102512 2015 ANNUAL REPORT MISSION The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the World Bank. It provides analytical and advisory services to low- and middle- income countries to increase their know-how and institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth. ESMAP is funded by Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, as well as the World Bank. CONTENTS 1 | COMPLEX CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES . . . . 1 2 | ACCELERATING THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Scaling Up and Integrating Variable Renewable Energy . . . . . . . 14 Removing Bottlenecks to Geothermal Energy Development . . . . 16 Helping Countries Understand Their Renewable Energy Potential 17 Building Resilience in the Energy Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3 | CREATING PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Knowledge to Help Achieve Universal Energy Access . . . . . . . . 24 Scaling Up Clean Cooking and Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The State of the Global Clean Cooking Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Taking Action at the Country Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Beyond Connections: Energy Access Redefined . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4 | FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Collaborative Solutions for Urban Energy Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Strategic Guidance Notes for City Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 A Growing Knowledge Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Learning Lessons in a Livable City. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5 | DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE ENERGY SECTOR POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Building Global Momentum towards Energy Subsidy Reform . . .44 Helping to Find the Optimal Technology Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Country-Level Experience of Private Sector Participation in Power Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Energy, Water, and Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 6 | AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ACCESS PROGRAM (AFREA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Regional Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Country-Specific Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Regional Strategic Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 i 7 | GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN THE ENERGY SECTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Gender and Energy Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Global Efforts, Regional Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 8 | RESULTS-BASED APPROACHES TO ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 9 | BUILDING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SECTORS in SMALL ISLAND STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 FY2015: Highlights and Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 10 | ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 FY2015: Highlights and Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Selected ASTAE Knowledge Products and Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 11 | FINANCIAL REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 ANNEX I | PROCEEDINGS OF CONSULTATIVE GROUP MEETING FOR ENERGY TRUST-FUNDED PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 ANNEX II | ESMAP RESULTS, FY2015: OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, AND WORLD BANK OPERATIONS INFORMED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 ANNEX III | ASTAE RESULTS, FY2015: INDICATORS ACHIEVED AND WORLD BANK GROUP OPERATIONS INFLUENCED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 ANNEX IV | COMPLETED, NEW, AND ONGOING ACTIVITIES, FY2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 ANNEX V | PUBLICATIONS, FY2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 ii ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM COMPLEX CHAPTER 1 CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES G lobal energy development, as of 2015, presents a contradiction. On the one hand, new technol- ogies and lower prices for renewable energy gen- eration hold out new options for electricity plan- ning and grid development, and lower global oil prices have created a window of opportunity to reform wasteful energy subsidies. On the other hand, 1.1 billion people live without access to any electricity at all, and 2.9 billion—40 percent of the world’s population—live without access to modern cook- ing and heating fuels. Many countries are strengthening their transmission and distribution systems, implementing new energy efficiency measures and smart grid technologies, and starting to make a large-scale transition to renewable energy power generation. Nevertheless, thousands of communities that are connected to the grid suffer from daily power cuts, constraining growth prospects of businesses and delivery of public services. More- over, 4.3 million people die each year from pollution associ- ated with cooking and heating with traditional biomass fuels. 1 This is the global development context within which the Energy Trust Funds of the World Bank NTS ESMAP KEY ACHIEVEMENTS, work. FY2015 These trust funds are the Energy Sector Man- • Launched the Variable Renewable Ener- agement Assistance Program (ESMAP), the Asia gy Grid Integration Program to help Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program countries scale up grid-connected solar (ASTAE), and the SIDS DOCK Support Program and wind generation while maintaining the for Small Island States. ESMAP, active since stability of the grid and the reliability and affordability of electricity 1983, provides knowledge services and techni- • Helped develop the new National cal assistance to countries around the world to Electrification Program for Myanmar, help find solutions to energy sector challenges which calls for universal access to that promote inclusive, sustainable growth. electricity—7.2 million new household ASTAE was established in 1992 to help the East connections—by 2030 Asia and Pacific and South Asia regions transi- • Launched the Efficient and Clean Cook- tion to sustainable and low carbon growth ing and Heating Program, which aims to foster public and private partnerships to paths. The SIDS DOCK Support Program was scale up access to cleaner and more ef- set up by ESMAP in 2011 to help small island ficient cooking and heating solutions states move towards a more sustainable and • Co-authored Progress Toward Sustainable secure energy future. Energy: Global Tracking Framework 2015, the second in a biennial report series that Of these, ESMAP is the largest program, with dis- tracks the world’s progress toward the bursements of almost $27 million and a portfolio three SE4All goals of more than 200 activities in Fiscal Year 2015 • Published a series of energy efficiency guidance notes for mayors, covering pro- (FY2015). ESMAP organizes its work into four curement, financing, buildings, trans- main focus areas: port, energy assessments, and spatial planning • Clean Energy (Chapter 2) • Launched the Energy Subsidy Reform • Energy Access (Chapter 3) Technical Assistance and Delivery Facil- • Energy Efficient Cities (Chapter 4) ity in October 2014, with activity under- • Energy Assessments & Strategies (Chapter 5) way in 15 countries and a ministerial-level event in Washington, DC, at the IMF/WBG Spring Meetings Outside of these areas, ESMAP has also estab- • Published Power of the Mine: A Transfor- lished specific cross-cutting programs in response mative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa, to client needs. The largest of these is the Africa which calls on the mining industry to work Renewable Energy and Access Program (AFREA), with electricity utilities in the region to which was launched in 2008 to meet the unique meet growing energy demand clean energy and access challenges faced by 2 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Sub-Saharan Africa (Chapter 6). Two other spe- Starting in FY2015, the administrative functions cial programs focus on Gender and Social Inclu- of ASTAE became the responsibility of the ESMAP sion in the Energy Sector and Results-Based program management unit. This is the second Approaches for Energy Sector Development annual report to cover both ESMAP and ASTAE. (Chapters 7 and 8, respectively.) The remainder of this chapter, and the following seven chapters, cover ESMAP, its main areas of focus, and its special programs. Chapter 9 looks ASTAE (Chapter 10), with disbursements of $5 at the work of the SIDS DOCK multi-donor trust million and a portfolio of almost 60 activities in fund (MDTF). Chapter 10 covers ASTAE and its FY2015, focuses its work around three pillars: highlights and achievements in FY2015. A final renewable energy, energy efficiency, and access to energy. The two trust funds have long comple- chapter presents the FY2015 financial review for all three trust funds. mented each other, with ASTAE concentrated on operations-oriented activities and project prepa- ration, and ESMAP focused on upstream knowl- Client priorities are changing rapidly, in response to the new economics of renewable energy, edge and technical assistance work. emerging technologies and best practices, and the continuing volatility of fuel prices. As these needs Increasingly, ESMAP has organized a large part change, so will the work programs, focus areas, of its work program around special global initia- and delivery models of the Energy Trust Funds tives that are designed to meet similar client needs of the World Bank. in many countries. These include the Global Geo- thermal Development Plan (Chapter 2), Renew- able Energy Resource Mapping (Chapter 2), and LEVERAGE AND IMPACT the Energy Subsidy Reform and Delivery Techni- cal Assistance Facility (Chapter 5). These are ESMAP is unique in its global reach, association joined in FY2015 by the new Variable Renewable with World Bank country-sector policy dialogue Energy Integration Support Program (Chapter 2) and financing, low operational overhead costs, and and the Efficient and Clean Cooking and Heating ability to help shape the future. The impact of Partnership (Chapter 3). ESMAP’s work can be seen through a number of tangible results: better-informed policies, stronger Similarly, ASTAE supports regional programs like institutions, expansion of energy access, robust the East Asia and Pacific Clean Stove Initiative as datasets to inform governments and investors, and well as structural country-level engagements, such the exchange of knowledge among countries. One as work on expansion of the use of mini- and micro- of ESMAP’s primary indicators is the level of World hydropower in Nepal, geothermal development in Bank Group (WBG) financing that is informed by Indonesia, and strengthening the institutional ESMAP’s upstream knowledge and technical assis- framework for on- and off-grid electrification in tance work. In FY2015, ESMAP activities informed Myanmar. WBG operations worth $1.59 billion. COMPLEX CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES 3 Among the activities in FY2015 that led to follow- • In Moldova, ESMAP and the Public-Private on WBG financing or new policies or programs in Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) co- client countries were the following: financed an analysis that provided options for the institutional, corporate, and financial • In Kenya, ESMAP and the Global Partnership restructuring of the district heating sector in on Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) supported Chisinau. The analysis prompted the Govern- World Bank engagement with Kenya Power ment of Moldova to adopt a restructuring of and Lighting Corporation, the national utility, the district heating sector, which led to the that helped the company increase the number creation of a new consolidated company, of connections under its slum electrification Termoelectrica. program from 5,000 households to over • In the Philippines, a project to improve the 150,000 households. efficiency of electricity cooperatives resulted 4 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM in recommendations that were taken up by SUPPORT TO REGIONS the Energy Regulatory Commission and led to follow-on funding from Japan International The majority of ESMAP activities continue to be Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the European carried out by WBG teams working at the regional Commission. and country level. While some energy challenges • In Turkey, the ESMAP Global Geothermal are global in nature, regional needs and priorities Development Plan supported a policy dia- vary widely. logue to explore innovative financing mechanisms to share geothermal resource Sub-Saharan African (AFR) governments face risk and, as a result, stimulate private in- major energy supply challenges posed by both vestment in geothermal exploration activi- weak infrastructure and vast, untapped renew- ties. The support helped identify and pre- able energy resources. The continent provides a pare a project jointly financed by the Clean home to 600 million people with limited or no Technology Fund (CTF) and the World access to electricity. ESMAP’s support to the Bank. WBG’s $12 billion Africa energy portfolio, pri- • In Egypt, capacity development for the na- marily delivered through the AFREA program, tional gas regulator helped facilitate the covers country-specific activities, regional strate- preparation of the Household Natural Gas gic studies, and regional initiatives, which enable Connection Project, a $500 million World WBG teams to provide just-in-time support to Bank operation that has drawn $1 billion in countries facing shared challenges. Examples of co-financing from the Egyptian government, country-specific activities include support for the private sector, Agence Française de independent power producers (IPPs) in Madagas- Développement (AFD), and the European car, rural electrification support in Gabon, and Commission. the SE4All Technical Assistance Program, which • In Vietnam, recommendations from a study supported work in 10 countries in Africa, Central on a divestiture strategy for the country’s America, and South Asia to help expand and electricity generation companies are being accelerate their national energy access programs. implemented by the government. The study Strategic studies include new models to scale up also informed a $200 million World Bank power generation investments in Africa, the Africa loan with parallel financing by the Asian power subsidy study, and a review of hydropower Development Bank (ADB). development in Africa. The regional initiatives • In West Africa, ESMAP research into natu- consist of Lighting Africa, the Africa Clean Cook- ral gas options for regional countries in- ing Energy Solutions Initiative (ACCES), the formed a $400 million International Devel- Accelerating On-grid Access Team (AGAT), and opment Association (IDA) grant to help Côte Gender and Energy program. D’Ivoire strengthen energy security by building government capacity to undertake In the East Asia and Pacific (EAP), the strategic imports of liquefied natural gas. priorities of the WBG’s energy sector work COMPLEX CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES 5 continue to focus on improving energy efficiency, past decades than any other region in the world. scaling up renewable energy, increasing access The region is approximately 60 percent more to modern energy, promoting regional energy energy intensive than OECD countries, and the trade and market integration, and promoting new trend is increasing. However, consumption of energy solutions and market reforms. ESMAP- energy per capita in non-Gulf states is still supported work in the region has focused on relatively low. At the same time, oil-exporting energy efficiency with a number of activities in countries are facing significantly lower revenues China such as on low carbon cities and on energy due to the fall of oil prices. Energy subsidies are efficiency financing. Other activities have focused burdensome and pervasive, and many utilities on renewable energy scale-up and access, includ- are poorly performing, caught in a cycle of ing support to Indonesia’s geothermal underpricing, underinvestment, systems losses, development. theft, and poor collection rates. The region offers a large renewable energy potential, but it is The main challenges in Europe and Central Asia underexploited due to weak sector governance (ECA) can be grouped into three categories: dete- and fossil fuel subsidies. riorating reliability of the energy supply, high energy subsidies yet low affordability, and high In the South Asia (SAR) region, priorities energy intensity. The WBG’s work in the region include enhancing access to modern energy ser- focuses on increasing access to a reliable and effi- vices, including through grid and off-grid elec- cient energy supply, designing and helping to tricity and clean cooking solutions; improving implement socially and financially sustainable the quality and reliability of energy supply, energy subsidy reform, and scaling up energy effi- including through strengthening networks and ciency and renewable energy. supporting regional trade; and ensuring long- term financial, environmental, and social sus- The Latin American and Caribbean (LCR) tainability, including strengthening utilities and region, while experiencing high growth rates in promoting energy efficiency and renewable recent decades, still faces a number of energy energy. challenges, including inefficient and ageing infra- structure, incomplete market reforms, and insuf- ficient access to energy in some countries. COLLABORATING WITH Among the priorities for the WBG’s energy work DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS in the region are supporting countries to strengthen their policymaking and institutions, ESMAP works closely with development part- addressing last mile and quality of access issues, ners through global strategic initiatives and joint and enhancing the climate resilience of energy analytical work and by informing follow-on work systems. done by partners at the country level. These development partners include international non- In the Middle East and North Africa (MNA), total government organizations, bilateral development consumption of energy has grown faster over the agencies (including ESMAP’s donor agencies), 6 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM other multilateral institutions, and local and government and private sector awareness of global think tanks. the resource potential for biomass, small hydropower, solar, and wind and providing Examples of country-level collaboration include: the government with a spatial planning framework to guide commercial investment • In Armenia, ESMAP financed preparation of in the sector. Deutsche Gesellschaft für In- the Power Sector Policy Note in 2014 to in- ternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) provided form government thinking on key challenges 20 years of wind measurement data from 10 facing the power sector and ways to over- wind masts and committed to retaining the come them. The activity helped the Govern- operation of 5 wind masts in Vietnam that, ment of Armenia prioritize investments in without GIZ’s commitment, would otherwise power generation and transmission assets, have been demolished. In preparation for structure the programs of development part- potential biomass mapping, the World Bank ners (World Bank, ADB, and European Bank has been working closely with GIZ by sharing for Reconstruction and Development) in in- information and jointly conducting a field vestments in power transmission network, survey spanning the country. The State Sec- and commit to improving the financial stand- retariat for Economic Affairs committed ing of the power sector. $360,000 under their grant associated with • In the Kyrgyz Republic, a joint ESMAP/ the Renewable Energy Development Project Central Asia Energy-Water Development to finance data collection activities (e.g., of Program-funded urban heating assessment wind, biomass, power network data). The and a related follow-up technical assistance Spanish Agencia Española de Cooperación activity provided the analytical basis for Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID) policy dialogue with the Kyrgyz government shared the results of the Solar Radiation and and other development partners focusing on Solar Potential Maps study, which was fi- economically viable and more sustainable nanced by the Spanish Government through heating options that would help the country AECID. A number of joint workshops be- address its recurrent winter energy shortages. tween AECID and the Bank have been The activity helped to identify a new IDA- organized. financed investment lending project in the • In Indonesia, ESMAP-funded support for heating sector and to facilitate mobilization Capacity Strengthening and Risk Mitigation of resources from other development part- for Geothermal Development complements ners (e.g., European Bank for Reconstruction coordinated donor technical assistance to and Development). the Government of Indonesia’s geothermal • In Vietnam, ESMAP is financing the Renew- power development plans. The agencies able Energy Resource Mapping and Geospa- involved include: (i) JICA, which provides tial Planning project, which aims to increase advisory services to the Ministry of Fi- the output and diversity of renewable elec- nance’s PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur on tricity generation in the country by increasing suitable business models for utilizing COMPLEX CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES 7 geothermal development-dedicated funding; collaborates closely with the Ministry of (ii) the Government of New Zealand, which Foreign Affairs of Denmark, with mutual is engaged with the development of geother- assistance ranging from the provision of mal resource mapping and estimation and armored transport vehicles for the Bank to prioritization methodologies; and (iii) AFD, advice on renewable energy for the ministry’s which, backed by the UK’s Department for resident advisors in Hargeisa. This project is International Development (DFID), supports also financed from the World Bank Multi- the preparation of a pre-feasibility study for Partner Fund for Somalia. development prospects in Eastern Indonesia. • In Tanzania, Lighting Africa is working These efforts inform the preparation and closely with DFID and the Swedish Interna- design of the World Bank Geothermal En- tional Development Cooperation Agency ergy Upstream Development Project, which (SIDA) on the development of the new Tan- is a CTF- and Global Environment Facility zania Rural Electrification Expansion Project. (GEF)-funded operation that focuses on risk As part of this endeavor, Lighting Africa is mitigation of geothermal exploration drilling developing a jointly funded technical assis- activities—the riskiest part of the geother- tance component to facilitate access to fi- mal development process. nancing for companies that sell Lighting • In the Philippines, ESMAP-financed techni- Africa/Global quality, verified products and cal economic regulation analyses on bench- is also advising and collaborating with DFID marking, cost of capital, and asset valuation and SIDA on the development of an off-grid at the Energy Regulatory Commission was solar home system results-based financing continued under JICA financing as a result program. of informal agreements among the Energy • In Liberia, under the umbrella of the Scaling Regulatory Commission, JICA, and WBG. As Up Renewable Energy Program and the Liberia JICA financing is now coming to a close, a Investment Plan for Rural and Renewable European Union-funded grant is under dis- Energy, an African Electrification Initiative cussion to continue the work. In addition, (AEI) study is ongoing to support Liberia’s ESMAP supported a recent disaster risk miti- Rural and Renewable Energy Agency (RREA) gation workshop with cooperation and co- project preparation to optimize the generation ordination between the World Bank team mix of a hybrid, isolated mini-grid in Lofa and counterparts at JICA, the International County. The Government of Norway, through Finance Corporation (IFC), and United States the Energy+ initiative, is collaborating with Agency for International Development (US- RREA to provide technical assistance to AID). ESMAP also coordinated with AFD on conduct the technical studies related to the matters related to sustainable solar home hydropower sites that will serve this mini-grid. system provision. It has also committed $18 million to an • In Somalia, the ESMAP-supported project, investment project using a Payment-for- Power Master Plan Development for Somalia, Results approach for the investment plan. 8 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM REACHING OUT TO OTHER • The Brazil Energy Efficient Cities program, SECTORS financed by the ESMAP City Energy Effi- ciency Transformation Initiative, focuses on In recent years, ESMAP has significantly increased city energy efficiency in four sectors: munici- its cross-sectoral work that looks at the intersec- pal street lighting, public buildings, transport, tion between energy and other development sec- and urban industry. It has a cross-cutting tors such as food, water, transport, and health. component that addresses city-wide manage- Examples from FY2015 include: ment of energy efficiency, and World Bank teams from the Social, Urban, Rural, and • Launched in January 2014 with ESMAP sup- Resilience; Energy and Extractives; and port, the Thirsty Energy initiative (Chapter Transport and Information and Communica- 5) helps countries to integrate water con- tion Technologies (ICT) Global Practices as straints into energy planning and to better well as IFC are working on the project. address water-energy challenges. Thirsty • The analytical and technical assistance work Energy involves teams from the Energy and on energy tariff and subsidy reforms in the Extractives and Water Global Practices and Kyrgyz Republic, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus, also collaborates with international organiza- Moldova, and Armenia brought together teams tions working on the topic such as the Inter- from a wide range of World Bank practice ar- national Energy Agency (IEA), International eas, including Energy, Poverty, Social Protec- Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), UN tion, Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management, Water, and GIZ. Social Development, and Communications to COMPLEX CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES 9 support governments in designing and starting growth rates through 2030 will be lower than implementation of socially and financially sus- a business-as-usual scenario for all South tainable energy tariff and subsidy reforms. In Asia nations if water productivity and supply addition, ESMAP funds were leveraged in some do not grow. If countries do not invest in countries by tapping into other trust fund re- improving land and water productivity, coun- sources such as PPIAF, the Poverty and Social tries in South Asia will lose between 7 and Impact Analysis MDTF, and the Umbrella Facil- 45 percent of their GDP in 2030 compared to ity for Gender Equality. 2012. • With funding from ESMAP, the Philippines’ • The Power and Agriculture in Africa regional Energy Development Corporation hosted a strategic study involved collaboration between knowledge exchange event from September the Energy and Agriculture Global Practices 14–18, 2015. A delegation of 15 Indonesian in Sub-Saharan Africa as well as exchange of officials and representatives from govern- information with the Food and Agriculture ment ministries and state-owned energy and Organization of the United Nations (FAO). forest enterprises met with Energy Develop- FAO has agreed to peer review the draft re- ment Corporation staff, academic partners, port. The study identified potential synergies and representatives from local communities between agricultural value chains and rural in the Philippines to gain practical knowledge electrification expansion and examined the on the integrated catchment management challenges in harnessing this potential. (ICM) approach, which aims to provide a • The Review of Hydropower Development in framework to address social and environ- Africa worked with the Water Global Practice mental impacts from energy development to ensure incorporation of the water resource projects, mitigate threats to biodiversity, and sectors into future hydropower opportunities. make improvements for local livelihoods. The objective of this regional study was to The experiences from this knowledge ex- put World Bank involvement into the per- change will be used to further develop the spective of the overall sector transformation ICM concept for use in ongoing and future and identify opportunities to better support geothermal and pumped storage hydropower the client countries in developing their hy- projects across Indonesia. dropower potential. • The Low Water High Growth in South Asian • Gender has been a key area of focus for many Economies study is informed by the work of ESMAP donors, and the teams have collabo- and brings together teams from several rated on several initiatives. For example, the World Bank practice areas, including Energy, AFREA Gender and Energy program has Environment, Water, Agriculture, Climate worked with the Economic Community of West Change, Social Protection, and Communica- African States Gender and Energy program, tions. The report examines the interactions which receives support from the Austrians, and between scarce water, capital requirements ENERGIA, which receives research funding to remedy this shortfall, and overall eco- from DFID on areas such as access, subsidies, nomic growth. The study estimated that GDP and monitoring and evaluation. 