaling up. ● Above all, it is important that the state (Change background colour as needed) support system has dedicated staff, champions, political traction, systematic partnerships and convergence for continued scaling up. 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 17 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Forest and Fire: Strengthening Prevention and The World Bank PIC Management in India The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By Pyush Dogra, Andrew Michael Mitchell, Urvashi 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Narain, Christopher Sall, Ross Smith and Shraddha New Delhi – 110 001, India Suresh Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Website: www.worldbank.org Available On-Line Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Published: June 2018, 243 pages Email: indiapic@worldbank.org English Version, Paperback Report No.: 127284 PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR Fire has been a Viva Books Pvt Ltd part of India’s 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj landscape New Delhi – 110 002 since time Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 immemorial and Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 can play a vital Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net role in healthy forests, recycling Other Preferred Stockist in India nutrients, helping Anand Associates tree species regenerate, 1219 Stock Exchange Tower 12th Floor, Dalal Street removing Mumbai – 400 023 invasive weeds Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 and pathogens, Email: thrupti@vsnl.com and maintaining Website: www.myown.org habitat for some wildlife. Occasional fires can also Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) keep down fuel loads that feed larger, more destructive Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) conflagrations, but as populations and demands on forest resources have grown, the cycle of fire has spun Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd out of balance. Large areas of degraded forest are now Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com subject to burning on an annual or semi-annual basis. Website: www.alliedpublishers.com As these fires are no longer beneficial to forest health, India is increasingly wrestling with how to improve the Bookwell prevention and management of unwanted forest fires. 24/4800 Ansari Road, India is not alone in facing this challenge. Forest fires Daryaganj have become an issue of global concern. New Delhi – 110 002 The objective of this assessment is to strengthen Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 knowledge on forest fires by documenting Email: bookwell@vsnl.net current management systems, identifying gaps in implementation, and making recommendations how these systems can be improved. 12 18 The World Bank in India • September 2018 and livable city than continuing with business as usual. Soth Asia Publications Based on current trends, Greater Dhaka would have a population of 25 million in 2035 and an income per South Asia’s Hotspots: Impacts of Temperature and capita of USD 8,000 at 2015 prices. However, embracing Precipitation Changes on Living Standards a strategic approach would add 5 million people to the city. And, it would be a more productive city, with nearly By Muthukumara Mani, 1.8 million more jobs and an income per capita of more Sushenjit Bandyopadhyay, than USD 9,200 at 2015 prices, enough to put Dhaka on Shun Chonabayashi, Anil the map of global cities. Markandya, and Thomas Mosier Available On-Line Youth Employment in Nepal Published: July 2018, Edited by Dhushyanth Raju 120 pages and Jasmine Rajbhandary English Version, Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1155-5 Available On-Line Published: July 2018, South Asia is particularly vulnerable to climate change. 178 pages Most previous studies have focused on the projected English Version, Paperback impacts of sea-level rise or extreme weather – droughts, ISBN: 978-1-4648-1276-7 floods, heatwaves and storm surges. This study adds to that knowledge by identifying the impacts of long- The book Youth term changes in the climate – rising temperatures and Employment in Nepal aims changes in precipitation patterns – on living standards. to improve understanding It does so by first building an understanding of the of the labor conditions, behaviors, and outcomes of relationship between current climate conditions and Nepalese youth, which it examines in relation to both living standards across South Asia. Nepal’s domestic labor market and labor migration by Nepalese youth to India and other countries. Such The study also identifies the set of climate models that migration includes the temporary “foreign employment” are