THE FIRST ANNUAL SOUTH-TO-SOUTH Outputs & Guidance Notes LEARNING WORKSHOP ON Landslide and Geohazard Risk in Transport November 15–17, 2016 Kandy, Sri Lanka Outputs & Guidance Notes First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop on Landslide and Geohazard Risk in Transport November 15–17, 2016 Kandy, Sri Lanka d Contents Workshop Overview Workshop Approach Opening Ceremony Resource Persons’ Presentations Poster Presentations Site Visit, Discussion, and Reflections Round table Discussions Action Planning Commentaries, Questions, and Answers Workshop Evaluation Experiences on Key Issues, Challenges, and Solutions, by Country Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Guidance Notes on Solution Process: South-to-South Learning 4.1 Identification of Key Factors 4.2 Proactive Mitigation Measures 4.3 Monitoring Case Study: Sri Lankan Experience Conclusions and Recommendations f APPENDIXES Appendix A: First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop Agenda Appendix B: First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop List of Participants Appendix C: Opening Messages and Remarks Appendix C.1: Anura Priyadarshana Yapa’s Message Appendix C.2: Idah Z. Pswarayi-Riddihough’s Remarks Appendix C.3: Yuka Makino’s Remarks Appendix D: Presentations Appendix D.1: M. N. Skempas’s Presentation Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation Appendix D.3: Thomas Oommen’s Presentation Appendix D.4: Robert Shuchman’s Presentation Appendix D.5: Yoganath Adikari’s Presentation Appendix E: Country Poster Presentations Appendix E.1: Afghanistan Appendix E.2: Bangladesh Appendix E.3: Bhutan Appendix E.4: India Appendix E.5: Nepal Appendix E.6: Pakistan Appendix E.7: Sri Lanka Appendix E.8: Rationale and Guidelines for Country Poster Presentation Appendix E.9: Collated Participants’ Reflections on Countries’ Poster Presentations Appendix E.10Geohazard Perspectives: An Infographic Appendix F: Collated Site Visit Reflections of Participants Appendix G: Collated Seven Countries’ Action Plans Appendix H: Pakistan’s Back to Office Report on the South-to-South Learning Workshop Appendix I: Photos Abbreviations EWS early warning systems FoS factor of safety GLOFs glacial lake outburst floods NBRO National Building Research Organization SSLW South-to-South Learning Workshop h 1 1. Workshop Overview The World Bank’s Disaster Risk and Climate Change Unit of the South Asia Region organized a regional workshop to build the capacity of policymakers and operational or technical government counterparts in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka to integrate geohazard risk manage- ment into their infrastructure programs—thus helping to ensure the safety of people and property as well as the sustainability of such investments.1 The First Annual South-to-South Learning Work- ment strategies on specific themes such as, among shop on Landslide and Geo-Hazard Risk Management others, cost-effective geohazard risk mitigation strat- (SSLW) took place on November 15–17, 2016, in Kandy, egies and methods, geotechnical asset management, Sri Lanka. Within the framework of the World Bank’s decision support systems for determining landslide “Building Resilience to Landslide and Geohazard risk mitigation strategies, and the design of land- Risk in the South Asia Region Program”—launched scape-level integrated infrastructure and develop- in August 2016 with assistance from the European ment plans addressing landslide risk. Commission and the Global Facility for Disaster Re- Workshop participants visited the Kandy–Mahiyanga- duction and Recovery (GFDRR)—the workshop’s ob- na–Padiyathalawa Highway (also called18 Bend Road jective was to facilitate the exchange of experience for its 18 hairpin turns), a critical road connection to and knowledge among the policy makers and practi- the eastern part of Sri Lanka. The government is in tioners in landslide and geohazard risk management the process of stabilizing 18 unstable slope sections on in South Asian countries. Fifty-two people, including this particular road—one of the world’s most spectac- resource persons and the World Bank team, partici- ular but also most dangerous roads—under the World pated in the workshop.2 Bank–funded Climate Resilience Improvement Project Structured as a South-to-South knowledge exchange (CRIP). The landslide and rockfall locations are located learning event, the workshop was designed for senior within a 10–15 kilometer stretch of the road, where par- planning and transport infrastructure development ticipants could observe and discuss in the field a wide officials who work on transport and disaster risk range of stabilization techniques being applied. management sector projects, which include geohaz- Workshop speakers included Sri Lankan and interna- ard risks, in the seven above mentioned South Asian tional civil engineers, academics, and other subject mat- countries. ter experts on topics related to protection and rehabili- Participants engaged in team-based dialogue, which tation measures and landslide risk assessment practices further developed and refined landslide risk assess- and policies in the transport sector. 1 For details of the workshop agenda, see appendix A, “First Annual SSLW Agenda.” 2 For the full list of participants, affiliations, and countries see appendix B, “First Annual SSLW List of Participants.” 2 3 2. Workshop Approach To achieve its desired South-to-South learning outcomes, the workshop agenda incorporated various meth- ods of engagement: opening addresses and presentations by leaders and resource persons; country-specific poster presentations; a site visit and discussion; round table discussions with the resource persons; reviews of country-specific action plans; a commentary, question, and answer session; and finally, a workshop evalua- tion. 2.1. Opening Ceremony hazards, monitors the network, and manages the The following speakers formally opened the workshop: 3 infrastructure. She explained that the colors in the workshop logo represent various aspects of geohaz- Asiri Karunawardene, Director General, National ard risk management: blue for hydrology, brown for Building Research Organization (NBRO): Karun- soil properties and geology, green for ecology, or- awardene delivered written remarks submitted by ange for people, and gray for infrastructure. Sri Lanka Minister for Disaster Management Anura Priyadarshana Yapa. The message conveyed the ne- cessity of inclusive, safer, and resilient sustainable 2.2 Resource Persons’ development to ensure that vulnerabilities are re- Presentations duced. Five experts on different areas of geohazard risk man- agement affecting transport explained the details of Idah Z. Pswarayi-Riddihough, World Bank Country the hazards, the key issues, and the range of solutions Director for Sri Lanka and Maldives: Pswarayi-Rid- for risk management as applied in selected countries:4 dihough stated that this learning event would lay the foundation for working together in the trans- Marinos Skempas, geotechnical consultant at the port sector to better design solutions that will meet World Bank, presented the “Case Studies–Solu- the challenges in landslide risk management. tions–Observations” on geohazards affecting roads and highways. He discussed different complemen- Yuka Makino, Senior disaster risk management tary approaches such as ground investigation; in- and natural resources management specialist, Cli- strumentation and monitoring; and the cost and mate Change and Disaster Risk Management Unit scale of remedial measures, realignment, and slope of the World Bank’s Social, Urban, Rural, and Resil- rehabilitation techniques. He emphasized the im- ience Global Practice: Makino stressed the need to portance for government policy makers and engi- veer away from the traditional reactive approach in neers to work together to anticipate and plan for maintaining a transport network and toward a more geohazards with a view to serving the public good. proactive, landscape-level approach that evaluates 3 For more details about these addresses, see appendix C.1, Anura Priyadarshana Yapa’s Message; appendix C.2, Idah Z. Pswarayi-Riddihough’s Remarks; and appendix C.3, Yuka Makino’s Remarks. 4 For more details about the resource persons’ presentations, see appendix D.1, Marinos Skempas’s Presentation; appendix D.2, Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation; appendix D.3, Thomas Oommen’s Presentation; appendix D.4, Robert Shuchman’s Presentation; and appendix D.5, Yoganath Adikari’s Presentation. 4 Athula Kulathilaka, Professor, Department of Bank’s knowledge product development. He is cur- Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri rently involved developing this handbook and con- Lanka, discussed rain-induced landslides as relat- ducting case studies. ed to mitigation, rectification, and early warning systems (EWS). He also presented various expe- 2.3 Poster Presentations rience-based strategies on how to stabilize those Displayed in the main workshop hall were color- slopes. ful posters for each participating country: Afghani- Thomas Oommen, Associate professor, Department stan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and of Geological Engineering, Michigan Technological Sri Lanka. A presenter for each country explained the geo- University, shared global and U.S. Federal highway hazards affecting the country, the key challenges being experiences with geotechnical asset management faced, the solutions being applied, and their conclusions.5 tools. He illustrated the use of photogrammetry and After each presentation, participants wrote their comments, remote sensing techniques to monitor slope move- reflections, questions, and suggestions and submitted them ment at regular time intervals, detecting even very to the organizing team. small movements (order of millimeters), which will help countries to plan and implement timely mitiga- A geohazard perspective on transport asset management, tion measures. Oommen stressed the need to move captured in an infographic, also was displayed along with away from the practice of “build and forget” in infra- the countries’ posters throughout the workshop.6 structure development projects. Robert Shuchman, Co-director of the Michigan 2.4 Field Visit, Discussion, and Tech Research Institute and adjunct professor Reflection Department of Geological and Mining Engineering Hosted by the NBRO, Sri Lanka, the participants vis- and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, ited the Kandy–Mahiyangana–Padiyathalawa Highway (18 Bend Road) and observed various slope protection Presented the work of several experts (including and stabilization techniques such as anchoring, soil- his own) in Afghanistan on decision support sys- nailing, netting, gabion walls, and hydroseeding. In- tems (DSS) for geohazard risk management in the formal discussions took place at each location along transport sector. DSS are interactive geospatial tools that integrate a wide variety of information the way,followed by writing of reflections about the and data to enable users to make science- and engi- site visit.7 neering-based decisions. DSS are designed to sim- plify decision making processes to help users make 2.5 Round table Discussions the best use of limited time and resources. The participants were divided by country, and each country group had a 30-minute discussion with each Yoganath Adikari, senior international consultant at the World Bank, presented the Road Geohazard expert—for a total of five rounds of discussion with Risk Management Handbook, a project under the the experts. 5 For more information about the poster presentations, see appendix E, specifically appendix E.1, Afghanistan; appendix E.2, Bangladesh; appendix E.3, Bhutan; appendix E.4, India; appendix E.5, Nepal; appendix E.6, Pakistan; appendix E.7, Sri Lanka; appendix E.8, Rationale and Guidelines for Country Poster Presentation; and appendix E.9, Collated Participants’ Reflections on Countries’ Poster Presentations. 6 See appendix E.10, Geohazard Perspectives: An Infographic. 7 For more information about the field visit and discussion, see appendix F, Collated Site Visit Reflections of Participants. 5 2.6 Action Planning outcome. The participants expressed that their learn- After the round table discussions, the participants ing expectations were fulfilled. They rated highly the were grouped by country to discuss which activities or quality, content, usefulness, relevance, and balance actions—resulting from what they had learned from between theory and practice. In addition, they appre- the SSLW—they intend to undertake once they go ciated the resource persons, facilitators, and the way back to work. Based on their discussions, they crafted workshop was managed. They also treasured the site action plans that they will pursue or advocate for de- visit for its practical implications to their work. tailed planning and implementation after returning to As for the ways in which the workshop could be im- their respective countries. 8 proved in the future, a few mentioned that they would like to see smaller discussion groups to enable more 2.7 Commentaries, Questions, in-depth discussion and participation as well as more and Answers discussion time in general. The sessions that included Active exchange was encouraged throughout the discussion time generally received good feedback. In workshop during both formal sessions and informal fact, it was suggested that more time be allocated to talks. Yuka Makino facilitated the questions and an- discussion and less to the introduction and presenta- swers after each presentation. Zenaida Delica-Willi- tions. son acted as the overall facilitator and time manager, Overall, the learning activity was carried out effec- ensuring the smooth flow of the activities and topics tively and efficiently through active facilitation, time according to schedule. management, and positive interactions throughout the workshop. Another indication of how the SSLW 2.8 Workshop Evaluation actually helped the participants conceptually and The informal evaluation and verbal feedback showed practically is their feedback through reports they sub- that the people were generally happy about the pro- mitted, from their own perspectives, after returning cess and results of the workshop. The formal eval- to their countries.9 uation at the end of the workshop yielded the same 8 For more details, see appendix G, Collated Seven Countries’ Action Plans. 9 For an example, see appendix H, Pakistan’s Back to Office Report on the SSLW. 6 7 3. Experiences on Key Issues, Challenges, and Solutions, by Country South Asian countries are affected by numerous geohazards, as most of these countries are located in seismi- cally active zones. The situation is further aggravated by the rugged mountainous terrain. Landslides, rock- slides, rockfalls, debris flow, mud-flows, avalanches, flash floods, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are the main hazards encountered. Landslides, rock-slides, and rockfalls could be triggered by rainfall, snow- fall, or earthquakes. Although these geohazards have many common fea- cluding the following: tures, country-specific problems are also evident. The Risk maps were created and made available through workshop provided opportunities for many produc- an online GeoNode platform. These risk maps have tive interactive sessions whereby participants learned identified vulnerable areas, and that information from each other and from the experts. The site visit to will be used for any future development activities. the landslide rectification sites along the Kandy–Ma- A road map for hidrometeorological systems and EWS hiyangana–Padiyathalawa Highway (18 Bend Road) along with an investment plan will be developed. also generated productive discussions. A strategic Disaster Risk Management Framework is being established through the government of 3.1. Afghanistan Afghanistan’s National Disaster Risk Management Afghanistan loses thousands of lives and millions of Authority (ANDMA), working closely with the dollars annually because of geohazards. Roads linking United Nations Office of Project Services (UN- main cities cross narrow passes in high, mountainous OPS) and the World Bank. terrain and are subjected to landslides and rockfalls triggered by rainfall, snowfall, floods, or earthquakes. 