THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 16 / NO 4 JANUARY 2018 INSIDE New technologies for economic measurement 1-5 Pathways to Prosperity – Measuring South Asia’s World Bank series 6-9 Development Dialogue: economy from outer space Towards a clean India 10-11 E ICR Update: Rampur conomic growth is a key concern for economists, political leaders and Hydropower Project 12-13 the broader population. But how confident are we that the available data Interview 14-16 on economic activity paints an accurate picture of a country’s performance? Recent Project Approvals & Measuring Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the most standard measure of Signings 17-20 economic activity, is especially challenging in developing countries, where New Additions to the Public the informal sector is large and institutional constraints can be severe. In Information Center 21-27 addition, many countries only provide GDP measures annually and at the Contact Information 28 national level. Not surprisingly, GDP growth estimates are often met with skepticism. About the photograph: Guwahati city at night New technologies offer an opportunity to strengthen economic Photo courtesy: Pixabay measurement. Evening luminosity observed from satellites has been shown to be a good proxy for economic Photo by World Bank activity. As shown in Figure 1, there is a strong correlation between nightlight intensity and GDP levels in South Asia: the higher the nightlight intensity on the horizontal axis, the stronger the economic activity on the vertical axis. In India, the correlation is 0.9 and highly statistically significant. However, measuring nightlight activity is challenging and comes with a few caveats. For example, clouds, moon light, and radiance from the sun can affect and in Afghanistan, local surges in conflict measurement accuracy, which then requires reduced local growth for up to one quarter. filtering and standardizing. On the other hand, In another application, we illustrate that nightlight data has a lot advantages like being nightlights can provide a new perspective available in high-frequency and with a very on the effects of demonetization, during high spatial resolution. which all 500 and 1,000 rupee banknotes In the latest edition of South Asia Economic were declared invalid in India in November Focus, we use variations in nightlight intensity of last year. This intervention has potential to analyze economic trends and illustrate benefits in the medium term, but there is how this data can help predict GDP over clear agreement that it will take more time time and across space. We show that in the to assess the extent to which these benefits case of South Asia, predicted GDP numbers materialized. using nightlight intensity closely track official In the short term, on the other hand, it might National Account measures at the aggregate have adversely affected economic activity. level, and – as shown in Figure 2 – provide But it is difficult to tell what the short-term a granular picture of GDP per capita at impact was, or how it was distributed across subnational levels. population groups and there is considerable As we document in the report, nightlight disagreement on how large the it was. The intensity also yields new insights on recent shortage of relevant data partly explains why economic developments. For example, the these issues are still being so lively debated. major shocks experienced by Nepal in 2015 Nightlight data provides interesting insights in had very different impacts across districts this respect. Figure 1: Nightlight intensity increases with economic activity 33 31 60 In (GDP) 27 25 23 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 In (lights/area) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 12 2 The World Bank in India • January 2018 Photo courtesy: NASA Observatory Nightlight intensity and GDP growth Figure 2: Nightlight data can be used to predict GDP per capita at the district level The World Bank in India • January 2018 12 3 rates, and to assess how they were affected Photo by World Bank by demonetization. In India’s case, there is evidence that poorer states grow more slowly, and these poorer states may also be characterized by higher levels of informality. If so, just comparing growth rates across formal and informal districts would overestimate the impact of demonetization. To address this possible bias, we analyze the difference between the local GDP growth rate in the third quarter of FY2017 and in the previous year (or an average of the last three years) and then compare this difference for more and less informal districts. At the aggregate level, a comparison of The results suggest that more informal nightlight intensity in FY2015 and FY2016 districts performed worse. The difference in suggests that demonetization had a small local growth relative to a normal year was and short-lived effect on economic activity. very small in urban districts, as well as in There is a dip in nightlight intensity, but it those with greater access to finance and with only lasts for about two months. On the other more prevalent regular wage employment. hand, the local impact was large in more On the other hand, more informal districts informal districts, where cash must have experienced drops in local GDP in the range played a more important role in supporting of 4.7 to 7.3 percentage points. Based on transactions. Identifying informal areas is not nightlight intensity, demonetization seems to straightforward, but it seems safe to assume have had a short-lived effect at the aggregate that informality is higher in rural districts, in level, but a noticeable impact on rural, districts with low access to finance, and in unbanked and informal districts. those where regular wage workers account for a lower share of total employment. While providing new economic insights, big data from outer space is no replacement for In the latest edition of South Asia Economic more traditional – and terrestrial - statistical Focus we estimate quarterly GDP at the measurement. New technologies can district level, based on local nightlight help reach new frontiers, but they cannot intensity and rural population. Local GDP replace information from censuses, surveys levels are then used to compute local growth Photo courtesy: Wikimedia 12 4 The World Bank in India • January 2018 Photo by World Bank and administrative records that statistical cases, technical independence, access to agencies collect, curate and disseminate. information, and the protection of privacy (Change background colour as needed) need to be improved. Building trust that Unfortunately, many of these statistical growth figures do not come “out of the blue” agencies in South Asia face important will require a clear strategy toward stronger challenges. Surveys do not cover well the statistical systems. informal sector, respondents are not always truthful, and information is not captured Written by Robert Carl Michael Beyer, a with sufficient spatial granularity. Resources Young Professional at the World Bank and capacity are limited and in some Photo by World Bank The World Bank in India • January 2018 12 5 Pathways to Prosperity Three job deficits in unfolding India story Rising labor earnings have driven India’s recent decline in poverty. But the quantity and quality of jobs created raise concerns about the sustainability of poverty reduction, and the prospects for enlarging the middle class. The period after 2005 can be best described as one of a growing jobs deficit. Three deficits actually: i) a deficit in the overall number of jobs, ii) a deficit in the number of good jobs, and iii) a deficit in the number of suitable jobs for women, say Martin Rama, World Bank’s Chief Economist, South Asia Region, Urmila Chatterjee, Economist, World Bank and Rinku Murgai, Lead Economist, World Bank. T he rapid decline in poverty in India between 2005 and 2012, the most recent period for which data are available, was only – asset of poor households. Over this period, wages for unskilled workers increased sharply. There was also a marked shift driven mainly by higher labor earnings. This towards non-farm jobs, which on average is not surprising given that the capacity to pay more than jobs in agriculture. These work tends to be the main – and often the two trends gave a substantial boost to labor 12 6 The World Bank in India • January 2018 