10 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 1.1 About ESMAP ESMAP is a global technical assistance program administered by the World Bank and situated in the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Practice in Washington, DC. ESMAP’s program includes both regional and country-focused activities implemented primarily by regional energy teams at the World Bank and global initiatives managed by the ESMAP program unit. The ESMAP core unit of about 25 staff is responsible for the day-to-day management of the program, following the strategy detailed in ESMAP’s Business Plan. The unit comprises teams working on energy access, clean energy, energy efficient cities, energy assessments and strategy, results-based approaches for energy sector devel- opment, gender, communications, and monitoring and evaluation. The ESMAP unit is also responsible for the management and administration of the ASTAE and SIDS DOCK Support Program MDTFs. Consultative Group ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (CG) made up of representatives from contributing donors and chaired by the Senior Director of the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Practice. The CG meets annually to review the strategic direction of ESMAP, its achievements, use of resources, and funding requirements. ESMAP’s donors in FY2015 were: Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Austria Federal Ministry of Finance of Austria Denmark* Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ESMAP and SIDS DOCK MDTFs) Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland France Agence Française de Développement Germany Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development; Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety Iceland Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan Ministry of Finance (SIDS DOCK MDTF only) Lithuania Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of the Environment The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (ESMAP and ASTAE MDTFs) Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sweden Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (ESMAP and ASTAE MDTFs) United Kingdom Department for International Development (ESMAP and ASTAE MDTFs) The World Bank Group *The European Commission has provided funding through Denmark for the Energy Subsidy Reform and Delivery Technical Assistance Facility. Technical Advisory Group A Technical Advisory Group (TAG) consisting of three international experts appointed by the CG provides informed, independent opinions to the CG about the purpose, strategic direction, and prior- ities of ESMAP. The TAG also provides advice and suggestions to the CG on current and emerging global energy sector issues likely to impact ESMAP’s client counties. COMPLEX CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES 11 ACCELERATING CHAPTER 2 THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT 13 SCALING UP AND INTEGRATING VARIABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY KEY CLEAN ENERGY ACHIEVEMENTS, FY2015 Over the past 10 years, the cost of technology for variable renewable energy (VRE) such as wind • Launch of the Variable Renewable Ener- and solar energy has declined considerably, pro- gy Integration Support Program, includ- ing publication of an ESMAP report on viding a cost-effective and sustainable means of country approaches to integrating variable meeting electricity demand in low- and middle- renewable energy, a partnership with the income countries. To assist countries in achieving Clean Energy Ministerial, and several a cost-efficient scale-up and reducing the adverse knowledge exchange events economic and operational impacts that integrating • Under the Global Geothermal Develop- large shares of VRE in the power system can have, ment Program, development of a meth- ESMAP launched the Variable Renewable Energy odology for the Government of Indonesia’s geothermal pricing policy to improve the Integration Support Program. The program helps country’s geothermal regulatory frame- countries build capacity for long-term grid plan- work, approval of technical assistance ning, market design, and renewable energy pric- funding for geothermal development in ing, develop rules of access to electricity grids, Chile, and a three-day course on reduc- improve electricity dispatch, and strengthen the ing geothermal drilling risk held in rela- transmission and distribution infrastructure. tion to the World Geothermal Congress in Melbourne, Australia An ESMAP report, Bringing Variable Renewable • Project delivery on Renewable Energy Re- source Mapping, including preliminary Energy Up to Scale: Options for Grid Integration mapping outputs in Malawi, Maldives, Using Natural Gas and Storage, published in Feb- Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania, ruary 2015, looked at approaches countries can Vietnam, and Zambia; the commissioning take to integrate VRE into their grids without com- of solar measuring stations in Pakistan; promising the adequacy, reliability, or affordabil- dissemination of preliminary small hydro- ity of electricity. These approaches include power mapping results in Tanzania; start strengthening interconnections between areas, of biomass mapping in Pakistan and Viet- diversifying the contribution of different renew- nam; and commissioning of an open data platform for publication of ground-based able energy sources from various locations, and measurement data building up complementary generation and demand response technologies. The report built upon previous reports on the topic published by WBG and other international organizations by focusing on the important role that natural gas and assistance that will help low- and middle-income energy storage can play in integrating VRE sources. countries address the challenges of connecting ever-growing shares of wind and solar energy to In May 2015, ESMAP partnered with the Clean their electricity grids. Countries participating in Energy Ministerial to deliver targeted technical ESMAP’s Variable Renewable Energy Integration 14 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FIGURE 2.1 Electricity Grid with High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy ELECTRICITY GRID WITH HIGH LEVELS OF VARIABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY HYDRO PLANT (STORAGE) CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER COMMERCIAL RENEWABLE FORECASTING ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEMS COAL FIRED PLANT (DECOMMISIONED) INDUSTRIAL CONTROL CENTER WIND POWER STORAGE ELECTRIC VEHICLES GAS FIRED PLANT RESIDENTIAL STORAGE SOLAR POWER SMART METERS NEW INTERCONNECTOR ENERGY TRADE Neighboring Electricity Grid Program will now have access to technical experts, October 21, 2014, ESMAP organized a knowledge knowledge and resources through the Clean Energy exchange forum in Copenhagen, Denmark, which Ministerial’s 21st Century Power Partnership and looked at the benefits, costs, and obstacles from Clean Energy Solutions Center. The services pro- the points of view of a range of stakeholders and vided will help countries address immediate issues considered the implications of new technologies and increase their capacity for longer-term policy and approaches available to planners and decision and investment planning. makers. ESMAP also organized a study tour to Energinet.dk, Denmark’s transmission system In FY2015, ESMAP also supported several knowl- operator, for 26 participants—representatives of edge exchange events across the globe. On regulators, system operators, and utilities from ACCELERATING THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT 15 more than a dozen countries, including Chile, A ministerial regulation on geothermal pricing China, Morocco, Pakistan, South Africa, and and policy issued in June 2014 was the result of Zambia. the work between MEMR and the World Bank and ADB and was viewed as a major step forward From May 17–22, 2015, with support from ASTAE in improving Indonesia’s geothermal regulatory and ESMAP, an Indian delegation of senior power framework. The new regulation has been widely sector officials visited Brazil on a study tour to accepted by the private sector and various gov- investigate the Brazilian experience of scaling up ernment entities, including the Ministry of renewable energy in the power system. Brazil has Finance. As a result of this collaborative process, for decades operated a power system with signif- the MEMR requested further World Bank assis- icant levels of renewable energy—mainly hydro, tance in preparing three additional regulations. but in recent years with increasing amounts of Indonesia’s Ministry of Finance has also requested wind—based on a unique planning and market assistance to improve the workings of the Geo- model. thermal Fund. Other projects supported under the GGDP REMOVING BOTTLENECKS TO include the Geothermal Exploratory Drilling GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Project in Armenia, which was approved in DEVELOPMENT FY2015. The project will help confirm whether the geothermal resource at the Karkar geother- Geothermal energy is an underutilized resource mal field is suitable for power generation and, with the potential to deliver renewable and reliable if so, will support the Government of Armenia electricity and heat for many low- and middle- with transaction advisory services to design a income countries. The Global Geothermal Devel- public-private partnership scheme for construc- opment Plan (GGDP) is an initiative by ESMAP tion of a geothermal power plant at the site. and other multilateral and bilateral development Construction of the access road to the drill site partners to transform the energy sector of develop- is underway, and drilling of slim wells will take ing countries by scaling up the use of geothermal place in the summer of 2016. power. The GGDP has also provided support to a num- Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral ber of World Bank geothermal projects currently Resources (MEMR) in October 2013 requested under preparation. Funding for Technical Assis- World Bank assistance in making revisions to the tance for Geothermal Development in Chile, government’s geothermal pricing policy. With which will leverage additional funds from CTF, support from ESMAP and ASTAE, an international was approved in FY2015 to assist the country in advisory team of technical, economic, financial, resolving specific barriers to improve the geother- and legal consultants from the World Bank and mal energy market conditions for mobilizing ADB worked with MEMR on a rationale and meth- investments in the sector. Support is underway odology for a new geothermal tariff. on reforming the policy and legal framework and 16 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM for greater engagement of stakeholders to raise specifications will be submitted to the UNECE in broader awareness within the country. Through March 2016, and the UNECE is anticipated to adopt the Saint Lucia Geothermal Project, also funded the standards in April 2017. ESMAP’s support by the SIDS DOCK Support Program (Chapter 9) covered the costs of travel and accommodation for and GEF, the World Bank team is coordinating two sessions of the working group. At the first and supporting activities related to surface recon- session, hosted by the World Bank in Washington, naissance, including magneto telluric tests and DC, ESMAP organized an open session at the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) surveys and working group meeting and invited a number of strengthening the capacity of the Ministry of Sus- stakeholders to participate. tainable Development, Energy, Science and Tech- nology in Saint Lucia with geothermal advisory and project coordination expertise. In Turkey, the HELPING COUNTRIES Geothermal Development Project, whose imple- UNDERSTAND THEIR RENEWABLE mentation is expected to begin in the first half of ENERGY POTENTIAL 2016, will capitalize a risk-sharing mechanism for resource confirmation and a loan facility for During FY2015 ESMAP’s global initiative on resource development. Renewable Energy Resource Mapping was focused on project delivery, with substantive In April 2015, ESMAP provided financial sup- progress made in all of the 12 participating port to a three-day course on “Reducing Geo- countries. This initiative is supporting client thermal Drilling Risk,” which was held in rela- countries that want to develop or scale up power tion to the World Geothermal Congress in generation from domestic renewable energy Melbourne, Australia. The course was organized resou rces, focusing on biomass, sma l l by the International Geothermal Association’s hydropower, solar, and wind, by providing those Academy and taught by seven high-level experts countries with the data needed to analyze their on geothermal conceptual modeling and drill- renewable energy potential and guide their ing. A total of 43 students from all over the world development. Resource assessment combines participated, and 20 students from low- and mid- multiple sources of information, including dle-income countries received fellowships pro- satellite data, surveys, and specially commissioned vided by ESMAP to cover part of the travel and meteorological measurements, to produce high accommodation costs. quality maps and accompanying datasets that can be used for multiple purposes, including ESMAP also provided financial and logistical strategic planning, grid integration studies, and support to a joint effort by the UN Economic site assessment by commercial developers. As an Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the open data initiative, all key outputs and datasets International Geothermal Association to develop are made publicly available with the visual International Standards for Classification of mapping outputs made accessible on the Global Geothermal Resources under the United Nations Atlas for Renewable Energy that has been Framework Classification. A draft version of the developed by IRENA. ACCELERATING THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT 17 Preliminary mapping outputs for solar and wind monthly to the Energy & Extractives Open Data resources from Phase 1 of the projects were pre- Platform established by ESMAP under this initia- sented during FY2015 in the following countries: tive and subsequently made available to other Malawi (solar only), Maldives, Pakistan, Papua World Bank project teams. The biomass mapping New Guinea (wind only), Tanzania (see Box 2.2), component was also initiated, with the design of Vietnam (wind only), and Zambia. (As interim a major program of field surveys to be carried out outputs, the information and data have not yet by a consortium of universities during FY2016 that been subject to full peer review; final, validated, will go farmer to farmer to assess surplus biomass and peer-reviewed outputs will be made available from crop residues and other sources, with the once the projects are completed.) Preliminary small results then combined with earth observation data. hydropower outputs were also presented in Mad- agascar and Tanzania, with work ongoing in Indo- In Vietnam, the World Bank team is partnering nesia and Vietnam. ASTAE also provided funding closely with GIZ to publish the country’s ongoing for the activities in Maldives and Papua New wind measurement data, which will be Guinea (see Chapter 10). incorporated into the wind mapping being carried out by the World Bank. The initial mapping In Pakistan, the first solar measuring stations to highlighted a number of high potential zones that be commissioned under this initiative went live in were not previously identified in the center and November 2014. Data has since been uploaded north of the country, as most existing measurement TABLE 2.1 Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Activities COUNTRY BIOMASS SMALL SOLAR WIND HYDROPOWER Ethiopia  Indonesia  Lesotho  Madagascar  Malawi  Maldives   Nepal  Pakistan    Papua New Guinea  Tanzania    Vietnam    Zambia   18 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM sites are in the southeast of the country, so the to mainstream disaster risk management and resil- project was restructured to include six new wind ience into energy operations, including knowledge measurement sites and a LIDAR campaign that curation and sharing, operational support, and uses this remote sensing method to help validate screening tool development and dissemination. these potentially significant resources. The use of LIDAR will be a first under this initiative and ESMAP is undertaking a knowledge study on under any national wind mapping effort. emerging practices in building power sector resilience to weather and geological risks. The Early results from the small hydropower map- objective is to collect global practices on ping work in Tanzania were disseminated to the addressing this challenge by surveying a wide national Rural Energy Agency, with analysis range of power sector stakeholders in developed involving visits to over 200 potential sites across and developing countries, including regulators, the country by motorbike. The detailed investi- utilities, insurance companies, financial gation unearthed some unknown sites in remote institutions, and policy makers. This study is the parts of the country that may have the potential first step towards identifying investment to support mini-grids, thereby complementing a opportunities for managing weather and geological number of major donor-funded programs in the risks and mainstreaming natural disaster risk country, including Tanzania’s Energy Develop- management in the energy sector. The study is a ment and Access Expansion Project. joint effort with the World Bank’s Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery in coordination with the WBG’s Treasury, Climate BUILDING RESILIENCE IN THE practice, and IFC. The results of this study are ENERGY SECTOR expected to be completed in December 2015. The widespread nature of power sector infrastruc- Belize and the Philippines have requested World ture makes it highly vulnerable to the effects of Bank technical assistance to improve the man- extreme weather and geological events. Extreme agement of natural disasters in power utilities. In events can cause considerable damage to local Belize, identified by the United Nations Frame- physical assets, which in turn can have a major work Convention on Climate Change as among impact on overall networks and loss of service. the most vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate Due to increasing concern in the ability to cope change, ESMAP supported two analyses: one that with numerous hazards and threats, there has been provided a high-level diagnosis of issues and a recent focus on resilience—defined as the abil- options for climate resilience in the country’s ity of a system and its component parts to antici- energy sector and another on the impacts of pate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the extreme weather on the power system in Belize. effects of a hazardous event in a timely and effi- The studies are informing the design and prepa- cient manner, including through the preservation, ration of the World Bank’s Energy Resilience for restoration, or improvement of its basic structures Climate Adaptation Project that is supported by and functions. The ESMAP resilience program aims GEF’s Special Climate Change Fund. ACCELERATING THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT 19 Development of the Seventeenth Replenishment suite of online tools, including the climate and of the International Development Association disaster risk screening tool, to help country teams (IDA 17) climate and disaster risk-screening tool identify potential risks to projects and country drew on ESMAP’s tool for screening energy sec- plans they are working on. The tool was also used tor vulnerability to climate change. As of July 1, by the World Bank’s Africa regional team in 2014, IDA 17 requires all new operations funded Mozambique to inform development of that coun- by IDA to be screened for short- and long-term try’s Second Climate Change Development Pol- climate and disaster risks and provides a new icy Operation. BOX 2.1 SOLAR AND WIND POTENTIAL COULD HELP MEET FUTURE POWER GENERATION GOALS IN TANZANIA To accelerate the expansion of renewable energy, the Government of Tanzania requested the support of the World Bank and ESMAP’s Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Initiative to help improve the country’s knowledge and awareness of small hydro, solar, and wind energy resources. The $2.8 million program in Tanzania is one of the largest under this initiative. According to preliminary findings, Tanzania has immense solar and wind power potential that could provide much-needed energy for the developing nation. The country’s resources suitable for solar power generation were estimated to be equivalent to those of Spain, and areas of high wind power potential covered more than 10 percent of the country, an area the size of Malawi. The initial results were based on global datasets and satellite analysis and involved six months of intensive number crunching by specialist wind and solar teams supported by ESMAP. Over the next two years, these findings will be validated by placing separate ground-based solar and wind measuring stations in approximately 20 locations—about 10 stations each for solar and wind—around the country. This work will support and inform a long-term partnership between the World Bank and Tanzania Electric Supply Company, Ltd. (TANESCO) to expand and modernize the country’s power sector. One of the most interesting initial findings was that certain areas of Tanzania with high solar irradiation also have high wind speeds at night, raising the possibility of around-the-clock power generation. All data from the initial results and from the next two years of ground-based measurements will be made available via the ESMAP website and on the Global Atlas for Renewable Energy that has been developed by IRENA. The May 22 media briefing on the initial findings for Tanzania was followed by the inauguration of the country’s first solar measuring station, on the rooftop of the Physics Department at the University of Dar es Salaam. 20 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 2.2 HIGHLIGHTS OF NEW ESMAP-SUPPORTED CLEAN ENERGY ACTIVITIES, FY2015 Indonesia | Capacity Strengthening and Risk Mitigation for Geothermal Development. Harnessing geothermal power is a key development priority for the Government of Indonesia and WBG. This joint effort has shed new light on tackling geothermal development challenges, first and foremost: resource risk. With funding from ESMAP, the World Bank is: (i) providing technical assistance and capturing lessons learned on resource estimation; (ii) providing capacity building to the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources with the Geothermal Law and restructuring of the Geothermal Fund Facility; and (iii) developing key risk mitigation models for geothermal exploration and increased private sector participation. These efforts are geared to support the prep- aration of a CTF/GEF project for risk mitigation of geothermal exploration drilling with a focus on Eastern Indonesia, where electrification rates are lowest and poverty rates are highest. The Philippines | Amendments to the Distribution Code for VRE. The objective of this activity is to provide advice to the Government of the Philippines on critical issues in the power sector, including VRE, Mindanao energy strategy, market development, and regulatory issues. There have been a number of recent positive developments in the Philippines’ power sector: (i) most energy subsidies have been eliminated, (ii) energy access is 80 percent of the population and growing, and (iii) technical losses are decreasing. The purpose of World Bank assistance is to provide technical expertise and advice that will help facilitate the implementation of the remaining elements of the reform program. Chile | Technical Assistance for Sustainable Geothermal Development. This activity aims to compre- hensively address several key barriers to geothermal development and improve geothermal energy market conditions in Chile, by: (i) improving policy framework and strengthening management capa- bilities for mobilizing investments in geothermal and (ii) enhancing market conditions for promoting sustainable development of the sector. The World Bank will provide direct technical assistance by mobilizing and managing international specialists in geothermal energy development, carrying out analytical work to inform the relevant decisions of the Government of Chile, and providing just-in- time support. This operation is co-funded by ESMAP and the CTF and aims to support the Government of Chile in creating the legal framework and market conditions required for the geothermal sector to develop. Within this framework, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) are working together in the geothermal sector in Chile. IDB is currently implementing an operation in this sector, which may directly benefit from the outcomes of this activity, namely the new regulatory framework and market conditions. ACCELERATING THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT 21 CREATING CHAPTER 3 PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL 23 KNOWLEDGE TO HELP ACHIEVE KEY ENERGY ACCESS UNIVERSAL ENERGY ACCESS ACHIEVEMENTS, FY2015 • Helped develop the new National The three overarching goals of the Sustainable Electrification Program for Myanmar, Energy for All Initiative (SE4All) to be achieved which calls for universal access to by 2030—universal access to modern energy ser- electricity—7.2 million new household vices, doubling the share of renewable energy in connections—by 2030 the global energy mix, and doubling the rate of • Launched the Efficient, Clean Cooking improvement of energy efficiency—have now and Heating Program, which aims to encourage and foster public and private been broadly accepted by a large and diverse partnerships to scale up access to cleaner global coalition of international organizations, the and more efficient cooking and heating private and civil sectors, and over 80 developing solutions countries. • Published two groundbreaking reports: (i) Progress Toward Sustainable Energy: Although the world is making progress towards Global Tracking Framework 2015, the the first SE4All goal, much more needs to be done. second in a biennial report series that Greater effort is needed to address the barriers of tracks the world’s progress toward the three SE4All goals; (ii) The State of the affordability, access to financing, innovation and Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sec- capacity, and policy environment. To this end, tor, which provides a comprehensive pic- ESMAP has scaled up its support for the SE4All ture of the current state of the clean initiative through its own technical assistance pro- cooking sector in the developing world gram as well as by hosting the SE4All Knowl- • As part of the SE4All Technical Assistance edge Hub. Program, supported work in 10 countries in Africa, Central America, and South Asia The Knowledge Hub, a joint effort of ESMAP and to help expand and accelerate their na- tional energy access programs the World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Practice, focuses on two areas: (i) research that supports implementation of SE4All initiatives through frameworks that track and monitor prog- ress and (ii) knowledge management work that Sustainable Energy (RISE); and the global State collects information and data around key policy of the Energy Access Report. experiences and cases to make it readily accessi- ble to decision makers. In FY2015, ESMAP collaborated with the Energy and Extractives Global Practice of the World Bank Four specific, but complementary initiatives are and IEA—with the support of over 20 other part- being implemented under the Knowledge Hub: ners—to produce Progress toward Sustainable the Global Tracking Framework (GTF) for Energy: Global Tracking Framework 2015, the SE4ALL; the Multi-tier Framework for Measuring second in a biennial report series that tracks the Energy Access; Readiness for Investment in world’s progress toward the three SE4All goals. 24 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM The report found that as of 2012, 1.1 billion people enabling environments. As a tool, RISE was ini- in the world still live without electricity and 2.9 tially piloted in 17 countries, and global rollout billion people still cook using solid fuels like began in 2015 with a report expected in 2016. kerosene, wood, charcoal, and dung. Overall, the increase in the number of people gaining access to Complementing the GTF, the Knowledge Hub will electricity is only just keeping pace with population develop a periodic publication on the global state growth, whereas the number of people gaining of energy access. The Global State of Energy Access access to modern cooking fuels did not keep pace Report will provide qualitative analysis, comple- with population growth between 2010 and 2012. menting the data-driven analysis in the GTF and Meeting the universal energy access goal will require the RISE indices. An important element of this report well-informed policy planning, putting in place new will be to capture actual impacts of energy access technologies and business models, and most of all, programs through specific case studies, the first of increased investment. Achieving universal access which is expected to be released in early 2016. to electricity will require $36 billion a year in additional investments between now and 2030. Meeting the clean cooking gap, by contrast, will SCALING UP CLEAN COOKING AND only take an additional $4.3 billion a year. HEATING A number of organizations, including the Energising The cost of reliance on inefficient and polluting Development Program, GIZ, KfW Bankengruppe fuels and cooking and heating stoves can no lon- (KfW), Practical Action Consulting, and United ger be ignored. A staggering 4.3 million people die Nations Development Programme (UNDP), among annually and millions more suffer from serious ill- others, closely collaborated with ESMAP to help nesses caused by air pollution from cooking and shape the Multi-tier Framework (MTF) approach. heating with traditional fuels such as wood, char- GIZ will support the implementation of the global coal, coal, animal dung, and crop waste. rollout phase of the MTF survey in Bangladesh. Yet, global engagement has been lackluster in The World Bank Group and ESMAP have part- recent decades due in part to market barriers that nered with other stakeholders, including USAID impede the production, deployment, and use of and the Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program clean and improved cookstoves in the develop- of the Climate Investment Funds, to develop RISE. ing world. Recent developments, however, have RISE is a new initiative to develop global indica- the potential to transform the sector. New tech- tors across the three focus areas of SE4ALL— nologies, scientific linkages between emissions energy access, energy efficiency, and renewable and health, and growing private sector engage- energy. Specifically, RISE looks at a country’s ment are beginning to make a difference. planning, policies and regulations, and pricing and subsidies; assesses its readiness for invest- Taking advantage of the significant momentum ment in sustainable energy; and offers country- generated by SE4All and the upcoming Sustain- level interventions and policy inputs to foster able Development Goals, the World Bank is CREATING PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL 25 ramping up its efforts to help countries find clean, Cooking Sector, provides a comprehensive pic- efficient cooking and heating solutions and expand ture of the current state of the clean cooking sec- access to modern energy services. A new Efficient, tor in the developing world with a particular focus Clean Cooking and Heating Partnership, pro- on low penetration in Sub-Saharan Africa and posed and managed by ESMAP, will use the com- South Asia. Launched at the SE4All 2nd Annual parative advantages of the World Bank Group and Forum in New York in May 2015, the report builds its partners, such as the Global Alliance for Clean on the latest literature and, using original research Cookstoves, to foster public and private partner- and analysis, the report updates the case for clean ships to scale up access to cleaner and more effi- cooking; maps key sector demand and supply cient cooking and heating solutions. trends; and provides the first-ever global baseline and market forecast for clean and improved cook- This new program, announced in October 2014, ing solutions. will initially focus activities in 10 countries where a foundation for cleaner and more efficient cook- The central message from the report is that the ing and heating has already been established. The clean cooking market has immense potential for new program will build toward achieving health growth, with over 700 million households, that together already spend over $100 billion annu- benefits, pinpointing approaches and technolo- gies, such as more efficient stoves and cleaner ally on cooking fuels and devices. While there remain formidable technical, institutional, and burning fuels, which reduce exposure to cooking regulatory challenges to overcome, there is sig- and heating-related pollutants. nificant growth opportunity for early entrants, as well as existing players, in the large and expand- This program will offer technical support to global ing clean cooking market. activities and country programs that test innova- tive approaches to (i) speed the scaling up of prod- The report underscores that meeting the objec- uct manufacturing capacity and delivery (which tive of universal clean cooking access requires a will increase affordability), and (ii) mobilize pub- broad, multi-sectoral approach and, while differ- lic and private sector resources (which will increase ent levels and types of solutions need to be pro- sustainability). Given the multi-disciplinary nature moted in the short run, only the cleanest solu- of the problem, ESMAP will draw on the WBG’s tions—clean fuels and advanced biomass stoves expertise in poverty reduction, health, environ- and electricity—hold the potential for a truly ment, household energy, forestry, natural resource transformational impact on health. management, climate change, gender, and finance. TAKING ACTION AT THE COUNTRY THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL LEVEL CLEAN COOKING SECTOR As part of WBG’s commitment to SE4All, ESMAP A new report developed jointly by ESMAP and launched the SE4All Technical Assistance Pro- the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, The gram in 2013, to help countries develop the pol- State of the Global Clean and Improved icy frameworks, strengthen the institutions, and 26 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FIGURE 3.1 SE4All Technical Assistance Program Activities Burundi Access: 5% Population: 8.3m Lack access: 7.9m Senegal S-TAP focus: grid Guatemala Access: 57% network expansion Access: 82% Population: 12m Fragile State Population: 13m Lack access: 1.5m Lack access: 2.2m S-TAP focus: rural S-TAP focus: electrification clean cooking Guinea Nicaragua Access: 20% Access: 74% Population: 10m Population: 5.7m Lack access: 1.5m SE4All Lack access: 8m S-TAP focus: S-TAP focus: hydrogeneration clean cooking Technical Nepal Assistance Honduras Access: 76% Access: 81% Population: 27.8m Program Population: 7m Lack access: 6.7m Lack access: 1.3m S-TAP focus: S-TAP focus: clean clean cooking cooking Myanmar Liberia Access: 29% Access: 4% Population: 60m Population: 4m Lack access: 42.6m Mozambique Lack access: 3.8m S-TAP focus: on & off- Access: 15% S-TAP focus: grid electricity Population: 23m Fragile State access Lack access: 19.6m mobilize the financing necessary to expand and studies to help strengthen regional power pools accelerate their national energy access programs. in Sub-Saharan Africa. Work initially began with activities in Burundi, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Liberia, Mozam- In Sub-Saharan Africa, most activities and devel- bique, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicaragua, and Senegal opment of roadmaps and investment prospectuses as well as technical assistance and financing are well underway, although implementation has CREATING PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL 27 been hampered by the 2014 Ebola crisis in Guinea A number of early lessons have been learned from and Liberia. this first year of implementation in Central America. There must be a top-down and a bottom-up • In Burundi, the Masterplan and Pre-Feasibility approach to this issue. Clean cooking solutions must Study for Network Extension as well as the be a national priority at the highest level of Electricity Distribution Investment Plan, are government for any program to have a chance at underway. success. Simultaneously, awareness raising of the • In Guinea, an energy sector working group linkages between cooking with woodfuels in has been established to coordinate SE4All inefficient cookstoves and human health in the form activities and rollout of the multi-tier frame- of community cooking demonstrations are important work pilot has begun. to stimulate demand for clean cooking solutions. • In Liberia, four to six mini-hydropower sites In each instance, significant staff time is needed to have been identified to provide power to research, explore, coordinate, and build relationships communities that will not be connected to as well as train small- and medium-size enterprises. the grid in the near term. • In Mozambique, progress has been made in In FY2015, the SE4All Technical Assistance Pro- developing a roadmap for implementation of gram completed its first investment prospectus the country’s new Energy Strategy 2014–23. for the National Electrification Plan toward uni- • In Nigeria, 2 of the country’s 11 distribution versal electricity access in Myanmar (see Box 3.1). zones have been covered through a geospatial planning approach to expand electrification and The SE4All Technical Assistance Program also a detailed investment plan for extending the financed technical and financing studies to help electricity network is under development. strengthen regional power pools in Sub-Saharan • In Senegal, the first part of an audit of the Africa. The activity has kicked off with a flagship rural electrification agency was completed and report on regional power trade, exploring both implementation of the investment prospectus the importance of regional integration and inno- on rural electrification is advancing. vative financing options for transformative energy projects. Beyond rural electrification, the program has extended its services to clean cooking initiatives in Nepal—where the program to prepare the BEYOND CONNECTIONS: ENERGY investment prospectus is underway—and three ACCESS REDEFINED countries in Central America: Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The Central American Energy is needed for various applications across Clean Cooking Initiative successfully completed households, businesses, and communities; and roadmaps and investment prospectuses for access to energy is a key enabler of socioeconomic Guatemala and Nicaragua; and a gap assessment development. To be meaningful, access to energy report for Honduras. must be adequate in quantity, available when 28 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FIGURE 3.2 Beyond Connections: Energy Access Redefined Why think beyond connections? BEYOND CONNECTIONS MEANS: Off-grid Quality and Upstream Clean Energy for solutions quantity of grid electricity cooking community electricity projects solutions facilities and productive engagements Energy access can no longer be understood in terms of number of grid electricity connections. needed, and of good quality. It should also be usability, specifically how and what kind of affordable, reliable, convenient, legal, healthy, energy is used to accomplish an array of tasks. and safe. Energy access may be secured through a range of technologies, including grid and off- The report divides energy use into three broad cat- grid electricity, as well as through the use of con- egories—household, productive enterprises, and ventional fuels and renewable energy. community facilities. At the household level, energy access encompasses electricity as well as A new ESMAP report, Beyond Connections: cooking and heating solutions. For productive Energy Access Redefined, offers a paradigm shift engagement, energy access involves any activity from a binary definition of energy access that that increases income, productivity, and/or measures whether a household has an electrical employment while delivering higher quality or connection or not to a multi-tier approach that lower priced goods. Energy access for community assesses energy access from the perspective of use includes improvements in infrastructure and CREATING PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL 29 services such as schools, health facilities, govern- from physical infrastructure to policy and ment offices, and street lighting. regulation. The report proposes a multi-tier framework for Introduced at the Vienna Energy Forum in June, each area. This approach embraces all aspects of the full report will be published in late 2015. Sub- energy access, including adequacy, availability, sequent reports will suggest methodological reliability, affordability, quality, legality, heath approaches and analyze on-the-ground results impacts, safety, and convenience. Tracking how from data collected in Democratic Republic of people are using energy and for what purposes Congo (Kinshasa), Uganda, Ethiopia, Rwanda, can inform investments in energy projects to and India (Bihar) where the new framework has strengthen the overall energy delivery system been tested. 