41456
                        2008
r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak


ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ
TidæPaBTUeTA




FnaKarBiPBelak
v:asIunetan DIsIu
©   2007 FnaKarGnþrCati edIm,IkarGPivDÆnigsþareLIgvij¼FnaKarBiPBelak
1818 H Street, NW

v:asIunetan DIsIu 20433
TUrs½BÞ ³ 202-473-1000
GiuneFIeNt ³ www.worldbank.org
GIuem:l ³ feedback@worldbank.org
rkSasiTi§
1 2 3 4 10 09 08 07
ÉksarenH segçbGMBIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak qñaM 2008. vaKWCar)aykarN_rbs;buKÁlikFnaKarGnþrCati
edIm,IkarGPivDÆnigsþareLIgvij¼FnaKarBiPBelak. lT§pl karbkRsay nigkarsniñdæanenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH
minqøúHbBa©aMgGMBITsSn³rbs;RkumnaykRbtibtiþrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak b¤rdæaPi)alNa mYyEdlBYkKat;tMNag[enaHeT.
    FnaKarBiPBelak minFanaGMBIPaBRtwmRtUvrbs;Tinñn½yenAkñúgr)aykarN_enHeT. RBMEdn BN’ tMél nigB½t’mandéTeTot
Edl)anbgðajenAelIEpnTIkñúgr)aykarN_enH minBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarvinicä½yelIEpñkNa mYyrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakTak;Tin
eTAnwglkçxniþk³c,ab;rbs;RbeTsNamYy b¤karGnum½t b¤mYykarTTYlykRBMEdnNamYyenaHeT.

siTi§ nigkarGnuBaØat
ral;B½t’manTaMgGs;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH RtUv)anrkSasiTi§. karftcMlg nig¼b¤karpSBVpSayEpñkNamYy b¤ TaMgRsug
énr)aykarN_enH edayKμankarGnuBaØati KWCakarrMelaPbMBanelIc,ab;. FnaKarGnþrCati edIm,IkarGPivDÆ nig
sþareLIgvij¼FnaKarBiPBelakelIkTwkcitþdl;karpSBVpSayr)aykarN_rbs;xøÜn ehIynwgpþl; karGnuBaØat[e)aHBumÖ
eLIgvijnUvEpñkNamYyénr)aykarN_tamtMrUvkarPøam².
    edIm,IsuMkarGnuBaØatftcMlg b¤e)aHBum<eLIgvijnUvEpñkNamYyénr)aykarN_enH sUmbBa¢ÚnsMeNIEdlmanlkçN³
pøÚvkarmkkan;Rkumh‘unrkSasiTi§ EdlmanGas½ydæan 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. TUrs½BÞ ³
978-750-8400 TUrsar ³ 978- 750-4470. GiuneFIeNt ³ www.copyright.com .

    sMNYrdéTepSgeTotTaMgGs;EdlTak;TgnwgsiTi§ nigGaCJab½NÑ rYmTaMgsiTi§bnÞab;bnSM KYrEtRtUv)anepIJeTAkan;kariyal½y
rbs;caghVage)aHBum<pSay FnaKarBiPBelak 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA
TUrsar ³ 202-522-2422 GIuem:l ³ pubrights@worldbank.org .
rcnaRkbesovePA eday Chris Lester of Rock Creek Strategic Marketing and Bill Pragluski of Critical
Stages  .

vaybBa©ÚlGtßbT eday Precision Graphics.

rUbPaBenAelIKMrb eday buKÁlikrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak tMerobtamRTnicnaLikaecjBIRCugelIxageqVg ³ ]NðmaRtTwkedaHeKa
¬edayelak Lillian Foo¦ kare)akEbnRsUvsalI ¬edayelak Alexander Rowland¦ emeKa Holstein ¬edayelak
Lillian Foo¦ sENþksMrab;TIpSarTMenIb ¬edayelak Lillian Foo¦ RsIþnigkUn Adean enATIpSar ¬eday Curt

Carnemark/bNÑal½yrUbPaBrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak¦ eragcRkkb,as ¬eday Arne Hoel¦.


ISBN:    978-0-8213-7297-5
          matikarrbs;r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak qñaM 2008

          TidæPaBrYm
               EpñkTI I
          etIksikmμGaceFIVGIV)anxøHsMrab;karGPivDÆ?
     1>   kMeNIn nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkñúgBiPBbIrbs;ksikmμ
          cMNuc k ³ PaBRkIRkenAtamCnbTEdlkMBugfycuH KWCaktþad¾sMxan;mYyenAkñúg
          karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkCarYm.
     2>   karGnuvtþ karbegIáneRcInRbePT nigPaBminR)akdRbCarbs;ksikmμ
          cMNuc x ³ CIv\n§n³ ³ karsnüa nighaniP½y
     3>   RkumRKYsarenAtamCnbT nigmeFüa)ayrbs;BYkeKkñúgkarcakecjBIPaBRkIRk
          cMNuc K ³ etITMnak;TMngrvagplitkmμksikmμ nigsniþsuxes,óg manGIVxøH?
               EpñkTI II
          etIynþkarEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBedIm,IeRbIR)as;ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆmanGIVxøH?
     4>   eFIVkMENTMrg;BaNiC¢kmμéfø nigeKalneya)aypþl;R)ak;]btßmÖ
     5>   naMykksikmμcUleTAkñúgTIpSar
          cMNuc X ³ ksiBaNiC©kmμ sMrab;karGPivDÆ
     6>   KaMRTPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;ksikrtUctac tamry³karEklMGsßab½n
     7>   EklMGtamry³viTüasaRsþ nigbec©kviTüa
          cMNuc g ³ bgðajGMBIGtßRbeyaCn_énsrIr³esenTic sMrab;CnRkIRk
     8>   eFIVeGayRbB½n§ksikmμkan;EtmannirnþPaBxagbrisßan
          cMNuc c ³ karsMrbtam nigkarkat;bnßybMErbMrYlbriyakasenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ
     9>   elIsBIEpñkksikmμ
          cMNuc q ³ karGb;rM nigCMnaj sMrab;karGPivDÆCnbT
          cMNuc C ³ TMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmk rvagksikmμ nigsuxaPi)al


iv
v   r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008

                   EpñkTI III
                   etIrebobvar³sIþGMBIksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ GacRtUv)anGnuvtþRbesIrbMputtamviFINa?
               10> rebobvar³CatiEdlmanRsab; sMrab;BiPBelakbIrbs;vis½yksikmμ
               11> karBRgwgGPi)alkic© BIkñúgRsukeTACaskl

                     segçbKnßnieTÞs
                     segçbcugbBa©b;
                     Éksareyag
                     sUcnakrEdl)aneRCIserIs
                     bBa¢ItamlMdab;GkSr
                                                 buBVkfa
ksikmμ KWCameFüa)ayGPivDÆn_d¾sMxan;mYy sMrab;sMercnUveKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_ EdlRbkasfanwgeFIVkarkat;bnßy
eGay)an 50PaKry enARtwmqñaM 2015 nUvkarQWcab;rbs;RbCaCnedaysarPaBRkIRkxøaMg nigPaBeRskXøan.
enaHKWCasarrYmrbs;r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelakqñaMenH ¬WDR¦ EdlCar)aykarN_TI 30. bIPaKbYnénRbCaCnRkIRk
enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆrs;enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT ehIyPaKeRcInénRbCaCnTaMgenH BwgEp¥kedaypÞal;b¤eday RbeyalelI
vis½yksikmμedIm,ICIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK. r)aykarN_enH pþl;nUveKalkarN_ENnaMdl;rdæaPi)alnana nigshKmn_GnþrCati
sIþGMBIkarbegIátnigGnuvtþrebobvar³sIþGMBIksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ EdlGaceFIVeGaymankarpøas;bþÚr enAkñúgCIvitrs;enArbs;
RbCaCnRkIRkenAtamCnbT rab;rylannak;.
          r)aykarN_enH KUsbBa¢ak;GMBIbBaðaRbQmFM²cMnYnBIrenAkñúgtMbn;. enAkñúgTIVbGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahar:aCaeRcIn
vis½yksikmμ KWCaCMerIsd¾manRbsiiTi§PaBmYysMrab;CMrujkMeNInRbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk nigelIkkMBs;sniþsuxes,óg. kMeNIn
pliPaBksikmμ mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarCMrujkMeNInenAkñúgEpñkepSgeTotrbs;esdækic©. k¾b:uEnþ kMeNInEdlelOnTamTar
nUvkMeNInplitPaBEdlmanel,ÓnelOnmYyenAkúñgEpñkksikmμrbs;ksikrtUctac rYmCamYykarKaMRTEdlkan;Etman
RbsiTi§PaBdl;ksikrrab;lannak; EdlkMBugrs;enAkñúglkçN³CaksikreFIVERssMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvit ehIyPaKeRcInénBYk
Kat;rs;enAkñúgtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsy:al. karGnuvtþEdl )anEklMGnaeBlfIμ² kMBugEteFVI[mansgÇwm ehIyr)aykarN_enH
)anbgðajGMBIeCaKC½ynanaEdlGacBRgIkva[FMeLIg)an.
          enAGasIu karRbqaMgeTAnwgPaBRkIRkEdlrIkraldal tMrUveGayedaHRsaybBaðaPaBxusKñaénR)ak;cMNUl rvag
GñkenACnbT nigTIRkugEdlmanPaBxusKñaxøaMg. esdækic©rbs;GasIuEdlkMBuglUtlas;d¾elOnenAEtman bBaðasMrab;RbCaCn
CnbTCag 600lannak; EdlkMBugrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRkxøaMg ehIyeTaHbICamankareFIVcMNakRsukeRcInBICnbTmk
TIRkugk¾edayPaBRkIRkenACnbT nwgenAEtCabBaðasMxan;sMrab;ry³eBleRcIn TsvtSr_eTot. cMeBaHehtuplenH WDR
epþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIvIFIsaRsþnanaedIm,IbegIátkargarenACnbT tamry³karbegIánkargareGay)aneRcIn ksikmμEdlman
tMélx<s;pSaP¢ab;eTAnwgvis½yminEmnksikmμenACnbT EdlmanlkçN³skmμ.
          enARKb;tMbn;TaMgGs; CamYynwgPaBkSt;exSaycMeBaHTwknigdIEdlecHEtekIneLIg nigsm<aFbEnßmBIsakl
PavUbnIykmμenAkñúgBiPBelak GnaKtrbs;vis½yksikmμRtUv)ancgP¢ab;y:agsMxan;eTAnwgkarykcitþTukdak;kñúgkar
RKb;RKgFnFanFmμCatieGaykan;EtRbesIreLIg. CamYynwgkarelIkTwkcitþ nigkarvinieyaKEdlRtwmRtUvkarRKb;RKg
brisßankñúgvis½yksikmμGacRtUv)anEklMG ehIyesvakmμbrisßanRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IkarBarGagrgTwkePøógnigCIv³cMruH.

vi
         sBVéf¶enH TIpSarkñúgRsuknigsaklelakrIkFMy:agelOn karEklMGkñúgTIpSartamlkçN³sßab½n hirBaØvtßú nig
viFankarEktMrUv nigbdivtþelICIvbec©kviTüa nigbec©kviTüaB½t’manTaMgGs;enH pþl;nUv»kasEdlKYreGayrMePIb edIm,IeRbI
ksikmμCMrujkarGPivDÆ. k¾b:uEnþ karcab;yk»kasTaMgenH nwgTamTarnUvqnÞ³neya)ay edIm,IbnþeFIVkMENTMrg;
kñúgkarEklMGGPi)alkic©énvis½yksikmμ.
         cugbBa©b; eCaKC½y k¾nwgBwgEp¥kpgEdrelIskmμPaBrYm tamry³shKmn_GPivDÆn_GnþrCati edIm,IedaHRsaybBaða
RbQmnanaenAeBlxagmux. eyIgRtUvEterobcMeCIgRBYleGay)anl¥ enAkñúgBaNiC¢kmμGnþr Cati pþl;nUvTMnijsaFarN³
sakl dUcCabec©kviTüasMrab;cMNIGaharmUldæantMbn;RtUBikCYyRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ edaHRsaybMErbMrYlbriyakas
nigRbqaMgnwgkarrIkraldalénCMgWKMramkMEhgEdlb:HBal;dl;rukçCati stV nigmnusS. bc©úb,nñ manRbCaCnRkIRkcMnYn
900lannak; kMBugrs;enACnbTEdlKYr nwgTTYlkarEbgEck plRbeyaCn_rbs;saklPavUbnIykmμRbkbedaycirPaB
nigmanlkçN³rab;bBa©Úl.




                                                                                          r:b;eb‘Ít b‘Í hSÚlIk
                                                                                          RbFan
                                                                                          RkumFnaKarBiPBelak




                                                                                                            vii
                                     EføgGMNrKuN
       r)aykarN_enH RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayRkumd¾sMxan;mYy EdldwknaMedayelak Derek Byerlee nig
       Alain de Janvry rYmTaMg Elisabeth Sadoulet, Robert Townsend, nig
       Irina Klytchnikova . RkumenH )anTTYlkarKaMRTBI Harold Alderman, Beatriz Avalos-
       Sartorio, Julio Berdegué, Regina Birner, Lynn Brown, Michael Carter, Luc
       Christiaensen, Marie-Helene Collion, Klaus Deininger, Peter Hazell, Karen Macours,
       Michael Morris, Paula Savanti, and Dina Umali-Deininger                 EdlGñkTaMgGs;enH
       )anCYyeFIVBeRgogr)aykarN_enH mYyEpñk. RkumenH k¾)anTTYlkarKaMRTpgEdrBI Noora Aberman,
       Jorge Aguero, Shahrooz Badkoubei, Sarah Baird, Leandre Bassole, Benjamin Davis,
       Nango Dembele, Ashok Gulati, Corinna Hawkes, Tidiane Kinda, Melissa Klink, Alex
       McCalla, Claudio Montenegro, Stefano Pagiola, Eija Pehu, Catherine Ragasa, Antti
                            .
       Seelaff, and John Staatz
             kargarenH RtUv)aneFIVeLIgeRkameKalkarN_ENnaMCaTUeTArbs;elak François
       Bourguignon edaymankarshkarCamYyEpñk bNþajGPivDÆn_EdlmannirnþPaB. elak Bruce
       Ross-Larson KWCaRbFanEkBinitü. dMbUnμanl¥nigmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay TTYl)anBI Kym
       Anderson, Hans Binswanger, Karen Mcconnell Brooks, Mark Cackler, Manuel
       Chiriboga, Kevin Cleaver, Christopher Delgado, Shantayanan Devarajan, Josue
       Dione, Gershon Feder, Alan Harold Gelb, Ravi Kanbur, Jeffrey Lewis, Were Omamo,
       Keijiro Otsuka, Rajul Pandya-Lorch, Prabhu Pingali, Pierre Rondot, Kostas
       Stamoulis,    Erik    Thorbecke,     C . Peter Timmer, Joachim von Braun,
       buKÁlikrbs;naykdæanksikmμnigGPivDÆn_CnbT nigbuKÁlikrbs;EpñkbNþajGPivDÆn_EdlmannirnþPaB
       rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak buKÁlikrbs; RIMISP ¬mCÆmNÐlGPivDÆn_CnbT rbs;GaemrikLaTIn¦ nig
       GñkÉkeTsCaeRcInnak;eTot EdlRkumsUmEføgGMNrKuNedaymin)anbeBa©jeQμaH. GñkÉkeTs
       CaeRcInnak;eTot enAkñúgnigeRkAFnaKarBiPBelak)anpþl;nUveyabl;nigFatucUlEdlmansar³
       RbeyaCn_. RkumTinñn½yGPivDÆn_ )anrYmcMENkpþl;nUvTinñn½ysMrab;EpñkbEnßm nigTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaH
       sUcnakrGPivDÆn_BiPBelakEdl)aneRCIserIs.

viii
         RkumenH k¾)anEføgGMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaH karKaMRTd¾sb,úrsBImUlniFimrtktamry³kmμviFI
rbs;m©as; CMnYycMruHmanTIPñak;garGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;kaNada mUlniFihVt RksYgkic©karbreTs
rbs;)araMg evTika m©as;CMnYysakledIm,IGPivDÆn_CnbT mCÄmNÐlRsavRCavGPivDÆn_GnþrCati
mUlniFiGnþrCatiedIm,IGPivDÆn_ ksikmμ InWEnt ¬TIPñak;garksagsmtßPaBGnþrCati¦ RksYghirBaØvtßú
rbs;Cb:un cMeNHdwgedIm,IkmμviFIpøas;bþÚr RkumRbwkSaviTüasaRsþrbs;RkumBieRKaHeyabl;sIþGMBI
karRsavRCavksikmμGnþrCati TIPñak;garshRbtibtiþkarGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;RbeTss‘uyEGt
TIPñak;garedIm,IGPivDÆn_nigkic©shRbtibtiþkarrbs;RbeTssIVs RksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;cRkPB
Gg;eKøs TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_GnþrCatirbs;shrdæGaemrik nigmUlniFi The William and Flora
Hewlett .
         RkumenH )anTTYlnUvkarBieRKaHeyabl;CaeRcIn. kic©RbCMunigsikçasalaRbcaMtMbn;CaeRcIn
RtUv)anR)arB§ eFIVeLIgenAkñúgRsuk nigenAkñúgRbeTsGURsþalI kaNada )araMg GalWøm:g; \NÐa GIutalI Cb:un
ekny:a m:alI Nrev s‘uyEGt nigcRkPBGg;eKøs nigkic©BiPakSaelIr)aykarN_BeRgogenH
RtUv)aneFIVeLIgtamry³RbB½n§ GIuneFIeNt. RkumenH sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHGñkcUlrYmTaMgGs;
enAkñúgsikçasalaTaMgenH snñisITvIedGU nig kic©BiPakSa EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsßab½nGb;rMCan;x<s;
GñkRsavRCav mRnIþrdæaPi)al nigbuKÁlikrbs;GgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)al GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil
nigvis½yÉkCn.
         elakRsI Rebecca Sugui )aneFIVCaCMnYykarRbtibtiþCan;x<s;rbs;RkumenH elakRsI Ofelia
Valladolid eFIVCaCMnYykarkmμviFI nigelak Jason Victor nigelakRsI Maria Hazel
Macadangdang eFIVCaCMnYykarRkum. Evangeline Santo Domingo eFIVCaCMnYykarRKb;RKg
FnFan.




                                                                                                 ix
no
TidæPaBTUeTA
RsIþCnCatiGaRhiVkmñak; eFIVkarenAeRkamkMedAéf¶            nUv»kasfIμ²CaeRcIn dl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkrab;
CMrHykedImFBaØCatitUc² ¬sorghum¦ enAkñúgval               rylannak; edIm,IcakputBIPaBRkIRk. pøÚvsMrab;
ERsEdls¶ÜtEhg edayeGovkUntUcenAelIxñg                     cakputBIPaBRkIRk ebIkcMhsMrab;BYkeK tamry³
rbs;Kat; enHKWCarUbPaBCak;EsþgénPaBRkIRk                  kareFIVksikmμ rYmTaMgksikmμsMrab;ksikrtUctac
enAkñúgCnbT. sMrab;RKYsar EdlmansmaCik                    nigkarciBaw©mstV begIáteGaymankargarenAkñúg
eRcInrbs;Kat; nigRKYsarrab;lanRKYsardUcKat;               :ksikmμTMenIb : EdlplitplmantMélx<s; nig
tMéld¾tictYcénkareFIVksikmμsMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvit           shRKin RBmTaMgkargarenAkñúgesdækic©minEmn
KWCa»kasEtmYyKt;edIm,Irs;. k¾b:uEnþ mnusS                 ksikmμenACnbTnaeBlbc©úb,nñ.
déTeTot RsIþnigburs)aneRbICMerIsepSg²Kña
edIm,IeGayrYc cakputBIPaBRkIRk. ksikrtUctac                    enAkñúgstvtSr_TI21enH vis½yksikmμbnþedIrtYnaTI
mYycMnYn )ancUlrYmCamYyGgÁkarGñkplit nig                  Caynþkard¾sMxan;mYysMrab; karGPivDÆRbkbeday
cuHkic©snüaCamYyGñknaMecj nigTIpSarTMenIb                 nirnþPaB nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. bInak;kñúgcMeNam
edIm,Ilk;bEnøbgáaEdlBYkeKpliteRkamRbB½n§Fara              mnusSRkIRkbYnnak; enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ
saRsþ. GñkxøHeTot eFIVCaBlkreGaym©as;                     rs;enA kúñgtMbn;CnbT ¬2/1 Ban;lannak; rs;enA
ksidæanFM² EdleFIVksikmμsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;eTAeGay             edaymanR)ak;cMNUlticCag 2 duløar kñúgmYyéf¶
TIpSarmðÚbGaharTMenIb. enAmanGñkmYycMnYneTot              nig880 lannak; rs;enAedaymanR)ak;cMNUl
eFI V k arenAkñ ú g Epñ k esdæ k i c © C nbTEdlmi n Emn   ticCag 1 duløarkñúgmYyéf¶¦ ehIyPaKeRcIn
ksikmμ edaycab;epIþmebIkCashRKastUc²                      rs;enABwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμsMrab;ciBa©wmCIvit
lk;mðÚbGahar Ekécñ.                                       rbs;BYkeK. ebIKitKUeTAelITIkEnøgEdlBYkeK
      enAeBlEdlBi P Bénvi s ½ y ksi k mμ m anTM h M       rs;enA nigGIVEdlBYkeKRbwgERbgbMput enaHkar
FMeFg manPaBxusKña nigmankarpøas;bþÚry:ag                 CMrujvis½yksikmμ KWmansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;
elOnCamYynwgeKalneya)ayd¾RtwmRtUv nig                     sMrab;eqøIytbeTAnwgeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_
KaMRTdl;karvinieyaKenAfñak;mUldæan fñak;Cati              edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRknigPaBeRskXøaneGay
nigfñak;saklenaHvis½yksikmμbc©úb,nñnwgpþl;                )an 50PaKry enARtwmqñaM 2015 nigbnþ
2 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigPaBeRskXøansMrab;eRcIn        eGaymankarEkERbplitPaB enAkñúgksikmμrbs;
                TsvtSr_eRkayeTot. vis½yksikmμEtmYymuxnwg          ksikrtUctac ebIKitGMBIsßanb½n nigksikmμ
                minRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFIVkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkeGay     Edlmanlkç N ³Bi e ssrbs; G aRhi V k Gnu t M b n;
                eRcInenaH k¾b:uEnþ vabgðajeGayeXIjGMBI\Ti§Bl      sahara:vij karEkERbenH nwgRtUvmanlkçN³
                EtmYyKt;sMrab;kic©karenH. CamYynwgr)ay-           xusKñaBIkarEkERbfIμrbs;RbeTsGas‘an. viFIGnuvtþ
                karN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelakcuugeRkay sIþGMBIksikmμ      rebobvar³enH eRkayry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMénkar
                kalBI 25qñaMmun \LÚvdl;eBlEdlRtUvdak;vis½y        TTYleCaKC½yEdlmankMritenAEtCabBaðaRbQm
                ksikmμsaCafIμmþgeTot enAcMNuckNþalén              mYyd¾lM)ak. k¾b:uEnþ lkçxNÐ nana)anpøas;bþÚr
                rebobvar³GPivDÆn_ rYmmanbribTFMepSgKñaén          ehIymaneCaKC½yCaeRcInenAkñúgRsuk nig»kas
                »kas nigbBaðaRbQmnanaEdl)anekIteLIg.              fIμ²EdlRtUvbegIáteLIg.
                    ksikmμ RtUv)aneKGnuvtþenAkñúgBiPBbIepSgKña         enAkñúgRbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERbCaeRcIn
                KWBiPBEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ BiPBEdlkMBug            EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbeTsPaKeRcInenAkñúgtMbn;
                eFIVkarpøas;bþÚr nigBiPBEdlmankarGPivDÆ           GasIuPaKGaeKñy_ nigmCÄwmbUBa’ nigGaRhiVkxag
                rYcehIy. enAkñúgrebobvar³GMBIksikmμedIm,I         eCIgpgenaH PaBxusKñaénR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT
                GPivDÆn_nImYy² manlkçN³xusKña kñúgkarbnþ          nigTIRkugkMBugekIneLIgy:agelOn nigPaBRkIRk
                nUvkMeNInEdlRbkbedaynirnþPaB nigkñúgkar           xøaMgenACnbTEdlbnþekItman KWCaRbPBd¾sMxan;
                kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.                                 énPaBtantwgEpñksgÁm nigneya)ay. bBaðaenH
                    enAkñúgRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ          minGacRtUv)anedaHRsayeGayyUrGEgVgtam
                EdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbeTsPaKeRcInenAGaRhiVkGnu        ry³karkarBarvis½yksikmμ EdlbegIántMél
                tMbn;sahara:pgenaH ksikmμ nig]sSahkmμ             mðÚbGahar ¬BIeRBaHRbCaCnRkIRkd¾eRcIn k¾CaGñk
                epSg²EdlBak;B½n§nwgvis½yksikmμ mansar³            TijmðÚbGahar¦ b¤tamry³]btßmÖFnnana)aneT.
                sMxan;cMeBaHkMeNIn nigcMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaB
                RkIRknigGsniþsuxes,ógEdlmanTMhMFMeFg.                   karedaHRsayPaBxusKña rvagR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúg
                                                                     RbeTskMBugeFIVkarEkERb TamTarnUvyuT§saRsþEdl
                     kareRbIvis½yksikmμCamUldæanRKwHsMrab;kMeNInesdæ manlkçN³TUlMTUlaymYy EdlbnþedIrtamviFIsaRsþ
                kic©enAkñúgRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμTamTar cMruHkñúgkarcakecjBIPaBRkIRk dUcCapøas;bþÜreTArk
                                                                                                              TidæPaBTUeTA 3


