Solar Resource Mapping in Pakistan SITE EVALUATION REPORT July 2015 This report was prepared by the consultants listed on the following pages, under contract to The World Bank. It is one of several outputs from the solar Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning Pakistan [Project ID: P146140]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. This document is an interim output from the above-mentioned project. Users are strongly advised to exercise caution when utilizing the information and data contained, as this has not been subject to full peer review. The final, validated, peer reviewed output from this project will be the Pakistan Solar Atlas, which will be published once the project is completed. Copyright © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the consultants listed, and not of World Bank staff. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to esmap@worldbank.org. ESMAP – Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Initiative - Solar Resource Mapping for Pakistan – Site evaluation report: Karachi, Pakistan Meteorological Department Responsible Authors Birk Kraas (CSP Services) Christoph Schillings (DLR) Qazi Sabir (PITCO) DOC: SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Author Contact Information: CSP Services GmbH Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30 51143 Köln/Cologne, Germany e-mail: b.kraas@cspservices.de 19 August 2014 CSP Services GmbH Birk Kraas Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30 51143 Cologne, Germany Phone: +49 2203 959003 6 Mob.: +49 162 9373484 b.kraas@cspservices.de DLR Dr. Christoph Schillings Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70563 Stuttgart, Germany Phone: +49 711 6862 784 christoph.schillings@dlr.de PITCO: Qazi Sabir Phone: +92 (42) 36363751 qazi.sabir@pitcopk.com – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 2 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Contents 1 Executive Summary.............................................................................. 4 2 Procedure and tasks of the site visit .................................................... 4 3 Site visit results ................................................................................... 5 3.1 Overview, description of the site and surroundings ................................. 5 3.2 Local support, maintenance staff and future hardware use ....................... 6 3.3 Site 1 (roof top) ................................................................................. 7 Coordinates ................................................................................. 7 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site ................... 7 Shadings and Reflections ............................................................... 9 3.4 Site 2 (ground station) ..................................................................... 13 Coordinates ............................................................................... 13 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site ................. 14 Shadings and Reflections ............................................................. 14 3.5 Site 3 (roof top)............................................................................... 18 Coordinates ............................................................................... 18 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site ................. 18 Shadings and Reflections ............................................................. 18 3.6 Site 4 (roof top) ............................................................................... 22 Coordinates ............................................................................... 22 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site ................. 22 Shadings and Reflections ............................................................. 22 4 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 26 – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 3 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 1 Executive Summary A team of the solar vendor consortium for the ESMAP Pakistan Solar Resource Mapping Project visited the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) office in Karachi on August 07, 2014. The goal was to evaluate if the location is suitable for the installation of a solar ground measurement station in the framework of the project. Four different sites have been examined on the campus, three on the roof of different buildings of the PMD location and one on the ground at the meteorological measurement station of PMD. Site 2, the ground site at the meteorological station, is recommended for the installation of a Tier2 meteorological station (CSP Services MDI automatic weather station). 2 Procedure and tasks of the site visit The following tasks have been performed for the site visit, following the procedure from the site visit manual: 1. Recording of exact geographic coordinates of the site(s) and orientations 2. Photographic documentation of the site - Overview of site and location, - panoramic 360 degrees round view from the site for identification of potential obstacles blocking the sun path 3. Check of availability, strength and potential providers of GSM network at the site 4. Audit of local staff to clarify all relevant information (see checklist) 5. Information of local staff at the site about the project, its aim and required tasks for realization and clarification of availability and prospected quality of the required support from their side 6. In-office evaluation of results and compilation of this report – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 4 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 3 Site visit results The results of the site visit and its evaluation is presented in the following section. 