C2 n32 E-235 VOL. 19 ELECTRICITY GENERATING AUTHORITY OF THAILAND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT PROJECT VOLUME II NVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT EGAT - INVESTMENT PROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT (WORLD BANK PARTIAL CREDIT GUARANTEE) Prepared by SOUTHEAST ASIA TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. May 1994 932135 ELECTRICITY GENERATING AUTHORITY OF THAILAND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT PROJECT VOLUME II ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Prepared by SOUTHEAST ASIA TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. May 1994 932135 UIJ tt1 . d L 'i~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ . .l. .... LL')Pl...I......................... .......J L .................. ......... .... ......... E AE (~~~).~~SOUTHEAST ASIA TECHNOLOGY COMPANY LIMITED .... . .......-.. *....fl. ...~...... .... VI. i u ... tLflzvl^:n:UsqnuL;:zlnEt LnanzUnJfl17 u1iUfw wa LU1tbi L'3. L) 2ia llltu nll S / ism ll04Xln W.R. b&ei ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (, n nJ nllls ltnlw lnel Dugzeu n.............................. 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U- () S r-K ~ I ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT PROJECT (3 X 600 MW) Table of Contents Page Introduction 1 Project Description 2 Environmental Impact Assessment 5 Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Programs 14 List of Ficiures No. Page 1. Location of Project 3 2. General Layout 4 3. Max 1 h concentration at GLC of NO2 from the Project: 35 m Stack Height for HRSG only (ug/cu.m.) 9 4. Max 24 h concentration at GLC of S02 from the Project: 24 h Operation for CT only (ug/cu.m.) 10 5. Water Balance Block Flow Diagram 12 6. Air Quality Monitoring Stations for Operation Period 15 List of Tables No. Description Page 1. Comparison of Technical Design Criteria between former and revised generating schemes (3 x 600 MW): Diesel 6 2. Comparison of Technical Design Criteria between former and revised generating schemes (3 x 600 MW): Natural Gas 7 3. Maximum Concentration of Ambient Air from the Project (combustion Turbine for 6 x 200 MW: Diesel) 8 4. Maximum Concentration at GLC of NO2 from HRSG (3 x 600 MW: Natural Gas) 8 5. Maximum Concentration of Ambient Air from the Project (Combustion Turbine for 12 x 100 MW: Diesel) 11 6. -Maximum Concentration at GLC of NO2 from HRSG (6 x 300 MW: Natural Gas) 11 7. Comparison of Water Consumption between former and revised generating schemes 13 INTRODUCTION 1. Background The combined Cycle Power Plant Project is initiated according to the Electricity Generating Development Plan of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) for the year 1992-2006 which was approved by the Cabinet on September 12, 1992. As a consequently the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant was included into the Plan with the approval of the Cabinet on October 5, 1993. to realize the Project, EGAT the Southeast Asia Technology Co.Ltd. (SEATEC) to prepare an environmental impact assessment study for the Power Plant comprising six 300-MW generators. The study report was approved by the National Environment Board in the meeting no. 5/2537 on June 8, 1994. During the EIA study period, EGAT also carried out the feasibility study for the transportation of heavy equipments to the project site. The study reveals that the transpartation of the equipments is feasible. In addition, investment cost of a plant with a 600-MW generator which includes costs for equipments, construction and fuel as well as area required for the plant is lower than that of a plant with two 300-MW generators. As a result, SEATEC prepared an additional EIA for the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant based on the same installed power of 1,800 MW but replacing six 300-MW generators with three 600-MW generators. 2. Obiective The objective of the study is to explain significant changes of the existing environmental conditions as a result of changes in project characteristic, and recommend appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring programs. -1- PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1. Project Location The Power Plant Block 1-3 (3 x 600 MW) is to be constructed on an area of 718 rai in Tambon Khao Ngam and Wang Chula, Amphoe Wang Noi, Ayudhaya Province which is the same location of the former project Block 1-6 (6 x 300 MW) as depicted in Figures 1 and 2. 2. Type. Size and Description of Power Plant. The Power Plant is a base load type with a total installed power of 1,800 MW. the generating system comprises 3 sets of 600 MW generator each. Each set is compesed of 2 sets of 200-MW gas turbine and set of 200-MW steam turbine. The generating system has the following design criteria. Natural Gas Diesel Exhaust gas flow (kg/h) 2,264x103 2,261x103 Exhaust gas velocity (m/s) 30.5 30.5 (HRSG) Exhaust temperature (°C) 100 100 Emission at 15% percent 02 NOx (ppmvd) 75 75 NOx as NO2 (kg/h) 300 280 UHC (ppmvd) 7 7 UHC (kg/h) as CH4 10 10 CO (ppmvd) 10 10 CO (kg/h) 25 23 Particulates (kg/h) 10 36 S°2 (ppmvd) - 110 SO2 (kg/h) - 500 Capacity (%) 20 20 Fuel Consumption (kg/s) 15.82 13.74 Gas Consumption (MMCFD) 45 Heat Consumption (kg/h) 2.53x109 2.24x109 Stack Height (m) 35 35 Stack Diameter (m) 8 8 Cooling Tower Type Rectangular concrete, multiple cell, counter flow, induced mechanical draft Total heat load rejected (mJ/s) as required by the cycle Cooling tower outlet water temp (0C) 32-36 1 ! \X\ ii-Xm~~~~~~~~~~Po4T6= 1- 1 ~ S. F"J-' t-'X2.4 Ri. ; ' '4v' r;' e .> -N @ s 4A. et nplHA eEA l R ,- Z'W'ndA aD b A _h~~~~~~t-m _ ;§ S \ > - S I n .l-, <.lan ;-JBt;Gk>;!UtUI"2,~~~~~~S NOn tN .AVpO°-ha ng u' ' 0 y 8 =_ . ' \;.~ 9- ti3n P; Khj9k I2r. hn 1 1'~~ _~~~~~~~~~4 I^ ,n rl Q1 > ga .lqj;a e Ci+inih,9 ^ _lW P ~ ~,;' . -, ~..., '\ /, > : : o1- ~ ~ < ~ , '' '. - a 1p w /. -': k:n' H'v ' l ,,,&>,Xra22zE. E > X o,,/,, . ,- ':,t,.',~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Aphz j Ban rhz r.i i; S ° [K- - - f3 0e6 * ooowo*§._ - | 0. *'i o S l4 4 | .. 0,'- 1 o .l .. & - I -. . ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Air Qualitv The generating system of the Power Plant is changed from combustion turbine of 100 MW each to 200 MW and HRSG of 50 MW each to 100 MW. Therefore, one block has an installed capacity of 600 MW instead of 300 MW while the total installed capacity is still 1,800 MW. Table 1 and 2 compare description of the previous and existing power plants. Such a change is taken for the mathematical model. According to Tables 3 and 4, Figures 3 and 4, it is found that maximum ground level concentrations of NO2 and SO2 are better than those of the previous project (6 x 300 MW) as presented in the previously approved EIA report (June 8, 1994) and reproduced in Tables 5 and 6. In case of CT, 1-h and 24-h maximum GLC are 18.9 and 84.4 ug/cu.m., respectively, which are below the standard of 320 ug/cu.m. For SO2, 24-h maximum GLC are 3.8 and 10.5 ug/cu.m. In case of HRSG, 1-h maximum GLC is found to be 154.9 ug/cu.m. which is also below the standard. Therefore, it can be concluded that a 3 x 600 MW power plant has an advantage of reduction of fuel consumption and thus reducing pollution problems. Water ConsumRtion Water to be consummed in the Power Plant Block 1-3 (3 x 600 MW) is shown in Figure 5 as a water balance block diagram. Consumption of water can be divided into 4 types as follows. - cooling tower 90% - gas turbine 5% - HRSG unit 2.5% - service water 2.5% When compared with the previsous project (6 x 300 MW), the existing project (3 x 600 MW) consumes about 1% less water (Table 7). It is not significant. Other environmental components will not be significantly affected from what has been asssessed for the previous project (6 x 300 MW). -5- TABLE 1 Comparison of Technical Design Criteria between former and Revised generating schemes (3 x 600 MW) Diesel Description For 6 x 300 MW For 3 x 600 MW CT1 C CTI CT2 Capacity (MW) 100 100 200 200 Operation (H/Day) 4 4 4 4 Fuel Type Distillate Oil # 2 Distillate Oil # 2 Consumption Rate (kglsec) 8.36 836 13.74 13.74 % S 1 1 0.5 0.5 Stack Height (m) 60 60 35 35 Diameter (m) 5.5 5.5 8 8 Velocity (m/sec) 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 Temperature (C) 540 540 570 570 Gas Emission (g/sec) NOx* 47.2 47.2 77.8 77.8 SO2 162.8 162.8 139 139 Emission Control System NOx S/W Inj S/W Inj S/W Inj S/W Inj Remark * Expressed as NO2, about 95 weight % of NOx is NO (AP-42, US. EPA, 1985) F:9321 35/TAB-I.WK/37 - B- 0088IDB -6- TABLE 2 Comparison of Technical Design Criteria between former and revised generating schemes (3 x 600 MW) Natural Gas Description For 6 x 300 MW For 3 x 600 MW C(Ti CT2 HRSG 1 HRSG 2 (117C11`2 HRSG I HRSG 2 Capacity (MW) 100 100 50 50 200 200 100 100 Operation (I/Day) 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Fuel Type Natural Gas _ - Natural Gas _ Consumption Rate (MMSCFD) 27.5 27.5 _ _ 45 45 _ Stack Height (m) 60 60 60 60 35 35 35 35 Diameter (m) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 8 8 8 8 Velocity (m/sec) 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 Temperature (°C) 540 540 150 150 570 570 100 100 Gas Emission (g/sec) NOx** _ - 45.8 45.8 - - 83.3 83.3 Emission Control System NOx S/W Inj S/W Inj S/W Inj _1W Inj S/W Inj S/W Inj S/W Inj S/W Inj Remark * In case of open cycle or comline mode, fuel gas is emitted through only 2 stacks ** Expressed as NO2 , about 95 weight % of NOx is NO (AP-42, US. EPA, 1985) TABLE 3 Maximum Concentration of Ambient Air from the Project (Combustion Turbine for (6 x 200 MW Diesel) Normal Case Worst Case* Parameter (4-h operation) (24-h operation) Ambient Standard Concentration Dist. Dir Concentration Dist. Dir (ug/cu.m.) (ug/cu.m) (Km.) (ug/cu.m) (Km.) NO2 1 h 18.93 10.5 NE 84.35 1.6 NW 320 3 h 14.58 7.6 N 28.12 1.6 NW - S02 1 h 33.8 10.5 NE 150.6 1.6 NW - 24 h 3.8 10.5 SW 10.5 7.6 N 300 1 Year 0.3 7.6 N 1.3 7.6 N 100 Remark * hardly occur FS2133IrTAB-IWII/37-B-It SDB TABLE 4 Maximum Concentration at GLC of NOZ from HRSG* (3 x 600 MW: Natural Gas) h Concentration Dist. Dir Ambient Standard (ug/cu.m) (Km.) (ug/cu.m.) 1 154.95 1.5 S 320 3 79.77 1.3 ENE Remark * Complete operation F:932113!TAB-4.WKI/37-Dl-OOSS/DB -8- v, b. . . _ hun A \ X 4 .2.X7l ualr *' |s " @ " . * -2k . *~ , ()WO& tm,t*UJ>- ?lrl ,vX. _______ _______its uq, sS 2 un lll lsesrsulh ;I) t i.IO .' -: E l I 9,.,i3 l C.: RIC V - 1*~~~~~~~0 ,- tXilw i_r;- t - W -_ FIGURE 3; MAX 1 h:: CONCENTRATIONATGLCOF N0:-: : FROM THE PROJCT 350mu I~~~~~~~~~. 1 0. . 1. o-. w .-l,-l E | ^ n STACK HEIGHT FO HRS ONL ' |A|. g/|cu..m.||) |' :' I ''; : . .. .: ...-.- I~~~~~~~ ;h. . I. X i;b.;, 7 i1 . - *wS.W- .1**I-**-**w1- 1''*1 | STACIC HEIGHT FOR HRSG ON~ ~~~LY (g/cu.m )cr _9_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ .. unl- * ) PlttAaQ2\(..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I\ I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I :~~~~~~ _. <2\^',** ..* * ; ; . . .i. OPERATION FOR CT ONLY £ug/cu.m'A 13 A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -0 <-+1 . \ - 3 4 3 11 ~~~~~~~~lun 4hXgr\, . * (Js% I) \^t \'. . I*b .% S. . T,. Si -^ > . . . . '. '. '. . ! ) s ; ' . ._ 'fi -M l-cifIT v . . rf . ^U. . . .i S * X s lo X * ;; ;- 1lU~. 1 1. \1 .1 lXnnaiRSe * . . . . . . lrj7unno/t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . .tlt .* .w. .*- . . .6 .b .*C .1 . -*11*r <~~~~~~~ M A V I A I) R , . . . . . . . . - ?1l--| -|^k |. FIGURE 4 MAX 24 h CONCENTRATION AT GLC OF S02 FROM THE PROJECr 24 h OPERATION FOR CT ONLY' (,ug/cu.m) -10- TABLE 5 Maximum Concentration of Ambient Air rrom the Proiee, (Combustion Turbine) (12 x 100 MW: Diesel) Normal Case Worst Case* Parameter (4-h operation) (24-h operation) Ambient Standa Concentration Dist. Dir Concentration Dist. Dir (ug/cu.m.) (ug/cu.m) (Km.) (ug/cu.m) (Km.) NO2 1 h 29.3 10.5 NE 142.7 1.7 E 320 3 h 20.4 7.6 N 74.2 2.2 ENE - SO 1 h 101.0 10.5 NE 492.1 1.7 E - 24 h 11.9 10.5 SW 41.5 4.5 N 300 1 Year 1.1 8.1 N 5.6 7.6 N 100 Remark b hardly occur F9321351rAB-5.WKI137-B- 008& TABLE 6 MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION AT GLC .OF NO, FROM HRSG (6 x 300 MW: Natural Gas) H Conc. Dist. Dir. Ambient (ug/cu.m) (km.) Standard 1 190.3 1.1 N 320 3 103.5 2.6 NNE Remark * complete operation F:9321 35/TABLE-6.WK137 - B-OO0/DB -11- 34411 l n(67PRECIPITATION ROOF & KHONG RAPHIPHAT (3190 SERVICE s2 ts | SLUDGE YARD DRAN ¢127) | 9) WASTE WATER F ", (337)) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~HOLDI)40 (4I06) WASTE WATER TO SERVICE SOLID WASTE HON I DISCUARGE CANAL WATER TO DISPOSAL 1594 SToRLAG E (l-09) WATER~~~~~~~~~~~SWG H AREv B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RATS.IN' !63LA'T 6 OIL 354 ro D~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~REAIN BASIN - - - - - IIAULrED 0 ji CHEMICAL I 0 OFF StTE m (1426 DE. flNNRA- 3ifi (143) Dr 2&4 = 9 r - LIZATION' 2341 (1293) STOR.,E (1213) (942) RRS'2G (*n 1N4soNRECOVE RA3L SYSTE.',f~ UNISLSE (341) COM BL'!,nTO.S (341) EVAPORATION TU'RBI NES N OTES: L. FLOWS ARE IN LITRES ?ER MINUTE- 2. FLOWS ARE BASED ON OIL FUEL. too PERCE.T LOAD FACTOR. 