73491 TH E k|ltlaDa WORLD BANK GROUP a'n]l6g jif{ ! c+s # sflQ{s @)^( o; c+sdf k|fg 6f]nLsf] sndaf6 k|fgsf] ;dofjlw yk / cltl/Qm sf]if–@ k|ltlaDasf] klxnf] / bf];|f] c+s af/] vr{ / pQ/bfloTj hjfkmb]lxtf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx? -;LP;cf]_sf] dha'tLs/0f, xfdLn] kfPsf l6Kk0fL / ;Nnfx;'emfjaf6 -lkOPkmP_ ;lrjfno;Fu glhs /x]/ ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkg xfdL pT;flxt ePsf 5f}+ . ctM xfdLn] sfd ug{]5 . If]qLo ;fdflhs ;+hfnn] -kLPkmPd_ ;'wf/ ug{ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cem pT;fxsf ;fy t];|f] c+s k|sflzt kf]v/f / la/f6gu/df Joj:yfkg k|of]u–# u/]sf 5f}+ . o;df ePsf n]vx?n] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] glthf k|:6\ofP em}+ ljut s]xL dlxgfdf s]xL af/] Pp6f ;+lIfKt k|ltj]bg klg k|:t't ;fk g]kfnåf/f cfof]lht ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] /f]rs / dxTjk"0f{ ultljlwx? ePsf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} kl/0ffd, s]xL k|f/lDes glthfx?–$ 5g\ . o;dWo] Pp6f /fHo / zflGt lgdf{0f kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu sf]ifaf6 k|fgsf] sfo{qmdsf] sfof{jlw l8;]Da/ gful/s kxn -sf6f{_ af/] 5f]6f] kl/0ffd, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu @)!# ;Dd a9fpgsf nflu k|bfg ul/Psf] kl/ro klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . gful/s ultljlw -sf6f{_–% cd]l/sL 8n/ gf} nfv kRrL; xhf/ cGtdf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n ;];L] pkcg'bfg k|fksåf/f k|fKt 36gf cWoog -(,@%,)))_ a/fa/sf] cltl/Qm / cg'bfg k|fbfgsf] lkmN8df b]lvPsf –^ sf]if k|bfg klg Pp6f xf] . Tof] eGbf cem glthf klg cfO/x]sf 5g\ / s]xL 36gf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, g]kfndf ;'zf;gsf] dfu cWoog o; c+sdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf h'nfO{ b]lv ;]K6]Da/ @)!@ ;Dd of]hgfa4 kIf -Demand side_ df sfd ug{nfO{ 5g\ . lqmofsnfkx?–& ax'bft[ lgsfo 6«i6 sf]ifaf6 æ;fj{hlgs vr{ tyf ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ k|ltlaDasf] klxnf] / bf];|f] c+s h:t} ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf k|of]u ug{sf nflu t];|f] c+s klg /f]rs / pkof]uL x'g] gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?sf] ;jlns/0fÆ ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}+ . tkfO{+x?sf] ;Nnfx xfd|f] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ kl/of]hgfsf nflu kGw| nfv -!%,)),)))_ cd]l/sL 8n/ :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . o; ljifodf ;'emfj / l6sf l6Kk0fLnfO{ xfdL ;w}+ :jfut ub{5f}+{ . 5, t/ xfd|f] p4]Zo sfd ug{sf nflu k|fgn] ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ;/n 5 . k|fgsf] ;dofjlw yk / cltl/Qm sf]if k|fg cg'bfgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ;fdflhs ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ hjfkmb]lxtf;DalGw tflnd kfPsfx?nfO{ ;Nnfx lbP/ . oL ultljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg pgLx?n] l;s]sf 1fgnfO{ cEof;df Nofpgsf / cem a9L ;/f]sf/jfnfdfem k'Ug, ;/sf/;“u nflu cg'bfg lbg' xf] . z'?jftsf] ;dodf /rgfTds ;xsfo{ a9fpg, a}+sleqsf] ;fdflhs tflnd k|bfg ug{] sfd l9nf] ePsfn] tflndsf hjfkmb]lxtfdf k|fgsf] k|efjnfO{ cem dha't -;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf cGtu{tsf] ;fj{hlgs agfpg / k|fgsf] ;+of]hgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;]jf k|bfg_ clGtd r/0fsf ;xefuLx?n] cd]l/sL 8n/ tLg nfv cfu|x ul/Psf] 5 . cfgf k|:tfj tof/ ug'{ cl3 g} cg'bfg k|bfg g]kfndf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu -;Dk"0f{ cg'bfg k|bfg ul/g]_ ug{] sfd aGb cGttM kl/of]hgfsf] ;docjlw yk / sfo{qmd -k|fg_ tLg jif{] kl/of]hgf xf] . x'g nfu]sf] 5 . To;n] rf}yf} r/0fsf] cg''bfg cltl/Qm sf]ifn] ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj o; kl/of]hgfsf] s"n sf]if cd]l/sL 8n/ k|bfg ug{nfO{ yk ^,@%,))) cd]l/sL 8n/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu Pdl8l6Pkmaf6 xfn} k|fKt tL; nfv /x]sf]5, h;nfO{ ljZj a}+ssf] cfu|x ul/Psf] 5 . of] cg'bfg k|bfg ubf{ kGw| nfv -!