earnings and propelled millions of Indian only 3 million got a job. In a young and households above the poverty line. While increasingly aspirational society, this growing this was indeed a spectacular achievement, jobs deficit has the potential to turn the there are reasons to worry about its long-term much-awaited demographic dividend into a sustainability. demographic curse. A large majority of those who escaped A deficit of good jobs poverty did not gain entry into the middle class. Instead, they moved slightly above the On closer examination, it is not as if job poverty line and remain vulnerable to slipping creation came to a standstill after 2005. back. The deficit in the number of jobs On the contrary, there was considerable created after 2005, as well as in their quality, dynamism in the informal segments of explains these high levels of vulnerability. the economy, especially in rural areas. As This period can, therefore, be described as could be expected in a phase of structural one of a growing jobs deficit. Or rather three transformation, there was a substantial of them, as we discuss in a recent paper: decline in employment in agriculture, with nearly 34 million farm jobs lost between • a deficit in the overall number of jobs, 2005 and 2012. Meanwhile there was a • a deficit in the number of good jobs, and boom in construction jobs, which accounted • a deficit in the number of suitable jobs for nearly half of the expansion in non- for women. farm employment. However, construction jobs tend to be casual. Their wages are An overall deficit of jobs While all three deficits can be traced to the pattern of India’s economic transformation during this period, they are better appreciated from a statistical point of view. Between 2005 and 2012, net job growth in the economy was 0.6 percent per year. This was much less than the growth in the working age population that was not in school – which stood at 1.9 percent per year. In absolute numbers, of these 13 million potential entrants into the workforce every year during this period, The World Bank in India • January 2018 12 7 Figure 1: Regular jobs support a more durable escape from poverty Types of jobs for those who were non-poor in both 2005 and 2012 28% Non-farm regular 28% 12% Non-farm casual 16% 15% Non-farm self employed 15% 32% Farmers 30% 10% Farm casual 8% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Types of jobs for those who were non-poor in 2005 but poor in 2012 12% Non-farm regular 11% 18% Non-farm casual Bar diagram 26% 11% Non-farm self employed 8% 39% Farmers 35% 18% Farm casual 17% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2005 2012 Source: Based on the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS), 2005 and 2012. set on a daily basis, or through short-term are rare. Therefore, unless small towns and contracts, and they provide no form of social large villages, where most of India’s poor protection. While jobs like these help people and vulnerable live, can ensure the vibrant escape poverty, they do not take them much creation of regular jobs, building a sizeable further than that. middle class could remain an elusive goal for the country. Instead, transitions into the middle class are associated with regular, salaried jobs. While big cities have the highest share of The likelihood of a household durably regular jobs, they also have the largest escaping poverty between 2005 and 2012 overall jobs deficit. In fact, when moving from was higher if a larger share of its members small villages to large cities, the scarcity of had regular jobs (figure 1). On the other hand, households that slipped into poverty between these two years saw a growing share of their family members employed as casual workers. In principle, urbanization brings with it the promise of better jobs. In India too, it is true that large urban areas have a substantially higher share of regular jobs (figure 2). By contrast, small towns have far fewer regular jobs to offer, and in rural areas these jobs 12 8 The World Bank in India • January 2018 Figure 2: Regular, salaried jobs are found mainly in big cities 100 Types of jobs, 2012 (% employed) 80 100100 60 7% 14% 80 80 38% 40 34% 55% 40% 60 60 20 18% 40 40 8% 0 58% 46% 44% 20 20 37% 0-4999, small rural 5000+, big rural 0-1mn, small urban 1mn+, big urban 0 0 Small rural Big rural Small urban Big urban 0-4999, small rural Self-employed 5000+, big rural Casual wage 0-1mn, small urban Regular salaried 1mn+, big urban Source: Based on the National Sample Survey (NSS), 2012 and Population Census, 2001 jobs relative to the working age population urban in the magnitude of their jobs deficit not in school increases across the rural- too. By contrast, in small villages over 70 urban gradation. So, how can one reconcile percent of women are employed on the this larger share of regular jobs with an farm, as agricultural activities continue to be altogether greater scarcity of good jobs? The important in these areas. Elsewhere, however, answer is simple: in urban areas the share manufacturing tends to be the largest of regular jobs may be greater among those employer of women outside of farming. In who are employed, but fewer people are at towns and cities, on the other hand, women work in these places relative to the working more often hold professional jobs in health, age population. And, in urban locations, it is education and public administration. In these mainly the women who are not working. areas, construction work, while significant, does not employ too many women. A deficit in suitable jobs for The structure of female employment by women sector is revealing of the kinds of jobs that are seen as more suitable for women. For This brings us to the third deficit – the scarcity instance, women are more likely to work of suitable jobs for women. Historically, when jobs are located close to their homes India’s female labor force participation rates in and allow multi-tasking, as in the case of urban areas have been low – hovering around farming. They are also more likely to work 20 percent. But one of the most striking when jobs offer regular wages, as in the case developments after 2005 has been the large of manufacturing. Or when jobs have social withdrawal of women from the rural labor protection benefits attached to them, as in force. As rural areas become increasingly (Change background colour as needed) case of the health, education and public urban, they are beginning to look increasingly administration, where the public sector is the dominant player. Unfortunately, such jobs are few and far between. Reference: Urmila Chatterjee, Rinku Murgai and Martin Rama (2015) “Employment Outcomes along the Rural-Urban Gradation in India.” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 50 (26-27): 5-10, June 27. This blog was originally published in the Indian Express on 25th July, 2016. The World Bank in India • January 2018 12 9 Development Dialogue Towards a clean India State machinery and communities have come together to initiate behaviour change Three years into SBM, it is time to reinforce the focus on sustained outcomes. It will be essential to reach all sections of society, give women a greater role, and address the social issues around the manual emptying of latrines says Guangzhe Chen, Senior Director, Water Global Practice, at the World Bank W hen Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014, it marked the beginning of the When the state machinery, local officials and communities come together to focus on behaviour change, they are frequently world’s largest ever sanitation drive. Now, successful. Rajasthan, for instance, has a 2017 survey by the Quality Council of tripled the share of people with access to India finds that access to toilets by rural sanitation to nearly 70 per cent since 2011 households has increased to 62.45 per cent, by sending motivators from village to village and that 91 per cent of those who have a to inspire people to construct toilets, and toilet, use it. Given India’s size and diversity, to return a few weeks later to follow up. In it is no surprise that implementation varies Churu district, one young sarpanch even widely across states. Even so, the fact that loaded a camel cart with a battery-operated almost every Indian now has sanitation on computer to make it easier for villagers to the mind is a victory by itself. complete their applications. Achieving a task of this magnitude will not be Villages in Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Haryana easy. Bangladesh took 15 years to become and Chhattisgarh have set up nigrani open defecation free (ODF), while Thailand (vigilance) committees to exhort people took 40 years to do so. Meeting sanitation defecating in the open to use toilets. In targets is not a one-off event. Changing Chhattisgarh’s Bilaspur district, sarpanches centuries-old habits of open defecation is a and block officials who have sustained their complex and long-term undertaking. communities’ ODF status are honoured. 