3 FERCENT HRSGOS STEAM LOSSES.AND 75 PPMVD NO, EPMISSION LIMItT AT tMEAN ANNUAL AMBIl ENT TEMPERATURE FIGURE 5 PRELIMINARY WATER MASS BA,LANCE 3. FLOWS IN ?ARANTHESIS ARE BASED ON GAS FUEL. IDO PERCENT LOAD FACTOR. 3 PERCENT HRSO'S STEAM LOSSES. A.ND) 7 PP."IVD NO, EMISSION LIMIT AT MEAN MNIMUM AMBBIENT TEMPrERATURE. 4. CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM FLOWS ARE BASED ON OPERATION AT 10 CYCLE OF CONCENTRATnON AND MEANANNUAL ENVIROMENTAeLCONDMONS S. FLOWS ARE BASED ON THREE 600 MW BLOCKS TABLE 7 Comparison of Water Consumption between former and revised generating schemes Water Consumption for Consumption Rate Changes 1. Cooling Tower varied with size of power plant l No change 2. GT NOx Injection varied with size of gas turbine 8% reduction 3. HRSG varied with size of boiler 16% reduction 4. Service Water varied with size of power plant No change F:93213YIrABLE-7.WK1137-B-OW8IDB -13- MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAMES Air Quality With reference to the specific design data and the model, it was found that NO2 and SO, concentrations are below the standard limits (in case of diesel fuel). In addition, NO2 concentration is also below the standard. A mitigation measure that is taken is to install 35-m stacks. Other mitigation measures and monitoring programs are maintained. (1) Ambient Air Qualitv Parameters - Nitrogen dioxide - Sulphur dioxide - Wind speed and wind direction Locations - 5 stations as shown in Figure 6 1. Wat Rat Bamroong School 2. Suwaphan Sanitwong PhittayaSchool 3. Wat Chula Chindaram School 4. Hiranpong Anusom School 5. Wat Sawang Arom School Frequency Twice annually, i.e., in the northeast and southwest monsoon seasons. Each measurement must be conducted for 7 days continuously. Methodology Follow method recommended by MOSTE or equivalent. (2) Stack Gas Parameters - Sulphur dioxide (for distillate oil No.2) - Nitrogen oxides (for NG or distillate oil No.2) Locations - CT stacks or/and - HRSG stacks Frequency Twice annually concurrently with ambient air monitoring. Methodology Stack gas sampling method Details The results must also include details on quantity of fuel used and percentage of sulphur in the fuel, as well as capacity of production during monitoring. K ( ,~~~~~~~~tR.J J.~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ K K .KU e K~~~~~~~~~0J KfNK K r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ K K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' 6K . K K K KK I0 . KK.~g& KK - 6touv~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1~)K~K~ K K J, P to 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7 ~tJKK*KJ K KK KI ~ K ~.K . K K rK 0 c 0)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.KK >~~~~~~KSKK~ KK.KKK 0 K 0 CA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ K K' 3 jK K 8 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K 0 OQ I oA - n - KK KK KK 0 0 7 O K KKK 7K K \ KK KKKKK K b 0 0 Q K K .kffgI CAo 0 K K K 0 0 P'~~~.KK K K -' 0 PKKKK KK K K \P~. .K ' P- KJ. cn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ K KKKK K K K K ~ 0 . * K K K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J~~~~~~K K~~~~~A ___________ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4t11~~~~~~~l K K K K K~~~K K K K KK K K K. KKKK:K~~~~K 3~ d. .-K K ' K4 K .OK\K K ~ ~ ~ 3 ZK.... . .-Ji iyii.llujj-lluliN iVlitA6UAho ANI) MUNIlURING PROGRAMS FOR WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT Environmental Resources Locations Mitigation Measures/Parameters Frequency Estimate Cost (Baht/Year) 1. Air Quality - Emission Control System (NO.) can't seperated from the instrument: cost - CT Stacks or/and HRSG Stacks - SO2, NO2 - twice a year, for NG 50,000 - 202i NO2 - twice a year, for distillate 70,000 oil No.2 - 3 Stations, outside the project site - 502, NO2 - twice a year, for 7 300,000 consecutive days 2. Noise - Installed Silencer in Release Va.e area can't seperated from the ins;trument cost - Wat Lam Phraya - Le-q (24) - twice a year, for 3 30,000 Consecutive days 3. Water Quality - WastegPater treatment plant can't seperated from the instrument cost Surface Water - 6 Stations, in surface water body - Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, DO, - twice a year 150,000 near the project site BOD, COD, Alkalinity, Hardness, Nitrate, Grease & Oil, Phosphate, Fe, Sulfate, TS, SS, DS, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni and Coliform bacteria Groundwater - 1 well in the project site - pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, DS, SS, Alkalinity, - four times/year 1(,000 Hardness, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sulfate and Nitrate SUMMARY OF MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAMS FOR WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT (cont'd) Environmental Resources Locations Mitigation Measures/Parameters Frequency Estimate Cost (LlahtlYear) 4. Aquatic Ecology - 4 Stations (same as surface water - Plankton and Benthic Organisme - Same period as surface 20,000 quality monitoring stations) water quality 5. Land Subsidence - 2 stations, in the project site - Once a year 10,000 6. Socio-economics - Nearby community - Make a Survey on changes in oecupation, - Every 2 year 20,000 ineome and other socio-economic parameters of villagers by interviews 7. Fuel - Install continuous gas detcetors to monitor can't seperated from the Teakage of watural gas pipitine instrument cost 8. Oecupational Health - Workers in the project site - Set the enough protect instruments and Safety such as safety hat, shoes,, grove, ear plug - set to annual check for e fficiency competence - Once a year 200,000 such as hearing ability, etc. F:932135IT-MITIGAWK1/37-B-O088/DB Cooling Tower Characteristic THE COOLING TOWERS ARE SPECIFIED TO BE OF THE RECTANGULAR, CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, MULTIPLE BACK-TO-BACK CELL, COUTERFLOW, INDUCED MECHANICAL DRAFT TYPE. THE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR EACH TOWER IS AS FOLLOWS. DESIGN WATER FLOWRATE 13,667 LITRES/SECOND INLET WATER TEMPERATURE 44.0 0 C OUTLET WATER TEMPERATURE 36.0 0 C INLET AIR WET-BULB TEMPERATURE 29.9 0 C MAXIMUM DRAFT LOSS 0.002% OF WATER FLOWRATE DESIGN HEAT REJECT TO ATMOSHERE 453,350 kj /sec FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT PROJECT BLOCK 1-6 MAIN REPORT Table of Contents Page Table of Content List of Tables List of Figures Summary of Impacts, Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Programs CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND 1-1 .2 0_@ B i C- 1 VE S%S 0 F x i.e 'JD^JCLIIVCO ijr cupn IuvLJ ,-2 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK 1-2 1.3.1 Types and Priority of Affected Environmental Resources and Values 1-3 1.3.2 Study Area 1-4 1.4 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF WORK 1-4 CHAPTER 11: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1 2.2 PROJECT SITE 2-1 2.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS 2-1 2.3.1 Electricity Generating Block and Major Equipment 2-4 2.3.2 Operation of Combined Cycle Power Plant 2-8 2.3.3 Fuel 2-8 2.4 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT PROCESS 2-12 2.4.1 Raw Water Sources 2-12 2.4.2 Demand and Provision of Raw Water 2-12 2.4.3 Water Treatment 2-18 PAGE 2.5 COOLING WATER SYSTEM 2-20 2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL DISCHARGES 2-20 2.6.1 Air Pollution 2-21 2.6.2 Noise 2-28 2.6.3 Wastewater Treatment and Drainage 2-28 2.6.4 Storm Drainage 2-32 2.6.5 Solid Wastes Handling 2-32 2.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 2-34 2.7.1 Engineering and Economic Feasibility Study 2-34 2.7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment 2-34 2.7.3 Construction of Combustion Turbines 2-37 2.7.4 Commercial Operation of Combustion Turbine Generator Units 2-37 2.7.5 Construction of Steam Turbines 2-37 2.7.6 Commercial Operation of Steam Turbine 2-37 Generator Units 2-37 2.8 CIVIL WORKS 2-37 CHAPTER 3: EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3.2 AIR QUALITY 3-1 3.2.1 Meteorology 3-1 3.2.2 Existing Air Quality 3-5 3.3 NOISE 3-16 3.3.1 Instrument and Noise Measurement Method 3-16 3.3.2 Monitoring Period 3-17 3.3.3 Monitoring Sites 3-17 3.3.4 Result 3-19 3.4 SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY 3.19 3.4.1 Introduction 3-19 3.4.2 Objective and Study Methodology 3-22 3.4.3 Existing Surface Hydrology 3-22 3.4.4 Rainfall and Runoff 3-29 II PAGE 3.5 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 3-44 3.5.1 Introduction 3-44 3.5.2 Objectives 3-44 3.5.3 Study Methodology 3-45 3.5.4 Existing Surface Water Quality 3-45 3.6 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY AND QUALITY 3-55 3.6.1 Introduction 3-55 3.6.2 Objectives and Study Methodology 3-55 3.6.3 Hydrogeological Background 3-56 3.6.4 Groundwater Quality in Project Area 3-61 3.7 SOILS RESOURCES 3-65 3.7.1 Topography and Landform 3-65 3.7.2 Soil Characteristic and Land Quality 3-65 3.7.3 Properties Characteristic and Suitability rof FErh Snil Series in the Area 3-67 3.7.4 Construction of Quality of Soil Resources 3-81 3.8 AQUATIC BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 3-82 3.8.1 Introduction 3-82 3.8.2 Objectives 3-82 3.8.3 Study Methodology 3-83 3.8.4 Existing Condition of Aquatic Organisms 3-84 3.9 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 3-94 3.9.1 Introduction 3-94 3.9.2 Objectives 3-94 3.9.3 Methodology 3-94 3.9.4 Results 3-94 3.10 LAND USE 3-100 3.10.1 Introduction 3-100 3.10.2 Objectives 3-100 3.10.3 Scope of work 3-100 3.10.4 Methodology of Land Use Classification 3-102 3.10.5 Impact Assessment 3-102 3.10.6 Environmental Development Plan 3-102 3.10.7 Results 3-103 III PAGE 3.11 TRANSPORTATION 3-109 3.11.1 ntroducticM -°q 3.11.2 Objectives of the Study 3-109 3.11.3 Presentation of Results 3-109 3.12 WATER USE 3-118 3.13 SOCIO - ECONOMICS 3-129 3.13.1 General 3-129 3.13.2 Population and Sample 3-129 3.13.3 Social Charateristics 3-129 3.13.4 Economic Characteristics 3-134 3.13.5 Attitudes towards Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant 3-141 3.14 PUBLIC HEALTH 3-146 3.14.1 Introduction 3-146 3.14.2 Objective 3-146 3.14.3 Study Methodology 3-146 3.14.4 Existing Conditions 3-146 3.15 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 3-153 3.15.1 Heat 3-153 3.15.2 Noise 3-153 3.15.3 Fire Detection and Protection System 3-153 3.15.4 Fire Protection Equipment 3-155 3.16 AESTHETIC VALUES AND TOURISM 3-156 3.16.1 Introduction 3-156 3.16.2 Aesthetic Quality of the Power Plant Site 3-156 3.16.3 Present Status of Tourism 3-159 CHAPTER 4: ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4.2 AIR QUALITY 4-2 4.2.1 Construction Phase 4-2 4.2.2 Operation Phase 4-2 4.2.3 Modelling Result 4-6 IV PAGE 4.3 NOISE 4-10 4.3.1 Construction Phase 4-10 4.3.2 Operation Phase 4-15 4.4 SURFACE HYDROLOGY 4-15 4.4.1 Construction Phase 4-15 4.4.2 Operation Phase 4-19 4.5 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 4-19 4.5.1 Construction Phase 4-19 4.5.2 Operation Phase 4-20 4.6 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY AND QUALITY 4-25 4.6.1 Construction Phase 4-25 4.6.2 Operation Phase 4-25 4.7 SOIL 4-25 4.8 AQUATIC BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 4-27 4.8.1 Construction Phase 4-27 4.8.2 Operation Phase 4-27 4.9 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 4-28 4.10 LAND USE 4-28 4.10.1 Site Preparation and Construction 4-28 4.10.2 Crop Production 4-28 4.10.3 Residential Effect 4-29 4.11 TRANSPORTATION 4-29 4.11.1 Current Conditions and Impacts 4-29 4.11.2 Construction Phase 4-29 4.11.3 Operation Phase 4-30 4.12 WATER USE 4-30 4.12.1 Construction Phase 4-31 4.12.2 Operation Phase 4-31 v PAGE 4.13 SOCIO - ECONOMICS 4-34 A 1 A, Construction Past A AA34 4.13.2 Operation Phase 4-34 4.14 PUBLIC HEALTH 4-34 4.14.1 Current Condition and Effects 4-34 4.14.2 Construction Phase 4-35 4.14.3 Operation Phase 4-35 4.15 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 4-36 4.15.1 Construction Phase 4-36 4.15.2 Operation Phase 4-36 4.16 AESTHETIC VALUE AND