%,)),))_ cd]l/sL 8n/n] klg /fHo / zflGt lgdf{0f sf]ifn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sfo{df ;fdflhs ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 . clxn];Dd Pdl8l6Pkmn] xf] . ;g\ @))( ;]K6]Da/df kl/of]hgfsf nflu hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] s'/fnfO{ zf;gsf] cfk"lt{ kIfnfO{ dfq ;xof]u u/]sf] x:tfIf/ ul/of] . g]kfndf zflGt lgdf{0f ug{] Wofg lbOg]5 . of] -clxn];Dd ;dotflnsf 5 . ca o;n] k|fgnfO{ kGw| nfv -!%,)),))_ k|s[ofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ;'zf;g agfP/ of]hgf gul/Psf]_ r/0fa4 cg'bfgn] cd]l/sL 8n/ k|bfg u/]/ k|fgsf] :yflkt k|j4{g ug{sf lglDt ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf dxTjk"0f{ ;dodf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;fem]bf/L / k4ltnfO{ pkof]u ub{} cf}hf/x?nfO{ a9fjf lbO{ gful/s ;dfh / dha't agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 lsgeg]M ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwL sfdnfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] x]t'n] -s_ k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{non] e/v/} go“F ;xof]u ug{ rfx]sf] 5 . o;n] k|fgnfO{ kl/of]hgf ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . lhP;L /0fgLlt nfu" u/]sf] 5 h;n] ;fdflhs lskmfotL x'g / cfgf] k|efj / hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu go“F cj;/ k|bfg ub{5, bLuf]kgfnfO{ a9fpg ;xof]u ug{] 5, h:tf] ls, k|fgsf rf/ gful/s ;dfh ;fem]bf/ -v_ kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfndf ;fdflhs k|fgsf] ;+of]hg Joo P;lkPkmnfO{ e/0f ug{ ;+:yfx?l;t ;Demf}tf ug{ sl7gfO ePsf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] kl/0ffd lbg yfn]sf] kfOPsf] nufOg]5 eg] P;lkPkmn] k|bfg ug{ g;Sg] sf/0fn] sfd l9nf] z'? ePtfklg clxn] 5 / -u_ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36g ePsfn] ;'kl/j]If0f Joosf] c+z Pdl8l6Pkmn] e/0f k“Fr} c+zdf kl/of]hgfn] /fd|f] k|ult zf;g / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ lgu/fgL ug{] s'/f ug{ ;S5 / ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj ul//x]sf] 5 . k|fgn] kf/]sf] k|efj :ki6 sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf / Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rf/df sfd ug{] go“F kfg{, k|fg nfu" ePsf] ufp“sf nfeu|fxLx?n] lgu/fgL gePdf l;dfGtLs[t ;d'bfonfO{ ljz]if1sf] Joo klg k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwL tflnd, gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{] 5 . s"n cg'bfg a9] kl5 tflnd / cg'bfg d]G6l/¨, / k|fg ;GhfnnfO{ s;/L ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] vr{ klg sd x'g] 5 . vr{ / pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf lgDg s'/fx?df kl/of]hgfn] kl/sNkgf nflu ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]u u/] eGg] s'/f 6f]nLn] u/]sf] eGbf klg a9L of]ubfg lbPsf] 5M -s_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Joj:yfkg OsfOn] g]kfnsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . -aemf¨ lhNnfsf] ;/sf/sf] ;]jf;'ljwf / :yfgLo zf;gdf xfnsf] cGtl/d /0fgLlt l6kf]6df k|fg Pp6f s“f8f uflj; / sf:sL lhNnfsf] n]vgfy ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u -h:tf] ls :jf:Yo d'Vo c+z ePsf] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . o; gu/kflnsfsf] 36gf cWoog x]g'{xf];\_ . rf}sLdf ;fd'bflos c+s sf8{ z'?jft u/]/_, OsfOn] a}+ssf] cGo ljefux?df ;fdflhs ljBdfg nfdf] zflGt k|lqmofsf] bf}/fg ePsf -v_ ;'zf;g, ljz]if u/L ;fj{hlgs vr{ / hjfkmb]lxtfsf ;+oGqx?nfO{ a9fpg] ;'zf;g, ;dfj]l;s/0f / kf/bzL{tf ;DaGwdf pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkgnfO{ dha't agfpg s'/fdf cfzf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . /fHo tyf ePsf sdLsdhf]/Laf6 lkl8t g]kfndf k|fgn] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ k|of]u ug{] zflGt lgdf{0f ;ldltsf ;b:ox? o; cålto glthf k|:t't u/]sf] s'/fdf 6f]nLn] s'/fdf bftfx?nfO{ ;Nnfx;'emfj lbP/ / -u_ kl/of]hgfn] xfn;Dd xfl;n u/]sf glthf / hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . /fli6«o sfof{nonfO{ h]P;l8Pkm cg'bfgdfkm{t xfl;n ug{ k|of]u u/]sf tl/sfx?af6 ;Gt'i6 5g\ . a}+saf6 ljQ ;xof]u k|bfg ePsf sfo{qmdx?df g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfn / /fli6«o tyf k|fgsf] k|ult / hgj/L÷km]a|'c/L @)!