Solar Resource Mapping in Pakistan SITE EVALUATION REPORT July 2015 This report was prepared by the consultants listed on the following pages, under contract to The World Bank. It is one of several outputs from the solar Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning Pakistan [Project ID: P146140]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. This document is an interim output from the above-mentioned project. Users are strongly advised to exercise caution when utilizing the information and data contained, as this has not been subject to full peer review. The final, validated, peer reviewed output from this project will be the Pakistan Solar Atlas, which will be published once the project is completed. Copyright © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the consultants listed, and not of World Bank staff. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to esmap@worldbank.org. ESMAP – Renewable Energy Resource Mapping Initiative - Solar Resource Mapping for Pakistan – Site evaluation report: Islamabad, NUST University Campus Responsible Authors Birk Kraas (CSP Services) Christoph Schillings (DLR) Qazi Sabir (PITCO) DOC: SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Author Contact Information: CSP Services GmbH Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30 51143 Köln/Cologne, Germany e-mail: b.kraas@cspservices.de 02 July 2014 CSP Services GmbH Birk Kraas Friedrich-Ebert-Ufer 30 51143 Cologne, Germany Phone: +49 2203 959003 6 Mob.: +49 162 9373484 b.kraas@cspservices.de DLR Dr. Christoph Schillings Pfaffenwaldring 38-40 70563 Stuttgart, Germany Phone: +49 711 6862 784 christoph.schillings@dlr.de PITCO: Qazi Sabir Phone: +92 (42) 36363751 qazi.sabir@pitcopk.com – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 2 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Contents 1 Executive Summary.............................................................................. 4 2 Procedure and tasks of the site visit .................................................... 5 3 Site visit results ................................................................................... 6 3.1 Overview, description of the site and surroundings ................................. 6 3.2 Local support, maintenance staff and future hardware use ....................... 7 3.3 Site 1 (on roof top of multi-storey building) ........................................... 8 Coordinates ................................................................................. 8 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site ................... 9 Shadings and Reflections ............................................................. 11 3.4 Site 2 (roof top of exam hall, southwestern egde)................................. 15 Coordinates ............................................................................... 15 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site ................. 16 Shadings and Reflections ............................................................. 17 3.5 Site 3 (roof top of exam hall, northeastern egde) ................................. 20 Coordinates ............................................................................... 20 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site ................. 20 Shadings and Reflections ............................................................. 20 4 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 24 – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 3 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 1 Executive Summary A team of AEDB (Alternative Energy Development Board of Pakistan), WBG (World Bank Group) and the solar vendor consortium for the ESMAP Pakistan Solar Resource Mapping Project visited the campus of NUST (National University of Sciences and Technology) in Islamabad on June 03, 2014. The goal was to evaluate if the location is suitable for the installation of a solar ground measurement station in the framework of the project. Three different sites have been examined on the campus, one on top of the highest campus building (Site 1) and the other two on top of a different, adjacent campus building (Exam Hall, Sites 2&3). Site 2 is suitable for the installation of a Tier2 meteorological station (CSP Services MDI automatic weather station). Site 3 is also suitable. This site should only be considered as a backup alternative if Site 2 can for some reason not be used. Site 1 should not be used due to the complicated roof cover alteration that would be required. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 4 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 2 Procedure and tasks of the site visit The following tasks have been performed for the site visit, following the procedure from the site visit manual: 1. Recording of exact geographic coordinates of the site(s) and orientations 2. Photographic documentation of the site - Overview of site and location, - panoramic 360 degrees round view from the site for identification of potential obstacles blocking the sun path 3. Check of availability, strength and potential providers of GSM network at the site 4. Audit of local staff to clarify all relevant information (see checklist) 5. Information of local staff at the site about the project, its aim and required tasks for realization and clarification of availability and prospected quality of the required support from their side 6. In-office evaluation of results and compilation of this report – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 5 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 3 Site visit results The results of the site visit and its evaluation is presented in the following section. 