TOURISM 4-38 4.16.1 Construction Phase 4-38 4.16.2 Operation Phase 4-38 4.17 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4-38 CHAPTER 5: MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5.2 AIR QUALITY 5-1 5.2.1 Construction Phase 5-1 5.2.2 Operation Phase 5-1 5.3 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 5-2 5.3.1 Construction Phase 5-2 5.3.2 Operation Phase 5-3 5.4 GROUNDWATER 5-3 5.5 SOILS AND LAND QUALITY 5-4 5.5.1 Construction Phase 5-4 5.5.2 Operation Phase 5-5 5.6 AQUATIC BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 5-6 5.6.1 Construction Phase 5-6 5.6.2 Operation Phase 5-6 VI PAGE 5.7 LAND USE 5-6 5.8 TRANSPORTATION 5-7 5.8.1 Construction Phase 5-7 5.8.2 Operation Phase 5-7 5.9 SOCIO - ECONOMICS 5-7 5.9.1 Construction Phase 5-7 5.9.2 Operation Phase 5-8 5.10 PUBLIC HEALTH 5-8 5.10.1 Construction Phase 5-8 5.10.2 Operation Phase 5-9 5.11 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 5-10 5.11.1 Construction Phase 5-10 5.11.2 Operation Phase 5-10 5.12 AESTHETIC EFFECTS 5-11 5.13 CONCLUSION 5-12 CHAPTER VI: MONITORING PROGRAM 6.1 AIR QUALITY 6-1 6.2 NOISE 6-4 6.3 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 6-4 6.4 SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND WASTEWATER 6-5 6.5 GROUNDWATER QUALITY 6-8 6.6 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 6-8 6.7 SOCIO-ECONOMICS 6-8 VII PAGE 6.8 SOIL SUBSIDENCE 6-9 6.9 FUEL 6-9 APPENDICES A: REFERENCES B: SOILS AND LAND QUALITY C: TRANSPORTATION D: SOCIO-ECONOMICS E: PUBLIC HEALTH F: PHOTOGRAPHS VIII LIST OF TABLES TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE 1-1 Areas to be Affected by Proposed Project 1-5 2-1 Preliminary Engineering Data of Raw Water Sources 2-14 2-2 Summary of Site Selection for Raw Water Sources for Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant 2-15 2-3 Flue Gas Emission for Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant (Distillate Oil No.2) 2-22 2-4 Flue Gas Emission for Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant (NG: 300 MW) 2-23 3.2-1 Climatological Data for the Period 1961-1992 3-3 3.2-2 Frequency of Occurrence of Wind Direction Grouped in Various Wind Speed Intervals 3-8 3.2-3 rOmnnraknriof Pn rltant nf tnhiit, C!ass at rlnn Muang Airnnrt During 1988 - 1992 3-10 3.2-4 Sampling and Analytical Method of Ambient Air Quality 3-14 3.2-5 Ambient Air Quality in Project Area 3-15 3.3-1 Noise Level in Project Area 3-20 3.4-1 List of Rainfall Gauging Station in Study Area 3-31 3.4-2 Average Monthly Rainfall in Nakhon Luang Irrigation Project Area 3-32 3.4-3 Average Monthly Rainfall in South Pasak Project Area 3-33 3.4-4 Average Monthly Rainfall in North Rangsit Project Area 3-34 3.4-5 List of Selected Streamflow Gauging Stations 3-36 3.4-6 Average Monthly and Annual Flow of Selected Stations 3-38 3.4-7 Water Diversion to Raphiphat Canal at Phra Narai Regueator 2519-2536 B.E. 3-40 3.4-8 Water Diversion to Raphiphat Canal at Phra Sri Silp Regueator 2519-2536 B.E. 3-41 3.5-1 Mean Values of Low Tide Water Characteristics Measured by NEB in Chao Phraya River from Pathumthani to Ayudhaya, 1985-1988 3-48 3.5-2 Water Characteristics in Chao Phraya River and Raphiphat Irrigation Canal 3-50 3.5-3 Summary of Water Quality in Chao Phraya River and Khlong Raphiphat and Water Quality Criteria and Standards 3-51 3.5-4 Classifications of Irrigation Waters by Mc Kee and Wolf (1974) and Current Characteristics of Khlong Raphiphat Water 3-53 Ix LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D) TA121 C f%KA 3.5-5 Classification of Irrigation Waters by the Royal Irrigation Department and Current Characteristics of Khlong Raphiphat Water 3-54 3.6-1 List of Existing Deep Wells in Study Area 3-60 3.6-2 Quality of Groundwater as Surveyed by DMR 3-62 3.6-3 Quality of Groundwater in Study Area 3-63 3.8-1 Species Composition and Abundance of Plankton Organisms 3-85 3.8-2 Abundance and Percentage of Plankton Organisms 3-87 3.8-3 Abundance of Benthic Organisms 3-89 3.8-4 Species of Aquatic Weeds Found in Chao Phraya River and Khlong Raphiphat on December 17, 1993 3-90 3.8-5 Freshwater Fish Species Reported to be Present in Lower Chao Phraya River, Ang Thong Province to Nonthaburi Province (During 1980 - 1990) 3-92 3.8-6 Species of Fish Recorded to be Present in Khlong Raphiphat 3-93 3.9-1 List of Bird found in Study Area 3-95 3.9-2 Percent of Bird Status 3-99 3.9-3 Percent of Bird Abundance 3-99 3.9-4 List of Amphibians and Reptiles 3-101 3.10-1 Land Use Classification of Study Area 3-105 3.10-2 List of Field Crops and Horiticultural Crops in Study Area (1993 - 1994) 3-106 3.10-3 List of Multi-Purpose Trees Found in Residential Area of Study Area (1993 - 1994) 3-107 3.10-4 List of Tree, Herb, Vegetable and Grain Found in Home Plot of Study Area (1993 - 1994) 3-109 3.11-1 Aunual Average Traffic Volume on Five Major Routes During 1988 - 1992 3-115 3.11-2 Percentage of Annual Average Daily Traffic Volume Between Light Vehicles and Heavy Vehicles on Major Routes 3-116 3.12-1 Water Allocation in Lower Chao Phraya-East Bank (Average Year) 3-123 3.12-2 Average Water for Irrigation Purpose 3-124 3.12-3 Water Management for Chao Phraya-East Bank Area 3-125 3.12-4 Water Discharge at Memorial Bridge for Salt Water Intrusion and Water Pollution Control (1982-1988) 3-128 3.13-1 Number of Population of Wang Noi by Sex and Number of Household (1983 - 1992) 3-131 3.13-1A List of Villages Sampled for Socio-Economic Survey 3-131 x LIST OF TABLES (CONT'D) TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE 3.13-2 Some Living Characteristics of Villagers 3-133 3.13-3 Some Social Characteristics of Sample 3-135 3.13-4 Distribution of Health Services Used by Villagers 3-135 3.13-5 5 Years Health History of Household Heads 3-136 3.13-6 Distribution of Household Income of Sample 3-137 3.13-7 Sources of Household Income 3-138 3.13-8 Distribution of Household Expense 3-138 3.13-9 Sources of Household Expenses 3-139 3.13-10 Distribution of Debt 3-139 3.13-11 Sources of Loan 3-140 3.13-12 Distribution of Saving 3-141 3.13-13 Attitudes of Villagers towards Project 3-143 3.13-14 General Effects of the project to Communities 3-145 3.14-1 Number and Cause of illiness of Out-Patient of Wang Noi Hospital Oct, 91 - Sep. 92 (1992) and Oct, 92 - Sep, 93 (1993) 3-149 3.14-2 Health Facilities in Ayudhaya 3-150 3.14-3 Health Personnel and Population per Personnel in Ayudhaya (Only Governmental Sector) and the Whole Country 3-151 4.2-1 Flue Gas Emission for Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant (Distillate Oil No.2) 4-4 4.2-2 Flue Gas Emission for Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant (NG = 300 MW) 4-5 4.2-3 Miximum Concentraton of Ambient Air from the Project (Combustion Turbine) 4-7 4.2-4 Maximum Concentration at GLC of N02 from HRSG 4-13 4.3-1 EPA Identification of Major Noise - Source Categories of Products 4-16 4.5-1 Effluent Holding Pond Water Characteristics of Rayong Combined Cycle Power Plant, 1991 - 1992 4-22 4.5-2 Water Characteristics in Huai Pong Canal, Prior and After Receiving Effluent form Rayong Combined Cycle Power Plant 4-23 4.7-1 Summary of Adverse Effects of each Soil Series 4-26 5-1 Summary of Mitigation Measures for Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant Project Block 1-6 5-13 XI LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE 2-1 Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant Project Area 2-2 2-2 Master Plan Site Layout of Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant 2-3 2-3 Combined Cycle Plant Schematic Diagram 2-9 2-4 Locations of Initial Alternative Raw Water Intake Sites 2-13 2-5 General Flow Diagram of Main Water Use 2-16 2-6 Preliminary Water Mass Balance 2-17 2-7 Flow Diagram of Water Pretreatment Plant 2-19 2-8 Amount of Nitrogen Oxides at various Combustion Temperatures 2-24 2-9 Percentage of Nitrogen Oxides Emitted at Various Water to Fuel Ratio 2-26 2-10 Location of Nitrogen Oxides Detectors in Generator 2-27 2-11 Diagram of Wastewater Treatment System 2-29 2-12 Diagram of Chemical - Contaminated Wastewater Treatment System 2-31 2-13 Diagram of Oily Contaminated Wastewater Treatment System 2-33 2-14 Project Implementation Schedule 2-35 3.2-1 Atmospheric Pressure at Don Muang Airport 30-Year Period (1961-1990) 3-4 3.2-2 Atmospheric Temperature at Don Muang Airport 30-Year Period (1961-1990) 3-4 3.2-3 Relative Humidity at Don Muang Airport 30-Year Period (1961-1990) 3-6 3.2-4 Rainfall at Don Muang Airport 30-Year Period (1961-1990) 3-6 3.2-5 Wind Rose at Don Muang Airport 30-Year Period (1951-1980) 3-7 3.2-6 Wind Rose at Don Muang Station in 1992 3-9 3.2-7 Percentage of Atmospheric Stability Class at Don Muang Airport in 1992 3-11 3.2-8 Air Monitoring Stations 3-12 3.3-1 Noise Monitoring Stations 3-18 3.3.2 Noise Level in Study Area 3-21 3.4-1 Chao Phraya River Basin 3-23 3.4-2 Chao Phraya Irrigation Project 3-25 3.4-3 Irrigation Area of Lower Chao Phraya East Bank and Pasak Basin 3-27 3.4-4 Average Annual Rainfall in Chao Phraya Basin 3-30 3.4-5 Stream Gauging Stations 3-37 3.4-6 Lower Chao Phraya Basin and Chao Phraya East Bank Project 3-39 3.4-7 Water Diversion to Raphiphat Canal at Phra Narai Regulator 3-42 3.4-8 Water Diversion to Raphiphat Canal at Phra Sri Silp Regulator 3-43 XII LIST OF FIGURES (CONT'D) FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE 3.5-1 Location of Sampling Stations at Raw Water Intake Site in Chao Phraya River (WN1) and in Raphiphat Irrigation Canal (WN2 - WN5) 3-46 3.5-2 Location of NEB Sampling Stations for Chao Phraya River Water 3-47 3.6-1 Hydrogeologic Map of Lower Central Plain 3-57 3.6-2 Profile of Aquifers at Ayudhaya in North-South Direction 3-58 3.6-3 Bored Logs of Existing Deep Well in Study Area 3-59 3.7-1 Soil Map of Study Area 3-66 3.10-1 Land Use Pattern within 5 km Radius of Power Plant 3-104 3.11-1 Main Road Network in the Middle Part of Central Region and Study Area 3-110 3.11-2 Transportation Newtork in Study Area 3-111 3.11-3 Newly-Proposed and under Construction Highways in Study Area 3-114 3.11-4 Existing Road Network in Study Area 3-119 35 12-1 1 nwer Chao Phraqv Fast Rank Irrination Project 3-191 3.12-2 Water Management in Lower Chao Phraya East Bank Irrigation Project 3-122 3.12-3 Schematic Diagram of Water Use along Chao Phraya Main Stream 3-127 3.13-1 Amphoes Boundaries of Ayudhaya Province 3-130 3.13-2 Illustration of Sampling Frame of Socio-Economic Impact Study 3-132 3.16-1 Distribution of Monasteries around the Power Plant 3-157 4.2-1 Max 1 hr Concentration at GLC of No2 from the Project: -4 hr Operation for CT only (ug/cu.m.) 4-7 4.2-2 Max 1 hr Concentration at GLC of NO2 from the Project: 24 hr Operation for CT (4g/cu.m.) 4-8 4.2.3 Max 24 hr Concentration at GLC of SO2 from the Project: 4 hr Operation for CT only (ug/cu.m.) 4-11 4.2-4 Max 24 hr concentration at GLC of SO2 from the Project: 24 hr Operation for CT onlyu (ug/cu.m.) 4-12 4.2-5 Max 1 h Concentration at GLC of NO2 from the Project: 60 m Stack Height for HRSG (pg/cu.m.) 4-12 4.3-1 Noise Level at Various Distances; Construction Phase 4-17 4.3-2 Noise Level at Various Distances; Operation Phase 4-18 4.12-1 Water Balance in Lower Chao Phraya Basin in Wet Season with Pasak Reservoir 4-32 4.12-2 Water Balance in Lower Chao Phraya Basin in Dry Season with Pasak Reservoir 4-33 xiii LIST OF FIGURES (CONT'D) ruI..iunc ~LO L5..jor I IvIF ____P__ 6-1 Air and Noise Monitoring Stations during Construction Period 6-2 6-2 Air Monitoring Stations during Operation Period 6-3 6-3 Surface Water Quality, Aquatic Ecology and Wastewater Characteristics Monitoring Stations during Construction Period 6-6 6-4 Surface Water Quality, Aquatic Ecology and Wastewater Characteristics Monitoring Stations during Operation Period 6-7 XIV SUMMARY OF IMPACTS, MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAMS xv SUMMARY OF IMPACIS. MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING PROGRAMS FOR WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT Environmental Resources/Values Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Programs 1. Physical Environmental Resources 1.1 Air Quality Construction Phase - Dust dispersion from construction activities - Spray cfwater twice a day on open land to - Monitoring is recommended for TSP at such as land preparation and transportation reduce dust dispersion is recommended. Wat Lam Phraya, every 4 month ]_ach is expected. measurement must be performed for 3 consecutive days. Operation Phase - At the first stage, at CTstack height of 60 m, - Stack height of Cr units should be kept at - Monitoring is recommended for NO2, S02 GLC of SO2 around the project site is acceptable. 