3.2. Bangladesh Lack of understanding of those triggering mecha- Bangladesh experiences many geohazards because of nisms and difficulties in predicting them are the ma- its location. Floods and cyclones are quite frequent. jor problems. Although there are institutional setups Landslides triggered by rainfall are increasing because to deal with disasters, relief processes, and reactive of heavy deforestation and non-engineered construc- measures, coordination among the institutions is tions on the hill slopes. To better address the risks lacking and needs to be improved. In addition, a more from geohazards, the country has done the following: proactive approach needs to be established to deal Conducted a landslide inventory with the geohazards before they cause disasters. Performed studies on modeling land use, rainfall With World Bank assistance, there is now a change patterns, and slope stability, on the basis of which in approach from emergency response to disaster risk susceptibility maps have been produced management, focusing on preventive measures in- Conducted community awareness programs and 8 have been developing EWS develop its own contingency and disaster manage- ment plan Identified seismic risk levels for the design of im- portant structures such as bridges and buildings 3.4. India Built new roads and bridges above the high flood The Indian project, as presented, focused on the level World Bank’s Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project. Built flood control embankments and sluice gates The state of Uttarakhand, home to some of the coun- Built multipurpose, school-type shelters that are try’s most important pilgrimage centers, is situated in strategically located in safe areas to house victims the Himalayan region and prone to multiple natural of floods and cyclones hazards such as flash floods, heavy precipitation, ava- Developed inter-ministerial disaster management lanches, landslides, GLOFs, and earthquakes. Because coordination committees as well as institutional of unplanned development and extreme weather arrangements at the national and subnational lev- events, disasters are increasing in both frequency and els to formulate, review, and implement disaster magnitude, posing serious threats to human lives and management policies property. Disruptions to transport facilities, electrici- ty, and water supply during disasters lead to huge eco- 3.3. Bhutan nomic losses and slow the pace of economic growth In Bhutan’s rugged, mountainous terrain, landslides and development. in roads are an ever-present hazard, usually triggered After the June 2013 floods and landslides in Uttara- by seasonal rain, floods, and earthquakes. Roads are khand—a major disaster that killed more than 10,000 the only mode of land transportation in Bhutan, and people and affected more than 900,000—the World the country’s fast economic development has led to Bank-funded Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project the construction of new routes without in-depth geo- invested in reconstruction and disaster risk mitiga- technical input. Disruption of the transport network tion initiatives. The project is expected to strengthen due to disasters breaks the links between main cities, disaster risk management systems and institutions in causing severe economic losses and rapid rise of com- the state. Proper scientific studies were done on re- modity prices. Recognizing the need to strengthen its habilitation designs. Multi-hazard-resilient housing is capacity to reduce the impact of landslide disasters, provided to the affected families, roads are restored, Bhutan has instituted several improvements: and the capabilities of government entities and oth- Incorporation of detailed surveys and studies by ers in risk mitigation and early warning are enhanced. engineering geologists and other landslide experts The project’s motto is to “Build Back Better.” into the planning for new construction Enactment in 2013 of a national Disaster Manage- 3.5. Nepal ment Act and development in 2015 of a National Landslides triggered by rain and earthquakes are Disaster Risk Management Strategy the main geohazards affecting Nepal, with its highly mountainous terrain. Cloudbursts—high–intensity, Coordination by the Department of Disaster Man- agement (DDM) of the work assigned to various short duration rainfalls—are a frequent feature in agencies regarding different aspects of landslide Nepal. These events could wash out roads, cause fail- disasters, while also focusing on the hazard assess- ures in retaining walls and other structures, and initi- ment, vulnerability, and each agency’s capacity to ate huge debris flows. 9 The main limitations in the past have been the lack Implementation of nonstructural engineered miti- of adequate expertise, lack of historical databases to gation work through improvement of drainage and carry out appropriate designs, and the absence of a landscaping hazard mapping system. The country’s disaster mit- Implementation of structural mitigation work by igation work has been improving, in part because of building retaining walls, rock bolting with shoe- current rehabilitation projects funded by the World tree, and shedding for rockfalls Bank that have engaged competent local consul- Preparation of comprehensive landslide hazard tants and technical experts. Recent improvements in mapping, a study of risk assessment along major Nepal’s geohazard risk management include the fol- roads, and an inventory of active and potential lowing: landslides Introduction of appropriate technology such as re- Adoption of a proactive approach to prevent poten- inforced earth, rock bolting, flood protection mea- tial landslides at important locations sures, and extensive bioengineering Efforts to adopt soft techniques with minimal fi- Enhancement of institutional capacity at the De- nancial implications to ensure sustainability partment of Roads to assess risks and prepare inte- grated plans for reducing climate risk 3.7. Sri Lanka Assessment of vulnerability to landslides and flash- Rain-induced landslides pose a major challenge to floods and preparation of geohazard mapping sys- Sri Lankan planners and engineers. Some of these tems necessary for development of a mitigation occur in natural formations, but a great majority are and disaster response management system caused by human interventions. The country has been Use of modern technology to update hazard-relat- seeking to mitigate the risks as follows: ed databases NBRO, the government authority on landslide con- trol, has produced hazard maps for the country and 3.6. Pakistan has established procedures to scrutinize construc- Landslides triggered by excessive rainfall and earth- tion activities in areas of hilly terrain. quakes are a common feature in the mountainous ter- A number of landslides throughout the country rains in Pakistan. These slides cause loss of life and have been rectified by surface and subsurface mea- property as well as heavy, prolonged disruptions to sures, reinforcing techniques, and construction of transport systems. Wet seasons are prolonged, and retaining structures. pronounced snow melts are also common. The caus- Similar steps were taken as proactive measures to ative factors include fragile geology such as weak, prevent catastrophic failures in identified critical fractured rock and weak soils. Landslides may result sites. Automatic networks of rain gauges were in- in debris flows and mud-flows. The country has re- stalled at identified critical locations to issue time- sponded to these hazards and risks in several ways: ly warnings. Some special sites were provided with Creation of public awareness about landslides and more detailed instrumentation such as extensome- practicing landslide warning methods ters and inclinometers. Formulation and implementation of appropriate land use methods and policies 10 11 4. Guidance Notes on a Solution Process The disruptions to the transport infrastructure from geohazards will have severe economic setbacks and affect citizens’ access to critical facilities .These disruptions may take place in segments of the network con- necting a country’s major economic centers. If significant time is taken for rectification, economic growth will be impeded because of uncertainties created in the minds of the citizens and investors. With the change of climatic conditions, high-intensity, short-duration rainfalls or prolonged rainfalls could become frequent and regions more vulnerable. Hence it is essential to adopt a proactive approach in colluvial soils, and former landslides dealing with these geohazards to ensure that the re- Poor drainage characteristics gion’s communities can maintain economic stability Haphazard, non-engineered development activities and quality of life. This needs a systematic approach with appropriate professional inputs and judgment Inappropriate land use based on a sound theoretical background while us- Geographic locations with increased susceptibility ing local knowledge at all stages. A proactive solution to extreme events such as cyclones process to minimize geohazard risk comprises three Given these causative factors, geohazards such as major components: landslides, rock slides, and rockfalls could be created Identification of key causative and triggering factors by: Design and implementation of proactive mitiga- Excessive high-intensity rainfalls of short duration; tion measures High-intensity rainfalls in the form of cloudbursts; Monitoring of the mitigation measures installed on Prolonged heavy rainfalls; slopes Snowfalls; and 4.1. Identification of Key Factors Earthquakes. 4.1.1. Causative Factors A geohazard that begins as a landslide could propa- Geohazards in South Asian countries have many gate—extending and expanding into mud-flows and causative factors. In a systematic approach to mini- debris flows that affect larger regions downstream of mize geohazard risks, these factors (which could be the initial disturbance. Landslide susceptibility could site-specific) should be clearly identified. Some key be identified systematically in a macroscopic frame- factors may include the following: work by quantifying the significance of causative fac- High, mountainous terrain tors. The factors related to the slope geometry, nature of the soil or rock present and their shear strength Presence of highly fractured rock and/or rocks with parameters, relative orientation of fractures or joints, adversely oriented joint systems drainage characteristics, and so on should be assigned Presence of poorly cemented soils, weak material, a numerical value based on their relative importance 12 and combined after assigning appropriate weights to threshold values is by modeling infiltration of rainwa- quantify the hazard level. This analysis could be done ter into the slope numerically, using the geometry and on a geographic information system (GIS) platform stratification of the slope together with relevant engi- assigning different layers for various causative fac- neering characteristics of the different layers. This is tors. The computed compound hazard level may be to be followed by a stability analysis, and the process expressed qualitatively as low, medium, or high. Haz- is quite tedious. ard-level identifications should be periodically revised To establish the threshold values by field experience, because the causative factors could change with time. the rainfall should be recorded in detail systematical- The causative factors should be determined in an ly. Analysis of recorded landslide events reveals that appropriately accurate manner. Some information parameters such as antecedent rainfall, rainfall inten- may be available in published documents, but it is sity, and time gaps between rainfall events are very essential to verify the information by making site relevant. As such, the rainfall recoding mechanism visits. When there are high risks and difficulties in should be designed to capture all of these data in de- reaching high mountainous terrain, close, large-scale tail. An automated network of rain gauges connected photographs or videos taken from unmanned aerial to a central computer would be the minimum require- vehicles (drones) would be extremely helpful. Such ment. photographs processed using computer software will As for floods, rainfall intensities leading to flooding provide three-dimensional terrain models that can be can be established based on experience or through hy- used both for macroscopic assessments and detailed drological studies. The damage and disturbance due mechanistic analysis. Massive destruction caused to flooding could be minimized by the design of ap- on lands or transport infrastructure on level ground propriate flood control measures or by preparedness. downstream of the disturbance by the generated de- bris flow or mud-flows can be estimated by modeling The recording of the disturbance caused by liquefac- the flow paths with the specialized modern software tion or movements in a slope due to seismic activities available. of known magnitude will be helpful to estimate the response to be anticipated during future events and 4.1.2. Triggering Factors enhance community preparedness. In many South Asian countries, rainfall is the trig- gering factor for geohazards in the form of land- 4.2. Proactive Mitigation slides and floods. In only a few countries have snow- Measures falls also triggered landslides. Six out of eight South 4.2.1. Quantification of Safety Asian countries are located in the seismically active When the causative factors are established to an ac- Himalayan–Hindukush belt, and seismically triggered ceptable degree of accuracy and the triggering factors landslides and ground liquefaction are other forms of are identified to some extent, proactive mitigation geohazards associated with transport infrastructure. measures can be incorporated into a site-specific Threshold values of rainfall could be established to framework to mitigate landslide geohazards. some extent through past experience by critically an- The soil or rock layers present, their bedding direc- alyzing the rainfall data and correlating it to record- tions and dip angles, layer thicknesses, appropriate ed landslide events. The other approach to establish engineering characteristics, and the groundwater lev- 13 el and its variation are essential parameters in the de- equilibrium in their formulation, and they are consid- sign of proactive mitigation measures. ered to be very accurate. Bishop’s simplified method considers only moment equilibrium but proved to The analyses involved are usually done using a limit be accurate for circular failure surfaces. The earliest equilibrium approach in a deterministic framework method of analysis developed—the ordinary slices resulting in the computation of a factor of safety method (also known as the ordinary method of slices (FoS). The acceptable FoS values depend on the con- or the Swedish slices method)—has some flaws in the sequence of failure, and there are general agreements formulation and usually gives a lower FoS value than on the numerical values: For slopes associated with the other accurate methods. transport infrastructure, a FoS value greater than 1.3 is normally acceptable. If there are permanent settle- Alternatively, landslide hazards can be quantified at ments or housing, a FoS of the order of 1.5 is normally a landscape level (macroscopic level) by identifying required. regions of different levels of susceptibility. The caus- ative factors listed in section 4.1 can be quantified for In the limit equilibrium formulations, the stability regions, assigning appropriate weights based on their computations are done on a large number of possible relative importance as judged by experts, and com- failure mechanisms to identify the most critical one. bined to express a susceptibility rating (low, medium, The shape of the possible failure surface depends on or high). Landslide hazard zonation maps of appropri- the subsurface geology and groundwater table con- ate scale could be developed for a country or province ditions. In a uniform soil, the failure surface is like- on this basis. This would be an indication of landslide ly to be circular, but in stratified soil or in situations susceptibility, and as the triggering factors approach where there are thin layers of weakness (such as pre- the thresholds, it could indicate greater risks. vious slip surfaces) the possible failure surface could be non-circular. It could be a compound surface with 4.2.2. Identification of Critical Condition series of curves and straight lines. Modern software Site-specific stability analyses should be performed incorporates optimization techniques to capture the for different conditions the slope is likely to be sub- most critical failure surface and the associated FoS. jected to in its design life to identify the most crit- As such, it is essential to comprehend the subsoil con- ical condition. The most critical condition could be dition well and select the most appropriate method of logically argued based on soil mechanics principles analysis to obtain a reliable FoS. but needs to be verified by an analysis. For the case Most methods of analyses are based on dividing the of the slope above a highway, the condition of high- failure mass into a series of vertical slices, and differ- est groundwater table after prolonged rainfall would ent assumptions are made in their formulation. Bish- be the most critical. For a highway traversing through op’s simplified method is found to be quite accurate abutments or an earth dam (a reservoir below the when the failure surface is circular. When the failure highway), the state of sudden draw-down of reservoir surface is likely to be non-circular due to the subsoil level would be the most critical. conditions, a method such as the Spencer method, the In all of these situations, the prevailing pore water Morgenstern and Price method, or Janbu’s rigorous pressure plays the most important role and should be method should