best suited for projecting long-term changes in of Nepalese workers under bilateral labor agreements climate across South Asia. This understanding of living between Nepal and destination countries. standards and climate change is then combined to project impacts of long-term changes in climate on living The findings in the book point to three directions for standards in South Asia. orienting public policies and programs. First, is raising rural labor productivity, urban labor demand, and urban worker–job matching efficiency. Second, is supporting Toward Great Dhaka: A New Urban Development the labor market integration of rural youth migrating Paradigm Eastward to urban parts of Nepal and of youth labor migrants returning from India and other countries. Third, is By Julia Bird, Yue Li, improving the orientation and efficacy of labor skill Zillur Hessian Rahman, training. Martin Rama, and Anthony J. Venables Available On-Line India: Policy Research Working Papers Published: July 2018, 180 pages WPS 8557 English Version, Paperback The cost of nutritious food in South Asia ISBN: 978-1-4648-1238-5 By Felipe Jr Fadullon Dizon and Anna Whitson Herforth The high cost of nutritious foods can worsen poor diets and nutrition outcomes especially among low-income This report seeks to analyze how the opportunity of households. Yet little is known about the spatial and East Dhaka could be realized. Using state-of-the-art temporal patterns of the cost of nutritious diets in South modeling techniques, the study simulates population, Asia, where malnutrition in multiple forms remains high. housing, economic activity, and commuting times Using existing food price data from Sri Lanka, Pakistan, across the 266 unions that constitute Greater Dhaka. It Afghanistan, and India, two methods are applied to does so under various scenarios for the development of assess the affordability of nutritious foods: Cost of a East Dhaka, but always assessing the implications for Recommended Diet (CoRD) and Nutritious Food Price the entire city. The simulations suggest that pursuing a Index (NPI). strategic approach to the development of East Dhaka would make Greater Dhaka a much more productive The analysis finds that the cost of a nutritious diet is 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 19 38 percent higher in Sri Lanka using CoRD compared of freshwater species. Overall, the impact of salinity- to the cost of a (calorie-based) diet that meets basic induced mangrove migration will have an adverse food needs, and 15 percent higher in Afghanistan. In effect on the flow of ecosystem services, ultimately addition, CoRD varies across cities due to variability in impacting the livelihood options of poor households. the price of dairy and vegetables. Comparison of the Resources should be directed to developing alternative NPI and the food Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicates livelihoods for mangrove-dependent households. In that, for some countries, the price of a nutritious food addition, efforts are needed to develop sustainable basket varies more by season and has been increasing policies that incorporate rising salinity, changes in at a faster rate than the price of a typical food basket. mangrove dynamics, and the welfare impacts on poor This phenomenon is largely due to the variable cost of communities. vegetables. WPS 8523 WPS 8546 Measuring districts’ monthly economic activity from Mobility and congestion in urban India outer space By Prottoy Aman Akbar, Victor Couture, Gilles Duranton, By Robert Carl Michael Beyer, Esha Chhabra, Virgilio Ejaz Ghani and Adam Storeygard Galdo and Martin G. Rama This paper uses a popular web mapping and Evening-hour luminosity observed using satellites is transportation service to generate information for more a good proxy for economic activity. The strengths than 22 million counterfactual trip instances in 154 of measuring economic activity using nightlight large Indian cities. It then develops a methodology to measurements include that the data capture informal estimate robust indices of mobility for these cities. The activity, are available in near real-time, are cheap to estimation allows for an exact decomposition of overall obtain, and can be used to conduct very spatially mobility into uncongested mobility and the congestion granular analysis. delays caused by traffic. This paper presents a measure of monthly economic The paper first documents wide variation in mobility activity at the district level based on cleaned Visible across Indian cities. It then shows that this variation Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite nightlight and rural is driven primarily by uncongested mobility. Finally, population. The paper demonstrates that this new the paper investigates correlates of mobility and method can shed light on recent episodes in South congestion. Denser and more populated cities are Asia: first, the 2015 earthquake in Nepal; second, slower, in part because of congestion, especially close demonetization in India; and, third, violent conflict to their centers. Urban economic development is outbreaks in Afghanistan.  