60 m minimum. and wind speed and direction at 5 stations, - At the final stage, at HRSG stack height of 60 m, - Stack height of IlRSG should be kept at for 7 consecutive days. The frequency is GLC of SO2 and NO2 is acceptable. 60 m minimum. twice a year. - Monitoring of stack gas for SO2 and NO2 at Cr and HRSG is recommended with ambient air quality monitoring. 1.2 Noise Construction Phase - Maximum predicted noise of 76-101 dB,A at - Loud noise equipment must be avoided - Monitoring of Leq (24) for24 h. twice a year source will reduce to 70 dBA at the distance of at night time. at Wat Lam Phraya during construction phase is 4oo-.S00 m away from the source. This will - Regular check-up and maintenance of equipment is suggested. affect Wat Lam Phraya and nearby community, necessary. as compared with standard of 55-60 dBA. - Noise protection apparatus must be provided toworkers. Operation Phase - Noise level at the distance of 60. 120 and - No mitigation measure is required. - No monitoring program is required. 200 m away from the plant center will reduce to 49, 43 and 39 dBA thus causing no effects to nearby community. 1.3 Surface Water Hydrology Construction Phase - Soils spilled during transport might block the - Prevention of soil spillage from trucks into the water - Monitoring program of Khlong conditions during TABLE 4-1 (Cont'd) Environmental Resources/Values Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Programs Operation Phase - Impacts due to serious shortage of water in some - Cooperation of EGATwith RID for properwater - Water situation in relation to the Plant must be periods. management must be carried ouL closely monitore:h - Construction of a raw water reservoir for 5-d storage in necessary. 1.4 Surface Water Quality Construction Phase - Construction of intake station will cause - Provision of a temporary holding pond for - Monitoring of water quality in Chao Phraya River short term increase in turbidity, color and SS storing runoff to allow sedimentation and and Khlong Raphiphat for temperature, pH, in Khlong Raphiphat. siltation. conductivity, tuibidity, SS, TDS, alkalinity, - Dredging of canal bed for installation of suction - Proper handling or disposal of residual hardness, DO, BOD, grease & oil and color pipewill increase turbidity, color and SS and construction materials and other solidwastes must be conducted at least once in rainy season decrease in DO. is required. (Octcber). - Construction of on-site structures such as - Proper wastewater and solid wastes buildings, ponds, auxilliary equipments, etc. treatment and disposal for labor camp is H will generate short term impacts to existing required. storm drainage canaL Wang Chula canal due mainly to surface soil erosion, in terms of turbidity, color and SS. - Contamination of wastewater from labor camp - Provision of well-designed toilets with in surface water body causes increase in BOD, proper treatment unit. total and faecal coliform and decrease in DO. Operation Phase - Dischargeof effluent of 5,197 /n in (dieseloil fuel) - Treatment of holding pond effluent to reduce - Monitoring of water quality in Khlong Raphiphat and 4,916 Vmin (gas fuel) into Khlong 26 SS, conductivity and TDS is required. and Khlong 26 for temperature, pH, conductivity, will affect downstream water quality in terms - Treated effluent should partly be recycled or reused. turbidity, SS, TE S, alkalinity, hardness, DO, of SS, TDS, hardness, sulfate, conductivity - Study on toxicological effects of chemicals BOD, H2S and grease & oil must be conducted and copolymers using in cooling system. using in cooling system on indigenous twice a year in rainy season (October) and in dry plants and aquatic organisms is required. season (April). - Contamination of chemicals maybe harmful to - Additional monitoring of water quality for Pb, aquatic lives. Cr, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Ni and Cd in dry season and pesticides in rainy season must be conducted. TABLE 4-1 (Contd) Environmental Resources/Values Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Itrograms 1.5 Groundwater Construction Phase - Contamination ofseepage from septic tanks - lnstalllation of septic tanks at least 30 m in labor camp into groundwater is possible. away Jfrom the nearest groundwater source will prevent the contamitation. Operation Phase - Amount of water for domestic supply is - Withdrawal at optimal rate is necessary to prevent land - Monitoring of land subsidence is required. within the yield of groundwater wells in this subsidence. area. Therefore, no impact is expected. - Monit oring of drawdonw from test wells is - Monitoringofdrawdownisrequired. reconimended. - Groudwater quality is suitable for domestic - Water for drinking purpose must be treated. use but must be treated, if used for drinking. - Monitoring of groundwater quality is - Monitoring of groundwater quality recomnmended. twice a year is recommended for- pl 1, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, Ht calcium, iron, magnesium, chloride, H ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~sulfate and nitr-ate. 2. Ecological Environmental Resources 2.1 Terrestrial Ecology Construction Phase - Birds, reptiles and amphibians will migrate - No mitigation measure is required. from the project site to nearby areas of similar nature in terms of food and habitat thus no impact will be signifrcant. Operation Phase . - Same as in construction phase - No mitigation measure is required. 2.2 Aquatic Ecology and Fisheries Construction Phase - Short term effect due to increase in tutbidity - The construction period is short and Khlong Raphiphat from construction of intake structure will is not important in terms of fisheries. affect aquatic organisms in Khlong Raphiphat. IABLE 4-1 (Sont'd) Environmental Resources/Values Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Programs - Short term effect due to increase in turbidity from - Most soil and land preparation must be done in dry - Monitoring mu3t be set for aquatic ecology, soil erosion of the plant construction will affect season. i.e. plankton, and benthos, at the intake point, plankton, benthos and fishes in Khlong Raphiphat - A temporary holding pond must be constructed for and 1 km upstrcam and downstream of the intake and Khlong 26. storage of runoff to allow sedimentation. point at least once in rainy season. Operation Phase - At the raw water intake pump station, young fish - Intake pipe inlet must be installed at least 2 m below the - Same as for cor struction phase. and fish eggs will be pumped into the intake. surface due to low density of plankton organisms and fish Degree of mortality depends on design of intake eggs at that depth. structure. Floating weeds will also affect the intake. - Screening structure must be placed at the inlet of intake pipe to prevent aquatic organisms, floating debris and aquaticweeds. - Large volume of water discharged from the power - A fisheries management unit, fish stocking program and plantwill increase water in Khlong26 for natural control of aquatieweeds in Khlong Raphiphat and Khlong fisheries and aquaculture. 26 should be established. - Changes in flow regime of Khlong 26 will alter group composition of aquatic organisms. 3. Human Use Values 3.1 Land Use Construction Phase - Transport of soil from the pitwill create a large well and water transmission pipeline will distuib a small scale on land use. Operation Phase - The power plant will require a large amount of - The Plant must have a storage reservoir to reserve raw water and drain its wastewater into Khlong 26. If water for 5 days to prevent conflict of water use with wastewater is contaminated with toxic substances, it villagers. This is to prevent shortage of water for fruit will be harmful to fruit trees and aquatic lives. This orchards and changes in land use to other activities. will alter land use pattern. TABLE 4-1 (Cont'd) Environmental Resources/Values Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitorinig Progra mns - The treated effluent, though helping increase in water flo.v of Khlong26, must be treated to conform to the standards. This is to protect fruit trees and aquatic lives so that people will not change the purpose of land use. Upon plant completion, infrastructure will be - Local agencies must control development in the area developed from agricultural area to residential confonning to the master plan, one. 3.2 Transportation Construction Phase - Transport of soil for earthwork and land - Transport of construction materials should be done out - No mitigation program is required. reclamation will have minor effects on of rush hours. traffic, since inner lateritic road will be used. - Speed limits of trucks should be controled at 60 km/h. - Transport of construction materials will come - Traffic signs and lighting should be provided together mainly from Bangkok. However, ready mixed with traffic controllers. concrete is transported from the nearby - Weight of trucks should be limited at 25 tons. Siam Cement plant. - Transport of machine and equipment will be - (arefull inspection of trucks not to make roads dirty via Route No. I which is already expanded to shouldibe done. 10-lane highway thus giving minor effects. - Daily commuting and minor supplies to the site will increase traffic volume in Amphoe Wang Noi. - Installation of raw water transmission pipeline will disturb traffic flow. Operation Phase Project activities will induce traffic to the - Traffic signs and lighting should be provided together project area and the vicinity. with traffic controllers. - Cooperation with government agencies to increase traffic safety will be done. TABLE 4-1 (Cont'd) Environmental Resources/Values Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Programs 3.3 Water Use Construction Phase - The plant requires about 400 cu.m.d or 0.012 MCM/month or 0.144 cu.mJyr. of water from West Raphiphat for construction activities during January 1994 to November 1995. This amount is only 0.6% of monthly runoff in Khlong Raphiphat during dry season. Therefore, insignificant effect-on water use is expected. Operation Phase Khlong Raphiphat, A.Nong Khae, Saraburi - The Plant utilizes water of about 1.25 MCM/month - Cooperationbetween EGATand RID is recommended. from Khlong Raphiphat at Phra Sri Silp Regulator. The amount of water required is about 6% of the total runoff in Khlong Raphiphat during dry X season (21 MCWmonth). In addition, groundwater will be withdrawn as a back -up for construction activities. No impact is then expected. - In case the pasak Project is completed, runoff in Chao phraya will be increased by 50% thus no impact is expected. 4. Quality of Ufe Values 4.1 Socio-economics Construction Phase - Noise and dust from transport and construction - Dust from transport and construction activities must be activities may distuib people living near and prevented by means of water spraying on uncovered around the site. areas or gravel/dirt roads and also by planting of grass in some finished areas. - In order to keep noise levels within the standard. selection of low noise machine and provision of regular maintenance as well as avoidance of working and transporting during the night time is recommended. * * * TABLE 4-1 (tont'd) Environmental Resources/Valucs E'nvironmcntal Impacts Mitigation Mcasurcs Monitorinig lrogram i= - Immigration of construction workers into the area - EGAT should provide infrastructure to construction may give rise to disorder, insecurity and workers such as houses, bathrooms, toilets, wastewater unpeacefulness of villages. treatme nt system, solid waste management, etc. and - Villagers will benefit from retailed trading of selection of workers. daily consumer products to construction workers. - Villagers will eam more income by being hired as - Local people must be given priority in employment construction workers. opportunity. - There will be resistance movement to the Project - EGAT should give more understanding of the Project to if there is no sufficient information or villager.; especially those living in the vicinity of the Plant. acknowledgement about the Project to villagers. Operation Phase - Villagers will earn more income by being hired or - EGAT must give priority in employment opportunity employed as project personnel. to local people. This will also help solving housing prcbleni. - The area will be developed into more urbanized - EGAT must provide better physical infrastructure to the area due to establishment of the Plant. villages such as roads, electricity, etc. - Villagers will experience from a change in social - EGAT should participate as a committee member in pattem or their way of living due to more income Tambon's or village's organcation in order to receive generation and development of the area, information concerning needs of communities and to take chance in spreading project informations to heads of communities. - Project personnel must make familiarwith local people. - EGAT should provide a suggestion box and PR staff to directly receive comments from public. - EGAT should interview people to investigate changes in occupation, income and other socio-economic parameters every 2 year. Environmental Resources/Values Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Programs - Air and water pollution, if not properly treated, - Wastewater from the Plant must be treated to acceptable - Monitoring of surface water quality is conducted. will adversely affect agricultural produce and also levels to prevent deterioration of Khlong 26 water health status. quatity and thus adversely affecting agricultural farming and health of peopk. - Air and noise polution must be strictly controled. - Monitoring of zir quality and noise level is conducted. 