3.1 Overview, description of the site and surroundings Figure 1: Location overview (Google Maps View) Figure 2: Aerial View (Google Earth View) The PMD office in Karachi is located in the northeast of the city on a large cleared area of about 900x400 m. Around the site, the town of Karachi is located with dense population and settlement. To the east and north, dense urban settlements extend for about 2-3 km after which the structure becomes more open with small fields and gardens. In a distance of about 20-25 km to the north and east, the land is barren – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 5 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 with little vegetation which is concentrated in many ravines. Karachi International Airport is about 2.5 km to the South. Karachi, the capital of Sindh province, is located on the northwestern border of the Indus delta on the Arabian Sea. 30 km to the north the Hub dam and artificial lake is located. The coastline of the sea lies in a distance of about 20 km to the south and 50 km to the west. To the north and east, the city is sheltered by hills. These are the last of the Kirthar mountains. To the east, the hills fall down into the Indus valley in a distance of about 100 km. 3.2 Local support, maintenance staff and future hardware use The availability of qualified staff for the regular local maintenance (cleaning of sensors and other parts, visual inspection, surveillance of equipment) and the institutional support of the involved stakeholder are directly relevant for the success of the ESMAP project measurement campaign. Future use of the equipment after the ESMAP project termination is another issue to be considered in order to provide maximum sustainability of the project. Local support and maintenance staff Local staff is available and confirmed to be willing to perform maintenance tasks throughout the 24 months of the measurement campaign. A short briefing about the required tasks and their frequency of occurrence has been given to PMD representatives. Qualification of local staff for the task is assumed to be given, since PMD is the official department of meteorology with corresponding staff and there is already meteorological equipment present and operating under their control. The data from this instrumentation could potentially be an extra input for cross-check of the ground measurement data within the ESMAP campaign. Future hardware use (sustainability) The meteorological station from the ESMAP project would be a good complementary station to the existing PMD meteorological station. The station would likely be used actively in future for the national measurement network of PMD and the value added therefore be increased. Contact Information The local contact for the site is  Muhammad Tauseef Alam Chief Meteorologist - National Seismic Monitoring Centre, Karachi +92 21 99261404 +92 300 2425517 – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 6 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 3.3 Site 1 (roof top) Coordinates N 24.9313° E 67.1425°, altitude 35 m above mean sea level Site 1 is located on the roof of the southernmost building of the PMD office complex. Figure 3: View from Site 1 to the North Figure 4: View from Site 1 to the South Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The following checklist has been filled at the site visit and is completed by interviewing stakeholders on site. Table 1: Site checklist for site 1 Criteria/Measure Yes / No Notes Dimensionsi Minimum area 10 × 10 m² No Yes Firm natural groundii No Ground typeiii Concrete Horizontally levellediv Yes Excavation for foundations Yes Casting Preferred Surface on Rooftops possiblev Fencing of the site possiblevi Yes No drifting sand/snowvii No No flooding possibleviii No See Panoramic Surroundings Obstructions Pictures – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 7 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 If yes, note direction, distance and approx. heightix Reflections or light sourcesx - Industrial areas or power No plantsxi Sources of smoke or vaporxii No Quarry or minexiii No Main road, dirt road, trackxiv Paved Roads No Straight line distance to Airportsxv Airport around 2.4km Yes Small settlements Settlements, towns, cityxvi exactly adjacent to PMD site. Agricultural areaxvii No Swamp, lake, river, oceanxviii No Sand dunesxix No Animal populationsxx No Occurrence of snowfallxxi No Temperatures below freezing No pointxxii Otherxxiii - Accessibility Accessible by carxxiv Yes GSM coverage 2G network availablexxv Yes All 5 providers Yes Frequent Power Grid power Electricity availablexxvi Outages. Approx 12 hours daily. Yes Approval to be Land use rights Permit availablexxvii given by PMD Yes Approval to be Operation permit Permit availablexxviii given by PMD – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 8 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 No underground or overhead No electrical lines, pipelines or similar xxix Security Yes Stakeholder Measures against theft or representatives vandalism required?xxx recommend guards Take 360° photographs or Yes Tripod bag 360° denotes the panoramic photo, indicate photographs north direction North directionxxxi Regarding the aspects covered by the checklist, site 1 is well suited for the installation of a ground measurement station. The installation on a roof-top is a good option since it elevates the station above many obstacles; the stakeholder representatives recommend placing a guard to avoid vandalism from inhabitants of nearby settlements. The direct surroundings lack any industrial facility thus no negative impacts on irradiation and measurement conditions is stated. All roads in the surroundings are paved and therefore not heavily dust-emitting; large water bodies are at least several kilometres distant. A certain setback is of course the location within a large town, which emits a certain amount of pollutants and might differ somewhat from the meteorological characteristics in the surroundings. No special permits are required and permission to use the site can be given by the PMD. Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View The picture in Figure 5 shows a panoramic view with a centered south view, North is on the left and right edge of the picture. Blue markers show the North, South, East and West direction as well as horizon height. The sun paths throughout the year are displayed in the picture, revealing if any objects on the horizon are imposing an obstruction to the direct solar irradiance. Figure 5: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 9 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 From the panoramic view, it is visible that a few obstacles such as trees, on the horizon are blocking the sun especially at sunset. The impact is further analyzed in the following paragraphs. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 6: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 6 shows the shading table throughout the year. It becomes clear that throughout the year, many shadings are obstructing the sensor in the evenings and fewer in the morning. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 10 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 7: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 7 shows the shading table after excluding Sun Elevations smaller than 5° above horizon. At these low angles, measurement uncertainty of satellite and ground measurement is elevated due to the large cosine error, and the data from these periods is therefore excluded from the satellite data adjustment and validation. Also from the view of any solar power installation (PV or CSP), sun elevation smaller than 5° is usually not contributing to electricity or heat generation due to shading, unfavorable incidence angles and low irradiance intensity. Subsequently, all further graphs and evaluations refer to sun elevations larger than 5°, as the main aim of the measurements on ground is the adjustment of the long-term satellite data. From the graph, it is visible that shading still occurs in the evenings throughout the summer months in the evening hours. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 11 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Direct Shading Impact Figure 8 shows the impact of shading on direct normal irradiation (DNI). DNI is modeled according to Bird (Bird et al., 1991) as a theoretical clear-sky DNI throughout the year and can be interpreted as the maximum solar resource. The impact of shading on this figure is therefore the maximum quantitative impact shading could have on solar resource. Figure 8: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° From the figure, it is clearly visible that shadings have a certain impact throughout the months from March to October. Figure 9: Shading Impact for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 9 shows the impact of direct shading due to the reported obstructions. The left figure shows the percentage of time for all calendar months which is affected by direct shading. In total, about 1.4 % of the time is affected by direct shading, with – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 12 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 up to 3% in the months of June and July. The right figure shows the quantitative impact of shading on the Bird-DNI summarized for each month. For the whole year, the reduction of the annual Bird-DNI sum due to direct shading is about 1.7 %. Diffuse Shading and Reflections Diffuse shading and reflections of any mentionable quantity are not to be expected since no large obstacles close to the site and no highly reflective surface above sensor height can be identified. 3.4 Site 2 (ground station) Coordinates N 24.9304° E 67.1429°, altitude 35 m above mean sea level Site 2 is located on the ground at the place where the existing meteorological station of PMD is installed. Figure 10: View from Site 2 to the Figure 11: View from Site 2 to the North South – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 13 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The checklist is only displayed for the lines which differ from the checklist for site 1. Criteria/Measure Yes / No Notes Firm natural groundxxxii Yes Ground typexxxiii Soil Natural Ground Horizontally levelledxxxiv Yes Surface Yes Excavation for foundations possiblexxxv Fencing of the site Yes possiblexxxvi Regarding the aspects covered by the checklist, site 2 is well suited for the installation of a ground measurement station. The installation on natural ground is recommended by WMO and there is sufficient free area around the station; the stakeholder representatives recommend placing a guard to avoid vandalism from inhabitants of nearby settlements. The direct surroundings lack any industrial facility thus no negative impacts on irradiation and measurement conditions is stated. All roads in the surroundings are paved and therefore not heavily dust-emitting; large water bodies are at least several kilometres distant. A certain setback is of course the location within a large town, which emits a certain amount of pollutants and might differ somewhat from the meteorological characteristics in the surroundings. No special permits are required and permission to use the site can be given by the PMD. Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View Figure 12: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked From the panoramic view, it is visible that only few obstacles are blocking the sun and the horizon is almost clear. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 14 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 13: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 13 shows the shading table throughout the year. It becomes clear that throughout the year, only a few brief obstructions at sunrise or sunset are present. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 15 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 14: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 14 shows the shading table after excluding Sun Elevations smaller than 5° above horizon. Subsequently, all further graphs and evaluations refer to sun elevations larger than 5°, as the main aim of the measurements on ground is the adjustment of the long-term satellite data. From the graph, it is visible that shading is practically eliminated. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 16 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Direct Shading Impact Figure 15: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° From Figure 15, it is clearly visible that shadings have no mentionable impact. Figure 16: Shading Impact for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 16 shows the impact of direct shading due to the reported obstructions. The left figure shows the percentage of time for all calendar months which is affected by direct shading. In total, about 0 % of the time is affected by direct shading with a maximum in March and October of 0.1 %. The right figure shows the quantitative impact of shading on the Bird-DNI summarized for each month. For the whole year, the reduction of the annual Bird-DNI sum due to direct shading is 0 %. Diffuse Shading and Reflections Effects of diffuse shading and reflections are expected to be non-existent. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 17 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 3.5 Site 3 (roof top) Coordinates N 24.9230° E 67.1437°, altitude 35 m above mean sea level Site 3 is located on the roof of another building of the PMD office complex. Figure 17: View from Site 3 to the Figure 18: View from Site 3 to the North South Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The checklist does not differ from the checklist for site 1. Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View Figure 19: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked From the panoramic view, it is visible that some trees and structures are blocking the sun in the east in the area where the sun rises in the morning, and in smaller quantity also near sunset. The impact is further analyzed in the following paragraphs. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 18 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 20: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 20 shows the shading table throughout the year. It becomes clear that almost throughout the entire year, the sensor suffers shading in the morning (up to ~1 hour in June and July) and, briefly, in the evening. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 19 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 21: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 21 shows the shading table after excluding Sun Elevations smaller than 5° above horizon. Subsequently, all further graphs and evaluations refer to sun elevations larger than 5°, as the main aim of the measurements on ground is the adjustment of the long-term satellite data. From the graph, it is visible that shading in the morning still occurs but is reduced in duration and limited to the months of June and July (and a few days in March and September). – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 20 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Direct Shading Impact Figure 22: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° From Figure 15, it is clearly visible that shadings have a sizeable impact only in the morning in the summer months. Figure 23: Shading Impact for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 23 shows the impact of direct shading due to the reported obstructions. The left figure shows the percentage of time for all calendar months which is affected by direct shading. In total, about 0.4 % of the time is affected by direct shading, but with a maximum of about 2 % in June and July. The right figure shows the quantitative impact of shading on the Bird-DNI summarized for each month. For the whole year, the reduction of the annual Bird-DNI sum due to direct shading is about 0.4 % only, again with a maximum of about 2 % in June and July. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 21 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Diffuse Shading and Reflections Effects of diffuse shading and reflections are expected to be non-existent. 