generally correlated with better uncongested mobility, worse congestion, and overall with better mobility. WPS 8512 Jati inequality in rural Bihar WPS 8532 By Shareen Joshi, Nishtha Kochhar and Vijayendra Rao Aquatic salinization and mangrove species in a Caste is a persistent driver of inequality in India, and changing climate: Impact in the Indian Sundarbans it is generally analyzed with government-defined By Anirban Mukhopadhyay, David J. Wheeler, Susmita broad categories, such as Scheduled Caste and Dasgupta and et.al. Scheduled Tribe. In everyday life, however, caste is This paper contributes to understanding the physical lived and experienced as jati, which is a local system of and economic effects of salinity diffusion and stratification. Little is known about economic inequality planning for appropriate adaptation for managing the at the jati level. Sundarbans in a changing climate, with a focus on the This paper uses data from poor rural districts in Bihar to West Bengal portion of the tidal-wetland forest delta. explore expenditure inequality at the jati level. Inequality A five-step analysis, using high-resolution spatial decompositions show much more variation between assessments, was conducted to get a broader picture jatis than between broad caste categories. of the migration of mangrove species with progressive The analysis finds that even within generally aquatic salinization in a changing climate. A current disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled (2015) base map, with overlays of salinity tolerance Tribes, some jatis are significantly worse off than others. for various mangrove species, and projected location- Consistent with previous work, the paper also finds that specific aquatic salinity for 2050 were used to predict the inequality is largely driven by inequality within jatis. impacts of salinization on mangrove species by 2050. This finding has implications for the implementation of The results indicate patterns of gains and losses, with large-scale poverty alleviation programs. dominance of salt-tolerant species at the expense 12 20 The World Bank in India • September 2018 WPS 8507 The paper provides the conceptual and analytical The ecological impact of transportation infrastructure framework for assessing social protection (SP) By Samuel Edward Asher, Teevrat Garg and Paul programs, as well as provides a practical guide for Michael Novosad users seeking to conduct analysis, particularly using the World Bank’s Software Platform for Automated There is a long-standing debate over whether new roads Economic Analysis (ADePT). unavoidably lead to environmental damage, especially forest loss, but causal identification has been elusive. The manual provides a comprehensive unique resource Using multiple causal identification strategies, this paper to tie together social policy theory, concepts and studies the construction of new rural roads to over practical analytical techniques. 100,000 villages and the upgrading of 10,000 kilometers of national highways in India. Beyond Crop per Drop: Assessing Agricultural Water The new rural roads had precise zero effects on local Productivity and Efficiency in a Maturing Water deforestation. In contrast, the highway upgrades caused Economy substantial forest loss, which appears to be driven by increased timber demand along the transportation By Susanne M. Scheierling corridors. In terms of forests, last mile connectivity had a and David O. Tréguer negligible environmental cost, while expansion of major Available On-Line corridors had important environmental impacts. Published: June 2018, 96 pages Other Publications English Version, Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1298-9 Moving for Prosperity: Global Migration and Labor The report highlights the Markets central role of water use in irrigated agriculture and its By the World Bank link with increasing water scarcity. This is discussed in Available On-Line the context of the transition from an expansionary water Published: June 2018, economy to a mature water economy. 