@ sf] :yfgLo txdf lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/Lx? gePsf] dWosflng ;dLIff -afx\o d"Nof¨g ;lxt_ cj:yfdf dfu / cfk"lt{df ;Gt'ng Nofpg' kg{] df cfwfl/t eP/ k|fg 6f]nLn] k|fgsf] k|efj s'/fsf] dxTjnfO{ pgLx?n] cf+}NofP . ;ldltsf Pj+ lbuf]kgfdf j[l¢ ug{] x]t'n] lj:tfl/t ;b:ox?n] /fli6«o Joj:yfkg OsfO / lqmofsnfkx? nfu" ug{sf nflu yk !$ If]qnfO{ yk ul/Psf] cjwLel/ k|fgnfO{ dlxgfsf] ;do / ;|f]tx? a9fpg cfu|x ;'kl/j]If0f÷sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ u/]sf] 5 . k|fgsf] lj:tf/df kLPkmPd -PFM_ sf cfJxfg u/]sf 5g\ . Tof] eGbf cem dxTjk"0f{ nflu Pd8L6LPkm -MDTF_åf/f xfn} :jLs[t !% s'/f, /fHo / zflGt lgdf{0f 6«:6 sf]if k|fgsf] nfv -!%,)),)))_ cd]l/sL 8n/sf] cg'bfgn] ;+rfng ;DaGwL cfPsf ;d:ofx?af6 l;Sg klg 6]jf k'¥ofpg]5 . k|:tfljt yk vr{n] d'Vo pT;flxt 5, h'g eljiodf x'g] kl/of]hgfsf ?kdf b'O{ lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;d]6\g]5 . nflu l;sfO x'g ;Sb5 . 2 Pratibimba gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx? -;LP;cf]_sf] dha'tLs/0f, ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkg -kLPkmPd_ ;'wf/ ug{ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] k|of]u g]kfndf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwL /fli6«o txdf ah]6sf] tof/L, k|rf/ k|;f/ sfo{qmd -k|fg_ n] tLg d'Vo ljifox? Pj+ ljZn]if0fdf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf gu/Lo ;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg / of] g]kfndf /fli6«o ah]6 / ljlQo k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkgdf jl/kl/ kf/blz{tf, hgr]tgf / ;xeflutfsf] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . b dN6L 8f]g/ 6«i6 kmG8 lj:tf/df s]lGb|t 5 . s/La krf; xhf/ -Pd8L6LPkm_ g]kfnn] k|fgnfO{ kGw| nfv -%),))_ cd]l/sL 8n/sf] rf/ k|lt:kwf{Tds -!%,)),))_ cd]l/sL 8n/ ægful/s ;dfh cg'bfgx? lgDg lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu k|bfg ;+:yfx?sf] dha'tLs/0f, ;fj{hlgs vr{ / ul/g] ck]Iff ul/G5 . h:t}M– pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ ug{ ;fdflhs -s_ ljlQo k|ltj]bg nufotsf ah]6 k|s[of hjfkmb]lxtfsf] k|of]uÆ gfds kl/of]hgfsf] a'em\gsf nflu ;+;b ;b:ox?df Ifdtf n'Ohf gf]/f, gjlgo'Qm k|fg tyf sf6f{ l6l6Pn nflu cg'bfg lbPsf] 5 . o; cg'bfgn] lgdf{0f / k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{ . ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkg -v_ n}l¨s Pj+ u/Laf]Gd'v ah]6 :jtGqsf] 3_ lhNnf / :yfgLo ah]6sf ;jfn÷ljifodf ;DaGwL ul/g]÷x'g] sfo{df j[l¢ ug]{ cfzf ljZn]if0f ug]{ . ;fd'bflos /]l8of] tyf ;+rf/ sfo{qmd . ul/G5 . of] kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog cjlw -u_ ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 ah]6sf af/]df ;a}df cu:t @)!@ b]lv h'g @)!$ ;Dd x'g]5 v'nf;f ug]{ . :yfgLo txdf vl/b sf] lgu/fgL, ah]6 / o;sf] sfd s]jn ;fj{hlgs vr{ / -3_ ljz]if1x?af6 cfDbfgLsf] lgu/fgL / sfof{Gjog / ;]jf ;Dkfbgdf ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkg sfo{df x'g]5 . b ljZn]if0f ug{] . hjfkmb]lxtf dN6L 8f]g/ 6«i6 kmG8 -Pd8L6LPkm_ g]kfnn] of] ljefun] vl/b lgu/fgL, :yfgLo vr{sf] klxn] ;/sf/l;t ldn]/ cfk"lt{ kIfdf sfd :yfgLo tx -lhNnf, gu/ / ufp“_ df 6«oflsª / pkkl/of]hgf Pj+ kl/of]hgfsf ub}{ lyof] / ca k|fgdfkm{t gful/s ;dfh ah]6 th'{df, k|rf/ k|;f/ Pj+ ljZn]if0fdf nlIft !) lhNnfx?sf :yfgLo txsf ;+:yfx?;lxt dfu kIfdf sfd ug{ rfxG5 . ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;]jf k|bfgsf u'0f:t/sf] d"Nofª\sgdf s]lGb|t k|fgsf] cfgf rf/ ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?l;t sfd kl/of]hgfsf] nlIft !) lhNnfdf :yfgLo x'g]5 . o; cGtu{t s/La @) j6f ;fgf u/]sf] ljlwaf6 Pd8L6LPkm cfslif{t ePsf] ah]6 of]hgf / tof/Ldf s]lGb|t x'g]5 . cg'bfgx? -em08} !% xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ 5. s/La !) j6f ;fgf cg'bfgx? -em08} !