4.2 Public Health Construction Phase - Sanitary conditions in worker camp should be - Provision of good sanitary conditions such as mnaintained in good conditions to prevent well-designed housing units, hygienic toilets and poor quality of life, unhygienic conditions, etc. bathrooms and clean drinking water. - Noise and dust disturbance to local people is - Loud noise equipment and heavy trucks must be avoided expected. during night time. In addition, dust must be controlled. - Accidents caused by heavy trucks to local - Safety measures for traffic and transport must people will be a major problem. be established. HH - Most of construction workers are untrained - Good and close supervision must be provided for workers. H for specificwork and have limited knowledge Medical unit with adequate staff and equipments must leading to lack of safety awareness, improper also be made available at site. In addition, transport attitudes, lack of knowledge for specific job, etc. service for injured workers must be provided. Operation Phase - Maintenance workers and operators will be the - Regular medical surveillance is to be provided for these high risk group to working accidents due to personnel. improper management, fatique, etc. - Stringent supervision and control and proper management are necessary to minimize the accidents. The medical center must be established. - Transport accidents are likely to occur. - Safety regulations must be provided within the plant and personnel must be aware of safety. - Laboratory personnelwillbe subject to health - Air quality mustbe maintainedwithin the national hazards from chemicals in terms of skin irritation. ambient air quality standard and must be monitored Long tern exposure will lead to respiratory tract regularly. disease and defection of kidney and liver. TABLE 4-1 Contd) Environmental Resources/Values Environmental Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Prograrns 4.3 Occupational Health and Safety - Noise from operation of machine such as - Maintenance of machine should be done - Monitoring of noise at generator and gas turbine and intake area will not exceed regularly., instrument air unit should be done: once 85 dBAwhichcomplieswith the standard of - Insulation of turbine casing should be a year. Ministry of Interior (90 dBA). Thus no serious replaced periodically to reduce noise and effect from noise is expected. vbration. - Control room should be provided in case of continuous exposure to noise. - Ear protection equipment should be provided for employees. - Monitoring of noise should be conducted regularly. - Hearing loss shouldbe tested forworkers - Test forhearing loss shouldbe done annually who work in noisy areas. for workers being exposed to loud noise. - Since the machine that causes heat is covered in - Heat insulation is provided. - WGBT should be monitored once. a year H . the enclosure therefore such heat will not cause any adverse health effects to workers. - Accidents may occur from unsafe acts of workers - Proper management and close supervision - Sickness and accidents of all levels must be especially during maintenance. If preventive shouldbe implemented. recorded throughout the course of operation. measures are effectively implemented and followed up impactswill not be serious. - Leakage of gas pipeline may cause serious damages. - Regular check-up of pipe conditions is recommended. - Continuous gas detector with on line system shouldbe installed for monitoring 4.4 Aesthetic Values and Tourism Construction Phase purpose. - Construction of the power plant will create dust noise and vibration. - No tourist sites are near the power plant thus no impacts are expected. Operation Phase - Smoke from the power plantwill reduce - Provision of greenbelts and areas shouldbe done. aesthetic quality of the site. - The power plantwill induce housingand industrial - Local agenciesshouldcontrol establishment of housing development in the area. estates and factories. CHAPTER 1 uLIN I nJ"~I U %..-, i. l%jI' CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERALBACKGROUND In September 1991, the working group on electricity demand forecast estimated electricity demands for the Seventh to Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plans (NESDP) as follows: NESDP Electricity Demand Increase (MW) No. Year From To MW % 7 1992 - 1996 8,045 13,075 5,030 10.20 8 1997 - 2001 13,075 19,000 5,925 7.76 9 j 2002 -2006 19,000 25,515 6,515 6.07 J To accomplish the forecasted demands plus the 15% reserve margin for the system, EGAT has conducted a power development plan for the years 1992-2006 which includes the establishment of the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant with a total installed capacity of 4 x 100 MW. The project is an urgent and scheduled to be completed for implementation by March 1995. However, with the delay of the Ao Phai project and the uncertainty of natural gas supply from Malaysia for the lower central region combined cycle power plant project, together with the expected increase of natural gas supply from the Gulf of Thailand and the policy to establish a power plant close to a load center so that the impact of power transmission line is minimized, the power installation of the Wang Noi Power Plant is then enlarged to 6 x 300 MW. The current installed capacity of the overall EGAT system in 1993 was 12,179.5 MW, of which 2,416.5 MW was from hydropower plants, 6,101.5 MW from thermal power plants, 3,423.6 MW from combined cycle power plants, 224 MW from gas turbine power plants, and 13.9 MW from other power plants including geothermal, diesel and non-conventional energy power plants. It is therefore necessary for EGAT to accelerate the establishment of the planned urgent power plant projects including the Wang Noi Power Plant Project. EGAT has awarded the Southeast Asia Technology Co. Ltd. (SEATEC) to undertake the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant Project in accordance with the contract No. EGAT 46-7-95-0043 dated November 17, 1993. The study period 1 -1 was estimated around 3 months. The Report is to be submitted to the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP) for review and approval. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF EIA STUDY According to the Terms of Reference, the following objectives are specified for this EIA study. 1) To define the study area which would be directly and indirectly affected by the development of the proposed project. 2) To describe the existing characteristics and quality of environmental resources and values of significance. 3) To characterize the physical, biological and socio-economic aspects that would directly affect, or indirectly alternate, limit or support project design, project cost and benefit. 4) To identify the principal changes of the environment anticipated as a result of the project development. 5) To predict the short and long term impacts of the proposed project of significance and magnitude of the predicted impact. 6) To recommend the short and long term measures to prevent or mitigate the adverse environmental effects and/or maximize the positive results of the proposed project upon the local and regional environment. 7) To recommend appropriate guideline for environmental monitoring program with the relevant cost estimate for the proposed project. 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK In accordance to the TOR, it is required that the EIA study of the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant Project involve analysis and interpretation of literatures for review of existing conditions and collection of additional field data that would lead to accurate and validate findings and practical recommendations. The study of existing environmental conditions encompasses both project area and regional scale. The area of great concern is placed heavily over effects of gaseous emission on sensitive receptors. Air quality modelling study is performed to identify impacts from gaseous emitted from natural gas and diesel oil as main sources of fuel. Water consumption for and wastewater and solid wastes from the Plant are also studied and discussed. In addition, other environmental resources and values which would affect and would be affected by plant realization are investigated, such as noise, land resources, ecosystem and socio-economics. 1-2 For individual aspects, the study includes existing (ambient) conditions with past conditions and future trend (qualitative and/or quantitative), impact assessment, mitigation measures and monitoring programs. The potential impacts are identified for both short-term and long-term periods. 1.3.1 Types and Priority of Affected Environmental Resources and Values Prior to the study, EGAT submitted the TOR to OEPP for review and approval. After the consideration, OEPP required that the study must conform to the guideline for preparation of EIA study of an industrial project as issued by OEPP in September 1992. All four environmental resources and values, namely, physical resources, ecological resources, human use values and quality of life values, must be covered in the scope of study. In addition, OEPP revised the study priority specifically for the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant Project as follows. First Priority - Air quality - Surface water hydrology and water resources (and groundwater, if withdrawn for plant use.) - Water quality, wastewater discharge and characteristics of receiving water body - Ecological resources - Water use - Socio-economics - Noise - Public health - Occupational health and safety Second Priority - Soil/land quality - Land use - Solid wastes Third Priority - Transportation - Aesthetics In carrying out this specific study, the Consultant has followed the OEPP's revised study priority and put the level of effort for each study aspect based on the given study priorities. 1-3 1.3.2 Study Area The study area for individual environmental resources/values is determined after the site reconnaissance and rpview of literatures torneerninn the rcijeCt and thc proj-ct areas. Table 1-1 summarizes the affected areas under this study. 1.4 GENERAL SEQUENCE OF WORK In undertaking this study, the following sequence of work adopted was as follows: 1) Data collection 2) Analysis of data obtained in (1) including screening for useful data/information and accuracy analysis, mathematical/statistical analysis, tabulation and cross-tabulation as needed, etc. 3) Description of past/existing environmental conditions of each parameter and projection of possible future conditions without the proposed plant. 4) Detailed review of project features, their characteristics, all requirements (such as fuel oil, natural gas supply, water supply, land, etc.) staged implementation plan, construction schedule, operation requirements, and operation plan, engineering feasibility, and economic/financial analysis. 5) Matnematical modelling of parameters concerned especially Air Quality Modelling, corresponding to each increment until the ultimate installed capacity. 6) Based on results in (3), (4), and (5) above, projections of the with-project conditions of each environmental parameter in the future were carried out qualitatively and/or quantitatively for each increment. 7) Identification of interrelationships among environmental parameters and/or their effects. 