30 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 3.1 POWERING UP MYANMAR: MORE THAN 7 MILLION NEW ELECTRICITY CONNECTIONS NEEDED BY 2030 Myanmar has one of the lowest electrification rates in the world. Even with gains in recent years, only 33 percent of the population has an electricity connection. While this rate is higher for urban areas, large parts of rural Myanmar have almost no electricity at all. Lack of power threatens Myanmar’s economic transition by restricting the expansion of infrastruc- ture projects, putting industrial development on hold, and slowing down job growth. In rural areas, schools and clinics operate with little to no power. In January 2014, the World Bank committed $1 billion in financial support to expand electricity generation, transmission, and distribution in Myanmar. As part of this effort, a joint WBG team, with technical and financial support from ESMAP, worked closely with Myanmar’s government in FY2015 to develop and implement a National Electrification Plan. The goal: universal electricity access by the year 2030. Universal electricity access for Myanmar will not be a small feat. Approximately 7.2 million new household electricity connections will be required by 2030. Achieving this will require an average of 450,000 new connections per year—more than double the current rate of expansion. Additionally, the total cost of the 16-year rollout is estimated at $5.8 billion, in addition to the generation and transmission investments required to meet the resulting energy demand. Using geospatial mapping techniques, the National Electrification Plan details the expansion of Myanmar’s electricity grid and use of mini-grids and off-grid solutions. The investment prospectus recommends 1.7 million new electricity connections to be created during the first five-year period, with $700 million in investment and technical assistance from development partners, government, and the private sector. The National Electrification Plan makes clear, with continued government commitment, targeted sector policies, and financial support from donors, universal electricity access in Myanmar is both achievable and affordable. CREATING PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL 31 FOSTERING CHAPTER 4 ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES 33 COLLABORATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR URBAN ENERGY CHALLENGES TIE KEY ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES ACHIEVEMENTS, FY2015 The United Nations forecasts that the world’s • Allocation of over $6 million to 17 countries urban population will increase to 64 percent by under City Energy Efficiency Transformation 2050, with 94 percent of that increase occurring Initiative grants, Energy Efficient Urban in developing countries. Cities are proving to be Transport grants, and Energy Efficient the primary drivers of economic growth and Urban, Water and Sanitation Services grants, innovation. But rapid urbanization, together with in collaboration with World Bank’s Social, rising incomes, has led to massive new demand Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice; for energy to power economic activity and expand Water; and Transport and ICT Global Practices, to perform city energy diagnostics, basic infrastructure as well as deliver municipal conduct pre-feasibility studies in key energy- services. Energy efficiency can offer practical, using urban sector (e.g., street lighting and cost-effective solutions to expand and improve buildings), improve capacity in transport urban services, while contributing to cities’ efforts planning, develop municipal action plans, to be more competitive and address climate design business models, and support change. It can also contribute to meeting investment plans countries’ energy security and energy access • Raised awareness and informed policy dia- logues on municipal energy efficiency objectives. through the use of the TRACE to more than 30 new cities, including municipalities in Today’s increasingly urban world requires India, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mexico, and collaborative solutions. ESMAP’s City Energy Ukraine Efficiency Transformation Initiative (CEETI) has • Publication of a series of energy efficiency been assisting municipalities address some of their guidance notes for mayors, covering pro- most pressing economic, social, and environmental curement, financing, buildings, transport, challenges, since its inception in 2013. With a energy assessments, and spatial planning • Launch of the Energy Efficiency Project continued focus on technical assistance, capacity Resource Center in partnership with building, and knowledge creation and Energypedia to provide easy access to dissemination, the initiative significantly increased working-level energy efficiency project its work program in collaboration with the World documents to experts worldwide Bank Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice in FY2015. Through grant allocations totaling over $5 million, the initiative has provided support to cities in 12 investment program; assessments to determine countries. Among the ongoing activities are the energy efficiency potential across sectors in municipal energy efficiency action plans for cities Egypt’s two largest cities—Cairo and Alexandria; in Macedonia; support to the city of Shenzhen, and a sustainable urban energy and emissions China, to develop a low carbon strategy and plan in Surabaya, Indonesia, which includes a 34 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM street lighting pilot project. CEETI also supported as a pre-feasibility study for each of the three IFC’s green building program (EDGE) in cities. In the Odisha state of India, TRACE was developing a publicly available software tool as used in the three cities of Bhubaneswar, well as building certification in a number of Cuttack, and Puri as part of a larger urban countries. resilience non-lending technical assistance that will inform a development policy lending The initiative also provided over $1 million in operation that is currently being prepared. grants to the World Bank’s Transport and Water Global Practice Groups. Among the transport In Brazil, the LED Lighting Program has activities were programs to strengthen public advanced since the first TRACE deployment in transport in Latin America and improve bus 2012 in Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro. The operational efficiency in India. On the water deployments were followed by pre-feasibility side, grants were used for technical training of studies in both cities. As a result, Belo Hori- water utilities in the Danube Region and scal- zonte decided to replace its 178,000 lighting ing up energy management in water and sani- points with LEDs using a public-private part- tation operation in Latin America, particularly nership. Rio de Janeiro has included the replace- Nicaragua. ment of its 400,000 lighting points in its 2017 infrastructure plan in order to focus on the 2016 At the same time, ESMAP developed a robust Olympics. The World Bank is finishing a sur- pipeline of city energy efficiency diagnostic activ- vey of lighting systems in 300 Brazilian cities ities, many involving the Tool for Rapid Assess- and launching a study of the most appropriate ment of City Energy (TRACE). For instance, two business models to help the cities transition to TRACE-enabled diagnostics conducted in Mexico LED lighting, which is roughly 60 percent more in 2013 (Leon and Puebla) have expanded into a efficient. program of energy efficiency assessments in 30+ cities nationwide, providing the foundation for Altogether, TRACE was used in more than 30 the development of a national program on energy cities in FY2015, bringing the total number of efficiency in cities led by the Mexican Ministry of cities that the tool has been implemented in to Energy. over 60. In Ukraine, a diagnostic of energy efficiency potential has led to the development of a STRATEGIC GUIDANCE NOTES FOR sustainable urban energy efficiency program CITY OFFICIALS with investment plans for three cities—Kiev, Ternopil, and Kamianets-Podilskyi. The use of For cities that want to take concrete actions on TRACE to identify energy efficiency potential improving energy efficiency, it is essential for city was only the first step in a larger energy leaders to understand what, where, and how big efficiency transformation program. Additional the potential energy-saving opportunities are for outputs include an investment pipeline as well their city; how to capture these savings; the FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES 35 implementation costs and constraints; and how Efficiency Assessments serves as a general refer- to set priorities given local capacity and resources. ence for defining and choosing the three types of energy efficiency assessments—multi-sector rapid, To help municipalities tackle these tough single-sector in-depth, or multi-sector comprehen- questions, ESMAP has published a series of sive assessments—that a city might pursue as guidance notes covering urban energy efficiency well as the basic steps for conducting each. topics such as procurement, financing, buildings, Finally, Planning Energy Efficient and Livable Cit- transport, energy assessments, and spatial ies advises city leaders on how to manage the planning. The notes are directed towards mayors growth and transformation of urban forms to help them set a forward-looking, sustainable through planning policies, zoning regulations, and strategic vision for their municipality. Each note design guidelines. provides practical options, global lessons, and examples from successful programs worldwide. Cities have to make hard decisions on energy effi- ciency investments. The burden for mayors is to The first in the Mayoral Guidance Note series, discern where the opportunities are, what mea- Driving Energy Efficiency Markets through sures offer the greatest potential for energy effi- Municipal Procurement, outlines the opportunities ciency improvements, which sectors to prioritize, and barriers to adopting procurement strategies and what the implementation constraints are for and offers step-by-step guidance on how cities can one’s own city. By building upon the TRACE get started with energy efficient purchasing assessments, these guidance notes are designed policies. Financing Municipal Energy Efficiency to facilitate the decision-making process. Projects focuses on how municipalities can access financing for energy efficiency investments, particularly for projects in indoor lighting, building A GROWING KNOWLEDGE BASE retrofits, public lighting, and municipal utilities. Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings offers city As part of its commitment to support the scale-up leaders advice on how to introduce energy of energy efficiency in developing countries, efficiency measures and tap into a wide array of ESMAP has developed an Energy Efficiency proven technologies, policies, and financing Project Resource Center in partnership with mechanisms. Energypedia, an independent non-profit energy information resource. Toward Sustainable and Energy Efficient Urban Transport presents a systematic, practical, and The Energy Efficiency Project Resource Center comprehensive approach—a framework of pos- went live in April 2015 and is currently hosting sible interventions—to deal with the problems of around 130 working-level documents on energy urban transport and demonstrates how such inter- efficiency—such as sample terms of reference, ventions relate to the overall objectives of improv- procurement documents, case studies, and train- ing mobility and energy efficiency, reducing air ing material, among others—which are key to pollution, and increasing road safety. City Energy help officials from cities and countries around the 36 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM world inform and implement urban energy effi- project-related resources in the clean energy ciency actions. Documents are tagged by sector sector. Current partners include the Public-Private (e.g., buildings, solid waste, transport, etc.), lan- Partnership in Infrastructure Resource Center, guage, and region/country. Energypedia’s open GIZ, the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency wiki-based platform allows any user to both eas- Partnership, openei.org, the Wuppertal Institute ily locate documents and add new ones. Having for Climate, Environment and Energy, and Natural such documents readily available can reduce Resources Canada. transaction costs associated with creating new templates from scratch. Also, the platform facil- itates interaction through dedicated spaces for LEARNING LESSONS IN A LIVABLE discussion and private messages to other users. CITY The target users are energy efficiency profession- als seeking guidance on project planning and Vienna—selected the world’s most livable city implementation as well as organizations that want in 2015—became the setting for ESMAP’s Knowl- to facilitate knowledge exchange. edge Exchange Forum on Livable and Energy Efficient Cities in June 2015. This event was The Energy Efficiency Project Resource Center organized by ESMAP and hosted by the Govern- builds on the successful experience of the ment of Austria with support from the Austrian Renewable Energy Project Resource Center Development Agency and United Nations Indus- launched with Energypedia in FY2014; the two trial Development Organization (UNIDO). The platforms now have a common landing page, event brought together stakeholders from around known collectively as the Clean Energy Project the world who received CEETI grants—includ- Resource Center, allowing users to easily access ing representatives from 14 developing FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES 37 countries—to exchange experience and lessons and economic growth. The former General Man- learned on the development of livable and energy ager of Transmilenio in Bogota, Colombia, guided efficient cities. Through brief presentations and forum participants through Bogota’s challenging moderated discussions, participants were encour- process of transforming a once chaotic public aged to actively learn from their peers. transport system into a model for the world. The Director General of Environmental Management Presentations were paired with guidance from in Leon, Mexico, outlined the 13 energy efficiency urban planning experts and commentary from measures already identified to increase livability city administrators on the ground. For instance, for its nearly 1.5 million residents spread across the opening session featured a presentation from 456 square miles. Other topics of discussion a Californian urban design expert who brought included institutional, financial, and regulatory examples of urban revitalization in numerous cit- barriers to development of urban energy effi- ies in China, Mexico, and the United States, where ciency; successful delivery models; aligning the emphasis was on transportation planning, national and local priorities; and the roles of civil community livability, multi-modal street function, society and the private sector. BOX 4.1 DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT IN COLOMBO In Colombo, Sri Lanka, the proportion of the population using private transportation surged from 26 percent in 1985 to 42 percent in 2013. Travel speed at peak hours is mostly less than 20 km per hour and even less than 10 km per hour in some sections. Without energy efficient transport solu- tions, the problem will just get worse as the population of Western Province, the country’s capital region, is expected to increase from 5.8 million to 8.7 million by 2035. The core railway network in the heart of Colombo holds great potential for transit-oriented devel- opment. With funding from ESMAP, the World Bank’s South Asia Transport Unit conducted a low carbon urban transport study for Colombo to explore the potential for optimizing the use of public transport. The study assessed current and future levels of greenhouse gas emissions from Colombo’s urban transport sector, using a transport demand simulation model from JICA that drew from an exten- sive survey of 44,000 households in Colombo. Analyses on the potential impacts found that better connections between Sri Lanka’s existing railway and bus networks would attract more people to use public transportation and reduce carbon emissions from private vehicle usage by an estimated 18,000 tons of carbon dioxide in 20 years. 38 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 4.1 Continued The study proposes the development of “multi-modal centers” (MMCs) that would integrate bus, railway, and other public transport services; car and motorcycle parking; and non-motorized trans- port such as walking or bicycling. Bus bays, taxi stands, and motorcycle parking will be arranged so that people can walk to and from stations safely on pedestrian bridges. Ragama, a key junction of the Sri Lankan Railway’s network where two lines merge, was selected as one of the pilot stations to determine the impact of improved connectivity on public transport usage and carbon emissions. Near the railway station, Ragama now has two separate bus termi- nals, one right next to the station and the other across the tracks. About 25 buses arrive per hour at Ragama station during morning peak times. With the busy movement of buses, cars, tuk-tuks— three-wheeled motorcycle taxis—and pedestrians, the area has a high risk of traffic accidents. The development of an MMC at Ragama would also focus on operational aspects such as synchro- nizing the timetable between bus and rail and a common ticket system for smooth transfers. With the new proposed layout and operational measures for integration, public transport passen- gers would benefit from fast, comfortable, and safe transfers at the pilot stations. At Ragama, the development of the MMC would increase the number of passengers transferring from bus to rail from a projected 1,650 per hour at peak times in 2035 to 2,140, a 30 percent increase. The study estimates that the economic internal rate of return of the proposed MMC development in Ragama is 18.6 percent, which shows high economic viability of the project. Based on the recommendations of the study, Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Internal Transport, in cooper- ation with the Ministry of Urban Development, Water Supply and Drainage, will further explore the feasibility of the Ragama MMC through detailed design and analysis. Particular areas to be researched are mechanisms to enhance cross-sector government coordination and a detailed financial scheme to implement the project through public-private partnerships. In April 2015, the methodology and results of this study were reported at the Climate Change Targets and Urban Transport Policy conference in Malta, held in collaboration with the World Conference on Transport Research, and accepted for publication by the journal Climate Change Targets and Urban Transport Policy. FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES 39 BOX 4.2 HIGHLIGHTS OF NEW ESMAP-SUPPORTED ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTIVITIES, FY2015 Supporting Energy Efficiency in Brazilian Cities. Major cities in Brazil are heavily affected by recent droughts that have resulted in increasing electricity prices and water shortages. For instance, the price of electricity rose by more than 50 percent in 2015 in both Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. Sao Paulo’s water reservoirs are 85 percent below normal levels, and the city has resorted to water rationing. ESMAP is helping Brazil respond to these challenges by ramping up its support to these cities through programs in lighting and in building resource efficiency. The Buildings Resource Efficiency Program was launched in 2015 with the goal of conducting pre-feasibility and financing studies for renewable energy/energy efficiency investments in schools. Following in the footsteps of the public lighting program (see above), this program is being implemented in Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte and will be expanded nationwide when the two cities are significantly advanced. Given the economic challenges in Brazil, the program is also investigating different innovative ways for financing the investments including concessions for rooftop solar PV generations, which pay for the energy efficiency investments in the schools. Learning from Best International Practice in Smart Transport and Energy Efficiency: Applications to the Wuhan Integrated Transport Development Project and Beyond. Rapid urbanization has transformed China into an increasingly urban and economically diversified economy from a rural, agricultural one. Currently, 622 million people are concentrated in China’s large eastern coast cities while the central and western regions of China have lagged behind. This activity aims to determine and understand the institutional and technological conditions under which investments in smart city and intelligent transport systems (ITS) lead to savings in energy. Its methodology includes (i) review of literature on smart cities and ITS and linkages to transport benefits and energy savings; (ii) field work to build case studies in cities such as Singapore, Seoul, and London; (iii) interviews with manufacturers of smart city and ITS technologies; (iv) development of a meta-model empha- sizing the cause and effect of conditions that lead to transport benefits and energy savings (with a quantitative part based on the TRACE tool); and (v) a final report. The activity is closely linked to the preparation of the Wuhan Integrated Transport Development Project, a separate World Bank project that comprises an integrated, comprehensive ICT platform to improve the planning, operation, and management of Wuhan’s transport system and therefore seeks to enhance energy efficiency in urban transport. Innovative Energy Efficiency Financing in China. Nearly a decade ago, the World Bank helped to estab- lish the first three energy service companies in China. Since then, the Government of China has made 40 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 4.2 Continued energy efficiency one of the top priorities for the nation. Embarking on one of the most aggressive energy efficiency campaigns in the world, the government set a mandatory target to cut energy inten- sity by 20 percent by 2010, with a renewed target of 16 percent reduction by 2015. This commitment by the government and continued support from the World Bank has increased the Chinese banking sector’s capacity and confidence in energy efficiency lending with over 5,000 energy service companies now operating in China. Yet, supporting energy efficiency investments by small and medium enterprises or increasing access to financing for those customers who really need it has been a major challenge. In many cases, the most creditworthy potential clients are not necessarily those who need support to access financing for energy efficiency, while the customers most in need of financing are typically not considered creditworthy. The proposed solution includes the development of innovative financing mech- anisms, possibly a dedicated Energy Efficiency or Green Fund, for public funds to incentivize investors and unlock commercial financing, with an ultimate goal to green China’s energy sector. ENACAL Master Plan for Operational Efficiency in Managua, Nicaragua. Nicaragua remains one of the poorest counties in Latin America. In urban areas, nearly one-third of the population lives below the poverty line, especially in the Greater Managua Region. The Nicaraguan Water and Sewerage Enterprise (ENACAL) has been struggling to extend reliable water supply and sanitation services to the entire population. This activity, managed by the WBG’s Water Global Practice, aims to enhance ENACAL’s financial and environmental sustainability to bring better water supply and sanitation services to the urban poor in the greater Managua region. In particular, this grant focused on two areas identified by ENACAL as crucial to the utility’s sustainability: (i) non-revenue water reduction and (ii) energy efficiency maximization. This project is benefitting over 160,000 people with improved water services and over 62,000 with improved sanitation. Urban Development in the Kyrgyz Republic. The Kyrgyz Republic remains one of the two poorest countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region with the highest urban population growth in the region. Its sprawling urban developments have put serious strain on municipal services in the face of increasing local budget constraints. Improving the energy efficiency of municipal infra- structure is of particular importance given Kyrgz’s high energy intensity, ranking 11th worldwide, and the need to free resources for other development priorities. Building on TRACE studies completed in Balykchy, Sulukta, Toktogul, and Karasuu, which identified energy saving priorities for each city, this activity aims to improve access to and quality of municipal services (e.g., water and sanitation, street lighting, transport, and solid waste management) by mobilizing financial resources, super- vising of these investments, and contributing to the development of comprehensive Energy Savings Action Plans that address all sectors for these cities. FOSTERING ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES 41 DEVELOPING CHAPTER 5 EFFECTIVE ENERGY SECTOR POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 43 BUILDING GLOBAL MOMENTUM TOWARDS ENERGY SUBSIDY S AND KEY ENERGY ASSESSMENTS REFORM NTS, FY2015 STRATEGIES ACHIEVEMENTS, FY2 • Launch of the Energy Subsidy Reform At a knowledge exchange conference held in Technical Assistance and Delivery Facili- Copenhagen on October 22, 2014, the World Bank ty in October 2014, with activity underway and ESMAP announced the launch of the Energy in 15 countries and a ministerial-level event Subsidy Reform Technical Assistance and in Washington, DC, at the IMF/WBG Spring Delivery Facility, designed to help countries Meetings reform their energy subsidies and put in place • Completion of a screening curve analysis feature, an addition to META social protection measures to help the poor during • Publication of a synthesis report on private the transition. The event, organized by ESMAP sector participation in electricity transmis- and co-hosted by Denmark’s Ministry of Foreign sion and distribution focusing on the expe- Affairs, brought together senior representatives riences of Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and from 25 countries to look at what approaches have Turkey or have not worked, as countries attempt to remove • Expansion of the Thirsty Energy initiative harmful energy subsidies. in South Africa and China and a new Ener- gizing Agriculture initiative in Mexico and Costa Rica The $20 million facility is now supporting a wide • Launch of the report, Power of the Mine: A range of global and country-level activities, includ- Transformative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan ing assessments of the social, economic, environ- Africa mental, and political impacts of subsidy reform; support for consensus building through policy dia- logue, consultations, and communications strate- gies; design of reform approaches, transition plans, subsidy delivery mechanisms, and social protec- tion measures; and support to governments with stakeholders and an understanding of their throughout the process of implementation. The concerns; brings tangible improvements work of the facility is made possible in part by domestically; strengthens social policy; and, while funding from the European Commission. change will likely happen when it can no longer be avoided, can be prepared for in advance. The The facility supports knowledge and experience event took place during the International Monetary sharing among countries that have undertaken Fund (IMF)/WBG Spring Meetings, and was reforms or are planning to. On April 16, 2015, a organized by ESMAP and co-hosted by WBG, the panel of ministers from Angola, Egypt, Honduras, United States, and Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy and Ukraine, who have implemented energy Reform. subsidy reforms, came together to describe their countries’ experiences. Common themes emerged: The facility also launched an online platform, successful subsidy reform requires communication which aims to provide a forum for peer-to-peer 44 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM learning and knowledge sharing among a growing • Technical assistance to Kyrgyz Republic community of experts and government involved a cross-cutting approach to ensure counterparts. The Energy Subsidy Reform Online public acceptance and affordability. ESMAP Community (ESROC) now has over 150 members conducted quantitative and qualitative as- who can post blogs and join in online as well as sessments and screening of existing social connect to webinars organized monthly. As part assistance programs. The Krygyz Govern- of an ongoing series of peer-to-peer knowledge ment enacted their first tariff increases in sharing events, a webinar on “Energy Subsidies December 2014. Reform: Winning the Public Opinion Battle” was • In Ukraine, the World Bank put together a held in April 2015. Speakers covered the nature of multi-sectoral team of experts in energy, strategy as the organizing tool for political and poverty, social protection, transport, and communications plans. Leading experts in various communications, which provided technical fields relating to energy subsidy reform have also assistance to various government ministries. been recruited to form a panel of experts that ESMAP assistance helped the Government of provides technical support to country task teams Ukraine schedule a reform plan from April 2015 and to participate in online discussions and to the end of 2017, significantly increasing gas webinars. and heating tariffs for households while protecting the poor from price shocks through The facility is now operational in 15 countries, targeted social assistance. including Belarus, Egypt, Haiti, China, and • Workshops in El Salvador and Jordan Ukraine. Among the results of this work in FY2015 focused on technical and implementation were the following: issues. Presentations and group exercises covered the range of subsidy reform • A study was conducted in Belarus on the challenges, from tackling political economy impact of heating price reforms and how they hurdles to designing social compensation could best be implemented. Following the mechanisms and developing communication presentation of the report to the government strategies. in July 2014, the Government of Belarus has taken steps to improve communications on the reform program, beginning with a new HELPING TO FIND THE OPTIMAL billing system. TECHNOLOGY MIX • ESMAP supported the Government of Haiti in designing petroleum subsidy reforms and In 2012, ESMAP developed the Model for Elec- analyzing the impacts of these reforms. In tricity Technology Assessment (META) tool to collaboration with IMF and UNDP, the World inform energy policy and decision making by facil- Bank held several workshops aimed at shar- itating a comparative assessment of the economic ing international experience and training 30 costs of more than 50 electricity generation and government staff members on assessing and delivery technologies. META can be used to pro- managing subsidy reforms. vide economic analyses of power sector DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE ENERGY SECTOR POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 45 investment projects, undertake deeper assess- In FY2015, ESMAP published a synthesis report, ments of the effect that uncertain inputs, such as Private Sector Participation in Electricity capital costs, can have on the energy generation Transmission and Distribution: Experiences from cost as well as estimate the cost of environmen- Brazil, Peru, the Philippines and Turkey. The tal externalities. The tool has been increasingly report distills the main findings and policy mainstreamed into World Bank operations. messages from in-depth country case studies recently completed by ESMAP. According to the In FY2015, ESMAP completed an addition to report, PSP in transmission tends to focus on META: a screening curve analysis feature that mobilizing capital for new, large grid expansion finds the least cost mix of different electricity tech- investments, while PSP in distribution has focused nologies. It provides a simplified method of static on networks already in place with