308 pages The report further develops this framework to reflect English Version, Paperback water management issues in irrigated agriculture. ISBN: 978-1-4648-1281-1 The expansionary phase is characterized by readily Migration presents a stark available water supplies to meet the growing demand policy dilemma. Research for irrigation water as agricultural production increases. repeatedly confirms that In the mature phase, the intensifying competition for migrants, their families back home, and the countries water tends to be perceived as an increasing scarcity of that welcome them experience large economic and water. In the transition from the expansionary phase to social gains. Easing immigration restrictions is one of the mature phase, the interdependencies among water the most effective tools for ending poverty and sharing users increase, and the hydrologic setting and the rising prosperity across the globe. Yet, we see widespread externalities need to be considered. opposition in destination countries, where migrants are depicted as the primary cause of many of their economic problems, from high unemployment to declining social services. Measuring the Effectiveness of Social Protection: Concepts and Applications By Ruslan Yemtsov, Maddalena Honorati, Brooks Evans, Zurab Sajaia, and Michael Lokshin Available On-Line Published: June 2018, 264 pages English Version, Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1090-9 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 21 India Project Documents Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Rural Water Supply Report No. ICRR0020955 (Implementation and Sanitation Project Completion Report Review) Date 30 July 2018 Jharkhand Power System Improvement Project Project ID P101650 Date 18 June 2018 Report No. ICRR0021262 (Implementation Project ID P162086 Completion Report Review) Report No. SFG4192 (Environmental Assessment, Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project Vol. 13-18) Date 27 July 2018 Karnataka Health System Development and Reform Project ID P166977 Project Report No. SFG4542, SFG4560, SFG4551, Date 29 June 2018 SFG4562, SFG4563 (Environmental Project ID P071160 Assessment, Vol. 2) Report No. ICRR0021154 (Implementation SFG4514 (Resettlement Plan) Completion Report Review) SFG4561 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Karnataka Multisectoral Nutrition Pilot First Programmatic Water Supply and Sewerage Date 26 June 2018 Service Delivery Reform Development Policy Loan for Shimla Project ID P149811 Date 26 June 2018 Report No. RES33506 (Project Paper) Project ID P167246 Kerala Local Government and Service Delivery Report No. (Concept Program Information Project Document) Date 09 August 2018 Haryana Power System Improvement Project Project ID P102624 Date 25 June 2018 Report No. ICRR0021294 (Implementation Completion Report Review) Project ID P110051 ICR4319 (Implementation Completion Report No. ICR4426 (Implementation Completion and Results Report) and Results Report) Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Project Bihar Integrated Social Protection Strengthening Project Date 29 June 2018 Date 20 June 2018 Project ID P155303 Project ID P118826 Report No. RES32709 (Project Paper) Report No. RES32429 (Project Paper) ISDSR24949 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Secondary Education Project SFG4432, SFG2332, SFG4435 Date 15 June 2018 (Environmental Assessment) Project ID P118445 SFG2317 (Resettlement Plan) Report No. ICRR0021262 (Implementation SFG2316 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Completion Report Review) Madhya Pradesh Higher Education Quality Technical Engineering Educational Quality Improvement Project Improvement Project II Date 29 June 2018 Date 05 June 2018 Project ID P150394 Project ID P101650 Report No. RES32375 (Project Paper) 12 22 The World Bank in India • September 2018 Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project Sustainable Livelihoods and Adaptation to Climate Change Project Date 26 June 2018 Date 14 June 2018 Project ID P124614 Project ID P121853 Report No. RES30574 (Project Paper) Report No. RES30574 (Project Paper) Rajasthan State Highways Development Project Tamil Nadu and Puducherry Coastal Disaster Risk Date 01 August 2018 Reduction Project Project ID P157141 Date 06 July 2018 Report No. SFG4488, SFG4550 (Resettlement Project ID P143382 Plan) Report No. RES33124 (Project Paper) SFG4489, SFG4515 (Environmental Assessment, Vol.1-2) Tamil Nadu Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Project Second Programmatic Electricity Distribution Reform Development Policy Loan for Rajasthan Date 29 June 2018 Date 05 June 2018 Project ID P1079708 Project ID P159669 Report No. ICRR0021253 (Implementation Completion Report Review) Report No. 123030 (Program Document) Technical Education Quality Improvement Project Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Project Date 11 June 2018 Date 23 June 2018 Project ID P154523 Project ID P155303 Report No. RES32304 (Project Paper) Report No. SFG2561 (Environmental Assessment, Vol. 2-3) World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 