12 10 The World Bank in India • January 2018 Mega stars like Amitabh Bachhan and Sanitation is documenting their successes. Anushka Sharma have led the “Darwaza However, scaling up also requires staffing Bandh” campaign to change age-old up. A recent review found that 30 per cent practices, focusing on rural men who of state level posts sanctioned under SBM are often the last to start using a latrine. are vacant – vacancies at the district level as Global experience confirms that people high as 50 per cent. are more likely to use a toilet that they Three years into SBM, it is time to reinforce have constructed – or at least paid for – the focus on sustained outcomes. It will be themselves. A 2014 study shows that half essential to reach all sections of society, as many people continued to defecate in give women a greater role, and address the the open after they constructed their own social issues around the manual emptying toilet, compared with those for whom the of latrines. Since the construction of toilets government had built or fully subsidised a alone is not a measure of success, the World latrine. Bank’s support for SBM Grameen focuses Accordingly, UP mobilised unemployed youth on incentivising their sustained use. The to encourage families to build toilets with Government of India and the World Bank their own money. Bijnor district used only 57 agreed to disburse project funds based on per cent of the funds allocated to it for toilet verification of toilet use by an independent construction. At the same time, one in four agency, which is now embarking on a large- of the district’s villages declared themselves scale household survey to verify the data ODF. Experience from rural Bihar shows reported by states and districts. that households are willing to pay for their We must now capitalise on the SBM’s own toilets. In Rohtas district, Sushila Devi (Change background colour as momentum to put an end to open – a mother of four who works as a casual defecation. This will improve the health of labourer – took a loan of Rs 12,000 through India’s children, provide dignity and safety to her self-help group to construct a latrine. its women, and achieve a clean India. Scaling up good experiences is equally This article was originally published in the important. In Bijnor, the district collector set Indian Express newspaper on 30 September up a control room to track the progress of 2017 motivators in real time. State and district officials are now learning from each other, and the Ministry of Drinking Water and 12 The World Bank in India • January 2018 11 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Rampur Hydropower Project Rampur Hydropower Project Approval Date: 13 September, 2007 Closing Date: 31 December, 2014 Total Project Cost US$ 697.5 million Bank Financing: US$ 400 million Implementing Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Agency: Limited Outcome: Satisfactory Risk to Low or Negligible Development Outcome: Overall Bank Satisfactory Performance: Overall Borrower Moderately Satisfactory Performance: Context utilization of indigenous resources, while also The power sector was plagued with low helping to put the country on a lower carbon levels of connectivity, especially in rural areas, emission path. high rates of loss in distribution, and poor Project Development Objectives infrastructure which needed rehabilitation. Exploring cleaner power generation options The objective was to improve the reliability was very important to the Government of of India’s Northern Electricity Grid through India. the addition of renewable, low carbon energy from the Rampur Hydropower Project; and to The government envisaged that the improve the effectiveness of Satluj Jal Vidyut Bank’s reengagement in the hydropower Nigam (SJVN) with respect to the preparation sector in India, beginning with the Rampur and safe implementation of economically, Hydropower Project (RHP), would provide environmentally, and socially sustainable international experience of good practice for hydropower projects. hydropower development, and help establish The main beneficiaries under the project international technical and sustainability were the Northern Regional Grid, which practices in the Himalayan region, the home benefitted from low-cost and reliable of much of India’s untapped hydro resources. power supply; SJVN, which benefitted The Bank’s broader engagement in the power from increased technical and management sector sought to support the government’s capacity; and the local population whose priorities of improving electricity services, standards of living improved through expanding access and optimizing the investments in infrastructure such as roads, 12 The World Bank in India • January 2018 creation of employment opportunities, and Strong efforts were made by SJVN to various community development activities. build a good relationship with the affected community from very early on. Proactive Achievements strategies, such as holding training At completion, the project was synchronized sessions for the local communities placed with the Northern Grid and was running SJVN at the forefront of communication at its installed capacity of 412 MW on a processes which have been emulated in commercial basis. It had produced 1957 other projects in the state. The Project GWh by mid-2015, and the expected request Information Center set up at site provided for annual production from Rampur for fiscal a one-stop window for project-affected year (April 2015-March 2016) was 1878 GWh, communities. above the indicator target of 1770 GWh. ● Plan as far as possible, but ensure that At project completion, measures were fully there is a structure in place to adapt as implemented to decrease the number of issues arise during the project. Due to outage days (no power production), in the the geological conditions, implementing wet season, from 32 days in a year to only 5 hydropower projects in the Himalayas days in a year. is extremely complex. The project would have benefitted from additional All affected people were resettled and/or geotechnical investigations during were fully compensated for loss of land by preparation, which would have helped in 2007 before start of civil works. At project mitigating risks during construction work. completion, resettlement and compensation to affected people, community development, ● Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and environmental mitigation of direct practices should be included in the impacts were all satisfactorily completed. contracts with the main contractors and An independent impact assessment of the the contractor should be incentivized affected indicated that 87 percent of project to hold their subcontractors to these affected families reported an increase in standards. Effort should be made at income while the share of families with an the bidding stage to include the OHS increase in income or assets was 99 percent. practices among the requirements for the The final evaluation also demonstrates an contactors, but this alone is not sufficient. increase in literacy rates, permanent housing, There must be incentives and penalties in and size of houses. place in order to achieve an acceptable standard. It should also be ensured that Lessons Learnt the supervising engineers for the project Hydropower projects are considered difficult have the skills to monitor and enforce due to technical, social, environmental and such provisions. governance issues. Rampur is an example ● Project design can affect the level of what is possible with a willing client and the right technical support. The following are of importance attached to the softer the key lessons learned from the project’s components of the project. Designing the execution. project with two technical components and a separate institutional strengthening ● Trust and communication between the component allowed the attention of the Bank team and the client are key to client, the government and the Bank to be managing challenging projects. The focused on this aspect. SJVN was keen emphasis on maintaining communication to develop as an organization, but had as a specific objective in all aspects of these elements been subsumed within (Change background colour as needed) the project, led to open and transparent the technical components then it would discussion of issues, as and when they have been more difficult to monitor these arose, in an atmosphere of mutual respect. aspects and bring them to the attention of management. ● It is essential to build trust through early consultation, communication and interaction with the local community. 