the aim of power planning without determining the details improving operational and financial performance. of an expansion plan such as particular unit sizes and the timing of the plants entering the system. Based on the experience of Brazil, a build-own- The outputs of this tool can be used as an input operate-transfer type of contract can be effective to or alongside more advanced power system in mobilizing substantial private investments for planning models. The new screening analysis grid expansion. The Philippines experience shows function was used to inform the preparation of that attracting private investment to the existing lending projects in Turkey. assets of a country’s core transmission business is a major undertaking that requires a strong focus on the design and enforcement of the legal and COUNTRY-LEVEL EXPERIENCE OF regulatory framework. In distribution, the expe- PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION rience of Latin American countries and Turkey IN POWER GRIDS shows that private operation of distribution com- panies can bring in solutions and levels of effi- Because electric power systems are among the ciency significantly higher than those achieved most capital-intensive parts of a modern econ- by state-owned enterprises. omy, their successful development requires a mas- sive deployment of resources from both public and private sectors. In recent decades, many ENERGY, WATER, AND countries have embarked on structural reform AGRICULTURE programs involving private sector participation (PSP) across the entire value chain of the power Launched in January 2014 with ESMAP support, sector, including transmission and distribution. the Thirsty Energy initiative helps countries to The growth of PSP in transmission, in particular, integrate water constraints into energy planning is a relatively new phenomenon, as some gov- and to better understand their specific water and ernments have started to free up this “strategic” energy interlinkages. Thirsty Energy has been pre- subsector for private participation. sented at a number of international events, 46 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM including the SE4All Forum, United Nations Water consumption and export. With ESMAP support, Conference, African Utility Week, and World a joint Energy-Agriculture team is undertaking Water Week, to raise awareness of the water- the development of an Energizing Agriculture energy challenges and promote dialogue among Assessment Tool that will calculate energy costs, government, international organizations, and the efficiency, production, and greenhouse gas emis- private sector. sions in value chains in Mexico and Costa Rica. In South Africa, where water is already scarce In Mexico, the tool will customize and calculate with stressed basins and strict water allocation, energy contributions to greenhouse gas emis- competition for water across all sectors is expected sions in the country’s supply chains for meat to increase. Thirsty Energy is working with the and help the Ministry of Agriculture develop a Energy Research Center of the University of Cape plan for a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Town to fully incorporate water constraints into Action to reduce carbon emissions in the live- their energy planning tools by (i) matching energy stock industry. In Costa Rica, the tool will exam- producing regions with water resource areas and ine coffee and milk value-chains to optimize developing marginal water supply cost schedules energy and water usage in both. Work in each by region, (ii) developing a “water smart” energy country will be compared to other countries, system optimization model, and (iii) running dif- with the longer-term goal of introducing the tool ferent scenarios to assess how energy sector across the region. development strategies change if water is a constraint. In China, Thirsty Energy is supporting the National Energy Agency in its efforts to integrate water resources in the country’s five-year energy plan and assessment of the long-term sustainabil- ity of the plan. In February 2015, the team final- ized contractual agreements with the Tsinghua and China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research. In June 2015, a prelimi- nary assessment was shared with the National Energy Agency. The final results and report are expected to be finalized in FY2016. In Latin American countries, farmers face grow- ing global food demand and increasing pressure on water resources and the power sector to improve agricultural productivity for national DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE ENERGY SECTOR POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 47 BOX 5.1 THE POWER OF THE MINE Two-thirds of people in sub-Saharan Africa live entirely without electricity. For those with a power connection, supply cuts are frequent. Without new investment and with current rates of population growth, there will be more Africans without power by 2030 than there are now. A report funded by ESMAP and the South African Fund for Energy, Transport and Extractives, Power of the Mine: A Transformative Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa, released in February 2015, calls on Africa’s mining industry to work more closely with electricity utilities to meet growing energy demand. Rather than supplying their own energy on site, mines can become major and reliable customers for electricity utilities or independent power producers (IPPs), which can then grow and develop better infrastructure to bring low-cost power to communities. The report found that mining’s demand for power in Sub-Saharan Africa would likely triple between 2000 and 2020, reaching over 23,000 MW. This could be higher than non-mining demand for power in some countries. Yet many mining companies, often because of shortcomings in national power systems in the region, opt to supply their own electricity with diesel generators rather than buy power from the grid. According to the report, another 10 GW of electricity would be added to meet mining power demand by 2020 from 2012 levels—and a part of this is projected to come from “self-supply” arrangements costing mining companies up to $3.3 billion. But new models of power supply for mines are emerging across Sub-Saharan Africa—including mines self-supplying and selling to the grid or serving as anchor consumers for IPPs. The report estimated that $6 billion in potential public-private partnership opportunities exists for new power generation from clean energy sources (including natural gas and hydropower) in Guinea, Mauritania, Tanzania, and Mozambique—countries with strong expected growth in power demand from the mining sector. The report states that though there are risks associated with power-mining integration—for example from falling commodity prices or a shortage of transmission links—regulatory and financial solutions can help mitigate these risks. A key element is for countries across Sub-Saharan Africa to continue with their power sector reforms and create an attractive operating environment for IPPs, including renewable energy developers. BOX 5.2 HIGHLIGHTS OF NEW ESMAP-SUPPORTED ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES ACTIVITIES, FY2015 Bangladesh | Analysis of Economy-wide Impact of Energy Sector Reforms. Bangladesh’s power sector faces a number of challenges such as rising, unmet energy demand, a significant financial gap between the cost of power delivered to consumers and the price they pay (leading to a continued need for state support to the Power Development Board), and limited success in attracting private 48 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 5.2 Continued investment for new base-load IPPs. This activity supports the development and use of a Computable General Equilibrium model to assess the impact of different scenarios resulting in changes to power tariffs. Scenarios identified for analysis include gas price increases to international levels and removal of subsidies on power consumption. The activity also includes training for staff at the Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission to understand the model and collaboration with a professor at Dhaka University who can help them use the model to run simulations of particular interest. Burkina Faso | Energy Mix Diversification. This activity supports the Government of Burkina Faso in crafting a medium-term energy mix strategy that takes into account its policies, market design, and system operations and integrates renewables in the most cost-effective way. The activity will include recruitment of a consultancy firm to analyze and recommend an optimal renewable energy mix; a stock- taking seminar; technical and economic comparison of different options on generation and supply mix, including renewable sources; and a medium-term strategy with an action plan and financing needs. Turkey | Social Compact in Electricity Privatization. In southeastern Turkey, electricity supply is often interrupted, sometimes for up to four hours. Many people believe that such an irregular supply does not warrant regular payment, resulting in an estimated 70 percent non-payment rate. This project involves a pilot social development project implemented in Madrin and Sanliurfa, two southeastern provinces. A social compact serves to align service provider incentives for revenue collection with user incentives for quality service. The social compact project sets up stakeholder committees repre- senting urban and rural communities to forge and sustain a dialogue between the consumers and the electricity company on increased electricity payment and improved service quality. The stake- holder committees devise a joint stakeholder committee strategic plan to address payment, service quality, and communication issues. Moving forward, the electricity company will institutionalize the stakeholder committee meetings and start implementing portions of the strategic plan, starting with an energy efficiency educational campaign and improving its grievance redress mechanism. Regional | Study on the Performance of Distribution Utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa. In most Sub-Saharan African countries, quality of electricity supply and customer service from predominantly state-owned utilities is poor, total losses are high, and collection rates of payments are low. The objective of this activity is to support countries in improving the performance of their electricity distribution and retail utilities. To achieve this objective, the regional activity will identify and analyze the main operational, managerial, and institutional approaches that proved effective in enhancing performance of electricity utilities in Sub-Saharan Africa over the last decade. The study focused on five utilities in Kenya, Uganda, Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Côte d’Ivoire that have improved or shown good performance over the last decade and then carried out a comparative analysis with approaches successfully applied by utilities in other developing countries in Latin America, South Asia, Europe, and Central Asia. Regional | Uganda-DRC 220kV Interconnector. The Northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is very far and isolated from the country’s interconnected transmission grid in the west and southeast. Due to the lack of interconnectivity, power in the area is supplied from expensive imported liquid fuels such as diesel, and the cost of production is well above the average in Sub-Saharan Africa. Regional interconnectivity with neighboring countries, such as Uganda, would allow Northeastern DRC to access other sources of power such as hydro, geothermal, wind, and natural gas and substantially reduce the overall cost of supplying electrical energy in the short and long term. The activity will investigate and assess the overall feasibility of the proposed 220kV Uganda-DRC interconnector. DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE ENERGY SECTOR POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 49 AFRICA CHAPTER 6 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ACCESS PROGRAM (AFREA) 51 T he Africa Renewable Energy and cross-cutting themes of enhancing impact through Access Program (AFREA) was estab- gender and productive uses; and supporting post- lished in 2008 to serve as a special conflict and fragile states. ESMAP program focusing on clean energy and energy access for Africa. It is now AFREA finances three types of interventions: midway through its second five-year phase of regional initiatives; country-specific activities; and operations. AFREA helps client governments to regional strategic studies. meet Africa’s energy challenges by informing and leveraging the resources of the large World Bank Africa energy program. REGIONAL INITIATIVES AFREA’s first phase (AFREA I) closed successfully The purpose of the five ongoing regional initia- in 2014. AFREA II focuses on leveraging and tives is to provide focused technical assistance on shaping present and future World Bank topical areas that form a shared concern across operations. AFREA II supports the scale-up of the continent. These activities provide timely, cost- energy access and clean energy through four effective, and focused client support, drawing from pillars: (i) supporting investments; (ii) improving the collective team knowledge and experience. policy and building institutions; (iii) leveraging Regional activities include Lighting Africa; Accel- markets; and (iv) developing knowledge and erating On-grid Electrification (AGAT); the Gen- capacity. Underlying these pillars are the two der and Energy program; the Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) and the Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Initiative (ACCES). Lighting Africa. Lighting Africa, a joint World Bank/IFC program, stimulates commercial mar- kets to deliver clean, affordable, and safe solar lighting products to homes and businesses throughout the region. Since its inception in 2007, the program has facilitated modern energy access for more than 35 million people not connected to the electricity grid, including over 10 million peo- ple in FY2015. In the long term, the goal is to elim- inate market barriers for the private sector to reach 250 million people by 2030 who depend on fuel- based lighting as of now. Recent activities have focused on Burkina Faso, DRC, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. 52 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Accelerating On-grid Access Team (AGAT). Zambia, the program is working with project AGAT is a team of experienced electrification prac- teams to mainstream gender into rural electrifica- titioners from around the developing world that tion programs. The program is also providing just- provides just-in-time advice and inspiration on in-time technical assistance during project prep- technical, institutional, and financial last mile aration to help design gender-sensitive components solutions to African governments and utilities. The in projects in countries such as Niger, Liberia, and team supported workshops and quick country Uganda. With training throughout the entire char- assessments related to on-grid access in Congo, coal value chain, 1,018 women became charcoal Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia and pro- producers. The share of total community income vided clients with advice on project preparation to women rose from 3 percent in 2009 to 12 per- and activities to enhance household connection cent in 2013. access. AGAT interventions have improved the quality of investment projects in both Kenya and Uganda. In FY2015, AGAT experts also helped the COUNTRY-SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES Kenya government to define a new National Strat- egy for Electrification. AFREA II supports a number of country-focused activities to provide client governments with tai- Gender and Energy. AFREA’s Gender and Energy lored technical assistance. Three representative program promotes a more equitable sharing of the activities are described below. benefits from energy access projects and improves the participation of women in the energy sector. Madagascar Support for the Development of In Benin, Comoros, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, and Hydropower IPPs. AFREA is providing AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ACCESS PROGRAM (AFREA) 53 technical assistance to share knowledge and best providers. In addition, cost recovery mechanisms practices to the Government of Madagascar as are being developed, combining customer pay- it develops small hydropower and expands elec- ments and smart subsidies. tricity services to the 85 percent of country’s population without access to electricity. Mada- During FY2015, the project helped catalogue the gascar is a fragile state, having a low energy status of existing electricity installations in rural access rate and facing severe power shortfalls. areas and conducted technical assessments for The Government of Madagascar is working to selected villages. attract private investors to support small hydro- power development and develop its estimated hydropower potential of 6,000 MW. AFREA’s REGIONAL-SPECIFIC STUDIES support builds upon ESMAP’s Renewable Energy Mapping Initiative, which is helping to map New Models to Scale Up Power Generation resources at the country level. Investments in Africa. AFREA is expanding the understanding of the role of IPPs as a critical In FY2015, support included establishing regu- source of new investment in the African power latory frameworks to facilitate hydropower devel- sector. This review presents an overview of cur- opment and to build the foundation for private rent power generation investments in the region, sector-financed small hydropower IPPs. Support with an extensive analysis of IPPs, a review of to the Government to develop Standard Power the business models for Chinese investments, Purchase Agreements and Standard Implemen- and case studies that examine the experiences tation Agreements began to expedite bringing of countries with IPPs and major generation small hydropower projects on-line throughout the investments financed from sources in China. The country. study will help inform policy dialogue and focus technical assistance to client countries to help Gabon Rural Electrification and Water Services them to better select, negotiate, and contract Sustainability Mechanism. AFREA is helping IPPs. the Government of Gabon to develop institutions for sustainable basic electricity service in rural Review of Hydropower Development in Africa. regions. Rural access to electricity in Gabon AFREA is analyzing experiences from the past remains low at 15 percent, despite Gabon’s rel- decade in hydropower development and drawing atively high economic development level. As part lessons on how the World Bank and other partners of this work, AFREA is working with the Gov- can help to scale up sustainable hydropower ernment of Gabon to identify and train skilled development in Africa. The hydropower potential providers responsible for the installation, oper- in Africa is estimated at 283 GW with the ability ation, and maintenance of electricity systems and to generate close to 1,200 TWh per year. Yet so for an oversight mechanism for private far, less than 10 percent of the potential of the 54 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM region has been tapped. The review established drop in worldwide fuel prices, which provides a unique database on ongoing and potential an opportunity to revise, reduce, or even remove hydropower projects, analyzed experiences from energy subsides. Over the course of FY2015, the projects financed by governments, private project team reviewed over 300 documents from financiers, donors, and emerging partners, and 48 countries and collected information on 50 indi- provided recommendations that can be used to cators over the last 5 years. A preliminary anal- strengthen the role of the Bank and other donors ysis informed governments about the cost of sup- in future hydropower projects in Africa. ply estimates, tariff benchmarking, and the short-term impact of lower world oil prices on Power Subsidies in Sub Saharan Africa. AFREA electricity sectors. The final study will include is financing a study on power sector subsidies in case studies that focus on policy reforms and Africa to help analyze options for tariff reform. provide more detailed analyses of subsidies in The study is especially timely given the recent the energy sector. AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ACCESS PROGRAM (AFREA) 55 GENDER CHAPTER 7 AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN THE ENERGY SECTOR 57 T he aim of the ESMAP Gender and concentrated solar power plant in Ouarzazate. A Social Inclusion program is twofold: quantitative analysis of gender-differentiated labor (i) to establish a core body of evi- outcomes of a power grid development project dence to demonstrate that promoting was carried out in India. And in Nepal, a qualita- improved gender equality in energy projects tive analysis of longer term gender impacts of the improves development outcomes; and (ii) to Kali Gandaki hydropower project took place. develop state-of-the-art approaches for how to improve gender equality in energy projects. At the global level, the team interviewed power utilities to identify good practices on gender and identified examples in France and Indonesia. A GENDER AND ENERGY webinar was hosted in September 2014 that INFRASTRUCTURE focused on barriers for women in the energy work- force and Science, Technology, Energy and Math- In FY2015, ESMAP, together with the WBG’s Social ematics (STEM) fields. Inclusion team, carried out research on Gender and Electricity Infrastructure to explore the gender- The findings were presented during a technical specific impacts of generation, transmission, and workshop organized in June 2015. The workshop distribution projects. Some of the key known brought together lead experts from energy, safe- gender impacts around large infrastructure involve guards, social, and gender as well as external part- issues of displacement, resettlement, loss of ners. The workshop emphasized the need for livelihoods, job creation, benefit sharing, land titles, research given the dearth of data and examples on and exposure to hazardous work (mostly impacting this topic. Experts encouraged the team to make men). Initial findings indicate that gender issues the business case while also bringing in operational are mainly addressed in energy projects that examples and tools that are relevant for project included health and education components; ethnic teams. The report is forthcoming for FY2016. and gender sensitization for construction workers; or during the construction stage of projects where workers and surrounding communities were GLOBAL EFFORTS, REGIONAL involved in the project and women were engaged RESEARCH directly in the project or through indirect jobs such as food production, cleaning, and services. ESMAP, together with the World Bank Institute and the Gender Cross-Cutting Solutions Area, launched Based on this, research was conducted in a few the gender and development e-learning course with selected countries. A qualitative analysis of gen- a specific emphasis on energy access, energy infra- der impacts on land and labor markets of trans- structure, and energy policy. Over 160 people took mission and distribution network extension, den- the course when it was first offered in June 2015, sification, and rehabilitation was carried out in with participants coming from 53 countries and Senegal. In Morocco, the team carried out focus including WBG staff, government officials, techni- group discussions with stakeholders around the cal experts, and representatives from civil society. 58 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Additional online trainings will be offered and the Electricity Sector Recovery Project. Areas of focus e-course is being converted to a self-paced module include technical assistance in the elaboration of a and a series of face-to-face trainings. poverty and social impact analysis and support in the design of an awareness campaign on illegal con- ESMAP has also helped the ECA and SAR regional nections. In Uganda, the team identified gender entry units of the World Bank carry out gender and points with specific actions developed to focus on energy research. Teams also coordinate closely a gender strategy and action plan, captured baseline with the AFREA and ASTAE gender and energy data, and monitored arrangements to measure pat- programs (Chapters 6 and 10, respectively) to terns of electricity access differentiated by the sex exchange knowledge and expertise. For example, of the household head. A toolkit will be piloted and ASTAE support to the Upper Cisokan Pumped training and capacity building delivered to assist the Storage project in Indonesia included a gender client and the project team. strategy in its action plan to ensure that both women and men participate fully in consultations In ECA, as part of overall work on energy subsidy and negotiations, have access to grievance redress, reform (see Chapter 5), a study was commissioned and share benefits of employment and replace- on gender impacts of such reforms, involving over ment assets (see Box 10.1). 200 focus groups. This study found that men and women may be affected differently by reforms; that The AFREA Gender and Energy program has piloted they face different challenges in interacting with approaches, developed know-how, and worked energy providers or social assistance institutions; with energy teams and government clients to inte- and may have different views and levels of grate gender into existing and new energy access information on policy reforms. Adapting to energy operations. The first phase of the gender and energy sector reforms may require gender-specific program was completed in 2014 with engagement behavioral change and mitigation measures, for across six countries: Mali, Senegal, Benin, Kenya, instance, gender-targeted awareness raising and Tanzania, and Zambia. The second phase of the communication efforts. program is now underway with $1.4 million in funding, with a focus on screening across the Africa Gender-energy assessments were completed for energy lending portfolio to identify entry points for Nepal, India, and Pakistan in 2015. Teams found gender during project preparation. that prevalent structural and cultural barriers in the region meant that women are marginalized while In FY2015, the AFREA Gender and Energy program also bearing the brunt of the energy burden. A few focused extensively on operational activities with common themes that emerged pointed to the need World Bank energy teams and government clients for more gender-responsive national policies in the through existing projects in Mali, Senegal, and Benin, energy sector, the need for more gender-inclusive in addition to engagement in eight new countries project planning that engages with women from the including Cameroon, Comoros, Liberia, Niger, Tan- start, and the need for better monitoring and zania, the Gambia and Uganda. In Comoros, sup- evaluation that collects gender-disaggregated data port on gender is being provided to the Comoros during the project planning phase. GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN THE ENERGY SECTOR 59 RESULTS-BASED CHAPTER 8 APPROACHES TO ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 61 ESMAP initiated a work program on results-based performance-based financial incentives to a pre- financing (RBF) in 2011, recognizing the growing selected group of “Market Aggregators” who will international interest in this topic and general lack be tasked with marketing, distribution, and sales of experience in the energy sector outside of of a range of quality-approved stoves. output-based aid. The objective was to determine if and how results-based approaches could be used In the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao in the energy sector to improve outcomes and PDR), ESMAP is funding a pilot program to explore raise efficiency in the use of public funds. whether the country’s high rate of disability- adjusted life years could be reduced through an During FY2015, the report Results-Based Aid in the RBF clean cookstove scheme. This approach Energy Sector – An Analytical Guide was published involves verifying the health benefits for women and disseminated. The work involved a substantial and children that result from the use of clean cook- deep dive into the Multi-Tier Framework for Mea- stoves in the household and then compensating suring Energy Access (Chapter 3) to explore how the stove provider. results-based aid could be linked to the achievement of different outcomes on the energy results chain, In March 2015, ESMAP organized an experience and how results agreements could be designed to sharing event involving representatives from many the mutual agreement of both funder and benefi- of the key RBF initiatives internationally and within ciary. As with much of this work program, the anal- the World Bank, to take stock and discuss future ysis has potential application across other sectors, needs. The collective opinion of those present was including through instruments such as Program for that the overarching knowledge needs had been Results, the World Bank’s newest lending modality largely met through the work of ESMAP and oth- that is intended for programs rather than projects. ers but that there was still a major experience gap that could only be filled through piloting and exper- Under the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Clean Stove imentation. This might require a shift towards Initiative (CSI), ESMAP supported the develop- greater “learning-by-doing,” and a greater willing- ment of an RBF framework to promote clean ness to open up dedicated funding channels to a stoves with the aim of increasing private sector broader range of results-based options. investment and supporting market sustainability. The framework includes a definition of clean An RBF pilot, funded by DFID and implemented stoves, results-based incentives, and a monitor- by GIZ under the Energising Development program, ing and verification system. offers incentive payments to businesses in Sub- Saharan African and South Asia that deliver In Indonesia, ESMAP is supporting a pilot initia- specified outputs within the low carbon, off-grid tive to test the use of RBF as an enabling mecha- energy sector. ESMAP provided support to the nism to broaden access to modern biomass cook- technical steering committee of the RBF pilot, ing solutions. The program is providing drawing on reports and previous work carried out 62 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM under the ESMAP program. The portfolio of activity—two years later than originally envisaged products and services available for support includes due to the expansion in the work program to cover equipment and appliances, such as cookstoves and results-based aid. Support for country projects, solar lanterns, and off-grid infrastructure and ESMAP team engagement, both internally and installations such as mini grids. externally, remains in place, but there is now an opportunity to reflect on what shape and size Towards the end of FY2015, ESMAP took steps to ESMAP’s work in this area should be for the next close the primary knowledge generation Business Plan starting in FY2017. RESULTS-BASED APPROACHES TO ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 63 BUILDING CHAPTER 9 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SECTORS IN SMALL ISLAND STATES 65 S mall island developing states (SIDS) are electricity system. The project has three widely known for their beautiful environ- components: (i) renewable energy investments, (ii) ments and vibrant ecosystems, but they energy efficiency investments, and (iii) technical also face a unique set of challenges to assistance and project management support. The sustainable development that differ from those of SIDS DOCK Support Program co-finances the first other developing countries. The islands’ small size component, which includes support for supply and narrows their range of natural resources and their installation of renewable energy technology for isolation from markets further limits their access, Tuvalu Electricity Corporation, a state-owned which leads to dependency on imported fossil fuels company that manages and operates the grid- for power generation. This reliance leaves SIDS connected and off-grid systems, including solar PV, vulnerable to oil price volatility, supply interrup- wind-power generation, batteries, battery inverters, tions, and high costs of energy, infrastructure, and and an integrated power-control system. transportation. The environments that make SIDS so attractive to tourists are also highly susceptible ASTAE supported the design of all three compo- to natural disasters and negative impacts from cli- nents of the project, as well as a gender analysis, mate change, sea-level rise, and pollution. monitoring and evaluation, and action plan. A joint mission by the Pacific Gender Focal Point However, SIDS often have considerable renew- and World Bank’s energy team was conducted in able energy potential—solar, wind, geothermal, August 2014 to help the government implement and biomass—that they can tap to ensure a more its national gender policy. sustainable energy future. Recognizing the key role that renewable energy can play in SIDS’ sus- An IDA grant of $7 million and a SIDS DOCK Sup- tainable future energy, ESMAP, in partnership port Program MDTF grant of $2.1 million were with UNDP and the Alliance of Small Island States, approved by the World Bank in FY2015. launched the SIDS DOCK Support Program in Dominica | Geothermal Project. The Government 2011. The program is funded by the governments of the Commonwealth of Dominica, with assistance of Denmark and Japan. from the AFD and the European Union, confirmed the presence of resources in the Wotten Waven/ FY2015: HIGHLIGHTS AND Laudat geothermal field, which indicates viability ACHIEVEMENTS for a geothermal power plant that could supply domestic demand and provide electricity to The following six SIDS DOCK projects in the neighboring islands. A gap analysis financed by the Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific regions had achieve- SIDS DOCK Support Program identified key areas ments in FY2015: that needed to be addressed to meet international standards for such a plant. In FY2015, the project Tuvalu | Energy Sector Development Project. The supported follow up on the outcomes of the gap World Bank is supporting the Energy Sector analysis, including: (i) peer review and guidance Development Project, which aims to enhance on drilling, (ii) revision and upgrade of the feasibility Tuvalu’s energy security by reducing its dependence studies consistent