be used together with a search routine properly accounted for in the analyses. Thus all the that can handle non-circular failure surfaces. The lat- analyses should be done in terms of effective stresses, ter list of methods consider both force and moment 14 4.2.3. Design of Mitigation or Remedial not total stresses. As such, the relevant effective shear strength parameters for the different soil layers en- Measures countered should be found by appropriate laboratory If the site-specific safety margin of any slope in trans- testing. Consolidated drained triaxial tests, consoli- port infrastructure is found to be inadequate under dated undrained triaxial tests with pore water pres- the most critical conditions, proactive techniques sure measurements, and consolidated drained direct should be adopted to mitigate the risk. If a failure has shear tests can be used in this context. Alternatively, already taken place, the slope has to be rectified by ap- parameters could be obtained by well-established cor- propriate means, enhancing the safety margins to an relations (if available) or by local knowledge. acceptable level. If the cost of mitigation or rectifica- In residual soil formations, the groundwater table is tion is prohibitively high, an approach of monitoring generally low during the periods of dry weather, and the slope to identify the risk level and adopting con- soil near the ground surface would be unsaturated to trol measures to minimize damage and prevent loss of some depth and possess negative pore water pres- human lives will have to be adopted. sures (matric suctions). This will enhance the shear The design mitigation and rectification methods strength of the soil, and the safety margins of slope should be done in stages. Initially, attempts should would be quite high. With the infiltration of rainwa- be made to assess whether the safety margins could ter, the matric suctions would be reduced or lost, or be enhanced to an acceptable level with simpler tech- even perched water table conditions could develop. niques that are inexpensive. If that is not possible, The most rigorous study of the response of the slope to more expensive and elaborate methods will have to a critical rainfall event should involve the modeling of be adopted the infiltration of rainwater and resulting loss of mat- 4.2.3.1. Surface Drainage ric suction. Thereafter, the stability of the slope can be analyzed using the methods discussed, formally incor- In failures triggered by rainfall, the most primary mit- porating the changes to the pore water pressure regime igation or rectification technique is to minimize infil- estimated through the infiltration analysis. tration by improving surface drainage. Some widely adopted surface drainage measures include improve- A more simplified approach that is widely practiced is ment of landscaping to prevent conditions of stagnant to obtain the maximum level of the groundwater table water, use of cutoff drains to divert surface runoff (based on field observations or appropriate assump- flow away from critical slope sections, use of berms at tions) and perform the stability analysis. In that case, regular vertical intervals (height differences of 7.5–10 the soil above the groundwater table up to the ground meters), provision of berm drains to capture the sur- surface is assumed to be fully saturated, and saturat- face runoff at regular intervals, and diverting the flow ed shear strength parameters are used in the analysis. to lined cascade drains. Slope surfaces should also be This eliminates the need for an infiltration analysis, protected from erosion and formation of erosion gul- which is often impossible because of the difficulties leys by providing appropriate vegetation or artificial in acquiring the necessary soil characteristics. The re- cover (photos 1 and 2). It is advisable to find appro- sults of the simplified analysis would be conservative priate types of native vegetation, and many different and not cost-effective. techniques such as turfing, planting, and hydroseed- ing may have to be attempted to be successful. 15 Photo 1: Slope Stabilization Using Surface Drainage Measures, Southern Expressway, Sri Lanka Source:© National Building Research Organization (NBRO).Further permission required for reuse. Note: Slope stabilization measures shown include face protection with shoetree and vegetation based on berm drains, cascade drains, and surface-protecting the prevailing conditions in addition to surface drain- vegetation. age with berm drains and cascade drains. Photo 2: Slope Stabilization Using Surface-Pro- 4.2.3.2. Subsurface Drainage and Sub- tecting and Surface Drainage Measures, Southern horizontal Drains Expressway, Sri Lanka Surface drainage minimizes infiltration, but the groundwater table would still rise because of remain- ing infiltration and subsurface flow. If a rise in the groundwater table causes the safety margins of a slope to fall below acceptable values, it would be necessary to use subsurface drains for its lowering. Subsurface drains are made of flexible material (high-density polyethylene, or HDPE) capable of withstanding large strains before rupture and have perforations or slots covered by a geotextile to permit water to flow in. They are 60–75millimetersin diameter and installed in drill holes made with a downward inclination of around 10degrees. They may be oriented along a high- Source: © National Building Research Organization (NBRO). Fur- way at appropriate intervals (say, 5 meters apart) or ther permission required for reuse. drilled from a drainage well in a radial orientation Note: Slope stabilization measures shown include sur- (map 1). 16 Subsurface drains may be installed at one or more lev- rigama landslide under the Technical Cooperation for els to a designated length depending on the possible Landslide Mitigation Project (TCLMP) of NBRO in rise of the groundwater table and the desired level of collaboration with the Japan International Coopera- lowering. Directional drains installed on a curved path tion Agency (JICA). Map depicts surface and subsur- following the identified slip surface or weak layer have face drains to drainage wells. also been used, particularly when such surfaces are at a 4.2.3.3. Slope Reinforcement greater depth. Subsurface drains shorten the distance the water has to move to escape from the soil slope and If the subsurface drains also cannot enhance the safety relieve the pore water pressure. margins to an acceptable level, it would be necessary to strengthen the slope by installation of reinforcements. Map 1: Topographic Map of Rectification Mea- These are to be deployed in addition to the surface and sures at Badulusirigama Landslide, Badulla, subsurface drainage measures. Two methods of reinforce- Sri Lanka, 2016 ment are currently available: soil nailing and anchoring. Soil nailing: In this passive technique, reinforcing ele- ments (galvanized steel bars of 25–32 millimeters in diam- eter) are installed in drilled holes (100–150 millimeters in diameter) and grouted. Nails are installed to a designed depth with a downward inclination of 15–20 degrees and in a designed pattern of appropriate vertical and horizon- tal spacing (generally 1.5–2.0 meters apart). When the slope experiences some movement, tensile stresses are mobilized in the nails, reducing the shear stresses needed to be mobilized in the soil for equilibrium and increasing the normal stress along the moving surface, both of which increase the FoS. For this to be effective, nails should ex- tend to a sufficient distance beyond the failure surface (into the resistant zone). The critical factors in a soil nail- ing design are the pullout resistance the nail develops at the interaction of soil-grout interface in the resistant zone and the tensile strength of the reinforcement bar. Typical nail lengths are 8—16 meters. Anchoring: With particularly high slopes and with deep failure surfaces, the required length of reinforcement would be high, and the soil nailing technique may not be effective. If the stability analysis indicates that reinforce- ment in excess of 16meterslongis required, it is custom- Source:©National Building Research Organization (NBRO), ary to use prestressed anchors. Cable anchors installed Sri Lanka. Reproduced, with permission, from NBRO; further per- mission required for reuse. to the designed length are post-tensioned to a designed stress level (figure 1, photo 3). Note: Design drawing shows rectification of Badulusi- 17 Figure 1: Design Drawing for Slope Reinforcement with Soil Nailing and Cable Anchoring Source: ©National Building Research Organization (NBRO), Sri Lanka. Reproduced, with permission, from NBRO; further permission required for reuse. Note: Design drawing pertains to rectification of land- There are several options for the design of the fac- slide at Welipenna in Southern Expressway, Sri Lanka. ing of a soil nailing structure and the design of the Photo 3: Slope Rectified with Anchors, Soil Nail- heads of soil nails or anchors. Nailheads should be ing, and Gravity Wall at Welipenna, Southern Ex- designed against punching and bearing failure. The pressway, Sri Lanka, 2015 nailhead could be an adequately reinforced concrete pad of suitable dimensions. One possible approach is to connect the nailheads with high tensile mesh, while a suitable geotextile is also used to introduce vegeta- tion to the slope surface (photo 4). Alternatively, nailheads may be connected by a se- ries of vertical and horizontal beams, with vegetation introduced to the space in between. The other avail- Source: ©[ National Building Research Organization (NBRO)]. able option is to shoetree the entire slope surface after Further permission required for reuse. connecting the nailheads by reinforcing rods and pro- Note: Here, the slope is rectified with anchors at the viding the facing with a light reinforcing mesh. If the top level and with soil nailing and a gravity wall at the slope surface is made of closely fractured rock or highly toe. Subsurface drains are also used. erodible soil, the option of complete shoetree may be required (photo 3). If residual soils or highly weathered 18 rock is exposed, it would be possible to introduce veg- bions and interlocking modular block work, or a crib etation to the surface using hydroseeding techniques system. The cost of the toe gravity retaining wall can after connecting the nailheads by high tensile strength be minimized if the wall is done with a back batter. mesh. When the surface is fully covered by shoetree, A back batter of 10degrees could make a significant shot drains (1.5 m long) should be provided in a grid saving. In some cases, a number of the above men- (2 meters by 2 meters) to facilitate the release of water tioned measures may have to be adopted to stabilize trapped behind the shoetree surface. the slope (photo 3). Photo 4: Slope Mitigation Using Nailheads, Mesh, 4.2.3.5. Bored Pile Retaining Walls and Hydroseeding at Kandy–Mahiyangana Road, Series of bored piles installed in an alignment across the Sri Lanka, 2016 potential or actual slip surface to a depth greater than the potential slip surface can also be used to enhance the stability of a slope or to rectify an existing landslide. 4.2.3.6. Design of Mitigation Measures at Landscape Level Some of the causative factors that cause a high level of hazard in a region may be changeable, while some other factors due to fundamental natural conditions are not changeable. Inappropriate land use and drain- age are two factors that can be changed. A region of sloping ground with bare land subjected to severe ero- sion can be improved by introduction of vegetation with a deep root system and good surface-covering Source: ©National Building Research Organization (NBRO), Sri Lanka. Reproduced, with permission, from NBRO; further per- foliage as well as enhancement of surface drainage mission required for reuse. patterns. The ratings assigned for land use patterns Note: On this slope, nailheads are connected with and drainage will change for the better, leading to a hightensile wire mesh, and coir mesh is added for hy- reduced hazard rating. droseeding. For more views of the slope mitigation measures, see appendix I, “Additional Photos.” 4.3. Monitoring Once the mitigation measures are installed in a slope, 4.2.3.4. Toe Retaining Structures it is essential to monitor them to ensure that they In some instances, necessary safety margins could be perform as intended. The usual practice of “build achieved by providing a gravity-retaining structure at and forget” should be replaced with the approach of the toe of the slope. This may be done in combina- “build and watch.” tion with soil nailing at the upper levels of the slope. The simplest form of monitoring is to visually exam- The gravity structure at the toe may be built with ran- ine the installed measures at regular time intervals dom rubble masonry or rock fill, mass concrete, ga- to ensure that drains and structures are not cracked 19 or moved and that drains are not silted. A visual ex- of triggering factors. amination of the drainage structures during a rainfall It is of utmost importance to interpret the monitoring event will be helpful to verify whether the orientation data as soon as they are made available. and capacity of the drains are appropriate. If any dete- rioration or malfunctioning of the stabilization mea- In addition to the surface and subsurface movements sures are identified early and attended to promptly, identified by the instrumentation at identified iso- disastrous, potentially costly consequences could be lated positions, overall slope movement can now be prevented. The assistance and cooperation of local identified (to a millimeter scale) through the tech- communities in observing and reporting will be es- niques of terrestrial photogrammetry and remote sential in this context. sensing. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (In- SAR), light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and aerial Further detailed monitoring should be done by instal- photogrammetry from manned or unmanned vehicles lation of appropriate instrumentation at identified lo- can be effectively used in monitoring. These monitor- cations. Surface movements could be established by ing techniques provide a landscape-level understand- monitoring the position of marked critical locations ing of slope stability compared with site-specific in- of the slope using land surveying techniques (estab- strumentation. lishing x, y, z coordinates at regular time intervals). Extensometers can be used across two points—one in Monitoring is also extremely helpful wherever full- the stable ground and another in the moving ground— scale mitigation or rectification could not be imple- to identify surface movements. Tilt sensors can be mented because of prohibitive costs. Threshold val- installed at numerous slope locations to capture the ues of triggering factors should have been identified ground tilt and hence deduce the slope movements. at such locations, and the monitoring data on trigger- ing events as well as the responses monitored through Subsurface movements can be identified by inclinom- piezometers, inclinometers, extensometers, and eters or strain gauges. Rainfall and the response of tilt sensors would indicate whether the slope is ap- piezometric readings to rainfall events are the other proaching a major movement. A network of such data most important features to monitor. These observa- should be used to issue trustworthy EWS to minimize tions should be correlated with the monitoring data disturbance and prevent loss of human lives. 