8564 WPS 8559 Mapping the landscape of transactions: The Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia governance of business relations in Latin America By Erwin Willem Yvonnick Leon Knippenberg, Dean By David C. Francis, Nona Karalashvili and Peter Murrell Mitchell Jolliffe and John Hoddinott WPS 8563 WPS 8558 Upping the ante: The equilibrium effects of The distributional effects of tobacco taxation: The unconditional grants to private schools evidence of white and clove cigarettes in Indonesia By Tahir Andrabi, Jishnu Das, Asim Ijaz Khwaja, Selcuk By Alan Fuchs Ozyurt and Niharika Singh WPS 8557 WPS 8562 The cost of nutritious food in South Asia Financial development, exchange rate regimes, and By Felipe Jr Fadullon Dizon and Anna Whitson Herforth growth dynamics WPS 8556 By Woubet Kassa and Emmanuel Kwasi Koranteng Lartey Selective control: The political economy of censorship WPS 8561 By Cristina Corduneanu Huci and Alexander James Creating new positions? Direct and indirect effects of Hamilton a subsidized apprenticeship program WPS 8555 By Bruno Jacques Jean Philippe Crepon and Patrick Effects of corporate governance on the performance Premand of state-owned enterprises WPS 8560 By Kyoungsun Heo Explaining spatial variations in productivity: Evidence WPS 8554 from Latin America and the Caribbean The consequences of political interference in By Luis E. Quintero and Mark Roberts 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 23 bureaucratic decision making: Evidence from Nigeria WPS 8541 By Daniel Oliver Rogger Can government intervention make firms more investment-ready? A randomized experiment in the WPS 8553 Western Balkans Corporate debt overhang and investment: Firm-level By Ana Paula Cusolito, Ernest Dautovic and David J. evidence Mckenzie By Eduardo R. Borensztein and Lei Sandy Ye WPS 8540 WPS 8552 Dynamics of off-farm employment in Sub-Saharan Water and sanitation in Dhaka slums: Access, quality, Africa: A gender perspective and informality in service provision By Goedele Van den Broeck and Talip Kilic By Yurani Arias Granada, Sabrina Sharmin Haque, George Joseph and Monica Yanez Pagans WPS 8539 Eliciting accurate responses to consumption WPS 8551 questions among IDPs in South Sudan using “honesty Pathways to formalization: Going beyond the formality primes” dichotomy – the case of Peru By Lennart Christian Kaplan, Utz Johann Pape and By Juan Jose Diaz, Juan Chacaltana, Iamele P. Rigolini James Sonam Walsh and Claudia Ruiz WPS 8538 WPS 8550 Inequality in earnings and adverse shocks in early Competing priorities: Women’s microenterprises and adulthood household relationships By Franck M. Adoho and Bienvenue Tien By Sophia Friedson-Ridenour and Rachael Susan Pierotti WPS 8537 Does the environment matter for poverty reduction? WPS 8549 The role of soil fertility and vegetation vigor in poverty Nutrition, religion, and widowhood in Nigeria reduction By Annamaria Milazzo and Dominique Van De Walle By Martin Heger, Gregor Franz Zens and Mook Bangalor WPS 8548 WPS 8536 Heterogeneous impacts of main and feeder road The aggregate income losses from childhood stunting improvements: Evidence from Ethiopia and the returns to a nutrition intervention aimed at By Atsushi Iimi, Haileyesus Adamtei Mengesha, James reducing stunting Markland and et.al. By Emanuela Galasso and Robert Adam Stephen WPS 8547 Wagstaff Infrastructure, value chains, and economic upgrades WPS 8535 By Xubei Luo and Xuejiao Xu Bought, sold, and bought again: The impact of WPS 8546 complex value chains on export elasticities Mobility and congestion in urban India By Francois Michel Marie Raphael De Soyres, Erik By Prottoy Aman Akbar, Victor Couture, Gilles Duranton, Frohm, Vanessa Gunnella and Elena Pavlova Ejaz Ghani and Adam Storeygard WPS 8534 WPS 8545 Who are America’s star firms? What can we (machine) learn about welfare dynamics By Meghana Ayyagari, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Vojislav from cross-sectional data? Maksimovic By Leonardo Ramiro Lucchetti WPS 8533 WPS 8544 Trade in developing East Asia: How it has changed Study on public debt management systems and and why it matters results of a survey on solutions used by debt By Ileana Cristina Constantinescu, Aaditya Mattoo and management offices Michele Ruta By Cigdem Aslan, Artan Ajazaj and Shurufa Abdul Wahidh WPS 8532 WPS 8543 Aquatic salinization and mangrove species in a Playing to strength: Growth strategy for small agrarian changing climate: Impact in the Indian Sundarbans economies in Africa By Anirban Mukhopadhyay, David J. Wheeler, Susmita By Shahid Yusuf and Praveen Kumar Dasgupta and et.al. WPS 8542 WPS 8531 Import substitution with labor misallocation Cooperation creates special moral obligations By Marco A.C. Martins