ksikmμEdlmantMélx<s; kareFIVvimCÄkarskmμPaB           eNaHRsay KWminEmneFIVeGayyWty:avdl;kar
esdækic©minEmnksikmμenAtMbn;CnbT nigpþl;CMnYynana     GPivDÆvis½yksikmμeT ¬vaRtUvEsVgrkRbB½n§
edIm,ICYyCMrujeGayBYkKat;cakecjBIvis½yksikmμ.         plitkmμEdlkan;EtmannirnþPaB. CMh‘andMbUg
kareFIVdUecñH TamTarnUvKMnitpþÜcepIþmelIeKal          enAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH KWRtUveFIVeGaymanlkçN³
neya)ayfIμ            nigkarebþCJacitþd¾xøaMgkøaxag   RtwmRtUvcMeBaHkarelIkTwkcitþ tamry³karBRgwg
neya)ay. k¾b:uEnþ vaGacpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;             siTi§kan;kab;RTBüskmμ niglb;bM)at;ecal]btßmÖ
RbCaCncMnYn 600 lannak;kñúgcMeNamRbCaCn               Fnnana EdleFIVeGayxUcxatdl;FnFanFmμCati.
RkIRkenACnbTenAelIBiPBelak.                           ehIykarsMrbsMrYleTAtamkarpøas;bþÚrénbriya
    enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn rYmbBa©ÚlTaMg         kask¾manplb:HBal;pgEdr dl;ksikrRkIRk
RbeTsPaKeRcInenAGaemrikLaTIn nigGWrub nig             xøaMgCageKbMput¦ ehIyb:HBal;enH minyutiþFm’
GasIukNþalpgenaH ksikmμGacCYykat;bnßy                 dl;BYkeKeT BIeRBaHBYkeK)ancUlrYmcMENktictYc
PaBRkIRkenaCnbTEdlenAesssl;)an Rbsin                  enAkñúgbuBVehtuenH.
ebIksikrtUctacTaMgLay køayCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;                    dUecñH ksikmμpþl;nUvskþanuBlPaBd¾FMeFg
edaypÞal;enAkñúgTIpSares,ógGaharTMenIb kargar         sMrab;kMeNIn karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigesvakmμ
l¥²CaeRcIn RtUv)anbegIáteLIgenAkñúg vis½y             brisßan k¾b:uEnþ edIm,IsMerc)annUvskþanuBlPaBenH
ksikmμ nigksi]sSahkmμ nigTIpSarsMrab;esva             k¾TamTarpgEdrnUvkarCYy]btßmÖCak;Esþgrbs;
kmμbrisßan RtUv)anbgðajeGaysÁal;.                     rdæ edaypþl;nUvTMnijsaFarN³sMxan;² EklMG
    CamYynwgPaBRkkSt;énFnFanEdlkMBugekIn              briyakasvinieyaK eFIVniy½tkmμelIkarRKb;RKg
eLIg nigktþaxageRkAEdlkMBugekIneLIgEdrenaH            FnFanFmμCati nigFanadl;lT§plsMerc)an
karGPivDÆ vis½yksikmμ nigkarkarBarbrisßan             sMxan;²rbs;sgÁm. edIm,IbnþGnuvtþtamrebobvar³
)ankan;EtmanTMnak;TMngCamYyKñay:agCitsiñTi§.          sIþBIksikmμedIm,IGPivDÆn_ GPi)alkic©fñak;mUldæanfñak;
                                                      Cati nigfñak;saklsMrab;vis½yksikmμcaM)ac;RtUveFIV
    søaksñaménbBaðabrisßancMeBaHvis½yksikmμ Edl       karEklMG. rdæ nwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;nUvsmtßPaB
manRTg;RTayFMGacRtUv)ankat;bnßy)an RbB½n§ksikmμ       kan;EteRcIneLIgsMrab;karsMrbsMrYlTUTaMgvis½y
EdleFIVeGayGakasFatuERbRbYltictYc nigksikmμman        nigedIm,IbegIátnUvPaBCaédKUCamYyédKUÉkCn
TMnak;TMngeTAnwgkarpÁt;pÁg;nUvesvakmμbrisßan. dM      nigédKUsgÁmsIuvilnana. édKUsaklTaMgGs;
4 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


caM)ac;RtUvpÁt;pÁg;tamrebobvar³EdlsμúRKsμaj       -etIrebobvar³sIþGMBIksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ
mYyrbs;kic©RBmeRBogEdlmanGnþrTMnak;TMng           GacRtUv)anGnuvtþRbesIrbMputtamviFINa?
nigTMnijsaFarN³GnþrCati. karpþl;siTi§GMNac        tamry³karbegIáteKalneya)ay nigdMeNIr
dl;sgÁmsIuvil CaBiess cMeBaHGgÁkar Gñkplit        eFIVesckIþsMerccitþ EdlskþismbMputsMrab;
mansar³sMxan; cMeBaHkarEklMGGPi)alkic©enA         lkçxNÐesdækic©nigsgÁmrbs;RbeTsnimYy²
RKb;lMdan;fñak;.                                  tamry³karekogKrkarKaMRTEpñkneya)ay
    r)aykarN_enH eqIøytbeTAnwgsMNYrsMxan;         nigtamry³karEklMGGPi)alkic©énvis½y
cMnYn 3 KW³                                       ksikmμ.
    -karGPivDÆ? vis½yksikmμ)anedIrtYnaTICa
    mUldæanRKwHmYysMrab;karGPivDÆ nig)ankat;            etIksikmμGaceFIVGIV)an sMrab;karGPivDÆ?
    bnßyPaBRkIRkenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn k¾b:uEnþ      ksikmμmanlkçN³sm,tiþ EdleFIVeGayvis½yenH
    RbeTsCaeRcIneTot GacTTYl)anGtß-               køayCaynþkarEtmYyKt;sMrab;karGPivDÆ ksikmμ
    RbeyaCn__ RbsinebIrdæaPi)al nigm©as;CMnYy     GaceFIVkarrYmKñaCamYyvis½ydéTepSgeTot)an
    nana pøas;bþÚreKalneya)ayxøÜnEdl)anGnuvtþ     edIm,IbegIánkMeNIneGaykan;EtelOnkat;bnßy
    CaeRcInqñaMmun edayminykcitþTukdak;cMeBaH     PaBRkIRk nigRTRTg;dl;brisßan. enAkñúg
    vis½yksikmμ nigEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK          r)aykarN_enH ksikmμ rYmman dMNaM bsustV
    EdlminRKb;RKan; nigkarvinieyaKxusenAkñúg      ksirukçkmμ nigvarIvb,kmμ. vis½yksikmμ
    vis½yksikmμ.                                  minrYmbBa©Úl rukçkmμ nigkarensaTCalkçN³
    - etIynþkarEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBedIm,IeRbI         BaNiC¢kmμeT BIeRBaHEpñkTaMgenH TamTar
    R)as;ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆmanGIVxøH? GaTi-    nUvkarviPaKepSgKñay:agRcIn. k¾b:uEnþ TMnak;
    PaBsMxan;bMput KWRtUvbegIánRTBüskmμrbs;       TMngrvagksikmμnigrukçkmμ RtUv)aneKBicarNa
    RKYsarRkIRk eFIVeGayksikrtUctaceGaykan;       enAkñúgkic©BiPakSaGMBIkarbMpøajéRBeQI kar
    EtmanKMnitécñRbDit ¬nig ksikmμ CaTUeTA¦       pøas;bþÜrbriyakas nigesvakmμbrisßan.
    nigbegIátnUv»kasCaeRcInenAkúñúgesdækic©CnbT
    minEmnksikmμ EdlRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT                  ksikmμ rYmcMENkkñúgkarGPivDÆtamviFI
    Gaccab;yk»kasenH)an.                          CaeRcIn. ksikmμ rYmcMENkkñúgkarGPivDÆCa
                                                                       TidæPaBTUeTA 5


skmμPaBesdækic©mYy CaCIvPaBrs;enAmYy nig   mankMritsMrab;es,ógGahar nigkarlM)ak
CaGñkpþl;esvakmμbrisßanmYyeFIVeGayvis½y    énGRtabþÚrrUbIyb½NÑbreTs edIm,IbMeBjeTA
enHeTACaynþkarEtmYyKt;sMrab;karGPivDÆ.     nwgtMrUvkares,ógGaharrbs;BYkeKtamry³
- CaskmμPaBesdækic©mYy - ksikmμGacCa       karnaMcUl. RbeTsTaMgenH bgðajeGaydwg
RbPBénkMeNInmYysMrab;esdækic©CatiCaGñk     GMBIPaBGasnñénes,ógGaharEdlekIteLIgjw
pþl;nUv»kas vinieyaKsMrab;vis½yÉkCn nig    kjab; nigPaBminR)akdRbCaénCMnYyes,óg
CakMlaMgCMrujmYYyd¾sMxan;sMrab;]sSahkmμ    Gahar nigsMrab;BYkeKkarbegIán nigkareFIV
nana EdlTak;Tgnwgvis½y ksikmμ nig          eGaymanesßrPaBdl; plitkmμkúñgRsukman
esdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ. BIrPaKbI         sar³sMxan;cMeBaHsniþsuxes,óg.
éntMélbEnßmelIksikmμrbs;BiPBelak RtUv      - CaCIvPaBrs;enAmYy - ksikmμ KWCaRbPB
)anbegIáteLIgenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.      énCIvPaBrs;enAmYy sMrab;RbCaCnRbEhl
enAkñúgRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ       86PaKryénRbCaCnCnbT. vapþl;nUvkargar
tMélbEnßmenH begIátCamFüm 29PaKry          sMrab;ksikrtUctac nigkmμkrEdlKμandIFIø
énplitplsrubkñúgRsuk ¬GDP¦ nigpþl;         cMnYn 1/3Ban;lannak; :suxmalPaBsgÁm
kargar 65PaKry énkMlaMgBlkmμ.              Edlpþl;hirBaØb,TansMrab;ksikmμ : enAeBl
]sSahkmμ nigesvakmμmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwg     Edlmanplb:HBal;sMrab;TIRkug nigmUlniFi
ksikmμ enAkñúgExScgVak;tMél ¬value         sMrab;shKmn_CnbTCak;Esþg. kñúgcMeNam
chains¦ eRcInCag 30PaKryén GDP             RbCaCn 5/5 Ban;lannak;rbs;BiPBelak
enAkñúgkMBugGPivDÆ nigRbeTsGPivDÆn_.       enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ manRbCaCncMnYn
plitkmμksikmμ mansarsMxan;cMeBaHsniþsux    3Ban;lannak; rs;enAtMbn;CnbTCitBak;
es,óg BIeRBaHvaKWCaRbPBmYyénR)ak;cMNUl     kNþalénRbCaCn. kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnenA
sMrab;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkPaKeRcIn. CaBiess      CnbTTaMgenH RbEhl 2/5 Ban;lannak;
vamansarsMxan; enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInenA      KWCaRKYsarksikr nig1/5 Ban;lannak; KWCa
GaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: EdlmanRbCaCn        RKYsarksikrtUctac.
rYmcMnYn RbEhl 200 lannak; nigman                karfycuHfIμ²enH elIGRtaPaBRkIRkkñúg
plitkmμkñúgRsukERbRbYlx<s; karTijdUrenA    R)ak;cMNUl 1duløarkñúgmYyéf¶ enAkñúgRbeTs
6 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                     kMBugGPivDÆ ¬BI 28PaKry enAkñúgqñaM 1993         CnbT ¬enAkñúgBiPBelak¦ enaHeT.
                     mkenARtwm 22PaKry kñúgqñaM 2002¦                       k¾b:uEnþ karfycuHd¾eRcInelIcMnYnén
                     KWCalT§plsMxan;énkarFøak;cuHénPaBRkIRk           RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT ¬BI 1>036 lannak;
                     enACnbT ¬BI 37PaKry mkenA 29                     enAkñúgqñaM 1993 mkenA 883 lannak;
                     PaKry¦enAeBlEdlGRtaPaBRkIRkenATIRkug             enAkñúgqñaM 2003¦ KWekItmancMeBaHtMbn;
                     esIÞrEtsißtefr ¬kñúgkMrit 13 PaKry¦. Cag         GasIubUBa’ nig)a:sIuhiVk ¬rUb 1¦. enAtMbn;
                     80 PaKry énkarfycuHelIPaBRkIRkenA                GasIuxagt,Úg nigGaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara:
                     CnbT bNþalmkBIlkçxNÐd¾RbesIrCaeRcIn              cMnYnRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT )anbnþekIneLIg
                     enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT eRkABIkareFIVcMNakRsuk          ehIynwgTMngCaekInelIscMnYnRbCaCnRkIRk
                     rbs;RbCaCnRkIRk. dUecñH pÞúyeTAnwgTsSn³          enATIRkug rhUtdl;qñaM2040. enAkñúgtMbn;
                     rYmkareFIVcMNakRsukeTAkan;TIRkugminEmnCa         TaMgenH GaTiPaBsMxan; KWRtUvekogKrerobcM
                     ynþkarsMxan;cMeBaHkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenA         ksikmμsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

  rUb 1 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnRkIRk )ankMBugekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuxagt,Úg nigGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: BIqñaM 1993 dl; qñaM
  2002 ¬bnÞat;RkIRkénR)ak;cMNUl 1 duløarkñúgmYyéf¶¦
                   PaBRkIRkenACnbT                                                  PaBRkIRkenATIRkug
                                                                                           TidæPaBTUeTA 7


- CaGñkpþl;esvakmμbrisßanmYy - enAkñúgkar      karrYmcMENkrbs;vis½yksikmμ manlkçN³xusKña
eRbIR)as; ¬nigkareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvCa        enAkñúgBiPBCnbTbI. viFIEdlksikmμeFIVkar
jwkjab;¦ FnFan FmμCati ksikmμ GacbegIát        sMrab;karGPivDÆ manlkçN³xusKñaBIRbeTs
lT§plbrisßanl¥nigGaRkk;. ksikmμ KWCa           mYyeTARbeTsmYy edayGaRs½yeTAelIviFI
vis½yeRbIR)as;TwkeRcInCageKbMput dUcenH        EdlRbeTsenaH BwgEp¥kelIksikmμ EdlCa
vaBitR)akdehIyEdlfavis½yenH rYmcMENk           RbPBkMeNInmYy nigCaynþkarmYysMrab;kar
kñúgkareFVIeGaykSt;Twk. vak¾bgáeGaymankar      kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. karrYmcMENkrbs;vis½y
kat;bnßyTwkeRkamdI karbMBulKImIksikmμkM        ksikmμenAkñúgkMeNIn nigkarkat;bnßyPaB
esaHdI nigbMErbMrYlbriyakassaklmancMnYn        RkIRkGacRtUv)aneKemIleXIj tamry³kar
dl; 30 PaKryénkarsayPay]sμ½npÞH                kMNt;lkçN³RbeTsedayGnuelameTAtam
kBa©k;. k¾b:uEnþva k¾CaGñkpþl;esvakmμbrisßan   karEbgEckksikmμenAkñúgkMeNInrYmkalBI
d¾sMxan;mYy ehIyEdlCaTUeTARtUv)aneKemIl        15 qñaMmk nøgeTA ehIykarEbgEckbc©úb,nñ
rMlg nigmineGaytMélcMeBaHkarRsUbyk             énPaBRkIRksrubenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT eday
kae)an nigCYyRKb;RKgGagrgTwkePøóg nig          eRbIbnÞat;RkIRk EdlmanR)ak;cMNUl 2 duløar
GPirkSCIv³cMruH. CamYynwgPaBkSt;énFnFan        kñúgmYyéf¶ ¬rUb 2¦. TsSn³enH eFIVeGayman
EdlkMBugekIneLIg bMErbMrYlbriyakas nig         karEbgEckRbeTs CabIRbePTBiPBCnbT
kgVl;GMBIkarcMNayelIbrisßanGaCIvkmμtam         bIepSgKña¬tarag 1¦³
Fmμta tamviFIEdlksikmμeRbIR)as;FnFan           - RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ - ksikmμ KW
FmμCatiminEmnCaCMerIseT. kareFIVeGayRbB½n§     CaRbPBkMeNInd¾sMxan;mYy EdlmancMnYn 32
ksikmμrbs;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkenACnbTkan;Et          PaKry énkMeNIn GDP CamFümCaBiess
manplb:HBal;ticeTAelIbMErbMrYlbriyakas         edaysarEtksikmμ KWCacMENkd¾FMmYyrbs;
KWCabBaðasMxan;. karRKb;RKgTMnak;TMngkñúg      GDP nigPaKeRcInénRbCaBlrdæRkIRkrs;enA

cMeNamksikmμ GPirkSFnFanFmμCati nig            kñúgtMbn;CnbT ¬70 PaKry¦. RkumRbeTs
brisßanRtUvEtCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;énkareRbI        TaMgenH manRbCaCnrs;enACnbT cMnYn 417
R)as;ksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ.                    lannak; CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTssißtkñúg
                                               GnutMbn;sahara:. 82 PaKry énRbCaCn
8 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                   CnbT kñúgGnutMbn;sahara: rs;enAkñúgRbeTs          PaKeRcInenAkñúgGaemrikLaTIn nigkarIbg; nig
                   EdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ.                         RbeTsCaeRcInenAkñúgTIVbGWrub nigGasIukNþal
                   - RbeTskMBugeFIVkarpøas;bþÚr - ksikmμElg          88 PaKry énRbCaCnrs;enAtMbn;CnbT enA
                   CaRbPBd¾sMxan;énkMeNInesdækic©eTotehIy            kñúgtMbn;TaMgBIr KWsißtenARkumRbeTsEdlBwg
                   Edlvis½yrYmcMENkCamFümEt 7PaKry                   Ep¥kelITIRkug.
                   b:ueNÑaH kñúgkMeNIn GDP k¾bu:Enþ PaBRkIRkenA
                   Etmany:ageRcInenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT ¬82                 RbeTsCaeRcIn edIrtampøÚvEdlmankarvivtþ
                   PaKry énRbCaCnRkIRkTaMgGs;¦. Rkum              EdlGacpøas;bþÚrRbeTsTaMgenHBIRbePTRbeTs
                   RbeTsTaMgenH ¬rYmman RbeTs cin \NÐa            mYyeTACaRbePTRbeTsmYyeTot. RbeTscin
                   \NÐÚeNsIu mU:rukU nigrU:m:anI¦ manRbCaCn       nig \NÐa )anpøas;bþÚrBIRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelI
                   rs;enACnbTcMnYn 2/2 Ban;lannak;. 98            vis½yksikmμ eTACaRkumRbeTs EdlkMBugeFIVkar
                   PaKry énRbCaCnrs;enACnbT kñúgtMbn;             EkERbkalBI20qñaM muncMENkÉRbeTs\NÐÚ
                   GasIuxagt,Úg 96 PaKry enAkñúgtMbn;             eNsIu kMBugpøas;bþÚreq<aHeTArkRkumRbeTsEdl
                   GasIuxagekIt nig)a:sIuhiVk nig 92 PaKry enA    BwgEp¥kelITIRkug ¬rUb2¦. elIsBIenH RbeTs
                   kñúgtMbn;mCÄwmbUBa’ nigGaRhiVkxageCIg KWsißt   CaeRcIn manPaBxusKñaxøaMgelIEp¥kPUmisaRsþ
                   enAkñúgRbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERb.              fñak;GnuCati - ]TahrN_ RbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkar
                   - RbeTsBwgEp¥kelITIRkug - ksikmμrYm            EkERb nigRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelITIRkug mantMbn;
                   cMENkedaypÞal;eTaHbICamanlkçN³tictYc           EdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμerog²xøÜn ¬dUcCa
                   cMeBaHkMeNInesdækic©k¾eday ¬5 PaKry Ca         b‘Íha enARbeTs\NÐa nigCIy:a)a: enARbeTs
                   mFüm¦ nigPaBRkIRkekItmaneRcInenAkñúg           miucsIukU¦. karEbgEckRbePTtMbn;enAkñúgRbeTs
                   TIRkug. eTaHbICadUecñHk¾eday tMbn;CnbT         nana EdlGaRs½yeTAelIskþanuBlksikmμ nig
                   enAEtman 45PaKryénRbCaCnRkIRk ehIy             »kasQancUlTIpSarrbs;RbeTsTaMgenH bgðaj-
                   ksiBaNiC¢kmμ nig]sSahkmμmðÚbGahar nig          fa 61 PaKry énRbCaCnrs;enAtMbn;CnbT
                   esvakmμ mancMnYnesIμ nwgmYyPaKbIén GDP.        enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelITIRkugrs;enA
                   rYmbBa©ÚlenAkñúgRkumEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enA         kñúgtMbn;CnbTEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaH dUcCa
                   CnbTcMnYn 255 lannak; KWCaRbeTs                tMbn;EdlmanRbB½n§FarasaRsþesIm nigBak;
                                                                                            TidæPaBTUeTA 9