20 21 5. Case Study: Sri Lankan Experience Managing rain-induced landslides is a major challenge for Sri Lankan geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists. So far, they have met that challenge successfully over the years. The Sri Lankan land mass consists mainly of metamorphic In all rectification work, a detailed analysis of the slope is done. and igneous crystalline rocks and their weathered product: The safety margins of existing natural slopes are assessed by ap- residual soils. Tropical weathering conditions, high ambient propriate analyses. Information about soil layering, strength pa- temperatures, and high rainfall and humidity together with rameters, and groundwater table variations is obtained through mineralogical changes in the parent rock have led to highly appropriate investigation processes coupled with experience heterogeneous, irregular soil and rock profiles with consider- and engineering judgment. able variation over short distances. Colluvial soils—the prod- Rectification designs for failed slopes or designs to ensure ucts of ancient landslides—are also present. stability of existing slopes are done using a stepwise ap- Many of these slopes have a low water table during periods of proach. Initially the effects of surface drainage are studied. dry weather. Prevailing high matric suctions make them sta- If that alone is not sufficient to maintain appropriate safety ble. Near-vertical cuts of heights of even 10 meters or more levels, the possible use of subsurface drainage and its influ- would stand safe under these conditions. Infiltration of rain- ence is studied. Subsurface drainage is provided with either water, loss of matric suctions, and perhaps the development sub-horizontal drains, radial drains from drainage wells, or of perched water table conditions will make them unstable directional drains following the potential failure surfaces. In- during the periods of heavy rain. Thus, the control of drain- filtration is also modeled in the analyses of slopes of critical age to prevent such situations is the key to maintaining slope importance. stability even during the periods of heavy prolonged rainfall. If those measures also fail to achieve an appropriate safety This is achieved primarily by enhancement of surface drain- margin, structural measures in the form of reinforcement age by the construction of cutoff drains and berm drains. In with soil nailing or anchoring and use of gravity-retaining cut slopes, berms are made at regular elevation intervals to structures at the toe are studied. Regular monitoring and control the flow of water over the slope surface. maintenance of slopes are also done. Appropriate vegetation or artificial slope cover such as shoe- The NBRO is the government authority on landslide control. tree minimize infiltration and prevent erosion as well. Artifi- Landslide identification and hazard zonation mapping pro- cial coverage is used only when it is not possible to introduce cesses commenced in the mid-1990s. Maps are now available natural vegetation. Infiltration into relict joints is prevented at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:10,000. Landslide monitoring and by sealing those identified. EWS are in place, and awareness programs are conducted Subsurface drains may be required in some situations. Sub- regularly. Warnings and evacuations are issued in case of surface drainage facilitates the movement of water already in anticipated disasters, and relief and assistance are provided the soil due to infiltration and of groundwater flow. It also after a disaster, with the assistance of the country’s regional accelerates the pore water pressure dissipation. In some administrative structure under the guidance and direction of situations, further external support through earth retaining the Disaster Management Centre. Community leaders are structures or internal stabilizing systems such as soil nailing appointed to handle hazard situations. The NBRO scrtinizes may also be required. construction proposals on sites of moderate risk. 22 23 6. Conclusions and Recommendations South Asian countries experience a variety of geohazards triggered by excessive rain- falls, snowfalls, and earthquakes. Management and mitigation of these geohazards are challenging tasks, especially in countries with rugged mountainous terrain such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, and Nepal. A stepwise approach to road geohazard risk management and proper institutional setup are key elements of any strategy to ensure safe roads. Ef- forts must be made to integrate road geohazard risk management into the national devel- opment plans for sustainable road management and safety of the stakeholders. Over the past few years, most of the coun- nomic damage. Countries’ technical capac- tries have made some progress in the use ity in this context should be enhanced with of scientific and proactive approaches to appropriate human resource development the mitigation of geohazard risks. Howev- programs, coupled with knowledge and er, considerable advances should be made technology sharing. with the assistance of new technological A discussion forum should be formed com- tools to identify key triggering factors, pos- prising technical experts and engineers, sibly with threshold values. engineering geologists, and managers who Monitoring of sites with high geohazard deal with geohazards in South Asian coun- risk levels should be conducted with both tries so that they can share their experience well-established and newly developed in handling critical situations and provide technology to identify impending failures useful advice and guidance in the case of with a view toward designing and imple- emerging new hazardous situations. Such a menting proactive mitigation measures forum will further enhance the concept of to prevent loss of lives and minimize eco- South-to-South learning. 24 25 Appendixes 26 Appendix A First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop Agenda First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop on Landslide and Geo-Hazard Risk Kandy, Sri Lanka - November 15-17, 2016 Date/Time Topic/Activity Resource Person/Facilitator/ In charge Arrival Date: Monday, Novem- ber 14 Arrival Setting up of Country posters and exhibits All Country Delegates Day 1: Tues- day, November 15 9:00-09:05 Opening Ceremony – Lighting of the traditional Oil Lamp 09:05-09:15 Welcome Remarks Yuka Makino 09:15-09:25 Remarks by the World Bank Country Director Idah Z. Pswarayi-Riddihough for Sri Lanka and Maldives 09:25-09:40 Remarks by the Hon. Minister of Disaster Management Sri Lanka Hon. Anura Priyadarshana Yapa 09:40-10:10 Topic 1: Keynote Presentation on Geohazard Risk Mitigation Marinos Skempas 10:10-10:45 Country Poster Presentation in the presence of the WB CD and Hon. Minister Country Representatives (5 minutes each) 10:45-11:00 Coffee Break 11:00-11:05 Objectives, Expected Outcome & Schedule Yuka Makino 11:05-11:15 Introduction of Participants and Resource Persons Facilitated by Zenaida Willison 11:15-12:15 Country Poster Presentation Country Representatives 3 x 20 minutes rotations (incl. 5 minute team discussion) 12:15-1:30 Lunch break 1:30-2:00 TOPIC 2: Rain-induced Landslides and Early Warning System: Sri Lanka Athula Kulathilaka Experience 2:00-2:15 Ideas Exchange, Q and A Facilitator: Yuka Makino 2:15-2:55 Country Poster Presentation Country Representatives 2 x 20 minutes rotations (incl. 5 minute team discussion) 2:55-3:30 TOPIC 3: Geotechnical Asset Management and Tools: Global and US Federal Thomas Oommen Highway Experience 3:30-3:45 Ideas Exchange, Q and A Facilitator: Yuka Makino 27 3:45-4:00 Coffee Break 4:00-4:30 TOPIC 4: Decision Support Systems for Geohazard Risk Management in Robert Shuchman Transport Sector: Afghanistan Experience 4:30-4:50 Ideas Exchange, Q and A Facilitator: Yuka Makino 4:50-5:30 Country Poster Presentation Country Representatives 2 x 20 minutes rotations (incl. 5 minute team discussion) 5:30-6:15 Synthesis for the Day and Announcements Rapporteur: Zen Willison 7:00-8:00 Dinner Reception Day 2: Wednes- day, November 16 8:00 -1:00 Site Visit, Discussion, Reflection Athula Kulathilaka 1. Kandy Mahiyangana Road – cut slopes and protection/retaining measures Marinos Skempas 2. Kandy School stabilization projects 1:30-2:30 Lunch 2:30- 3:30 Discussion/Reflection on the Site Visit vis a vis Country implementation challenges 3:30-3:45 Coffee Break 3:45-5:00 Country specific challenges and Discussion of Possible Solutions 7:00-8:00 Dinner Day 3: Thurs- day, November 17 Slope stability software demonstration by NBRO – Laboratory Testing video NBRO 9:00-9:30 9:30-10:00 Geohazard Risk Management Handbook and some examples of Slope Stabili- Yoganath Adikari zation Techniques 10:00-10:15 Coffee Break 10:15-12:30 Round tables of in-depth Q&A sessions with Resource Persons (5 x 30 minute Athula Kulathilaka sessions) Marinos Skempas Robert Shuchman Thomas Oommen Yoganath Adikari 12:30-1:30 Lunch Break 1:30-1:45 Guide book: Outline Presentations; Action Planning guidance Athula Kulathilaka Zen Willison 1:45-3:00 Workshop: Country Specific Action Planning Country Representatives 3:00-3:15 Coffee Break 3:15-4:30 Presentation of Country Specific Action Planning (7 x 10 minutes) Country Representatives 4:30-5:15 Concluding Session: Lessons Learned Zen Willison 5:15-5:30 Closing Remarks Thomas Oommen/Yuka Makino 7:00 –8:00 Dinner Day 4: Friday, November 18 Departure: Individual arrangements to travel to Colombo 28 Appendix B First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop List of Participants Country First Name Surname Position Institution Afghanistan Ahmad Wali Shairzay Technical Deputy Minister Ministry of Public Works Afghanistan Zewaruddin Haidari Sr. Laboratory Technical Specialist National Rural Access Program Afghanistan M o h a m m a d Danish Geotechnical Engineer Ministry of Public Works Ibrahim Afghanistan M o h a m m a d Noori Highway Design Engineer Ministry of Public Works Salam Afghanistan Sayedi Wafiullah Deputy Director Ministry of Education Afghanistan Rahmatullah Shafaq Head of Maintenance National Rural Access Program Afghanistan Wali Moham- Baktash Head of Construction & Maintenance National Rural Access Program mad Bangladesh Javed Karim Deputy Project Director Local Government Bhutan Yeshey Lotay Executive Engineer Department of Disaster Mngt. Bhutan Tashi Tenzin Executive Engineer Department of Roads Bhutan Arjun Bahadur Katwal Assistant Engineer Department of Roads India Daya Nand Deputy Program Manager Government of Uttarakhand India Ravishankar Chellapandian IAS & Program Manager Government of Uttarakhand India Girish Chandra Joshi DRM Specialist Government of Uttarakhand India Santram Singh Chief Engineer Government of Uttarakhand India R. S. Jaswal Executive Engineer HPPWD India M.R. Negi Executive Engineer   Nepal Sanjaya Ku- Shrestha Deputy Director General Department of Roads mar Nepal Rupak Rajbhandari Sr. Divisional Engineer Department of Roads Nepal Daya Kant Jha Deputy Director General Department of Roads Nepal Ram Kumar Deo Sr. Divisional Engineer Department of Roads Nepal Vishnu Prasad Shrestha Consultant World Bank Nepal Dhruba Raj Regmi Consultant World Bank Pakistan Syed Tasadiq Shah Chief Engineer Communication & Works Dept. Hussain Pakistan Mushtaq Hus- Pirzada Director (GIS) Land Use Planning, Planning & Develop- sain ment Department Pakistan Abbasi Atiq-ur-Rahman Project Director Land Use Planning, Planning & Develop- ment Department Sri Lanka Asiri Karunawardene  Director General National Building Research Organization Sri Lanka Ariyarathne PRC Geotechnical Engineer National Building Research Organization Sri Lanka Dharmasena P  Geotechnical Engineer National Building Research Organization Sri Lanka Peris NIC Senior Geologist Climate Resilience Improvement Project 29 Sri Lanka Seneviratne Bandula  Provincial Director Road Development Department UVA Prov- ince Sri Lanka Seneviratne Anoja  Director  Disaster Management Center Sri Lanka Athapaththu Uditha  Project Director  Road Development Authority Speakers and Facilitators Nationality First Name Surname Position Institution Sri Lanka Athula Sener- Kulathilaka Professor University of Moratuwa ath Greece Marinos Skempas Consultant - Geotechnical Engineering World Bank India Thomas Oommen Associate Professor - Geohazard As- Michigan Tech. Res. Institute sessment & Eng. United States Robert Allan Shuchman Co-Director - Remote Sensing DSS Michigan Tech. Res. Institute Japan Yoganath Adikari  Forestry Officer   Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Philippines Zenaida Willison Consultant World Bank World Bank Task Team Leaders Nationality First Name Surname Position Institution China Luquan Tian Senior Transport Specialist World Bank Afghanistan M o h a m m e d Askerzoy Transport Specialist World Bank Ajmal Italy Federica Ranghieri Senior Disaster Risk Management Spe- World Bank cialist Pakistan Haris Khan Senior Disaster Risk Management Spe- World Bank cialist Pakistan Ahsan Tehsin Senior Disaster Risk Management Spe- World Bank cialist Sri Lanka Suranga Kahandawa Disaster Risk Management Specialist World Bank Japan Yuka Makino Senior NRM/DRM Specialist World Bank Netherlands Brenden Jongman Disaster Risk Management Specialist World Bank World Bank Team Nationality First Name Surname Position Institution India Shruti Kulkarni Videographer World Bank Sri Lanka Samanmalee Sirimanne Team Assistant World Bank United King- Lilian MacArthur Program Assistant World Bank dom Honduras Guillermo A. Siercke Consultant World Bank 30 Appendix C: Opening Messages and Remarks Appendix C.1 Anura Priyadarshana Yapa’s Message Message by Minister for Disaster Management Hon. Anura Priyadarshana Yapa, for Regional Workshop on Geohazard Risk Management — November 15-17 2016, Kandy, Sri Lanka by the World Bank Distinguished Guests, Ladies & Gentlemen. Due to an India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka to participate in this unavoidable circumstance the Hon minister for Disaster Workshop, and I hope, starting from today, this workshop Management Hon. Anura Priyadarshana Yapa, is not par- is going to be fruitful event where you can share your ex- ticipated in the inauguration of this important workshop. perience and contribute to proceedings. Hon minister has sent this message for me to read on be- Ladies & Gentlemen, half of him. Please permit me first, to share some of my views on Geo- Good morning, Distinguished Guests, Ladies & Gentle- hazard Risk Management, in our country. Sri Lanka, being men, a small island nation, is highly susceptible to effects of Cli- It was a great pleasure for me inviting as the Chief Guest mate Change. Impacts of Climate Change are a threat to of this important Regional Workshop on Geohazard Risk the development effort of the country. Extreme weather Management organized by the World Bank. Same time I events resulted by Climate Change are frequently expe- regret to inform you all that due to an unavoidable reason I rienced by the country and as a result, occurrence of cy- am not in a position to attend this work shop. Though I not clones, floods and landslides is increasingly felt. physically present here my blessings are always with you. The government of Sri Lanka understands the importance I take this opportunity to thank the organizers and also to of disaster management and included it in the develop- express my heartfelt gratitude to Ms. Idah Z. Pswarayi-Rid- ment agenda. Our socio-economic development targets dihough, Country Director for Sri Lanka and Maldives ar- include development and expansion of cities into me- ranging this important international conference. ga-polis, infrastructure, construction of new settlements As you know, South Asia Disaster Risk and Climate and working towards making, Sri Lanka a developed na- Change Unit of the World Bank launched the program tion. In this endeavor, we realize that, extreme disaster “Building Resilience to Landslide and Geohazard Risk in events, human induced or which may have triggered by the South Asia Region” with the assistance of the Europe- natural causes, could impede the set targets. an Union and Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction We understand that happening of natural hazards are and Recovery. Objective of this program is to facilitate the beyond our control, yet reduction of their impacts is cer- exchange of experience and knowledge among the policy tainly within. We understand that rainfall is the main trig- makers and practitioners in landslides and geohazard risk gering factor for landslides and coping with landslide and management in South Asia. As one of the program items, flood risk management due to unprecedented extreme rain- this workshop has been arranged, bringing together inter- fall events is very difficult. However, we wish to take more national experts and participants from seven Asian coun- resilient actions to ensure that societies are strong enough tries including Sri Lanka. to handle the hazards and their negative consequences. This I warmly welcome all the distinguished internation- requires understanding of factors that exacerbate hazards al experts and participants coming from Afghanistan, and their impacts. Therefore, it is a must for investing on 31 “building resilience” to eliminate, reduce or reverse the fac- We identified the unstable slopes created during the road tors and processes, which contribute to increase the vulner- widening in the Kandy- Mahiyangana road, close to the fa- ability on people and its built environment. mous 18 bends. The World Bank came into assistance pro- viding funds to stabilize these roadside slopes. Again, we Over the years, we noticed that hap-hazard development identified that there were unstable slopes surrounding 18 actions increase the vulnerabilities of our cities and vil- schools in Kandy district and the threat of failure of these lages. Though need not to mention, we all know that un- slopes became imminent. Once again, the World Bank suitable cuts in slopes, and poor drainage are the most came into assistance to mitigate these slopes and making significant causative factors making slopes unstable in the schools safe and can function without interruption. In our hill country. We need to prevent hap-hazard develop- this context, I wish to mention that, we appreciate the Cli- ment in vulnerable areas and at the same time, promote mate Resilience Improvement Project that is commonly well-planned and engineered development. This I trust, known as the CRIP project, for the valuable role that they is within the purview of our ministry and we have taken played in making the above roads and schools safe. all the necessary measures to curtail haphazard