8) Recommendation for an integrated plan for mitigation/enhancement of adverse/positive effects of the Project, both short-term and long-term, based on results obtained in (6) or (7). 9) Recommendation for a monitoring program and an environmental development plan, for the Project, based on the results obtained in (6) and (7) above, will be performed. 1-4 TABLE 1-1 AREAS TO BE AFFECTED BY PROPOSED PROJECT No. Environmental Parameters Affected Areas 1 Air quality Within 5 km from the power plant site, based on climatological conditions. 2 Surface water hydrology At the intake point in Chao Phraya River and Khlong Raphiphat 3 Water resources Within Lower Chao Phraya River Basin 4 Groundwater hydrology and quality Within 2 km from the power plant site. 5 Surface water quality At the intake points in Chao Phraya River and Khlong Raphiphat and discharge point in Khlong Raphiphat 6 Aquatic ecological At the locations as specified in (5) resources/fisheries 7 Terrestrial ecology Within 5 km from the power plant site. 8 Water use At the intake points in Chao Phraya River and Khlong Raphiphat and also on site and in nearby communities. 9 Socio-economics Same as in (1). 10 Noise Same as in (4). 11 Public health Within Wang Noi district. 12 Occupational health and safety Within the plant boundary. 13 Soil and land quality Same as in (1). 14 Land use Same as in (1). 15 Solid wastes Mainly on site and at the dumping area. Also within nearby communities. 16 Transportation Roads connecting project site and nearby areas, especially access roads. 17 Aesthetics Mainly on site, at intake points and at discharge point. Also within 5 km from the power plant site. 1 -5 CHAPTER 2 PRO- w'rn EClu- A" ClPl"rlrF TlON CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION Due to many advantages of a combined cycle power plant in comparison with a conventional thermal power plant such as lower construction cost, shorter construction time, lower cooling water required, more flexibility of operation, shorter start-up time and from EGAT experience in operation of the existing combined cycle power plants such as Bang Pakong combined cycle power plant block No. 1, 2, 3 and 4; Rayong combined cycle power plant block No. 1, 2, 3 and 4;and Nam Phong combined cycle power plant block No. 1, it revealed that the efficiency of the combined cycle power plant is higher than the modern conventional thermal power plant while the availability and reliability is almost the same. Therefore, EGAT planned to implement several projects of combined cycle power plant using natural gas as main fuel. One among them is the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant. 2.2 PROJECT SITE The proposed Power Plant is located in an area of 718 rai in Tambon Khao Ngam and Wang Chula in Amphoe Wang Noi, Ayudhaya province as depicted in Figure 2-1. 2.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS The Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant is designed to be a base load power plant and its plant factor is at around 80 %. In the first year of operation when only combustion turbines are put into grid system and distillate oil is used, in case of fuel gas pipeline is not ready, the operating hour will be around 1,500 h/yr and the Power Plant will serve only for system daily peak load demand. The proposed Power Plant is to be equipped with 6 blocks of electricity generator, composed of 4 blocks in the first stage and 2 blocks for future extension. Each block has a generating capacity of 300 MW, totalling of 1800 MW. The main components comprising in each block are 2 units of combustion turbine generator, 2 units of heat recovery steam generator, and 1 unit of steam turbine generator. Power generation from the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant will be transmitted from its switchyard through 230 KV four-circuit line to Bang Pa-In 2 substation for further distribution. The master plan site layout of the Power Plant is shown in Figure 2-2. The descriptions of the Project are as follows: 2-1 ,~~~~~~~~~~H _.!-.." .'\;' .m.T! A, | B ' ' § ' t ' 2')- ' ' ' 5*: >nL > . W bar) t .~~~~~~~~~~' . , , viSL5110AR f T t i1 *8 iS 5> ;1 g;\2 zi . x| ,, _t Ban K Sc.($) Lo ] ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -A _ WA'T -B 5;~~ a - \ --I ~ 's^_t ft g < o >t) ff^< >\\* . n T ! S *a Aa>> 8 K^ it -- v;\2<.mhe og bny t4 t.t5 ::> \* s ;-..-'2 l!;L - ,t\vF2 - xtn1 -s,, ;S't Fl *sS l - E8_Nno ,5A;> . W8.........., .~.> \~ ,4mph lag[nUuan r.................................. IvX-sv Ntg 6ua''ni' 't ' v/ ., v - - 4' t;~~6.rh,e KagZ .[u6 7 l _ < -, ,i Khlnj9ee Lo-vRl - ;'' ;^ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t4n .~ ~~~~~~~~~~~l Khlon S.a - 'a to t1 e ^ h> n /nCag~/- 0 ) S, _ _ ; - ° Fo: i1 A _| \ c Bl/nLoo khok'Majom - - _ l ;-,5@ o, - - t ulY^lr;5ruk*D,eng ° ~~_ . S _0. ~ - - ; @ . 9 i/Ba~n g Nua 'AMPe O; -pT ,`.i f' Ban Lu ; ,<-an hnn. ; ~~ - - - mh AYAP-n~:2, fj_ S'' >t' -sBhin\ Slung:Yt.:. i 'C;' ,Bl hoeun ;'.tFt - - 6in FixgHit B ;an Khlon nqe Yi Si, PBcn Sipic t n ~ i a gNsrs-;>Jo n09 0 ;-f^; -igSM'| ;f _ . _ / t / - e 'SU '| ~~~~~Bn Khlbn KSurk, _ S ; ; , ;i_=e ZC~~~~~~~- Fi rjc Ar2 N >aS. La Tin Tan< t 2-2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ T- _ _ - - - ----- --- -- ooo."_~~~~~~~* .__ _2X t ............................. ooootl" _IJ,' . );- ; *00* - .. 0,,, , S'- - *--- - 2.3.1 Electricity Generatina Block and Major Equipment The design, performance and construction critiria of the electricity generating block and the major equipment of the combined cycle power plant are summarized as follows: 1) Site Design Conditions EGAT's site conditions to be used as design and performance criteria are as follows. Ambient design temperatures, 0C Dry-bulb temperature For combustion turbine performance 32.6 For auxilliary equipment design 43 Coincident wet-bulb temperature For combustion turbine performance 28.9 for auxilliary equipment design 38.1 Design relative humidity, percent 76 Ambient dry-bulb temperature range, 0C 10 - 43 Coincident relative humidity range, percent 100 - 75 Barometric pressure, mm Hg 760 Average annual rainfall, mm 1,305 Average annual relative humidity, percent 76 Site elevation above mean sea level, m msl 10.7 2) Electricity Generating Block Design capacity, MW 300 Combustion turbine generator 100 MW (net) continuous output load at 0.85 PF lagging to 0.85 PF leading Steam turbine generator output, 100 MW approx, (for distillate nominal net at high side of generator oil and natural gas fuel) step-up Transformer terminals, KW 2-4 Heat rate at mcr., Kcal/KWh 2,048 Fuel consumption, MMSCFH (Hg) 2.44 3) Combustion Turbine Number 2 Fuel Natural gas, distillate oil (No.2) Type Stationary, simple cycle, indoor type with a sound attenuation enclosure. Speed, rpm. 3,000 Exhaust temperature, 0C 540 (estimated) Exhaust gas flow, kg/h 2x1.34x1 06 (estimated) Exhaust heat, kJ/kg 44.5 (estimated) Remark * Figures obtained from similar EGAT combined cycle power plants. 4) Combustion Turbine Generator Number 2 Rated voltage, kV nominal 11.5 Output electricity 3 phase, 50 Hertz Characteristic of cooling hydrogen cooling Speed, rpm. 3,000 2-5 5) Heat Recovery Steam Generator Number 2 Type Outdoor, unfired, forced or natural circulation, dual pressure with two steam drums. Flue gas inlet temperature, °C 520 (estimated) Flue gas outlet temperature, °C 150 (estimated) Flue gas flow rate, kg/h 2 x 1.34 x 106 (estimated) Remark * Figures obtained from the similar EGAT combined cycle power plant. 6) Steam Turbine Number 1 Type Single shaft, tandam compound, axial flow, non reheat, bottom exhausting Throttle steam pressure, bar absolute H.P. inlet 78.5 (approx.) L.P. inlet 8.96 (approx.) Steam flow, kg/s H.P. steam 97.3 (estimated) L.P. steam 24.4 (estimated) Throttle steam temperature, °C H.P. inlet 518 (approx.) LP. inlet 228 (approx.) Turbine exhaust pressure, mm Hg 90 Speed, rpm. 3,000 2-6 7) Steam Turbine Generator Number 1 Rating, min. nominal KVA as required at 4.1 bar H2 Voltage, kV nominal 11.5 or manufacturer's standard Gen output electrical characteristics 3-phase, 50 hertz Power factor 0.85 Cooling hydrogen cooling Remark * Figures obtained from similar EGAT combined cycle power plants. 8) Steam Condenser Number 1 Type Single shell, two pass, horizontal surface Tube cleanliness factor 90 Max shell pressure at turbine exhaust (at 90% tube cleanliness factor), mm Hg abs. 90 Circulating water inlet temp,°c 36 Max. circulating water temp. Rise,°c 14 Design circulating as required by manufacturer's design Water flow rate, cu.m./h (*27,500) 2 -7 9) Cooling Tower - Number 1 - Type Rectangular concrete, multiple cell, counter flow, induced mechanical draft. - Total heat load rejected, mJ/s as required by the cycle - Cooling tower outlet water temp, °C 32-36 - Evaporation & drift losses, m3/h 311 (oil fuel) 304 (gas fuel) Remark * The value of 27,500 cu.m./h is obtained from EGAT Engineering Department. 2.3.2 Operation of Combined Cycle Power Plant As rRfArred to Figure 2-3, each combustion turbine qenerator set is cranked to rotate by a cranking motor and start to draw the air via the filter air intake unit. Then the air is compressed by the compressor blades and sent to the combustion chamber. The fuel, either natural gas or distillate oil No.2. is mixed with the compressed air and combusted in the combustion chamber. Hot gas from the combustion chamber pushes the turbine blades to make the shaft rotate. The generator which is directly coupled to the shaft then generates. the electric power around 100,000 KW. The hot gas is now called exhaust gas. The exhaust gas from each of two combustion turbine generating units is ducted to the respective heat recovery steam generators located near their corresponding combustion turbine generator units. The exhaust gas leaves the HRSG exhaust stack at a temperature of around 150 °C. Steam generated is piped to the steam turbine generator located in the adjacent steam plant building. Exhaust steam is condensed and collected in the cooling tower/cooled surface condenser. The condensate is pumped to the deaerator. HRSG feed pumps take suction from the deaerator and pump feed water to each heat recovery steam generator. Auxilliary cycles and systems are provided for proper operation of the Power Plant. The generator which is directly coupled to the steam turbine generates the electric power around 100,000 KW. In an open cycle mode of operation, the diverting damper is closed and isolates the way of exhaust gas to HRSG and lets the exhaust gas to the combustion turbine stack at the temperature of around 540 'C. 2.3.3 Fuel EGAT has planned to use natural gas as primary fuel and distillate oil No. 2 as back up fuel. 2-8 LP STEAM BYPASS LP FEEDWATER HP STEAM BYPASS DRUM | L , LP STEAM ffi - ° LP CIRC PUMP _MHP FEEDWATER HP DRU STEAM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~AME OBSTO UBN 3= TURBHPISTEAM ,. HP CIRC PUMP ,-FUEL(OILORGAS) STEAM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P TAM 0IBYASAIR STEAM tCDEAERATOR CONDITIONING ~_ _GHEAT RECOVERY VALVE (TYPICAL) L _ R_.STEAM GENERATOR CFONDENSER ( M DAMPER COMBUSTION TURBIINE tD~~~~~~~~FGR 23 COBIE CY~PAT SCE_I DIAGRAML{= MAKEUP r -=- LP STEAM I=CPM CONDENSATE HP HRPSRGGPFEDATR PUMPSGAN | E UP PSTA ;_/FUELOILOR GAS) STEAM l ol4 r BYPASS AIR CONDENSER L -- T STACK X \ ~~~~H EAT RECOVERY LP HRSC- STEAM GENERATOR |J FEED PUMPS DAMPER COMBUSTION TUREIINE FIGURE 2-3 COMBINED CYCLE PLANT SCEATIC DIAGRA The specifications of the said fuels are as follows: 1) Natural gas The properties of the typical natural gas fuel are as follows: Constituent Moles, percent by volume Carbon dioxide 7.62 Nitrogen 1.53 Methane 81.14 Ethane 6.00 Propane 2.33 I - Butane 0.52 N - Butane 0.47 I - Pentane 0.15 N - Pentane 0.10 Hexane plus 0.14 Property Range Typica Specific gravity, at 15 °C 0.6820 to 0.7748 0.7087 Design higher heating value, kJ/kg 43,580 to 44,620 44,450 Minimum gas pressure at contractor's connection, bars G - 25.86 2) Distillate oil (No.2) The properties of the distillate oil (No. 2) are as follows: Property Rance Typical Specific gravity 0.887 - 0.825 0.836 Density, kg/l 0.885 - 0.823 0.836 Pour point, °C 0 to -40 -5 Viscosity, centipoise at 38 °C 2.0 - 3.6 2.9 water and sediment, volume by percent 0 - 0.1 - Higher heating value, kJ/kg 44,470 - 45,900 Lower heating value, kJ/kg -- 43,180 2-10 Property Ranae Typical Analysis, percent by weight Sulphur 0.05 - 1.0 0.53 Hydrogen 11.8 - 13.9 12.9 Carbon 86.1 - 88.2 86.9 Consumption rates of natural gas and distillate oil No.2 for electricity generation are as follows: FUEL NATURAL GAS DISTILLATE (MMSCFD) OIL (NO. 2) (I/operating hour) ITEM 1 