kNþalesIm CamYynwgsm<aFsMeNImtictYc lμmeTAl¥ ¬ticCag 5 em:ag BItMbn;TIpSarmYyEdl
RBmTaMgCatMbn;EdlmanpøÚveTAkan;TIpSarsmrmü man cMnYn 5000 b¤eRcInCagenH¦.
rUb2 ³ karrYmcMENkrbs;vis½yksikmμenAkñúgkMeNInesdækic© nigkarEbgEckPaBRkIRkenACnbTCabIRkumRbeTs
epSgKña ³ RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ RbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERb nigRbeTsEdlGaRs½yelITIRkug
10 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                k¾b:uEnþ BIrPaKbIénRbCaCnenACnbTkñúgGaRhiVk        tictYc nigbribTminGnueRKaH. TnÞwmnwgmantMrUv
                GnutMbn;sahara: rs;enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanPaB           kares,ógGaharesÞIEtTaMgGs;EdlBYkeKplit
                GnueRKaHticCag EdleKcat;TukfaCatMbn;s¶Üt           BYkeKk¾edIrtYenAelITIpSarCaGñkTijes,ógGahar
                b¤Bak;kNþals¶Üt b¤k¾manpøÚveTAkan;TIpSarminl¥.     pg nigCaGñklk;kMlaMgBlkmμpg. smaCikPaB
                enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 5 EdlmanEpnTIPaBRkIRk            enAkñúgRkumTaMgenH TTYlrgplb:HBal;minRtwmEt
                lMGitGRtaPaBRkIRk mankMritx<s;CagenAkñúgtMbn;      BITItaMgRTBüskmμb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgTTYlrg
                EdlmanPaBGnueRKaHtictYc k¾b:uEnþ PaKeRcInén        plb:HBal;BIeynD½rCnCati niglkçxNÐsgÁm
                RbCaCnRkIRkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanPaBGnu-            eTotpg BIeRBaHBYkeKmanlT§PaBxus²Kñakñúg
                eRKaH. dUecñH karkMNt;ykksikmμedIm,Ikat;bnßy       kareRbIR)as;RTBünigFnFandUcKña edIm,IeqøIytb
                PaBRkIRk minRtwmEtTamTarnUvkarvinieyaKelI          eTAnwg»kasnana.
                tMbn;EdlmanPaBGnueRKaHtictYc edIm,IRbqaMgnwg            visPaKPaBenH RtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgTIpSar
                PaBRkIRkF¶n;F¶rb:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþEfmTaMgTamTar    BlkmμenACnbT CakEnøgEdltMrUvkarCMnajTab
                nUvkarkMNt;eKaledAcMnYnénRbCaCnRkIRkd¾eRcIn        kargarksikmμEdlmanR)ak;kMérTab nigkargar
                enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanPaBGnueRKaHpgEdr.                EdlmanCMnajx<s;mancMnYntictYc Edlpþl;eGay
                                                                   kmμkrnUv»kasedIm,IcakecjBIPaBRkIRk. eKrk
                    PaBxusKña ¬visPaKPaB¦ kMNt;sBaØaNenA           eXIjenAkñúgesdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ Edl
                CnbT. visPaKPaBénesdækic© nigsgÁm KWCa             kargarsMrab;xøÜnÉg nigkargarmanR)ak;kMérkñúg
                lkçN³kMNt;GtþsBaØaNéntMbn;CnbT. ksikr              kMritplitPaBTabekItmanrYmKñaCamYy nwgkargar
                BaNiC¢kmμFM²CaeRcIn ekIteLIgrYmKñaCamYyksikr       enAkñúgshRKasnana. eKk¾rkeXIjenAkñúg
                tUctac. PaBcMruHenH RCabcUlkñúgRbCaCnEdlCa         lT§plénkareFIVcMNakRsuk)anCYymnusSmYy
                ksikrtUctacpgEdr. ksikrBaNiC¢kmμtUctac             cMnYnkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbTeGay
                pÁt;pÁg;TIpSarmðÚbGaharelIscMnYn nigrYmcMENk       rYcputBIPaBRkIRk k¾b:uEnþ )annaMmnusSdéTeTot
                kñúgkarBRgIkTIpSarsMrab;skmμPaBksikmμfIμEdlm       eTArs;enAkñúgtMbn;RkIRkkñúgTIRkug nigbnþrs;enA
                anKuNtMélx<s;. k¾b:uEnþ ksikrdéTeTot CaeRcIn       kñúgPaBRkIRk.
                KWRKan;EteFIVksikmμedIm,IciBa©wmCIvitb:ueNÑaH Ca        visPaKPaBd¾eRcInenAkñúgksikmμ nigsgÁm
                BiessedaysarEtTayC¢TanRTBüskmμmancMnYn             enACnbTenH mankarBak;B½n§y:agxøaMgcMeBaH
                                                                                                      TidæPaBTUeTA 11


eKalneya)aysaFarN³ enAkñúgkarkMNt;yk              ksikmμmankarkt;sMKal;xøaMgenAkñúgkarGPivDÆ ksikmμ
ksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ. kMENTMrg;eKalneya-         man\Ti§BlBiessenAkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.
)ayBiessmYyTMngCaGacTTYl)anTaMgeCaKC½y            kMeNInksikmμman\Ti§BlBiessenAkñúgkarkat;
nigbraC½y. esrIPavUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμ Edl           bnßyPaBRkIRk kñúgRKb;RkumRbeTsTaMgGs;. kar
begIántMéles,ógGaharb:HBal;dl; GñkTijsuT§         )a:n;sμanqøgkat;RbeTsbgðajfakMeNIn GDP
¬RkumRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbTmancMnYneRcInCageK         Edl)anmkBIvis½yksikmμ y:agehacNas;man
bMputenAkñúgRbeTsdUcCa bUlIvI nigbg;køaeds¦       RbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkBIrdgdUc
nigpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_ dl;Gñklk;suT§ ¬Rkum            kMeNIn GDP Edl)anmkBIvis½yminEmn
RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbTeRcInCageKbMput dUcCa           ksikmμEdr ¬rUb3¦. sMrab;RbeTscin kMeNInrYm
enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam¦. eKalneya-         EdlTTYl)anBIksikmμ RtUv)an)a:n;sμanfa man
)ayCaeRcIn RtUvmanlkçN³xusEbøkBIKñaeTAtam         cMnYn 3/5 dg manRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarkat;bnßy
lkçxNÐnigbribTrbs;RKYsar edayBicarNa              PaBRkIRkeRcInCagkMeNIn Edl)anmkBIvis½ymin
CaBiesseTAelIbTdæaneynD½rbc©úb,nñ. eKal           Emnksikmμ ehIysMrab;RbeTsGaemrikLaTIn
neya)ayEdlmanlkçN³xusEbøkBIeKRtUv)an              mancMnYn 2/7 dgeRcInCag. kMeNInksikmμ
begIáteLIgminEmnRtwmEtedIm,IKaMRTCacaM)ac;        d¾elOnenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa bnÞab;BIkarEklMG
dl;RkummYyeGayelIsRkumdéTeTotb:ueNÑaHeT           bec©kviC¢a ¬karEckcayRbePTEdlmanTinñpl
b:uEnþ vaEfmTaMgedIm,IbMerIdl;RkumRKYsarTaMgGs;   x<s;¦ nigenAkñúgRbeTscin bnÞab;BIkarEklMG
eGaykan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaBéføEfmeTotpg eday          sßab½n ¬RbB½n§TTYlxusRtUvrbs;RKYsar nigesrI
EktMrUveKalneya)ayTaMgenH eTAtamlkçxNÐ            PavUbnIykmμTIpSar¦ man\T§iBleFVIeGaymankar
nigtMrUvkarrbs;BYkeK CaBiesscMeBaHRbCaCn          Føak;cuHy:agelOnénPaBRkIRkenACnbT. fIμ²enH
EdlRkIRkCageKbMput. karykcitþTukdak;esIμ          enARbeTshÁaNa RkumRKYsarenACnbT tMNag
KñaeTAelIGnuvis½yEdlmanPaBGnueRKaH nig            eGaymYycMENkFMénkarFøak;cuHy:agxøaMgénPaB
Gnuvis½yEdlmanPaBGnueRKaHtictMbn; nigRKYsar       RkIRk KWmYyEpñkbNþalmkBIkMeNInksikmμ.
KWCabBaðamYykñúgcMeNambBaðaeKalneya)ayEdl
tantwgbMputkMBugRbQmeTAnwgRbeTsRkIRknana             ksikmμ GacCavis½yQanmuxsMrab;kMeNInCarYm
EdlmankMhitFnFanxøaMg.                            enAkñúgRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ. ksikmμ
12 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008

                mankMNt;Rtal,Il,ajmYyCaynþkarmYYy sMrab;                    plitPaBksikmμ kMNt;tMélrbs;es,ógGahar
                karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. k¾b:uEnþ etIvak¾GacCa                  EdlbnÞab;mk kMNt;nUvcMNayelIR)ak;ebovtSr_
                vi s ½ y Qanmu x ényu T § s aRsþ k M e NI n mY y sM r ab;   nigPaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;vis½y EdlGacgay
                RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμpgEdrb¤eT?                     TijdUr)an. plitPaBénes,ógGaharmUldæan
                eRkABITMhMBiténvis½yenH TsSn³BIrEdl)an                      mansar³sMxan;cMeBaH kMeNIn.
                GnuvtþeTAelIRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ                        TIBIr KWfaGtßRbeyaCn_eRbobeFobenAkñúg
                enAkñúgGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: )anKaMRTnUv                   Gnuvis½yEdlGacgayTijdUr)an nwgenAEtsißt
                TsSn³EdlvaGaceTArYc.                                        enAkñúgskmμPaBcMbg² ¬ksikmμ nigEr:¦ nigkar
                    TImYy KWfaenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInkñúgcMeNam                 Ekécñp lit plksik mμsMrab;ry³eBleRcI n qñ aM
                RbeTsTaMgenH es,ógGaharenAEtminmanPaB                       edaysarEtTayC¢TanFnFan nigbriyakas
                RbesIrsMrab;karTijdUr edaysarEtcMNay                        vinieyaK EdlmankarlM)aksMrab;plitkr.
                Rbtibtiþkarx<s; nigGRtaénes,ógGaharmUldæan                  RbeTsPaKeRcIn BwgEp¥kelIplb½RtcMruHmYyén
                RtUv)aneKTijdUrEtbniþcbnþÜcb:ueNÑaH dUcCa                   TMnijnaMecjsMxan;²EdlminTan;Ekécñ nigEkécñ
                RbePTb£s nigemIm nigFBaØCatikñúgRsuk. dUecñH                ehIy ¬rYmTaMgeTscrN_¦ edIm,IbegIátnUvkarbþÚr
                RbeTsCaeRcInkñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgenH RtUvkar                  rUbIyb½NÑGnþrCati. kMeNIn enAkñúgvis½yEdlmin
                karpÁt;pÁg;edayxøÜnÉgy:ageRcIn.                             GacTijdUr)angay nigvis½yEdlGacTijdUr
                rUb 3 ³ kMeNIn GDP Edl)anBIksikmμpþl;Gtß                    )angaykñúg Epñkksikmμ k¾rYmbBa©ÚlpgEdrnUv
                RbeyaCn_dl;RbCaCnRkIRkCageKbMputcMnYnBak;kNþal              kMeNInd¾rwgmaM enAkñúgvis½ydéTeTotrbs;esdækic©
                énRbCaCn                                                    tamry³RbsiTi§PaBcMruHkan;EteRcIn.
                                                                                 GaRs½yehtuenHehIy sMrab;ry³eBlCaeRcIn
                                                                            qñaMxagmuxeTot yuT§saRsþkMeNInsMrab;RbeTs
                                                                            PaKeRcIn EdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμRtUvEtFana
                                                                            kñúgkareFIVeGayksikmμmandMeNIrkareTAmux.
                RbPB³ Ligon and Sadoulet 2007                               erOgeCaKC½yCaeRcInrbs;ksikmμ EdlCamUl
                sMKal;³ Ep¥kelITinñn½yBIRbeTscMnYn 42kñúg kMLúgqñaM 1981-   dæanRKwHsMrab;kMeNIn KWenAcMnuccab;epIþméndMeNIr
                2003. GtßRbeyaCn_manlkçN³xusKñaKYreGaykt;sMKal;
                sMrab;eRkamBak;kNþalcMNaymYyPaKdb;                          karGPivDÆ. kMeNInksikmμ KWCamUldæanRKwHénkar
                                                                                                                TidæPaBTUeTA 13


eFIVbdivtþ]sSahkmμ EdlrIkraldalTUTaMg                          )ayCaeRcIn EdlkMNt;ykBn§elIvis½yksikmμ
BiPBelak BIRbeTsGg;eKøs enAkñúgBak;kNþal                       eRcInhYs nigvinieyaKminRKb;lkçN³elIvis½y
stvtSr_TI 18 eTARbeTsCb:un enAcugstvtSr_TI                     ksikmμ RtUvEtsIþbenÞas edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgeGay
19. fIμ²enH kMeNInksikmμd¾elOnenAkñúgRbeTs                     eXIjesdækic©neya)aymYy EdlykcitþTukdak;
cin \NÐa nigevotNam KWCamUldæanRKwHsMrab;                      x<s;elIsuxmalPaBTIRkug. ebIeRboeFobCamYy
kMeNInén]sSahkmμ. cMeBaHPaBRkIRk\Ti§Bl                         RbeTskMBugeFIVkarpøas;bþÚrEdlTTYleCaKC½y
Biessrbs;ksikmμEdlCamUldæansMrab;kMeNIn                        enAeBlEdlRbeTsTaMgenH enAEtmankarcUlrYm
dMbUg RtUvEtbegIáteLIgeGay)anl¥.                               cMENkeRcInBIvis½yksikkmμeTAkñúg GDP enaH
                                                               bNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ)ancMNay
    k¾bEu: nþ ksikmμRtUv)aneRbIR)as;xH¢ x¢aysMrab;karGPivDÆ.   Tabkñúgvis½yksikmμEdlvaCaEpñkmYyén GDP
RsbKñaCamYynwgeCaKC½yTaMgenH mankarbraC½y                      BIksikmμrbs;RbeTsBYkeK ¬4 PaKry enAkñúg
d¾eRcInkñúgkarkMNt;ykvis½yksikmμedIm,Ikar                      bNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ enAkñúgqñaM
GPivDÆpgEdr. RbeTsCaeRcInEdlBwgEp¥kelI                         2004 eRbobeFobCamYynwg 10 PaKry enAkñúg
ksikmμenAEtbgðajGMBIkMeNInksikmμTn;exSay                       qñaM 1980 enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugeFIVkarEkERb
sMrab;mnusSmñak; nigkarpøas;bþÚrrcnasm<½n§bniþc                rUb 4¦. sm<aFénvibtiþes,ógGaharcrnþ
bnþÚc ¬karfycuH énkarEbgEckksikmμkñúg GDP                      k¾)anbEgVkareRbIR)as;fvikasaFarN³nigGaTiPaB
nigkarEbgEckekIneLIgén]sSahkmμnigesvakmμ                       rbs;m©as;CMnYy cMeBaHkarpÁt;pÁg;es,ógedaypÞal;
enAeBlEdl GDP kñúgmnusSmñak;ekIneLIg¦.                         CaCagkareFIVvinieyaKelIkMeNIn nigsMerc)an
dUcKñaEdr vaeqøIytbcMeBaHRKb;RbeTsTaMgbI                       sniþsuxes,óg tamry³karbegáInR)ak;cMNUl.
RbePTxagelI. kMeNInRbCaCn d¾elOnTMhM                           TINaEdlmanRsIþPaKeRcInCaksikrtUctacenaH
épÞdIERscMkarfycuH CIkñúgdIfycuH nig)at;bg;                    karbraC½ykñúgkarbeBa©jnUv skþanuBleBlelj
»kassMrab;karbegIánR)ak;cMNUl nigkareFIVcMNak                  rbs;RbeTskñúgvis½yksikmμ KWCaktþarYmcMENk
RsukbegIátCabBaða edaysarEt\Ti§Blénksikmμ                      mYykñúgkMeNInTab nigGsniþsuxes,óg.
sMrab;karGPivDÆenAminTan;RbesIr. eKalneya-
14 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


rUb 4 ³ cMNaysaFarN³elIvis½yksikmμmankMritTabbMputenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμenAeBl
EdlkarrYmcMENkkñúgksikmμrbs;RbeTsTaMgenHenAkñúg GDP mankMritx<s;bMput.




kareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvénksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ   cMnYn 3dg énvinieyaKTunsaFarN³ enAkñúgvis½y
minRtUv)aneKdak;kMhitcMeBaHbNþaRbeTsEdlBwg       ksikmμ enARbeTs\NÐa¦ RtUv)ankat;bnßyTMnij
Ep¥kelIvis½yksikmμenaHeT. enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs       saFarN³sMrab;kMeNIn nigesvakmμsgÁmenA
kMBugeFIVkarEkERb EdlmankMeNInd¾elOnenAkñúg      kñúgtMbn;CnbT. begáInR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgvis½y
vis½yminEmnksikmμ karEbgEckBlkmμeLIgvij          ksikmμ nigesdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ RtUvEtCa
sMrab;vis½yminEmnksikmμenAEtminRbesIreday        EpñkmYyéndMeNaHRsayenH.
TukeGayRbCaCnRkIRkcMnYnd¾eRcInrs;enAkñúgtMbn;
CnbTKμankargareFVI nigBRgIkKMlaténR)ak;          »kasfIμ²kMBugekItman. BiPBelakénksikmμ)an
cMNUlrvagTIRkug nigCnbTFMEfmeTot. RbCa           pøas;bþÜrKYreGaykt;sMKal; cab;taMgBIr)aykarN_
ksikr RtUvkar]btßmÖFn nigkarkarBar. k¾b:uEnþ     GPivDÆn_BiPBelakqñaM 1982 sIþGMBIksikmμecj
smtßPaBsareBIBn§Tn;exSaykñúgkarRTRTg;kar         mk. TIpSarfIμ²EdlmanskmμPaBkarEklMG
pøas;bþÚrenH edIm,Ikat;bnßyKMlatR)ak;cMNUl       sßab½n nigbec©kviC¢aEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay
nigtMrUvkarenATIRkugEdlenAEtbnþ sMrab;tMél       nigtYnaTIfIμsMrab;rdæ vis½yÉkCn nigsgÁm
es,ógGaharcuHTab begIátCabBaðaeKalneya           sIuvilTaMgGs;enHbgðajGMBIbribTfIμsMrab;vis½y
)aymYy. »kastMélén]btßmÖFn ¬Edlman               ksikmμ. ksikmμfIμnaeBlbc©úb,nñ RtUv)andwknaM
                                                                                                                                TidæPaBTUeTA 15


edayshRKinÉkCnenAkñúgExScgVak;tMél¬value                     nigyutiþFm’ KWCaynþkard¾sMxan;sMrab;karkat;
chains¦ EdlP¢ab;TMnak;TMngrvagplikr nig                      bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbT. vis½yÉkCnCMruj
GtifiCn ehIyrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgksikr BaNiC¢kmμtUc                  eGayGgÁkarTTYl)annUvExSsgVak;tMél ¬value
tacCaeRcIn EdlKaMRTedayGgÁkarrbs;RbeTs                       chains¦ EdlnaMTIpSarmkeGayksikrtUctac

BYkeK.                                                       nigksidæanEdllkçN³CaBaNiC¢kmμ. rdæ ¬tam
ksikmμéndMNaMsMxan;² nigTMnijnaMecjFmμta
k¾rkeXIjTIpSarfIμpgEdr enAeBlEdlvakan;Et                     RbGb; 1 etIGnaKtsMrab;karpÁt;pÁg;es,ógCalkçN³saklKWGIV?
manlkçN³xusEbøkBIeK kñúgkareqIøytbeTAnwg                     ksikmμ TTYl)aneCaKC½yy:ageRcInkñúg           qñaM 2000 dl;qñaM 2030. bEnßmBIelIenH
                                                             kareqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkares,óg Edl            KWCatMrUvkarekIneLIgsMrab;snñiFipÁt;pÁg;
tMrUvkareRbIR)as;EdlkMBugmankarpøas;bþÚr nigkar              manRbsiTi§PaBrbs;BiPBelak. k¾b:uEnþ          EpñkksikmμsMrab;CIv\n§n³ Edl)aneFIV
eRbIR)as;fIμ² ¬]TahrN_ CIv\n§n³¦ nigGtß-                     RbCaCneRcInCag 800 lannak; enAEtxVH          eGaytMéles,ogBiPBelakeLIgrYceTA
RbeyaCn_BIkareFIVsmahrNkmμTIpSarkñúgtMbn;.                   es,óg ehIyksikmμ)anbnSl;TuknUvbBaða          ehIyenaH.
k¾b:uEnþ vis½yksikmμ CYbRbTHPaBminc,as;las;                  Epñkbrisßand¾FM. ehIyGnaKtkan;Etman                karRKb;RKgkareqIøytbCarYmrbs;
                                                             PaBminc,as;las;.                             vis½yksikmμ eTAnwgtMrUvkarekIneLIg
CaeRcIn EdlmankarlM)akkñúgkarBüakrN_ nig                          KMrUCaeRcIn BüakrN_fatMéles,óg          nwgTamTarnUveKalneya)ayEdll¥ nig
RbugRby½tñ kñúgkarRKb;RKgkarpÁt;pÁg;es,ógelI                 enAkñúgTIpSarsakl GacRtLb;eTArk              karvinieyaK EdlmannirnþrPaB minEmn
saklelak ¬RbGb; 1¦.                                          ninñakarfycuHry³eBlEvgvij begIáteLIg         BaNiC©kmμdUcFmμtaenaHeT. vinieyaKTun
      TsSn³vi s ½ y rbs; v i s ½ y ksi k mμ s M r ab; k ar   nUvPaBminc,as;las;kan;EtFMGMBIsniþsux        EdlekIneLIgy:agelOnmanPaBcaM)ac
                                                             es,ógelIsaklelak.                bMErbMrYl   ;bnÞan;CaBiessenAkñúgGaRhiVkGnutMbn;
GPivDÆkñúgeBlenH bgðajeLIgvijGMBItYnaTIrbs;                  briyakas karxUcxatdl;brisßan kar             sahara: EdlkarnaMcUles,ógRtUv)aneK
plitkr vis½yÉkCn nigrdæ. plitkmμ CaTUeTA                     RbkYtRbECgeRcIneLIg edIm,ITamTaryk           BüakrN_fa mancMnYneRcICagBIrdgRtwmqñaM
ekIteLIgBIksikrtUctac EdleRcInEtsißtenA                      dI nigTwktMélfamBlkan;Etx<s; nigkar          2030 eRkamrUbPaBBaNiC©kmμFmμta
BI e Rkaypli t krEdlmanRbsi T i § p lx< s ; b M p u t        RBYy)armÖGMBIGRtaTTYlykbec©kviC¢afIμ         mYy plb:HBal;énbMErbMrYlbriyakas
                                                             naeBlGnaKt TaMgGs;enHbgðajGMBI               RtUv)aneKrMBwgfa nwgmanTMhMFMRBmCamYy
CaBiess enAeBlEdlKaMRTedayGgÁkarrbs;                         bBaðaRbQmFM² nighaniP½yCaeRcIn Edl           nwgsmtßPaBtictYckñúgkarTb;sáat; nig
RbeTsBYkeK. k¾b:uEnþ enAeBlEdlGgÁkarTaMgenH                  eFIVeGaylkçxNÐTaMgenHmankarlM)ak.            karrIkcMerIn bnþeTAmuxyWt² kñúgkarbegIán
minGaccab;ykCBa¢Igesdækic©enAkñúgplitkmμnig                  edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgtMrUvkar)a:n;sμanplit     brimaNes,ógsMrab;mnusSmñak;.
kñúgTIpSar)ankareFIVksikmμCalkçN³BaNiC¢kmμ                   kmμFBaØCati nwgRtUvbegIánCit 50PaKry
                                                             nigbegIánplitkmμsac;Rtwm 85PaKry BI          RbPB³   Rosegrant and others 2007 .
edayeRbIRbBlvb,kmμ GacCaKMrUénplitkmμ
d¾RbesIrmYy nigTIpSarBlkmμEdlmanRbsiTi§pl
16 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                ry³smtßPaBEdl)anEklMG nigTMrg;fIμénGPi-                           rbs;RKYsar KWCaktþakMNt;d¾sMxan;énlT§PaB
                )alkic©¦ EktMrUvPaBbraC½yrbs;TIpSareFIV                           edIm,IcUlrYmenAkñúgTIpSarksikmμ Fanadl;CIvPaB
                niy½tkmμ sMrab;karRbkYtRbECg nigcUlrYmCa                          rs;enAkñúgkareFIVksikmμsMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvit RbkYt
                yuT§saRsþkúñgPaBCaédKUrvagÉkCnnigsaFarN³                          RbECgCalkçN³shRKinenAkñúgesdækic©CnbTmin
                edIm,ICMrujPaBRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½yksiBa-                        Emnksikmμ nigEsVgrkkargarenAkñúgGaCIB
                NiC¢kmμ nigKaMRTdl;kardak;bBa©ÚlksikrtUctac                       CMnaj. RTBüskmμbIsMxan;² KW dI Twk nigFnFan
                nigkmμkrenACnbT[)ankan;EteRcIneLIg. enA                           mnusS. k¾b:uEnþ RTBüskmμrbs;RbCaCnRkIRkenA
                kñúgTsSn³vis½ycMeBaHmuxenH ksikmμcab;epIþm                        CnbTCaerOy² RtUv)anTTYlrgsm<aFeday
                mantYnaTId¾sMxan;mYyenAkñúgrebobvar³GPivDÆn_.                     kMeNInRbCaCn karxUcxatdl;brisßankardkhUt
                                                                                  RTBüskmμtampøÚvc,ab;BIRbCaCnmkeFIVCasm,tiþ
                     etI y nþ k arEdlmanRbsi T i § P aBkñ ú g kareRbI v i s ½ y   rdæ edayplRbeyaCn_sMxan; nigPaBlMeGogrbs;
                ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆmanGIVxøH?                                   sgÁmenAkñúgeKalneya)ay nigkñúgkarEbgEck
                vis½yksikmμ GacCaRbPBd¾sMxan;mYyrbs;kMeNIn                        TMnijsaFarN³.
                sMrab;bNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ                               Kμ a nTI N aEdlxV H xatRTBüskmμ e RcI n Cag
                nigGackat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ehIynigEklMGbrisßan                        enAkñúgGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara:enaHeT EdlTMhMdI
                enAkñúgRkumRbeTsTaMgbIRbePT eTaHbICakñúgviFI                      ERscMkarenAkñúgtMbn;Edlmandg;sIuetRbCaCn
                epSg²Kñak¾eday. bBaðaenH TamTarnUvkarEklMG                        eRcIn manTMhMtUc nigfycuHdIxUcKuNPaBxøaMg
                karkMNt;RTBüskmμrbs;RbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT                            xVHxatkareFIVvinieyaK elIRbB½n§FarasaRsþ ehIy
                eFIVeGaykareFVIksikmμrbs;ksikrtUctackan;Et                        karGb;rM nigsuxPaBminl¥ )andak;sm<aFelIplit
                manlkçN³RbkYtRbECg nigmannirnþPaBCagmun                           PaB nig»kasTTYl)anCMerIsEdlRbesIr. sm<aF
                karbegIánRbPBR)ak;cMNUlEdlmanTMnak;TMng                           RbCaCnRBmCamYynwgTMhMdIERscMkarEdlkMBug
                eTAnwgTIpSarBlkmμ nigesdækic©CnbTminEmn                           fycuH nigPaBkSt;énTwk k¾CabBaðaRbQmd¾cMbg
                ksikmμ nigsMrbsMrYlkarcakecjBIvis½yksikmμ                         enAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcInenAGasIuEdr. karbegIánRTBü
                RbkbedayeCaKC½y.                                                  skmμTamTarnUvkarvinieyaKsaFarN³sMxan;²
                                                                                  elIRbB½n§FarasaRsþ suxPaB nigGb;rM. enAkñúg
                    begIán»kassMrab;TTYl)anRTBüskmμ RTBüskmμ                      krNIdéTeTot vaKWCabBaðaénkarGPivDÆsßab½n
                                                                                                  TidæPaBTUeTA 17