3.1 Overview, description of the site and surroundings Figure 1: Location overview (Google Maps View) Figure 2: Aerial View (Google Earth View) The National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) campus in Islamabad is located in the western of the city. The campus is enclosed in a park-like perimeter of about 1.5x1.5 km². In close vicinity beginning at a distance of about 200 m, there are gardens and small agricultural fields as well as small settlements with one and two storey buildings around the campus. On the northern boundary of the campus there is the Kashmir Highway, a 6 lane highway. On the other three sides, – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 6 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 there are paved roads encircling the campus and to the south, there is a railway line which is splitting up and going to the east and northwest. Islamabad is located at the southern flanks of the Margalla hills, a hill and mountain range which is part of the lesser Himalayas. Elevation of the mountains range from 685 m (western end) to 1604 m (eastern end), average height is about 1000 m. These hills are visible from the site to the North. To the south, the terrain is mostly flat. The campus itself consists of several multi-storey buildings with grass and small gardens in between. 3.2 Local support, maintenance staff and future hardware use The availability of qualified staff for the regular local maintenance (cleaning of sensors and other parts, visual inspection, surveillance of equipment) and the institutional support of the involved stakeholder are directly relevant for the success of the ESMAP project measurement campaign. Future use of the equipment after the ESMAP project termination is another issue to be considered in order to provide maximum sustainability of the project. Local support and maintenance staff Local staff is available and confirmed to be willing to perform maintenance tasks throughout the 24 months of the measurement campaign. A short briefing about the required tasks and their frequency of occurrence has been given to NUST representatives. Qualification of local staff is high, since NUST has engineers and scientists in place. NUST also stated to provide the site preparation (civil works) free of cost. Future hardware use (sustainability) The meteorological station could possibly be used for research, e.g. for civil engineering purposes, after the end of the two year measurement period covered by the ESMAP project. Contact Information The local contact for the site is  Dr. Ehsan Ali, Associate Professor, Centre for Energy Systems (CES) Tel: +92-51-90855275 email: dr.ehsan@ces.nust.edu.pk – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 7 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 3.3 Site 1 (on roof top of multi-storey building) Coordinates N 33.6421° E 72.9834°, altitude ~570 m above mean sea level Site 1 is located on the southern edge of the rooftop of a T-shaped campus building. The width of the roof is about 12 m, the length is larger. The roof is covered with metal sheets with a thermal insulation underneath. This ground is flexible and would have to be removed at the location where the station would be installed. Figure 3: View from Site 1 to the North Figure 4: View from Site 1 to the South – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 8 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The following checklist has been filled at the site visit and is completed by interviewing stakeholders (NUST Scientific Staff) on site. Table 1: Site checklist for site 1 Criteria/Measure Yes / No Notes Dimensionsi Minimum area 10 × 10 m² available Firm natural groundii no Metal Concrete underneath Ground typeiii sheet Concrete below is Horizontally levellediv no horizontal Surface Excavation for foundations Removal of metal possiblev sheets necessary Fencing of the site possiblevi Not necessary No drifting sand/snowvii no No flooding possibleviii no Obstructions See Panoramic View If yes, note direction, distance Figure 5 and approx. heightix Reflections or light sourcesx no Industrial areas or power yes Marble factory in plantsxi ~10km distance Little Single events of farmers burning Sources of smoke or vaporxii weed, household fires, city Surroundings emissions… Quarry or minexiii no Highway to the Main road, dirt road, trackxiv north, paved roads only Airportsxv No Large distance yes Small settlements Settlements, towns, city xvi around, Islamabad city to the east no Only small fields and Agricultural areaxvii gardens – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 9 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Swamp, lake, river, oceanxviii no Sand dunesxix no Animal populationsxx no Occurrence of snowfallxxi no May occur in winter; Temperatures below freezing Record low pointxxii temperature -3.9°C Otherxxiii - Accessibility Accessible by carxxiv yes GSM coverage 2G network availablexxv yes All 5 providers yes Power outages up to 2-3 hours; ±50 