Combustion 27.5 36,000 Turbine 1 Block 55 72,000 6 Blocks 330 432,000 In the first stage, diesel oil will be used as the main fuel since the natrual gas pipeline has not been completed. The gas turbine generators will be operated 4 h/d to serve peak load demand. After the completion of the natural gas pipeline in March 1995, natural gas will be used as the main fuel and diesel oil will be used as the back up fuel during peak period or shortage of natural gas. Natural gas is supplied from the Gulf of thailand and inland sources by the Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) to the Power Plant. There is no storage facility of natural gas in the plant site. Diesel oil is used as the back up fuel in case of natural gas shortage, test run operation and after maintenance. Diesel oil is supplied from domestic source via 10-ton trucks. The storage facility comprises 2 tanks. Each tank has a capacity of 29.45 million liter totalling 59.5 million liter. ASTM and API standards are applied for diesel oil storage facility.6 2-11 2.4 WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT 2.4.1 Raw Water Sources Initially, there were altogether 4 alternatives of raw water sources for the Power Plant comprising 3 sites in Chao Phraya River and 1 site in Khlong Raphiphat. Figure 2-4 shows locations of alternative raw water intake sites while Table 2-1 summarizes preliminary engineering data of such sites. Af first, it was concluded by EGAT that alternative 3 and alternative 2 are the first and the second ranks, respectively (Table 2-2). Finally, alternative 2 was cut out due to difficulty in land acquistion. Therefore, alternative 3 was the only site which received prime attention in this study. However, afterh the Pasak Project had received prime attention from H.M. the King, altemative 1 seemed feasible and thus was taken for reconsideration due to more water stability resulted from the Pasak Project. 2.4.2 Demand and Provision of Raw Water During the construction period, about 400 cu.m./d (0.012 MCM/month or 0.144 MCM/year) of water will be consumed by pumping from West Raphiphat in front of the Power Plant. In addition, EGAT received an approval from DMR to drill a groundwater well at the depth between 220-250 m and with a diameter of 300 mm to use as a back up source of water for construction activities and as a source for domestic purpose during the operation phase. During the operation phase, there are 2 stages of operation which require different amount of water as follows: (1) At the first stage during December 1995 to December 1997, when only gas turbines are operated, the maximum water consumption will be 40,000 cu.m./month or 500,000 cu.m./year. The Power Plant will withdraw 1,000 cu.m./d from groundwater source or 1,370 cu.m./d from West Raphiphat. (2) At the final stage when a complete scheme is operated in December 1997 onward, the maximum water requirement will be 1.25 MCM/month or 15 MCM/year. The water will be withdrawn from Khlong Raphiphat at Phra Sri Silp Regulator, A. Nong Khae, Saraburi via pipeline of a diameter of 700 mm and with a length of 17 km. The pipe will be laid along the bank of Khlong Raphiphat to the Power Plant. Figure 2-5 shows a general flow diagram of main water uses in the Power Plant while Figure 2-6 illustrates a preliminary mass balance. 2-12 77 .4 1;;; K X. X 7f 77" ...... .. .. . ........ 7 .. ........ ........... _4 ....... ... .... ...... ...... .......... . ........... A. ............. 7 ..... ....... =777: I-X Xi-:-:- 77 77 ...... .. ..... ... 61 .. ........ LOCATIONS OF INITIAL ALTERNATIVE RAW WATER SI I I'Z TABLE 2-1 PRELIMINARY MAIN ENGINEERING DATA OF RAW WATER SOURCES Item Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 1) Raw Water Khlong Chao Phraya Chao Phraya Chao Phraya Source Raphiphat River (Bang River (Bang River Pa-In Site) Sai Site) (Samkoke __________________ _____________ ~~~~~ ~~Site) 2) Pump Size, 450 712 843 909 kw HP (603) (955) (1,130) (1,219) 3) Transmission Pipe Line - Diameter, 700 700 700 700 mm - Lenght, km 17 29 35 38 4) Max. Flow j 2,280 2,280 2,280 2,28u Rate, cu.m./h 2-14 TABLE 2-2 SUMMARY OF SITE SELECTION FOR COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT, CONDUCTED BY EGAT (1993) Item Categories Total Score Alt 1 Alt 2 Alt 3 Alt 4 1. Investment Cost 30 30 19 16 14 2. Water Quality 10 5 10 10 10 3. Topography of Pumping Station 5 4 3 4 5 4. LandAcquisition 15 15 15 15 10 5. Environment 15 5 10 15 15 6. Water Stability 20 5 20 20 20 7. Construction Time 5 5 3 2 2 Total 100 69 80 82 76 Remark: Alt 1 Khlong Raphiphat Alt 2 Chao Phraya River at Bang Pa In Alt 3 Chao Phraya River at Bang Sai Alt 4 Chao Phraya River at Samkoke, Phathumthani F:TAB32-2.WKI/37-B-00'4 OEMDF EItURAUSAfOn PLAttT ' ALUXIUARY TAPROGGE CONDENSER STEAM TURBINE COOLING SYSTEMS CLEANING SYSTEM CONDENSERS S ERVICE AND FlRtEWAE r t _ _ _ 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~LOWDIOWN PRlttARY WATEFt TREATMENT /A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - RAW WATEtt ItESERVOIRT I-| = ffi tit~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AIN COOLING OESztANCOlt WAEPU T / ~~~~RAW WATER INiTAKE PUMiPS RAW WAtER TRANStttSSION PIPE LINE RAW WATER PUMP I C.tAO PHRAIA RI FIGURE 2-5 GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM OF MAIN WATER USE EVAPORA'I1ON DRIFT 34533 I ._ ___. ... _ _ ~~~(3377J) 311093 COOLING (30394) TOWER PRECIPITATION _ ROOF & CHAO PHRAYA 36 40 SERVICE SLUDGE YARD DRAINS RIVER WATER DEWATERING TREAT'MENT SYSTEM 42? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I '%t l >-Po1'4 _ (23591 (10) 34!4 STE WATER 31n 4220 7 -01 , I 11~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~3337 Htecff5fG 19) WASTE WATER TO SERVICE SOLID WASTE -?Q(J1 DISCHARGE CANAL WATER TO DISPOSAL , [ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(1339) 95 ] POTAHLE | 95| SEWAGE TREATMENT . ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~PLANT 563 PLANT 568 OIL 568 _ EQUIPMENT . SEPARATOR 'DRAINS 393 3S CHEMICAL 38 NEUTRALIZATION (204) AREA - AI DRAINS _I r E ° IIAULEA IIAULED 0 CIIEMICAL o OFF SITE 687 3549 r- _ t 62 (1658) DEMINERA- 355 (166 DEMIN.3194 145 459 LIZATION |439 (1492) STORAGE (149-2 112 HRSG (449) NONRECOVERABLE SYSTEM j L I I UNITS LOSSES 3 COMBUSTION _(31) EVAPORATION NOTES: I. FLOWS ARE IN LrTRES PER MINUTE. 2. FLOWS ARE BASED ON OIL Ft'EL. too PERCENT LOAD FACTOR. 3 PERCENT FIRSG'S STEAM LOSSES. AND 75 PPMVD NO, EMISSION LIMIT AT MEAN ANNUAL AMBIENr TEMPERATURE FIGURE 2-6 PRELIMINARY WATER MASS BALANCE 3. FLOWS IN PARANTHESIS ARE BASED ON GAS FU EL. I 00 PERCENT LOAD FACTOR. 3 PERCENT HRSG'S STEAM LOSSES. AND 75 PPMVD NO. EMISSION LIMIT AT MEAN MINIMUM AMBIENT TEMPERATLIRE. 4. CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM FLOWS ARE BASED ON OPERATION AT 10 CYCLE O( CONCENrRATI ON AND MEAN ANNUAL ENVIROMI:NIAL CONDITIONS 2.4.3 Water Treatment According to different purposes of the demand sides, the raw water will be treated to meet such requiredU qualILies. Th Ie Iur catego,r,es oU treaLeu vvaLer are: - water for cooling system - water for steam cycle - domestic water - water for other purposes 2.4.3.1 Primary Water Treatment System The raw water to be supplied to the Power Plant will be drawn from Khlong Raphiphat by means of the riverside pumping station. At the pumping station discharge pipe, the chlorination treatment using chlorine gas - water solution injection will be employed to control bacterial slime and algal growth in the raw water pipeline system. The primary water treatment plant is located in the water treatment plant at site area. The treatment system effluent will be used as cooling tower make-up, service water, fire water, supply to the cycle make-up treatment system and supply to the potable water system. The raw water will be clarified and stabilized with lime to minimise corrosion in the plant water distribution system. A portion of the clarified water will be filtered and will flow by gravity to the clearwell. The service water transfer pump will transfer the treated water from the clear well to the service/fire water storage tank. At the clear well, the filtered water will be disinfected by gas chlorination. The gas chlorination will also be applied at the influent of the solids contact unit (Clarifier), the SCU effluent. The coagulant solution will be fed into the primary mixing zone as well as aeration for iron oxidation in the raw water supply to the solids contact unit. The remainder of the clarified water will be used, unfiltered, as make-up water to the plant cooling water system. The service water treatment system consists of a solids contact unit, a lime feeding system, a coagulant feeding system, a coagulant aid feeding system, a gas chlorination feeding system, dual media gravity filters, a back wash system, a sludge thickening system, a sludge dewatering system, controls and panels, pumps, and associated piping and valves. Figure 2-7 shows a flow diagram of the water pretreatment plant. 2.4.3.2 Demineralized Water Make-up for Steam Cycle The cycle make-up treatment system will receive its supply from station service water which is pH stabilized, clarified, and filtered. The filtered water will be demineralized using a cation - anion mixed bed process in the cycle make-up treatment system. The cycle make-up treatment system influent water design criteria are as follows:- 2-18 SERVICE WATER LIME COAGULANT DOtIN CMlORINATION ANTI-9CALIND DOSING I N k e K jTAIK 1 IXINGTA TANK j,IIXING TANK DOSING PUMPS DOSING PUMPs DOtlG PUMPS | ING PU TOWERS SERVICE/FIRE WAlER RAW WATER PRONE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~DEMINERIALIZATION RA| WATER FLUCM PUULANTE INTAKE Pumps E L TRASFR PMPSLUDGC TNICKENERS D SLUOgE OEWATERINC UNI . FIGllRE 2-7 FLOW DIAGRAM OF WATE3R PRI1AEAAMENT PLANT 2-19 Calcium as CaCO3, mg/I 35 Magnesium as CaCO3, mg/I 50 Sodium and potassium as CaCo3, mg/i 21 M - Alkalinity as CaCO3, mg/l 78 Sulphates as CaCO3, mg/l 17 Chlorides as CaCO3, mg/I 11 Nitrates as CaCO3, mg/l nil Carbon Dioxide as CO3, mg/I nil Silica as SiO2, mg/l 15 pH, in pH units 8.0 - 10.0 Influent water temperature is expected to be in the range of 22 to 32 °C. The average demineralized effluent quality will not exceed the following limits. Conductivity 0.2 pmho/cm. Silica as SiO2 0.01 mg/I Oil nil 2.5 COOLING WATER SYSTEM There are two types of cooling water of the Power Plant, namely steam condenser circulating water and combustion turbine auxilliary equipment cooling water. The steam turbine circulating water is forced to circulate by pumps and the water exchanges heat with the steam when it passes condenser. The hot water is sprayed down and exchanges the heat by contact with the counterflow, in terms of latent heat of the water. Therefore, a large amount of water is evaporated and a little amount of water is also carried over by air or drift loss, for technical term. The make up water compensation recover for evaporation, drift loss and cooling tower blowdown is filled at cooling tower basin. The combustion turbine auxilliary equipment cooling water is utilized for cooling down the auxilliary equipment of the combustion turbine. The hot water releases the heat at the radiator by indirect contact with the air. In this case, the water is totally in a closed loop flow and the flow rate is much smaller than the above mentioned circulating water. 2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL DISCHARGES The combustion turbine generators and auxilliary equipment are designed and constructed not only in accordance with the latest applicable requirements of the engineering codes and standards but also in accordance with the applicable requirements of the "Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards,' United States, Environmental Protection Agency (US.EPA.). 2-20 2.6.1 Air Pollution 2.6.1.1 Flue Gas Emission The fuels of the Power Plant are natural gas as main fuel and distillate oil (no. 2) as back up fuel. The gas emitted from the stack of the Power Plant depends on several factors such as fuel properties, combustion efficiency and system performance. The remarkable pollutants will be NOX, SO2, CO, UHC and total suspended particulates (TSP). Concentrations of air pollutants emitted from the Power Plant are specified as follows: NO, not greater than 75 ppmvd Soot not greater than 20% opacity (Ringelmann) CO not greater than 10 ppmvd UHC not greater than 7 ppmvd Description of air pollutants emitted from the Power Plant in case of diesel oil and natural gas is presented in Tables 2-3 and 2-4, respectively. 