dUcCa karelIkkMBs;sniþsux siTi§kan;kab;RTBü       enAeBlEdlksikrTTYlrgplb:HBal; b¤man
skmμ nigKuNPaBénrdæ)aldIFøI. karbegIánRTBü        bBaða.
skmμ k¾GacTamTarpgEdrnUvviFankarc,as;las;             kMENTMrg;dIFIø GacCMrujkarcUlrYmrbs;ksikr
edIm,IeFIVeGayman»kasesIμKñasMrab;RkumEdlmin      tUctaceTAkñúgTIpSar kat;bnßyvismPaBkñúgkar
)anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_ nigRkumEdleKminrab;            EbgEckdIFøI begIánRbsiTi§pl nigGacerobcMtam
bBa©Úl dUcCa RsIþ nigCnCatiPaKtic.                viFICaeRcInEdlTTYlsÁal;siTi§rbs;RsIþ. karEbg
                                                  EckeLIgvijnUvGclnRTBüFM²Edl)aneRbIR)as;
     dI - TIpSardI CaBiess pSarCYl GacbegIán      minRtwmRtUveTAeGayksikrtUctacedIm,IeFVICa
plitPaB)an nigCYyRKYsarnana begIánR)ak;           TIlMenAdæanGaceFIVeTA)an RbsinebImankarCYy
cMNUlrbs;xøÜn nigGacQanecjBIkareFVIksikmμ.        eRCamERCgtamry³kMENTMrg; edayFananUvPaB
edaysarGayurbs;ksikr edaysaresdækic©              RbkYtRbECgrbs;GñkTTYlpl b:uEnþvaKWCaGIVEdl
CnbTekIneRcInRbePT nigedaysarkareFIV              mankarlM)akkñúgkarsMerceGay)an. eKaledA
cMNakRsukekIneLIg TIpSardIEdlmandMeNIrkarl¥       ]btßmÖFn edIm,IsMrbsMrYlkMENTMrg;dIFIøEp¥kelI
tMrUvkarcaM)ac; edIm,IepÞrdIeTAeGayGñkeRbIR)as;   TIpSarRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbeTseRbsIul nig
EdlGacplit)aneRcInCageKbMput nigedIm,Ibgá         GaRhiVkxagt,Úg ehIyemeronCaeRcInRtUvEtyk
eGaykarcUlrYmenAkñúgvis½yminEmnksikmμenA          ecjmkBIbTBiesaFn_fIμ² TaMgenH sMrab;karGnuvtþ
CnbT nigkarcakecjBIkareFVIksikmμ. k¾b:uEnþ enA    kan;EtRbkbedayskþanuBlTUlMTUlay.
kñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn siTi§kan;kabRTBüskmμEdl
KμansuvtßiPaB karGnuvtþkic©snüaminRtwmRtUv        Twk - karTTYl)anTwk nigRbB½n§FarasaRsþ KWCa
nigkardak;kMhitxøaMgedayc,ab; sMrab;kMNt;RBMEdn   ktþaCMrujd¾cMbgmYyrbs;plitPaBdI nigesßrPaB
énkarGnuvtþ TIpSardI begIáteLIgnUvbBaðaKμan       énTinñpl. plitPaBdIEdlmanRbB½n§FarasaRsþ
RbsiTi§PaBCaeRcIn TaMgenAkñúgkarEbgEckdInig       mancMnYnBIrdgeRcInCagRbsiTi§PaBdIEdlpÁt;pÁg;
kMlaMgBlkmμ nigkarBRgwkPaBminesIμKña Edl          edayTwkePøóg. enAGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara:man
kMBugekItmaneLIgenAkñúgkarTTYl)annUvdIFIø.        Et 4PaKryénépÞdIb:ueNÑaHenAkñúgplitkmμman
bNþajkarBarsuvtißPaB nig»kasTTYl)an               RbB½n§FarasaRsþ ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgGasIuxag
\NTan RtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,Ikat;bnßykarlk;dI        t,Úgman 39 PaKry nig 29 PaKryenAGasIu
18 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                bUBa’. CamYynwgbMErbMrYlbriyakas EdlnaMeGay        kñúgcMeNamRKYsarenACnbT enaHkarGb;rMenH
                manPaBminR)adkRbCaekIneLIg enAkñúgvis½y            GacRtUv)anelIkkMBs;)antamry³karepÞrsac;
                ksikmμEdlBwgEp¥kelITwkePøóg nigkarkat;bnßy         R)ak; ¬dUcenAkñúgRbeTsbg;køaeds eRbsIul nig
                karrlayTwkkkr karvinieyaKelIkarsþúkTwkTuk          muicsIukU¦ edaydak;lkçxNÐelIvtþmankñúgkar
                KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;. sUm,IEtCamYynwgPaB            cUleron. k¾b:uEnþ karbegáInKuNPaBGb;rMenACnbT
                kSt;énTwkEdlkMBugekIneLIg nigtMélekIneLIg          EdlTamTarnUvkarEklMGeRcInbMput CamYynwg
                énKMeragFarasaRsþRTg;RTayFMk¾eday k¾enAman         karGb;rMEdl)anbegIáteLIgy:agTUlMTUlayedIm,I
                »kasCaeRcIn sMrab;elIkkMBs;plitPaBtamry³           bBa©ÚlkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ EdlGacpþl;nUv
                karsþareLIgvijnUvKMeragEdlmanRsab; nigtam          CMnajbec©keTs nigCMnajBaNiC¢kmμEdlman
                ry³karBRgIkKMeragRTg;RTaytUc nigkarRbmUl           sarsMxan;enAkñúgvis½yksikmμfIμ nigesdækic©CnbT
                Twk.                                               minEmnksikmμ KWmansar³ sMxan;Nas;Edr.

                Gb;rM - enAeBlEdldI nigTwk KWCaRTBüskmμd¾          suxPaB - CMgWEdlrIkraldal nigkarsøab;bNþal
                sMxan;enAtMbn;CnbT karGb;rM KWCaRTBüskmμ           mkBICMgWhIuv¼eGds_ nigCMgWRKuncaj;Gackat;bnßy
                EdlmantMélbMputsMrab;RbCaCnenACnbTedIm,I           )any:ageRcInnUvplitPaBksikmμ nigb:HBal;dl;
                cab;yk»kasnanaenAkñúgvis½yksikmμfIμTTYl            CIvPaBrs;enA. PaKeRcInénRbCaCnEdlTTYlrg
                )annUvkargarEdlmanCMnajGaCIvkmμl¥²enAkñúg          eRKaHedaysarCMgW hIuv eFIVkarenAkñúgEpñkksikmμ
                esdækic©CnbTminEmnksikmμ nigkarcakecj              nigmanTMhMFMeFgsMrab;eKalneya)ayksikmμ
                edayeCaKC½y. k¾b:uEnþ kMritGb;rMenAtMbn;CnbT       edI m ,I e GaymankareqI ø y tbkan; E teRcI n eLI g
                TMngCamankMritTabKYreGaysegVKenATUTaMgBiPB         cMeBaHCMgWhIuv kñúgkarKaMRTdl;karpøas;bþÚrcMeBaH
                elak ³ CamFümeron)an 4 qñaM sMrab;yuvCnenA         plb:HBal;elIkMlaMgBlkmμ nigkarepÞrcMeNH
                CnbT nigticCag 3 qñaM sMrab;yuvnarIenACnbT         dwgeTAeGaykumarkMRBa. enACnbTkñúgRbeTs
                enAtMbn;GaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: nigmCÄwmbUBa’ nig   hSaMebo karfycuHéncMnYnRbCaCnmanlkçN³
                GaRhiVkxageCIg. karEklMGkarGb;rMmUldæanenA         F¶n;F¶rCaBiess sMrab;yuvv½yekμg²enAtMbn;CnbT
                CnbTmansPaByWtCagenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug. enA           ³ 19 PaKry énRbCaCnEdlmanGayucenøaHBI
                TINaEdltMrUvkarsMrab;karGb;rMkMBugmanbBaða         15 eTA 24 qñaM enAkñúgqñaM 1990 EdlCaRkum
                                                                                                     TidæPaBTUeTA 19


mnusSEdlmanRbeyaCn_bMputRtUv)an)a:n;sμanfa             -EklMGkarelIkTwkcitþxagtMél nigbegIán
)ansøab;)at;bg;CIvitenARtwmqñaM 2000. k¾b:uEnþ         brimaNnigKuNPaBrbs;vinieyaKTunsaFarN³
ksikmμk¾bgánUvkarKMramkMEhgpgEdr dl;suxPaB             ¬CMBUk 4¦
rbs;RbCaCnRkIRkenAtamCnbT. RbB½n§Fara                  -eFIVeGayTIpSarplitpl mandMeNIrkan;Et
saRsþ GacbegIánnUvGRtaénCMgWRKuncaj; nigCati           RbesIr ¬CMBYk 5 nig 6¦
Bulrbs;fñaMsMlab;stVl¥it RtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfa          -EklMG»kasTTYl)annUvesvakmμhriBaØvtßú
)ansMlab;mnusSGs; 355 000 nak; Caerog                  nigkat;bnßynUvhaniP½y ¬CMBUk 6¦
ral;qñaM. CMgW Zoonotic dUcCa CMgWRKunpþasay           -elIkkMBs;karRbtibtiþrbs;GgÁkarGñkplit
EdlekItecjBIkar enACitKñarvagmnusSnigstV               ¬CMBYk 6¦
bgánUvkarKMramkMEhgeRcIneLIgdl;suxPaBrbs;m             -CMrujkarEklMGtamry³viTüasaRsþ nig bec©k
nusS. karsMrbsMrYld¾RbesIr énrebobvar³ksikmμ           viTüa ¬CMBYk 7¦
nigsuxPaB Gacpþl;nUvlT§plFM²sMrab;plitPaB              -eFIVeGayksikmμkan;EtmannirnþPaB nigeFIV
nigsuxmalPaB.                                          eGayeTACaGñkpÁt;pÁg;esvakmμbrisßanmYy
                                                       ¬CMBUk 8¦
    eFIVeGaykareFIVksikmμrbs;ksikrtUctackan;Etman
sar³RbeyaCn_ nigmannirnþPaB                             EklMGkarelIkTwkcitþxagtMél nigbegIánbrimaN
karEklMGplitPaB lT§PaBR)ak;cMeNj nig                nigKuNPaBrbs;vinieyaKTunsaFarN³. kMENTMrg;
nirnþPaBsMrab;kareFIVksikmμrbs;ksikrtUctac KW       fIμ²enH )anEklMGkarelIkTwkcitþxagtMélsMrab;
CaviFId¾sMxan; mYykñúgkarcakecjBIPaBRkIRk           plitkrksikmμenAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
tamry³kareRbIR)as;ksikmμedIm,IkarGPivDÆ.            kat;bnßy k¾b:uEnþ minEmnlb;bM)at;PaBlMeGogén
etIviFIenH nwgRtUvkarGIV? ynþkareKalneya)ay         eKalneya)ayBIGtItkaleTAelIksikmμenaHeT.
mYycMnYnFM EdlkñúgenHmanynþkarCaeRcIn Gnuvtþ        enAcenøaHBIqñaM 1980-84 nig 2000-2004
epSg²Kña sMrab;ksikrBaNiC¢kmμtUctac nigsMrab;       karkMNt;Bn§suT§elIksikmμ)anfycuH CamFümBI
ksikrEdleFIVksikmμsMrab;EtciBaw©mCIvitGacRtUv       28 PaKry mkdl; 10 PaKry enA kñúgbNþa
)aneRbIR)as;edImI,sMercnUveKalbMNgdUcxag            RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ fycuHBI 15
eRkam ³                                             PaKry mkenA 4 PaKry enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs
20 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                EdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERb nigfycuHmkenA 9 PaKry xatbg; ehIykmμviFInanaEdlEktMrUveTAtamkal³
                kñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆrYcehIy. k¾ eTs³ sMrab;RbeTsCak;lak;enaH nwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;
                b:uEnþ kMritd¾TabénkarkMNt;Bn§suT§ min)anbgðaj edIm,IsMrYldl;karpøas;bþÚrPaBBitR)akdrbs;TIpSar
                GMBIkarrYmbBa©ÚlKñaénkarkarBarTMnijnaMcUl nig fIμ.
                karkMNt;Bn§elITMnij naMecjenaHeT ¬CaBiess pÞúyeTAvij mankarrIkcMerInBak;B½n§bniþcbnþÜc
                enAkñúgbNþaRbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ nig enAkñúgkarfycuHCarYménkarKaMRTdl;plitkrenA
                bNþaRbeTsEdlkMBugeFIVkarEkERb¦ EdlGacman kñúgRbeTs EdlCasmaCikrbs;GgÁkarkic©sh
                kMritx<s;TaMgBIr ¬rUb 5¦. dUecñH cMNucEdl RbtibtiþkarnigGPivDÆn_esdñkic© ¬OECD¦. kar
                KYrBicarNa enAEtmansMrab;begIánRbsiTi§pl KaMRTdl;plitkr )anfycuHBI 37 PaKry
                EfmeTot tamry³kareFIVkMENTMrg;enAkñúgeKal éntMélsrubrbs;ksikmμenAkñúgqñaM 1986-88
                neya)ayBaNiC¢kmμpÞal;rbs;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ mkenA 30 PaKrykñúgqñaM 2003-05. mankar
                n_TaMgGs;. esrIPavUbnIykmμénkarnaMcUles,óg pøas;bþÚrecjBIkarKaMRT EdlmanTMnak;TMngeday
                sMxan;² k¾GacKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRkpgEdr pÞal;eTAnwgtMélrbs;plitpl cMeBaHTMrg;déT
                BIeRBaH RbCaCnRkIRkeRcInbMputrYmTaMgksikr eTot Edlmankarpøas;bþÚrtictYc dUcCakarepÞrsac;
                tUctacpg KWCaGñkTijes,ógsuT§saF. k¾b:uEnþ R)ak;Edl :)anbBa©b;TMnak;TMng : BIplitkmμCa
                RbCaCnRkIRkCaeRcInEdlCaGñklk;suT§saF ¬CYn Biess enAshPaBGWrub ¬EU¦. k¾b:uEnþ kar
                kalRbCaBlrdæRkIRkRkumFMCageKbMput¦ nwg epÞrEbbenH Canic©kalminmanlkçNGBüaRkit
                rUb 5 RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ kMBugkMNt;Bn§ticelITMnijksikmμnaMecj




                RbPB³ Anderson, forthcoming.
                sMKal; ³ GRtaminBiténCMnYy KWCakarvas;EvgmYyéntMélTinñplkñúgRsukTak;TgeTAnwgtMélkMrit EdlBicarNaeTA
                elIR)ak; ]btßmÖelIFatucUlkñúgRsuk
                                                                                                          TidæPaBTUeTA 21


cMeBaHplitkmμeT BIeRBaHvakat;bnßyPaB min          eRcIn. kñúgcMeNamRbeTsEdleKrMBwgfa nwg)an
eBjcitþcMeBaHhaniP½y ¬plb:HBal;dl;RTBüFn¦         cMeNjeRcInCageK man RbeTseRbsIul éfLg;d_
kat;bnßyPaBERbRbYlelIR)ak;cMNUl)anBIksikmμ        nigevotNam.
¬plb:HBal;elIkarFana¦ nigGnuBaØateGay                   snñisITdUhaénkarcrcaEpñkBaNiC¢kmμRtUvEt
FnaKarpþl;R)ak;kmI©dl;ksikr ebImindUcecñHeT       tak;EtgbBa©b;CabnÞan; CaBiessedIm,Ilb;bM)at;
vaeTAminrYceT.                                    karERbRbYl dUcCa ]btßmÖFnsMrab;kb,asrbs;
plb:HBal;)a:n;sμanelIsuxmalPaBrbs;esrIPa-         Gaemrik Edlmanplb:HBal;dl;RbeTsRkIRkCag
vUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμeBjeljmanTMhMFM. tam            eKbMput. eKalneya)ay nigkmμviFIbMeBjbEnßm
ry³kardkecjnUvkMritkarBarbc©úb,nñrbs;BYkeK        nana ¬rYmTaMgCMnYysMrab;BaNiC¢kmμ¦ RtUvkarcaM
RbeTs]sSahkmμCaeRcIn nwgnaMmknUvGtßRb-            )ac;edIm,ITUTat;sgdl;Gñkxatbg; ¬epÞrkmμviFI¦
eyaCn_énsuxmalPaBRbcaMqñaM sMrab;bNþaRbeTs        nigedIm,IsMrbsMrYldl;karEkERbd¾qab;rh½s nig
kMBugGPivDÆn_ EdlRtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfamancMnYn     manlkçN³esIμPaB edayksikrtUctac tMrUveTA
5 dg énlMhUrCMnYysMrab;ksikmμRbcaMqñaM naeBl      nwgGtßRbeyaCn_eRbobeFobenAcMeBaHmux ¬karvi-
bc©úb,nñ. k¾b:uEnþ plb:HBal;enH manlkçN³          nieyaKelITMnijsaFarN³ nigkMENTMrg;sßab½n¦.
cMruHRKb;plitpl nigRbeTs. CamYynwgesrIPa-               esdækic©neya)ay nwgkMNt;el,Ón nigvisal
vUbnIykmμBaNiC¢kmμeBjelj tMélTMnijksikmμ          PaBénkareFIVkMENTMrg;bEnßmelIBaNiC¢kmμ tMél
GnþrCati RtUv)aneK)a:n;sμanfa ekIneLIgCamFüm      nigcMNaysaFarN³. smaCikPaBenAkñúgGgÁkar
Rtwm 5/5 PaKry cMENkÉTMnijkb,asRtUv               BaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak ¬WTO¦ GacCYyeFIVkMEN
)aneKrMBwgfanwgekIneLIgRtwm 21PaKry nig           TMrg;)an ehIybNþajB½t’mankñúgRsukGacpSBV-
eRbgRKab;FBaØCatiRtwm 15 PaKry. bBaðaenH          pSayGMBIéføcMNayrbs;Gñkbg;Bn§ nigGRta
eFIVeGaymankarRBYy)armÖCaBiesssMrab;RbeTs         vismPaBénR)ak;cMeNj. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn
EdlnaMcUles,ógGahar EdlmanbBaðaxøaMgelI           KMeragTUTat;sMNgnigsMrbsMrYlEdl)ancrca
GRtabþÚrR)ak; dUcCaRbeTsbUran;DI r:Uv:an;da nig   sMrab;Gñkxatbg;GacmanRbsiT§iPaB dUcCaenA
nIhÁ½r. RbeTsRkIRkCaeRcInEdlnaMecjkb,as           kñ ú g kareFI V k M E NTM r g; e Kalneya)ayRsU v rbs;
b¤eRbg RKab;FBaØCati dUcCaRbeTs qat suydg;        RbeTsCb:un kMENTMrg;sárrbs; EU nigkMENTMrg;
eb‘ÍKINa hVasU m:alI nigebnIn Gac)ancMeNj         sMrab;es,ógGaharmUldæan kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1990
22 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                rbs;RbeTsmiucsIukU. karP¢ab;TMnak;TMngkMEN                                eFVI[TIpSarplitkmμ nigFatucUlsMrabb;TIpSar
                TM r g; k si k mμ k ú ñ g Rsu k eTAnw g kM E NTM r g; e sdæ k i c ©   manlkçNHRbesIreLIg. CamYynwgkarpøas;bþÚrrcna
                TaMgmUlGacbegIánnUvCIvPaBrs;RbkbedayeCaK-                             sm<½n§d¾FMeFgenAkñúgTIpSarksikmμ nigkarQan
                C½y dUcCaenAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ CaeRcIn                          cUléntYGgÁfμId¾man\T§iBl bBaðaCaKnøwHmYysMrab;
                enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 nigTsvtSr_qñaM 1990                           karGPivDÆ KWkarelIkkMBs;karcUlrYmrbs;ksikr
                k¾b:uEnþ kMENTMrg;TaMgenH TMngCaenAminTan;man                         tUctac nigkarFanafakMeNInxagksikmμBitCa
                lkçN³eBjeljsMrab;ksikmμenAeLIyeT. kM                                  man\T§iBlsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. CMerIsman
                ENTMrg;elI]btßmÖFndéTeTot dUcCafamBl                                  eRcInepSg²KñaenAkñúgvisalPaBénTIpSar .
                GKiÁsnI \tKitéføsMrab;ksikrCnCati\NÐaenA
                EtmanbBaðaraMgsÞH enAkñúgkartéførbs;GtifiCn                               TIpSarGaharmUldæan - karkat;bnßytMélGnþr
                TaMgGs; enAtMélEdlmanRbsiTi§PaBx<s; nigtMél                           kal nighaniP½ysMrab;TIpSaGaharmUldæan
                brisßan.                                                              ¬dUcCaRsUv emSamI >>>¦ GacCMruj[mankMeNIn
                     kareqIøytbeTAnwgkarelIkTwkcitþxagtMél                            elOn nigmanplRbeyaCn_sMrab;GñkRk. elIk
                Edll¥RbesIr BwgEp¥kelIkarvinieyaKsaFarN³                              BIkarvinieyaKenAkñúgvis½yehdæarcnasm<½n§ KMnit
                elIehdæarcnasm<½n§TIpSar sßab½n nigesvakmμ                            pþÜcepþImfμI²EdlGacekItmanRtUvrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkar
                KaMRT. k¾b:uEnþ KuNPaBéncMNaysaFarN³eRcIn                             edaHdUrTMnij RbB½n§B½t’manTIpSaredayGaRs½yelI
                EtmankMritTab nigcaM)ac;RtUvkareFIVkarEklMG.                          RbB½n§viTüúEdlB¤dl;CnbT nigsarxøI² vik½yb½Rt
                enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn]btßmÖFnEdlminEmnCa                               ecjBIXøaMg nigmeFüay)ayRKb;RKghaniP½y
                yuT§saRsþ mancMnYneRcInesIμnwgBak;kNþalén                             Ep¥kelITIpSar .
                fvikasaFarN³sMrab;vis½yksikmμ. edIm,IeKogKr                               bBaðalM)akedaHRsaymYyenAkñúgTIpSarGahar
                karKaMRTEpñkneya)ay edIm,IeRbIR)as;cMNay                              KWrebobrbbénkarRKb;RKgtMéleLIgcuHEdlmin
                saFarN³enAkñúgvis½yksikmμeGaykan;;EtRbesIr                            Gacdwgmun)ancMeBaHGaharmUldæan EdlCacMNuc
                eLIg CMh‘andMbUg KWkarbgðajeGaydwgCa                                  resIbxagneya)ayenAkñúgRbeTsEdlTTYlrab;
                saFarN³kan;EteRcIneLIg nigtmøaPaBénkar                                rgmYyEpñkFM cMeBaHkarcMNayrbs;GñkeRbI
                EbgEckfvika nigkarviPaKelIplb:HBal;.                                  R)as;. RbsinebIGaharmUldæanenaH GaceFVICMnYj
                                                                                      )an EdlmankarFanara:b;rgtamry³kic©snüa
                                                                                                    TidæPaBTUeTA 23