12 The World Bank in India • January 2018 13 Interview The World Bank is committed to supporting India’s solar energy push: Simon Stolp I ndia has a massive need for energy. Its per capita consumption of electricity is less than one third the world average. With nearly 300 days of sunshine every year, India has among the best conditions in the world to capture and use solar energy and help light up homes of millions of people who are yet to receive electricity. Excerpts from an interview with Simon Stolp, Lead Energy Specialist, World Bank. Question: India is making great strides in the area of solar power. Can you elaborate for us India’s journey thus far? I ndia is emerging as a front runner in the global fight against climate change. The Government of India plans to increase solar photovoltaic (PV) generating capacity to 100 GW by 2022, signalling investments in the order of $80 billion. These plans also form an important part of India’s National Determined Contributions to climate change, under the Paris Agreement. That’s good news, because if the world expects to reach its Paris Climate Agreement objective of containing global warming to under a 2-degrees Celsius increase, it is imperative for India – the third largest emitter of carbon dioxide – to be a global leader on renewable energy. 12 14 The World Bank in India • January 2018 2015 To date, progress in meeting India’s solar targets has been reasonable – with almost 18 GW of installed capacity already providing electricity to India’s consumers. Prices for solar power have tumbled by more than 30 percent since these targets were set, and solar power tariffs now compete head-to-head with conventional sources of power, including coal. Question: What are the emerging challenges facing the solar sector? As India seeks to increase the pace of solar power development, the challenges to the solar sector will only become more evident. Many in the industry have questioned the sustainability of recent aggressive tariff competition, and several recent deals have struggled to attract finance. Over time, there is likely to be a constraint on the volume of financing, particularly through domestic sources. The ability of the Indian grid to absorb higher proportions of variable renewable energy will be increasingly tested, and plans to develop wholesale power markets to accommodate a more dynamic physical system will need to be accelerated. Of most importance, the commercial performance of India’s distribution utilities urgently needs to be fixed – the capacity of distribution companies (Discoms) to generate sufficient revenues to pay for renewable power, or any power at all for that matter, continues to plague the overall health of the sector and place an unnecessary burden on public finances. It is telling that public sector institutions such as NTPC and Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd (SECI) continue to dominate the solar power market – effectively absorbing the risk that the sector’s poor finances and payment performance continue to present to private developers. Question: What has been the role of the World Bank? We are committed to supporting India’s solar energy push. The Bank is providing more than $1 billion to support India’s solar plans, starting with a Grid Connected Rooftop Solar project that aims to put solar panels on rooftops across the country, and 575 MW of energy has already been financed through this project. Exactly a year ago, on June 30, 2016, we signed an agreement with the International Solar Alliance (ISA), consisting of 121 countries led by India, to collaborate on increasing solar energy use around the world and mobilize $1 trillion in investments by 2030. The Bank is also working with India on solar parks. This is expected to increase the availability of private financing, introduce new technologies, and enable the development of common infrastructure to support privately developed solar parks across India. Looking ahead, we are considering ways in which to leverage our capital and mobilize commercial financing for the solar energy sector. (See World Bank support to solar sector for details). Question: What is the potential market for rooftop solar in India? Solar parks need land, and land is scarce in a densely-populated country like India. Rooftops, on the other hand, hold huge potential. Of the 100 GW target for solar power development, the Government of India intends to provide 40 GW through grid-connected solar rooftops. Tapping the rooftop solar market will be critical for India to meet its ambitious solar targets. However, until recently the solar rooftop market has struggled to grow – although the business case was strong for commercial and industrial consumers in particular. While the costs of solar panels were falling dramatically, financing for rooftop was difficult to come by and very costly. The challenges in this segment of the solar market are evident in the numbers – of the almost 18 GW of solar capacity added by India to date, only 1.8 GW has been installed on rooftops. 2015 15 The World Bank in India • January 2018 12 Overall, our aim is to mobilise affordable financing at scale, de-risk renewable markets, and develop institutional capacities of the public sector owned entities to provide an enabling environment for solar power development. Question: How is the partnership with State Bank of India on the rooftop project coming along? Over the past year, things have begun to turn around. Since June 2017, when the World Bank announced a $625 million loan to SBI to provide discounted finance for rooftop solar installations on factories and institutions, market response has been overwhelming. In the past six months alone, SBI has approved 575 MW of rooftop solar financing, giving a huge boost to India’s solar rooftop program. Of course, this isn’t the end of the story – SBI and the World Bank have made early in- roads into the development of the solar rooftop market, but significant challenges remain. For this reason, the World Bank is also supporting a significant capacity development (Change background colour as needed) program which will support financiers, developers, regulators and distribution utilities in the development of this important market segment. This capacity development program is now under early implementation and is already supporting significant market developments, which will eventually support further expansion within the sector. World Bank support to solar sector ● Rooftop Solar PV: The Bank is providing low cost financing to rooftop solar developers under a $625 million Program for Results (PforR) financing through the State Bank of India (SBI). ● Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks: The Bank is financing public investments in solar parks developed under a public-private partnership model. Bank financing will support the development of common infrastructure which will support privately developed solar parks in a number of states across India. m For the 750 MW Rewa solar park project in Madhya Pradesh, the World Bank is providing financing for shared infrastructure – reducing up-front costs to private developers, whilst the International Finance Corporation (IFC) has supported the MP government in the overall management and structuring of the project and the development of strong, bankable bid documents. IFC is now also financing the private development of generation within the Rewa solar park. This support resulted in a then record low tariff of 2.97 INR per unit. m World Bank and IFC are now seeking to replicate this success on a state-by- state basis by working with Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to provide both financing (through the shared infrastructure project) and advisory support for further solar park development. ● Innovative Solar Technology and Storage: The Bank financing to the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) will bring innovative solar and hybrid technologies to market as well as help de-risk and demonstrate commercial viability. A number of emerging technologies, including wind-solar hybrid (with or without storage), energy storage, and floating solar PV will be supported by the Project. (Change background colour as needed) ● IFC has also been a significant supporter of the solar power sector. IFC has backed Azure Power Renewables (Solar), Acme Solar, Green Infra (Wind + Solar), Sun Edison (Solar), Chint (Solar), and Applied Solar (offgrid) among others with equity and /or debt, representing a total investment of over US$ 360 million. 