develop- ment especially in the areas susceptible to landslides and The Government of Japan also extends their valuable associated geohazards and allow development only under technical and financial assistance to implement four dif- the scrutiny and guidance of technical experts. Anyhow, I ferent mitigation projects with newer technologies. I am am pleased to inform you that in Sri Lanka we are making happy to state here that my ministry is making a consider- progress in using legislative control of construction and able progress in making the landslide areas safe. development activities in vulnerable areas as an effective Ladies & Gentlemen, instrument for building disaster resilience. I am confident that the outcome of this workshop will be The government is of the view that, it is necessary to beneficial to effective landslide and geohazard risk man- ensure that our development initiatives are inclusive, agement not only in Sri Lanka, but also in the countries safer, resilient and sustainable in order to ensure that where our distinguished participants are coming from. I vulnerabilities are reduced. However, we are aware that, suggest that the proceedings of this South to South work- increasing population, accelerated development actions shop be made available electronically for the benefit of and high demand for safer lands, force communities to other countries as well. The knowledge, experiences live on unsafe, marginalized lands prone to various di- and approaches which you will be shared at this work- sasters. Since natural hazards can have strong negative shop are highly appreciated and welcomed by our min- impacts on long-term development, they are a threat to istry and the government. Further I kindly request all sustainable development. the experts present here today to share what you have The Government of Sri Lanka, together with the World innovated through your own initiatives to safeguard Bank, formulated the Climate Resilience Improvement the people of our country and of course, people of Project as a comprehensive program to reduce the ad- your own country as well. verse impacts of Climate Change and to adopt the stock I wish all the participants and the organizers a suc- of infrastructure to extreme climate shocks. Ministry of cessful workshop and success in their future endeav- Irrigation, Mahaweli Development Authority of Sri Lanka, ors too. Please enjoy the Sri Lankan hospitality during Road Development Authority and National Building Re- your stay in our country. search Organization jointly implement this project. Thank you. 32 Appendix C.2 Idah Z. Pswarayi-Riddihough’s Remarks Opening Remarks for Idah Z. Pswarayi-Riddihough, World Bank Country Director for Sri Lanka and Maldives. First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop on Landslide and Geo-Hazard Risk ­ — November 15-17, 2016 – Kandy, Sri Lanka Honorable Anura Priyadarshana Yapa, Minister of Di- Many mountain areas are in tectonically active zones saster Management, with an increased probability of earthquakes and vol- canic eruptions. At a global scale, 55% of mountain Mr. S. S. Miyanawala, Secretary to the Ministry of Di- land is susceptible to earthquakes, as opposed to 36% saster Management, of non-mountain land. In addition, mountains are also Dr. Asiri Karunawardene, Director General, National very sensitive to climate change, as shown by the rapid Building Research Organization melting of glaciers worldwide. Representatives from UN and International Organiza- The South Asia region is home to the Hindu Kush Hi- tions, malayan Mountains which are the source of 10 major Technical Experts river systems and provide vital ecosystem goods and services to more than 1.4 billion people. Government Professionals representing a number of South Asian Countries Sri Lanka also has a mountainous central region where a number of districts highly susceptible to landslides. Colleagues of the World Bank. The land use in the central hills has changed signifi- Ladies and Gentlemen, cantly since 1930, with the introduction of plantation It is an honor and great pleasure to be here today to crops such as tea and rubber, which has contribut- welcome you to the First Annual South-to-South ed to a number of hazards including landslides. The Learning Workshop on Landslide and Geo-Hazard transport network in these areas is increasingly being Risk in Kandy, Sri Lanka. threatened by landslides and the Bank currently sup- ports the Government to mitigate the landslides risk This workshop is held within the framework of the along highly vulnerable national and provincial roads. “Building Resilience to Landslide and Geo-Hazard risk I hope you will get the opportunity to see some of in the South Asia Region” which was launched in Au- these sites. gust 2016 by the World Bank with assistance from the European Commission and the Global Facility for Di- At present, many of the communities in the South Asian saster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). mountain regions are reliant on one main road for con- nectivity for both access to markets and evacuation during The Program aims to build the capacity to reduce the time of disaster. Access to markets, social and economic risk transport infrastructure to landslides and geohaz- services, and assistance during emergency events directly ards in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, depend on the quality of transport infrastructure available Bhutan and Bangladesh. to rural communities. As many of you know, mountains are particularly suscep- Furthermore, the condition of transport infrastruc- tible to environmental hazards, causing disasters such as ture is often poor. Many local road linkages only offer devastating floods, landslides, or avalanches leading to seasonal access on account of inadequate drainage, loss of life, property, and livelihoods. 33 low quality surfacing, or the absence of crossing struc- solutions to the challenges in landslide risk manage- tures. Haphazard road construction without proper ment we are encountering. engineering has also produced many unsustainable lo- We are happy to be here today and to be a part of this cal roads and caused significant environmental dam- productive initiative, and we are even more pleased to age. see the great turnout of representatives from a wide Despite these challenges, the planning, design and im- spectrum of government agencies, which again exhibits plementation of road and rural infrastructure in the the promising commitment to work jointly on develop- South Asia region sometimes does not take into consid- ing joint master plans and implementation of transport eration the entire landscape and the potential geohaz- infrastructure that take into account climate change ard risks (i.e. risk of glacial lake outburst floods, flash and geohazard risk. floods upstream, torrential rains, etc.) I had a glance at the material that will be presented The planning for transport infrastructure, public over the next few days and at the participants list, and buildings and river training works are usually conduct- can see that there’s a huge amount of experience that’s ed by separate departments and at times, not coordi- present here. I’m sure that this group will be able to nated. As a result, many roads are being constructed find new ideas and develop new approaches to tackle with no river training works and public buildings are all of these challenges together. constructed in hazardous areas. We look forward to your active participation during The workshop during the next 3 days aims to bring the workshop and hope that you will be able to leave together policy makers and practitioners in landslide equipped with new ideas and develop long-term risk management in the South Asia region to learn friendships and partnerships around the whole South from each other as well as share their knowledge and Asia region. experiences. So… welcome to you all, and I hope you have a fruitful This South-South learning event will also lay the foun- workshop and a pleasant stay in Kandy. dation for the important work that lies ahead for all Thank You. of us working in the transport sector to better design Appendix C.3 Yuka Makino’s Remarks It is with great pleasure to welcome you here today. on a World Bank transport sector or Disaster Risk Man- agement project and can make a difference in how it is By coming here to the South to South learning work- designed and implemented. shop, you have joined a group of innovative and pio- neering persons from your country and the South Asia I would like to draw your attention to the sign board region - who will lead the way to ensuring that your behind me – and the logo for the geohazard risk man- roads, bridges and transport systems are resilient to agement in the transport sector program. This logo geohazards. represents our goal for adopting a landscape approach to geohazard risk management. All of you are here at the workshop because you work 34 Each of the colors represent the aspects of geohazard practical solutions that could be immediately imple- risk management: mented. Blue – hydrology Through this program we also implement Technical Brown – soil properties and geology Assistance to specific on-going transport sector proj- ects facing geohazard risks – many of you who are Green – ecology present today are also part of that program. Orange – people This South to South workshop will include the follow- Grey – infrastructure ing: The traditional approach to maintaining a transport 1. Knowledge sharing of country programs and chal- network is reactive and remediates geohazard events lenges, as they occur. 2. Presentation and discussion by topic experts, We are here today to change our perspectives and adopt 3. Small group discussion with experts on specific a proactive approach that evaluates hazards, monitors the topics relevant to each project and country, network and manages the infrastructure. And finally, I look forward to an active engagement and a learning 4. The workshop will result in an action plan on experience where you leave with knowledge which you how to implement the solution in each of your re- will be able to apply directly to your projects. spective projects. These will also be compiled in a OBJECTIVES, EXPECTED OUTCOME & SCHED- guidebook at the end of the workshop. ULE All the documents from this workshop - including your The objectives of this program are to: presentations, and interviews, videos and guidebooks Bring together our counterparts in SAR working in the will be uploaded on our geohazard risk management Transport Sector facing the challenges of integrating in transport sector website – so that you will be able geohazard risk management into their design, imple- to access them and refer to them whenever you need mentation and Operations and Maintenance. In ad- them. And a year from now, in the next South to South dition to this kind of workshops we will hold annual workshop, we will be able to reflect on what we have Peer-to-Peer learning activities; and Study Tours. The achieved. aim is to share knowledge, experience, challenges and 35 Appendix D: Presentations Appendix D.1: M. N. Skempas’s Presentation 36 Appendix D.1: M. N. Skempas’s Presentation 37 38 Appendix D.1: M. N. Skempas’s Presentation 39 40 Appendix D.1: M. N. Skempas’s Presentation 41 42 Appendix D.1: M. N. Skempas’s Presentation 43 44 Appendix D.1: M. N. Skempas’s Presentation 45 46 Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation 47 48 Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation 49 50 Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation 51 52 Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation 53 54 Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation 55 56 Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation 57 58 Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation 59 60 Appendix D.2: Athula Kulathilaka’s Presentation 61 Appendix D.3: Thomas Oommen’s Presentation 62 Appendix D.3: Thomas Oommen’s Presentation 63 64 Appendix D.3: Thomas Oommen’s Presentation 65 66 Appendix D.3: Thomas Oommen’s Presentation 67 68 Appendix D.4: Robert Shuchman’s Presentation 69 70 Appendix D.4: Robert Shuchman’s Presentation 71 Appendix D.5: Yoganath Adikari’s Presentation 72 Appendix D.5: Yoganath Adikari’s Presentation 73 74 Appendix D.5: Yoganath Adikari’s Presentation 75 76 Appendix D.5: Yoganath Adikari’s Presentation 77 78 Managing Natural Hazards Risks in Afghanistan Overview Afghanistan is highly prone to natural hazards. Floods, drought, earthquake, Appendix E: Country Poster Presentations Appendix E.1: Afghanistan avalanches and landslides are the common risks that cost thousands of lives and millions of losses annually. Challenge Since 1980, disasters caused by natural hazards have a ected 9 million people and caused over 20,000 fatalities in Afghanistan. Domestic conflicts, poor economy and lack of understanding of natural hazards and their impacts, together with rapid unstandardized urbanization, unplanned settlements, transformation of agricultural lands to residential, limited financial resources and absence of risk information are the underlying causes of poor DRM in Afghanistan. Approach Average yearly damages from earthquakes is $80 million, from floods is $196 million. Drought has a ected 6.5 million people since 1990, while 3 million people are exposed to high or very high landslide hazard. The Government of Afghanistan is aware that the devastating impacts of natural disasters are hampering country development. The international community is also diverting its focus from emergency response to disaster risk management focusing on preventive measures. The recent World Bank DRM project in Afghanistan has created risk maps of the aforementioned hazards and are available through an online GeoNode platform. In particular, the transportation projects financed by the World Bank are paying due attention to this cross cutting issue during the design/implementation phases; and will map up “all season” accessibility based on the GeoNode platform Results The risk maps created under the World Bank DRM Project identify vulnerable areas and inform any future investments in the country. The project will also design a Roadmap for hydromet system and EWS along with an investment plan that will be used to modernize hydromet stations and development of EWS. Additionally, UNOPS and the World Bank are working closely with Afghanistan National Disaster Risk Management Authority to establish a strategic framework that will define the role and mandates of ANDMA and will clearly explain short, medium and long term development programs to be achieved in coordination with all line ministries and relevant agencies. 79 Flood, Landslide And Seismic Risk Scenerio In Bangladesh Overview Bangladesh is very susceptible to flood due its Appendix E.2: Bangladesh geographical location and under threat of impending devastating earthquake. Hilly part is predisposed to landslides hazards. Challenge River floods resulting from excessive runo contributed by monsoon precipitation and coastal floods induced by storm surges of tropical cyclones causes devastating damages to lives and property very often. Landslide is a serious problem for hilly area with increasing trend of frequency and damage. High vulnerability of densely and poorly planned urban area to impending devastating earthquake. Approach Adaptive, reactive and mitigating actions have been taken to tackle flood through construction of flood embankment, sluice gates, and hard points. Mitigating measures includes construction of multipurpose cyclone shelters, modernizing warning system, development of quick evacuation system etc. Based on predicted rainfall data, land cover modelling, community vulnerability, soil investigation and slope stability warning system has been developed. An earthquake-vulnerability map on the three cities has been developed with which a contingency plan has also been prepared. Earthwork zoning map has been upgraded. Awareness and training of volunteers have been conducted. Results Institutional arrangement and legal framework are in place to tackle disaster. National and Sub-National levels disaster committees down to the grass root level are there. Disaster Management Act has been promulgated. Records of highest flood is kept. New roads and bridges are being constructed considering highest flood level. In some low lying area submersible roads are also being constructed. Under WB funding LGED are constructing multipurpose school cum cyclone shelters in Coastal belt. More administrative actions are being taken to stop cutting slope and prevent building dwelling on the slope. Government recently approved National Building Code giving due consideration to earthquake. Foto: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 80 Landslide Risk Assessment Along Roads in Bhutan Overview Appendix E.3: Bhutan Appendix E: Country Poster Presentations In the rugged mountain environment of Bhutan, landslides form an ever-present natural hazard along the roads. Landslide events are closely linked with seasonal rain, earthquake, and floods. Challenge Due to the fast economic development and lack of in-depth study of road construction in the rugged mountains in Bhutan. The landslides along the roads are the most devastating disaster during the monsoon season causing huge economic loss. Road transport being only mode of transportation in Bhutan, which is very vulnerable to landslide and other hazards. Approach Bhutan experienced many landslides along the roads causing risk to travelers and transports. In the recent flood disaster, many roads are block due to landslide, which caused huge loss to government. Recognizing need to strengthen the capacity and reduce the impact of landslide disaster in country. The National Disaster Risk Management Strategy was formulated and Disaster Management Act was enacted mainly to ensure the each agency responsibilities during and after any disaster. It also focuses on the assessment of hazards, vulnerability and capacity for each agencies to come up with their contingency and disaster management plan. Results Recognizing the need to study the landslide in the country, Department of Disaster Management in-collaboration with relevant agencies formed the landslide working group to assess the landslide risk in the country. Recently, detail survey and study is carried out by engineering geologists and landslide experts before the new road alignment. The Department of Roads, initiated the environmental friendly road construction. 