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STEP 1 Efficiency Rationale: Redistributive Rationale: Improve efficiency by Target transfers to the poor reconciling societal when there is asymmetric preferences with individual information (the identity of the decisions poor is unknown) Why might Conditional Cash Transfers not have their desired impact? Design and Implementation: Fungibility: Individuals undermine Very low participation in the the rationale of the program by STEP 2 program because the benefit of changing their consumption or the transfer is less than the cost investment patterns for a close of the conditionality. This is substitute of the conditioned-on good. either due to poor design (too Examples include decreasing the little cash in the design of the consumption of oranges when given program) or poor vitamin C tablets, or cutting back on implementation (corruption, food intake at home when given food leakage) in school Tradeoffs: Is there a tradeoff between the efficiency and the redistributive rationale? That is, do conditional schemes that seek to restore efficiency have adverse redistributive impacts? Alternatively, do redistributive schemes have adverse efficiency impacts? STEP 3 Cost-Benefit Analysis: How big are the externalities that the conditional cash transfer addressed in the first place? Figure 2: Households and Conditional Cash Transfer Schemes Type I Y Type II A lki M D Original Budget Constraint E Type III Education XT3 X0 B C X Table 1: Selected Evaluations of Conditional Cash Transfers Authors Program Main Finding Issues Covered Alaii and others The western Kenya · Perceived private benefits from ITN use is Implementation, physical (2003) insecticide-treated low. externalities bed net trial (ITN) · However, positive externalities imply that ITN had an effect on the spatial distribution of malaria vectors within 600 meters of the control villages. · Effect on child mortality, moderate anemia, high-density parasitemia, and hemoglobin levels within 300 meters of the control villages. Alderman and Food subsidies · Self-targeting through choice of Targeting, redistribution, political Lindert (1998) (Tunisia) commodity found to be effective to economy of aid. improve targeting efficiency. · However, this effect is not as sharp as other mechanisms employed elsewere, such as means-tested food stamps in Jamaica and geographically targeted food supplementation in Peru. Behrman and PROGRESA · Positive impact of nutritional supplements Household bargaining, fungibility Hoddinott (2001) (Mexico) and other child health interventions on child growth and probability of being stunted. Authors Program Main Finding Issues Covered Bourguignon and Bolsa Escola · Ex-ante evaluation of the program showed Implementation, targeting, others (2002) (Brazil) increases in school enrollment, with larger redistribution. effects for poor households. · No effect on current poverty levels · Unconditional cash transfers would have no impact on child labor and school enrollment rates Cardoso and Souza Bolsa Escola · No impact on child labor, but positive Targeting, fungibility, efficiency. (2003) (Brazil) impact on enrollment. Galasso and Food for Education · Program mildly pro-poor. Targeting, efficiency Ravallion (2002) (Bangladesh) Galasso and Plan Jefes y Jefas · Well-targeted program with significant Targeting, redistribution, equity- Ravallion (2003) (Argentina) impact on poverty reduction efficiency trade-off · Foregone incomes equal roughly one-third of the cash transfer provided by the plan. Jacoby (1997) Nutribun and Milk · Poorest households receive the largest Targeting, redistribution, efficiency Program (Jamaica) benefits. · However, benefits per beneficiary child are less than 50% of program cost, suggesting considerable deadweight loss. Authors Program Main Finding Issues Covered Jacoby (2002) School Feeding · On school days, the calorie intake of Fungibility, redistribution Program children is higher by 80% of the caloric (Philippines) value from the school feeding program. · Effects weaker for children in poorer households. Khandker and Female Stipend · Girls' secondary education increased Implementation, equity-efficiency others (2003) Program substantially, while boys' education trade-off, fungibility (Bangladesh) decreased in some instances · Benefits from the program accrued disproportionately to girls from households with large landholdings. Kremer and Miguel Western Kenya · Negative social learning effects lead to Learning externalities (2003) Deworming Project "free-riding" due to the positive externalities of deworming treatment · Need to continue subsidies indefinitely Miguel and Kremer Western Kenya · Positive School participation increased in Implementation, physical (2003a) Deworming Project control group. externalities, cost-effectiveness · Externalities for students in treatment schools and neighboring schools. Authors Program Main Finding Issues Covered Miguel and Kremer Western Kenya · Small increase in price of deworming pills Implementation, cost-effectiveness (2003b) Deworming Project lead to large reduction in take-up rates. of program vs. alternative · Health education and community counterfactuals mobilization programs failed. · Latrines and boreholes were far less cost- effective than provision of deworming pills. Ravallion and Food for Education · Program increased schooling. Implementation, equity-efficiency Wodon (2000) (Bangladesh) · This increase was far more than the trade-off, fungibility decrease in child labor. Schultz (2001) PROGRESA · Positive impact on school attainment. Implementation, equity-efficiency (Mexico) · For most families in rural Mexico, the trade-off, fungibility effect is a wealth effect. Stifel and Alderman Vaso de Leche · Program well-targeted to the poor and has Targeting, fungibility, (2003) (Peru) minimal leakage. implementation. · No impact on the main goal of increasing child height.