and Jorge A. De Thompson R. By Alexander Cappelen, Varun Gauri and Bertil Araujo Tungodden 12 24 The World Bank in India • September 2018 WPS 8530 WPS 8518 Urbanization in Kazakhstan: Desirable cities, Taking stock of the political economy of power sector unaffordable housing, and the missing rental marke reforms in developing countries: A literature review By William Hutchins Seitz By Alan David Lee and Zainab Usman WPS 8529 WPS 8517 Joint effects of parenting and nutrition status on child Integrating variable renewable energy in the development: Evidence from rural Cambodia Bangladesh power system: A planning analysis By Jan Lukas Berkes, Abbie Raikes, Adrien Bouguen By Miklos Bankuti, Debabrata Chattopadhyay and and Deon P. Filmer Chong Suk Song WPS 8528 WPS 8516 Productivity shocks and repayment behavior in rural Assessing the international co-movement of equity credit markets: A framed field experiment returns By Guigonan Serge Adjognon, Lenis Saweda Liverpool- By Girum Dagnachew Abate and Luis Serven Tasie and Robert Shupp WPS 8515 WPS 8527 Spatial and sectoral heterogeneity of occupational Characterizing business cycles in small economies choice in Cameroon By Viktoria Hnatkovska and Fritzi Koehler-Geib By Theophile Bougna Lonla and Pierre Nguimkeu WPS 8526 WPS 8514 Sources of volatility in small economies Gross capital flows by banks, corporates, and By Viktoria Hnatkovska and Fritzi Koehler-Geib sovereigns By Stefan Avdjiev, Bryan James Hardy, Sebnem Kalemli- WPS 8525 Ozcan and Luis Serven Should I stay or should I go: Do cash transfers affect migration? WPS 8513 By Samik Adhikari and Ugo Gentilini How would cross-border electricity trade stimulate hydropower development in South Asia? WPS 8524 By Govinda R. Timilsina Not your average tax system: Corporate taxation under weak enforcement WPS 8512 By Pierre Jean Bachas and Mauricio Soto Jati inequality in rural Bihar By Shareen Joshi, Nishtha Kochhar and Vijayendra Rao WPS 8523 Measuring districts’ monthly economic activity from WPS 8511 outer space Better loans or better borrowers? Impact of meso- By Robert Carl Michael Beyer, Esha Chhabra, Virgilio credit on female-owned enterprises in Ethiopia Galdo and Martin G. Rama By Aly Salman Alibhai, Niklas Buehren and Sreelakshmi Papineni WPS 8522 Tax Evasion in Africa and Latin America: The role of WPS 8510 distortionary infrastructures and policies Impact of conflict on adolescent girls in South Sudan By Wilfried Anicet Kouakou Kouame and Jonathan By Utz Johann Pape and Verena Phipps Goyette WPS 8509 WPS 8521 Transport costs, comparative advantage, and Decentralized delivery of financial education: Evidence agricultural development: Evidence from Jamuna from a country-wide field experiment bridge in Bangladesh By Emmanuel Hakizimfura, Douglas Randall and Bilal By Brian Blankespoor, M. Shahe Emran, Forhad J. Shilpi Husnain Zia and Lu Xu WPS 8520 WPS 8508 The shifting natural wealth of nations: The role of Bridge to big push or backwash? Market integration, market orientation reallocation, and productivity effects of Jamuna bridge By Rabah Arezki, Frederick van der Ploeg and Frederik in Bangladesh Toscani By Brian Blankespoor, M. Shahe Emran, Forhad J. Shilpi and Lu Xu WPS 8519 Taking stock of wholesale power markets in WPS 8507 developing countries: A literature review The ecological impact of transportation infrastructure By Hugh Rudnick and Constantin Velasquez By Samuel Edward Asher, Teevrat Garg and Paul Michael Novosad 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 25 WPS 8506 WPS 8495 How does participation in value chains matter to The role of major emerging markets in global African farmers? commodity demand By Nora Carina Dihel, Arti Grover Goswami, Claire By John Baffes, Alain Ntumba Kabundi, Peter Stephen Honore Hollweg and Anja Slany Oliver Nagle and Franziska Lieselotte Ohnsorge WPS 8505 WPS 8494 The dynamics of development: Innovation and The devil is in the details: Growth, polarization, and reallocation poverty reduction in Africa in the past two decades By Francisco J. Buera and Roberto N. Fattal Jaef By F. Clementi, M. Fabiani and V. Molini WPS 8504 WPS 8493 Discrimination against sexual minorities in education Where is the carbon tax after thirty years of research? and housing: Evidence from two field experiments in By Govinda R. Timilsina Serbia WPS 8492 By Dominik Koehler, Georgia Harley and Nicholas The effect of immigrant concentration at school on Menzies natives’ achievement: does length of stay in the host WPS 8503 country matter? Exposure of belt and road economies to china trade By Laurent Loic Yves Bossavie shocks WPS 8491 By Paulo S. R. Bastos Deep trade agreements and global value chains WPS 8502 By Edith Laget, Alberto Osnago, Nadia Rochaa and Do politically connected