with good industry practice (in on imported fuel for power generation and collaboration with the Government of New Zealand), improving the efficiency and sustainability of its and (iii) financial and transaction guidance and 66 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM support (in collaboration with the Clinton Climate replacement of a number of transmission lines. A Initiative). This assistance contributed to the second report on the El Contador hydropower successful drilling of a production well, supported plant showed the technical and economic viabil- ongoing negotiations with a qualified developer, ity of a plan upgrade that would improve the elec- and evaluated the feasibility of a domestic power tricity supply in the country. As follow up to this plant. In response to the government’s request for activity, the World Bank is preparing an infra- help to lead financing of the next stage of structure project to finance and implement the development, the World Bank is collaborating with recommendations of both studies. CTF and other partners on next steps. Mauritius | Preparation of a Grid Code, Feed- Saint Lucia | Geothermal Project. The project will in-Tariffs and Model Energy Supply Purchase assist the Government of Saint Lucia in undertak- Agreements for Renewable Energy Systems. The ing preparatory activities for geothermal explora- Government of Mauritius has developed a long- tion and development. The World Bank, with fund- term strategy to expand electricity generation ing from the SIDS DOCK Support Program and GEF, capacity through the use of renewable energy. is collaborating with the Government of New Zea- Mauritius’s Central Electricity Board, supported land and the Clinton Climate Initiative to identify by the SIDS DOCK Support Program and GEF, areas for drilling in the Qualibou region, prepare completed a project aimed at scaling up renew- an exploration program for resource confirmation, able sources of energy to the maximum extent partner with a qualified developer, and undertake possible, taking into consideration the grid absorp- the necessary policy reform so that the country can tion capacity. The project included developing grid realize its geothermal power generation potential. codes for small- and medium-scale wind, solar, In FY2015, the Government of Saint Lucia carried micro-hydropower and biomass; designing a feed- out surface studies and related activities, including in tariff policy for wind, solar, micro-hydropower, aerial LIDAR mapping surveys, hired a technical and biomass; and drafting model power purchase coordinator, initiated negotiations with a potential agreements for renewable energy generation. partner, and began stakeholder consultations. Going forward, the project will assist with prepar- Seychelles | Technical Assistance to Support Inte- ing a pre-feasibility study and an environmental gration of Renewable Energy into the Power Grid. and social impact assessment so that the govern- The Government of Seychelles, where fossil fuels ment of Saint Lucia can make informed investment account for 90 percent of the country’s energy sup- decisions. ply, completed a project to decrease its vulnerabil- ity to fuel price fluctuations by diversifying its São Tomé and Príncipe | Power Sector Efficiency energy mix. In FY2015, ESMAP supported the Improvement. In FY2015, the World Bank com- development of a grid code that set out the techni- pleted studies to improve energy sector efficiency cal requirements for connection of renewables to and rehabilitate the transmission and distribution the power system, design of a feed-in tariff policy, network in São Tomé and Príncipe. The first report and a proposed model for power supply purchase provided recommendations to upgrade the sys- agreements. The project has prepared Seychelles tem and reduce commercial losses, including the for a planned scale-up of renewable energy that replacement of all mechanical meters, new pro- will enable the government to fulfill national renew- cesses for meter reading and billing, and the able energy targets for 2020 and 2030. BUILDING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SECTORS IN SMALL ISLAND STATES 67 ASIA CHAPTER 10 SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 69 A ccording to the data from the SE4All Global Tracking Framework Report in South Asia, including activities on solar 2015, an estimated 449 million people PV in Bangladesh, knowledge exchange of in the Asia-Pacific region do not have off-grid connections in Nepal, and project access to electricity. In addition, more than 2 bil- development to attract private investment lion people rely on traditional fuels such as fire- for solar PV in the Maldives • Completion of a study, Addressing Public and wood to meet their cooking and heating needs, Private Sector Opportunities for Scaling up which lead to premature deaths—especially among Decentralized Renewable Energy Access, that women—from respiratory diseases associated with explored the option of micro-hydropower sys- indoor smoke inhalation as well as increased local tem development in remote areas of Nepal pollution. As the population of the region contin- • Preparatory support for Indonesia’s geother- ues to grow, accommodating the rising energy mal power development, including feasibil- demand will require a turn towards modern cook- ity studies of the Ulubelu geothermal field, a ing fuels and more sustainable sources of power. tariff methodology report, and a report on un- locking Indonesia’s geothermal potential A global partnership created in 1992, ASTAE has • International training workshop held on been helping the EAP and SAR regions transition Sediment Management in Water Resources to sustainable, inclusive, and low carbon green and Hydropower Projects in Beijing and Yichang, China, attended by Afghanistan, growth paths. ASTAE’s work programs rest on Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, three pillars: renewable energy, energy efficiency, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and access to energy, with climate change as an Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam overarching key objective. • Pilot of “decision making under uncertainty” approaches to climate and other risks such as the Climate Change Decision Tree in Ne- pal’s Upper Arun Hydropower Project • Support to Pakistan in Addressing Public and Private Sector Opportunities for Scaling up S, FY2015 KEY ASTAE ACHIEVEMENTS, FY20 Decentralized Renewable Energy Access • Support to a number of clean cookstove • Launch of the Program to Establish Pilots initiatives in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Lao for Access through Renewable Energy in People’s Democratic Republic, and India, Bihar to support India’s off-grid and mini- which included design of clean cookstove- grid renewable energy testing methods and development of a gen- • Support to strengthen institutional frame- der component work for on- and off-grid electrification in • Publication of a series of guidance notes Myanmar under the EAP Gender and Energy Facility • Preparation and early implementation sup- that can be used to integrate social and port for the Tuvalu Energy Sector Develop- gender dimensions into work on clean ment Project, including a gender and energy stoves in EAP and beyond scoping study, a gender action plan, and a • Support for the Development of Private gender monitoring and evaluation framework, Sector Models for Off-Grid Electrification using a human rights-based approach 70 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ASTAE programs help design, implement, monitor, course in the case of rapidly evolving conditions and evaluate World Bank investment projects and during the implementation phase. To better support provide technical assistance in 23 EAP and 8 SAR World Bank investment projects and enable private countries. ASTAE’s flexible funding helps acceler- sector investment, ASTAE also shares best practices ate and intensify early-stage energy sector innova- to improve institutional, policy, financial, legal, and tions and provides just-in-time assistance to deliver regulatory frameworks across the region. results. This timely assistance—whether to conduct a study, hire a consultant, or test a promising “first Table 10.1 summarizes the ASTAE results frame- of its kind” concept—can inform the direction of a work and status. Table 10.2 provides a pipeline of World Bank investment project or help alter its activities and strategic priorities in place for FY2016. TABLE 10.1 ASTAE Business Plan Result Framework, FY2012–151 DIRECT INDICATORS UNIT VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE PROGRESS PLEDGED ACHIEVED ACHIEVED ACHIEVED (%) FY2012-14 FY2015 FY2012-15 1. Total World Bank Lending Catalyzed by ASTAE Activities Project and Program Lending US$ million 3,200 4,218 1,013 5,232 163% 2. New Capacity and Increased Generation of Renewable Electricity Renewable Energy, Capacity MW 1,500 1,309 64 1,372 91% Renewable energy, Generation GWh/yr 3,000 2,630 239 2,868 96% 3. Electricity Savings Resulting from Efficiency Improvements Energy Savings, Capacity MWe 1,000 351 0.001 351 35% Energy Savings, Generation GWh/yr 2,000 2,820 8.77 2,829 141% 4. Households with Access to Modern Energy Services Access to Electricity (new) households 2,000,000 558,000 558,000 28% Access to Electricity (improved) households 1,000,000 150,000 163,000 313,000 31% Improved Stoves for Heating households 5,000,000 1,195,000 1,195,000 24% (cooking & space) 5. Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions Direct CO2 Avoided Over 20 million tons 200 375 4 379 190% Years 6. Countries Benefiting from ASTAE support Number of Countries countries 15 12 21 21 140% Note: Direct refers to values achieved, or expected to be achieved, in the course of World Bank–funded projects that benefited from ASTAE support. 1 These numbers have been updated since the publication of the previous annual report. ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 71 TABLE 10.2 FY2016 Activities and Strategic Priorities PROPOSED ACTIVITY ASTAE FUNDING (in US$ millions) Indonesia: Additional budget to support the implementation of CSI pilot project 120 Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) for the Matenggeng Pumped 200 Storage Power Project Lao PDR: Continuation of CSI activity 110 Additional funding request for developing joint IFC-IDA solar program specifications 80 Myanmar: NEP impact evaluation study 250 India: Support to 24x7 Power For All Program 180 Bhutan: Supporting Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Hydropower 200 Development Pakistan: Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning 352 FY2015: HIGHLIGHTS AND the aim of scaling up access to clean cooking and ACHIEVEMENTS heating solutions in the region, particularly for rural households likely to continue relying on solid fuels In FY2015, ASTAE launched seven new programs to meet most of their cooking and heating needs in six countries and two regional activities. With the beyond 2030. This multi-country, multi-phase approval of five ASTAE-supported Bank projects initiative comprises four country-specific programs totaling $1 billion, the value of ASTAE-supported in China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia. projects approved by the World Bank’s Board of Under the CSI program in Indonesia, a pilot proj- Executive Directors since the beginning of the cur- ect designed and introduced an innovative stove- rent FY2014-16 Business Plan totals $5.2 billion. testing method that incorporates local cooking Of the three ASTAE pillars in FY2015, 50 percent practices based on anthropological field studies of total disbursement was distributed to renew- and comprehensive household cooking surveys. able energy activities, 39 percent to energy access The new stove-testing method is contributing to activities, and the remaining 11 percent disbursed the ongoing International Organization for Stan- to energy efficiency activities. The unallocated dardization discussion on global standards for funding balance under ASTAE as of June 2015 defining and testing clean cookstoves. Since was $1.27 million. women and children, who are responsible for col- lecting firewood and cooking, can be dispropor- Regional Highlights and Achievements tionately affected by household air pollution, the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Clean Stove Initiative project team is also developing a social testing (CSI). EAP CSI was launched in early 2012 with protocol under a technical assistance activity, 72 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Integration of Social Dimension in Energy Access FY2015, the study initiated work on defining a Projects, to determine how gender and social roadmap for the clean cooking sector where dimensions can be strategically addressed. This private sector implementation capacity and ASTAE-funded activity provides methodological business models for replication are expected to be and operational input to task teams on how to identified. Terms of reference have also been assess, incorporate, and supervise the effective developed for the use of remote sensors for large integration of social dimensions such as gender, open data systems to help design more effective indigenous peoples, and cultural aspects. The pro- clean cooking strategies. The use of remote sensors gram’s recommendations on stove promotion are is expected to lead to the development of credible expected to continue through the EAP Gender and monitoring and evaluation systems that will Energy Facility. support results-based financing instruments. EAP Gender and Energy Facility. The joint pro- Understanding Impacts of Climate Change on gram, supported by ASTAE and ESMAP, targets the Hydropower. To address the challenge of integration of gender and social inclusion into ongo- identifying climate change-robust investments in ing and future energy operations in the EAP region. South Asia’s hydropower sector, a conceptual The overall objective is to improve the development framework called the “Decision Tree” has recently effectiveness of energy projects in EAP, by making been developed to guide project planners through them more socially and gender inclusive. The pro- the application of “decision making under gram takes a three-pronged approach: (i) consulta- uncertainty” (DMU) approaches to climate and tions with energy task team members that will result other risks. DMU approaches identify vulnerabilities in the development of detailed work plans; (ii) direct by exploring a wide range of changes in climate technical support to current and pipeline operations; and other non-climate factors, judge the level of and (iii) capacity enhancement, advocacy work, and concern, and manage them pragmatically. The knowledge sharing related to addressing gender and Decision Tree was applied in the Upper Arun social issues in the energy portfolio. The Facility pro- Hydropower Project (UAHP) with an analysis of duced a series of practical documents that can be how uncertainty in future climate and other project used to integrate social and gender dimensions into performance variables, such as the price of work on clean stoves in EAP and beyond, including hydropower supply, can affect the optimal design guidance notes on Understanding User Needs in capacity of the project. The application of the Developing Clean Stove Technologies and Integrat- Decision Tree to the UAHP development ing a Gender Perspective in the Promotion and Assess- demonstrated that the original design of 335 MW ment of Impacts of Clean Stoves. was robust to climate change and other risks. However, it was not able to exploit much wet Clean Cooking in South Asia: Options and season flow. The design capacity of 1,000 MW Strategies. ASTAE funded a study to identify cost- emerged as an attractive alternative, providing the effective and practical measures to mitigate short- best combination of robustness and opportunity, lived climate pollutant emissions in South Asia. including during dry season production, but is also One component of the study focuses on options more sensitive to increases in capital costs and low and strategies for clean cooking in India. In electricity prices. Preparation of UAHP’s detailed ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 73 design will be supported under the Bank-financed is operated by non-governmental groups. The Nepal Power Sector Reform and Sustainable activity in Barpak supported knowledge exchange Hydropower Development Project. A related DMU from the reconstruction exercises currently under- framework that focuses on ways to identify and way. A brown bag lunch event on the experiences select robust and balanced portfolios of hydropower in Barpak was held, and lessons on reconstruc- options was proposed and applied to the Koshi tion in that location disseminated. Lastly, the River Basin. The basin-scale assessment showed activity supported project development of Accel- how a DMU approach can be applied to larger erating Sustainable Private Investments in Renew- geographic scales, leading to elements of a study able Energy program (ASPIRE) in the Maldives. that was conducted at the national level to support This initiative used a combination of grant and energy sector planning in Nepal. Unlocking Nepal’s IDA funds to develop a security package to attract hydropower can also be key to the SAR region private investments in the area of solar PV in the reducing its emissions growth rate by importing Maldives. energy from Nepal. The report was shared with the Government of Nepal to assist it in better planning Country-specific Highlights and exercises for choosing projects that are robust no Achievements matter what the future may bring. Reducing Emissions and Household Air Pollution with Clean Cookstoves. Traditional Development of Private Sector Models for Off- cookstoves exacerbate global health and Grid Electrification in South Asia. This project environmental problems, contributing to the supports activities in private sector-based electri- premature deaths of over 4 million people every fication in South Asia, with countries of focus year, according to the World Health Organization. including Bangladesh, Nepal, and the Maldives. Safe, affordable, and accessible clean cooking The activity in Bangladesh explored the techni- solutions can drastically reduce fuel consumption cal, financial, and economic aspects of supplying and exposure to harmful smoke from cookstoves, reliable, around-the-clock PV power through small while providing economic opportunities in private entrepreneurs, using a central PV station communities around the world. that served households within a one-kilometer radius. In Nepal, which has significant hydropower In Lao PDR, exposure to biomass smoke from cook- potential but suffers from generation shortages ing over open fires or crude wood-burning cook- and up to 12-hour power cuts, the activity sup- stoves is the number one risk factor out of 60 that ported options for private investment in the energy cause ill health in the country. The Lao PDR Cook- sector. Following the earthquake in Nepal in April stoves and Health Initiative, supported by ASTAE, 2015, private entrepreneurs and civil society has brought the Ministry of Energy and Mines and groups coalesced around the objective of restor- the Ministry of Health together in a unique collab- ing normality in areas that were hard hit. One oration to improve the health and economic well- such location was Barpak, the epicenter of the being of the rural poor. As a result of ASTAE sup- earthquake. The community’s energy connection port, the Lao government established the first was rebuilt using off-grid distributed generation national cookstove standards in June 2015. In June and is a model for use of micro-hydropower that 2015, the World Bank Board approved an IDA 74 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM credit and grant totaling $26.4 million for a Health development. Of the 25 percent of Nepal’s Governance and Nutrition Development Project in population that has access to off-grid sources of Lao PDR. This project includes social and behav- power, the majority is served by hydropower ior change communication activities at the village systems that use river water flows to produce level to reduce household air pollution through energy on a micro scale, with an average size of the use of near-smokeless cookstoves. This is the 35 kW (as of 2013). Micro-hydropower (MHP) is first World Bank lending project in which the the most cost-efficient off-grid rural electrification energy, health, and sanitation sectors worked method wherever it is technically feasible and together to promote clean cookstoves. To comple- where adequate hydropower potential exists. The ment these activities, the private sector has study finds that, to make MHP development in expressed interest in financing large-scale clean rural areas financially viable and to facilitate cookstove dissemination activities through inno- private sector participation, there is a need to vative health impact results-based financing, which explore increasing the scale of MHP plants and uses averted disability-adjusted life years as a introduce suitable metered tariff mechanisms. The financing unit with other multiple co-benefits such study also recommends connecting an MHP as CO2 and black carbon reductions. system to the national grid once the distribution line is extended to MHP-electrified villages. This In Bangladesh, ASTAE financed the design of a endeavor will require close collaboration with the gender-responsive household fuel component for government’s energy agencies so that MHPs are the Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy smoothly integrated into the grid and programs Development Project. Activities included support and objectives are harmonized. The study points for a technical standards committee that empha- out that the most important next steps are to sizes gender aspects, research and development of prepare a national rural electrification master plan, traditional stoves and higher efficiency stoves, and develop realistic rural electrification strategies supervision of the distribution of cookstoves. compliant with the master plan, and introduce “smart subsidies” to realize the rural electrification Scaling Up Electricity Access through Mini and strategies. Due to the earthquakes that struck Micro Hydropower Applications in Nepal. About Nepal in April 2015, planned workshops for 45 percent of Nepal’s population has access to dissemination of the study results were postponed. on-grid electricity while 30 percent of the In FY2016, the report will be launched at a population that lives in remote areas has no access workshop in Kathmandu followed by an online to electricity at all. Load shedding can last up to chat to exchange opinions with the general public. 12 hours per day. Renewable energy technologies Exchanges with other donors active in the country can play a key role for increasing energy access, would include post-earthquake rehabilitation and which is crucial for poverty reduction by improving focus on scaling up micro- and mini-hydropower rural livelihoods and boosting rural economy. In plants in a way that is in line with the policy FY2015, ASTAE funded a study titled Addressing recommendations of the study. Public and Private Sector Opportunities for Scaling up Decentralized Renewable Energy Access to Unlocking Geothermal Energy Potential in Indo- explore the option of micro- and mini-hydropower nesia. With the largest potential for geothermal ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 75 energy in the world, Indonesia plans to more than international workshop on sediment management quadruple its geothermal capacity from the exist- in Beijing and Yichang, China, for managers and ing rate of 1,335 MW to 6,000 MW by 2020, which engineers from 13 countries in South and Southeast would make the country the world’s largest pro- Asia—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, ducer of geothermal power. ASTAE helped fund Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, the government’s plans to increase power genera- Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and tion from renewable geothermal resources and Vietnam—to learn about sediment management reduce local and global environmental impacts. The from the world’s leading sediment management grant supported the preparation of feasibility stud- experts. ies for the Ulubelu geothermal field, regulatory reform through a tariff methodology report, as well Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Pakistan. as a report on unlocking Indonesia’s geothermal ASTAE is supporting an activity in Pakistan that potential. A new loan that will support upstream seeks to understand the challenges and exploration and development of steam fields and opportunities for scaling up renewable energy in expand access to geothermal resources is being pre- the country and to then develop a strategy for pared. The loan will be supported by a convertible World Bank engagement in this sub-sector. This grant from CTF and GEF. The ASTAE activity con- activity is part of a broader program on low carbon tributed to two World Bank investment projects in energy sector development that includes ESMAP- Indonesia: the Geothermal Clean Energy Invest- funded technical assistance to assess and map ment Project, a $300 million loan that is support- Pakistan’s renewable energy resources, including ing the development of two geothermal power biomass, solar, and wind. Under this ASTAE- plants, and the Geothermal Energy Upstream Devel- funded activity, the World Bank has identified opment Project, which is currently under three areas for potential engagement: (i) large- development. scale, grid-connected power generation from mainly solar and wind; (ii) smaller, distributed Building Resilience in Sustainable Sediment generation within cities and in rural areas, Management. Recognizing the current insufficient including rooftop solar; and (iii) off-grid energy understanding of the link between climate change access. During FY2015, the activity was initiated and sediments, the World Bank helped develop a with a comprehensive stakeholder engagement, Technical Guidance Note on Sediment Management, followed by discussions with the State Bank of as well as a rapid assessment method using the Pakistan on domestic financing for renewable RESCON2 software. The note, together with the energy that culminated in a joint workshop held software, helps identify technically feasible and in June 2015. In FY2016, a number of studies will economically optimal sedimentation management be carried out to provide an evidence-based approaches in hydropower projects that will approach for determining the next steps, including enhance the sustainability of water resource a nationwide survey of electricity access and a infrastructure. Dissemination of the software along study of the physical potential for distributed with publication of the guidance note is planned generation in Karachi, Lahore, and rural parts of for December 2015. In addition, from August Punjab Province. All the data obtained will be 18–22, 2014, ASTAE supported a major placed into the public domain alongside the final 76 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM reports. The World Bank team will then discuss than the world average—Myanmar’s energy con- with the various stakeholders any opportunities sumption is among the lowest in the world. As of identified and how to take these forward. 2014, about 70 percent of the population lacked grid electricity access. The main challenge facing PREPARE for Energy Access in Bihar. India has the power sector is scaling up access to electric- the largest energy access deficit of any single ity in a reliable, efficient, affordable, and sustain- country, compounded by unreliable supply and able manner. low consumption. Rural consumers constitute the bulk of India’s un-electrified population. According In line with the goals of the global SE4All initia- to the Indian Census 2011, 80.7 million households tive, the Myanmar Government is committed to in India live without electricity and of these, about achieving universal access to electricity by 2030. 75 million households are in rural areas. The With assistance from ESMAP’s SE4All Technical World Bank launched a project called Program to Assistance Program (see Chapter 3), the govern- Establish Pilots for Access through Renewable ment developed a National Electrification Plan in Energy (PREPARE) in the state of Bihar, the state 2014 to accomplish rapid expansion through a with the lowest electricity access rate—25 two-pronged, sector-wide approach: an ambitious percent—in India, to demonstrate the use of mini- extension of the national grid plus off-grid elec- grids based on renewable energy technologies and trification of communities that would otherwise to increase access to electricity. The project covers have to wait for years for grid access. (i) financial and technical support for setting up solar or solar-hybrid mini-grids in a few villages To support the implementation of the plan, since in Bihar and (ii) technical assistance support to September 2014, ASTAE has provided essential Bihar’s power distribution companies, which will support to strengthen the institutional framework implement the project. Located in villages that are for on- and off-grid electrification in Myanmar and completely un-electrified or have poor access to to prepare a $400 million IDA investment opera- electricity, the activity will test off-grid business tion. With the goal of benefiting 6 million people models that can be scaled up and replicated by with new electricity connections by 2021, the proj- addressing market challenges such as the size of ect has three main components: (i) grid extension consumer markets, access to finance, and to connect communities to the national power transaction costs of obtaining government financial grid; (ii) off-grid electrification that targets com- assistance. Market assessment studies were munities unlikely to receive grid access in the next completed in select districts in Uttar Pradesh and 10 years or more; and (iii) technical assistance Bihar, and two districts in Bihar were chosen for and project management to support national gov- project implementation. Project preparation ernment agencies in implementing the National activities, such as market and technical pre- Electrification Plan. ASTAE support included feasibility studies, have been completed, and the advising the government on necessary institutional preparation of bidding documents is underway. implementation arrangements, devising effective service delivery models, and supporting project Expanding On- and Off-grid Electrification in preparation and the implementation capacity of Myanmar. At 160 KWh per year—20 times less implementing agencies. ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 77 Preparation and Early Implementation Support produces knowledge outputs such as reports, for the Tuvalu Energy Sector Development Proj- technical guides, methodologies, and workshop ect. ASTAE financed a gender and energy scop- proceedings. In FY2015, ASTAE released some ing study using a human rights-based approach, 10 publications. As part of the EAP CSI Series, which found that gender inequality in relation to ASTAE co-financed the Clean Stove Initiative energy access and decision making exists, partic- Forum Proceedings, which was published in ularly outside the capital. Through the Tuvalu November 2014 following the EAP CSI Forum Energy Sector Development Project, the project held in Beijing, China, from April 26–29, 2014. team assisted Tuvalu in the implementation of its The proceedings summarized national programs, new National Gender Policy. As a result, a gen- progress made, best practices, and next steps in der action plan was prepared, including a moni- four countries—China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, and toring and evaluation framework with key actions Mongolia—where CSI is piloting country-specific for project implementation. The gender action plan programs. includes a strategic objective to utilize the Tuvalu Energy Policy and other national policy provisions ASTAE financed a synthesis report, two guidance and commitments to recognize energy as a human notes, and tools as part of a series of work on the right for men and women as well as a specific social and gender aspects related to the develop- action for a behavioral change training program ment and promotion of clean stoves. Published in in the community. This specific action includes April 2015, Understanding User Needs in Devel- training in: (i) advocacy and lobbying, (ii) life oping Clean Stove Technologies describes an exper- skills, and (iii) basic energy appliance manage- imental procedure used in Indonesia to assess the ment. Per the Government of Tuvalu’s request, performance of selected stoves under real-life con- the Tuvalu Energy Sector Development Project ditions. The second note, Integrating a Gender Per- included technical assistance to support the gov- spective in the Promotion and Assessment of ernment in mainstreaming gender dimensions in Impacts of Clean Stoves: From the Lab to the Field the IDA financing agreement as well as the proj- and Back, published in June 2015, details the ect appraisal document. results of how well five clean stoves performed in the test. They found that while clean stoves use fuel more efficiently, some do not have the speed SELECTED ASTAE KNOWLEDGE and power that women require to perform house- PRODUCTS AND PUBLICATIONS hold activities effectively. To ensure adoption and sustained use of clean cookstoves, more work is In its effort to share the knowledge and experi- needed to integrate users’ preferences into their ence gained from its activities, ASTAE regularly designs. 