edaHdUrCMnYjsMrab;GnaKt enaHeBlxøHGacRKb;         KMramkMEhgdl;CIvPaBGñkplitrab;lannak;. kar
RKghaniP½yéntMél)an dUcCaRbeTs b¤GñkCMnYj         bBa©úHtMélBn§ nigesrIPavUbNIykmμd¾FMeFgén
enAtMbn;GaRhVikxagt,Úg eRbIR)as;karedaHdUrTMnij   TIpSarnaMecj )aneFVI[RbesIrelIcMNUlenAkñúg
rbs;RbCaCnenAGaRhikxagt,Úg . karRKb;RKg           TMrg;CaeRcIn. b:uEnþTIpSarPavUbNIykmμTaMgenH
haniP½yGaceFVI[RbesIr eLIgedaykarebIk             TamTarnUvtYnaTIfμImYysMrab;rdæaPi)al CaBiess
cMhrBaNiC¢kmμtamRBMEdn nigCalkçN³ÉkCn             enAkñúgEpñkc,ab;TMlab; nigRbsiTi§PaBénRbtibtiþ-
]TahrN_ karRKb;RKgRbkbedayeCaKC½y                 karenAkñúgTIpSar. enATINaEdlkarTamTarenH
énkarCYyse®gÁaHkarxVHxatGaharenARbeTs             RtUv)aneKGnuvtþenaHplitkmμ nigKuNPaBKW
bg;køaedsedaysarTwkCMnn;enAqñaM1998 . b:uEnþ      RbesIreLIg dUcCa kb,asenARbeTs Esmebo
GaharmUldæan esÞIrEtTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsEdl        EdlenATIenaHplitkmμeFVI)anbIdgkñúgmYyqñaM .
GaRs½yelIksikmμ GaceFVICMnYj)anEtmuxTMnij         CacMNucsMxan;EdrenaH KWkarbegáInplitkmμén
mYyPaK²b:ueNÑaH ehIyRbeTsCaeRcInEdlTTYl           karnaMecjtYya:geCaKC½yfμI²EdlRbeTshÁaNa
rgbBaðabMErbMrYlGakasFatuCaerOy² RKb;RKg          TTYl)ancMeBaHkarnaMecjkUkav. karEklMG
ePaKplrbs;eKTaMgenaHsMrab;Tb;tMélenAeBl           KuNPaB nigkareFVICMnYyRbkbedayyutiþFm’Gac
EdltMélminmanesßrPaB EdlkargarTaMgenH             ebIk»kassMrab;elIkTwkcitþTIpSarkan;EteRcIn
TTYl)aneCaKC½ycMruHKña . haniP½yx<s;éntMél        cMeBaHksikrtUctacmYycMnYn .
eLIgcuHEdlminGacdwgmun)anenAEtb:HBal;dl;
ksikr nigGñkeRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbeTsEdl      TIpSarmantMélx<s; - karcUlrYmrbs;ksikrtUctac
GaRs½ynwgksikmμ ehIysuvtßPaBes,ógGahar    GacRtUv)aneKelIkkMBs;sMrab;tMélTIpSarx<s;TaMg
                                          enAelITIpSarBiPBelak nigTIpSarkñúgRsukrYmTaMg
RbkbedayRbsiTi§PaBnwgenAEtbnþedIrtYd¾sMxan;
rhUtdl;cMNUlekIneLIg b¤karRbtibtiþénTIpSarTIpSarTMenIb²enAkñúgRbeTsEdlekIneLIg\tQb;
RbesIreLIg .                              Qr. tMélTIpSarx<s;sMrab;tMrUvkarkñúgRsukman
                                          kMeNInya:gelOncMeBaHTIpSarksikmμenAkñúgRbeT
TMnijnaMecjmanbrimaNeRcIn - CayUryamkehIy skMBugGPivDÆesÞIrEtTaMgGs;edayBRgIkrhUtdl;
KnøgéntMélTIpSarBiPBelak énkarnaMecjCaRb- 6 eTA 7 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM² naMmuxedayplit
éBNIeTA ehIyenaH dUcCa kaehV nigkb,as)an kmμstVBahn³ nigksikmμEkécñ ¬rUbTI 6¦.
24 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                 EpøeQIRss; nigEkécñ nigbEnø RtI nigplitplRtI       §TIpSar smtßPaBxag bec©keTsTMenIb meFüa)ay
                 sac; RKab;FujCati eRKOgeTs nigbubövb,kmμ           RKb;RKghaniP½y nigskmμPaBrYmKñatamry³
                 ¬pliplksikmμsMrab;emSA¦ eBlenH manRbmaN            RkumGñkplit. karedaHRsayelIkarrwtbNþwg
                 43 PaKryénkarnaMecjcMNIGaharksi]sSa-               sþg;darGnam½y nigPUtKamGnam½yenAkñúgTIpSar
                 hkmμrbs;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ EdlmantMél                BiPBelak KWCabBaðaRbQmmYyd¾FMeFg. kar
                 RbmaN 138 Ban;landuløanaqñaM 2004 . eday           Gnuvtþ\va[)anl¥ KWGaRs½yelIkarxitxMrYbrYm
                 sarcMNUlekIneLIg pSarTMenIbnana)ankøayeTA          KñaTaMgvis½ysaFarN³ nigÉkCnenAkñúgeKal
                 CaGñkRtYtRtaelIkarlk;raykñúgRsukénplitpl           neya)ay ¬nItikmμsuvtßPaBcMNIGahar¦ kar
                 ksikmμ Ca]TahrN_)anQaneTAdl; 60 PaKry              RsavRCav ¬karvaytMélhaniP½ykarRbtibtiþ
                 enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYnenAGaemrikLaTIn .              RbesIr¦ ehdæarcnasm<½n§ ¬]bkrN_ sMrab;
                     \Ti§BlPaBRkIRkBIkMeNInenHGaRs½yfa etI          dMeNIrkarnaMecj¦ nigkarRtYtBinitü ¬karBinitü
                 plitplCnbTGaccUlrYmenAkñúgTIpSarEdlman             emIlCMgW¦.
                 tMélx<s; enHEbbNa TaMgCaGñkplitedaypÞal;
                 ¬dUcRbeTsbg;køaeds¦ b¤tamry³TIpSarkMlaMg           TIpSarFatucUl. CaBiesssMrab;RKab;BUC nigCIPaB
                 Blkmμ ¬dUcRbeTs QIlI¦. karelIkkMBs;kar             braC½yTIpSarenAEtbnþrIkraldalenATVIbGaRhVik
                 cUlrYmBIksikrtUctactMrUv[manehdæarcnasm<½n         GnutMbn;sahara: edaysarEttMélGnþrkal
                 rUbTI 6 tMrUvkarkñúgRsuk nigkarnaMecjénplitplEdlmantMélx<s;enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
                         kMBugekIneLIgy:agxøaMg
                                   tMrUvkarkñúgRsuk                            naMecj
                                                                                                     TidæPaBTUeTA 25


haniP½yx<s; nigTMhMénesdækic© . CalT§pl           vijRbkbedaykar eCOTukcitþ)an .
kareRbIR)as;CItic KWCabBaðad¾FMmYyeTAelIkar
begáInplitkmμksikmμenAkñúgtMbn;enaH. karman       elIkkMBs;karTTYl)anesvakmμhirBaØvtßú nigkat;bnßy
cMNab;GarmμN_CafμIeLIgvijenAkñúg kmμviFI]btßmÖ    haniP½yEdlminR)akdRbCa. pllM)aksMrab;
FnsMrab;CItMrUv[mankarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;       hirBaØvtßúkñúgvis½yksikmμ enAEtekItmaneLIg
eTAelIdMeNaHRsayRbkbedaycIrPaBdl;PaB              dEdl ehIymantMélx<s; nigkarEckcaymin
braC½yénTIpSar. viFIsa®sþ {PaBQøasévén            RKb;RKan; nig)andak;kMritén»kassMrab;ksikr
TIpSar} edIm,Icab;epþImdMeNIrkarcMeBaHTIpSar      tUctackñúgkarRkkYtRbECg. pllM)akhirBaØvtßú
FatucUlénksikmμ edayrYmTaMgpþl;Cavik½yb½Rt        ekItecjBIkarxVHxatPaBCa m©as;elIRTBüskmμ
dl;RkumeKaledAedIm,I[ksikrGacTijnUvFatucUl        edIm,Idak;CaeRKÓgbBa©aM ¬sniTanRTBüskmμ¦ nig
TaMgenaH nigelIkTwkcitþ[manTIpSarÉkCn ehIy        PaBrujraminh‘anRbfuyRbfankñúgkardak;eRKÓg
pþl;CaCMnYynanaedIm,IFanatMélénkarcab;epþImcUl    bBa©aMenAeBlEdlRTBüskmμTaMgenaH CaGayuCIvit
rYmCaGñkpÁt;pÁg;EpñkÉkCnkñúgTIpSar FatucUlenH .   d¾sMxan; ¬sniTanhaniP½y¦. karBMumanvtþman
    dUc]btßmÖFnÉeTot²Edr ]btßmÖFnFatucUl          bNþaj\NTanBiess sMrab;ksikmμtamry³
RtUvEteRbIR)as;edayRbugRby½tñBIeRBaHmantMél       kmμviFIsaFarN³ b¤FnaKarrdæ )anbgá[man
kalanuvtþPaBx<s;sMrab;plitrbs;rbbsaFarN³          KMlatFMeFgenAkñúgesvakmμhirBaØvtßú ehIyva
nigkarcMNaysgÁm ehIyvamanhaniP½yeRcIn             enAEtminTan;manGVIERbRbYlenAeLIyeTaHbICaman
cMeBaHkarcab;ykCaneya)ay nigminGacfy              rebobrbbfμI²énsßab½nCaeRcInk¾ eday.
eRkayvij)an. b:uEnþtamry³karBinitüBicarNa
[)anhμt;ct;cMeBaHkareRbIR)as;]btßmÖFnenH          hirBaØvtßúCnbT . karvivDÆmIRkUhirBaØvtßúEdlkMBug
vanw g GacCY y karBarhani P ½ y énkarTTY l yk     Etpþl;\NTanedayKμanRTBübBa©aMenH )anebIkTVa
dMbUgénbec©kviTüafμI nigkarTTYl)anTMhM én         sMrab;km©ICUndl;RbCaCnRkIRkrab;lannak; Ca
esdækic© enAkñúgTIpSaredIm,Ikat;bnßytMélén        Biess®sþI b:uEnþvaenAminTan;eTAdl;EpñkskmμPaB
FatucUl. ]btßmÖFnRtUvEtCaEpñkmYyényuT§            ksikmμ[)aneRcInenAeLIyeT elIkElgEt
sa®sþRKb;RCugeRCaymYy edIm,IelIkkMBs;plit         skmμ P aBEdlTTY l )ankarRtLb; m kvi j x< s ;
PaB nigRtUvEtman»kassMrab;dk;]btßmÖFnenH          dUcCa bsustV nigsakvb,kmμ ¬sil,³énkar
26 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                daMdMNaM¦. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday visalPaB    minmanPaBR)akdRbCa dUcCa lT§pléneRKaH
                énplitkmμhirBaØvtßúEdlmansMrab;RbCaCnenA  mhnþray FmμCati karraldalénCMgW karpøas;
                tMbn;CnbT manTMhMFMeFg edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMg bþÚrRbCasa®sþ tMéleLIgcuHminGackMNt;)an nig
                                                          karpøas;bþÚreKalneya)ay )anbgá[mankarxat
                karsnSM karepÞrsac;R)ak; esvakmμFanara:b;rg
                nigCMerIssMrab;CYl. edaymankarekIneLIgén  bg;tMélx<s;cMeBaHplEdlCaTIkab;citþ nigsumal
                smahrNkmμcgVak;pÁt;pÁg; nigkic©snüasMrab; PaBsMrab;RbCaCnenACnbT. edIm,IRKb;RKgkar
                                                          ekIteLIgnUvhaniP½yTaMgenH ksikrRtUvEtbBaÄb;
                ksikdæan GnþrkmμhirBaØvtßútamry³Pñak;garTak;
                TgKñaeTAvijeTAmk KW)ankøayeTACakareBj     skmμPaBEdlKitfanwg)ancMNUleRcIn. karlk;
                niymeTAehIy . bec©kviTüaB½t’man KWCYykat; dUrRTBüsm,tiþskmμ edIm,Ise®gÁaHCivItBICMgWGac
                bnßytMélGnþrkal nigeFVI[R)ak;km©Imankar   b:HBal;dl;tMélx<s;ry³eBlEvg BIeRBaHva
                R)ak;TabenAtMbn;CnbT ]TahrN_ dUcCakareRbI )at;bg;nUvedImTun ¬karQWcab;cMeBaHkarlk;dI
                R)as;kat\NTanksikmμedIm,ITijFatucUl b¤Tij nigbsustV¦ begáIt[manRTBüsm,tiþEdlmin
                TUrs½BÞedIm,IbBa©b;tMélGnþrkalrbs;FnaKar .Gacykmkvij)an b¤k¾Gacsþarmkvij)anEdr
                                                          EtyWt²cMeBaHPaBCam©as;énRTBüskmμskikmμ
                kari y al½ y raykarN_ \ NTanEdleFV I e LI g sþ I
                                                          TaMgenaH. bEnßmBIenH karsikSa nigsuxPaB
                GMBIsßab½nmIRkUhirBaØvtßú nigFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμ
                EdlmankarR)ak;Tab k¾nwgCYyksikr tUYctac   rbs;kUnGacrg;Tukçry³eBlEvgenAeBlEdlBYk
                TTYl)anedImTunedaysarEtekrþ×eQμaHEdlBYk   eKRtUv)anbgçM[Qb;eronedaysarCMgW b¤k¾eday
                                                          sarxVHGaharrUbtßmÖtaMgBIkMeNIt vanaMeTArkkar
                Kat;)anbegáItCaGñkx©IBImIRkUhirBaØvtßú edIm,IQan
                eTATTYl)ankm©IEdlmanTwkR)ak; nigkm©IEbb   epÞrCatMNrBUCBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;eTotén
                                                          PaBRkIRk .
                BaNiC¢kmμeRcInEfmeTot. KMnitfμI²CaeRcInTaMgenH
                KWsßitenAkñúg dMNak;kalsakl,genAeLIy vaTam     eTaHbICamanKMnitpþÜcepþImCaeRcInk¾eday eyIg
                                                          eXIjmanPaBeCOnelOnbnþicbnþÜcekIteLIgkñúg
                Tar[mankarvaytMél nigBRgIkbEnßm edIm,IeFVI[
                manPaBRbesIreLIg sMrab;ksikrtUc² kñúgkar  karkat;bnßyhaniP½yEdlminR)akdRbCaenAkñúg
                RbkYtRbECg .                              ksikmμxñattUc. KMeragFanara:b;rgEdlRKb;RKg
                                                          edayrdæ minmanRbsiTi§PaBRbesIreT. tarag
                karRKb;RKghaniP½y . karekIteLIghaniP½yEdl Fanara:b;rgsMrab;haniP½yéneRKaHTwkCMnn; eBl
                                                                                                    TidæPaBTUeTA 27


enHRtUv)anBRgIk[FMeLIgedaysarKMnitpþÜcepþIm       TwkedaHeKa\NÐa mansmaCik 12/3 lannak;
edayÉkCnenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa nigenAkEnøg              ehIyPaK eRcInénBYkeK KWKμandIFøI nigCa®sþI BYk
ÉeTot² Gackat;bnßyhaniP½ycMeBaHGñkx©I nig         eK)anplit 22 PaKryénkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkedaH
Gñk[eKx©I nigmin)anraraMgdl;hirBaØvtßúksikmμ.     eKasrubrbs;RbeTs\NÐa.
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday KMnitpþÜcepþImTaMgenH va           eTaHbICamankarTTYl)aneCaKC½yCaeRcIn
hak;bIdUcCa minQaneTAdl;karedaHRsay[)an           k¾eday k¾RbsiTi§PaBrbs;RkumplitCaerOy²
RbesIrenaHeT luHRtaEtmanFatuxøH²én]btßmÖFn        enAmankarlM)akedaysarkardak;kMhiténc,ab;
edIm,ICaesah‘uysMrab;begáItvaeLIgCaelIkdMbUg.     smtßPaBRKb;RKgenATab Gñkmancab;yk»kas
                                                  enH mindak;bBa©ÚlGñkRk nigbraC½yedaykarmin
elIkkMBs;karGnuvtþrbs;RkumGñkplit . skmμPaBrYm    TTYlsÁal;BYkKat;faCaédKUeBjeljBIrdæ. m©as;
Kñ a edayRku m Gñ k pli t Gackat; b nß y tM é l   CMnYy nigrdæaPi)alGacCYyedaykarsRmb
GnþrkalenAkñúgTIpSar TTYl)ansiTi§GMNacxøH²        sRmYlsiTi§kñúgkarbegáItCaRkumGñkplit bNþúH
énTIpSar nigkarekIneLIgnUvtMNagenAkñúgevTika      bNþalGñkdwknaM nigpþl;GMNacdl;smaCik
eKalneya)ayCati nigGnþrCati. sMrab;ksikr          EdlTn;exSayCaBiess®sþI nigksikrv½yekμg.
tUc² karerobcMRkumGñkplit KWmansar³sMxan;         eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karpþl;CMnYyEbbenH
Nas;edIm,ITTYl)ankarRbkYtRbECg. BYkeK)an          edayBMumankarbegáItGVI EdlCakarBwgBak;GaRs½y
BRgIkxøÜnya:geRcIn cMeBaHcMnYn nigsmaCikPaB       enAEtCakarRbQmmYy .
ehIyCaerOy²kñúgeKalbMNgbMeBjnUvcenøaH
Edldk;ecjedayrdæBITIpSar dUcCa karpþl;            elIkkMBs;KMnitpþÜcepþImfμI²tamry³viTüasa®sþ nig
FatucUl nig\NTan ehIykþab;yk»kasénkar             bec©kviTüa. edaymankarekIneLIgya:gKMhukén
ebIk[man RbCaFibetyüedayGnuBaØat[sgÁm             vinieyaKÉkCnenAkñúgkarsikSaRsavRCav nig
sIuvilcUlrYmkñúgGPi)alkic© . rvagqñaM 1982 nig    karGPivDÆ ¬R&D¦ cMeNHdwgnana )anEckdac;
qñaM 2002 PaKryén PUmiEdlmanRkumGñkplit           kan;EtFM rvagRbeTs]sSahkmμ nigRbeTskMBug
)anekIneLIgBI 8 eTA 65 PaKry enARbeTs             GPivDÆ. RbPBEdl)anmkBIvis½ysaFarN³
hSIeNkal nigBI 21 eTA 91 PaKry                    nigvis½yÉkCn)an[dwgfa RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ
enAbYrKINahVasU. bNþajshkrN_ plit                 vinieyaKEt 1¼9 eFobnwgRbeTs]sSahkmμ
28 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                sMrab;karRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_enAkñúgvis½y          ehIyRbeTsEdltUc²CaeRcIn raraMgBYkeKBIkar
                ksikmμ Edlvis½yenHcUlrYmcMENkenAkñúgplit           TTYl)anTMhMesdækic©enAkñúgkarRsavRCav nig
                plkñúgRsuksrub .                                   GPivDÆvis½yksikmμ. karvinieyaKtictYckñúg
                    edIm,IpSap¢itKMlatenH karbegáInkarvinieyaK     karRsavRCav nigkarTTYl)ankarepÞrbec©kviTüa
                eTAelIkarRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_RtUvEtdak;Ca          GnþrCatitictYc )aneFVI[karplitFBaØaCatienA
                GaTiPaBx<s;bMputénrebobvar³eKalneya)ay .           kñúgTVIbGaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: ecjCalT§pl
                karvinieyaKBIfñak;Cati nigGnþrCaticMeBaHkarsikSa   [eXIjfamanKMlatd¾FMmYycMeBaHePaKpl ebI
                RsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_)an[plya:gRbesIr ehIy          eFobeTAnw g RbeTsÉeTot²enAelI B i P Belak
                CamFümGRtaépÞkñúgénplRtLb;én 43 PaKry              ¬rUbTI 7¦. sMrab;RbeTsTaMgenH karbegáIn
                cMeBaHKMeragRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_cMnYn 700          karvinieyaK nigshRbtibtiþkarenAkñúgtMbn;sMrab;
                RtUv)anvaytMélenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆenA           karRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆRtUveFVIeLIgCabnÞan; .
                RKb;tMbn;. b:uEnþkarbraC½yenAfñak;skl nigfñak;          karcMNayTab KWCaEpñkmYyénbBaða. GgÁkar
                CatiénTIpSar nigGPi)alkic©naMeTArkkarvinieyaK      sikSaRsavRCavsaFarN³CaeRcIn CYbRbTHnUv
                minRKb;RKan;sMrab;karRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_ nig      bBaðaCaeRcIn dUcCa kardwknaMkarRKb;RKg nig
                enAkñúgRbB½n§énKMnitpþÜcepþImfμI²CaTUeTA ehIyCa    hirBaØvtßú EdlTamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;
                BiesssMrab;RbeTsEdlBwgGaRs½yelIksikmμ.             CabnÞan;. b:uEnþtMélTIpSarx<s; ebIkcMhr»kas
                xN³EdlkarvinieyaKelIkarRsavRCav nigGPi-            fμIsMrab;vis½yÉkCn edIm,IBenøÓnKMnitpþÜcepþImfμI²
                vDÆn_vis½yksikmμekIneLIgbIdgenARbeTscin            CamYynwgsgVak;éntMél. karcUlrYmTaMgenH
                nig\NÐakñúgry³eBl 20 qñaMmkenH mankarekIn          CaerOy²TamTar[manPaBCaédKUkñúgcMeNam
                eLIgtictYcbMput ¬esÞIrEtKμanesaH¦ KW 1¼5 enA       vis½ysaFarN³ vis½yÉkCn ksikr nigsgÁm
                RbeTskñúgTVIbGaRhVik GnutMbn;sahara: ¬)anFøak;     sIuvilenAkñúgvis½yhirBaØvtßú karGPivDÆ nigKMnitpþÜc
                cuH 1¼2éncMnYnRbeTsenATIenaH¦. RbeTsenA            epþImfμI²[)anRKb;RKan;. CamYynwgvisalPaBd¾
                GaRhVik KWbEnßmeTAelIkarBMuman»kasedaysar          TUlMTUlaymYyénCMerIssßab½nEdlmaneBlenH
                bBaðaRbB½n§ksikmμ )anbgá[RbCaCnman»kas             tMrUv[mankarvaytMélbEnßmeTot faetIGVIdMeNIr
                tictYc ebIeFobeTAnwgtMbn;epSg²eTot kñúgkar         kareTA)anl¥enAkñúgbirbTEbbNa .
                TTYlplRbeyaCn_BIkarepÞrbec©kviTüaGnþrCati               karRbQmnaeBlGnaKtmYyKWeFVIkar[rYmtUc
                                                                                                             TidæPaBTUeTA 29