3.6 Site 4 (roof top) Coordinates N 24.9317° E 67.1431°, altitude 35 m above mean sea level Site 4 is located on the roof of another building of the PMD office complex. Figure 24: View from Site 4 to the Figure 25: View from Site 4 to the North South Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The checklist does not differ from the checklist for site 1. Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View Figure 26: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 22 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 From the panoramic view, it is visible that little obstructions are blocking the sun in the east and west in the area where the sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening. The impact is further analyzed in the following paragraphs. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 27: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 27 shows the shading table throughout the year. It becomes clear that throughout the entire year, the sensor suffers brief shading in the morning and in the evening. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 23 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 28: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 28 shows the shading table after excluding Sun Elevations smaller than 5° above horizon. Subsequently, all further graphs and evaluations refer to sun elevations larger than 5°, as the main aim of the measurements on ground is the adjustment of the long-term satellite data. From the graph, it is visible that shading in the morning above 5° sun elevation is virtually non-existent (except of a few days in May and August). – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 24 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Direct Shading Impact Figure 29: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° FromFigure 29, it is clearly visible that shadings have no mentionable impact on the measurement data. Figure 30: Shading Impact for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 30 shows the impact of direct shading due to the reported obstructions. The left figure shows the percentage of time for all calendar months which is affected by direct shading. In total, about 0 % of the time is affected by direct shading, with a maximum of about 0.1 % in August. The right figure shows the quantitative impact of shading on the Bird-DNI summarized for each month. For the whole year, the reduction of the annual Bird-DNI sum due to direct shading is also 0 %, again with a maximum of about 0.1 % in August. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 25 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Diffuse Shading and Reflections Effects of diffuse shading and reflections are expected to be non-existent. 4 Conclusion The surroundings of the location are acceptable for the installation of a ground measurement station. No significant single external influence from surrounding facilities on the overall meteorological and atmospheric conditions could be stated during the site visit, however the location within the city might have some minor influence on the representativeness of the measurements for the surroundings. The local stakeholder confirmed his support and smooth operation and proper maintenance of the station is expected with high probability. Future use of the equipment by the local stakeholder after the two years measurement campaign is also probable, the sustainability of installing a meteorological station at PMD Peshawar is expected to be high. Site 2 is recommended for the installation of a Tier 2 meteorological station, because the ground station installation is closest to the recommendations of WMO for siting of meteorological stations and because there is an already existing station of PMD on this site. This allows for easier maintenance because the operators do not have to make an extra way, and furthermore allows for cross-checking the measurement data with the data from the existing station for quality control. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 26 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 Detailed description of checklist criteria: i A site with a minimum extension of 10 × 10 m² is required for the collocation of the meteorological measurement equipment, complying with the characteristics and criteria listed in the following. ii The site suitable for collocation of a meteorological station needs to have a firm ground in order to enable a secure fixation of the equipment on the ground, e.g. by ground anchors and guying ropes. iii Annotate here if the ground consists of firm and naturally grown soil or artificially (by man) filled soil, if it consists of bedrock, firm soil, loose soil or sand. iv Annotate here if the site is approximately horizontally levelled and flat. v Annotate here if it is possible and permitted to lay small foundations (4-5 foundations each approximately 1 × 1 m² and ~0.3 m deep). vi Annotate here if it is possible and permitted to fence the compound. vii Annotate here the terrain consists of drifting sand or snow. viii Annotate here if the terrain may run the risk to be flooded at heavy rain falls. ix Describe any object which exceeds 2 m height in the closer environment of the site and which might shade the measurement equipment on the site from direct sun at any time of the year or which obstructs parts of the sky dome. Describe in detail at least all such objects within 30 m distance as well as bigger objects up to at least 200 m distance from the site. As the sun at sun rise and sun set approaches the horizon in East and West direction (~±30 degrees depending on season), obstructions in these directions are of particular importance. Add sketches of