78 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BOX 10.1 CONSTRUCTING SUSTAINABLE HYDROPOWER WHILE PROTECTING HABITATS AND LIVELIHOODS IN INDONESIA Over the last three decades, Indonesia’s power demand has grown at a rapid pace, with electricity consumption projected to increase on average 8 percent per year between 2011 and 2035. But insuffi- cient supply constrains demand, and the power sector now faces the challenge of supplying electricity in the most efficient way while sustaining economic growth and maintaining conservation interests to protect endangered species and their habitats. In collaboration with the Indonesia Infrastructure Support Trust Fund, ASTAE is supporting an Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) approach for a World Bank-financed 1,040 MW pumped storage hydro- power project on the Cisokan and Cirumamis Rivers in West Java, Indonesia. The ICM approach provides a framework to address the social and environmental impacts from the project, threats to biodiversity, and improvement for local livelihoods. Through ICM, the ASTAE activity aims to strengthen the planning, operations, and management capacity of Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), the state-owned power company. The forests surrounding the project area, already threatened by agriculture use and poaching, are also home to several species of critically endangered animals. One-third of the local population in the area lives in poverty, which drives people to turn to illegal logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, and poaching for their income. Over 700 households would require resettlement, which could compound the impact on habitats of endangered animals. A reforestation program is therefore included in the project to preserve and extend habitats as well as to provide opportunities for alternative livelihoods for local people. ASTAE’s funding is designed with a focus on providing women, who can be disproportionately vulner- able to impacts from the project, with equal access to training and services. The gender strategy in the project’s land acquisition and resettlement plan ensures that both men and women participate in consul- tations and negotiations, have access to grievance redress mechanisms, and share the benefits of employment and resettlement assistance. In March 2015, as a first tangible result of the intervention, PLN and Perhutani, the state-owned forest management agency, signed a Memorandum of Understanding to collaborate on land management. ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 79 FINANCIAL CHAPTER 11 REVIEW 81 T he FY2015 figures in this section detail CONTRIBUTIONS financial information for the three multi- donor trust funds (MDTFs) that are In FY2015, ESMAP received a total of $36 million under ESMAP’s management and from eight donors, including the World Bank. administration: ESMAP, ASTAE, and SIDS DOCK. ASTAE and SIDS DOCK did not receive any con- tributions in FY2015. This is the second year that financial figures for all three MDTFs are being reported side-by-side Table 11.1 shows the breakdown of receipts in a joint annual report. Prior to FY2014, SIDS from individual donors for the three MDTFs for DOCK figures were included with ESMAP’s report- FY2015, as well as cumulative receipts since ing, and ASTAE figures were reported in a sepa- FY2010. rate ASTAE annual report. TABLE 11.1 Overview of Donor Contributions to ESMAP, ASTAE, and SIDS DOCK MDTFs, FY2010-15 ($, thousands) Country FY2015 Paid In Contribution Cumulative Paid In FY2010-15 Total % Cumulative Receipts ESMAP ASTAE SIDS ESMAP ASTAE SIDS FY2010-15 DOCK DOCK Australia 7,574.74 7,574.74 4.2% Austria 855.90 5,597.16 5,597.16 3.1% Denmark 8,364.24 31,961.77 7,093.12 39,054.88 21.5% Finland 1,527.54 1,527.54 0.8% France 1,123.10 1,967.14 1,967.14 1.1% Germany 1,104.90 7,871.20 7,871.20 4.3% Iceland 550.00 1,806.13 1,806.13 1.0% Japan 9,000.00 9,000.00 4.9% Lithuania 97.79 97.79 0.1% Netherlands 7,000.00 25,200.00 12,000.00 37,200.00 20.4% Norway 11,887.44 11,887.44 6.5% Sweden 4,565.34 5,913.75 10,479.09 5.8% United 16,736.94 39,445.04 6,324.75 45,769.79 25.1% Kingdom World Bank 218.22 2,226.84 2,226.84 1.2% Total 35,953.30 .00 .00 141,728.12 24,238.50 16,093.12 182,059.74 100% 82 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM DISBURSEMENTS for ESMAP. (For FY2013, ESMAP disbursements include SIDS DOCK). ESMAP disbursed $26.8 million in FY2015—an increase of 23 percent from the year before. Projects costs are separated into (i) disbursements by region and for global programs and (ii) disburse- Table 11.2 shows disbursements for all three ments for program management, administration, MDTFs for FY2014-15 and FY2013 disbursements and other centralized functions. TABLE 11.2 ESMAP Disbursements, FY2013 (including SIDS DOCK); ESMAP, ASTAE, and SIDS DOCK Disbursements, FY2014-15 ($, thousands) FY2013 FY2014 FY2015 ESMAP ASTAE SIDS ESMAP ASTAE SIDS Project Cost $14,636.94 87% $19,852.74 $5,030.18 $765.75 93% $25,082.21 $4,858.66 $1,040.88 94% Africa 5,199.04 7,681.48 179.77 8,972.78 539.23 East Asia 706.64 2,132.92 3,847.86 74.88 2,680.42 3,801.59 36.39 Europe & Central Asia 1,201.05 1,419.49 2,224.79 Latin America & 913.23 2,153.29 379.91 2,110.19 465.26 Caribbean Middle East & North 839.36 448.13 413.85 Africa South Asia 346.01 878.73 965.59 2,834.55 1,014.09 Global Program 5,431.61 5,138.70 216.73 131.19 5,845.62 42.98 Program $2,273.13 13% $1,910.43 $77.55 $82.31 7% $1,708.448 $58.181 $165.298 6% Management & Sustaining Program Management 997.16 784.69 68.19 82.31 736.290 58.181 89.575 Governance (CG, TAG) 83.53 98.58 9.36 85.374 Resource 230.38 217.42 151.514 Management/Trust Fund Administration Portfolio Management 316.20 213.46 189.505 (M&E) Knowledge Forums 102.50 116.65 97.953 75.723 Communication and 467.06 543.36 479.62 479.62 Outreach TOTAL $16,910.07 100% $21,763.17 $5,107.73 $848.06 100% $26,790.65 $4,916.84 $1,206.18 100% Funded by Donors 16,302.79 21,182.40 5,107.73 848.06 26,572.43 4,916.84 1,206.18 Funded from World 350.35 344.62 218.22 Bank Budget Funded from Fee 256.93 236.15 Income FINANCIAL REVIEW 83 84 TABLE 11.3 ESMAP, ASTAE, and SIDS DOCK Disbursements, by Program Area, FY2015 ($, thousands) ESMAP TOTAL DISBURSEMENT Sustainable Global Renewable Energy City Energy Annual Energy Geothermal Results Energy Subsidy Efficiency Other Block for All Development Based Resource Reform Transformation Global Grants Transport Water (SE4ALL) Plan Funding Mapping Facility AFREA Initiative Prorams ESMAP ASTAE SIDS TOTAL Africa 747.970 1,457.158 2,205.049 4,562.605 8,972.783 539.234 9,512.017 East Asia 792.910 152.503 526.636 54.339 261.955 468.042 200.790 223.246 2,680.421 3,801.585 36.386 6,518.393 Europe & 844.186 107.783 49.567 978.470 244.786 2,224.792 2,224.792 Central Asia Latin 626.280 173.111 112.939 606.928 362.477 71.839 156.616 2,110.190 465.261 2,575.451 America & ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Caribbean Middle East 207.654 .859 205.338 413.851 413.851 & North Africa South Asia 776.748 214.925 67.955 1,774.924 2,834.553 1,014.094 3,848.646 Global .233 249.206 639.763 98.827 374.735 570.542 935.187 2,977.123 5,845.616 42.980 5,888.596 Programs Program 1,708.448 1,708.448 58.181 165.298 1,931.926 Management & Sustaining TOTAL 3,995.749 648.555 163.364 2,907.883 1,056.579 360.782 4,822.750 2,026.980 4,562.605 1,559.836 4,685.571 26,790.653 4,916.840 1,206.180 32,913.673 *Other Global Programs include programs implemented by ESMAP unit and other departments that are not part of World Bank Regions (e.g., Gender, Climate, etc.). Regional activities are those managed by World FIGURE 11.1 Bank regional units. ESMAP global programs include analytical and advisory activities man- ESMAP Disbursements, by Program Area, aged by the ESMAP core unit and those led by FY2015 World Bank Global Practices such as Energy, 16.0% 14.7% 14.7% Water, Urban, and Transport. A portion of the 14.0% 12.9% expenditures under global programs is associ- 12.0% ated with work performed by ESMAP core tech- 10.0% 9.4% 9.6% nical staff for clients through World Bank 8.0% 6.5% regional units. 6.0% 5.4% 4.0% 3.4% 2.1% 2.0% 1.2% BREAKDOWN BY REGION AND 0.0% 0.5% PROGRAM AREA kG ra nt s an sp or t W at er SE 4A ll) en tP lan nd in g ap pi ng Fa cil it y AF RE A iti at ive am og r s Tr ll ( Fu M In Pr loc A p m e d c e o r m n a l B r lo s ur ef io al fo ve Ba at ob nu gy ts so yR rm Gl An er De ul Re id fo er En al es gy u bs ns th Table 11.3 shows FY2015 spending by region for ab le he rm R eE ne r gy S yT r a O in ot bl er nc sta Ge wa En cie all three MDTFs as well as by program area for Su b al e E ffi o n Gl Re gy er En ESMAP. The Renewable Energy Resource Map- City ping initiative—a major global initiative launched by ESMAP to support renewable energy resource assessment and mapping for biomass, small FIGURE 11.2 hydro, solar and wind—made up the largest por- ASTAE Spending, by Pillars, FY2015 tion of ESMAP’s portfolio, closely followed by AFREA. Renewable Energy Figure 11.1 provides the breakdown in FY2015 39% Energy of ESMAP disbursements by program areas. Fig- 50% Efficiency ure 11.2 shows ASTAE spending by ASTAE’s Energy pillars. 11% Access FINANCIAL REVIEW 85 ANNEX I | PROCEEDINGS OF THE and discussed examples of results to com- CONSULTATIVE GROUP MEETING municate—e.g., stories for the public and FOR ENERGY TRUST-FUNDED specific figures for ministries. ESMAP Pro- PROGRAMS gram Manager noted that impacts of ES- MAP’s contributions on the ground are now 22—24 April 2015, Washington, DC communicated in a series of impact stories The Consultative Group (CG) meeting for the that were launched in 2013. Furthermore, World Bank-managed Energy Trust-Funded Pro- the TAG was reminded of the CG’s recom- grams was held in Washington, DC, on April mendation to reach out to client countries 22-24, 2015. The Technical Advisory Group (TAG) and incorporate such assessment in the next report session was chaired by Mr. Rohit Khanna, TAG report. The TAG also suggested the CG Program Manager, ESMAP, in the Energy and share their respective activities so as to fa- Extractives Global Practice of the World Bank, cilitate knowledge sharing and synergies in while ESMAP Program Briefings were led by their the sector. Denmark tabled an overview of team leaders, respectively. their key energy activities and suggested that the other CG members share such Below are the discussion highlights for the ses- summaries. sions. For more details regarding each session, ii. Risk management. The logframe under the please refer to the CG workspace www.esmap. current Business Plan does not have risk man- org/cg to access all reports, briefing materials, agement at the program level. It was agreed and presentations. to include it in the logframe for the new Busi- ness Plan. Session 1 | Annual Portfolio Review iii. Low implementation rates and new activities. Given the time constraints, this session was com- The CG sought clarification regarding new bined into the session on the TAG report to the activities to be proposed despite the relatively CG. low implementation rates of the existing ac- tivities. ESMAP management confirmed that Session 2 | TAG Report to the CG these activities are fully anchored in the cur- The discussion on the TAG report was focused on rent Business Plan and reflect an evolution the following: in sector context and emerging client de- mand. An example is the Variable Renewable i. Results framework and knowledge sharing. Energy Grid Integration Program, which is The CG agreed that dissemination of results evolving from the Power System Planning and knowledge had improved and requested Support Program proposed in the current to continue to work on this aspect. The Business Plan. Similarly, the clean cooking current results framework is practical and initiative reflects an attempt to fill a clear gap provides clear linkages among inputs, out- in the SE4ALL Technical Assistance Program, puts, and outcomes. The CG emphasized whose portfolio is significantly weighted to- the importance of sharing impact stories wards electricity access. 86 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM iv. Soft earmarking. ESMAP Program Manager vii. World Bank Group (WBG) reforms. Several noted that soft earmarking has allowed the CG members expressed keen interest in the program to grow significantly, while ensuring opportunities and constrains that ESMAP had consistency with the strategic directions of encountered due to the WBG reforms. The the Business Plan. Soft earmarking allows TAG observed that the new WBG organization ESMAP to receive and disburse funds through had been beneficial to the implementation of a single MDTF, thus keeping transaction costs the ESMAP and ASTAE Business Plans and low and ensuring collective CG ownership of cited the clean cooking initiative as one ex- the program. It respects the various priority ample of possibilities and synergies across areas of respective donors. No soft earmark- the WBG. ing is accepted for activities outside the scope viii. ESMAP contribution. The contribution of of Business Plan. ESMAP’s work to the Sustainable Development v. Country-level coordination. In response to the Goals, reflecting the SE4All objectives, as well TAG’s recommendation for exploring ESMAP’s as ESMAP’s work to follow up on the World role in country level coordination, ESMAP Bank’s Strategic Directions for the Energy Program Manager confirmed that this would Sector Paper were noted. be challenging for the following reasons: (i) the ESMAP does not have the capacity to take Session 3 | Efficient and Clean Cooking and on this role; and (ii) such coordination is the Heating Initiative responsibility of World Bank regional energy The session on efficient, clean cooking and heat- teams, with ESMAP participating in the World ing began with remarks from the CEO of the Bank team. It was also noted that country Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (the Alli- energy teams were advised to invite donor ance), senior representatives from the World Bank embassies to ESMAP-supported knowledge (Environment, Health, Climate Change, Gender events and missions. units) and IFC, affirming the commitment to work vi. Nexus activities. The CG agreed with TAG’s together through internal and external partner- recommendation that the nexus work be ships to support scaling up access to cleaner, more given more attention and advanced by sup- efficient cooking and heating. The team high- porting additional activities. In response, lighted the importance of this agenda in terms of ESMAP shared that the nexus work is now meeting the SE4All objectives and the upcoming picking up pace, with a number of activities Sustainable Development Goals; a number of new initiated: (i) global policy level (e.g., GTF 2015 developments—both in understanding of the neg- has a chapter on nexus issues); (ii) opera- ative impacts of traditional cooking and heating tional level (e.g., analytical and modeling and in technologies. tools being developed and implemented at the regional/country level, agriculture with The CG commented that they are pleased to learn both water and agriculture sectors); and (iii) of WBG’s renewed focus in this area, welcomed knowledge base (e.g., case studies through better coordination between WBG and Global Alli- the science of delivery approach). ance and emphasized the importance of working FINANCIAL REVIEW 87 with other international organizations and devel- Asia and Pacific (EAP) and South Asia (SAR) opment partners. The CG also noted that they regions’ strategic objectives in the energy sec- would expect to see the World Bank contributing tor. The following six ASTAE activities were then resources to the scale up internally, given the presented by task team leaders to highlight con- strong commitment, but also recognized the need crete achievements: (i) Vietnam and India: Using for upfront policy and preparation work, which Satellite Imagery to Monitor Rural Electrification is where grant support through ESMAP would be Progress; (ii) Strategy to Scale Up Renewable particularly useful. Energy in Pakistan; (iii) Vietnam Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning (SUEEP), On the proposal itself, there was feedback in three Phase 3; (iv) Myanmar Strengthening Institu- areas: (i) the CG suggested that the focus of the tions for On-and Off-grid Electrification; (v) Partnership should be on a coherent, coordinated Indonesia: Support to Integrated Catchment program, rather than flow of funds from ESMAP Management (ICM) for Upper Cisokan Pumped to the Alliance—those that want to support the Storage Project; and (vi) EAP Clean Stove Alliance would prefer to do so directly; those that Initiative. want to see WBG get more involved would pro- vide funds to ESMAP; (ii) the CG would like to The discussions centered around the understand how resources provided would be used following: for in-country activities; and (iii) the CG would like to see more concrete/detailed write ups of i. Energy access indicator. Management noted how, and for what, funds would be used, includ- that the energy access results are not likely ing the comparative advantage and value-added to be met by the end of the Business Plan, of the ESMAP initiative. primarily due to delayed or dropped programs in a few large countries (such as Indonesia As next steps, ESMAP will prepare a more detailed and India). proposal focusing on ESMAP/World Bank-sup- ii. Collaboration with IFC. In response to a ported activities in the next 18 months. The World question on how ASTAE activities collaborate Bank will work with the Alliance to make sure with IFC, the ASTAE team pointed out that that the proposal is a good complement to Alli- there is strong corporate emphasis on working ance activities in those countries. A longer-term as a one-WBG and shared the example of the program will be presented in the next Business Myanmar Energy Program (supported by Plan. ASTAE), where the WBG has a joint implementation program team with staff from Session 4 | Asia Sustainable and Alternative International Bank for Reconstruction and Energy Program (ASTAE) Development (IBRD) and IFC. They also highlighted projects in the Philippines and the The meeting started with a presentation on the Solomon Islands (also supported by ASTAE) current status of ASTAE, which emphasized the where IBRD and IFC were working closely value of ASTAE and its contribution to the East together. 88 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM iii. East Asia and the Pacific Clean Stove Initia- work—for example, for the development of tive. Regarding a question on next steps for regional transmission projects. the initiative, the ASTAE team noted that in v. Results Framework. The CG expressed con- the case of large countries such as China and cern that given the long term nature of the Indonesia, the World Bank was looking for projects, the possibility of delays, and the impacts at the national level. In the case of current structure of ASTAE’s results monitor- China, the World Bank is currently looking ing framework, ASTAE’s results may not be at the second phase of the national program captured appropriately and asked whether that will distribute some 40 million clean there might be other better ways for tracking stoves. In the case of Indonesia, the distribu- ASTAE’s results. ESMAP Program Manager tion of some 10 million clean stoves is tar- shared the findings of the Independent Evalu- geted under the national program. It was also ation Group’s latest evaluation report, where pointed out that market-based institutions this was flagged as a problem, and advised should play the key role in sustainable clean to look for a pragmatic solution for this Busi- stove distribution programs and that the ness Plan, which might be to devise a supple- World Bank would conduct a study to engage mental interim set of indicators, reflecting private investors. On the question of the pos- more accurately the current and future pipe- sible dominance of non-domestic manufactur- line of projects. ers in the market, the ASTAE team noted the vi. Dissemination of project stories. The CG reiter- advantages that local producers had in the ated the need to disseminate more project market, as imports are expensive. stories. ESMAP Program Manager noted that iv. Consolidation of ESMAP and ASTAE. The CG up until recently, ASTAE did not have a dedi- acknowledged the synergies that resulted cated communication team, but ASTAE now from the recent consolidation of ASTAE with benefits from a well-organized ESMAP infra- ESMAP. ESMAP focuses on upstream analyti- structure to communicate information. For cal work while ASTAE targets mid- to down- example, ASTAE activities are included in the stream work. In this context, the question regular electronic bulletin received by donor was asked on whether it still made sense to countries. Impact Stories could cover ASTAE keep a regionally specific set of competencies results, and a website dedicated to ASTAE is that are not necessarily brought in full play being established. in other regions, given that ESMAP has a vii. Future of the ASTAE Multi-Donor Trust Fund global reach. However, the CG admitted that (MDTF). Four possible options for the ASTAE the value of keeping a regional focus could MDTF whose end disbursement date is June be also seen. ESMAP Program Manager high- 30, 2016 were discussed: (i) close the MDTF lighted that there was another regional win- as scheduled with Business Plan targets not dow: AFREA, and that overall, there was a fully met; (ii) create a new single MDTF struc- very good case to have supplemental resourc- ture, which would include an ASTAE program es. CG members also noted such a regional for East and South Asia and to which ASTAE’s program should also prioritize regional assets and liabilities would be transferred; FINANCIAL REVIEW 89 (iii) extend the end disbursement date by one ESMAP also aims to leverage this program by iden- year to allow orderly progression and closing tifying further investment funding sources (such of ongoing activities; and (iv) keep ASTAE as the Green Climate Fund). In addition to fund- as a separate MDTF under the overall ESMAP ing, potential collaboration with GSEP and UVIG program management and administration. are being investigated. The CG strongly supported The CG agreed that there are benefits of a the program and several donors confirmed that it common management structure in terms of would be a key priority area, while also underlin- efficiency, economies of scale, and quality ing that ESMAP’s efforts should not crowd out control and that the World Bank had been commercial players. Furthermore, CG members able to maintain a common but differentiated enquired about the extent to which smart grid approach for the two trust funds. The corpo- solution and demand-side management would be rate policy of the World Bank, developed in part of the program, if social issues were consid- consultation with donors, is to rationalize the ered, and on the collaboration with client trust fund architecture and avoid proliferation counterparts. of trust funds. Pending further discussion on the future of a separate ASTAE MDTF in the The Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Initia- context of the next Business Plan, the CG tive was also presented and its focus on low and agreed to extend the current MDTF by a year. lower-middle-income country clients for the next Business Plan period was explained, with greater Session 5 | Clean Energy outreach to other countries in the form of advice During the session, the six tracks of the Clean Energy and technical materials (but no project funding). Program were introduced: (i) Renewable Energy The strong outreach of the program was high- Resource Mapping; (ii) Global Geothermal lighted, including a partnership with IRENA on Development Plan; (iii) Clean Energy Operational their Global Atlas and involvement of NREL, GIZ, Support and Low Carbon Planning Tools; (iv) Climate and KfW Development Bank, and several task Resilience; (v) Renewable Energy Training/Project team leaders presented the CG with country-level Resource Center; and (vi) Global Variable Renewable experience from the countries in which they work. Energy (VRE) Integration Program. The CG was very supportive of the program and found it a vital activity for ESMAP. The main emphasis of the discussion was on the recently launched Global VRE Integration Program. Finally, ESMAP’s work on the Geothermal Devel- This program will support technical assistance to opment plan was exemplified through a presen- country clients to increase the share of VRE in elec- tation on technical assistance to Indonesia. tricity supply, while improving the reliability and affordability of the electricity supply. ESMAP seeks Session 6 | Results-Based Financing (RBF) to raise $8 million for this program in the new Busi- During the session, the CG was provided with a ness Plan, with initial activities starting this com- brief summary of recent progress, including the ing fiscal year and for which supplemental contri- following highlights: (i) as previously reported, butions from donors are being sought. demand is slowly growing both within the World 90 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Bank and outside for testing out and applying Session 7 | Gender and Social Inclusion in RBF in the energy sector; ESMAP is now fund- the Energy Sector ing two cookstove projects in Indonesia and Laos, During this session, the team provided a brief both of which are piloting innovative approaches; overview of the Gender and Social Inclusion pro- (ii) ESMAP has continued to provide ad-hoc sup- gram that was launched in ESMAP’s FY2014–16 port and knowledge sharing with EnDev col- Business Plan. The program aims to build and dis- leagues in support of their RBF program; (iii) in seminate evidence to demonstrate that gender January 2015, ESMAP launched its second of two equality improves development outcomes. One of analytical guides, on results-based aid, as the the main focuses of the program is to develop successor to the successful RBF report published knowledge on gender across energy topics— in 2013; (iv) ESMAP held a multi-stakeholder energy access, electricity infrastructure, clean meeting on RBF in the energy sector in March energy, and energy policy. 2015 to share updates on ongoing activities and programs from outside and within the World In its first year, the program has focused on build- Bank. This helped reinforce the conclusion that ing partnerships across the World Bank to deliver further piloting and experimentation is needed the work, and several colleagues from other units and that there is a potential ESMAP role to sup- joined the session to present on the joint work. port this; and (v) going forward, the intention is Together with the Social Inclusion team, ESMAP to fully allocate the remaining budget (perhaps is conducting research on gender and electricity to an additional country project) and begin the infrastructure to examine gender-differentiated thinking on what shape and form ESMAP’s sup- impacts in areas such as land and labor. The forth- port for RBF should take in the next business coming report (FY2016) consists of quantitative plan. and qualitative country analyses, literature and portfolio reviews, and a review of the private sec- The CG desired to see more piloting to help build tor/utilities. Another key activity highlighted is on the analytical work and suggested that ASTAE/ ESMAP’s work with the World Bank Institute on AFREA funding could be used to take forward and developing an online training on gender and apply the lessons learned so far to better leverage energy. The first e-training is scheduled for May/ the upstream work that ESMAP has carried out. June 2015 and additional online and face-to-face In general, the CG supported continued high ambi- trainings will be carried out in FY2016. The train- tion to keep the topic alive and encouraged ESMAP ing covers gender issues across energy topics and to scale up activities. The ESMAP team welcomed is a facilitated interactive module with presenta- these comments, but noted that any major scale- tions, discussion forums, videos, and case up on the ESMAP side would require additional studies. resources. There was also a question mark over the extent to which GPOBA could broaden their The team also noted how there has been increased scope to take on some of this piloting role, poten- demand for gender support: the South Asia region tially enabling ESMAP to support rather than lead carried out gender and energy assessments in such activities. India, Nepal, and Pakistan through its regional FINANCIAL REVIEW 91 Annual Block Grant; a rural electrification project less fragmented in order to increase efficiency and in Bolivia developed a gender-informed baseline cost effectiveness. survey with ESMAP support; the AFREA Gender and Energy program is now in its second phase The AFREA I final report, which summarized the and continuing to engage at the country level; the activities, outputs, and outcomes produced under East Asia and Pacific region has developed a sim- AFREA Phase I, was presented to the CG prior to ilar program on gender and energy with input shifting to the rest of the discussion focusing on from the ESMAP team; and the ECA region has activities and challenges being encountered in developed a report on gender and energy AFREA Phase II. The Phase II portfolio can be subsidies. divided into: (i) country-specific activities; (ii) spe- cial regional initiatives; and (iii) regional analyt- In addition to seeing an increase of gender and ics, strategies, and lessons. So far, $23 million out energy activities within the World Bank, the team of the five-year target of $50 million has been pro- noted the uptake on collaboration with other part- grammed across 25 different activities. ners such as ENERGIA, Global Alliance, IUCN, USAID, ADA, and UNIDO. Lastly, the team high- Some activities were featured in more detail such lighted the positive support received on gender as: (i) Nigeria: Analytical base for on- & off-grid through World Bank senior management and how access scale-up; (ii) Madagascar: Crowding in pri- ESMAP will continue to provide feedback into the vate finance for clean energy mix; (iii) Regional: development of the upcoming gender strategy. Accelerating on-grid access through knowledge The discussion with the CG focused around how sharing; (iv) Regional: Lighting Africa; (v) the ongoing reports, knowledge work, and part- Regional: Building an up-to-date knowledge base nerships are critical to build the evidence base. on subsidies; (vi) Regional: Scaling solar—grid- However, the team was encouraged to delve scale solar at scale through standard approaches; deeper and apply the knowledge generated into and (vii) Cross-cutting themes gender and supporting operational work and integrating gen- fragility. der across ESMAP-managed activities. The key message was that AFREA brings tailored Session 8 | Africa Renewable Energy and innovation and provides operationally linked ana- Access program (AFREA), Phase II lytics to the World Bank’s Africa energy sector Practice Manager, Energy, West and Central Africa, dialogue and lending programs through (i) lever- presented the AFREA Phase II program. aging IDA; (ii) applying know-how; and (iii) effi- cient implementation. The presentation was prepared bearing in mind the suggestions made at last year’s CG meeting, During the discussion, the issue raised was con- in particular, the need for reporting on AFREA, cerning donor coordination. It was agreed that the need to use AFREA to leverage IDA, and the there is scope to improve coordination and need to support programs of larger size that were collaboration. 