énKMlatcMNUl nigplitkmμ rvagtMbn;EdlRbesIr                rUbTI 7 KMlatePaKplsMrab;FBaØCatirvagTVIbGaRhVik
nig tMbn;EdlmanPaBRbesIrtictYc. PaBRbesIr                 GnutMbn;sahar:a nigtMbn;ÉeTot²xusKñaxøaMg
xagbec©kviTüasMrab;dITwk nigkarRKb;RKgbsustV
nigRbB½n§ksikmμRbkbedaycIrPaB nigGaceRsac
RsgeLIgvij)an edayrYmTaMgmantulüPaBBBYk
stVl¥itCMgW nigPaBraMgs¶Üt KWRtUvkarCacaM)ac;
sMrab;tMbn;EdlrIkcMerIneRkayeK. viFIsa®sþEdl
eRbIR)as;CIv³sa®sþ nigeGkULÚsIu Gacbnßy
kareRbIR)as;FatucUlBIxageRkA[enAGb,brima
CaBi e sskareRbI s arFatu K I m I s M r ab; k si k mμ .
]TahrN_rYmman karP¢Ürras;dI EklMGdIEdlTuk
enATMenrukçCatiEbtgsMrab;KMrbdMNaM karrkSadI[
manCICatil¥ ehIyRKb;RKgstVl¥itEdlGaRs½y                   KitEtBIBaNiC¢kmμ ehIyvaminTan;man\T§iBldl;
elIkarRKb;RKgCIv³sa®sþcMruH nigRbB½n§CIv³cMruH            plitkmμrbs;ksikrtUc²enAeLIyeT enAkñúg
CaCagkareRbIfñaMKImIsMlab;stVl¥it. edaysarEt              RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ elIkElgEtkb,asbIFI enAcin
bec©kviTüaTaMgenH KWmanenAkEnøgd¾Cak;lak;                 nig\NÐa. PaBTn;exSaykñúgkarvinieyaKkñúgbec©k
karGPivDÆ nigkarTTYlykrbs;BYkeKTamTar                     viTüaCIv³sa®sþrbs;vis½ysaFarN³ nigkaryWt
[manviFIsa®sþsMrab;vimÄkar nigkarcUlrYmeRcIn              y:avkñúgdMeNIrkarbriyakasc,ab;Edl GaceFVI)an
EfmeTot edaybUkrYmCamYynwgskmμPaBrYm                      nighaniP½yelIsuvtßPaBcMNIGahar )anbnßykar
edayksikr nigshKmn_.                                      GPivDÆplitplesrIragÁesenTic (GMO) Edl
    »kasvivDÆn_enAkñúgbec©kviTüaCIv³sa®sþpþl;             vaRbEhlCaGacCYyGñkRk)an. plRbeyaCn_
skþanuBlCaRbeyaCn_FMsMebImdl;GñkplitEdl                   CaskþanuBlénbec©kviTüaTaMgenH nwgGacminman
RkIRk nigGñkeRbIR)as;RkIRkpgEdr. b:uEnþkarvini            vtþmaneT luHRtaEtshKmn_GPivDÆn_GnþrCati
eyaKelIbec©kviTüaCIv³sa®sþenAeBlenH KWepþat               CY y KaM R Tdl; R beTsEdlmancM N ab; G armμ N _
eTAelIEtvis½yÉkCn nigTajykedayGñkEdl                      GPivDÆn_vis½yenH .
30 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                eFVI[ksikmμmannIrnþrPaBCagmun nigCaGñkpþl;esva   begáIt[mankarb:HBal;dl;kEnøgepSg²eTot
                dl;brisßan. søaksñambMpøicbMpøaydl;brisßan       dUcCakarcak;bMeBjGaMgTwknana .
                edaysarksikmμmanTMhMFMeFgNas; b:uEnþ vaenA           cMelIycMeBaHbBaðaenH KWminEmneFVI[fy
                man»kaseRcInNas;sMrab;kat;bnßyvaeLIgvij.         eRkay énkarGPivDÆksikmμenaHeT b:uEnþ RtUv
                cab;taMgBIqñaM 1992 snñisITEpndI EdleFVIenA      EsVgrkRbB½n§plitkmμRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nig
                rIyU (Rio) )anTTYlsÁalfa rebobvar³brisßan        elIkkMBs;karpþl;rbs;ksikmμ cMeBaHesvakmμ
                minGacbMEbkecjBI rebobvar³ksikmμeT sMrab;        brisßan. bec©kviTüa RbkbedaykþIsgÇwm nigKMnit
                karGPivDÆn_. ehIyGnaKtsMrab;ksikmμ KW            pþÜcepþImfμI²CaeRcIn       GaceFVI[ksikmμman
                cMNgsñÚlcMeBaHPaBRbesIreLIgénFnFanFmμ            nirnþrPaB CamYynwgkaredaHdUr[mankMritCa
                CatiEdlvaBwgGaRs½y.                              Gb,brimarvagkMeNIn nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.
                     TaMgksikmμEbbRbBlvb,kmμ nigEbbyfapl         yuT§sa®sþRKb;RKgTwkenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanRbB½n§
                )anb:HBal;dl;brisßan b:uEnþvamanlkçNHxusKña.     eRsacRsB RtUvEtelIkkMBs;énkareRbIR)as;Twk
                ksikmμRbBlvb,kmμ )anbegáItbBaðadl;brisßan        pþl;dl;tMrUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; ¬rYmTaMgbrisßan¦
                edaykarkat;bnßyCIv³sa®sþcMruH karRKb;RKg         ehIykat;bnßykarbMBulTwk nigkardkykFnFan
                RbB½n§eRsacRsBmin)anl¥ karbMBuledayksikmμ        TwkeRkamdIEdlminmannirnþrPaB. yuT§sa®sþ
                eRbIKImI nigtMélsuxPaB nigkarsøab;edaykarBul     TaMgenH GaRs½yelIkareRbIR)as; Twkminx¢Hx¢ay
                fñaMKImIsMlab;stVl¥it. bdivtþbsustVmantMél       karGPivDÆkarRKb;RKgTwksMrab;RkumGñkeRbIR)as;
                rbs;va CaBiessenAtMbn;EdlmanRbCaCneRcIn          enAmUldæan karvinieyaKelIbec©kviTüad¾RbesIr
                nigtMbn;CitTIRkug tamry³sMNl; stV nigkarrIk      nigerobcMc,ab;[manRbsiTi§PaB . eFVIvimCÄkar
                raldalénCMgWstV dUcCapþasaybkSI. tMbn;Edl        GPi)alkic©enAkñúgkarRKb;RKgRbB½n§eRsacRsB
                minGnueRKaHCaeRcInTTYlrgTukçBIkarbMpøicbMpøaj    KWman»kaseRcInsMrab;PaBeCaKC½y RbsinebI
                éRBeQI kareRcaHdIQaneTArkvalxSac; nigkar         Rkbx½NÐc,ab;RtUv)aneKtak;EtgeLIgya:gc,as;
                fycuHéntMbn;valesμA nigTICMral. enAtMbn;         las;cMeBaHtYnaTI nigsiT§iénRkumeRbIR)as; ehIy
                x<g;rab GaRhVikxagekIt karhUreRcaHdI CalT§pl     RbsinebIsmtßPaBRkumGñkeRbIR)as;RKb;RKgRbB½n§
                énkar)at;bg;plitkmμx<s;rhUtdl; 2 - 3             eRsacRsB rYmKñaekIneLIg .
                PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM² elIsBIenHeTAeTot )an              bec©kviTüaRbesIr nigmeFüa)ayRbesIrénkar
                                                                                                  TidæPaBTUeTA 31


RKb;RKgFatucUlénksidæanTMenIb GacCYy[           ry³eBlEvg sMrab;karRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati
ksidæan EdlBwgGaRs½yTwkePøógmannIrnþrPaB        CamYynwgplRbeyaCn_minEmnkareFVIksidæan
Cagmun. erOgra:veCaKC½yd¾FMmYyénksikmμ          ¬dUcCa karpþl;CMnYysMrab;GPirkSCIvCatidI¦
nary³eBl 2 TsvtSr_ knøgeTA KWkarGPirkS          KWRtUvkarCacaM)ac;TaMgenAtMbn;RbBlvb,kmμ nig
¬minP¢Ürras;¦. viFIsa®sþenH mandMeNIrkar        ksikmμyfapl. eRKÓgelIkTwkcitþminsmrmü
RbesIrenAkñúgBaNiC¢kmμksikmμenAGaemrik LaTIn    EdlelIkTwkcitþdl;FnFaneRkamdI             dUcCa
kúñgcMeNamksikrtUctacxøH²rbs;GasIuxagt,Úg       ]btßmÖFndl;dMNaMRbBlvb,kmμ EdlRtUveRbI
EdldaMRsUv nigRsUvsalI nigenARbeTshÁaNa.        TwkeRkamdIeRcInelIslub RtUvEtkat;bnßy .
enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanPaBGnueRKaHtictYc viFIsa®sþ       kMENTMrg;nana CaerOy²EtgEtCYbkarlM)ak
GaRs½yelIshKmn_cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgFnFan            xagneya)ay. karRKb;RKgFnFanTwkRbesIr
FmμCati dUcCa kmμviFIRKb;RKgTICMral enAtMbn;    EdleFVItamry³bec©kviTüa ¬karRKb;RKgeday
PaKxagekItrbs;GalatUelo RbeTstYKIpþl;           RbB½n§páayrNb¦ esvakmμRbB½n§eRsacRsBman
plRbeyaCn_ya:gsMxan;. dUcEdlTinñn½y             KuNPaBRbesIr nigkarTTYlxusRtUvx<s;rbs;
énkarsikSaeFVIeLIgcMnYn 20 RbeTs )anbgðajfa     GñkeRbIR)as;Twk GacnaMeTArkkarKaMRTCaneya-
karcUlrYmya:gskmμrbs;®sþIkñúgGgÁkarshKmn_       )ay sMrab;kMENTMrg; .
KWCYyCMrujRbsiTi§PaBénkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmμCa          karcMNayeTAelIesvakmμbrisßanGacCYy
ti niglT§PaBkñúgkaredaHRsayCMuelaH .            edaHRsaybBaðabraC½yénTIpSarenAkñúgkarRKb;
    karpþl;eRKÓgelIkTwkcitþRtwmRtUv KWCaCMhan   RKgktþabrisßanBIxageRkA. karkarBartMbn;TI
dMbUgQaneq<aHeTArkkarRKb;RKgFnFanRbkm           CMral nigéRBeQIbegáIt)anCaesvakmμbrisßan
edaynirnþrPaB. karTTYlykviFIsa®sþRbkb           ¬dUcCa RbPBTwkbriePaKs¥atlMhUrTwkeTAkñúg
edaynirnþrPaBEdlkMBugEtrIksayPayya:g            RbB½n§eRsacRsBmanesßrPaB bwtyk]sμ½nkabUnic
eRcInKWCaerOy²RtUvTTYlkarraraMgedaytMél         nigkarkarBarCIv³sa®sþcMruH¦ EdlesvaEbbenH
minsmrmü nigeKalneya)ay]btßmÖFn nig             KYEtTTYl)ansMNgRtLb;vijtamry³karbg;BIGñ
karbraC½ycMeBaHkarRKb;RKgktþaxageRkA. kar       kTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIesvaenH. cMNab;GarmμN_
BRgwgkmμsiTi§bBaØa ¬dUcCa ksikmμéRBeQItMbn;     CaeRcInkMBugEtekItmaneLIg CaBiessenAGaem
karBarenAnIehÁI¦ nigkarpþl;eRKÓgelIkTwkcitþ     rikLaTIn. enARbeTs nIhÁara:hÁ½r karbg; tMélenH
32 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                kat; b nß y tM b n; v alesμ A EdlTTY l rgkarbM p ø i c   RbB½n§ksidæanEdlCMnH)ancMeBaHkarbMErbMrYlGa
                bMpøaj nigdMNaMRbcaMqñaM )anCag 50 PaKry                 kasFatusMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk CaBiessenATVIb
                kñúgkarGnueRKaHdl;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij ehIy            GaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: tMbn;hwum:alaya nig
                kargarenHRbmaNCaBak;kNþaleFVIeLIgedayksi                 Ganeds. eyagtameKalkarN_cMNayénGñk
                krRkIRk. sBaØab½Rtbrisßanénplipl KWpþl;[Gñk              bgáehtu KWfavaCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;RbeTs
                eRbIR)as;bg;R)ak;cMNaysMrab;nIrnþrPaBénkarRKb;           GñkmanedIm,IsgCMgWcitþdl;RbeTsGñkRksMrab;
                RKgbrisßanpgEdr k¾dUcCapþl;CUnsMrab;karGnuvtþ            tMélERbRbYlenH. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH karebþCJa
                BaNiC¢kmμRbkbedayyutiþFm’ b¤tamKMrUénkar                 rbs;BiPBelakcMeBaHmUlniFiedIm,IbeBa¢óskar
                daMkaehV .                                               ERbRbYlenAminTan;RKb;RKan;enAeLIy .
                                                                             ksikmμenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ nigkarbMpøic
                    PaBCabnÞan;énkaredaHRsaykarpøas;brÚþ briyakas.       bMpøajéRBeQI KWCaRbPBd¾FMmYyénkarbegáIt[
                RbCaCnRkIRkEdlrs;BwgGaRs½ynwgksikmμ KW                   man]sμ½npÞHkBa©k; ³ edayTegVIEbbenHRtUv)an
                CaGñk EdlgayTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;CageKbMput                   eKRbmaNfaman BI 22 eTA 30 PaKry
                cMeBaHkarERbRbYlGakasFatuenH. karekIneLIg                énkarbeBa©j]sμ½nsrub ehIyelIsBIBak;kNþal
                nUvPaBbraC½ycMeBaHdMNaM nigkarsøab;rbs;bsustV            éncMnYnenH KWbgáeLIgedaykarbMpøicbMpøajéRBeQI
                )annwgkMBugeFVI[esdækic©xatbg;ya:gx<s; nig               edaysarkarru k ranedI m ,I c ab; y kdI e FV I k si k mμ
                bgá[manbBaðadl;suvtßPaBes,óg enAEpñkxøHén                ¬13 lanhiktaénépÞdIéRBeQIRtUv)anbMpøaj
                TVIbGaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: ehIyBYkeKnwgTTYl              Caerogral;qñaM¦ ¬rUbTI 8¦ . KMeragBaNiC¢kmμkabUn
                rgeRKaHEfmeTot edaysarEtkMedABiPBelak                    CaBiess RbsinebIvisalPaBRKbdNþb;rbs;eK
                enAEtbnþekIneLIg. PaBraMgs¶ÜtEdlekItmanCa                RtUvpþl;[CahirBaØvtßúsMrab;ecosvagkarbMpøic
                erOy² nigkarekIneLIgkgVHxatTwk nwgbMpøaj                 bMpøajéRBeQI nigCICatidIEdlbwtyk]sμ½nkabUnic
                Epñkd¾FMeFgéntMbn;RtUBik nigGnþraydl;RbB½n§              ¬]TahrN_ GPirkSkarP¢Ürras;¦ pþl;skþanuBl
                eRsacRsB nigTwksMrab;briePaKsMrab;shKmn_                 ya:gsMxan;cMeBaHkarkat;bnßykarbeBa©j]sμ½n
                TaMgmUl EdleBlenHBYkKat;Rk niggayTTYl                    BIdIEdlpøas;bþÚrsMrab;ksikmμ. PaBRbesIrxøH² enA
                rgeRKaHRsabeTAehIyenaH. shKmn_GnþrCati                   kñúgkarRKb;RKgdI nigbsustV ¬]Ta> karGPirkS
                RtUvEtBRgIkkarKaMRTrbs;xøÜnCabnÞan;edIm,IerobcM          karP¢Ürras; nigksiéRBeQI¦ KWCaerOy²CadMeNaH
                                                                                                      TidæPaBTUeTA 33


RsayQñHQñH ³ bnÞab;BIkarmanKMnitsMrrab;         FMCageKbg¥s;enAelIBiPBelak GaRs½yeday
vinieyaK BYkeKGacTTYl)anpleRcInbEnßmeTot        GMeBAmantMélplitTab. b:uEnþRbeTskMBug
cMeBaHplitkmμ nigRbB½n§ksidæanRbkbeday          GPivDÆepSg²eTotTMngCamansmtßPaBCaGñk
nirnþrPaB .                                     plitEdredaysarEtbec©kviTüanaeBlbc©úb,nñ .
                                                karsMerccitþelIeKalneya)aysþIGMBICIv³\n§n³
    CIv³\n§n³ »kas nigbMErbMrYl. karsgÇwmelI    TamTar[mankarEkERbc,ab;bTdæan b¤RbB½n§
»kasfμIsMrab;kat;bnßybMERbbMrYlGakasFatu nig    sBaØab½Rt edIm,Ikat;bnßykarb:HBal;brisßand¾
karbegáItTIpSarfμId¾FMsMrab;ksikmμ)anekIteLIg   F¶n;F¶rénkarplitCIv³\n§n³enH . karekIneLIg
tamry³plitkmμCIv³\n§n³ EdlCMrujedaytMél         nUvkarvinieyaKedaysaFarN³ nigÉkCnelIkar
famBlx<s;. b:uEnþmankmμviFIBIr b¤bIb:ueNÑaHna   sikSaRsavRCav KWmansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,I
eBlenHEdldMeNIrkarcMeNjxagesdækic© ehIy         begáItdMeNIr karplitkmμRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB
kmμviFIeRcIn eTotenAmanbBaðadl;sgÁm ¬karekIn    nignirnþrPaB edayGaRs½yeTAelIkarciBa©wmCIvit
eLIgtMélcMNIrGahar¦ nigmanhaniP½ybrisßan        nigcMNIGaharmUldæan .
¬karbMpøicbMpøajéRBeQI¦. bcú©b,nñ plitkmμ
enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmμ )anGPivDÆenABIeRkay        QaneTAmuxelIsBIksidæan³ famvnþesdækic©CnbTmYy
karkarBaredayBn§naMecjnaMcUl cMeBaHCIv³\n§n³    nigCMnajedim,IcUlrYmenAkñúgvis½yenH begáItkargarenA
nigman]btßmÖFnya:geRcIn . eKalneya)ayenH        CnbT. CamYynwgkMeNInRbCaCnya:gelOnenA
b:HBal;dl;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ EdlCa b¤køayCa       CnbT nigPaByWty:avkñúgkarBRgIkkargarkñúg
GñkplitRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)an
plcMeNjBITIpSarnaMecjfμIenH. GñkeRbIR)as;       rUbTI 8 ksikmμ nigkarbMpøicbmpøajéRBeQIcUlrYmcMENkya:geRcIndl;
                                                karsayPayén]sμ½npÞHkBa©k;
EdlCaGñkRk bg;tMélx<s;sMrab;GaharmUldæan
edaysarplitplenH mantMélekInenAelITIpSar
BiPBelak BIeRBaHkarbEgVBIkarplitva eTACakar
begáItCIv³\n§n³edaypÞal; b¤BIeRBaHdIRtUv)aneK
eRbIR)as; epSgminsMrab;plitcMNIGahar .
    RbeTseRbsIul CaRbeTsEdlplitCIv³\n§n³
34 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                vis½yksikmμ nigkarekIneLIgkMlaMgBlkmμeRcIn     eFVIERscMkar KWCaksikmμEdlmankMeNInya:g
                enACnbT KWmankarRbQmEdlTTYlsÁalfa              elOn nigbriyakasvinieyaKl¥. karP¢ab;TMnak;
                manTMhMFMeFg nigedayxVHsmtßPaBedaHRsay.        TM n gesdæ k i c © m U l dæ a neTAnw g TI p Sar[)anTU l M
                BI 45 eTA 60 PaKryénkMlaMgBlkmμenACnbT         TUlayedaykarkat;bnßytMélGnþrkal kar
                KWcUlrYmenAkñúg TIpSarBlkmμksikmμ nig          vinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarpþl;esvaCMnYj
                skmμPaBesdækic©EdlminEmnksikmμenACnbT          nigPaBévqøatxagTIpSar KWmansar³sMxanbMput.
                tMbn;GasIu nigGaemrikLaTIn. manEtTVIbGaRhVik   kMrg b¤RkumEdlGaRs½yelIksikmμ ¬Rkumh‘un
                GnutMbn;sahara:eT EdleFVIkaredayxøÜnÉg enA     enAkñúgtMbn;PUmisa®sþ sMrbsMrYl]mankarRbkYt
                kñúgkargarksikmμ nigenAEtmankMlaMgBlkmμ        RbECgenAkñúgkarpþl;esvaTIpSar¦ eXIjman
                eRcInenACnbTCaBiess®sþI. b:uEnþ edaysar        RbsiTi§PaBedaymankarerobcMÉksarc,as;las;
                kMeNInRbCaCnekIneLIgelOnenACnbT RsbeBl         énbTBiesaFn_sMrab;karnaMecjTMnijEdlminFøab;
                TMhMénksidæanfycuH bBaðakargarenACnbTRtUv      naMecj enAtMbn;QUgsan;R)an; sIusáÚRbeTs
                EtedaHRsayCacaM)ac; .                          eRbsIul nigplitkmμTwkedaHeKa enAebr:U
                    TIpSarBlkmμCnbTpþl;kargarsMrab;RbCaCn      nigeGkVaD½r .
                enACnbTenAkñúgvis½yksikmμfμI nigvis½ynana           karRbQmBitR)akd KWkarCYyRbCaCnenA
                EdlminEmnksikmμ. b:uEnþ»kasKWsMrab;EtGñk       CnbT enAdMNak;kalGnþrkaledIm,ITTYl)an
                EdlmanCMnaj ehIy®sþIEdlmankarGb;rMTab KW       kargarEdlmankMérx<s;. c,ab;kargar KWRtUv
                )at;bg;»kasenaH. cMNakRsukGacQaneLIg           dak;bBa©ÚlpgEdrcMeBaHkmμkrenACnbTsMrab;karcU
                elIkaMCeNþIrcMNUlsMrab;kmμkrNaEdl)anerobcM     lTIpSarpøÚvkar ehIylubbM)at;karerIseGIg rvag
                xøÜn)anl¥ nigmanCMnaj b¤vaGacCakarpøas;bþÚr    burs nig®sþI . karGb;rM CMnaj nigPaBCashRKin
                kEnøgénPaBRkIRkdl;briyakasTIRkugsMrab;Gñk      GacBenøÓn[)anelOnEfmeTot edaypþl;eRKÓg
                epSgeTot .                                     elIkTwkcitþsMrab;«BukmþaycMeBaHkarpþl;»kas[
                    GaTiPaBeKalneya)ay KWbegáItkargar[         kUn²rbs;eKTTYl)ankarGb;rM elIkkMBs;KuNPaB
                )aneRcInTaMgenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ nigminEmnERs    salaeron nigpþl;»kassMrab;karGb;rMEdlTak;
                cMkarsMrab;esdækic©. FatupSMmUldæanénkMlaMg    TgeTAnwgTIpSarkargarEdlekItmaneLIg .
                clkrcMeBaHesdækic©enACnbTEdlminEmnkar
                                                                                                             TidæPaBTUeTA 35