81 INDIA: Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project (UDRP) Overview Uttarakhand (India) situated in the Himalayan region is prone to multiple natural hazards. Appendix E.4: India Proper assessment of risk is required for e ective Disaster Risk Reduction. Challenge The State faces significant losses due to heavy rain, landslides, floods, flash floods, avalanches and earthquakes. Due to increasing anthropogenic pressure, unplanned development, extreme weather incidences and fragile geological conditions, both frequency and magnitude of disasters are on the rise. Approach Uttarakhand (India) experienced major catastrophe in June 2013 that a ected over 900,000 people. The World Bank has approved the credit of USD 250 Million for Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project, for reconstruction and disaster risk mitigation initiatives. The project envisioned provision of multi-hazard resilient housing to the a ected families, restore road connectivity and to enhance the institutional capability in risk mitigation, thereby enabling better policy decisions and e ective response. The Government had initiated e orts like technical studies to assess risk, river morphology, slope stabilization, setting up of hydro meteorological network and DSS. The motto is to ‘Build Back Better'. Results As outcomes, institutional capacity, to prepare for and manage the impact of natural disasters, shall be improved and capacity of the public, to protect themselves from natural disasters and recover quickly, shall be enhanced. This Project also supports India’s major policy shift to proactive risk management and allows the implementation of a demand-driven program specifically enabling translation of national risk mitigation strategies into e ective policies and strengthening the capacity of institutions for improved service delivery. Furthermore, the Project will o er important lessons to be shared with other countries in their e orts to systematically address the reduction of multi-hazard risks. 82 NEPAL: World Bank supported Road Sector Development Projects (RSDP) Overview Appendix E.5: Nepal Appendix E: Country Poster Presentations Nepal Roads are increasingly vulnerable to landslides. A thorough assessment of the risks is necessary to develop proper landslide mitigation plan and disaster response management system. Challenge Floods, landslides, river undercutting/ debris deposition and earthquakes are common natural phenomenon in young Himalayan range of Nepal. Blockage of roads for several hours due to landslides is unavoidable particularly during monsoon. Absence of proper geo hazard mapping systems and assessment of risks has induced significant impact resulting great socio-economic losses. Addressing of such natural events is the major challenge. Approach The World Bank supported Road Sector Development Projects (RSDP) up-graded around 700km roads in 10 remote districts of Nepal enhancing connectivity and livelihood of more than 2million people. The World Bank is investing additional fund equivalent to US$55 million for RSDP AFII (ID: PI57607) in order to address resilience of 18km of road sections with slope stabilization at 140 critical locations. Additionally, 37 new bridges will be constructed on RSDP roads and maintenance of 312 bridges including 257 post-earthquake bridges will be carried out under the project. To tackle the damages detail assessment by geo-technical engineers, geologists and hydrologists will be carried out. Social and environmental specialists also are engaged in assessment of private and public properties damaged due to natural disaster. Results The project will enhance the capacity of Geo-Environmental and Social Unit (GESU), Department of Roads (DOR) in the management of geo hazards in the roads of Nepal. The project will allow DOR to update existing DOR Standards on geotechnical as well as social and environmental aspects. The best example is the lesson learned in post-earthquake bridges. DOR developed web-based bridge condition assessment system and prepared cost estimate for maintenance of 400 post-earthquake bridges in short span of 6 weeks. It is now being used to up-date existing Bridge Management System (BMS). Maintenance of bridges will also enhance the capacity of Bridge Branch, DOR and local construction industry. It is expected that the project will be able to address the landslide mitigation response in the selected road sections of remote area of Nepal. 83 PAKISTAN: Disaster Risk Reduction in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Overview Appendix E.6: Pakistan AJK State has su ered unprecedented natural calamities in the recent past which resulted into initiation of comprehensive DRM plans and interventions. Challenge AJK’s peculiar geographic location makes it vulnerable to natural calamities. AJK faces plethora of challenges, impeding progress towards achieving sustainable development. The key factors at play are the climate change, poverty, small land holdings, limited financial resources and relocation of huge chunk of population readily living on hazard prone areas. Approach AJK is gradually shifting from simple disaster response to a more proactive approach to DRM. The October 2005 earthquake and associated disasters make it all the more necessary for our state to address the root causes of vulnerability, rather than merely treating its symptoms. A synergetic e ort has been initiated to cater Disaster Risks under “Disaster and Climate Resilience Improvement Project (DCRIP)” funded by World Bank. This initiative encompasses all needful measures to minimize the losses to life and property of the people and gear up economic growth. This is being achieved by conducting thorough assessment of multifarious risks. Results The primary outcome of DCRIP initiative is to save and prevent needless su ering of the population, protect vital infrastructure, and resources from disasters. The deliverables from its various activities are envisaged to help state machinery and all stakeholders to e ectively mitigate natural calamities and devise proactive strategies for the future. These activities are being taken through participatory approach involving all stakeholders including Government Institutions such as Land Use Planning, Central Design O ce, Communication and Works, SDMA and Forests Department. This includes identification of multi-hazard risks which would inform the development of a Climate Resilience Action Plan for the state. 84 SRI LANKA: Landslide Mitigation through Climate Resilience Improvement Project Overview There is a great need to mitigate the risks of rain Appendix E: Country Poster Presentations Appendix E.7: Sri Lanka induced landslides in the schools and transport network in the central Sri Lanka. Challenge Due to climatic changes the frequency of high intensity long duration rainfalls will increase and sloping grounds would be more vulnerable. Ensuring that the education of the school children is not adversely a ected under these conditions and transport network remain fully functional in a major responsibility of authorities. Approach Landslide risks in schools in the central highlands were identified and prioritized. Mitigation measures were designed for 18 schools with the highest risk. These measures are now being implemented. Awareness campaigns were organized among School communities to educate them on necessary post construction monitoring and maintenance. Mitigation measures were also designed for identified high risk locations in three major highways. Rectification measures designed after thorough investigations and are now being implemented. Monitoring and maintenance processes necessary were also planned. The mitigation activities included surface and sub surface drainage and structural measures of enhancing the resisting forces and shear strength of soil. Results Landslide risks were mitigated at number of locations enabling undisrupted functioning of those schools and transport facilities. Set of best practices and construction techniques were developed highlighting some inappropriate practices adopted in the past. This new experience would ensure that future constructions would be done in a technically sound manner appropriate for the terrain. Systems were developed to monitor whether the implemented measures function as intended. In sites where full rectification processes could not implemented appropriate monitoring systems were planned so that early warnings of impending failures could be issued enabling preventing fatalities and minimizing the economic losses. 85 Appendix E.8: Rationale and Guidelines for country Poster Presentation Workshop on “First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop on Landslide and Geohazard Risk” November 15–17, 2016 Kandy, Sri Lanka Activity: Exhibit or Poster Presentation or Marketplace Rationale: South–South cooperation comes in various forms such as sharing of experiences through knowledge exchange and mutual learning through workshops, learning events, field visits, educational activities, and so on. The upcoming Workshop on First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop on Landslide and Geohazard Risk is an opportunity for South-to-South learning for South Asian countries. To further enhance the mutual learning benefit, an exhibition of knowledge products will be organized as a side event. This is a complementary activity to maximize resources and learning opportunities. Objectives: Enable the participants from the seven countries to not only hear about good prac- tices but also to read about and see depictions of those practices. Showcase to fellow learners the chosen knowledge and other products produced by the participating countries. Activities: Bring a selection of good knowledge products, which could be in the form of promo- tional materials such as brochures, posters, books, reports, cards, pins, manuals, videos, training materials, and so on that the organization or country is willing to share, give, or sell. Products can include handicrafts or other materials that are produced by the country— either from livelihood or from cultural, trade, and social activities—that you are willing to share, give, or sell. These products showcase cultural aspects of the countries. Exhibits can also include other materials or instruments that illustrate any learning topic of the workshop. Communicate to the event coordinator what you are going to bring so it can be taken into consideration in planning the venue. A place in the workshop venue will be allocated for the exhibits. This could include walls, tables, and chairs. Tapes and pins will also be available. You will be the one to post or organize your products in the venue, either once you arrive or the morning before the workshop. The exhibition will last during the whole duration of the work- shop. 86 Appendix E.8: Rationale and Guidelines for country Poster Presentation At the end of the workshop, leftover materials should either be taken back or given to whoever wants to take them home. Appendix E.9 Collated Participants’ Reflections on Countries’ Poster Guidelines for South–South Learning Poster Presentations: Presentations The objective is that, at the end of seven rounds of country poster presentations, the learners will have identified specific learning points. Summaries Each of the following countries selects a representative or rep- Collated Reflections of Participants on AFGHANISTAN Poster resentatives (Country Learner-Presenters, or CLPs) to present Presentation their country experience on the subject of their choice: The poster was well prepared to convey the situation in the Afghanistan country. Afghanistan has a very difficult terrain with complex Bangladesh geology and experiences geohazards in the form of landslides, rockfalls, flooding, and earthquakes. Landslides are triggered Bhutan by rainfall and snowfalls. Roads are built in narrow gateways by India making near-vertical cuts in the mountainous terrain. Nepal Afghanistan does not have a proactive national policy to avoid or mitigate disasters in a sustainable manner. Currently the ap- Pakistan proach is reactive—repairing the damage and providing relief Sri Lanka after occurrence of a hazard. It is necessary to form compre- hensive proactive strategies and implement them with good The CLPs will conduct a new round of presentation every 15 coordination between different agencies. At present, new minutes. Other participants or learners will be grouped into technology is not adapted adequately. seven mixed Country Learning Teams (CLTs): CLT 1, CLT 2, CLT 3, CLT 4, CLT 5, CLT 6, and CLT 7. Each team will be a mix of The World Bank is assisting Afghanistan introduce new tech- representatives from the seven countries. They will listen and nology for geohazard mitigation. Risk maps and road maps for interact with every CLP for 15 minutes. Each of the seven CLTs hydro meteorological systems are currently being prepared. will select a recorder/synthesizer. For an additional 5 minutes Early warning systems are to be introduced. There are attempts after every presentation, the CLT will discuss and decide upon to use instrumentation and plans to use photogrammetry and two major learning points, which the recorder will write on an LiDAR techniques for monitoring. A4-size sheet of paper and post in a designated place. Reflections of Participants on BANGLADESH Poster Presen- During the first round of 15 minutes, CLT 1 will be listening tation to CLP 1 (Afghanistan), CLT 2 to CLP 2 (Bangladesh), CLT 3 to The poster was well prepared. The case of Bangladesh is some- CLP3 (Bhutan) CLT 4 to CLP 4 (India), CLT 5 to CLP 5 (Nepal), what different from the other South Asian countries. The main CLT 6 to CLP 6 (Pakistan), and CLT 7 to CLP 7 (Sri Lanka). geohazards are flood and cyclones. Landslide risks are present A whistle will be blown to signal the end of 15 minutes. Each in hilly areas. team will then take 5 minutes synthesize its major learning into Populations at risk are moved to shelters, which are built on two major points, which will then be recorded and posted. higher grounds. Elevated roads are built to provide access to The second round will then commence. CLT1 will listen to shelters. The country’s success and experience in the con- CLP2, and so on. The same process will follow. The third round struction of multipurpose cyclone shelters should be explored. will have CLT 1 listen to CLP 3, and so on, until every CLT has Cyclone shelters should be designed to withstand the critical listened to every CLP. situations and should comply with national building codes. The poster presentations will take a total 140 minutes or 2.3. Actions taken by Bangladesh to construct roads and bridges The overall rapporteur will present the learning points at the to withstand flooding are impressive. More information on end of Day 1 during the synthesis. material used in the construction of submersible roads would be beneficial to others. Care should be taken in the design of Each learner will contemplate the learning points, and if there bridge foundations. are questions, clarifications, additions, reactions, or other is- sues, these will be discussed on the third day of the workshop Measures should also be taken to minimize river erosion. Early during the roundtable discussion. warning systems should be developed, as well as earthquake 87 risk maps and contingency plans. Decision support systems Reflections of Participants on PAKISTAN Poster Presentation may be used for better planning. The building code needs to be strictly implemented. Many land- Reflections of Participants on BHUTAN Poster Presentation slides have occurred. Hazard mapping is an important part of risk management. Early warning systems should be developed The poster was well prepared. There appear to be many man- for landslides. An