% sf]_ k|bfg ul/g] 5g\ . oL k|ltof]lutfTds xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf_ o; c+z cg'bfgx?n] lgDg lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] o; kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{qmd ljsf; nIo cGtu{t k|bfg ul/g] 5g\ . oL k|lt:kwf{Tds 5g\ . h:t}M– æg]kfnL gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gåf/f ljleGg cg'bfgx?n] lgDg lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ s_ vl/b cg'udg / af]nkqsf] glthf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf cjwf/0ffx?sf] ;d]6\g]5g\ . v'nf;f / vl/b k|s[ofsf nflu 7]sfsf] k|of]usf] ;Daw{gdfkm{t g]kfnsf !) j6f s_ lhNnf, uflj; Pj+ gu/kflnsf txdf hfgsf/L k|rf/ k|;f/af6 :yfgLo :t/df lhNNffx?df ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj ;xeflutfd'ns of]hgf Pj+ ah]6 u/fpg] . Joj:yfkgsf tLg ljz]if If]q kf/blz{tf, lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u . v_ :yfgLo sf]ifsf] ;xeflutfd'ns vr{sf] ;Ifdtf / ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ dha't kfg'{ g} v_ uflj;÷ gu/kflnsf ;b:ox? / lhNnfsf 6«oflsª . xf]Æ . clws[tx?sf] ah]6 of]hgf th{'df Pj+ u_ :yfgLo ;]jf k|bfg jf cfwf/e"t ljZn]if0f ;DjlGw Ifdtf lgdf{0fdf ;+/rgf pkkl/of]hgf nufgLsf] ;fdflhs kl/of]hgfsf tLg c+zx? lgDg x'g\M ;xof]u . n]vfk/LIf0f . u_ ;/nLs[t lhNnf ah]6 of]hgfx?sf] tof/L 3_ uflj;x?÷gu/kflnsfx? / lhNnf / k|rf/ k|;f/ . k|zf;gx?sf] ;'zf;g / ;]jf k|fjwfgsf] sfo{;Dkfbgk|lt ;fd'bflos c� sf8{x? hf/L ug]{ . kl/of]hgfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ tTj k|efjsf/L d"Nofª\sg /0flgltsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . kl/of]hgfn] ;LP;cf]x?, cf}hf/x? / ;]jf k|bfg ljlwx?sf] kl/0ffd lgSof]n { ug{ rfxG5 . j}1flgs ?kdf kl/of]hgfsf] k|efj x]g{ o;n] ef}uf]lns / hg;fª\lvs lx;fan] p:t} lgoGq0f ;d'xaLrsf] glthf t'ngf ug]{ 5 hx“f o:tf sfd sfof{Gjog ul/Psf lyPgg\ . Pratibimba 3 ;fk g]kfnåf/f cfof]lht ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] s]xL k|f/lDes glthfx? k|fgsf rf/ ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?dWo] ;fk ;'g'jfOsf] cfof]hgf ug'{ xf] . ;fj{hlgs h:t}M gu/Lo c;n zf;g -PdhLhL_, g]kfnåf/f ;+rflnt g]zgn ;]G6/ km/ ;f];n ;'g'jfO h:tf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdx?df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg -kLP;8L_ / csfpG6lalnl6 -Pg;LP;P_sf] p2]Zo 1fg k|foh;f] + gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfdfkm{t ;+ul7t ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkg a“F8\g' / b]z}el/ ;+hfn lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . o;sf nfeu|fxLx?n] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? ;dIf -kLPkmPd_ . k“Frj6} ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf nflu k“Fr ljsf; If]qx?df Pg;LP;Psf :yfgLojf;Lsf dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx? p7fp“5g\ If]qLo ;|f]ts]Gb|x? -cf/cf/;L_n] cf–cfgf k“frj6f If]qLo ;|f]ts]Gb|x? -sf7df8f}+df Pp6f / ldn]/ ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] enfO x'g] u/L If]qdf ;kmntfk"j{s oL ;fj{hlgs 5'6\6} s]lGb|o txsf]_ 5g\ h;n] ;Ghfnx?sf] ;d:ofsf ;dfwfg kQf nufp“5g\ . ;'g'jfOx?sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf 5g\ . lgdf{0f / ltgsf] ;xof]udf 6]jf lbPsf 5g\ . tL s]Gb|x?sf] Pp6f sfd ;Ghfnx?sf Pg;LP;Pn] k|fgsf tLgj6f ljifodf ox“F b'O{j6f pbfx/0fx? k|:t't 5g\ . sfo{If]qsf ;femf ;d:ofsf af/]df ;fj{hlgs ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q -O8Lcf/_ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf -P;P_ If]qLo ;|f]ts]Gb|M la/f6gu/ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf If]qLo ;Ghfn :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;8s / ;/;kmfOsf] sdhf]/ atfP . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] kl/0ffd:j?k, ;b:ox?sf] ljleGg r/0fsf a}7sx?åf/f cj:yfaf/] cjut u/fof] . pQm sfo{qmddf la/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] xfn} a8f g+ !, la/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf ;8sx?sf] pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf k|efljt ;a} ;d'bfosf #, %, & / !% df af6f] / 9n Joj:yfkgsf] sfd sdhf]/ dd{t / 9n k|aGwsf] cefj g} Tox“Fsf] dflg;x? nufot ;Ghfnsf ;b:ox? ;xefuL ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . hNbf]aNbf] ;d:of ePsf] klxrfg ub}{ o;nfO{ lyP . :yfgLo lhDd]jf/ lgsfoaf6 ;Daf]wg ug{ h?/L o;cl3 :ylut ;8s tyf 9n lgdf{0fsf nflu 7flgof] . t;y{, ltgLx?n] ;fd"lxs ?kdf log} ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] ;8sx?sf] gfh's ul/Psf] 7]Ssf, cWoIfsf] kxndf clxn] sfof{Gjog ljifo-d'2f_df ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ug]{ lgwf] cj:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L :jLsfb}{ o;sf] ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 . Ol8cf/sf ;b:ox?n] j8f g+ !, #, $, & u/] . k"jf{~rn If]qLo ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ug{ ;xdt eP . o; sfdsf nflu ul/Psf] / !