12 16 The World Bank in India • January 2018 2015 Recent Project Approvals Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization Project T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved a $318 million loan to the Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture climatic hazards. More than 160,000 ha of currently partially irrigated lands will come into full irrigation. Modernization Project for promoting climate By helping farmers access modern resilient agriculture technologies, improving technologies, linking them to markets, and water management practices, and increasing providing postharvest management support, market opportunities for small and marginal the Project will enable farmers to shift from a farmers. mono crop paddy system to mixed cropping About 500,000 farmers, of which a majority including high-value crops (fruits, vegetables, are small and marginal, are expected to and spices), pulses, oilseeds, and millets. benefit from improved and modernized tank To enhance the ability of crops to withstand irrigation systems. expected adverse impacts of climate change, The Project will rehabilitate and modernize the Project will support smallholder producers about 4,800 irrigation tanks and 477 check adopt new conservation technologies such dams, spread across 66 sub-basins, in as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) delivering bulk water to irrigation systems. and Sustainable Sugar Initiative (SSI). They (Change background colour as needed) Rehabilitating and modernizing irrigation reduce average water usage by 35 percent tanks will improve the reliability and and increase yields by 22 percent per ha. It is availability of irrigation water for farming expected to increase the yield of rice, maize, communities, making them less prone to and pulses by 18–20 percent. Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved a $100 million loan to promote rural enterprises, The Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project will create an enabling environment for producer organizations and enterprises to facilitate their access to finance, and promote businesses across select value create employment opportunities for youth, chains. Based on an analysis, communities particularly women in selected blocks of will identify commodities and subsectors Tamil Nadu across 26 districts. in the value chain for preparing business 12 The World Bank in India • January 2018 17 plans. A key focus will be on helping women enhance their ability to access finance, entrepreneurs build businesses. markets, technology, and related support services; help them graduate to value-added It will also specifically support eligible (Change background colour as ne economic activities with higher returns households from socially and culturally such as garment manufacturing and food disadvantaged groups harness their existing processing units, eco-tourism ventures, and assets, skills, and resources; break their entry businesses around creative industries. barriers to value-added economic activities; Uttar Pradesh Pro-Poor Tourism Development Project A $40 million Project, to India’s most populous state, Uttar Pradesh (UP), was approved by the World Bank Board of The Uttar Pradesh Pro-Poor Tourism Development Project will support the state government’s priority of re-structuring Executive Directors to increase tourism- tourism in a way that optimizes the state related benefits for local communities. assets in an inclusive and sustainable manner directly benefiting poor residents and local entrepreneurs, such as rickshaw drivers, local artisans and street vendors, in both economic and non-economic terms. The Project will help enhance their linkages with the tourism value chain, while improving living conditions for some of the state’s poorest residents through better infrastructure and services. Such “pro-poor tourism development approach” is expected to help the state better manage its unique assets, improve quality of life, energize local communities and provide job opportunities for people, particularly women and youth, living near selected tourist attractions. The Project will focus on Agra and the Braj (Change background colour as needed) region, which despite being two of the prime tourist and pilgrimage destinations of India and UP, have some of the state’s highest poverty rates. 18 The World Bank in India • January 2018 12 Recent Project Signings The Skill India Mission Operation T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a $250 million loan agreement to support India’s efforts to better have completed primary education or less. The Program will also increase the market relevance of short-term skill development equip its young workforce with employable programs (3-12 months or up to 600 hours) at skills so that youth who enter the labor the national and state level. A special focus of market every year can contribute to India’s the program will be to provide placement and economic growth and prosperity. entrepreneurship opportunities to women and increase their exposure to skills training. Around 12 million young people (age group 15–29 years) are moving into the labor force The agreement for the program was signed every year with various levels of educational by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, qualifications. The Skill India Mission Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry (Change background colour as needed) Operation (SIMO) will focus on providing of Finance, on behalf of the Government of skills training opportunities for adult workers India; and Junaid Ahmad, Country Director, between the ages 15 to 59 (underemployed or World Bank India on behalf of the World unemployed), who are either illiterate or who Bank. Skills Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement Operation T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a $125 million credit agreement for the Skills Strengthening for teaching and learning; and broaden Apprenticeship Training. This Program will support vocational training in 300 ITIs and Industrial Value Enhancement Operation 100 industrial clusters and improve state (STRIVE), which is aimed at improving the systems in all ITIs across India. quality of long-term vocational training The agreement for the project was signed provided in Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, and apprenticeships. Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry (Change background colour as needed) STRIVE is a five-year government program of Finance, on behalf of the Government of which will help improve the performance India; and Hisham Abdo, Operations Manager of ITIs; increase the capacities of state and Acting Country Director, World Bank, governments to support them; improve India on behalf of the World Bank. The World Bank in India • January 2018 19 12 Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Project T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a $98 million loan agreement and $2 million grant agreement districts of Madhya Pradesh, with targeted installed capacities of 750 MW and 250 MW, respectively. In addition, other states to help India increase its power generation where potential solar parks could be capacity through cleaner, renewable energy supported under this Project are in Odisha, sources. Chhattisgarh, and Haryana. The Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks The Agreement for the Project was signed Project will finance the Indian Renewable by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, Energy Development Agency Limited Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry (IREDA), to provide sub-loans to select of Finance, on behalf of the Government of (Change background colour as needed) states to invest in various solar parks, mostly India; K S Popli, Chairman and Managing under the Ministry of New and Renewable Director, on behalf of IREDA; and Hisham Energy’s (MNRE) Solar Park Scheme. The Abdo, Acting Country Director, World Bank first two solar parks to be supported under India, on behalf of the World Bank. the Project are in the Rewa and Mandsaur Event The workshop brought together experts from International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure partner countries, multilateral development banks, the United Nations, the private sector New Delhi • 15-16 January, 2018 and academia. A t the two-day workshop participants took stock of impact of disasters on different infrastructure sectors, highlighted World Bank Country Director Junaid Ahmad highlighted three critical areas that countries (Change background colour as needed) need to focus on for resilient infrastructure the good practices in making infrastructure – efficient and credit worthy institutions, the disaster resilient; and identified critical ability to leverage financial markets, and a gaps in current practices that need to be functioning federal structure. addressed in the coming years. 20 The World Bank in India • January 2018 12 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Getting the Right Teachers into the Right Schools: The World Bank PIC Managing India’s Teacher Workforce The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By Vimala Ramachandran, 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Tara Béteille, Toby Linden, New Delhi – 110 001, India Sangeeta Dey, Sangeeta Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Goyal and Prerna Goel Website: www.worldbank.org Chatterjee Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org Available On-line Published November 2017, PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR 293 pages Viva Books Pvt Ltd English Version, Paperback ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj 0987-3 New Delhi – 110 002 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0988-0 Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 India’s landmark Right of Children to Free and Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net Compulsory Education Act (2009) guarantees education to all children aged 6-14 years. The Act mandates Other Preferred Stockist in India specific student-teacher ratios and emphasizes teacher Anand Associates quality. Writing this into legislation took seven years, but 1219 Stock Exchange Tower the seven years since has proven that ensuring effective 12th Floor, Dalal Street teachers are recruited and placed in all schools in a Mumbai – 400 023 time-bound manner is considerably more challenging. Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 This report takes a detailed look at the complexity of Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Website: www.myown.org the teacher management landscape in elementary and Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) secondary schools in nine Indian states. On a daily Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) basis, the administrative machinery of these states has to manage between 19,000 to nearly a million Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd teachers in different types of schools and employment Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 contracts, and cope with recruiting thousands more and Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com distributing them equitably across schools. Website: www.alliedpublishers.com This report examines the following issues: official Bookwell requirements for becoming a schoolteacher in India; 24/4800 Ansari Road, policies and processes for teacher recruitment, Daryaganj deployment and transfers; salaries and benefits of New Delhi – 110 002 teachers; professional growth of teachers; and grievance Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 redress mechanisms for teachers. For the first time Email: bookwell@vsnl.net in India, this report compares and contrasts stated policy with actual practice in teacher management in the country, using a combination of primary and secondary data. In so doing, the report reveals the 12 The World Bank in India • January 2018 21 hidden challenges and the nature of problems faced by Global Investment Competitiveness Report administrators in attempting to build an effective teacher 2017/2018: Foreign Investor Perspectives and Policy workforce which serves the needs of all of India’s 200 Implications million school children. By World Bank Group The report examines states with varying characteristics, Available On-line thus generating knowledge and evidence likely to be Published October 2017, of interest to policy makers and practitioners in a wide 182 pages range of contexts. English Version, Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1175-3 India: Policy Research Working Papers SKU: 211175 This inaugural issue of the WPS 8244 World Bank Group’s Global Internal borders and migration in India Investment Competitiveness Report presents novel analytical insights and empirical By Caglar Ozden, Zovanga Louis Kone, Aaditya Mattoo evidence on foreign direct investment’s (FDI) drivers and and et.al. contributions to economic transformation. Internal mobility is a critical component of economic The report’s groundbreaking survey of more than 750 growth and development, as it enables the reallocation executives of multinational corporations investing in of labor to more productive opportunities across sectors developing countries finds that—in addition to political and regions. Using detailed district-to-district migration stability, security, and macroeconomic conditions—a data from the 2001 Census of India, the paper highlights business-friendly legal and regulatory environment is the the role of state borders as significant impediments to key driver of investment decisions. internal mobility. The analysis finds that average migration between neighboring districts in the same state is at least 50 Bringing E-money to the Poor: Successes and percent larger than neighboring districts on different Failures sides of a state border, even after accounting for By Thyra A. Riley and linguistic differences. Although the impact of state Anoma Kulathunga borders differs by education, age, and reason for Available On-line migration, it is always large and significant. Published September 2017, The paper suggests that inter-state mobility is inhibited 242 pages by state-level entitlement schemes, ranging from access English Version, Paperback to subsidized goods through the public distribution ISBN: 978-1-4648-0462-5 system to the bias for states’ own residents in access SKU: 210462 to tertiary education and public sector employment. Moving toward universal access to financial services Other Publications is within reach, thanks to new technologies, transformative business models, and ambitious reforms. Instruments such as e-money Doing Business 2018: Reforming to Create Jobs accounts and mobile accounts, along with debit cards By World Bank and low-cost traditional bank accounts, can significantly Available On-line increase financial access for those who are excluded. Published November 2017, This book examines the lessons of success from four 235 pages country case studies of “gazelles”—Kenya, South Africa, English Version, Paperback Sri Lanka, and Thailand—that leapt from limitation to ISBN: 978-1-4648-1146-3 innovation by successfully enabling the deployment SKU: 211146 of e-money technology. These countries have thereby Doing Business transformed the landscape of financial access to their illustrates how reforms poor. In addition, two country case studies (Maldives in business regulations and the Philippines) yield lessons learned from are being used to analyze economic outcomes for constraints that stalled e-money deployments. Because domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. technology is not a silver bullet, the case studies also It is a flagship product by the World Bank Group that explore other strategic elements that need to be in place garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to for a country to expand access to financial services entrepreneurship. through digital technology. 