92 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Regarding the issue of AFREA and knowledge currently entering the implementation phase. The sharing, it was mentioned that the South-South example of developing the prospectus around the exchange between practitioners has worked hydropower sector in Guinea was also presented. extremely well as the trust level among those The CG was informed that the other investment working in “the trenches” of access is high. AGAT prospectuses would be completed over the next and AEI both use this approach. Working in many fiscal year. fragile states remains a challenge: for example, the South Sudan activity is on hold. The CG was also informed that the Clean Energy Mini-grids Facility was launched in April 2015. The initial low implementation rate under AFREA The Africa part of the Facility focusing on knowl- Phase II was explained to be mostly related to the edge management is a component of a larger pro- lead time of starting a new program. Current dis- gram that is also being implemented by DFID and bursements stand at $3.3 million, or 25 percent, AfDB, while the non-Africa component focuses and disbursements plus commitments (implemen- on knowledge management as well as market tation rate) equals $5.7 million, or 42 percent. development activities. The Facility also has a close partnership with the High Impact Opportu- Session 9 | Energy Access nity group under SE4ALL. Urban Poor Energy Access Program sub-session complemented the program briefing with insights Session 10 | Energy Assessments and by World Bank operational task team leaders on Strategies (including Energy Subsidies the program support to operations in Haiti, Reform TA Facility) Jamaica, and Kenya. The active ESMAP support The ESMAP team presented the key highlights of to the operational programs was seen as a major ongoing activities and future plans under the development, which vindicated the upstream FY2014–16 Business Plan. Discussions focused on thinking that went into ESMAP’s decision to the following major initiatives under the Energy develop this into a focus area in 2011. The CG Assessments and Strategies area: Energy-Water- acknowledged that this is a priority area that Food Nexus, the Energy Subsidy Reform and Deliv- would gain increasing importance in the future, ery Facility, and META. With regard to the nexus and efforts should be made to fill any funding work, main questions centered around the low gaps. uptake, the challenges being faced, and the com- parative advantage of the World Bank. The ESMAP For the Sustainable Energy for All Technical Assis- team and the task team leader for the Thirsty tance Program, CG members expressed a desire Energy Initiative noted that within the limited bud- for detailed information on the process of the get available, a number of new activities have investment prospectus: what it is, how it is devel- commenced recently. There are a number of other oped, and how it will be implemented. Specific agencies involved in global advocacy and research, briefing was made on the Myanmar investment and the World Bank’s comparative advantage is prospectus, which was already completed and is in country dialogue, though this is where the real FINANCIAL REVIEW 93 challenges are: political sensitivity, lack of coor- IEA and IISD/GSI on subsidy reform; (ii) sharing dination among agencies, etc. of experiences and results from country initiatives in subsidy reform; and (iii) increased effort on Task teams presented their experience in utilizing expanding the energy-water-food nexus work to the Subsidy Reform TA Facility in countries such also include the agriculture/food linkage. as Egypt, Haiti, and Ukraine. The team also updated the CG on the progress of the knowledge Session 11 | SIDS DOCK Support Program strategy, in particular the launch of the ESROC In the session on SIDS DOCK Support Program, platform and the side-event on energy subsidies the following points/issues were discussed: reform at the Spring Meetings, which CG mem- bers appreciated. On TAG questions about plans It was noted that the global activities under the for utilizing the remaining funding for the Facil- first phase program were all completed, as were ity, it was noted that this Facility was expected to some of the country-level projects—Seychelles, continue beyond the Business Plan period, given Mauritius, and Sao Tome and Principe—which the political sensitivity of these reforms and the aimed at regulatory reform and instruments to significant efforts it is taking to make these reforms promote renewable energy. a comprehensive effort. Several CG members enquired about the selection of countries and The Japanese representative noted that the whether smaller low-income countries were also resources form the first tranche ($9 million) of eligible for support from the facility. It was noted the second phase would need to be substantially that while initial funding was targeted at middle- committed before they would consider releasing income countries, where there could be signifi- the second tranche. The CG was briefed about the cant climate mitigation co-benefits, the facility progress made on the geothermal projects in Dom- was open to and supporting low-income coun- inica and Saint Lucia and the solar PV program tries such as Haiti and the Kyrgyz Republic. CG in the Eastern Caribbean. In Tuvalu, SIDS DOCK members commended this flexibility and noted resources went towards promoting clean energy the hope that their future support for the Subsidy as part of an overall power sector development Reform Facility could also prioritize low-income plan. countries. CG members commended the World Bank task teams on progress in energy subsidy The CG noted the low disbursement rate in some reforms, despite the risks and challenges. of the new projects and the team outlined the upcoming activities that would address this issue. With regard to META, the team updated the CG on work that has been completed to integrate the The CG enquired about the rationale for the screening curve analysis feature in the tool and knowledge event on SIDS in Vienna and it was to customize the tool for Morocco. clarified that this is held in lieu of the erstwhile program management group gatherings with the In conclusion, CG members requested: (i) contin- objective of facilitating knowledge exchange ued collaboration with various agencies such as among the different regions and SIDS and 94 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM providing a platform for relevant partners to share EDGE Green Building Program is supported by a their programs. CEETI grant). Session 12 | Energy Efficient Cities CG members expressed interest and support for The Energy Efficient Cities team presented an the overall program. CG members highlighted overview of the program including the city energy the following issues for consideration by the diagnostics supported by the TRACE tool and the CEETI team: (i) linkages with global sustainable City Energy Efficiency Transformation Initiative urban initiatives, such as ICLEI, C40, WRI, Cov- (CEETI) with its main components: (i) capacity enant of Mayors, and SE4ALL, which could pro- building; (ii) technical assistance; and (iii) knowl- vide opportunities to leverage ESMAP’s work; edge creation and exchange, noting the key (ii) collaboration on tools within the WBG to insights gained thus far and highlighting areas of approach cities with a more holistic package; untapped potential and anticipated demand. The (iii) ways to address innovative approaches to discussion benefitted from inputs from World foster urban energy efficiency; and (iv) the two Bank regional colleagues working on urban energy different urban energy efficiency paradigms efficiency activities supported by ESMAP (in between mature cities (facing a retrofit challenge) Ukraine, China, Brazil, and Ethiopia, as well as on the one hand and those cities in rapidly devel- on the ICT-energy efficiency nexus and on the oping countries that currently see strong growth Negawatt competition). The session also featured in urbanization (needing to focus on design as a short presentation on the IFC’s EDGE tool, which well as regulations and enforcement of building supports resource-efficient buildings. (The IFC codes) on the other hand. FINANCIAL REVIEW 95 ANNEX II | ESMAP RESULTS, The following table gives a quantitative summary FY2015: OUTCOMES, OUTPUTS, of ESMAP’s results for FY2015. For the latest AND WORLD BANK OPERATIONS details of ESMAP’s activities, development out- INFORMED comes achieved, and monitoring and evaluation framework, go to www.esmap.org and click on During FY2015, ESMAP activities have contributed the Results tab. to the identification and design of approved World Bank Group energy lending of $1.59 billion. TABLE A2.1 Summary of ESMAP Results, FY2015 OBJECTIVE INDICATOR ACHIEVEMENTS Outcomes Development Existing operations World Bank Operations Informed: 10 existing and new (including AFREA) Financing Informed informed Existing operations informed: • Comoros Electricity Sector Recovery Project (Comoros / $5 million) Client countries Government • Espírito Santo Integrated Sustainable Water Management Project provided with just- expenditure informed (Brazil / $225 million) in-time technical • Household Natural Gas Connection Project (Egypt / $500 million) assistance for pre- Mobilization of • PNG Energy Sector Development (Papua New Guinea / $8.3 million)* investment activities non-Bank resources • Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage Hydro-Electrical Power (1040 MW) necessary to resolve informed Project (Indonesia / $640 million)* program design issues and offer Preparation of new New operations informed: additional options operation informed • Armenia Geothermal Exploratory Drilling Project (Armenia / CSCF $8.5 million) • Efficient & Sustainable City Bus Services (India / $9.2 million) • Energy Sector Development Policy Operation (Kyrgyz Republic / $24 million) • Lao PDR Health Governance and Nutrition Development Project (Lao / $26.4 million)* • Uganda Energy for Rural Transformation APL-3 (Uganda / $143 million) Mobilization of Non-Bank Resources Informed: 6 existing and new (including AFREA) Existing operations informed: • Armenia Geothermal Exploratory Drilling Project (Armenia / Government $2.13 million) • Espírito Santo Integrated Sustainable Water Management Project (Brazil / Government $98.10 million) • Household Natural Gas Connection Project (Egypt / EU $78.9 million, AFD $96 million, Government $473 million, private sector $326 million) • Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage Hydro-Electrical Power (1040 MW) Project (Indonesia / Government $160 million) New operations informed: • Efficient & Sustainable City Bus Services (India / Government $103.8 million) • Uganda Energy for Rural Transformation APL-3 (Uganda / Government $33.2 million) 96 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A2.1 Continued Summary of ESMAP Results, FY2015 OBJECTIVE INDICATOR ACHIEVEMENTS Policy & Strategy Government policy/ 9 outcomes Informed and Client strategy informed Capacity Increased Public debate 5 outcomes stimulated/initiated Increased institutional Contributed to 3 outcomes capacity of ESMAP stakeholder client countries to plan, involvement manage, and regulate the implementation Development 3 outcomes of policies, strategies, community/partner and programs that policy/strategy deliver clean, reliable, informed and affordable energy Bank country strategy 1 outcome services required informed/influenced by their citizens for Bank sector strategy 4 outcomes poverty reduction informed/influenced and environmentally Design capacity 4 outcomes sustainable economic strengthened growth Implementation 5 outcomes capacity strengthened M&E capacity 2 outcomes increased Client is recognized 1 outcome with good practice or similar awards Knowledge Increased/ Facilitated exchange 6 outcomes Deepened and of best practice with Innovative Approaches clients & Solutions Generated Facilitated exchange 1 outcome of best practice with ESMAP-supported partners research and analyses Disseminated best 9 outcomes strengthen the practices sector’s knowledge and evidence-base New innovative 0 outcomes to deliver improved approach fostered clean energy access, New innovative 2 outcomes energy efficiency, approach developed and generation in Other action/behavior 1 outcome developing countries adopted or observed Outputs Economic and # of Research (ESW, Total # of Outputs: 154 Sector Work (ESW) & TA) and Knowledge Technical Assistance Products Published ESW & TA Outputs: 60 (TA) Knowledge Products: 94 Research & Knowledge # Academic Mentions 267 Products Academic Mentions/ # Impact Stories 0 References of ESMAP Developed and Products/Knowledge Disseminated Impact Stories # of Peer-Reviewed 0 Peer-Reviewed Research Published Research *ASTAE co-financed with ESMAP. ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 97 The following tables summarize the outputs under each of the ESMAP program areas in FY2015, in line with the M&E system introduced in 2010. TABLE A2.2 ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2015 AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS PROGRAM (AFREA) 1 Analytical & Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Advisory ActivitiesTechnical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents AFR ACCES Quality Assurance & Technical Support Implementation Guide AFR Clean and Improved Cooking in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Landscape Report AFR Political Economy of Power Sector Subsidies: A Review with Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa AFR Sharing Lessons – AFREA Gender and Energy Workshop Proceedings Kenya National Electrification Strategy for Kenya (prepared with AGAT support) Niger Preparatory Studies for the Extension of the Distribution Network in Niamey and Six Other Urban Centers Nigeria A “Blueprint” for National Access Policy Development Nigeria Investment Prospectus for Access for 7 States Nigeria Nigeria Electricity Access Program: Technical Assistance Preparation of a Least Cost Geospatial Implementation Plan for Grid and Off-Grid Rollout (2015–2030) Uganda Market Assessment of Modern Off-grid Lighting Products in Uganda 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal And External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Assessment Capacity Assessment of Uganda’s Rural Electrification Agency (March 2015) Assessment Elaboration of a financing scheme proposal for the connection charges and the existing Electrification Fund in Kenya (February 2015) Assessment Electricity Connection Market Assessment Report in Uganda (April 2015) Assessment Initial assessment of the country’s current electricity access situation in Zambia (April 2015) Assessment Initial Assessment of the country’s current electricity access situation in Congo-Brazzaville (February 2015) Assessment Institutionalizing Continual Cost-reduction Strategies in Rural Electrification in Kenya (June 2015) BBL Analysis of Hydropower Development Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington DC, April 2015) BBL Energy and Extractives Global Practice: Gender Town Hall (Washington, DC, March 2015) Case Studies IPP Case studies of Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda Case Studies Preparatory studies for Uganda Clean Cooking Supply Chain Expansion Project Conference AFREA Gender and Energy workshop (Dakar, Senegal April 7–9, 2014) Proceedings Database IPP database and Financing Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa Live Wire Report Improving Gender Equality and Rural Livelihoods in Senegal through Sustainable and Participatory Energy Management: Senegal’s PROGEDE II Project (Live Wire, June 2015) Report From the Bottom Up: How Small Power Producers and Mini-Grids Can Deliver Electrification and Renewable Energy in Africa (French) Strategy Note South Sudan Energy Sector Strategy Note Study Tour Zambian energy officials visit to Namibia to learn about low-cost electrification technologies Tool Nigeria Geospatial Least-Cost Access Expansion Planning Tool (7 states) Training Capacity building for the rural electrification service providers in Uganda (September 2014–May 2015) 98 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A2.2 Continued ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2015 Workshop Best practices and experiences of national electrification initiatives in Congo-Brazzaville (February 2015) Workshop Best practices and experiences of national electrification initiatives in Niger (April 2015) Workshop Best practices and experiences of national electrification initiatives in Tanzania (January 2015) Workshop Co-facilitated ECREE in-house capacity building workshop on gender mainstreaming and shared AFREA Gender and Energy experiences (November 2014) Workshop Electricity Access Workshop and Consultations to Exchange Best Practices in Uganda (February 2015) Workshop Gender, Energy, and M&E – West Africa Webinar Workshop High Level Consultation Workshop on Kenya’s National Electrification Strategy (September 2014) Workshop Meeting the Challenges of Growth and Transformation: A National Electrification Strategy for Ethiopia (June 2015) Workshop Off-grid Lighting Market Assessment and Analysis Workshop (Uganda, October 2014) CLEAN ENERGY 1 Analytical & Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Advisory Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents China Comparing Production-based with Consumption-based Carbon Accounting at City-level Application to Beijing and Shanghai China Strategies and Indicators for Pilot Low-Carbon Cities in China 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Conference American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meetings Conference Joint Global Change Research Institute Program on Integrated Assessment Model Development, Diagnostics and Inter-Model Comparisons (PIAMDDI) Meeting at Stanford University Training Solar GIS and Wind (Islamabad, Pakistan, October 15–17, 2014) Training Solar GIS and Wind (Lahore and Karachi, Pakistan, October 20–21, 2014) Workshop Technical Discussion on GIS tools & the value of the renewable energy mapping outputs through geospatial analysis and planning (October 15, 2014) Workshop Uruguay Low Carbon Development Study Dissemination (February 10–11, 2015) ENERGY ACCESS 1 Analytical & Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Advisory Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Guatemala Guatemala Country Action Plan LCR Brief on Health and Clean Cooking and Heating in Collaboration with the Stockholm Environment Institute LCR Cooking with Gas: Why Women In Developing Countries Want LPG and How They Can Get It Nicaragua Preparación del Plan de Acción y Plan de Inversión para Fomentar el Uso de Soluciones Limpias para Cocinar en Nicaragua (May 2015) Papua New Guinea Report: Papua New Guinea: National Electricity Roll-Out Plan (NEROP) 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Conference Launch of “Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) in the Americas” (Santiago, Chile, October 15–17, 2014) Report Outlook for Clean Cooking in Central America by 2030 Workshop Technical workshops: State-Level Stakeholder meetings (February 2015) in Hyderabad, Mumbai, Mohali, and Patna Workshop Preparation of a Clean Cooking Solutions Roadmap and Investment Prospectus for Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua (January 2015) ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 99 TABLE A2.2 Continued ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2015 ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES 1 Analytical & Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Advisory Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Afghanistan Report: Energy Security Trade-Offs under High Uncertainty: Resolving Afghanistan’s Power Sector Development Dilemma AFR Report: Viability of West Africa LNG Imports Final Report EAP Report: Strategic Options for Enhanced Financial Performance of EVN ECA Inception Report: Sector Study on Biomass-based Heating in the Western Balkans ECA Report: Assessment of the Role of Glaciers in Stream Flow from the Pamir and Tien Shan Mountains Kazakhstan Integration of Renewables in Power Market and Power System, Kazakhstan Area 1: Integrating Renewables in the Power Market Kazakhstan Integration of Renewables in Power Market and Power System, Kazakhstan Area 2: Integrating Renewables in the Power System Kyrgyz Republic Presentation: Technical Assistance In Support Of Energy Tariff Reforms in the Kyrgyz Republic (May 2015) LCR Introduction of LNG in Central America Final Report MNA Cost Competitiveness of Generation Technologies Moldova Moldova Electric Power Market Options Sector Study Moldova Moldova Power Sector Stakeholder Workshop (Chisinau, Moldova, May 14, 2015) Philippines Philippines Energy Commission Regulatory Technical Assistance: Implementation Report Philippines Philippines Energy Commission Regulatory Technical Assistance: RSEC RSEC-WR & TGP Final Report Yemen Overview of Global Development of Solar PV Applications; Solar PV Water Pumping in Yemen Yemen Power Regulatory Council in Yemen: A Suggested Roadmap Yemen Yemen Power Sector Reform and Development: Back to the Basics Yemen Yemen Power Sector Reform Strategy: Towards Improved Performance and Financial Sustainability 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Case Study Republic of Turkey Social Compact in Electricity Privatization in Southeastern Turkey Communication Communication Strategy 1: Preparing Ukrainian People for the Required Increase in Utility Strategy Tariffs in autumn 2014 Communication Communication Strategy 2: Preparing the Population of Ukraine for Higher Utility Bills (Fall Strategy 2014) Conference XXVIII Annual Convention of the National Association of Water Utilities (Merida, Mexico, November 9–12, 2014) Conference World Water Week 2014 (Stockholm , Sweden, August 31–September 05, 2014) Conference Authors' Workshop for the Regional Study "Latin America’s Energy Pricing Policies“ (Washington, DC, October 1, 2014) Documentary release “Katiyabaaz” or “Powerless” in India and Bangladesh state capitals (Lucknow, Patna, Kolkata, and Jaipur) and 12 districts in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan (January 2015) Forum 2015 Energy and Extractives Forum (Washington, DC, Apr 27–May 8, 2015) Forum 2015 GP Social, Urban, Rural & Resilience Forum (April 20–24, 2015) Report Public Opinion Poll on Issues Related to Ukraine’s Energy Sector Workshop Benefit Sharing and Hydropower Workshop (Jakarta, Indonesia September 25, 2014) 100 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A2.2 Continued ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2015 Workshop Second Stakeholder on Energy Security Trade-Offs under High Uncertainty: Resolving Afghanistan’s Power Sector Development Dilemma Report (Dubai, UAE, May 2015) Workshop ECA Citizen Engagement clinic Workshop Public and Private Sector Stakeholder Workshops (Ankara and Istanbul, Turkey, February 2015) Workshop DIME Impact Evaluation Workshop: Energy & Environment (Lisbon, Portugal, October 13–17, 2014) Workshop Second Workshop on methodology and international Practice (Beijing, China, April 13, 2015) Workshop Urumqi District Heating pricing Technical Assistance (China, April 2015) Workshop Proceedings National Consultation & Information Sharing Workshop Report (Belize, June 25, 2015) ENERGY EFFICIENCY 1 Analytical & Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Advisory ActivitiesTechnical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents AFR Development of Energy Efficiency in Sub-Saharan African Cities: A Municipal Perspective from Accra, Addis Ababa and Nairobi Belarus Republic of Belarus Heating Tariff Reform and Social Impact Mitigation Recommendations for a Sustainable District Heating Sector in Belarus ECA Energy Efficiency Institutional Review Stakeholder Workshop (May 21, 2014) in Ankara Kyrgyz Republic Report: Urban Heating Options in the Kyrgyz Republic Panama Panama Energy Crisis: Initiatives Assessment and Emergency Action Plan Panama Strengthening of the Institutional Framework for the Energy Sector in Panama Tajikistan Report: Urban Heating Options in Tajikistan Turkey Republic of Turkey Institutional Review of Energy Efficiency in Turkey Ukraine Energy Efficiency Assessment Report Kiev, Ukraine (March 26, 2015) Ukraine Energy Efficiency Assessment Report: Kamyenetz-Podilsky, Ukraine (March 26, 2015) Ukraine Energy Efficiency Assessment Report: Ternopil, Ukraine (March 26, 2015) Uzbekistan Report: Assessment of Heating and Hot Water Supply and Demand Options for Andijan, Chirchik and Sergili district of Tashkent 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Conference 2015 Danube Water Conference, co-financed by GIZ Open Regional Fund (May 6–8, 2015) Vienna, Austria Guidance Note Capacity Building Program in Bus Fuel Efficiency Inception Report Development of a LED Street Lighting Retrofit Project for Surabaya, Indonesia Report State of the Sector Report Report Strategies and Roadmap of Coordination Between the Energy Savings, Renewable Energy, and Carbon Trading Schemes in China Study Tour China: Wuhan Integrated Transport Development Project – learning from best international practice in smart transport and EE (February 2015) Study Tour China: Wuhan Integrated Transport Development Project : Learning from Best International Practice in Smart Transport and EE (April 2015) Tool Implementation TRACE (Kamyenetz-Podilsky, Ukraine, March 26, 2015) Tool Implementation TRACE (Kiev, Ukraine, March 26, 2015) Tool Implementation TRACE (Ternopil, Ukraine, March 26, 2015) Workshop Knowledge-Exchange Workshop (Surabaya, Indonesia, June 9–12, 2015) ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 101 TABLE A2.2 Continued ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2015 Workshop Regulatory benchmarking Workshop (Pristina, Kosovo, February 2015) Workshop Keeping Warm: Urban Heating Options For the Kyrgyz Republic Workshop (Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic, April 2015) Workshop Workshops on TRACE (Kiev, Ternopil, Kamyenetz-Podilsky, Ukraine, February 21–24, 2015) Workshop Proceedings Proceedings of the China-ASEAN Energy Efficiency Knowledge Exchange Workshop GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION 1 Analytical & Economic And Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Advisory ActivitiesTechnical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Assessment Enhancing the Social Sustainability of Energy Development by Gender Mainstreaming in India, Pakistan and Nepal 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Engaging Private Sector on Gender and Energy (Online Facilitated Discussion – August 2014) BBL Gender and Energy Access – Lessons from Global Alliance, USAID and Solar Sister Conference Deloitte Run of Show: Women, Energy, and Economic Empowerment Panel Discussion (Washington, DC, March 19, 2015) Course Gender and Energy e-learning online training (May–June 2015) Report Nexus Chapter on Gender and Energy Data for Global Tracking Framework Report Workshop Gender and Electricity Infrastructure Technical Workshop (Washington DC, June 2015) Workshop Gender and Energy Deep Dive Workshop at the Asia Clean Energy Forum (June 2015) Workshop Gender and Renewable Energy Workshop by USAID and IUCN (Arlington, VA, September 2014) Workshop Side Event on Gender and Energy – Vienna Energy Forum (June 2015) RESULTS-BASED FINANCING 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops BBL Updates of Lao Clean Cookstove Initiative Innovative Health Impacts Result Based Financing Feasibility Study (Washington, DC, September 16, 2014) Report Lao Stove Intervention Feasibility Study Report Laos PDR 50,000 Clean Stove Demonstration Project Economics and Implementation Issues Report Piloting Improved Woodstove Project in Northern Lao PDR and Contributing to the Development of Cookstove Standards Framework Report Social Acceptability & Willingness to Pay Survey ACE-1 Project Stove Usage Follow-up Xonboury District Workshop Inter-ministerial CSI Taskforce Workshop on Health Benefits of Clean Cookstoves and the Design of an Innovative Result-Based Financing to Promote Clean Cookstoves in Lao PDR (Vientiane, June 24, 2015) 102 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A2.3 SIDS DOCK Outputs, FY2015 1 Analytical & Economic And Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Advisory Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Mauritius Determination of the Grid Absorption Capacity of Mauritius and Preparation of a Grid Code, Feed-in Tariffs and Model Energy Supply Purchase Agreements for Renewable Energy Systems between 50kW to 2MW Summary Report Mauritius Grid Code for Medium Scale Distributed Generation Greater than 200kW, but not exceeding 2MW Mauritius Grid Code for Medium Scale Distributed Generation Greater than 50kW, but less than 200kW Mauritius Grid Code for Small Scale Distributed Generation Mauritius Model: Feed-in Tariffs model Mauritius Model: Power System model Mauritius Report: Determination of the Grid Absorption Capacity of Mauritius and Preparation of a Grid Code, Feed-in Tariffs and Model Energy Supply Purchase Agreements for Renewable Energy Systems up to 2MW (Vol. 1) Mauritius Report: Determination of the Grid Absorption Capacity of Mauritius and Preparation of a Grid Code, Feed-in Tariffs and Model Energy Supply Purchase Agreements for Renewable Energy Systems between 50kW to 2MW (Vol. 2) Mauritius Report: Determination of the Grid Absorption Capacity of Mauritius and Preparation of a Grid Code, Feed-in Tariffs and Model Energy Supply Purchase Agreements for Renewable Energy Systems up to 2MW (Vol. 3) Vanuatu Council of Ministers DECISION 142/2014: Endorsing Scaling up renewable energy in low income countries program (SREP) investment plan Vanuatu Interim Report on Power Pricing Strategy and Self Financing Mechanism Design Vanuatu Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP) Investment Plan for Vanuatu 2 Knowledge Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Products Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Model Feed-in Tariffs model Model Power System model Workshop Design the Self Financing Mechanism and Power Pricing Strategy (Virtual, August 2014) Workshop Determination of the Grid Absorption Capacity of Mauritius and Preparation of a Grid Code, Feed-in Tariffs and Model Energy Supply Purchase Agreements for Renewable Energy Systems between 50kW to 2MW (Mauritius, September 2014) Workshop Regional Study "Latin America’s Energy Pricing Policies (Washington, DC, October 1, 2014) Workshop Second Design the Self Financing Mechanism and Power Pricing Strategy Workshop (Grenada, October 2014) Workshop Workshop for the Draft Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP) Investment Plan (Vanuatu, August 2014) Workshop Workshop for the Options Paper with Stakeholders (Vanuatu, July 2014) ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 103 ANNEX III | ASTAE RESULTS, IBRD/GEF projects approved by the Board totaled FY2015: INDICATORS ACHIEVED $1.013 billion in FY2015. The cumulative FY2012- AND WORLD BANK GROUP 15 total is $5.232 billion, exceeding the target for OPERATIONS INFLUENCED the current Business Plan. Physical target indica- tors are obtained from the Project Appraisal Doc- By providing advisory services and technical assis- uments of IDA/IBRD/GEF projects that ASTAE tance, ASTAE supports the preparation, execution, supported. and evaluation of World Bank energy projects in East and South Asia. ASTAE’s result indicators Table A3.2 links the ASTAE activities and the IDA/ include only IDA/IBRD/GEF-financed projects that IBRD/GEF projects that contributed to the above are approved by the Board. ASTAE-supported IDA/ ASTAE indicators during FY2015. TABLE A3.1 ASTAE Business Plan Result Framework, FY2012-151 DIRECT INDICATORS UNIT VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE PROGRESS PLEDGED ACHIEVED ACHIEVED ACHIEVED (%) FY2012-14 FY2015 FY2012-15 1. Total World Bank Lending Catalyzed by ASTAE Activities Project and Program Lending US$ million 3,200 4,218 1,013 5,232 163% 2. New capacity and Increased Generation of Renewable Electricity Renewable Energy, Capacity MW 1,500 1,309 64 1,372 91% Renewable energy, Generation GWh/yr 3,000 2,630 239 2,868 96% 3. Electricity Savings Resulting from Efficiency Improvements Energy Savings, Capacity MWe 1,000 351 0.001 351 35% Energy Savings, Generation GWh/yr 2,000 2,820 8.77 2,829 141% 4. Households with Access to Modern Energy Services Access to Electricity (new) households 2,000,000 558,000 558,000 28% Access to Electricity (improved) households 1,000,000 150,000 163,000 313,000 31% Improved Stoves for Heating households 5,000,000 1,195,000 1,195,000 24% (cooking & space) 5. Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions Direct CO2 Avoided Over 20 Years million 200 375 4 379 190% tons 6. Countries Benefiting from ASTAE support Number of Countries countries 15 12 21 21 140% Note: Direct refers to values achieved, or expected to be achieved, in the course of World Bank–funded projects that benefited from ASTAE support. 1 These numbers have been updated since the publication of the previous annual report. 104 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A3.2 Link between ASTAE Activities, Bank Projects FY2015 ASTAE ACTIVITY (FISCAL YEAR WORLD BANK INDICATORS WHEN ACTIVE) PROJECT (IDA/ IBRD/GEF) INVESTMENT RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS CO2 SOURCE OF (FISCAL YEAR LEVERAGE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PILLAR MITIGATION INDICATOR APPROVED) (US$ PILLAR PILLAR MILLION) LAO PDR Clean Stove Initiative Phase 2 Lao PDR 26.40 World Bank (FY13-) Health Project Technical assistance for (i) Governance Appraisal capacity building for the improved and Nutrition Document traditional clay based cookstove; Development (ii) establishing a cookstove testing Project laboratory; (iii) development of the (P151425) First National Cookstove Standards; (FY15) and (iv) Lao Health Impacts Assessment and Innovative Health Impact Result Based Financing NEPAL Support to Sustainable Kabeli-A 108.60 37.6 MW 163,000 2.288 World Bank Hydropower Development in Hydro Electric 205.2 GWh/ customers Mtons over Project Nepal (FY13-) Project yr by 2020 equivalent 20 years Appraisal Technical assistance for capacity (P122406) by 2019 Document building for hydropower projects (FY15) (increased -Annex development and management firm 1: Result including financial, environmental, electricity Framework and engineering issues supply per customer) Photovoltaic Technology Workshop Nepal: Grid 138.00 25 MWp 0.53 Mtons World Bank in Kathmandu (FY14) Solar and 31.7 GWh/yr over 20 Project A workshop to (i) introduce Energy in 2019/20 years Appraisal international lessons and Efficiency Document experiences and (ii) provide an (P146344) -Annex opportunity to Nepal Electricity (FY15) 1: Result Authority staff members to develop Framework their capacity in order to facilitate the preparation of the World Bank- funded grid connected mega solar project ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 105 TABLE A3.2 Continued Link between ASTAE Activities, Bank Projects FY2015 ASTAE ACTIVITY (FISCAL YEAR WORLD BANK INDICATORS WHEN ACTIVE) PROJECT (IDA/ INVESTMENT RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS CO2 SOURCE OF IBRD/GEF) LEVERAGE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PILLAR MITIGATION INDICATOR (FISCAL YEAR (US$ PILLAR PILLAR APPROVED) MILLION) TUVALU Preparation and early Energy 9.1 1.13 MW 985 MWh/ 0.02 Mtons World Bank implementation support for Sector 1.8 MWh/yr yr in 2020, over 20 Project the Tuvalu Energy Sector Development 0.122 MW years Appraisal Development Project (FY14-) Project at 92% Document– Support to the Tuvalu Electricity (P144573) capacity Annex 1: Corporation (TEC) prepare and (FY15) factor Result implement the Tuvalu Energy Framework, Sector Development Project in Internal the areas of: (i) technical studies Project File to provide advisory service to assist the TEC in preparing the investments on renewable energy and energy efficiency; (ii) procurement support to TEC for both project preparation and implementation; and (iii) support the TEC to ensure social issues are addressed, especially on gender, including the use of human rights based approach VIETNAM Renewable Energy Integration and Transmission 731.25 7,788 MWh/ 0.89 Mtons World Bank System Efficiency and Reliability Efficiency yr load loss over 20 Project Enhancement (FY14) Project (TEP) saving, years Appraisal Support to the National Power (P131558) 0.966 MW Document Transmission Company in defining (FY15) at 92% and refining its smart grid strategy capacity by preparing a detailed Smart Grid factor investment plan that captures the opportunities of new technologies and relevant international experience on developing smart grids to improve the efficiency, resilience, and increase the transmission grid’s ability to absorb intermittent renewable energy resources such as wind and solar. The investment plan will include the development of performance indicators to evaluate the success of the investment in smart grids for the continued development of the program. 