% df af/Daf/ 58\s] h“Fr ub{} e}/x]sf] sfdsf] ;Ghfnn] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] cfof]hgf u/L ;Demf}tf cem} sfof{Gjog gePsf] pgLx?n] u'0f:t/sf af/]df :yfgLoaf;Lx?af6 ;'rgf / klxn] k|df0f ;ª\sng u/] . w]/} jif{kl5 ul/Psf] ;8s clxn] tyf 9n lgdf{0f ;DalGw sfdk|lt :yfgLoaf;Ln] ;Gtf]if JoQm u/] . pgLx?sf] ca s'g} u'gf;f] 5}g . cGtM ;8s tyf plrt 9n ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sfdf pgLx? v'zL b]lvG5g\ . klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q -8ANo'l8cf/_ k|f/De ePkl5 aLrdf /f]Sg lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . clxn] 6«flkms k|x/Lx? a;kfs{ glhssf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf -P;P_ If]qLo ;|f]ts]Gb|M kf]v/f ;8sdf uf8Lx?sf] lg/LIf0f ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ . kf]v/fdf ;'/Iff cj:yf dha't kfg{ lgoldt k|x/L ;'/Iff h“FrnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOdf gful/sx?n] ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?sf] af/]df klg s'/f p7fP . kl/0ffd:j?k pRr dfWolds ljBfnox?n] df]afOn kmf]g, df]6/afOs / 5f]6f :s6{x?sf] k|of]unfO{ ljBfno kl/;/df k|ltaGw u/]sf 5g\ . klxn] clxn] Kff]v/faf;L gu/If]qdf e}/x]sf] k|x/Lsf] 6«flkms lhNnf clwsf/L, k|x/L clws[tx?, If]qLo 6«flkms Joj:yfkgk|lt c;Gt'i6 lyP . k|x/L] ;'k/Lj]If0fsf] k|x/L ;lxtsf ;/sf/L ljeful;t pQm ;d:ofsf] cefjdf k}bnofqLsf nflu ;8sx? vt/fhgs af/]df atfP . ;/sf/L lgsfon] cfgf] lhDd]jf/L ag]sf lyP . @$ gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?sf] :jLsf¥of] . kf]v/fdf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] If]qLo ;~hfnn] @@) -!)% dlxnf, !!% k'?if_ kl/0ffd:j?k dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{gx? ePsf bz{s>f]tfx? ;dIf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO u/L k|d'v 5g\ . nfdf b'/Lsf ;fj{hlgs uf8Lx?nfO{ ofqf 4 Pratibimba kl/0ffd, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu gful/s ultljlw -sf6f{_ g]kfndf sf6f{ sfof{Gjogdf cg'udgnfO{ cem /fd|f] kfg]{ h:tf go“F ;fem]bf/ :6fkm cg'udgsf lqmofsnfkx?df klg k|fgsf] e"ldsf 5 . s[kof sfo{qmd z'? ug{ a}+ssf a¨nfb]z / g]kfnsf ;xdt x'g]5g\ . cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ o;sf nflu ljZj a}+ssf] sG6«L 6f]nLx?n] o:tf cg'ejx?sf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ;DkGg ug]{ xf] ;f]sf] pNn]v ub{} d'Vofno jfl;ª\6g l8;Ldf ul//x]sf 5g\ . dlxgfsf] z'?d} cyf{t km]a|'c/L gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx?l;t cjwf/0ff /x]sf k|fgsf k"j{ -6f:s ( df :yfgLo gful/s ;dfh ;d'xl;tsf] kqsf nflu :yfgLo ;fem]bf/x?n] cfJxfg l6d ln8/_ l6l6Pn e'jg k/fdz{ / b'O{ b]zx?sf ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmddf ug{] 5g\ . ;a}eGbf /fd|f] cjwf/0ff kq k]z e6\gfu/sf] ljj/0f x]g{'xf]nf . ;xefuL x'g] ;xdtLdf cfwfl/t kl/0ffd, ug{] b'O{ ;+:yfx?nfO{ k"0f{ k|:tfj tof/ ug{ kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu gful/s cfu|x ul/g]5 . lkl6Pkm / o;sf] :yfgLo t];|f] kIf cg'udgsf] Ps cnUu} tl/sf ultljlw -sf6f{_ gfds sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOg ;fem]bf/n] ljh]tf 5fGg] 5g\ h;n] ;LP;cf] ljZj a}+såf/f t[0fd'ntxdf nufgL ul/Psf] lyof] . l;tsf] ;Demf}tfdf k|j]z kfP/ o;sf] sfdsf] ul/Psf kl/of]hgfx?sf] gful/s cg'udgdf ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{5 . pkof]udf NofOPsf] gljg k¢ltsf] :ynut k/LIf0f blIf0f Plzof sf6f{df, kf/bzL{ sf]ifsf nflu ;fem]bf/L b[li6sf]0fx?sf] h“Fr ug{ / k|dfl0ft ug{ If]qdf ul/“b} 5 . ut u|Lidofddf lkmlnlkG;df, -kL6LPkm_ gfds Ps cGt/f{li6«o u}x|gfkmfd'vL k|To]s pkkl/of]hgfsf] ;dofjlw !@ b]lv !* cfa|fsf c;n zf;gdf rf;f] /fVg] ;+:yfdfkm{t gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx?nfO{ dlxgfsf] x'g]5 / To;sf] nfut kRrL; xhf/ gful/sx? cfg} lhNnfdf lgdf{0fflwg $=% /sd lgsf;f ul/G5 . hfkfgL ;fdflhs -@%,)))_ / Ps nfv krf; xhf/ -!,%),)))_ ls=dL= nfdf] ;8ssf] cg'udg ul//x]sf ljsf; sf]ifaf6 k|fKt pGgfO; nfv cd]l/sL 8n/sf] aLrdf x'g]5 . ;du| lyP . sfo{:yndf :jod\;]js cg'udg -!