12 22 The World Bank in India • January 2018 The Distributional Impact of Taxes and Transfers: as well as the distribution of income across the entire Evidence from Eight Developing Countries population. By Gabriela Inchauste This volume presents a set of studies for low- and middle- and Nora Lustig income countries that use the CEQ approach to examine Available On-line the distributional effects of individual taxes, transfers, and Published September 2017, subsidies as well as their combined impact. 318 pages English Version, Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1091-6 The 1.5 Billion People Question: Food, Vouchers, or SKU: 211091 Cash Transfers? In addition to its impact By Harold Alderman, on economic growth and Ugo Gentilini, and Ruslan macroeconomic stability, Yemtsov fiscal policy affects the distribution of income across Available On-line households and individuals through the use of taxes Published October 2017, and expenditures. As a result, policy makers and 338 pages development partners are likely to be interested in the English Version, Paperback answers to, among others, the following questions: ISBN: 978-1-4648-1087-9 what is the combined impact of taxes and transfers on SKU: 211087 poverty and inequality; how progressive or regressive Most of the people in are different fiscal interventions, and what are their low and middle-income contributions to the overall impact; what is the countries covered by social distributive efficiency of the existing fiscal package; protection receive assistance in the form of in-kind what is the distributional impact of a particular policy food. The origin of such support is rooted in countries’ reform; and what are the characteristics of net payers historical pursuit of three interconnected objectives, into and net beneficiaries from the fiscal package? namely attaining self-sufficiency in food, managing The World Bank has partnered with the Commitment domestic food prices, and providing income support to to Equity (CEQ) Institute at Tulane University to answer the poor. these questions using the Institute’s comprehensive This volume sheds light on the complex, bumpy and fiscal incidence diagnostic tool. This tool – the CEQ non-linear process of how some flagship food-based assessment is designed to assess how taxation and social protection programs have evolved over time, public expenditures affect the income of different and how they currently work. households, individuals, and socioeconomic groups India Project Documents Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project ID P163271 Project Report No. PIDISDSC21563 (Project Information Date 30 October 2017 and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Project ID P155617 Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program for Results Report No. Project Agreement Project Date 01 December 2017 Himachal Pradesh DPL Green Growth Project Project ID P162849 Date 16 October 2017 Report No. 122032 (Environmental Assessment) Project ID P124041 Report No. ICRR0020256 (Implementation First National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project Completion Report Review) Date 01 October 2017 Himachal Pradesh Forests for Prosperity Project Project ID P092217 Date 21 November 2017 Report No. RES27861 (Project Paper) 12 The World Bank in India • January 2018 23 Jharkhand Municipal Development Project Odisha Higher Education Program for Excellence and Equity Date 17 November 2017 Date 07 November 2017 Project ID P158502 Project ID P160331 Report No. SFG3803, SFG3844 (Resettlement Plan, 2 Vol.) Strengthening Public Financial Management in SFG3837, SFG3794, SFG3837 Rajasthan (Indigenous Peoples Plan) Date 11 October 2017 SFG3785, SFG3852, SFG3865 (Environmental Assessment, 2 Vol.) Project ID P156869 Report No. PIDISDSC23405 (Project Information Second Karnataka Watershed Development Project and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Date 31 October 2017 Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization Project ID P122486 Project Report No. RES29144 (Project Paper) Date 08 November 2017 Project ID P158522 Maharashtra Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture Report No. PAD1947 (Project Appraisal Document) Date 19 December 2017 Project ID P160408 Tamil Nadu Rural Transformation Project Report No. PIDISDSC22567 (Project Information Date 08 November 2017 and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Project ID P157702 SFG3744, SFG3745 (Environmental Assessment, 3 Vol.) Report No. PAD1951 (Project Appraisal Document) SFG3751 (Resettlement Plan) Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project Meghalaya Community-Led Landscapes Date 01 December 2017 Management Project Project ID P164058 Date 08 November 2017 Report No. SFG3819 (Environmental Assessment) Project ID P157836 Report No. PIDISDSC19770 (Project Information and Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) SFG3562 (Environmental Assessment) World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 8288 By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Harry P. Huizinga and Ata Can State ownership of financial institutions in Europe and Bertay Central Asia WPS 8285 By Ilias Skamnelos, Aurora Ferrari and Davide Salvatore Public infrastructure and structural transformation Mare By Jevgenijs Steinbuks and Fidel Perez Sebastian WPS 8287 WPS 8284 Cost recovery and financial viability of the power Poverty from space: Using high-resolution satellite sector in developing countries: A literature review imagery for estimating economic well-being By Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, Joern Torsten Huenteler, By Ryan Engstrom, David Locke Newhouse and Ani Balabanyan and Istvan Dobozi Jonathan Samuel Hersh WPS 8286 WPS 8283 Are international banks different? Evidence on bank Increasing the sustainability of rural water service: performance and strategy 12 24 The World Bank in India • January 2018 Findings from the impact evaluation baseline survey in WPS 8272 Nicaragua A GEM for streamlined dynamic CGE analysis: By Christian Borja-Vega, Joshua Sean Gruber and Structure, interface, data, and macro application Alexander Matthew Spevack By Martin Cicowiez and Hans Lofgren WPS 8282 WPS 8271 Data gaps, data incomparability, and data imputation: Man vs. machine in predicting successful A review of poverty measurement methods for data- entrepreneurs: Evidence from a business plan scarce environments competition in Nigeria By Dean Mitchell Jolliffe, Calogero Carletto and Hai-Anh By David J. Mckenzie and Dario Sansone H. Dang WPS 8270 WPS 8281 Mission and the bottom line: Performance incentives Business environment and firm performance in in a multi-goal organization European lagging regions By Slesh Anand Shrestha, Ghazala Mansuri and Xavier By Issam Hallak, Peter Harasztosi, Thomas Farole and Gine Shawn Weiming Tan WPS 8269 WPS 8280 Appraisal econometrics for proposed transport Quasi-fiscal deficits in the electricity sector of the corridors: Optimal placement, intervention design, and Middle East and North Africa: Sources and size wider economic benefits By Mohamad M. Hamid, Daniel Camos Daurella and By Martin Melecky Antonio Estache WPS 8268 WPS 8279 Capital and labor: The factor income composition of The profits of wisdom: The impacts of a business top incomes in the United States, 1962-2006 support program in Tanzania By Anthony B. Atkinson and Christoph Lakner By Elena Bardasi, Marine Gassier, Alaka Holla and WPS 8267 Markus P. Goldstein The whys of social exclusion: Insights from behavioral WPS 8278 economics Mobile infrastructure and rural business enterprises: By James Sonam Walsh and Karla Hoff Evidence from sim registration mandate in Niger WPS 8266 By Francis Annan and Aly Sanoh The value of reference letters WPS 8277 By Simon Martin Abel, Rulof Petrus Burger and Patrizio The global costs of protectionism Piraino By Zornitsa Kutlina-Dimitrova and Csilla Lakatos WPS 8265 WPS 8276 Change management that works: Making impacts in Are psychometric tools a viable screening method for challenging environments small and medium-size enterprise lending? Evidence By Leah April, Erwin Ariadharma, Sokbunthoeun So and from Peru Caroline Sian Hughes By Claudia