    pþl;sMNajsuvtßPaB. karpþl;CMnYysgÁmdl;             evla. CamYynwgkarpøas;bþÚrEdlmanenAkñúg
RbCaCnRkIRkGacbegáInTaMgsmtßPaB nigsuxmal              kmμviFIrbs;rdæaPi)al nigGñkpþl;CMnYyEdlman
PaB. plcMeNjxagsmtßPaB KWTTYl)anBIkar                  CagBIrTsvtSr_knøgQaneq<aHeTArkkarepÞr Edl
kat;bnßytMélénkarRKb;RKghaniP½y nig                    CameFüa)aymYysMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
haniP½yénRTBüskmμ Edldak;CaTun edIm,I                  nigmankarRbugRby½tñx<s;cMeBaHkarvaytMélénp
se®gÁaHCMgW. plcMeBajsuxmalPaB KW)anmk                 lb:HBal;rbs;va TaMgBIrenHRtUv)aneKrkeXIj
BIkarKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRkCaCMnYyes,ógGahar              GMBIrebobeFVIya:gNakMNt;eKaledA[)anRbesIr
b¤karpþl;Casac;R)ak;. enARbeTseRbsIul nig              ehIykMritCaemeroncMeBaHkmμviFITaMgenH[man
GaRhVikxagt,Úg nigRbeTsCaeRcIneTotenAGWur:ub           RbsiTi§PaBx<s; .
nigGasIukNþal karbegáIt[manmUlniFiesaFn
enACnbTCYykarBarGayuCIvit sRmbsRmYlmun                     faetIrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆGacGnuvtþ)an
eBlkarepÞrkmμsiTi§dI eTA[ekμgCMnan;eRkay nig           RbesIrya:gNa? eyageTAtamrebobvar³ksikmμ
CY y Gñ k EdleFV I k arrklu y CY y KaM R Tcas; C ra.   sMrab;karGPivDÆsMrab;RbeTsmYy RtUvbBa¢ak;BI
eKalneya)ayTaMgenH RtUv)aneKbgðajfa va                 niymn½yfaGIVEdlRtUveFVI ehIyeFVIvarebobNa.
mansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHkarrIksayPaBRbkb                GVIEdlRtUveFVI KWTamTar[manRkbx½NÐeKalneya
esay\T§Bldl;suxPaB nigkarGb;rMdl;ecA²                  )aymYyTak;TgnwgGtþcrikénPñak;garnana manCa
rbs;GñkEdlTTYl)anmUlniFIesaFnenH. sM                   GaT× Gñkplit nigGgÁkarrbs;eKvis½yÉkCn
Naj;suvtßPaB dUcCakmμviFIFanakareFVIkareday            enAkñúgExScgVak;tMél nigrdæ . faetIeFVIvarebobNa
yutiþFm’ nigCMnYyCaes,ógGahar b¤ karepÞr               KWTamTar[manGPi)alkic©RbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB
sac;R)ak; k¾mantYnaTIFanara:b;rgmYyenAkñúg             edIm,IRbmUlpþúMkarKaMRTCaneya)ay nigsmtßPaB
karkarBarCnEdlgayrg;eRKaHedaysarCMgW .                 énkarGnuvtþ EdlCafμImþgeTotKWGaRs½yeTAelI
kmμviFITaMgenH RtUvEterobcMeLIg dUcenHvamin            GtþcrikénPñak;gar KWrdæ sgÁmsIuvil vis½yÉkCn
)anraraMgdl;TIpSarkargarenACnbT nigesdækic©            m©as;CMnYy nig sßab½nBiPBelak .
es,ógGahar ehIyminbegáItkargarEdlminelIk
TwkcitþsMrab;GñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_eT b:uEnþkar             karkMNt;niymn½yrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆn_
CYyKaMRTBYkeKTaMgenaHRtUveFVIeLIg[Tan;eBl              mYyebIkcMhr nigRTUsRtaypøÚvQanecjBIPaBRkIRk .
 36 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                      RbCaCnenACnbTTTYlykskmμPaBksidæan nig              bnßyPaBRkIRk cab;epþImCamYynwgkarGnueRKaHén
                      minEmnksidæan EdlGnuBaØat[BYkeKTTYl)an             briyakasneya)aysgÁm manGPi)alkic©RKb;
                      edImTunelICMnajxus²KñaénbuKÁlmñak;² nigpøas;       RKan; nigRKwHmUldæanénma:RkUesdækic© .
                      bþÚrhaniP½y. pøÚvEdlQanecjBIPaBRkIRkGac                bnÞab;mkvatMrUv[kMNt;niymn½yrebobvar³
                      eFVIeTA)antamry³ksikrtUc² kargarTTYl)an            mYyeTAtamRbePTénRbeTsnImYy² edayEp¥k
                      R)ak;QñÜlenAkñúgvis½yksikmμR)ak;QñÜl b¤sV½y        eTAelIkarrYmpSMKñamYy éneKaledAeKalneya
                      kargarsMrab;xøÜnÉg enAkñúgvis½yesdækic©CnbT        )ay 4 sMrab;begáIteKalneya)aymYymanFatu
                      EdlminEmneFVIERscMkar nigkareFVIcMNakRsuk          RKb;RKan; ¬rUbPaBTI 9¦ .
                      ecjBICnbT b¤GacrYmbBa©ÚlKñaénFatuTaMgenH.          • eKaledATI 1 elIkkMBs;karTTYl)anTIpSar nig
                      PaBxusKñaéneynD½rkñúgkarTTYl)anRTBüskmμ            karbegáItExSsgVak;tMélRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB
                      nigplvi)akénRbmUlpþMúFnFan KWvamansar³             • eKaledATI 2 eFVI[RbesIreLIgcMeBaHkarRbkYt
                      sMxan;Nas;EdleyIgRtUvEtkMNt;sMrab;pøÚvenH .        RbECgBIksikrtUctac nigkarsRmbsRmYlTIpSar
                           kareFVI[ksikmμmanRbsiTi§PaBkan;EtRbesIr       • eKaledATI 3 elIkkMBs;karrs;enAcMeBaHksi-
                      kñúgkarKaMRTkMeNInRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nigkat;        kmμsMrab;RKYsar nigkargarenACnbT EdlRtUvkar
rUbTI9 eKaledAéneKalneya)ay4 énrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ)anbegáItCa CMnajTab .
RCugéneKalneya)aymYy                                                     • eKaledATI 4 begáInkargarenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ
                                                                         nigesdækic©CnbTminEmnksidæan nigelIkkMBs;
                                                                         CMnaj.
                                                                             enAkñúgkareRbIR)as;ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ
                                                                         RbeTsmYyKYbegáItnUvrebobvar³mYyedaydak;
                                                                         bBa©Úl lkçNHxageRkamenH ³
                                                                         • begáItbuerlkçxNÐ ebIBMumansnþiPaBsgÁm
                                                                         GPi)alkic©RKb;RKan; nigmUldæanRKwHma:RkUesdækic©
                                                                         manEtEpñkmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHénrebobvar³ksi-
                                                                         kmμGacRtUv)aneKGnuvtþRkkbedayRbsiTi§PaB.
                                                                         karsnμt;CamUldæanenH CaerOyGvtþmanenA
                                                                                                TidæPaBTUeTA 37


RbeTsmYycMnYnEdlGaRs½yelIksikmμrhUtdl;B         RbeTsEdlGaRs½yelIksikmμ ³ karTTYl)ankMeNIn
ak;kNþalTsSvtSTI 90 CaBiessRbeTsenATVIb         nigsnþisuxes,óg. RbeTsenAGnutMbn;sahara: man
GaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: .                        RbCaCnCag 80 PaKry rs;enACnbTkñúgcMeNam
• rebobvar³RKb;RCugeRKay niggayyl;. rebob-      RbeTsEdlGaRs½ynwgksikmμ. sMrab;BYkKat;
var³EdlrYmbBa©ÚlKñaéneKaledATaMgbYnsMrab;       edaysarkareFVICMnYjes,ógGahar nigkarTTYl
eKalneya)ayEdlmanFatuRKb;RKan; GaRs½y           )an»kasmankMritenAkñúgGnuvis½yTImYyenaH
eTAelIbribTrbs;RbeTs nigsUcnakrCak;lak;         plRbeyaCn_BIplitkmμksikmμ KWCamUldæansM
EdlCYytamdan nigvaytMélelIvDÆnPaBeq<aH          rab;kMeNInesdækic©Cati nigCa]bkrN_d¾sMxan;bM
eTArkeKaledAéneKalneya)ay nImYy² .              putsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsnþisuxes,óg.
• Gviklkmμ ¬pøas;bþÚrTMlab;¦. rebobvar³xusKña   bBaðaenH)anbgðajkarRbQmd¾FMeFgcMeBaHrdæa
eTAtamRbeTsnImYy² edayqøúHbBa©aMgeTAnwg         Pi)al nigshKmn_GnþrCati b:uEnþvamanCMerIs
GaTiPaBxus²Kña niglkçxNÐrcnasm<½n§elIvis½y      tictYcNas;edIm,ITTYl)aneCaKC½ysMrab;edaH
ksikmμTaMgbIenAelIBiPBelak. rebobvar³RtUvEt     RsaybBaðaenH EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾man
eFVIeTAtamPaBCak;lak;rbs;RbeTs tamry³           »kasfμI Edlpþl;nUvmUldæanRKwHmYyénsuTidæi
yuT§sa®sþksikmμCati edaymankarcUlrYmBI          niymEdr .
GñkBak;B½n§[)an TUlMTUlay .                         edaylkçxNÐma:RkUesdækic© nigtMélTMnijman
• nirnþrPaB. rebobvar³RtUvEtKitKUGMBInirnþr     PaBRbesIrenATVIbGaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara:Edl
PaBbrisßan TaMgkarkat;bnßybBaðadl;brisßan       cab;epþImenABak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM 90 ¬rUbPaBTI
cMeBaHksikmμ nignirnþrPaBsMrab;GnaKtén          10¦ kMeNInksikmμ)anekIneLIgBI 2/3 PaKry
kMeNInksikmμ .                                  kñúgmYyqñaM naTsvtSr_qñaM 80 dl; 3/8 PaKry
• GacemIleXIj nigRbtibtþieTA)an. edIm,I         rvagqñaM 2001 nig 2005. PaBRkIRkenACnbT
Gnuvtþ)an nigman\T§BlRbesIr eKalneya)ay         cab;epþImfycuH enAkEnøgNaEdlmankMeNIn
nigkmμviFInana RtUvEteqøIytbeTAnwglkçxNÐ        ekIteLIg b:uEnþkMeNInRbCaCnya:gelOn)anRsUb
énsßanPaBneya)ayEdlmansmtßPaBrdæ)al             ykplcMeNjenHesÞIrEtGs; edaybnßykMeNIn
nighirBaØvtßú RKb;RKan; .                       ksikmμsMrab;mñak;²rhUtdl; 1/5 PaKry.
38 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                kMeNInya:gelOn nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk                eRbIR)as;bec©keTs EdlmanehIysMrab;begáIn
                eBlenHKWbgðaj[eXIjCaEpøpáa b:uEnþkMeNInTaMg          ePaKpl. b:uEnþskþanuBlEdlminykmkeRbI
                enaHTamTar[mankarebþCJacitþCMnaj nigFnFan            R)as;sMrab;karsþúkTwkTuk nigeRbIR)as;va[man
                EfmeTot .                                            RbsiTi§PaB KWenAmanTMhMFMeFgenAeLIy. kar
                    lkçxNÐenACnbTepSg²KñaenATVIbGaRhiVk              GnuvtþedayRbeTsEdlmanépÞdItUc nigBMuman
                GnutMbn;sahara: begáItRbB½n§ksidæand¾TUlM            RBMRbTl;Cab;nwgsmuRTEtÉg minGacsMerc)an
                TUlaymYy nigesckþIsgÇwmcMeBaHes,ógGahar              TMhMesdækic©enAkñúgTIpSarplitkmμeT k¾dUcCaenA
                eRcInRbePT EdlkMNt;CaKnøgmYyQaneTArk                 kñúgkarsikSaRsavRCav nigbNþúHbNþalpgEdr
                kMeNInplitkmμEdlmanPaBepSg² KñaCamYynwg              dUcenHehIysmahrNkmμtMbn;mansar³sMxan;
                tMbn;GasIu. eTaHbICamanPaBsaMujaMuepSg² Kñaén        Nas; . dg;sIuet RbCaCnTabbegáIntMélpþl;esva
                karGPivDÆedaysarbec©kviTüafμI² b:uEnþva)anpþl;       ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nig)at;bg;FnFanmnusSeday
                nUv»kasd¾TUlMTUlaymYysMrab;karbBa©Úlrebob            sarCMgWeGds¾ k¾eFVI[raMgsÞHbEnßmeTotEdr .
                fμI² . karGaRs½yelIeBlevla nigcMnYnénTwk                 rebobvar³sMrab;TVIbGaRhiVkGnutMbn;sahara: KW
                ePøóg begáInPaBgayrg;eRKaHdl;PaBrn§t;xag             karEklMGkMeNInedayelIkkMBs;karRbkYtRbECg
                GakasFatu nigkarkMritcMeBaHsmtßPaBedIm,I             BIksikrtUc² enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBl

                rUbTI 10 kMenInksikmμenATVIbGaRhVicGnutMbn;sahar:a)anekIneLIIgedaykaelIkkMBs;lkçxNÐm:aRkUesdækic©
                                                                                                    TidæPaBTUeTA 39


mFüm nigx<s;EdleKGacrkR)ak;cMeNj)anx<s;           karRKb;RKgTwk nigdIRbkbedaynirnþrPaBesva
BIvinieyaK EdlvaGacFanakarrs;enA nigsnþisux       kmμsßab½n ¬esvapSBVpSaycMeNHdwgksikmμFana
es,ógcMeBaHksikrEdldaMduHsMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvit.    ra:brg; nig hirBaØvtßú¦ nigkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS
kareFVI[ksikmμQandMeNIreTAmuxTamTarkar            ¬Gb;rM nigsuxPaB¦ ehIyTaMgGs;enHRtUvEtP¢ab;
elIkkMBs;karTTYl)anTIpSar nigkarbegáItExS         eTAnwgTIpSar. TI2 skmμPaBGPivDÆn_RtUvEteFVI
cgVak;TIpSarTMenIb. vaTamTar[ksikrtUc²Edl         viCÄkaredIm,I[smRsbeTAnwglkçxNÐmUldæan.
GaRs½yTaMgRsugplitkmμksikmμsMrab;EtCaes,ó         TaMgenHedayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgviFIsa®sþEdldwknaM
gGaharCamUldæaneFVIkarpøas;bþÚr ehIyRtUvEtrYm     edayshKmn_edayman®sIþcUlrYm EdlBYkKat;
bBa©ÚlpgEdrcMeBaHTMnijEdlnaMecjCaerOy²            TTYlbnÞúkeRcInbMputCaksikrenAtMbn;enaH nig
nigTMnijEdlminFøab;naMecjehIyeBlenHkMBug          edIrtY ya:gsMxan;enAkñúgkargarenH . TI 3 rebob-
Etcab;epþImKitKUrsMrab;naMecj. karvinieyaKry³     var³TaMgenaHRtUvEtshRbtibtiþkarrvagRbeTs nwg
eBlyUelIkarRKb;RKgdI nigTwkRtUvEtEklMG            RbeTsenAkñúgtMbn; edIm,Ipþl;visalPaBTIpSar
edIm,IseRgÁaH eLIgvijénRbB½n§ksidæanCaBiess       nigTTYl)anesdækic©l¥RbesIr dUcCaenAkñúgesva
sMrab;RbCaCnEdldaMduHsMrab;EtciBa©wmCIvitenA      sikSaRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_CaedIm . TI 4 rebob-
tMbn;dac;Rsy:al nigmanhaniP½yx<s;cMeBaH           var³RtUvEtpþl;GaTiPaBcMeBaHkarGPirkSFnFan
brisßan. vak¾RtUvkarkarTTYl)anCaTuncMeBaH         FmμCati nigkarsMrbtam nwgbMErbMrYlGakasFatu
kMeNInksikmμ edIm,IeFVI[skmμPaBesdækic©           Qaneq<aHeTArkkMeNInRbkbedaynirnþrPaB.
EdlminEmnkareFVIERscMkarenACnbTmanPaBpul              rebobvar³enH nwgTamTar[manesßrPaBma:RkU
pussMrab;karplitTMnij nigesvakmμ EdlmineFVI       esdækic© eKalneya)ayRtUvEtelIkkMBs;kar
BaNiC¢kmμ. rebobvar³RtUvEtTTYlsÁal;GMBItY         elIkTIkcitþdl;plitkr nigBaNiC¢kmμ nigkar
naTIrbs;®sþIEdlCaksikr CaGñkEkécñplitpl           begáInkarvinieyaKTunsaFarN³[)anqab;rh½s
ksikmμ nigCaGñkCMnYjenATIpSarmUldæan .            CaBiessenAkñúgehdæa rcnasm<½npøÚvfñl; nig
     bribTrbs;GnutMbn;sahara: mansßanPaBxus²      sarKmnaKmn_ edIm,IEklMGkarTTYl)anTIpSar
KñabYncMeBaHrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;GPviDÆn_ . TI1   ehIykarsikSaRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆedIm,IedaH
viFIsa®sþcMruHvis½yRtUvEtKitKUGMBIkMlaMgrYmpSM    Rsaydl;dMNaMepSg²Kña nigRbB½n§eGkULÚsIu ksi-
rvagbec©kviTüa ¬BUC CI karbgáat;BUCbsustV¦        kmμrbs;GaRhVik dUcEdl)anesñIreLIgkñúgPaBCa
40 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                édKUfμIsMrab;karGPivDÆrbs;RbeTsenAGaRhVik .      degÁóbénkarkarBar b:uEnþkarRbQmTaMgenaH
                    sßanPaBkMeNInbc©úb,nñénksikmμrbs;TVIb        minTan;)anedaHRsayenAeLIyeTrhUtmkdl;
                GaRhVikGnutMbn;sahara: KWekIteLIgedaykarEk       eBlenH ¬rUbTI 11¦. edaymankarekIneLIg
                lMGkarelIkTwkcitþtMélBIkMENTMrg;ma:RkU nig       cMNab;GarmμN_xagneya)aycMeBaHPaBxusKña
                vis½ynana nigedaysartMélrbs;rbreRbIR)as;         ya:gxøaMgéncMNUlenH eyIgmansm<aFxøaMg edIm,I
                x<s;. vaCakargayRsYlNas;sMrab;Tajpl              eRbIR)as;GMNac[manRbsiTi§PaBsMrab;ksikmμedI
                cMeNjBIkMENTMrg;tMélsMrab;RbeTsCaeRcInEdl        m,IGPivDÆn_ .
                mankMENTMrg;EbbenH b:uEnþkMeNInnaeBlGnaKt             enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenaH ksikmμ esÞIrEtTaMg
                nwgBwgGaRs½yya:gxøaMgeTAelIkarekIneLIgplit       Gs;KWminsßitenAkñúgédksikrtUc²eT. eday
                kmμ. karekIneLIgénqnÞ³rbs;rdæaPi)al vis½y        mansm<aFRbCasa®sþenAEtbnþ bgá[mankar
                ÉkCn nigm©as;CMnYyedIm,IvinieyaKeTAelIksikmμ     Føak;cuHnUvTMhMksidæan ehIyva)ankøayeTACabBaða
                enAtMbn;sab;sahara: ebIkcMhrbg¥ÜcmYysMrab;       Pøam²sMrab;CIvitrbs;BYkeK RbsinebI»kascMNUl
                »kas EdlRbeTsTaMgenaHminRtUvemIlrMlg             Edl)anmkBIskmμPaBminEmnkareFVIERscMkarmin
                eLIy .                                           manenATIenaHeT. karRbkYtRbECgedIm,I)anTwk
                                                                 eRbIR)as;KWmanbBaðaRbQmeRcInNas; edaysar
                   RbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚr³ karkat;bnßyPaBxusKñaén   tMrUvkarenATIRbCMuCnekIneLIg nigRsbeBlEdl
                cMNUlenACnbT nigTIRkug nigkarkat;bnßyPaKRkIRk    KuNPaBRbPBTwkTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKbMpøaj .
                enACnbT. enAkñúgRbeTsEdlkMBugpøas;bþÚrman        edaymankarekI n eLI g cM N U l BI s kmμ P aBmi n
                RbCaCnRkIRk 600 lannak; nigRbCaCn 2/2            EmnERscMkar sm<aFedIm,IedaHRsayPaBxusKña
                Ban;lannak;rs; enACnbT vis½yminEmnksikmμ         éncMNUlrvagCnbT nigTIRkug tamry³]btßmÖFn
                kMBugEtekIneLIgelOnbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak.         RbQmCamYynwgkarcMNayrUbvnþ nigQaneTA
                karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;xøaMgeTAelIksikmμ        dl;cMNucéntMél»kasx<s;mYysMrab;RTBüsm,tiþ
                sMrab;karGPivDÆ KWkarbRgÜm[tUcnUvPaBxusKña       saFarN³ nigtMrUvkarmUldæanenACnbT. pÞúymk
                rvagcMNUlGñkenACnbT nigGñkenATIRkug nig          vij karedaHRsayPaBxusKña tamry³karraraMg
                karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbT xN³eBlEdl             karnaMcUl nwgeFVI[tMéles,ógGaharx<s;sMrab;
                BüayameCosecjBIkar]btßmÖFn nigeCosBI             GñkeRbIR)as;EdlCaCnRkIRkd¾eRcIn EdlBYkeK
                                                                                                         TidæPaBTUeTA 41


           rUbTI 11 PaBxusKñarvagcMNUlTIRkug nigCnbT)anekIneLIgenAkñúgRbeTskMBugpøas;bþúresÞIrEtTaMGs;