(,)),)))_ cd]l/sL 8n/ cg'bfgsf] sfo{qmdsf] ;do tLg jif{sf] x'g]5 lsgeg] stf{x?sf] 7]s]bf/sf sd{rf/Lx?l;t rsf{rsL{ k|of]uaf6 kL6LPkm / o;sf :yfgLo pkkl/of]hgfnfO{ cg'bfg ls:tfdf lbOG5 . eO/x]sf] lyof] . sfddf cg]sf}+ clgoldttf ;fem]bf/x?–a¨nfb]zdf b df]g'z/ hf]gf] b]v]/ l;d]G6sf af]/f uGtL ubf{ kmfp08];g / g]kfndf x]Ne6f;n] sfof{Gjog Ifdtf lgdf{0f / 1fg k|bfg sd{rf/Lx?n] #^ af]/f ePsf] bfaL u/]klg k|ult / a}+s kl/of]hgsf] glthfsf]] cg'udg pkkl/of]hgfx?sf cltl/Qm, h;n] @^ j6f dfq km]nf k/] . cfkm"x?n] b]v]sf ub}{ l;P;cf]x?sf] 5gf}6 / ltgnfO{ ;Nnfx sfo{qmdsf] &% k|ltzt ah]6 vkt u5{, s'/fx? ;DalGwt gful/s ;d'xx?n] lbg]5g\ . sf6f{ sfo{qmdn] Ifdtf lgdf{0f Pj+ 1fg ;fj{hlgs sfo{ tyf ;8s ljefudf lnlvt k|bfg lqmofsnfkx? klg ;dfj]z ug]{5 . ?kdf k]z u/] . ljefun] cg';Gwfgsf nflu æa}+s kl/of]hgfsf] t];|f] kIf cg'udgstf{sf] cg b ha nlg{ª\ afO{ 8'Oª\ dfkm{t / l;P;cf] 6f]nL k7fof] . sd;n sª\lqm6 ld>0f / :jtGqtf ;+/If0f ug]{ of] gf}nf] k¢lt xf]Æ, x?nfO{ g]kfndf k|fg / a¨nfb]zdf cfG;f af6fsf] hudf nfdfnfdf b/f/x? nufot sof}+ sfo{qmdsf 6L6LPn, e'jg e6\gfu/n] pNn]v h:tf rln/x]sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f sfo{qmdx?l;t u'0f:t/l;t hf]l8Psf sdhf]/Lx? pgLx?n] u/] . æof] y'k|} r'gf}ltx? / ckl/lrtx?l;tsf] hf]8\b} Ifdtf dha"tLs/0fnfO{ ;fldn e]6\6fP . kl/0ffd:j?k, 7]s]bf/n] cf�g} vr{df kl/If0f xf], t/ olb of] ;kmn ePdf glthf ul/g]5 . l;P;cf]x?nfO{ lgoldt sf]lr¨ / ;8s k'gMlgdf{0f ug{ afWo eof] eg] nfhn] / c;n zf;gsf nflu o;n] a}+ssf] go“F d]G6l/ªsf nflu :jod\;]jL bIf lkl6Pkm OlGhlgo/n] /fhLgfdf lbP . ;Defljt ;fwgsf] ?kdf of]ubfg ug{ kl/of]hgf ;Nnfxsf/x?sf ;]jf klg pknAw ;S5 .Æ u/fOg]5 . ;g\ @))) df l;lh{t lkl6Pkmn] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf kf/blz{tf Pj+ hjfkmb]lxtf $% j6f b]zx?df l;P;cf]x?nfO{ cg'bfg j[l¢ ug{ / ljsf;sf sfo{x? tyf ;fj{hlgs sf6f{ sfo{qmddf 5gf}6 / sf]if ;+oGq, / Ifdtf ;xof]u ub}{ @)) eGbf w]/} c;n ;]jfx?sf kl/0ffddf ;'wf/ ug{ w]/} b]zx?sf a}+ssf sG6«L clkm;x?n] / sfo{ zf;g kl/of]hgfx?nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u gful/s ;d'xx? sfo{/t 5g\ . 6f]nL cu'jfx?n] @% j6f;Dd rfn' u/]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfx?sf] klxrfg ug]{5g\ h'g l;P;cf] ljsf;sf] k|efjsfl/tf / ljZj a}+sn] cg'udgsf nflu pko'Qm x'g ;S5g\ . o; a¨nfb]z / g]kfnsf sG6«L 8fO/]S6/, Png nufgL u/]sf kl/of]hgfx?sf kl/0ffdx?sf] p2]Zosf nflu a¨nfb]z / g]kfndf Ps uf]N8:6]Ogsf cg';f/ æk|efjsf/L t];|f] kIf a[xt gful/s ;xeflutf dfkm{t kl/of]hgf bh{g kl/of]hgfx?sf] klxrfg ul/;lsPsf] cg'udgn] xfd|f sfdx?sf] k|f]T;xg ub{} 5 . a[xt kf/blz{tf / hg;fwf/0fsf kl/0ffdsf] ;'wf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 . a9\bf] cfTdljZjf; h:tf ;'wfl/Psf] pbfx/0fsf nflu ha clgoldttfx?sf] kl/0ffdsf ;Defljt kmfObfx? cf}+Nofp“b} / klxrfg ul/G5 cyjf ha ck|f]rx? c;kmn Ph]G;Lsf ;xof]udf 6L6LPnx?n] ;/sf/l;t ;fljt x'G5g\ To;avt pko'Qm ;xL ;do sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g dGh'/L lng]5g\ . sfo{ljlwsf] nflu k|f]T;fxg u5{g\ . cem eGg' kbf{, o;n] xfdLnfO{ gful/sx?sf] emg} glhs æ/rgfTds ;xeflutfÆsf] pNnf;do efjdf k'¥ofp“5 hf] xfd|f ljsf; kl/0ffdsf] k|efjsf ;“u;“u} sfd ub}{ a}+s :6fkm, sfof{Gjog clGtd lg0ff{os x'g\ . Æ Ph]G;Lsf k|ltlglwx? / kL6LPkm÷:yfgLo Pratibimba 5 sf6f{ k|ultsf] ;dof°g kl/of]hgf -cf/PcfO8LkL_ x]Ne]6f;dfem lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf r“F8} ul/g] » u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if÷@ -kLPPkm–@_ 5 . kLPPkm @ pkkl/of]hgfsf nflu 5flgPsf » ljlzi6 Jofj;flos tflnd tyf lzIff -Oe]G6_ tLg ;LP;cf]x?nfO{ Ps dlxgfleq k"0f{ k|:tfj kl/of]hgf k]z ug{ elgPsf] 5 eg] Oe]G6 » ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf -P;P;cf/kL_ pkkl/of]hgfsf nflu dfluPsf cjwf/0ff kqx?sf] » cfsl:ds zfflGt ;xof]u kl/of]hgf -OkLP;kL_ d"Nofª\sg e}/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, P;P;cf/kL » pbfp“bf] zx/L kl/of]hgf -O6LkL_ pkkl/of]hgfsf nflu lzIff ljeful;t 5nkmn » ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;+hfn kl/of]hgf -P;P;PgkL_ e}/x]sf] 5, OkLP;kL pkkl/of]hgfsf nflu zflGt » Kff]if0fsf nflu ;fd'bflos sfo{ljlw kl/of]hgf tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnol;t / O6LkL pkkl/of] / hgfsf nflu u|fld0f ljsf; tyf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f » :jf:Yo :jfk -Swap_ ljeful;t 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 . OkLP;kL kl/0ffd, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu pkkl/of]hgfsf nflu cWoog If]qsf] ev{/} gful/s sfo{ljlw -sf6f{_ sfo{qmd cl3 cf/PcfO8LkL, kLPPkm–@ / Oe]G6sf nflu cfu|x kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] 5 . k'gM;+/rgf;lxt of] a9\b}5 . kf/blz{tf sf]ifsf nflu ;fem]bf/ -kL6LPkm_ ul/Psf] cjwf/0ff kqsf] k|ltlqmofdf qmdzM !