firms innovate, contributing Michele Ruta to long-term economic growth? WPS 8490 By David C. Francis, Sahar Sajjad Hussain and Marc Piloting the use of network analysis and decision- Tobias Schiffbauer making under uncertainty in transport operations: WPS 8501 Preparation and appraisal of a rural roads project in The optimal mix of pricing and infrastructure Mozambique under changing flood risk and other expansions to alleviate traffic congestion and in-bus deep uncertainties crowding in grand Casablanca By Xavier Espinet Alegre, Julie Rozenberg, Kulwinder By Alexandros Anas, Sayan De Sarkar and Govinda R. Singh Rao and Satoshi Ogita Timilsina WPS 8489 WPS 8500 Improving mental well-being and productivity of small-medium entrepreneurs in fragile, conflict and The evidence is in: How should youth employment violence affected areas: Can cognitive behavioral programs in low-income countries be designed? therapy trainings help? By Louise Fox and Upaasna Kaul By Priyam Saraf, Tasmia Rahman, Miguel Angel WPS 8499 Jimenez Gallardo, Julian C Jamison and Charles Lor Improved cook stoves for climate change mitigation? WPS 8488 Evidence of values, preferences and carbon savings Optimal locational choice for agrobusinesses in from a choice experiment in Ethiopia Madagascar: An application of spatial autoregressive By Sahan T. M. Dissanayake, Abebe Damte Beyene, Tobit regression Randall Bluffstone and et.al. By Atsushi Iimi WPS 8498 WPS 8487 The effect of remittances on the current account in Transport connectivity, Medical supplies, and people’s developing and emerging economies health care access: Evidence from Madagascar By Emmanuel Kwasi Koranteng Lartey By Atsushi Iimi and Voahirana Hanitriniala Rajoela WPS 8497 WPS 8486 The economic effects of refugee return and policy Crop production, transport infrastructure, and implications agrobusiness nexus: Evidence from Madagascar By Uri B. Dadush By Atsushi Iimi, Liangzhi You and Ulrike Wood-Sichra WPS 8496 WPS 8485 Funding and financing infrastructure: The joint-use of Integrating services in the economic fitness approach public and private finance By Andrea Zaccaria, Saurabh Mishra, Masud Z. Cader By Marianne Fay, David Martimort and Stephane Straub and Luciano Pietronero 12 26 The World Bank in India • September 2018 WPS 8484 WPS 8478 Measuring and explaining patterns of Spatial Income Benchmarking costs of financial intermediation Inequality from Outer Space: Evidence from Africa around the world By Anthony Francis Mveyange By Pietro Calice and Nan Zhou WPS 8483 WPS 8477 Sowing the seeds for rural finance: The impact of Are driving forces of CO2 emissions different across support services for credit unions in Mexico countries? Insights from identity and econometric By Miriam Bruhn, Rekha Reddy and Claudia Ruiz Ortega analyses By Kangyin Dong, Gal Hochman and Govinda R. WPS 8482 Timilsina The informal city By Harris Selod and Lara Tobin WPS 8476 Incentivizing school attendance in the presence of WPS 8481 parent-child information frictions Sustainable development goals diagnostics: An By Damien B. C. M. De Walque and Christine Valente application of network theory and complexity measures to set country priorities WPS 8475 By M. H. El-Maghrabi, Susanna Elisabeth Gable, Israel Services liberalization and GVC participation: New Osorio-Rodarte and Jos Verbeek evidence for heterogeneous effects by income level and provisions WPS 8480 By Woori Lee The long-run and gender-equalizing impacts of school access: Evidence from the first Indochina war WPS 8474 By Hai-Anh H. Dang, Trung Xuan Hoang and Ha Minh Automation and labor market outcomes: The pivotal Nguyen role of high-quality education By Raja Bentaouet Kattan, Kevin Alan David Macdonald WPS 8479 and Harry Anthony Patrinos Efficient financial allocation and productivity growth in Brazil By Pietro Calice, Eduardo P. Ribeiro and Steen Byskov 12 The World Bank in India • September 2018 27 The World Bank in India VOL 17 / NO 2 • September 2018 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Annamalai University ◆ New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 Centre for Studies in Social ◆ Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata Giri Institute of Development ◆ Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune Guru Nanak Dev University ◆ Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank Indian Institute of ◆ 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 Institute of Development ◆ (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur Institute of Economic ◆ The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore Karnataka University ◆ Dharwad Kerala University Library ◆ Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad Pt. 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