rs;BwgGaRs½yelIkarTijTMnijmUldæanTaMgenaH.          karnaMecjnUvplitplminFøab;naMecj k¾Gac
    edaysarEtsm<aFkMeNInRbCaCn nigbBaðadIFIø        eFVIeTA)anEdr edaysarRbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚr
rebobvar³ sMrab;RbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚrRtUvEtbBa©Úl     TaMgenaH man»kasRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgtMrUvkar
rYmKña nUvkareKorKRKb;RckTaMgGs;énkarQan            Blkmμ nigkarRKb;RKg. RbeTsCaeRcInenAkñúg
ecjBIPaBRkIRk dUcCakareFVIksikmμkargarenA           tMbn;EdlminGnueRKaH ehIymankMritPaBRkIRk
kñúgvis½yksikmμ nigskmμPaBesdækic© Edl              x<s;TamTar[mankarksagehdæarcnasm<½n§ nig
minEmnkareFVIksikmμenACnbT nigkareFVIcMNak          bec©kviTüasMrbeTAtamtMbn;enaH .
Rsuk. karkarBarnanaman lkçNHRbesIrcMeBaH                 edIm,IedaHRsayPaBGt;kargarenACnbTeKal
karbegáIncMNUlCnbT ehIyeCosvag)ancMeBaH             edAeKalneya)aybM e BjbEnß m mY y RtU v CM r u j
GnÞak;énkarkarBareday]tßmÖFn RbsinebIqnÞ³           kMlaMgclkrmYysMrab;vis½yminEmnksikmμenA
neya)ayRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIg. karrIkFMeLIgya:g          CnbT[manenATIRbCMuCntUc² edIm,IP¢ab;TaMg
elOnénTIpSarsMrab;plitplEdlmantMélx<s;              ksikmμ nigesdækic©enATIRkug. RbeTscin)an
CaBiesssakvb,kmμ bsubkSI mcäa nigplit               ksag]sSahkmμenACnbT begáIt[manPaBcMruH
plTwkedaHeKa pþl;»kasdl;PaBcMruHénRbB½n§            éncMNUl ehIyviFIsa®sþenHGac CaKMrUdl;RbeTs
ksidæan nigbegáItkarRbkYtRbECgmYy nigvis½y          kMBugpøas;bþÚrepSg²eTot. enAkñúgRbeTskMBug
ksikmμxñattUcEdlRtUvkarkMlaMgBlkmμeRcIn.            pøasbþÚr\TaMgGs; karepÞrkMlaMgBlkmμdl;vis½y
42 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                famvnþnanaénesdækic©RtUvEtbegáInel,Óneday           kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;pSarTMenIb enAEtCakarRbQmd¾
                karvinieyaK[)aneRcInEfmeTotcMeBaHCMnaj              FMmYy ehIyEdlTamTar[eKarBtamsþg;dar
                sMrab;Rb CaCnCMnan;enH nigRbCaCnCMnan;eRkay.        nigbrimaNEdlGacTTYlyk)ankñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;
                kar pøas;bþÚrd¾sMxan;énkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvij   dUcenHehIy RbsiTi§PaBRkumplitkrmansar³
                Edl)ankMNt; RtUvFanaedaykmμviFIsMNaj                sMxan;Nas;. GsmPaBtMbn;x<s;Edlmindak;
                suvtßPaBRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB edIm,IGnuBaØat[          bBa©ÚlenAGaemrikLaTIn k¾CakarlM)aksMrab;kar
                RbCaCnGacbeBa©óshaniP½ynana enAkñúgkar              cUlrYmrbs;ksikrtUc²Edr.
                eRCIserIsCMerIs d¾RbesIrsMrab;QaneCIgecjBI              karbegáInkarTTYl)anRTBüskmμrbs;ksikr
                PaBRkIRk. karTTYl)aneCaKC½ycMeBaHbBaðaén            tUc² CaBiessdIFøInigkarbegáItsMelgBYkeKenAkñúg
                PaBxusKña enAkñúgRbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚrGaceFVI[        sgÁmEdlKμansmPaBGacCMruj[manTMhM nigkar
                PaBRkIRkenAkñúgBiPBelakfycuHya:geRcIn .             RbkYtRbECgrbs;ksidæantUc². eRkABIkareFVI
                                                                    ksikmμdaMduH viFIsa®sþebIkRBMRbTl;rvagextþ
                RbeTsEdlBwgEp¥kelITIRkug ³ karP¢ab;ksidæanxñattUc   nigextþ KWkMBugEtsVHEsVgrkedIm,ICMrujkargar
                eTAnwgTIpSares,ógGaharTMenIb nigkarpþl;kargar       enACnbTtamry³GnþrGMeBIEdlP¢ab;kardaMduH nig
                l¥². eKalKMnitd¾TUlMTUlay KWkarTTYl)anTun           ksi]sSahkmμCnbT ehInbTBiesaFn_TaMgenH
                BIkarrIksayPaBya:gelOnénTIpSares,ógGahar            RtUvEtEsVgyl;[)anRbesIrsMrab;karBRgIkva[
                kñúgRsukTMenIb² nigkarrIkcMerInya:gelOnén           TUlMTUlay. kMeNInksikmμ KWmansar³sMxan;
                Gnuvis½yksikmμ edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenA            Nas;edIm,IEklMGPaBRbesIrdl;PaBRkIRkenAkñúg
                CnbTEdlkMBugEtmanx<s;enAeLIy. RbeTs                 tMbn;CamYynwgskþanuBlksikmμl¥². sMrab;tMbn;
                EdlBwgEp¥kelITIRkug EdlmanRbCaCn 32                 EdlKμanskþanuBlenH GnþrkalénkarQanecj
                lannak;enACnbTtMNag[ 39 PaKry én                    BIksikmμ nigkarpþl;esvabrisßanGacpþl;CaTI
                RbCaCnRkIRk kMBugmanbTBiesaFn_CamYynwgkar           sgÇwm)an. b:uEnþkarKaMRTEpñkksikmμsMrab;ksikr
                ERbRbYlTIpSarTMenIbkñúgkarlk;raycMeBaHes,óg         EdlplitsMrab;EtkarciBa©wmCIvit nwgbnþCaeRcInqñaM
                Gahar. sMrab;ksikrtUc² EdlRbkYtRbECg                eTAmuxeTot .
                                                                                                            TidæPaBTUeTA 43


     Gnuvtþrebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆmYy rebob     TMrg;d¾TUlMTUlayelIvis½yesdækic©. ksikmμ
var³ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆbgðajnUvkarRbQm               KW T M n gCaTTY l )anplRbeyaCn_ B I k M E NTM r g;
cMnYnBIrsMrab;karGnuvtþ. TI 1 KWkarRKb;RKg             GPi)alkic©CaTUeTA EdleBlenH)anelIkeLIg
esdæ k i c © n eya)ayéneKalneya)ayksi k mμ             enAkñúgrebobvar³ dUcCa kMENTMrg; vimCÄkar nig
edIm,IBuHBaredaHRsayPaBlMeGogéneKalneya                karRKb;RKgvis½ysaFarN³. b:uEnþkMENTMrg;Edl
)ay karvinieyaKminRKb;RKan; nigkarvinieyaK             edACak;lak;sMrab;eRbIelIksikmμsMrab; karGPivDÆ
minRtwmRtUv. mYyeTot KWkarBRgwgGPi)alkic©              enAminTan;RtUv)aneKGnuvtþ[)anTUlMTUlayenA
sMrab;karGnuvtþeKalneya)ayksikmμ CaBiess               eLIy .
enAtMbn;EdlGaRs½yEtksikmμ nigRbeTspøas;bþÚr                 manPsþútagbgðajfa esdækic©neya)aykMBug
EdlGPi)alkic©manBinÞúenATab ¬rUb 12¦.                  EtRtUv)aneKpøas;bþÚreTArkPaBGnueRKaHcMeBaH
     karminykcitþTukdak;[)anRbesIr cMeBaH              ksikmμ nigkarGPivDÆCnbT. TaMgGgÁkarsgÁm
esdækic©neya)ayTaMgenH nigkarRbQmépñk                  sIuvilenACnbT nigvis½yÉkCnenAkñúgExScgVak;
GPi)alkic© KWCaehtupld¾FMmYyEdleyIg)an                 tMélénksikmμ KWrwgmaMCagqñaM 1982 . dMeNIr
dak;CaGnusasn_sMxan;enAkñúgr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_           kareq<aHeTArkRbCaFibetyü nigkarekIneLIgén
BiPBelakqñaM 1982 sþIGMBIksikmμ ehIy                   kareFVIeKalneya)ay Rbkb edayRKb;RCugeRCay
Gnusasn_TaMgenaHmin)anGnuvtþTaMgGs;enaHeT              )anbegáIn»kassMrab;ksikrEdlCam©as;ksidæan
CaBiess cMeBaHesrIPavUbNiC¢kmμ begáInkar               tUc² nigRbCaCnRkIRkenACnbT edIm,IelIkkMBs;
vinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkarsikSaRsavRCav         sMelgneya)ayrbs;BYkeK. vis½yksiBaNiC¢
nigGPivDÆn_enAGaRhVik nigkarpþl;esvasuxPaB             kmμÉkCnmanskmμPaBeRcInCagmun CaBiess
nigGb;rM[)anRbesIrdl;RbCaCnenACnbT .                   enAkñúgRbeTskMBugpøas;bþÚr nigRbeTsEdlBwg
                                                       Ep¥kelITIRkug. eBlenH tYGgÁEdlmanGMNac
    GnaKtpþlk
            ; arsgÇwmeRcInEfmeTotcMeBaHksikmμsrM ab;   nana )ancUlrYmenAkñúgExScgVak;ksikmμ ehIy
karGPivDÆ. kþIsgÇwm KWmanBnøWcaMgEcgsMrab;eBl          eKmancMNab;GarmμN_xagesdækic© enAkñúgfamvnþ
enH ebIeFobeTAnwgqñaM1982. PaBlMeGogcMeBaH             mYy nigPaBrIkcMerInvis½yksikmμ nigsMelg
karRbqaMgeTAnwgksikmμenAkñúgeKalneya)ay                mYyenAkñúgkargarneya)ay. b:uEnþkarEklMG
ma:RkUesdækic©RtUv)ankat;bnßyedaysarkMEN               lkçxNÐEtmYymuxminGacFana[maneCaKC½y
44 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                 cMeBaHksikmμ sMrab;karGPivDÆeRcInEfmeTot           vis½yÉkCn nigsgÁmsIuvil KWRtUvkarCabnÞan;
                 )aneT. sMelgrbs;ksikrtUc²RtUvEtB¤enAkñúg           sMrab;karGnuvtþksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ. enAkñúg
                 kargarneya)ay ehIyGñkeFVIeKalneya)ay               RbeTsCaeRcIn RksYgksikmμ KWRtUvmanskmμPaB
                 nigm©as;CMnYyRtUvkþab;yk»kasfμIenH .               sMrab;kMENTMrg;edIm,IkMNt;eLIgvij nUvtYnaTI
                                                                    rbs;eK nigbegáItsmtßPaBfμI . TMrg;fμI²)anekIt
                 tYnaTIsMrab;rdæ. braC½yTIpSar KWkMBugEtsayPay      manehIyenAeBlenH. rebobrbbfμI énkar
                 CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTsEdlGaRs½ynwgksikmμ              pþl;kic©snSaeTA[esvakmμRbwkSaksikmμRbeTs
                 ehIyTamTar[maneKalneya)aysaFarN³                   GUkg;da pþl;[RkumplitkrmansiTi§cUlrYmenA
                 mYy edIm,IFana)annUvlT§plsgÁmEdleBjcitþ.           kñgkic©snüaenaH .
                 rdæRtUv)antYnaTI enAkñúgkarGPivDÆTIpSar ¬eday
                 pþl;RTBüFnsaFarN³sñÚl EklMGbriyakas                    BRgwgsgÁmsIuvil nigRbCaFibetyü . vis½yTI3
                 vinieyaKTunsMrab;vis½yÉkCn¦ nigenAkñúgkarRKb;      ¬shKmn_ plitkr nigGgÁkarBak;B½n§nana
                 RKgFnFanFmμCati edaykareRbIR)as;eRKÓg              nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al¦ GacCMruj[RbCa
                 elIkTwkcitþ nigkmμsiTi§bBaØa .                     CnRkIRkenACnbTTTYlplRbeyaCn_ nigTamTar
                      karBRgwgsmtßPaBdl;rdæenAkñúgtYnaTIfμIrbs;     [manGPi)alkic©.            RkumplitkrGacpþl
                 xøÜnénkarsRmbsRmYlvis½ycMruH nig édKUCamYy         ;sMelgxagneya)aydl;ksikr nigesñI[GñkeFVI

                rUbTI12 RbeTsBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ nigRbeTsEdlkMBugpøas;bþúÚrmanBinÞúxagGPi)alkic©Tab
                                                                                                     TidæPaBTUeTA 45


neya)ay nigPñak;garGnuvtþmankarTTYlxusRtUv         karrkSaTukekAGIsMrab;®sþI enAkñúgRkumRbwkSaCnbT
edaykarcU l rY m enAkñ ú g kareFV I e Kalneya)ay   CYyCMruj[man karvinieyaKsaFarN³cMeKal
ksikmμ kartamdanfvika nigkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkar       edAsMrab;tMrUvkarCak;lak;xageynD½r. GMeBIBuk
GnuvtþeKalneya)ay . enARbeTs ehSnIhÁal             rlYyRtUv)ankat;bnßyedayRbB½n§tamdanenA
GgÁkarq½RtsMrab;GgÁkarplitkreQμaH Conseil          CnbT lT§plsavnkmμrdæaPi)alpSBVpSay
National     de     Concertation       et    de    tamry³sarB½t’man ehIyeRbIR)as;yuT§sa®sþ
Coopération des Ruraux         KWmanskmμPaB        B½t’man nigsarKmnaKmn_ edIm,Ikt;Rta nig
xøaMgkøaenAkñgkarGPivDÆ nigkarGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþ      EckrMElkB½t’man .
ksikmμCati nigeKalneya)ay. esrIPaBsMrab;               karGPivDÆEdldwknaMedayshKmn_ ¬CDD¦
smaKm nigesrIPaBsarB½t’man nigkarvinieyaK          GacbegáItskþanuBlsMrab;shKmn_CnbT dUcCa
elITunsgÁmsMrab;GgÁkarenACnbT edayrYmTaMg          cMeNHdwgenAmUldæanrbs;eKkarbegáIt nigTun
GgÁkar®sþI KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;yuT§sa®sþ      sgÁm. vimCÄkar nig CDD cUlrYmcMENkdl;
Epñk TamTartMrUvkarénkarEklMGGPi)alkic© .          rebobvar³ ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆkñúgmeFüa)ay
                                                   bnþmindac; dUcCakarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;dMbUg
esvakmμcMruHenAfñak;kNþal nigvimCÄkar. edaysar     elIesvamUldæan nigRTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³ ehIy
karnaMykrdæaPi)aleTACitRbCaCn enACnbT              karcUlrYmkñúgskmμPaBbegáItR)ak;cMNUlenAeBl
vimCÄkar RKb;RKgskþanuBl edIm,IedaHRsayCa          EdltMrUvkarmUldæanRtUv)aneKedaHRsay. kar
mYynwgTidæPaBmUldæan nigPaBxusKñaénksikmμ          GPivDÆRBMRbTl;rvagextþ nigextþGacCYRKb;RKg
CaBiesssMrab;karpSBVpSay. b:uEnþminEmnRKb;         cMeNalesdækic©CamYynwgTMhMTUlMTUlayCagviFI
esvaksikmμRtUvEteFVIvimCÄkarenaHeT dUcCa           sa®sþ CDD .
karRsavRCavEbbviTüasa®sþ nigkarBinitüemIl
CMgWstV KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHesdækic©.         EklMGRbsiTi§PaBm©as;CMnYy. enARbeTsEdl
sßab½nvimCÄkar RtUvEtedaHRsaykaq,amyk              GaRs½yelIksikmμ m©as;CMnYyman\T§iBlya:g
edayGñkmanenACnbT nigkarmindak;bBa©Úl              FMeFg. enARbeTscMnYn 24 rbs;GnutMbn;sahara:
BYkeK EdlbBaðaenH CaerOy²ekItmaneLIg               karcUlrYmcMENkrbs;m©as;CMnYymanya:gehac
CaTUeTAenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ. enARbeTs \NÐa           Nas; 28 PaKry énkarcMNaysMrab;karGPivDÆ
46 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2008


                ksikmμ ehIyeRcInCag 80 PaKry enARbeTs              kmμsiTi§bBaØa karpþl;bec©kviTüafμI sMrab;Capl
                xøH². yuT§sa®sþksikmμ nigkarkat;bnßyPaB            RbeyaCn_dl;GñkRk nigeCosvagPaBGviC¢man
                RkIRk[)anRbesIrEdldwknaMedayRbeTsenaH              BIxageRkAekItmaneLIg dUcCa CMgWbsustV
                pþl;nUvRkbx½NÐmYysMrab;m©as;CMnYy edIm,ItMEr       GPirkStMbn;CIv³sa®sþcMruHBiPBelak nigkat;bnßy
                tMrg;karKaMRTrbs;eKsMrab;vis½yksikmμ nig           nigsMrbeTAtambMErbMrYlGakasFatu .
                CamYym©as;CMnYyÉeTot² edayeRbIR)as;kar                 CamY y nw g karepþ a teTAelI v i s ½ y tU c ceg¥ ó t
                cMNaysaFarN³rbs;rdæaPi)al nigRbB½n§lT§kmμ          sßab½nsklelakEdl)anbegáItsMrab;ksikmμenA
                CaynþkarsMrab;GnuvtþkmμviFITaMgenaH. enAkMrit      stvtSr_ TI 20 enAminTan;erobcM[)anRKb;RKan;
                tMbn;kmμviFIGPivDÆksikmμrbs;GaRhVikgay²            edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdlmanGnþrGMeBI nigrebob-
                pþl;GaTiPaBsMrab;kic©sRmbsRmYlvinieyaKrbs;         var³cMruHvis½yenAéf¶enHenAeLIy eTaHbICasßab½n
                m©as;CMnYy. eTaHbICakic©xitxMRbwgTaMgenAkñgkMrit   enHTTYl)aneCaKC½yCaeRcInmkehIyk¾eday.
                Cati nigkMrittMbn;edaypþl;Rkbx½NÐsßab½nsMrab;      kMENTMrg;sßab½n nigKMnitpþÜcepþImfμI² RtUvEt
                karKaMRTBIm©as;CMnYycMeBaHksikmμ dMeNIrkarkñúg     sRmbsRmYl[)anRbesIrdl;Pñak;garGnþrCati
                karGnuvtþenAyWtenAeLIy .                           TaMgGs; nigCamYytYGgÁfμI²enAkñúgBiPBelak
                                                                   edayrYmTaMgsgÁmsIuvil vis½yCMnYj nigCnanuCn
                kMENTMrg;sßab½nskelak. rebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;       TaMgLay .
                karGPivDÆminGacsMerceTA)aneT RbsinebIBMu               karGnuvtþrebobvar³sklelak tMrUv[man
                mankarebþCJacitþBIGnþrCati[)anRbesIr nigeRcIn      karerobcMCasßab½ncMruHmYy . sßab½nCMnaj dUcCa
                EfmeTot. kargarEdlsklelak)anEcksMrab;              Rku m Bi e RKaHeyabl; s þ I G M B I k arsi k SaRsavRCav
                stvtSr_TI 21 mandUcCa karbBa©b;karGt;Qøan          ksikmμGnþrCati GgÁkares,ógGahar nig
                nigPaBRkIRk nirnþrPaBbrisßan pþl;snþisux           ksikmμshRbCaCati nigmUlniFiGnþrCatisMrab;
                nigkarRKb;RKgsuxPaBskl nwgminGacsMerc              karGPivDÆksikmμ Gacpþl;karKaMRTry³eBlyUr
                )aneT RbsinebIminmanvis½yksikmμcUlrYm.             nig karebþCJacitþedayEklMG RbsiTi§PaBrbs;BYkeK
                rebobvar³ksikmμsklelak manRckcMruH dUcCa           nigkarsRmbsRmYlPñak;garTaMgGs;. vis½ycMruH
                karbegáItc,ab;RbkbedayyutiþFm’sMrab;BaNiC¢kmμ      EdlTak;TgKñaelIbNþajCak;lak;mYy GaceqøIy
                GnþrCati karyl;RsbKñaelIsþg;darplitkmμ             tb)anya:gqab;rh½scMeBaHcMeBaHPaBGsnñ dUcCa
                                                                                                  TidæPaBTUeTA 47


karRKb;RKgCMgWpþasaybkSI nigkarq,amyk           vak¾TamTar[mankargarksikmμenAkñúgvis½ynana
»kasEdlekIteLIg dUcCa bec©keTsCIv³sa®sþ         nigCamYytYGgÁenAkMritmUldæankMritCati nigkMrit
tamry³elIkkMBs;ePaKplbMrugragkay. kñúg          skl. vaTamTarkarksagsmtßPaBsMrab;
krNI epSgeTot karbeBa¢óbGaTiPaBBiPBelak         ksikrtUc² nigkarplitrbs;eKksiBaNiC¢kmμ
dUcCakarsMrbeTAtambMErbMrYlGakasFatu eTAkñúg    ÉkCn nigrdæ. vaTamTarsßab½n edIm,ICYyksikmμ
karbegáInCMnYy BIm©as;CMnYycMeBaHksikmμRbEhl    bMerI[karGPivDÆ nigbec©kviTüasMrab;kareRbIR)as;
CaGaceTArYcya:gRbesIr. karsMerc[)an             FnFanFmμCati[mannirnþrPaB. ehIyvak¾TamTar
eCaKC½yelIrebobvar³GnþrCati KWminEmnEtCa        [mankarekoKr karKaMRTEpñkneya)ay CMnaj
karcab;GarmμN_rbs;buKÁlmñak;eT vaTamTar[        nigFnFan .
mankarcUlrYmedayBiPBelakTaMgmUl b:uEnþk¾            mankarekIneLIgcMeBaHkarTTYlsÁalBIrdæaPi-
RtUvmansmPaB nigyutiþFm’ rvagRbeTskMBug         )alnana nigm©as;CMnYyEdlfa ksikmμRtUvEtCa
GPivDÆ nigRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nigrvagRbCaCn           EpñkmYyd¾Cak;lak;enAkñúgrebobvar³GPivDÆn_
CMnan;enH nigRbCaCnCMnan;eRkay .                edayva)anCYypÁt;pÁg;kMeNInenAkñúgRbeTsEdl
                                                GaRs½yksikmμ b¤ sMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk
etIGVIEdleFVIeBlenH? eq<aHeTArkkarGnuvtþ        enACnbT nigedaHRsayrebobvar³brisßanRKb;
RbsinebIBiPBelakmankarebþCJacitþedIm,Ikat;bnß   TIkEnøg. karEklMG»kas nigqnÞ³ d¾RbesIrna
yPaBRkIRk nigTTYl)annirnþrPaBkMeNInGMNac        eBlenH kñúgkarvinieyaKenAkñúgvis½yksikmμ
énksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆRtUvEtedaHRsay. b:uEnþ   pþl;suTidæiniymfa rebobvar³ksikmμsMrab;
vaminmanvtßúskiþsiTi§NaeFVI[sMerc)anPøam²enaH   karGPivDÆ GacdMeNIrkareTA)an. Rckén»kas
eT. kareRbIR)as;ksikmμsMrab;karGPivDÆ KWCa      Edl)anpþl;[enH minRtUv)aneKemIlrMlgenaH
dMeNIrkarsμúRKsμajmYy. vaTamTar[mankar          eT edaysareCaKC½yenH nwgpþl;CalT§plx<s;
RbwkSaenAfñak;RbeTs edIm,IerobcMrebobvar³[      eq<aHeTArkeKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_ nigelIs
smRsb nigkarkMNt;yuT§sa®sþsMrab;Gnuvtþ.         BIenH .