the site environments where possible. Possible obstructing objects are: mountains, hills, buildings, skyscrapers, houses, industrial or commercial buildings, warehouses, churches/mosques or similar buildings (for religious or cultural activities), walls, bridges, towers, chimneys, wind energy plants, transmission masts, power poles, other poles or rods, cranes, street lights, greenhouses, trees, bushes, shrubberies, any other higher vegetation, or similar. Moreover, the view from the site towards the horizon should be documented by 360° photographs (see corresponding description) or a short movie taken from the site, starting in direction to the North over East, South, and West to North direction again. x Annotate if any reflecting surfaces like mirrors, glazing, shiny metal surfaces, PV panels, etc., or artificial light sources are in the environments and might cause reflections or radiation on the measurement equipment, influencing irradiation measurements. xi Annotate if any industrial production site or power plant is located in the environments of a few kilometers, which may cause emissions of smoke, vapor, dust or other aerosols. xii Annotate any source of smoke or water vapor columns located in the environments. xiii Annotate quarries or mines in the environments causing pollution by elevated dust. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 27 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 xiv Annotate close by roads as they frequently cause increased sensor soiling by elevated dust settling down on the sensors, or increase the risk for theft or vandalism due to increased visibility. xv Annotate the presence of airports in the environments as exhaust gases of planes may influence the measurements. xvi Annotate the presence and size of settlements in the environments in order to judge potential influences on the measurements (personally or as secondary effects like smoke or dust) by man. xvii Annotate type and frequency (if possible) of agricultural activities in the environments in order to judge potential impacts on the measurements (e.g. elevated dust, etc.). xviii Annotate their potential presence in the environments in order to judge impacts on the measurements due to increased humidity, oxidation of the equipment, instability of the ground, etc. xix Annotate the presence of sand dunes in the proximities of some kilometers in order to judge potential deposition of sand on the equipment. xx Annotate if any animal population frequents the area which might have any impact on the measurements. Also take into account birds, termites, insects (bees, wasps, etc.), etc. xxi Annotate the occurrence and the frequency (if possible, may be estimated) of days with snowfall or remaining snow cover in order to design the power supply and version of the irradiation sensor(s). xxii Annotate the occurrence and the frequency (if possible, may be estimated) of days with temperatures below freezing point temperature (zero degrees Celsius) in order to design the equipment and judge potential impacts on the measurements. xxiii Annotate any other observations, occurrences or presences which you may estimate them causing potential impacts on the measurements. In the case of doubt about an influence, please annotate the observation. xxiv Annotate if the site is easily reachable by car in order to facilitate the transport of the equipment to the site. xxv Verify with your mobile phone or contacting a reliable local mobile phone network provider the availability of 2G network from different providers. If only 3G network (or higher) is available, verify with the network provider if GPRS connection in 2G mode is enabled. Check with your mobile phone by switching it manually to 2G connection only and test data connectivity via GPRS or EDGE. xxvi Annotate if electricity grid is available at the site for power supply. If information is available, annotate the voltage level and if grid stability issues are known for the site. xxvii Verify and annotate if the land use permits are conceded or given from the land owner. xxviii Verify and annotate if the permits to use the compound for operation of a meteorological station are conceded or given by law and local authorities. xxix Verify and annotate if no high voltage lines (exceeding 20 V) are crossing the compound neither as overhead line nor in the ground. Verify and annotate if no gas, water, remote heat or other pipeline are crossing the compound above or in the ground. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 28 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08 xxx Estimate the risk of theft or vandalism on the measurement equipment. Give an estimation of a safety guard or similar is required to watch the equipment. xxxi See section „Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden.“ above. xxxii The site suitable for collocation of a meteorological station needs to have a firm ground in order to enable a secure fixation of the equipment on the ground, e.g. by ground anchors and guying ropes. xxxiii Annotate here if the ground consists of firm and naturally grown soil or artificially (by man) filled soil, if it consists of bedrock, firm soil, loose soil or sand. xxxiv Annotate here if the site is approximately horizontally levelled and flat. xxxv Annotate here if it is possible and permitted to lay small foundations (4-5 foundations each approximately 1 × 1 m² and ~0.3 m deep). xxxvi Annotate here if it is possible and permitted to fence the compound. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 29 SiteEvalReport_Kar_PMD_2014-08