&, kl/of]hgfsf] ;do h'g @)!$ ;Ddsf] x'g]5 / n] g]kfndf @)!! b]lv @)!$ ;Dd x]Ne]6f; @% / * gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx?n] cjwf/0ff cjwf/0ff kqsf] nflu cfJxfg rfF8} g} ul/g] 5 . g]kfnl;t ldn]/ kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ul//x]sf] kq k]z u/] . oL cjwf/0ff kqx? Ps s7f]/ 5. d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofaf6 u'h|] . cf/PcfO8LkL pkkl/of]hgfsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/Psf @ l;P;cf] xfn;Dddf sf6f{ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;Defljt x? / kLPPkm @ pkkl/of]hgfsf ;Gbe{df # ;xof]usf nflu ljZj a}+sn] nufgL u/]sf gf} l;P;cf]x?nfO{ cem a9L d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k"0f{ j6f a}+sn] kl/of]hgfx?sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5g\ . k|:tfj k]z ug{ lgdGq0ff ul/of] . cf/PcfO8LkL tL x'g\ pkkl/of]hgfsf nflu l;P;cf]sf] clGtd 5gf}6 » u|fld0f kx'“r ;'wf/ Pj+ ljs]lGb|s/0f k'/f ul/Psf] 5, / pQm l;P;cf], kLl6Pkm / ;];L] pkcg'bfg k|fksåf/f k|fKt 36gf cWoog k|fgsf] Ps sfd l;P;cf]x?sf nflu cg'bfg k|bfg ug'{ xf] hf] k|f]–klAnsåf/f ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf cf}hf/sf] k|of]udf k|lzlIft ul/Psf 5g\ . ;];Ln] l;P;cf]x?nfO{ xfn;Dddf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df Ps :jtGq cg'bfg ;ldltdfkm{t !) 7'nf / @) ;fgf u/L #) j6f cg'bfgx? k|bfg ul/;s]sf] 5 . oL cg'bfgx? g]kfnsf #) lhNnfx?nfO{ ;d]6\b} qmdzM ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg -!)_, ;fj{hlgs vr{ / pQ/bfloTj Joj:yfkg -!$_ / gu/Lo c;n zf;g -^_df s]lGb|t 5g\ . cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{ s]xL ;+:yfx?n] /fd|f] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] d]G6/x?sf e"ldsfn] lgs} k|f]T;fxg ug]{ u/]sf] klg atfP . s]xL 5flgPsf 36gf cWoogx? tn k|:t't 5g\ . uflj; ah]6sf] b'?kof]u aemfª\ lhNnf s“f8f uflj;df ;xf/f g]kfnsf] sfo{ g]kfnsf w]/} uflj;x?df h:t} s“f8f uflj;sf] pgLx?n] tL ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf cf}hf/sf klg ;/sf/åf/f :jLs[t s}of}+ of]hgfx? dfkm{t af/]df yfxf kfPsf lyP . Psk6s ltgLx?n] h]i7 gful/sx? / dlxnfx?sf ;]jfsf nflu of] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf s“f8f uflj;df h]i7 cGTodf a}7ssf] nflu uflj;sf] dGh'/L k|fKt ah]6 k|bfg ug]{ cg'dtL lyof] . b'ef{Uojz gful/sx?sf nflu ?= &@,))) / dlxnf eof] . a}7ssf] k“Fr lbgkl5 uflj;n] vf]lhPsf] s“f8f uflj;sf hgtfx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] of] ;zlQms/0f sfo{qmdsf nflu ?= !,(@,))) /sd hDdf u¥of] . clwsf/af/] slxNo} klg atfOPg, g t ah]6df lgsf;f x'g] u/]sf] t/ pQm /sd slxNo} s“f8fsf dflg;x? vf;u/L dlxnf, blnt, ;d]l6Psf /sdx? g} slxn] k|bfg ul/ ga“fl8Psf] tYo km]nf k¥of] . hghflt, h]i7 gful/s / cGo dsf{df of] . k|fg cGt{ut ;];Laf6 cg'bfg kfPsf] k/]sf ;d'xx? ;fx|} v'zL eP . eljiodf km]l/ l;P;cf] ;xf/f g]kfnn] of] hfgsf/L Ps ;xf/f g]kfnn] s“f8fdf y'k|} nlIft ;d'x o:tf Jojxf/ gug]{ uflj;sf] arga¢tfaf6 :jtGq ah]6 ljZn]if0f / ;fj{hlgs vr{ 5nkmnx? ;DkGg u/L :yfgLo hgtfx?nfO{ pgLx? cem w]/} v'zL eP . 5'6\ofpg] ;j]{]If0fsf] bf}/fg km]nf kf¥of] . k|fg :yfgLo ah]6sf af/]df a'em\g, ljif]zu/L uflj;sf] sfo{qmdsf] kf6f]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] k|f]–klAnsaf6 kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfdf hf]8 lbO ;xof]u ;x/f g]kfnn] ;}kfn ;fd'bflos PkmPd /]l8of]df k'¥ofof] . o;kl5 hgtfx? cfgf clwsf/x?sf of] 36gf hf/L /fVg] ljZjf; lbnfof] . ;a}eGbf af/]df hfGg / kfpg' kg]{ /sdaf/] yfxf kfpg v'zLsf] s'/f lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{non] ;DalGwt pT;'s lyP . sfof{nox?nfO{ gful/s clwsf/sf af/]df lr7L n]vL k7fof] . cGtM uflj;n] h]i7 gful/sx?nfO{ l;P;cf]n] s]xL sl7gfO kZrft s“f8f uflj;l;t ? &@,))) / dlxnf ;zLQms/0f sfo{qmdsf nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnsf] to u¥of] / o;sf nflu nflu ? !,(@,))) pknAw u/fof] . /fd|f] dfgj Joj:yfkg ug'{ cfjZos lyof] . 