106 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ANNEX IV | COMPLETED, NEW, AND ONGOING ACTIVITIES, FY2015 TABLE A4.1 ESMAP Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager CLEAN ENERGY China China Electricity Regulation to Integrate Climate Change Ximing Peng Considerations China Defining and Measuring Low Carbon Cities in China Xiaodong Wang Global Turn Down the Heat, Phase 3 Kanta K. Rigaud Indonesia Financing Options with Public-Private Partnership for a Medium Anh Nguyet Pham Hydropower Project in Outer Islands Indonesia Geothermal Clean Energy Investment Project Anh Nguyet Pham Mexico Renewable Energy Forum Karen Bazex MNA North Africa Regional Concentrated Solar Power Scale-Up Initiative Fanny Kathinka Missfeldt- Ringius Uruguay Low Carbon Study Holger A. Kray ENERGY ACCESS Global Defining and Measuring Access to Energy Mikul Bhatia Global Economics of Household Energy Venkata Ramana Putti Global Sustainable Energy for All Global Tracking Framework 2015 Gabriela Elizondo Azuela Global Piloting Multi-Tier Energy Access Metric Mikul Bhatia India State-Level Dissemination of India Power Sector Review Mohua Mukherjee Myanmar Development of Myanmar National Electrification Program Dejan R. Ostojic Papua New Support the Development of an Electrification Roll-out Plan Roberto Gabriel Aiello Guinea SAR Gender Mainstreaming in Energy Sector in South Asia Chaohua Zhang South Asia Strategic Communication for Improving Governance and Efficiency Ashish Khanna in the Power Sector ENERGY EFFICIENCY AFR Energy Efficiency Development in African Cities Karan Capoor China China-ASEAN Energy Efficiency South-South Knowledge Exchange Xiaodong Wang China Issues and Options in Monitoring, Verification, and Reporting in Xiaodong Wang Energy Efficiency Egypt Data Analytics for Urban Transport to Mitigate Climate Change: Isabelle Huynh Cairo Ethiopia Ethiopia CFL and Incandescent Lamp Recycling Operation Framework Raihan Elahi Global Capacity Building for Leaders in Energy Efficient Urban Transport Thierry Desclos Planning Indonesia Reforming the Minibuses in Surabaya Reindert Westra Iraq Iraq Energy Efficiency Action Plan Ferhat Esen Kyrgyz Republic Heating and Energy Efficiency Assessment for the Building Sector of Ani Balabanyan & Tajikistan the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan Nicaragua ENACAL Master Plan for Operational Efficiency in Managua, Nicaragua Lilian Pena Pereira Weiss ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 107 TABLE A4.1 Continued ESMAP Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 Panama Delivery of Technical Assistance to the Government of Panama to Mark Stephen Lambrides Reduce Barriers for the Development and Use of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Philippines Metro Manila Bus Network Optimization Plan Ajay Kumar Sri Lanka Colombo Low Carbon Urban Transport Technical Assistance Zhiyu Chen Turkey Energy Efficiency Institutional Review Jasneet Singh Uzbekistan Least Cost Assessment for the Heating Sector of Uzbekistan Pekka Kalevi Salminen West Bank & Energy Management for Water Utility Program Iyad Rammal Gaza ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES Afghanistan Energy Security Trade-Offs Under High Uncertainty Richard Jeremy Spencer AFR Harnessing African Gas for African Power David John Santley AFR Integration of Mining Sector Demand for Power Sector Development Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee in Africa AFR Liquefied Natural Gas Import Options for West Africa Syed Waqar Haider Belarus Heating Tariff Reform and Social Impact Mitigation Fan Zhang ECA Assessment of the Role of Glaciers in Stream Flow from the Pamir Winston Yu and Tien Shan Mountains ECA Western Balkans Biomass Heating Study Jari Vayrynen Egypt Policy Note on Social Accountability in the Egypt Energy Sector Waleed Saleh I. Alsuraih Egypt Egypt Energy Pricing and Subsidy Technical Assistance Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee Honduras Strategic Engagement in the Power Sector Koffi Ekouevi India Institutional Strengthening of Power Utilities in North-East Region Rohit Mittal Iraq Capacity Development for Electricity Sector Reform Simon Stolp Jamaica Jamaica Emergency Integrated Resource Plan Todd M. Johnson Kenya Kenya’s Power Sector: Future Role of the Public and Private Sectors Kyran O’Sullivan LCR Energy Sector Diagnostics in Latin America and Caribbean Region Mark Lambrides LCR Introduction of Liquefied Natural Gas in Central America and the Francisco J. Sucre Caribbean Moldova Moldova Power Sector Note Sandu Ghidirim Philippines Electric Cooperative Regulatory Efficiency Alan F. Townsend Yemen Yemen Energy Sector Strategy Jianping Zhao NEW ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS PROGRAM (AFREA) AFR Review of Hydropower Development in Africa Frederic Louis Catherine Tovey AFR African Rural Electrification Concession Richard H. Hosier Gabon Rural Electrification and Water Services Sustainability Mechanism Stephan Garnier Madagascar Madagascar: Support for the Development of Small Hydropower Vonjy Rakotondramanana Independent Power Producer Isabel Neto Mali Support to Energy Services Access Manuel Berlengiero Somalia Somalia Power Sector Development Master Plan Anders Cajus Pedersen 108 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A4.1 Continued ESMAP Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 CLEAN ENERGY Brazil Interface between Carbon and Energy Pricing Policy Christophe de Gouvello Chile Technical Assistance for Sustainable Geothermal Development in Chile Migara Jayawardena Ethiopia Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Issa Diaw Ethiopia Malawi Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Maria Isabel A. S. Neto Malawi Nepal Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: Nepal Tomoyuki Yamashita Philippines Philippines Power Sector Strategy: Variable Renewable Energy Alan F. Townsend Distribution Grid Code ENERGY ACCESS Global Sustainable Energy for All Global Tracking Framework 2015 Gabriela Elizondo Azuela Global Global Rollout of Readiness for Investment in Sustainable Energy (RISE) Gevorg Sargsyan Global Global Facility for Promotion of Green Mini Grids Venkata Ramana Putti India State-Level Dissemination of India Power Sector Review Mohua Mukherjee South Asia Strategic Communication for Improving Governance and Efficiency Ashish Khanna in the Power Sector ENERGY EFFICIENCY Bangladesh Open Accessibility Planning for Integrated and Inclusive Transport Ke Fang in Dhaka Belarus Scaling Up Energy Efficiency in the Building Sector Feng Liu China Wuhan Integrated Transport Development Project: Learning from Arturo Ardila Gomez Best International Practice in Smart Transport and Energy Efficiency China Developing an Innovative Energy Efficiency Financing Mechanism in Xiaodong Wang China East Asia and Inclusive Green Growth for East Asia and Pacific Region Cities Judy L. Baker Pacific Europe and Knowledge Sharing and Energy Efficiency Outreach Kathrin Hofer Central Asia Global EDGE Green Building Market Transformation Program Prashant Kapoor Global Data Analytics for Intelligent Energy Systems Karin Anna Maria Lerner Global Capacity Building Martina Bosi Kyrgyz Republic Efficiency Improvements of the District Heating System in the Kyrgyz Kathrin Hofer Republic Kyrgyz Republic Urban Development Project Kremena M. Ionkova LCR Brazil Energy Efficient Cities Program Christophe de Gouvello Mexico Mexico Municipal Energy Efficiency Project Janina Andrea Franco Salazar Mexico Supporting a Low Carbon Economy Karen Bazex Nicaragua ENACAL Master Plan for Operational Efficiency in Managua, Nicaragua Lilian Pena Pereira Weiss Ukraine Sustainable Urban Transport for the City of Kyiv Jung Eun Oh Uzbekistan Scaling Up Energy Efficiency in Buildings in Uzbekistan Feng Liu ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES AFR Cost Review of Transmission Development in Africa Atsumasa Sakai AFR Regional Study on the Performance of distribution Utilities in Sub- Pedro Antmann Saharan Africa ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 109 TABLE A4.1 Continued ESMAP Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 AFR Uganda-DRC 220kV Interconnector Mbuso Gwafila Armenia Financial Recovery of the Power Sector Artur Kochnakyan Bangladesh Analysis of Economy-wide Impact of Energy Sector Reforms in Sheoli Pargal Bangladesh Belize Energy Resilience for Climate Adapt Migara Jayawardena Burkina Faso Energy Mix Diversification in Burkina Faso Jan Friedrich Kappen Central America Energy Subsidy Reform in Central America Marco Antonio Hernandez Ore China Fossil Fuel Subsidy Study Yanqin Song China Urumqi District Heating Pricing Technical Assistance Gailius J. Draugelis ECA Directions for the Energy Sector in the Western Balkans Claudia Ines Vasquez Suarez Egypt Phase II of Subsidy Reforms Technical Assistance from the Energy Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee Subsidy Reform and Delivery Technical Assistance Facility Georgia Georgia Power Sector Strategy Joseph Melitauri Global World Bank Staff Training on Variable Renewable Energy Rhonda Lenai Jordan Integration as Part of the Power System Planning Program Global Thirsty Energy: The Case of China Diego Juan Rodriguez Iraq Iraq Best Practice: Public Investment in Power Infrastructure Simon J. Stolp Latin America Energizing Agriculture: Enhancing Efficiency in Agriculture in Katie Kennedy Freeman Latin America and Caribbean Region Moldova District Heating and Electricity Tariff and Affordability Analysis Shinya Nishimura Nigeria Unlocking Nigeria’s Potential for Gas Masami Kojima Seychelles Improving Electricity Planning Maria Isabel A. S. Neto Tunisia Strategic Development of Energy Sector in Tunisia, Phase II Fanny Kathinka Missfeldt- Ringius Tunisia Tunisia-Italy Electricity Transmission Interconnection Project Sameh I. Mobarek Turkey Social Compact in Electricity Privatization in Southeastern Turkey Zeynep Durnev Darendeliler Ukraine Moving Forward Energy Tariffs Reforms Yadviga Viktorivna Semikolenova Vietnam Equitization and Divestiture Strategy for the Vietnam Electricity’s Joel J. Maweni Generation Companies ONGOING ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager AFRICA RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS PROGRAM (AFREA) AFR Gender and Energy Program Awa Seck AFR Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) Jan Friedrich Kappen AFR Africa Electrification Initiative II Jenny Maria Hasselsten AFR Africa Region Solar Strategy Daniel J. Murphy AFR Increased Electricity Access Support: On-Grid Access Team David Vilar Ferrenbach AFR New Models to Scale Up Power Generation Investments in Africa Elvira Morella Pedro Antmann AFR Power and Agriculture in Africa Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee Kabir Malik 110 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A4.1 Continued ESMAP Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 AFR Role of Subsidies: Financing Electricity Supply and Providing Christopher Philip Trimble Affordable Access in Sub-Saharan Africa AFR Lighting Africa Expansion Daniel J. Murphy Mali AFREA II: Support to Energy Services Access Manuel Berlengiero Niger Electricity Access Expansion Program Clemencia Torres De Mastle South Sudan Energy Sector Technical Assistance Project Rahul Kitchlu CLEAN ENERGY Djibouti Geothermal Power Generation Project Roger Coma Cunill Global Assessing Climate Risks of Electricity Systems Xiaoping Wang Global Clean Energy Staff Training and Knowledge Platform Almudena Mateos Merino Global Energy Sector Low Carbon Development Operational Support Pierre Audinet Global Geothermal Scale-up Investment Plan Pierre Audinet Global Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Oliver Knight Global Smart Grids Knowledge Exchange Platform Peter Johansen Indonesia Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Dhruva Sahai Indonesia LCR Assessment of Geothermal Potential in Latin America & Migara Jayawardena Caribbean Region Lebanon Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: Lebanon Daniel Camos Daurella Lesotho Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Initiative: Lesotho (IFC) Daniel Croft Madagascar Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Vonjy Miarintsoa Madagascar Rakotondramanana Maldives Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Abdulaziz Faghi Maldives Pakistan Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Anjum Ahmad Pakistan Papua New Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Gerard Fae Guinea Papua New Guinea SAR Low Water Growth and Water Efficiency in South Asia Chandra Shekhar Sinha Tanzania Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Anders Cajus Pedersen Tanzania Vietnam Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Ky Hong Tran Vietnam Zambia Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Initiative: Zambia Abdolreza B. Rezaian ENERGY ACCESS AFR Enhancing Regional Power Trade in Africa Erik Magnus Fernstrom Burundi SE4All Technical Assistance for Burundi Kyran O’Sullivan Central Central America Clean Cooking Initiative (CACCI) Koffi Ekouevi America Global State of Access Report Koffi Ekouevi Global Energy Access for the Peri-urban/Urban Poor Alain Ouedraogo Guinea SE4All Technical Assistance for Guinea Moez Cherif LCR Deploying New Solar Technologies for Isolated Rural Areas: Lucia Spinelli Supporting their Adoption in Latin America & Caribbean Region ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 111 TABLE A4.1 Continued ESMAP Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 Liberia SE4All Technical Assistance for Liberia Clemencia Torres De Mastle Mozambique SE4All Technical Assistance for Mozambique Mustafa Zakir Hussain Nepal Developing Improved Solutions for Cooking Sandeep Kohli Nigeria SE4All Technical Assistance for Nigeria Erik Fernstrom Rahul Kitchlu Papua New Support the Development of an Electrification Roll-out Plan Roberto Gabriel Aiello Guinea Senegal SE4All Technical Assistance for Senegal Awa Seck GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION Global Gender and Large Energy Infrastructure Maria Beatriz Orlando Global Gender Equality and Development e-Course Adyline Waafas Ofosu- Amaah ENERGY EFFICIENCY China Developing Low Carbon Strategy for Shenzhen Xiaodong Wang ECA Wholesaling Energy Efficiency in Water Utilities in the Danube David Michaud Region Global CEETI: Low Carbon Growth for Cities through Energy Efficiency Ivan Jaques Global Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (Deployment & Pedzi Makumbe Dissemination) India Efficient and Sustainable City Bus Services: Capacity Building Nupur Gupta Program in Fuel Efficiency LCR Achieving Energy Efficient Urban Transport in Cities in Latin Shomik Raj Mehndiratta America LCR Energy Efficiency in Water and Wastewater Utilities in Latin Carmen Rosa Yee-Batista America & Caribbean Region LCR Latin America & Caribbean Region Urban Energy Efficiency Todd M. Johnson Macedonia Macedonia Municipal Energy Efficiency Promotion Jasneet Singh former Yugoslav Republic SAR Scaling Up Energy Efficiency and Demand-Side Management Ashok Sarkar Business Line in South Asia Ukraine Energy Efficiency Transformation in Cities Tamar Sulukhia West Bank & Energy Efficiency Action Plan Roger Coma Cunill Gaza ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES China Promotion of Power Sector Reform to Unlock Renewable Energy Xiaodong Wang Development ECA Europe & Central Asia Energy Subsidy Core Group Ani Balabanyan Egypt Egypt Gas Regulator Capacity Building Husam Mohamed Beides Global Economic Tradeoffs of the Water and Energy Nexus Diego Juan Rodriguez Global Energy Subsidy Reform and Delivery: Safeguarding the Poor and Sameer Shukla Vulnerable Global Model for Electricity Technology Assessment (Deployment Phase) Bipulendu Narayan Singh Haiti Distributional Analyses and Reform Options for Petroleum Price Raju Singh Reforms 112 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A4.1 Continued ESMAP Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 Indonesia Local Benefit Sharing for Hydropower Projects in Indonesia Anh Nguyet Pham Kazakhstan Power Market Structure Options for Kazakhstan Mirlan Aldayarov Tariff Setting Methodology Kyrgyz Republic Ani Balabanyan LCR Best Practices for Sustainable Hydropower Development Ernesto Sanchez-Triana LCR Pricing Policies in the Energy Sector Koffi Ekouevi MNA Benchmarking Electricity Utilities performance in the MNA Daniel Camos Daurella Region Turkey Energy Reform Milestones and Challenges Kari J. Nyman RESULTS-BASED FINANCING Indonesia Support to the Design of an RBF Mechanism for the Yabei Zhang Implementation of the Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative Lao People’s Background Analysis and Design of Health Impact Results-Based Rutu Dave Democratic Financing Mechanism for Clean Stoves Initiative Republic TABLE A4.2 SIDS DOCK Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager Seychelles Determination of the Grid Absorption Capacity of the Public Silvia Martinez Romero Utilities Corporation Grid Code, Feed-in Tariffs for Renewable Energy Mauritius Preparation of a Grid Code, Feed-in-Tariffs & Model Energy Silvia Martinez Romero Supply Purchase Agreements for Renewable Energy Systems Greater than 50kW Sao Tome and Power Sector Efficiency Improvement Silvia Martinez Romero Principe NEW ACTIVITIES St. Lucia Geothermal Resource Development in Saint Lucia Migara Jayawardena Tuvalu Energy Sector Development Project Roberto Gabriel Aiello ONGOING ACTIVITIES Dominica Geothermal Development in Dominica Migara Jayawardena LCR Eastern Caribbean Energy Regulation Authority Mark Stephen Lambrides Vanuatu Vanuatu Energy Sector Development Project Kamleshwar Prasad Khelawan ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 113 TABLE A4.3 ASTAE Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager ENERGY ACCESS EAP East Asia & Pacific Region Clean Stoves Initiative Forum Yabei Zhang India Access to Electricity Solutions in South Asia Sheoli Pargal Indonesia Integration of Social Dimension in Energy Access Projects Helene Monika Carlsson Rex Vietnam Strategic Options for Enhanced Financial Performance of Vietnam’s Joel J. Maweni Electricity Companies ENERGY EFFICIENCY Bangladesh Showcasing Results in World Bank Supported Intervention in Bangladesh Zubair K.M. Sadeque Rural Electrification EAP Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation in Road Transport: Toolkit Fei Deng, Holly Krambeck Implementation and Life-Cycle Analysis EAP Renewable Energy Training for South Asia Officials Laurent Durix Indonesia Large Enterprises Energy Efficiency Project Dhruva Sahai Indonesia Building Innovation Capacity in Clean Energy in Indonesia Dandan Chen, Jean-Louis Racine, Ratna Kesuma Indonesia Geothermal Power Development Program II Migara Jayawardena, Peter Johansen Mongolia Enhance Awareness of Effort at Electrification of Rural Herders through Migara Jayawardena, Peter Solar Home Systems in Mongolia Johansen Mongolia Evaluation of Social Impacts of Mongolia Renewable Energy and Rural Peter Johansen Electricity Access Project Nepal Photovoltaic Technology Workshop in Kathmandu Jie Tang Nepal Scaling up Decentralized Energy Access in Nepal Priti Kumar Pakistan Natural Gas Loss Reduction Bjorn Hamso Philippines Philippines Electricity Cooperatives Capacity Strengthening Alan F. Townsend Philippines Electric Cooperatives Reform and Restructuring, Phase II Alan F. Townsend Regional EAP-SAR Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency South-South Knowledge Dejan R. Ostojic Exchange RENEWABLE ENERGY Vietnam Cumulative Impact Assessment on Small Hydropower Projects on River Franz Gerner Cascades Vietnam Capacity Building Support to Vietnam Pumped Storage Power Program Franz Gerner NEW ACTIVITIES ENERGY ACCESS EAP EAP Gender and Energy Facility Helene Monika Carlsson Rex India Clean Cooking in South Asia (India): Options and Strategies Chandra Shekhar Sinha, Jie Li Myanmar Strengthening Institutions for On- and Off-grid Electrification in Myanmar Dejan R. Ostojic, Xiaoping Wang RENEWABLE ENERGY EAP Implementation Support for the Pacific Energy Program Roberto Gabriel Aiello India Program for Grid Based Solar Sector Ashish Khanna; Surbhi Goyal Maldives Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Maldives Abdulaziz Faghi Papua New Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning: Papua Gerard Fae Guinea New Guinea 114 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A4.3 Continued ASTAE Completed, New, and Ongoing Activities, FY2015 Philippines Capacity Strengthening of the National Electrification Administration, Alan F. Townsend Department of Energy and the Energy Regulatory Commission in the Philippines Vietnam Pumped Storage Hydropower Development Strategy Franz Gerner ONGOING ACTIVITIES ENERGY ACCESS EAP Using Satellite Imagery to Monitor Progress of Rural Electrification Kwawu Mensan Gaba Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative, Support to the Emergence of Scalable Biomass Yabei Zhang Stoves Markets Indonesia Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative: Piloting Biomass Cookstove Markets (RBF Yabei Zhang Component) Indonesia Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative: Piloting Biomass Cookstove Markets Yabei Zhang (MEMR Component) Lao PDR Clean Stove Initiative, Phase 2 (Bank-executed part) Rutu Dave Papua New Assessing the Key Elements for the Development of a Third-Party Access Roberto Gabriel Aiello Guinea Code for the Transmission and Distribution Networks in Papua New Guinea SAR Development of Private Sector Models for Off-Grid Electrification in South Asia Sandeep Kohli ENERGY EFFICIENCY SAR Mitigation Options for Short-Lived Climate Pollutants in South Asia Chandra Shekhar Sinha Vietnam Sustainable Urban Energy and Emissions Planning (SUEEP), Phase 3: Dejan R. Ostojic Energizing Green Growth of Da Nang City in Vietnam Vietnam Renewable Energy Integration and System Efficiency and Reliability Peter Johansen Enhancement RENEWABLE ENERGY EAP Fundamentals of an Energy Roadmap in Small Island Developing States: Roberto Gabriel Aiello Experiences from the Pacific EAP Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Knowledge Exchange for Pacific Roberto Gabriel Aiello Island Countries India PREPARE for energy access in UP and Bihar Ashish Khanna, Mani Khurana Indonesia Renewable Energy Access Improvement Dhruva Sahai Indonesia Support for Preparation of Indonesia Hydropower Project Anh Nguyet Pham Indonesia Support to Integrated Catchment Program for Upper Cisokan Pumped Peter Johansen Storage Project Lao PDR Strategic Advisory for the Lao Power Sector Reform Franz Gerner Maldives Clean Energy Development and Regulatory Support Sandeep Kohli Nepal Support to Sustainable Hydropower Development in Nepal Pravin Karki Pakistan Strategy to Scale-up Renewable Energy: Pakistan Mohammad Saqib, Oliver Knight Philippines Philippines Renewable Energy Policy Implementation Support Alan F. Townsend SAR Household Energy in South Asia Region Zubair K.M. Sadeque SAR Impacts of Climate Change on Water Pravin Karki SAR Solar Market Development for Off-grid Access in Pakistan and Afghanistan Mohua Mukherjee Solomon Tina River Hydropower Development Project: Benefit Sharing and Joel J. Maweni Islands Technical Quality Assurance Tonga Implementation Support for the Tonga TERM-IU Roberto Gabriel Aiello Tonga Tonga Energy Roadmap Implementation Project Roberto Gabriel Aiello Tuvalu Preparation and Early Implementation Support for the Tuvalu Energy Roberto Gabriel Aiello Sector Development Project ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 115 ANNEX V | PUBLICATIONS, FY2015 TABLE A5.1 ESMAP Publications, FY2015 ISBN, PUB. NO., OR COUNTRY/ TITLE AUTHOR/TTL Project ID REGION P146621 AFR Clean and Improved Cooking in Sub- Srilata Kammila, Jan Friedrich Kappen, Saharan Africa: A Landscape Report Dana Rysankova, Besnik Hyseni, Venkata Ramana Putti AFR Energizing Africa: Achievements and AFREA Lessons from the Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program, Phase I WB Directions in AFR From the Bottom Up : How Small Power Bernard Tenenbaum, Chris Greacen, Development Producers and Mini-Grids Can Deliver Tilak Siyambalapitiya, James Knuckles 978-1-4648-0093-1 Electrification and Renewable Energy in Africa (French) WB Directions in AFR Le potentiel transformateur de Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, Zayra Romo, Development l’industrie minière : une opportunité Gary McMahon, Perrine Toledano, Peter 978-1-4648-0486-1 pour l’électrification de l’Afrique Robinson, Ines Perez Arroyo subsaharienne P146627 AFR Political Economy of Power Sector Masami Kojima, Robert Bacon, Chris Subsidies : A Review with Reference to Trimble Sub-Saharan Africa WB Directions in AFR The Power of the Mine: A Transformative Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, Zayra Romo, Development Opportunity for Sub-Saharan Africa Gary McMahon, Perrine Toledano, Peter 978-1-4648-0292-8 Robinson, Ines Perez Arroyo Live Wire (2014/33) AFR Tracking Progress Toward Sustainable Elisa Portale, Joeri de Wit Energy for All in Sub-Saharan Africa WB Policy Research Belarus Distributional Impacts of Energy Cross- Corbett Alden Grainger, Fan Zhang, Working Paper (No. Subsidization in Transition Economies: Andrew William Schreiber 7385) Evidence from Belarus EAP Proceedings of the China-ASEAN Xiaodong Wang, Dafei Wang, Nejteh Energy Efficiency Knowledge Exchange Demirian Workshop Live Wire (2014/28) EAP Tracking Progress Toward Providing Elisa Portale, Joeri de Wit Sustainable Energy for All in East Asia and the Pacific Live Wire (2014/29) ECA Tracking Progress Toward Providing Elisa Portale, Joeri de Wit Sustainable Energy for All in Eastern Europe and Central Asia P113684 Egypt Local Manufacturing Potential for Solar Fanny Kathinka Missfeldt-Ringius MENA Energy Series Technology Components in Egypt (No. 95144-EG) MENA Energy Series Egypt Transparency and Social Accountability Fowzia Hassan, Evangelos Penglis, in the Egyptian Power Sector George N. Seferiadis, Marjorie K. Araya 116 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A5.1 Continued ESMAP Publications, FY2015 WB Policy Research Global A Quarter Century Effort Yet to Come of Tooraj Jamasb, Rabindra Nepal, Govinda Working Paper 7330 Age: A Survey of Power Sector Reforms R. Timilsina in Developing Countries P148200 Global Beyond Connections: Energy Access Mikul Bhatia, Nicolina Angelou Redefined (Executive Summary) P127169 Global Bringing Variable Renewable Energy Up Silvia Martinez Romero, Wendy Hughes ESMAP Technical to Scale Report (006/15) P148200 Global Capturing the Multi-Dimensionality of Mikul Bhatia, Nicolina Angelou Energy Access P152448 Global City Energy Assessments: Mayoral Feng Liu, Stephen Hammer ESMAP Knowledge Guidance Note #5 Series (021/14) Live Wire (2014/25) Global Doubling the Rate of Improvement of Jonathan Sinton, Ashok Sarkar, Ivan Energy Efficiency Jaques, Irina Bushueva Global ESMAP-ASTAE 2014 Annual Report Nick Keyes P152448 Global Financing Municipal Energy Efficiency Dilip Limaye, William Derbyshire ESMAP Knowledge Projects: Mayoral Guidance Note #2 Series (018/14) P132394 Global Formulating an Urban Transport Policy: O.P. Agarwal, Gouthami Padam, Cholpon Choosing between Options Ibraimova P152448 Global Improving Energy Efficiency in Feng Liu ESMAP Knowledge Buildings: Mayoral Guidance Note #3 Series (019/14) P152448 Global Planning Energy Efficient and Livable Serge Salat, Mansha Chen, Feng Liu ESMAP Knowledge Cities | Mayoral Guidance Note #6 Series (022/14) P127938 Global Practical Guidance for Defining a Smart Marcelino Madrigal, Robert Uluski WB Study Grid Modernization Strategy : The Case 978-1-4648-0410-6 of Distribution P146042 Global Private Sector Participation in Electricity Victor Loksha ESMAP Knowledge Transmission and Distribution : Series (023/15) Experiences from Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, and Turkey P151123 Global Progress Toward Sustainable Energy Bruce Ross-Larson, Joe Caponio, 2015 : Global Tracking Framework Christopher Trott, Elaine Wilson, Report P145624 Global Readiness For Investment In Gevorg Sargsyan Sustainable Energy (RISE): A Tool For Policy Makers P127532 Global Results Based Aid in the Energy Sector: Oliver Knight ESMAP Technical An Analytical Guide Report (005/15) P127219 Global The State Of The Global Clean And Venkata Ramana Putti, Michael Tsan, ESMAP Technical Improved Cooking Sector Sumi Mehta, Srilata Kammila Report (007/15) ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 117 TABLE A5.1 Continued ESMAP Publications, FY2015 P152448 Global Toward Sustainable and Energy Efficient Om Prakash Agarwal ESMAP Knowledge Urban Transport: Mayoral Guidance Series (020/14) Note #4 P132394 Global Urban Transport Data Analysis Tool (UT- O.P. Agarwal, Gouthami Padam, Aroha DAT): User’s Manual Bahuguna, Salvador Pena WB Study India Beyond Crisis : The Financial Mani Khurana, Sudeshna Ghosh 978-1-4648-0392-5 Performance of India’s Power Sector Banerjee India Direct Delivery of Power Subsidy to Mohinder Gulati, Sanjay Pahuja Agriculture in India WB Directions in India Governance of Indian State Power Sheoli Pargal, Kristy Mayer Development Utilities : An Ongoing Journey 978-1-4648-0303-1 P145887 India More Power to India : The Challenge Sheoli Pargal, Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee of Distribution: India Power Sector Diagnostic Review (Summary) WB Directions in India Private Participation in the Indian Power Mohua Mukherjee Development Sector : Lessons from Two Decades of 978-1-4648-0339-0 Experience Live Wire (2014/30) LCR Tracking Progress Toward Sustainable Elisa Portale, Joeri de Wit Energy for All in Latin America and the Caribbean Live Wire (2014/31) MNA Tracking Progress Toward Sustainable Elisa Portale, Joeri de Wit Energy for All in the Middle East and North Africa P132320 Papua New Papua New Guinea – National Roberto Gabriel Aiello Guinea Electrification Roll-Out Plan: Proceedings Of The National Stakeholders’ Consultation Workshop P143029 SAR South Asia Energy Security and Energy Michael Toman, Govinda Timilsina Trade Study: The Benefits of Expanding Cross-Border Electricity Cooperation and Trade in South Asia Live Wire (2014/32) SAR Tracking Progress Toward Sustainable Elisa Portale, Joeri de Wit Energy for All in South Asia P149119 Senegal AFREA Gender and Energy Workshop Inka Schomer Proceedings: Dakar, Senegal P120629 Senegal Improving Gender Equality and Rural Alicia Hammond, Awa Seck, Inka Live Wire (2015/40) Livelihoods in Senegal through Schomer, Alassane Ngom, Vanessa Sustainable and Participatory Energy Lopes Janik Management: Senegal’s PROGEDE II Project P133058 Tajikistan Keeping Warm : Urban Heating Options Ani Balabanyan, Kathrin Hofer, Johua in Tajikistan, Summary Report Finn, Denzel J. Hankinson P129821 Tunisia Une vision stratégique pour le secteur Fanny Kathinka Missfeldt-Ringius MENA Energy Series tunisien de l’énergie: Réflexion sur des thèmes prioritaires (French) 118 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TABLE A5.1 Continued ESMAP Publications, FY2015 P146501 Turkey Republic of Turkey: Institutional Review Yesim Akcollu, Onder Algedik, Dilip of Energy Efficiency (English) Limaye, Ayse Yasemin Orucu, Jasneet Singh P146501 Turkey Türkiye Cumhuriyeti: Enerji verimlili-i Yesim Akcollu, Onder Algedik, Dilip kurumsal incelemesi (Turkish) Limaye, Ayse Yasemin Orucu, Jasneet Singh TABLE A5.2 List of ASTAE Publication FY2015 ISBN, PUB. NO., OR COUNTRY/ TITLE AUTHOR/TTL Project ID REGION P145887 India More Power to India: The Challenge of Sheoli Pargal, Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee WB Directions in Electricity Distribution. Directions in Development 978-7- Development* 4648-0233-1 WB Study 978-1- India Power for All: Electricity Access Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, Douglas 4648-0341-3 Challenge in India* Barnes, Bipul Singh, Kristy Mayer, Hussain Samad WB Study 978-1- India Elite Capture: Residential Tariff Kristy Mayer, Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, 4648-0412-0 Subsidies in India* and Chris Trimble P129830 East Asia Beijing, China: Clean Stove Initiative World Bank East Asia & Pacific Forum Proceedings* Clean Stove Initiative Series P129829 Indonesia Social Marketing Plan for Indonesia World Bank EPA Clean Stove Clean Stove Initiative Results-Based Initiative Knowledge Financing Pilot program Exchange Series Indonesia Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Veronica Mendizabal Joffre Promotion and Assessment of Impacts of Clean Stoves: From the Lab to the Field and Back Indonesia Understanding User Needs in Veronica Mendizabal Joffre Developing Clean Stove Technologies: From the Lab to the Field and Back P144091 Indonesia East Asia and Pacific Integration of Veronica Mendizabal Joffre Social & Gender in Energy Projects in EAP: From the Lab to the Field and Back P144683 Nepal Nepal: Scaling Up Electricity Access Priti Kumar, Tomoyuki Yamashita, Ajoy through Mini And Micro Hydropower Karki, C. Rajshekar; Ashish Shrestha, Applications Abhishek Yadav Pacific Pacific Renewable Energy & Energy World Bank Islands Efficiency Proceedings Nuku’alofa, Tonga 9-11 September 2014. Policy Making Workshop* P129830 EAP Results-Based Financing to Promote Yabei Zhang, Norma Adams Live Wire (2015/46) Clean Stoves: Initial Lessons from Pilots in China and Indonesia *ASTAE co-financed with ESMAP. ASIA SUSTAINABLE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE) 119 120 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ACCES Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Initiative ADB Asian Development Bank AECID Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el ACRONYMS Desarrollo AEI African Electrification Initiative AFD Agence Française de Développement AFREA Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program AGAT Accelerating On-grid Access Team ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASTAE Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program CEETI City Energy Efficiency Transformation Initiative CG Consultative Group CSI Clean Stove Initiative CTF Clean Technology Fund DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom) DMU Decision making under uncertainty ENACAL Empresa Nicaragüense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP Gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility GGDP Global Geothermal Development Plan GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (Germany) GPOBA Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid GTF Global Tracking Framework (SE4ALL) IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICM Integrated catchment management ICT Information and communication technology IDA International Development Association IDB Inter-American Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency IFC International Finance Corporation IMF International Monetary Fund IPP Independent power producers IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency ITS Intelligent transport systems JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KfW German government-owned development bank 121 LED Light-emitting diodes TRACE Tool for Rapid Assessment of LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging City Energy (ESMAP tool) MDTF Multi-donor trust fund UAHP Upper Arun Hydropower MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Project Resources (Indonesia) UN United Nations META Model for Electricity UNDP United Nations Development Technology Assessment Programme (ESMAP tool) UNECE United Nations Economic MHP Micro-hydropower Commission for Europe MMC Multi-modal centers USAID United States Agency for MTF Multi-tier Framework (SE4All) International Development PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara VRE Variable renewable energy (Indonesia’s state electric WBG World Bank Group company) PPIAF Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility PSP Private sector participation All dollar figures ($), unless otherwise specified, RBF Results-based financing are in United States dollars. RISE Readiness for Investment in Sustainable Energy RREA Rural and Renewable Energy WORLD BANK REGIONS Agency (Liberia) SE4ALL Sustainable Energy for All AFR—Sub-Saharan Africa SIDA Swedish International EAP—East Asia and Pacific Development Cooperation ECA—Europe and Central Asia Agency LCR—Latin American and Caribbean SIDS Small island developing states MNA—Middle East and North Africa TAG Technical Advisory Group SAR—South Asia 122 ENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM Copyright © 2015 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ THE WORLD BANK GROUP 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. 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