V Grid power Electricity availablexxvi voltage fluctuations possible To be given by NUST Land use rights Permit availablexxvii board To be given by NUST Operation permit Permit availablexxviii board No underground or overhead no electrical lines, pipelines or Security similar xxix Measures against theft or No Secured campus vandalism required?xxx Regarding most of the aspects covered by the checklist, site 1 is well suited for the installation of a ground measurement station. Safety of the equipment against human or natural influences is given on the guarded campus. The surroundings lack any industrial facility thus no negative impacts on irradiation and measurement conditions is stated. All roads in the surroundings are paved and therefore not heavily dust-emitting; large water bodies are not present in the closer environment. The downside of the site is the fact that the rooftop would require some alteration in order to enable the installation of a meteorological station, including removal of the existing roof cover which would incur some cost. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 10 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View The picture in Figure 5 shows a panoramic view with a centered south view, North is on the left and right edge of the picture. Blue markers show the North, South, East and West direction as well as horizon height. The sun paths throughout the year are displayed in the picture, revealing if any objects on the horizon are imposing an obstruction to the direct solar irradiance. Figure 5: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked From the panoramic view, it is visible that almost no obstacles on the horizon are blocking the sun. Only a few low obstacles around sun rise and sun set, e.g. a telecommunications tower is present in the west, which will not have a significant impact because of its open structure and large distance. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 6: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 11 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Figure 6 shows the shading table throughout the year. It is clearly visible, that almost no shadings are present, only the few already mentioned small impacts near sun rise and sun set. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 7: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 7 shows the shading table after excluding Sun Elevations smaller than 5° above horizon. At these low angles, measurement uncertainty of satellite and ground measurement is elevated due to the large cosine error, and the data from these periods is therefore excluded from the satellite data adjustment and validation. Also from the view of any solar power installation (PV or CSP), sun elevation smaller than 5° is usually not contributing to electricity or heat generation due to shading, unfavorable incidence angles and low irradiance intensity. Subsequently, all further graphs and evaluations refer to sun elevations larger than 5°, as the main aim of the measurements on ground is the adjustment of the long- term satellite data. From the graph, it is visible that no shading occurs at all times of the year. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 12 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Direct Shading Impact Figure 8 shows the impact of shading on direct normal irradiation (DNI). DNI is modeled according to Bird (Bird et al., 1991) as a theoretical clear-sky DNI throughout the year and can be interpreted as the maximum solar resource. The impact of shading on this figure is therefore the maximum quantitative impact shading could have on solar resource. Figure 8: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° Again, no shadings are visible at all when excluding sun elevations below 5° above horizon. Figure 9: Shading Impact for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 9 shows the impact of direct shading due to the reported obstructions. The left figure shows the percentage of time for all calendar months which is affected by – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 13 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 direct shading. The right figure shows the quantitative impact of shading on the Bird-DNI summarized for each month. As could be expected from the already described information, the impact of shading is zero both on a qualitative and quantitative basis for sun elevations above 5°. Diffuse Shading and Reflections No shading of diffuse radiation contributions and no reflections or artificial light sources are influencing the potentially installed sensors. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 14 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 3.4 Site 2 (roof top of exam hall, southwestern egde) Coordinates N 33.6414°, E 72.9837°, altitude ~560 m above mean sea level Site 2 is on the southwestern edge of the flat rooftop of one of the campus buildings (Exam Hall) which is located south of the Site 1 building. In Figure 10, this building is visible. Figure 10: View from Site 2 to Figure 11: View from Site 2 to the Northwest South – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 15 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The checklist has been filled at the site visit and is completed by interviewing stakeholders (NUST scientific staff) on site. Only the points differing to Site 1 are listed here. Table 2: Reduced site checklist for site 2 Criteria/Measure Yes / No Notes Dimensionsxxxi Minimum area 10 × 10 m² yes Firm natural groundxxxii No Ground typexxxiii Concrete Surface Horizontally levelledxxxiv yes Excavation for foundations (Yes) Casting or possiblexxxv drilling possible Obstructions See Panoramic View Figure 12 If yes, note direction, Surroundings distance and approx. heightxxxvi Regarding the aspects covered by the checklist, site 2 is also well suited for the installation of a ground measurement station. The installation on a rooftop is a valid option for solar ground measurement, safety of the equipment against human or natural influences is even increased. All other aspects are identical to site 1. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 16 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View The picture shows a panoramic view with a centered south view, North is on the left and right edge of the picture. Blue markers show the North, South, East and West direction as well as horizon height. The sun paths throughout the year are displayed in the picture, revealing if any objects on the horizon are imposing an obstruction to the direct solar irradiance. Figure 12: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked From the panoramic view, it is visible that at low sun angles around sun rise, a few small obstacles such as power line supports and a newly built building in the west could be blocking the sun. A power line is going from North to South in the west of the station. The impacts are further analyzed in the following paragraphs. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 13: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 17 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Figure 13 shows the occurrence of shading by obstructions on the horizon throughout the year. Shading occurs mostly at sunset, but only for up to about 15 minutes. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 14: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 14 shows the shading table for Sun Elevations larger than 5°. In comparison to Site 1, shading effects are almost entirely eliminated. Direct Shading Impact Figure 15 shows the impact of shading on DNI for Site 2 in the same way as Figure 8 does for Site 1. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 18 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Figure 15: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° The impact of shadings from obstacles close to the horizon is practically non- existent except for a few minutes at sunset on September and March. Figure 16: Shading Impact for Sun Elevations >5° The impact of shadings from obstacles close to the horizon is practically non- existent except for a few minutes at sunset on September and March. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 19 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Figure 16 Diffuse Shading and Reflections No shading of diffuse radiation contributions and no reflections or artificial light sources are influencing the potentially installed sensors. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 20 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 3.5 Site 3 (roof top of exam hall, northeastern egde) Coordinates N 33.6419°, E 72.9838°, altitude ~560 m above mean sea level Site 3 is on the northeastern edge of the flat rooftop of one of the campus buildings (Exam Hall) which is located south of the Site 2 building. In Figure 17, this building is visible on the left picture border. Figure 17: View from Site 2 to Figure 18: View from Site 2 to the Northwest South Checklist for evaluation of the situation of and at the site The checklist and related items is identical to that of site 2. Shadings and Reflections Panoramic View The picture shows a panoramic view with a centered south view, North is on the left and right edge of the picture. Blue markers show the North, South, East and West direction as well as horizon height. The sun paths throughout the year are displayed in the picture, revealing if any objects on the horizon are imposing an obstruction to the direct solar irradiance. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 21 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Figure 19: Panoramic View with North, South, horizon line and monthly sun paths with the corresponding position at full hours marked From the panoramic view, it is visible that at low sun angles around sun rise, a few small obstacles such as power line supports could be blocking the sun. A power line is going from North to South in the west of the station, in a farther distance than on site 2. Shading impacts are further analyzed in the following paragraphs. Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 20: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >0° Figure 20 shows the occurrence of shading by obstructions on the horizon throughout the year. Shading occurs mostly at sunset, but only for up to about 15 minutes. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 22 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 21: Shading Table for Sun Elevations >5° Figure 21 shows the shading table for Sun Elevations larger than 5°. In comparison to including all sun elevations, shading effects are almost entirely eliminated. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 23 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Direct Shading Impact Figure 22 shows the impact of shading on DNI for Site 2 in the same way as Figure 8 does for Site 1. Figure 22: Shading Impact on BirdDNI for Sun Elevations >5° The impact of shadings from obstacles close to the horizon is practically non- existent except for a few minutes around sunset in April and August, as is visible from Figure 22 and Figure 23. Figure 23: Shading Impact for Sun Elevations >5° Diffuse Shading and Reflections No shading of diffuse radiation contributions and no reflections or artificial light sources are influencing the potentially installed sensors. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 24 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 4 Conclusion The surroundings of the location are well acceptable for the installation of a ground measurement station. No significant external influence from surrounding facilities on the overall meteorological and atmospherical conditions could be stated during the site visit. The local stakeholder confirmed his support and smooth operation and proper maintenance of the station is expected with high probability. Future use of the equipment after the two years measurement campaign is probable. Site 1, 2 and 3 have similar shading profiles with a low overall impact of obstacles, site 1 has virtually no shading effects. On the other hand, Site 1 has distinct disadvantages which are resulting from the comparably high effort required to prepare the site for the installation of a meteorological station. Site 2 and 3 are also well suited from the shading perspective, and better fitted due to the concrete ground which could more easily be used for the installation of a station. Site 2 has a slightly better shading profile and is therefore judged to be the best of the three different sites. Site 2 is therefore recommended for the installation of a Tier 2 meteorological station, if the NUST campus should be selected as one of the ground measurement locations. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 25 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 Detailed description of checklist criteria: i A site with a minimum extension of 10 × 10 m² is required for the collocation of the meteorological measurement equipment, complying with the characteristics and criteria listed in the following. ii The site suitable for collocation of a meteorological station needs to have a firm ground in order to enable a secure fixation of the equipment on the ground, e.g. by ground anchors and guying ropes. iii Annotate here if the ground consists of firm and naturally grown soil or artificially (by man) filled soil, if it consists of bedrock, firm soil, loose soil or sand. iv Annotate here if the site is approximately horizontally levelled and flat. v Annotate here if it is possible and permitted to lay small foundations (4-5 foundations each approximately 1 × 1 m² and ~0.3 m deep). vi Annotate here if it is possible and permitted to fence the compound. vii Annotate here the terrain consists of drifting sand or snow. viii Annotate here if the terrain may run the risk to be flooded at heavy rain falls. ix Describe any object which exceeds 2 m height in the closer environment of the site and which might shade the measurement equipment on the site from direct sun at any time of the year or which obstructs parts of the sky dome. Describe in detail at least all such objects within 30 m distance as well as bigger objects up to at least 200 m distance from the site. As the sun at sun rise and sun set approaches the horizon in East and West direction (~±30 degrees depending on season), obstructions in these directions are of particular importance. Add sketches of the site environments where possible. Possible obstructing objects are: mountains, hills, buildings, skyscrapers, houses, industrial or commercial buildings, warehouses, churches/mosques or similar buildings (for religious or cultural activities), walls, bridges, towers, chimneys, wind energy plants, transmission masts, power poles, other poles or rods, cranes, street lights, greenhouses, trees, bushes, shrubberies, any other higher vegetation, or similar. Moreover, the view from the site towards the horizon should be documented by 360° photographs (see corresponding description) or a short movie taken from the site, starting in direction to the North over East, South, and West to North direction again. x Annotate if any reflecting surfaces like mirrors, glazing, shiny metal surfaces, PV panels, etc., or artificial light sources are in the environments and might cause reflections or radiation on the measurement equipment, influencing irradiation measurements. xi Annotate if any industrial production site or power plant is located in the environments of a few kilometers, which may cause emissions of smoke, vapor, dust or other aerosols. xii Annotate any source of smoke or water vapor columns located in the environments. xiii Annotate quarries or mines in the environments causing pollution by elevated dust. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 26 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 xiv Annotate close by roads as they frequently cause increased sensor soiling by elevated dust settling down on the sensors, or increase the risk for theft or vandalism due to increased visibility. xv Annotate the presence of airports in the environments as exhaust gases of planes may influence the measurements. xvi Annotate the presence and size of settlements in the environments in order to judge potential influences on the measurements (personally or as secondary effects like smoke or dust) by man. xvii Annotate type and frequency (if possible) of agricultural activities in the environments in order to judge potential impacts on the measurements (e.g. elevated dust, etc.). xviii Annotate their potential presence in the environments in order to judge impacts on the measurements due to increased humidity, oxidation of the equipment, instability of the ground, etc. xix Annotate the presence of sand dunes in the proximities of some kilometers in order to judge potential deposition of sand on the equipment. xx Annotate if any animal population frequents the area which might have any impact on the measurements. Also take into account birds, termites, insects (bees, wasps, etc.), etc. xxi Annotate the occurrence and the frequency (if possible, may be estimated) of days with snowfall or remaining snow cover in order to design the power supply and version of the irradiation sensor(s). xxii Annotate the occurrence and the frequency (if possible, may be estimated) of days with temperatures below freezing point temperature (zero degrees Celsius) in order to design the equipment and judge potential impacts on the measurements. xxiii Annotate any other observations, occurrences or presences which you may estimate them causing potential impacts on the measurements. In the case of doubt about an influence, please annotate the observation. xxiv Annotate if the site is easily reachable by car in order to facilitate the transport of the equipment to the site. xxv Verify with your mobile phone or contacting a reliable local mobile phone network provider the availability of 2G network from different providers. If only 3G network (or higher) is available, verify with the network provider if GPRS connection in 2G mode is enabled. Check with your mobile phone by switching it manually to 2G connection only and test data connectivity via GPRS or EDGE. xxvi Annotate if electricity grid is available at the site for power supply. If information is available, annotate the voltage level and if grid stability issues are known for the site. xxvii Verify and annotate if the land use permits are conceded or given from the land owner. xxviii Verify and annotate if the permits to use the compound for operation of a meteorological station are conceded or given by law and local authorities. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 27 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06 xxix Verify and annotate if no high voltage lines (exceeding 20 V) are crossing the compound neither as overhead line nor in the ground. Verify and annotate if no gas, water, remote heat or other pipeline are crossing the compound above or in the ground. xxx Estimate the risk of theft or vandalism on the measurement equipment. Give an estimation of a safety guard or similar is required to watch the equipment. Detailed description of checklist criteria: xxxi A site with a minimum extension of 10 × 10 m² is required for the collocation of the meteorological measurement equipment, complying with the characteristics and criteria listed in the following. xxxii The site suitable for collocation of a meteorological station needs to have a firm ground in order to enable a secure fixation of the equipment on the ground, e.g. by ground anchors and guying ropes. xxxiii Annotate here if the ground consists of firm and naturally grown soil or artificially (by man) filled soil, if it consists of bedrock, firm soil, loose soil or sand. xxxiv Annotate here if the site is approximately horizontally levelled and flat. xxxv Annotate here if it is possible and permitted to lay small foundations (4-5 foundations each approximately 1 × 1 m² and ~0.3 m deep). xxxvi Describe any object which exceeds 2 m height in the closer environment of the site and which might shade the measurement equipment on the site from direct sun at any time of the year or which obstructs parts of the sky dome. Describe in detail at least all such objects within 30 m distance as well as bigger objects up to at least 200 m distance from the site. As the sun at sun rise and sun set approaches the horizon in East and West direction (~±30 degrees depending on season), obstructions in these directions are of particular importance. Add sketches of the site environments where possible. Possible obstructing objects are: mountains, hills, buildings, skyscrapers, houses, industrial or commercial buildings, warehouses, churches/mosques or similar buildings (for religious or cultural activities), walls, bridges, towers, chimneys, wind energy plants, transmission masts, power poles, other poles or rods, cranes, street lights, greenhouses, trees, bushes, shrubberies, any other higher vegetation, or similar. Moreover, the view from the site towards the horizon should be documented by 360° photographs (see corresponding description) or a short movie taken from the site, starting in direction to the North over East, South, and West to North direction again. – ESMAP Pakistan – confidential - 28 SiteEvalReport_ISL_NUST_2014-06