Ruiz Ortega, Irani Arraiz, Miriam Bruhn and WPS 8264 Rodolfo Mario Stucchi Double for nothing? Experimental evidence on an WPS 8275 unconditional teacher salary increase in Indonesia The impact of hurricane strikes on short-term local By Joppe Jaitze De Ree, Karthik Muralidharan, Menno economic activity: Evidence from nightlight images in Prasad Pradhan and F. Halsey Rogers the Dominican Republic WPS 8263 By Juan Jose Miranda Montero, Oscar Anil Ishizawa Escudero and Eric Strobl Association of World Bank policy lending with social development policies and institutions WPS 8274 By Zeljko Bogetic and Lodewijk Smets How do multinationals report their economic, social, and environmental impacts? Evidence from global WPS 8262 reporting initiative data The internet and Chinese exports in the pre-Alibaba era By Deborah Elisabeth Winkler By Marc Tobias Schiffbauer, Ana Margarida Fernandes, Huy Le Nguyen and Aaditya Mattoo WPS 8273 Building macro SAMs from cross-country databases: WPS 8261 Method and matrices for 133 countries Teaching with the test: experimental evidence on By Martin Cicowiez and Hans Lofgren diagnostic feedback and capacity building for public 12 The World Bank in India • January 2018 25 schools in Argentina WPS 8249 By Peter Anthony Holland, Rafael E. De Hoyos Navarro Glass barriers: Constraints to women’s small-scale and Alejandro Jorge Ganimian cross-border trade in Cambodia and Lao PDR By Marlon Armand Remy Seror, Richard James Lowden WPS 8260 Record and Julian Latimer Clarke Macroeconomic implications of financial imperfections: A survey WPS 8248 By Stijn Claessens and Ayhan Kose Polarization, foreign military intervention, and civil conflict WPS 8259 By Elena Ianchovichina and Suleiman Abu Bader Asset prices and macroeconomic outcomes: A survey By Ayhan Kose and Stijn Claessens WPS 8247 Putting your money where your mouth is: Geographic WPS 8258 targeting of World Bank projects to the bottom 40 A regime-based effect of fiscal policy: Evidence from percent an emerging economy By Zeljko Bogetic, Renzo Massari, Mario Negre, Hannes By Bechir Naier Bouzid Ohler and Lodewijk Smets WPS 8257 WPS 8246 Economic growth, convergence, and world food The impact of fiscal policy on inequality and poverty demand and supply in Zambia By Emiko Fukase and William J. Martin By Jon Robbert Jellema, Alejandro De La Fuente and WPS 8256 Manuel Rosales Insuring well-being? Buyer’s remorse and peace of WPS 8245 mind effects from insurance Gender and youth employment in Sub-Saharan Africa: By Kibrom Tafere Hirfrfot, Erin Lentz, Birhanu T. Ayana A review of constraints and effective interventions and Christopher B. By Shubha Chakravarty, Smita Das and Julia Vaillant WPS 8255 WPS 8244 The impacts of safety nets in Africa: What are we Internal borders and migration in India learning? By Caglar Ozden, Zovanga Louis Kone, Aaditya Mattoo By Laura R. Ralston, Allan Jer-Yu Hsiao and Colin and et.al. Andrews WPS 8243 WPS 8254 FDI spillovers and high-growth firms in developing The effect of height on earnings: Is stature just a proxy countries for cognitive and non-cognitive skills? By Jose Daniel Reyes By Cem Mete, Laurent Loic Yves Bossavie, John T. Giles and Harold H. Alderman WPS 8242 Women’s entrepreneurship: How to measure the gap WPS 8253 between new female and male entrepreneurs? Moving teachers to Malawi’s remote communities: A By Yulia Krylova, Rita Ramalho and Frederic Meunier data-driven approach to teacher deployment By Dmitry Chugunov, Salman Asim, Joseph P. G. WPS 8241 Chimombo and Ravinder Madron Casley Gera SME finance By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Vojislav Maksimovic and WPS 8252 Meghana Ayyagari Microfinance and economic development By Jonathan J. Morduch and Robert J. Cull WPS 8240 Korea’s growth experience and long-term growth WPS 8251 model Mangroves as protection from storm surges in By Hyeok Jeong Bangladesh WPS 8239 By Susmita Dasgupta, Mainul Huq, Zahirul Huque Khan and et.al. Gender and enterprise development in Sub- Saharan Africa: A review of constraints and effective WPS 8250 interventions Gender and property rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: A By Francisco Moraes Leitao Campos and Marine review of constraints and effective interventions Gassier By Michael B. O’Sullivan 12 26 The World Bank in India • January 2018 WPS 8238 WPS 8227 Learning the impact of financial education when take- Regressive or progressive? The effect of tobacco up is low taxes in Ukraine By Claudia Ruiz Ortega, David J. Mckenzie and Gabriel By Alan Fuchs Tarlovsky and Francisco Jalles Meneses Lara Ibarra WPS 8226 WPS 8237 Roads and the geography of economic activities in Financial development, growth, and crisis: Is there a Mexico trade-off? By Brian Blankespoor, Theophile Bougna Lonla, Rafael By Romain Ranciere, Amine Ouazad and Norman V. Garduno Rivera and Harris Selod Loayza WPS 8225 WPS 8236 Prospects of estimating poverty with phone survey: Small firm death in developing countries Experimental results from Serbia By Anna Luisa Paffhausen and David J. Mckenzie By Vladan Boznic, Roy Shuji Katayama, Rodrigo Munoz, Shinya Takamatsu and Nobuo Yoshida WPS 8235 Charting the diffusion of power sector reforms across WPS 8224 the developing world Political economy of reform By Samantha Helen Witte, Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, By Stuti Khemani Alejandro Vega Moreno and Vivien Foster WPS 8223 WPS 8234 Introducing a performance-based school grant in Public procurement regulation and road quality Jakarta: What do we know about its impact after two By Federica Saliola, Simeon Djankov, Asif Mohammed years? Islam and Tania Ghossein By Samer Al-Samarrai, Unika Shrestha, Amer Hasan and et.al. WPS 8233 Labor adjustment costs across sectors and regions WPS 8222 By Marcio Jose Vargas Da Cruz, Emmanuel Michel Corporate debt maturity in developing countries: Stephane Milet and Marcelo Olarreaga Sources of long- and short-termism By Juan Jose Cortina Lorente, Tatiana Didier Brandao WPS 8232 and Sergio L. Schmukler The impact of large-scale migration on poverty, expenditures, and labor market outcomes in Nepal WPS 8221 By Maheshwor Shrestha Labor policy and digital technology use: Indicative evidence from cross-country correlations WPS 8231 By Truman G. Packard and Claudio E. Montenegro How much oil is the Islamic state group producing? Evidence from remote sensing WPS 8220 By Quy-Toan Do, Jacob N. Shapiro, Christopher D. Who escaped poverty and who was left behind? A Elvidge and et.al. non-parametric approach to explore welfare dynamics using cross-sections WPS 8230 By Leonardo Ramiro Lucchetti Marital trajectories and women’s well-being in Senegal By Sylvie Lambert, Dominique Van De Walle and Paola WPS 8219 Villar Revisiting the national innovation system in developing countries WPS 8229 By William F. Maloney What are the effects of expanding a social pension program on extreme poverty and labor supply? WPS 8218 Evidence from Mexico’s pension program for the Product and factor market distortions: The case of the elderly manufacturing sector in Morocco By Clemente Avila Parra and David Ricardo Escamilla By Jean-Pierre Christophe Chauffour and Jose Luis Diaz Guerrero Sanchez WPS 8228 WPS 8217 Productivity and health: Alternative productivity The socioeconomics of fish consumption and child estimates using physical activity health in Bangladesh By Oladele B Akogun, Andrew S. Dillon, Jed Friedman By Susmita Dasgupta, Mohammed Golam Mustafa, and et.al. Tapas Paul and David J. Wheeler 12 The World Bank in India • January 2018 27 The World Bank in India VOL 16 / NO 4 • January 2018 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Annamalai University ◆ New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 Centre for Studies in Social ◆ Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata Giri Institute of Development ◆ Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune Guru Nanak Dev University ◆ Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank Indian Institute of ◆ 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 Institute of Development ◆ (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur Institute of Economic ◆ The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore Karnataka University ◆ Dharwad Kerala University Library ◆ Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad Pt. 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