6 Pratibimba :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;d'bfoaLrsf] cfz+sf x6fp“b} n]vgfy gu/kflnsf, sf:sLdf ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ s]Gb| -l;l;l;_sf] sfo{ o; 36gf cWoog jf ;kmntfsf] syf ;d"xn] pgLx?sf] d]xgt sd kg{] s'/fnfO{ a'em]/ ;fd'bflos ;+rf/ s]Gb| -l;l;l;_ sf:sL nfO{ ?rL b]vfP / gu/kflnsf;“u s/f/df x:tIf/ ;];Låf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] æ;fgfÆ pkcg'bfg u/] . t/ gu/kflnsfsf ;a} j8fdf o; kl/of]hgfdf cGtu{tsf] kl/of]hgsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 ;fef/ clgoldttf ePsf] s'/f yfxf eof] . l;l;l;n] ul/Psf] xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)^*—^( df n]vgfy n]vgfy gul/kflnsfsf sfo{qmddf / ljz]if u/L o; kl/of]hgfdf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;+oGq cGt{ut ;fj{hlgs vr{ 6«ofs ug{] k4lt -k]6\;\_ l9sLsf] Ps gd'gf k|of]u ug{] k|:tfj u/]sf] lyof] . cfPsf kl/0ffdx?M != l;l;l;n] k]6\;\ k|of]u u/L l9sL sfo{qmddf kQf nfu]sf tYox? ePsf] clgoldttf phfu/ u/\of] . l;l;l;n] k]6\;\ k|of]u ubf{ lgDg s'/f kQf nfUof]M @= gul/kflnsfn] sfo{qmd af/] :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ • !% j6f j8fsf nflu s"n ah]6 !% nfv ;'lrt gug'{ / nfeu|fxL ;d'bfonfO{ ;+nUg k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] lyof] -k|To]s j8fsf gug'{, ljif]z u/L sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf / ah]6 nflu ? !),)))_ t/ ? &@)) dfq ljlgof] to ug{] cEof;df dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ ;+nUg hg ul/Psf] lyof] . gug'{ uNtL ePsf] dxz'; u/\of] . gu/kflnsfn] l9sL lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ;a} • !% j8fdWo] !) j6f j8faf6 k]z ul/Psf #= ca pk|fGt gu/kflnsfn] kl/of]hgf k'/f ePsf] !% j8fdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{] of]hgf u/]sf] aLnef}r/ / sfuhft gSsnL ePsf] kfOof] k|df0f k|fKt gul/Gh]n;Dd /sd e'QmfgL ug{] lyof] . t/ gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ • dlxnfsf] d]xgt sd ug{sf nflu NofOPsf] 5}g . cfslif{t ug{ ;s]g / km]l/ clGtd rf]l6 l9sL sfo{qmdsf] af/]df dlxnf ;d"xnfO{ $= dlxnf ;d"xn] klg dlxnfsf nflu jf cfJxfg ubf{ klg :yfgLo ls;fgn] Tolt ?rL yfxf lyPg lsgeg] gu/kflnsfsf dlxnfnfO{ lxt ug{] sfo{qmddf cle?rL lng] b]vfPgg\ . ;"rgf Tolt v]/ lbOof] hltv]/ ls;fgx? clwsf/Ln] k|ToIf ?kdf pgLx?;Fu ;Dks{ k|lta4tf hgfP . v]tsf] sfddf Jo:t lyP . s]xL j8fsf dlxnf u/]sf lyPgg\ . h'nfO{ b]lv ;]K6]Da/ @)!@ ;Dd of]hgfa4 lqmofsnfkx? » ;fem]bf/x?l;t kLPkmPd Pd8L6LPkm ;Demf}tfx?sf] clGtd 6'¨f] / k|f/lDes sfo{sf] yfngL . » P;kLlaPkmnfO{ sfo{qmd lj:tf/ Pj+ yk sf]ifsf nflu k|:tfa k]z, P;kLlaPkmåf/f o;sf] :jLs[lt / sfdsf] yfngL . » ;/sf/ -:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno_l;t ;fd'bflos c° sf8{;DaGwL kl/If0f tflndsf d'Vo k|flKtx?sf] cg'ej cfbfg, eljiodf cfgf sfdx?df l;P;l;nfO{ d'nwf/df Nofpg] k|f]–klAnsåf/f dGqfnonfO{ ;xdt u/fpg] . » b'a} Aofrsf #) j6f l;P;cf]x?sf] d]G6l/ª\ / sf]lrª\df laz]if hf]8 . » ;]K6]Da/ @)!@ df ;+o'Qm If]q e|d0fnfO{ tLa| kfg'{ sf/0f ;]K6]Da/ t];|f] xKtf ;Dddf ;a} rfn' cg'bfgsf lqmofsnfkx? aGb x'g]5g\ . » k|f/lDes cWoogsf] ;dflKt . » k|fgsf ;fem]bfx?l;t lgoldt dfl;s a}7s . » y'k|} 36gf cWoog;lxt k|fgsf] Go'hn]6/ æk|ltlaDaÆsf] cfufdL c° k|sfzg . » ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfdf PgPP;l; df:6/ 6«]g/sf nflu k|lzIfs tflnd sfo{qmd . » ;]K6]Da/ !* b]lv @) ;Dd l;o'6L OG6/g]zgnåf/f g]kfndf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ljifodf sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf -Ps hgf ;/sf/L ;lxt ^ hgf ;xefuLx?sf] k|fgåf/f k|fof]hg_ . Pratibimba 7 TH E WORLD BANK GROUP yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu ljZj a}+s c~hnL ysfnL g]kfn sfof{no kf]=aS;M &(* sfo{qmd pk;+of]hs k|fg ofs P08 olt xf]6n sDKn]S; ljZj a}+s b/af/ dfu{, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn g]kfn sfof{no kmf]gM $@@^&(@, $@@^&(# O{d]nM athakali@worldbank.org ofS;M $@@%!!@ kmf]g -clkm;_M $@@^&(@, PS6]G;g ^#$& df]jfOnM (*%!!)$%#( www.worldbank.org/np/pran j]e;fO8M www.worldbank.org.np