early warning system is used for floods. made hazards, and management and prevention of those are important. A Disaster Management Act needs to be formulat- All buildings should comply with building codes accounting for ed. Methods of debris disposal are to be detailed. Responsibil- hazards such as earthquakes. The Pakistan government started ities of the major stakeholders are to be defined. adopting a building code for all types of building construction, but funds are lacking for the full implementation of this activity. A technical working group should be created to study the land- slide problem in Bhutan. A survey of geohazards and detailed Reflections of Participants on SRI LANKA Poster Presentation mapping should be done. Management of roads in an environ- The poster was very well presented. A detailed explanation mentally friendly manner without damaging forests and the relevant to slope protection and road safety was presented. environment in general is appreciated. The risk mitigation methods were explained. Questions were Diversified technical solutions should be found to handle the well answered. geohazard-related issues. New techniques need to be learned, The various measures adopted and their success ratios could and a proactive approach should be adopted to minimize loss- be assessed. A study on the degree of success in the stabili- es. zation measures for different kinds of slopes can also be done Reflections of Participants on INDIA Poster Presentation for networking and sharing of best practices. A very well prepared poster delivered the ideas clearly. The Sri Lanka’s drainage systems are impressive. The experience of questions were well answered. The current Uttarakhand Disas- slope stabilization can be replicated in similar zones. ter Recovery Project (UDRP) being carried out by India is ap- preciable. Both the government and the public are contribut- Detailed Collated Reflections of Participants on AF- ing to its success. The damage assessment in larger areas may GHANISTAN Poster Presentation not be feasible by the current system which they are following General Comments: because some sectors are not willing to adopt the new laws formulated by the government. The pilot project also highlight- • Afghanistan has a very difficult terrain. ed fire resistance, which is a good example to the others. • Afghanistan is highly prone to multiple hazards: floods, UDRP was initiated because of flash flood disasters. The reha- droughts, earthquakes, avalanches, landslides, and rock- bilitation plan focuses not only on flood but also on other haz- falls. ards like earthquakes. There is appropriate preparedness and • The presentation reflected the nature of natural hazard good planning for the future. In-depth study is carried out, and risk in Afghanistan. the approaches can be replicated in other countries. • Overall the presentation was good. The “build back better” concept is good with the owner-driven construction. Observations: Reflections of Participants on NEPAL Poster Presentation • Generally, Afghanistan’s problems are more or less similar to those in other South Asian countries, but the coun- Many landslides are triggered by earthquakes. The country try does not have a national policy to avoid or mitigate needs to improve the way it responds to such disasters. The disasters on a sustainable basis. Currently it is meeting coordination should be improved. Risk of earthquakes should emergencies only. It needs to develop a comprehensive be assessed. Rockfalls should be attended to. strategy and implementation plan. Nepal needs to adopt proper mitigation actions that other • Most of the country is mountainous, with steep cliffs and countries can replicate. Geohazard mapping of roads should geologically heavy rock, which needs to be protected. be a priority. Bioengineering technology may be helpful. • Landslides on roads were triggered by rainfall. Nepal should develop a system to convey road blockage infor- mation to the general public. A web-based road information or • No proactive actions were undertaken, only reactive ac- a road app to inform the general public instantly from the road tions to past disasters. authority would be helpful. • The slope cut seems more vertical, which might be the 88 Appendix E.9 Collated Participants’ Reflections on Countries’ Poster Presentations reason for failure. • There is consideration of safety provisions in the network system. • The presentation showed how the road authority manages to carry out this work when different parties control parts • Struck me best or for reflection: very comprehensive dis- of Afghanistan. cussion incorporating (1) data creation, (2) infrastructure design, and (3) EWS. • The presentation showed how helpful the World Bank is in preparing disaster management in Afghanistan. • Interesting EWS: good example on avalanches. • Disaster due to snowfall was not covered in the poster • Proactive approach to establish an EWS. presentation. Recommendations • There was less focus on digging roads along steep terrain. • Work on proactive measures. • The application of new technology, such as use of, infrared • More technical solutions are needed. devices, detecting amount of water under snow. • Need an international agreement and to make it function- Questions al. • Is there any proposal for funding to avoid landslide areas? • Need some protection system for rockfall off steep slope • The poster presentation mentioned that average year- of link road(drawing included). ly cost from earthquakes is $80 million and from floods, • Hazard mapping through GIS method is a very good step $196 million. How were these numbers calculated? Meth- taken by your country. We want to hear the success sto- odology? Historical data? Number of years? ries. • How are preventive measures planned and adopted for • Keep adjusting the reconstruction policy to the new de- some risks? velopment. • What are the problems in preparation of geohazard risk • Need to find methods to predict and divert rainwater assessment? flow. • It is not quite clear how the new data from risk assessment • Narrow roadways needs to stay open. will be utilized.Any thoughts of a structure for this? • Financial mechanisms need to be set up. • Your department is in rural development and reconstruc- tion, but other ministries such as mining and geology, wa- • The different kinds of instrumentation that have been de- ter, and energy are important to geohazard risk manage- ployed, or are proposed to be deployed, need to be elab- ment.How do you cooperate or coordinate? orated so that we can share good practices and learning. • Since the country has started to use risk maps and road • The mapping of risks on a Geonode platform can be elab- maps for hydrometeorological systems, will it give a proper orated for the understanding of the challenges in accura- green signal to the 3 million people who are exposed to cy of data collection. high risks? • The country needs to have a comprehensive strategy and • How is the risk assessment going on, and what are the ap- implementation plan. proaches? Detailed Collated Reflections of Participants on • Which authority is responsible for establishing the early warning system (EWS) and its maintenance? BANGLADESH Poster Presentation General Comments Lessons Learned and Reflections: • Flooding, such as coastal floods, is the major problem. • A national strategy exists. • Other problems include landslides in high lands and • Early warning systems for snow avalanche movement are slopes, river erosion, and cyclones. there. • Mitigation measures include multipurpose cyclone shel- • A good maintenance system allows for emergency relief ters and early warning systems. and intervention. • Bangladesh has taken impressive actions to construct • There are national risk mapping systems. roads and bridges to withstand flooding. 89 Questions Lessons Learned: • How was the Disaster Management Department estab- • Construction of multipurpose and school cyclone shel- lished? ters is an important risk reduction measure in cyclone-- prone areas. • What were the effects of the 1988 floods on bridges? • Not all multipurpose cyclone shelters were constructed • What are the methods adopted for the restoration of col- with concrete materials. lapsed bridges? • Construction of shelters (household levels) to reduce • What are the methods adopted for disaster preparedness? hazard risks needs to be supported • What steps is the country taking for controlling the flood • Slope stability warning system needs to be promoted. plains? • Construction of hydropower dams upstream to effective- • How safe are the constructed shelters, given rising water ly control water discharge is necessary. levels? • It is useful to develop an earthquake risk map to be used • Is the flood level increasing over time (years)? in the preparation of a contingency plan. This requires • Do you have submersible roads during flood events? training of volunteers in the community. • You mentioned that landslides only occur in hilly areas. Recommendations What about other parts of the country? What are the risks? • Construct a formal decision support system to better ad- • How do you build the bridge foundations in southern dress disaster planning. Bangladesh? • Regarding submersible roads in low-lying areas: the kind of • What measures are put in place to reduce river erosion? materials used in the construction of such roads and the con- struction methods adopted need to be explained further. • Investing in policy development or change—what were the triggers to review or develop new policies? Detailed Collated Reflections of Participants on • Do you have an alert system for cyclones? BHUTAN Poster Presentation • Do the cyclone shelters comply with the National Building General Comments Code that is in effect now? How is the National Building Code enforced? • The main risk in Bhutan is landslide along the roads. • Are there any state-of-the-art engineering solutions for • Road construction is causing the major part of the land- roads that are supposed to be submerged in rivers for slide risk. more than seven months in a year? • Landslides are mainly caused by human actions and con- Reflections struction. • The case of Bangladesh is slightly different from the other • A Disaster Management Act needs to be approved to mitigate South Asian countries. The main problems are flood and the landslide risk from road works and other construction cyclone disasters. Cyclone shelters and key mitigation in- • A technical working group should be created to better frastructure may be replicated in other parts of South Asia. understand the landslide problem in Bhutan. • The system adopted by Bangladesh in low-lying areas, • The responsibilities of all different organizations should such as submersible roads and multipurpose school cy- be well defined. clone shelters in the coastal belt, is good. • The presentation was good. • Floods are the main issue in Bangladesh. Populations at risk are moved to shelters thatare built on higher ground Questions with several layers. Elevated roads are built to provide ac- • Where and how is land acquired for debris disposal? cess to shelters. • What type of bridge is needed in Bhutan? • Embankment height is a critical factor. • Who are the concerned major stakeholders in disaster risk management, and what are their responsibilities? 90 Appendix E.9 Collated Participants’ Reflections on Countries’ Poster Presentations • How are resources managed during a disaster? Detailed Collated Reflections of Participants on • How do you manage roads in an environmentally friendly INDIA Poster Presentation manner, without damaging forests and the environment General Comments in general? • The Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project (UDRP) pilot • Are any in-depth studies required before designing con- project was initiated because of flash flood disasters. But struction along the roads? the recovery plan focuses not only on floods but also on • Are any monitoring systems in place for road risks? other hazards like earthquakes and landslides. The UDRP is good for both the government and the public, but the • How do you do your geohazard risk survey? current damage assessment in larger affected areas may • How are the environment and geological hazards taken not be feasible because some sectors are not willing to care of? adopt the laws made or formulated by the government. • How do you manage man-made hazards? • The pilot project also highlighted the fire resistance fea- ture, and it is a very good idea. The UDRP is a lesson • What can be learned from other countries in terms of con- learned for the rest of India. tingency planning for infrastructure? • The presentation was excellent overall, with lots of de- • What are the best practices that could be implemented? tailed information. • How do you model the effect of what specific disaster risk • The questions were answered well. management practices on Bhutan’s gross national happi- ness index? • The poster was well prepared and delivered the ideas clearly. Lessons Learned Reflections • A technical working group on landslide is an important • The UDRP represents appropriate preparedness and good component of landslide risk management. planning for the future. • Contingency planning for the road sector is necessary. • Understanding and implementing building codes is neces- sary to protect residents from hazards. • Dealing with glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) has been an urgent task for the government • The “build back better” concept is good with the own- er-driven construction. • More technical effort is now going into road construction. • Sustainability is the issue, especially in the case of insurance. • A Disaster Management Framework is getting established. • An in-depth study of the UDRP is being carried out, in the • Environmentally friendly road construction is being imple- hope that the project can be replicated in other countries. mented Question Recommendations • It is told that Uttarakhand has many lakes, but all lakes should • Develop a national landslide risk mapping system. have arrangements to allow spill flow. Why didn’t lakes have spill- • Diversify technical solutions to tackle the issue, and learn ways to allow flow in case of heavy rains? Normally no construc- and practice new techniques. tion is allowed in spillways. The disaster triggered by the breach of a lake at the upper level of the slope caused 10,000 deaths. • Adopt proactive mechanisms to avoid losses. • Detailed mapping is needed in Bhutan. Detailed Collated Reflections of Participants on • Risk mapping is needed. NEPAL Poster Presentation • Elaboration is needed for any innovations. General Comments • The debris disposal policy could be replicated. • Earthquake-related landslides are a problem, specifically the latest one. • The strategy proposed for new alignments in the working group should be explained further. • There are rockfalls on highways. • Slope mitigation activities resulted from an earthquake risk assessment. 91 Question sponses to questions. • Have slope mitigation measures increased after earth- Reflections quakes? • People are constructing their buildings based on a recom- Reflections mended limit of three to five stories. • We feel very sorry for the last earthquake in Nepal. We • The government was not giving compensation to earth- hope Nepal will take proper mitigation actions that other quake-affected people. countries can replicate. • Earthquakes had the intensity of 7.6 on the Richter scale, • It seems that Nepal has no system to convey the road so a codal provision is needed. blockage information to the general public. • We had an interesting reflection on the costs of landslide Lessons Learned mitigation measures and the scale of the problem. • It is good to know about the country’s immediate response Questions to the hazards, even from higher authorities. • How are the building bylaws and building codes enforced? • The country uses pavement based on specification and • What methodology for building construction was adopt- quality, which is good to hear. ed, and what were the challenges? • Bioengineering technology may be helpful. • In the case of the EWS for floods, how does the commu- Recommendations nication flow to households? • Nepal should develop web-based road information or a • Do you have a rainfall-recording NetWare system? If so, road app to convey road blockage information instantly to how is it managed? the general public from the road authority. • What are the disaster management mechanisms and • Geohazard maps of roads should be a priority. strategies? • For road mitigation, Bailey bridges should be in place in • What are the administrative challenges in implementing different regions. disaster mitigation measures? • What degree of earthquake intensity can the structures Detailed Collated Reflections of Participants on withstand? PAKISTAN Poster Presentation • What are the instrumentation and monitoring systems be- General Comments ing used in those vulnerable locations? • Earthquake is one of the main problems in Pakistan. • Have you done a full analysis of the various possible mea- • The Pakistan government started to adopt a building code sures, including relocation of people and the costs and for all types of building construction, but funds are lacking benefits? for its full implementation. Lessons Learned • Many landslides occur in Pakistan. • Building code has been developed • Hazard mapping is an important part of risk management, • Early warning system for flood has been installed. including a flood warning system. Recommendations • An EWS is used for floods, but it should also be developed for landslides. • The information process needs elaboration: the thresh- old limits and the information dissemination to the public • For opening roads, Pakistan has road clearing machines have to be clearly explained. within a 20 kilometer radius. • A strategy is needed for relocating residents where land- • The presentation focused mostly on building; no details slides occur. were presented for transport-related measures. • Building quality needs to be controlled. • Snow disaster was not shown in the poster presentation. • Hazard vulnerability profile mapping is needed. • The poster presentation was good, with good active re- 92 Appendix E.9 Collated Participants’ Reflections on Countries’ Poster Presentations • Building code needs to be strictly implemented. • How does the government disburse the budget for com- munity involvement? • It would be good to have an inventory of possible earth- quake mitigation measures. • Is there a hazard map of all the highways of Sri Lanka (especially in hazardous districts)? • Building all unique structure should be completed pursu- ant to laws such as building codes and earthquake resil- • How were the geohazard assessments mainstreamed ience codes. into the development project cycle? • It is sad to hear that the government is not providing • Why were schools constructed in landslide areas? funds support to the poor public or compensation for • Is there any system of measuring the rising of sea level? earthquake-affected people. So I recommend that the government should assist the public with some funds to • Have you done adequate geological study for road wid- save lives. ening works? • There were cut slope failures. Were there other failures Collated Reflections of Participants on SRI LANKA due to land use changes or forest clearing? Poster Presentation Reflections General Comments • Slopes in Sri Lanka are not very dangerous. • Rainfall causes major landslides. • The actions taken by Sri Lanka to prevent disasters have • Sri Lanka’s rain hazard risk mitigation efforts are impres- minimized cut slope failures and landslides due to devel- sive. opment activities. • The drainage systems are also impressive. Lessons Learned • The country employs a variety of risk mitigation measures, • Bioengineering technique and early warning system are including structural measures, water drainage, slope re- in place. shaping, vegetation protection, rock drilling, rock fencing, and rock nets. Recommendations • The detailed explanation was relevant to slope protection • The various measures adopted and their success ratios and road safety and was presented well. could be assessed. Also a study on the degree of suc- cess of the stabilization measures for different kinds of • The poster presentation was very good, and questions slopes can be done for networking and sharing of best were answered well. practices. Questions • The experience of slope stabilization can be replicated • What are the criteria for selection of different landslide in similar zones. protection structures? • 18 Bend Road became unsteady after widening, so be- • What and where are the successful bioengineering works fore road widening, proper study is needed. in Sri Lanka? Geohazard Perspective 93 Transportation Asset Management Geohazards are increasing across the globe due to climate Multi-dimensional Approach to change and increase the risk of long-term disruption to trans- Geohazard Risk Management port systems. A reliable and e cient transport system/net- work is a major catalyst for the development of a country and Landscape Perspective the backbone of its functioning. Disruption to the transport system will cause economic setbacks and impact citizens’ security and access to critical infrastructure (e.g. hospitals, schools, shelters, etc.). Therefore, a geohazard risk manage- ment perspective that incorporates people, environment, hydrology, geology, and the transportation infrastructure needs to be adopted for robust and resilient transport net- work. Appendix E.10 Geohazard Perspectives: An Infographic Traditional approach to maintaining transport network is reactive and remediates geohazard events as they occur. A proactive approach that evaluates hazards, monitor the net- work, and manage the infrastructure can result in 60-80% life-cycle cost savings. • Soil properties and geology • Hydrology • Ecology • Infrastructure • People Types of Geohazards Glacial Lake Avalanche Volcano Earthquakes Floods Tsunami Landslides, Mud Slide Outburst Rock Slides, Floods Debris Flows Transport Asset Management Geohazard risk Hazard Early warning Structural Emergency Institutional assessment from Monitoring systems measures preparedness and coordination and a landscape response plan management perspective Ancient Landslide Constructed Cut Embankment Slope New Landslide Rockfall Retaining Site Old Landslide Wals Culvert 94 Appendix F Collated Participants’ Reflections on Site Visit Rectification Work on Kandy–Mahiyangana Highway (18 Bend Road), Sri Lanka November 16, 2016 Summaries The stabilization of the slopes was done after upgrad- ing) of the road. ing (widening the road). It appears that they have not Proper drainage was not provided. The culverts for forgotten to stabilize the slope after building the road. draining water are small considering the road condi- Good bioengineering techniques were applied. Good tion in the mountainous region. quality control and monitoring measures were imple- Smaller pieces of rubble(weighing less than 10–15 kilo- mented. Drainage control measures are good and ap- grams) were used in the gabions, and boxes were not propriate. Safety measures are taken. placed in a staggered manner. The institutional arrangement for mitigation of natu- Expansion joints need to be provided in the drains. ral hazards (especially on the road sector)adopted by the National Building Research Organization (NBRO) More subsurface drains have to be provided to control model in Sri Lanka is good compared with the prac- high seepage from the hill. tice adopted by the Disaster Management Authority in Subsurface drains have to be provided; seepage is more Afghanistan. on the hill side. Regarding road construction and slope stabilization Drainage system: The constructed drains are very after upgrading the road, the project showed that the deep,which would inconvenience road users if a car implementers do not “build and forget it.” happens to fall in. A wider, shallower line drain may The project shows good bioengineering, quality be better for the road users. However, there is a need control, monitoring, road alignment, safety, and to construct more drainage systems if a line drain is drainage. adopted. Regarding the institutional arrangement for mitigation The use of a silent or controlled (chemical) blast- of natural hazards (especially on the road sector), the ing technique to remove unstable rock is very NBRO model offers good social protection relative to useful because it does not cause fragmentation or Afghanistan Natural Disaster Management Authority. distortion in the parent rocks. Although it is expen- sive relative to the ordinary blasting method, it is a The identified specific road areas need stabilization good adaptation for environmentally friendly road No provisions were made for future expansion (widen- construction. 95 Installation of road signs and symbols: Each sharp zation measures, which is a multipronged strategy. corner (bend) and lanes are properly indicated to The need to comply with the Forest Conservation the drivers with the standard signs and signals. Act would be a challenge. Complex site geology is Shotcreting is not recommended, because it the biggest obstacle. Width of roads needs to be blocks the surface runoffs and also permanently minimal. Drains are usually compromised. blocks vegetation growth. But other methods such Instrumentation for post construction monitor- as the surface drains and cascade drains are very ing is very important including techniques such as helpful, and we would like to adopt that practice Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), interfero- in Bhutan to support the environmental friendly metric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and pho- road construction process. togrammetry. There should be a specialized team Drainage systems: Side drain (Pakka) construction dedicated to monitoring. is provided at a depth of 400 meters and a width A combination of stabilization measures is needed. of 500 meters, allowing for good maintenance and cleaning of both surface and subsurface drains. A specialized team dedicated to monitoring, using the NBRO model is important. Construction monitoring is very effectively per- formed by NBRO site engineers. Maintenance of hydro seeding measures is regularly performed. There is an effective combination of multiple stabili- Appendix G Collated Seven Countries’ Action Plans First Annual South-to-South Learning Workshop on Landslide and Geohazard Risk November 15–17, 2016 Kandy, Sri Lanka Afghanistan Action Plan Based on their learning, participants in the South- Clarify institutional setup in each individual sec- to-South Learning Workshop (SSLW) met in coun- tor working directly in construction projects. try-specific groups to discuss the activities or actions they intend to undertake after returning to their re- Coordinate among ministries and prepare pre- sentations to convince them to work on geohaz- spective countries. These are the action plans they ard risk management actively and to encourage crafted. top-level support. 96 Collaborate between World Bank assigned team munication technology (ICT) monitoring is al- and the ministry staff ready in action in project areas for quality control. It can be upgraded to a financial progress decision. Apply workshop learning to ongoing projects like After remote sensing and DSS are in place, it will B2B and Salang Pass, including the following: be easier to monitor, forecast, or plan to address • Compare current design with new aerial as- the effects of disasters.Sources of funding are an sessment. issue. • Use aerial maps and decision support systems Bhutan Action Plan (DSS) to better assess risky areas in B2B and Salang. Coordination: Immediately set up links between Department of Disaster Management (DDM)/the • Assess risk in the Salang Pass including the National Emergency Operation Centre (NEOC) 5 km tunnel, by the team assigned by World and Dept. of Roads (DoR) Bank. Institutional arrangement: Setup of disaster • Collect and share risk location data inventory management unit in transport services; stockpile and assessment (all involved ministries) relief supplies at strategic locations; train engi- • Share all necessary data needed for risk as- neers at launching and re-launching of bridge in sessment, and the team will then share their 2016–17 assessment of especially risky areas and ap- Formation of Road Response Committee: Set plicable mitigation measures. up First Response Unit and coordinate with rel- Bangladesh Action Plan evant sector; establish machinery station at land- slide-prone areas; pilot landslide mitigation work Institutional Arrangement. In geographic infor- along the road; meet twice a year during normal mation system (GIS) section, a small group can times and anytime during emergency; regular- be formed to explore the remote sensing technol- ly check up machine condition (Responsibility ogy and how can it be incorporated into the main- of DoR and Department of Geology and Mines stream operations. After preparation of an initial (DGM) assessment report, the details can be developed as to which form of remote sensing is suitable Formulation of contingency funds: Assess map- in terms of technology and customization of the ping of landslide (Responsibility of DDM and DoR cost-benefit ratio. and relevant agencies). Design and Implementation. Finalization of re- India Action Plan mote sensing and decision support systems (DSS) Implement Landslide Management Committee can be incorporated if adjustment to local tech- nology is required.This phase will address the cus- Use LiDAR survey documentation tomization of other remote sensing and DSS. The Network and share studies through South to South GIS database needs upgrading also. learning activities Monitoring Mechanism. Information and com- Document the result of hazard, vulnerability, and 97 risk assessment (HVRA) Management Handbook during the preparation of mapping to check its applicability in Nepalese Utilize hydro meteorological landslide instrumen- context. tation Decision support system (DSS): Hire consultant, Learn from the Sri Lankan combined strategy on Terms of reference (ToR) for the consultant is un- landslide stabilization. der discussion (World Bank TA) Use the post-treatment monitoring technology Institutional strengthening: Train the Depart- Share DSS ideas ment of Roads (DoR) officials, engineers, and Share seismically safe building practices private sector stakeholders. This is expected to enhance expertise on application of DSS and geo- Document the Bridge Story technical investigation. Identify appropriate soft- Build the capacity using the mock exercise expe- ware. Train DoR personnel and engineers from rience private sector. If possible, collaborate with University of Michi- Monitoring of pilot project: Slope stability anal- gan for capacity building ysis work will be carried out as per the geohazard Consider replication of Sri Lanka’s National Build- map to be developed; Mechanism will be developed ing Research Organisation (NBRO) in the organi- for the monitoring pilot project within DoR; Con- zational structure sultant will be hired for assisting DoR in monitoring the pilot project; Completed structure will be main- Share best practices in common portal and a fo- tained considering the result of monitoring. rum for social networking Pakistan Action Plan Organize research and documentation on earth- quake Early Warning System (EWS) Identify the issues and clear objectives Document retrofitting in hospitals Prepare Multi-Hazard Risk Assessment plan In depth understanding of Dr.Skempas’ presenta- Develop GIS-based hazard study tion Map geological zonation Document case studies of developmental projects Assess risk of each infrastructure type where hazard vulnerability assessment had been conducted. Document challenges and experiences Prepare safer land use plan Form a group of experts to scrutinize and ensure Prioritize hazard mitigation appropriateness of technical solutions Prepare long-term plan Nepal Action Plan Monitoring Plan For Karnali Highway (234 km): Prepare geohaz- • Use dedicated skilled manpower for inspec- ard risk mapping; hire design consultant (hiring tion process is under way with the technical assistance • Conduct frequent field inspection of the World Bank); consider the Geohazard Risk 98 • Develop instrumentation for landslides, flood • Overall coordination of a disaster event: Di- gaps, and so on saster Management Centre ( DMC) • Gather feedback • Landslides: National Building Research Orga- nization (NBRO) Sri Lanka Action Plan • Floods and Droughts: Department of Irriga- Develop a complete data base with all causative tion factors and background data to increase the effi- ciency of actions against for all forms of geohaz- • Tsunami and seismic hazard: Geological Sur- ards. vey and Mines Bureau (GSMB) The responsibility of gathering data and upgrading • Cyclones and rainfall prediction: Department the data base to be assigned to different govern- of Meteorology ment institutions depending on the type of haz- • Fire: local government authorities ard. All other institutions will have access to the Post construction monitoring after completion data base. of mitigation activities will also be assigned to re- The responsibility of implementation of correc- spective institutions tive measures, mitigation measures or proactive Monitoring with Photogrammetry, LiDAR and Re- preventive actions will also be assigned to the re- mote Sensing Techniques to be initiated in addition spective government institutions. to site specific monitoring with instrumentation. The institutions suggested to be assigned for dif- ferent geohazards are; 99 Appendix H: Pakistan’s Back to Office Report on the South-to-South Learning Workshop 100 Appendix H: Pakistan’s Back to Office Report on the South-to-South Learning Workshop 101 102 Appendix H: Pakistan’s Back to Office Report on the South-to-South Learning Workshop 103 104 Appendix H: Pakistan’s Back to Office Report on the South-to-South Learning Workshop 105 106 Appendix I: Photos 107 108 Appendix I: Photos 109 110 Appendix I: Photos 111 November 15–17, 2016 Outputs & Guidance Notes Kandy, Sri Lanka