2.6.1.2 Air Pollution Control Equipment a) Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides In combustion chambers, occurrence of nitrogen oxides depends on combustion temperatures since ambient air is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. At combustion temperatures below 5500C, no nitrogen oxides occur but they do at temperatures above 1,650°C, as shown graphically in Figure 2-8. Therefore, combustion of dffferent types of fuel gives rise to dffferent portions of nitrogen oxides. To control nitrogen oxides, demineralized water is sprayed into combustion chambers to keep combustion temperatures below the point that nitrogen oxides occur. This, therefore, reduces quantity of nitrogen oxides. b) Control Equipments Control equipments consist of the following: (1) Water injection forwarding pump motor, 33 kW, 2,700 m-', 3 cycle, 350 Volt, 50 Hz. (2) Relief valve for water pump disch (3) Dual type water filter (4) Flow meter (5) Water injection flow control valve assembly 2-21 TABLE 2-3 FLUE GAS EMISSION FOR WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT (Distillate Oil # 2) UNIT CT 1CT2 CAPACITY (MW) 100 100 OPERATION (Hr/day) 4 4 FUEL Dist. Oil #2 Dist. Oil #2 . Type . Consumption Rate (1/hr) 36,000 36,000 . %S 1.0 1.0 STACK . Height (m) 60 60 . Diameter (m) 5.5 5.5 . Velocity (m/sec) 30.5 30.5 . Temperature (°C) 540 540 GAS EMISSION (g/sec) . NOx' 47.2 47.2 . S02 162.8 162.8 EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM . NOx S/W INJ S/W INJ Remark * Express as NO2, about 95 weight % of NOx is NO (AP-42, US.EPA, 1985) 2-22 TABLE 2-4 FLUE GAS EMISSION FOR WANG NOI CONBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT (NG 300 MW) UNIT CT 1 2 CT VHRSG 1' HRSG 2' CAPACITY (MWV) 100 100 _ _ OPERATION (Hr/day) 24 24 _ _ FUEL .Type NG NG _ _ . Consumption Rate (MMSCFD) 27.5 27.5 - - STACK . Height (m) (60) (60) 60 60 . Diameter (m) (5.5) (5.5) 5.5 5.5 . Velocity (m/sec) (30.5) (30.5) 30.5 30.5 . Temperature (OC) (540) (540) 150 150 GAS EMISSION (g/sec) . NOx*_ 45.8 45.8 EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM . NOx S/W INJ S/W INJ - - Remark * In case of open cycle or combined mode, flue gas is emitted through only 2 stacks ** Expressed as N02, about 95 weight % of NOx is NO (AP-42, US.EPA, 1985) 2-23 14 ~ 2 10 I-~ 8 6 4 E-4 Xx__ _ __t__ _ _ __ __ 0 500 1,000O 1,500O 2,000O 2, 500 TEMPER:ATURE (KIELVIN ) FIGURE 2-8 AMOUNT OF NITROGEN OXIDES AT VARIOUS COMBUSTION TE:MPERATURES 2-24 (6) Accumulator-water injection for pressure precharging at 17 bar (7) Water flow stop solenoid valve c) Functions and ComDonents In combustion turbine operation, levels of oxides of nitrogen will be kept below 75 ppm by means of continuous water spraying. Water which is used to control combustion temperatures will evaporate. However, quantity of spray water must be kept optimal since it affects turbine performance/efficiency (Figure 2-9). In concludion, water injection with fuel burners will control combustion temperatures and thus limiting nitrogen oxides to be generated. Water will evaporate. Water is not used to treat nitrogen oxides which in turn will give rise to acid wastewater and require further treatment. By this method, nitrogen oxides are kept not to exceed 75 ppm. d) Operation Water from the storage tank is pumped via water injection forwarding pumps. The pumps are equipped with pressure switches to protect low suction pressure not to fall below 0.25 millibar. In order to prevent pump damage, relief valves and check valves are also installed to keep pressure in line disch not to exceed 60 bar. Also installed are pressure switches to prevent overload of pumps in case of excess flow rate. The pumps will be tripped when disch pressure falls below 15 bar. Spray water will be filtered through 2 dual type filters with a pore size of 5 micron. The filters are used alternately. Pressure switches are also installed to detect filter clogging. If pressure drop of one filter falls below 1.2 bar, it will automatically switch to the other filter. Filtered water then flows through 2 flow stop solenoid valves. Spray water is controlled by flow indicators by means of water injection flow control valve assembly which adjusts flow of spray water via water flow control valve actuators. Before spraying water into combustion chambers, there is a 0.5-l accumulator to pressurise spray water to 17 bar for better spraying. e) Monitoring Equipments Nitrogen oxides detectors will be installed at the edge of an exhaust duct where gases are emitted through bypass stacks or boilers (Figure 2-10). The main function of the detectors is to ensure high efficiency of gas turbines. The detectors are not equipped at the top of bypass stacks and boiler stacks because gases must be emitted via exhaust duct before reaching bypass stacks or boiler stacks. Therefore, at this location, NO. sensors will detect all emitted NO. before exitting the atmosphere. 2-25 PERCENTAGE OF NITROGEN OXIDES EMITTED RELATIVED TO AMOUNT GENERATED N CA4 -P. cin CD ~ - (n o 0 C 0 a al a a C D sst 3 : 9o > U o '-_ cr,~~~~ t-4 C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L BYPASS STACK _ ____X___X E-XFAUST GAS TURBINE DUCT NOX MONITORING EQUIPMENT FIGURE 2-10 LOCATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES DETECTORS IN GENERATOR 2.6.2 Noise The important noise sources are from combustion turbine and cooling tower. The noise limits are as follows: 2.6.2.1 Combustion Turbine Noise With the combustion turbine generator unit operated at any capacity from 10 percent of continuous (base) site rated load capacity to full continuous (base) site rated load capacity, noise levels resulting from each combustion turbine generator will not exceed 54 dBA at 122 m or 85 dBA at 1 m average. 2.6.2.2 Cooling Tower Noise Noise level of water, fans, gear reducers, and fan drive motors, measured at 1.5 m from the face of each cooling tower at 1.8 m above ground level will not exceed 85 dBA. 2.6.3 Wastewater Treatment There are many kinds of wastewater from various sources of the proposed project during operation period. The wastewater from each source is treated accordingly to the acceptable values and is drained to collect in the holding pond before discharge to Khlong Raphiphat at the total flow rate of approx. 5,197 I/min for oil fuel and approx. 4,916 I/min for gas fuel. The estimated quantity and parameters of each wastewater and their treatment methods are shown in Figure 2-11. 2.6.3.1 Chemical Wastewater Chemical waste comes from several sources of water treatment building and chemical area. a) Inside-Buildina Drains Mezzanine floor drains (laboratory drains), including floor drain and overflow drain, feeders, tanks, test station sinks, chemical storage/access area of lime, coagulant and coagulant aid. Ground floor drains including cycle make up treatment system, ion exchange regeneration wastes. Primary exchangers backwash sump, secondary exchangers backwash sump, demineralizer regeneration trench, floor drain and overflow drain. 2-28 FROM WATER SANITARY LIFT TREATMENT .STATION 2 BUILDING - FROM SANITARY LIFT SANITA RY LI FT - FOTAK_ CHL,ORINATION BLOCEC I STATION 3 STATION 1SPIT C R AERATION S l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CLARIFIER N + BAR ~~~~~~~~~~~-XESCR FLO -)CHAME3ER SLU DGII;U.E to \ . } ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~CHAMBER| _. DIFFUSERDINGTO WASTEWATE FROMM SANITARY LI;r iF CHOINTO BLOCK II,III,IV TION 3 S4 AITO SLUE ION PONI ODISPOSAL (10,000 CU.1. FIGURE 2-11 DIAGRAM OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~T SLDG REETO PO b) Outside Chemical Building Area Drains Including chemical tanks, metering stations, fill stations, equipment drain and safety showers floor drains. The effluent flows by gravity to the neutralization basin (with bridge mounted mixer) for adjusting pH level to 6.5-8 by sulfuric acid and caustic soda before pumping to the holding pond. The total amount of chemical waste, for 6 blocks, is approx.393 I/min and 204 I/min in case of oil fuel or gas fuel, respectively. The treatment of chemically contaminated wastewater is shown diagramatically in Figure 2-12. 2.6.3.2 Cooling Tower Water Blowdown The circulating water of steam turbine condenser is utilized to cool down the cycle steam at condenser and reject the heat at cooling tower. Sulphuric acid, chlorine and inhibitor is fed to the circulating water for controlling biological fouling, scale and corrosion in the cooling water piping. The acid is fed in proportion to the circulating water make up flow rate, biased by the circulating water pH. Inhibitor is fed in proportion to circulating water blowdown. Periodically circulating water blowdown, manually or automatically, is necessary to control sludge, dissolved solids and concentrate in the circulating water to the acceptable values. The cooling water blowdown is approx. 3,454 I/min for oil fuel or 3,377 I/min in case of gas fuel. 2.6.3.3 Sanitary Drain and Treatment The sewage treatment plant is built in a cast-in-place concrete basin. The influent to the sewage treatment plant is from sewage lift station 1 located adjacent to the sewage treatment plant. A minimum of 5 duplex lift pump stations is required to transfer area wastes to the sewage treatment plant. The sewage treatment plant is designed to receive wastewater of more than 9,000 I/d hydraulic load (The latest information for six blocks of electricity generating units is 95 I/min and EGAT personnel at the site is about 400 persons including workers) and 20 kg BOD,/d of organic load. The sewage treatment plant is designed to accept a peak flow of a minimum 500 i/min. The sewage treatment plant is guaranteed to perform as specified herein after. Effluent BOD, is not more than 20 mg/l for any consecutive 30-day average and total suspended solids is not more than 30 mg/I for any consecutive 30-day average. 2.6.3.4 HRSG Blowdown A HRSG blowdown sump is designed for all six blocks, comprising two sump pumps, a sulphuric acid feed pump, an associated control and instrumentation. An acid feed pump has a capacity of approximately 1 I/h. The pump includes an automatic stroke positioner capable of 2-30 RBGENERATION LAB.DRAIN &BOILER CHFMICAL O FEED AREA DEMIN. PLANT BLOW DOW ACID FEED pll M=,, CAUSTIC FEED -O WASTEWATER REPENTION 10,000 cu.m. NEUT'RALIZATION BASIN TRANSF1ER PUMPS CC1XKROL VALVE NEVTRALIZATION BASIN FIGURE 2-12 DIAGRAM OF CHEMICAL-CONTAMINATED WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM receiving a 4-20 mA signal. Acid feed rate is proportional to blowdown flow with a bias on sump pH. The HRSG blowdown sump pumps transfer the cooled, neutralized, HRSG blowdown to wastewater holding pond. The flow rate is approx. 687 I/min for oil fuel and 672 I/min for gas fuel. 2.6.3.5 Plant Equioment Drains General drainage of oily waste from plant equipment area such as combustion turbine areas, steam turbine areas, generator areas flows by gravity to collect and to separate oil in oil-water separator sump for each block, totalling of 6 sumps. Each sump contains 2 pumps. At normal load, one pump is on duty while the other is for standby. However two pumps are on duty at peak load. The pumps will transfer the plant equipment drains to the wastewater holding pond at a flowrate of approx. 568 I/min. The treatment system of oily contaminated wastewater is shown diagramatically in Figure 2-13. 2.6.4 Storm Drainage Storm water collection system and drainage of the project site is designed based on the following assumptions. The 25 year one hour storm event is being used to determine peak runoff and the 25 year 24 ho r -storm event is being used for total volume. The drainage area used is 569,000 sq.m. and the runoff coeffienient, CN, is 93 (This is typical coefficient used for heavy industrial sites). The surface runoff is collected by a series of concrete trenches and gutters. The trenches will serve a dual purpose, first to be used as a mechanical pipe corridor and second to route storm water. For areas in which mechanical pipe trenches are not located nearby, concrete gutters are constructed along roadways to collect runoff from both the roadways and surrounding plant areas. The water is routed to lift stations where water is pumped to Klong Lam Wang Chula and Khlong Raphiphat. However stormwater in some areas could possibly be drained by gravity directly off site near their respective locations. 2.6.5 Solid Wastes Handling Major solid wastes to be generated at the Power Plant include domestic solid waste and sludge from the water treatment plant and sewage treatment plant. 2.6.5.1 Domestic Waste Domestic solid waste for the Power Plant is estimated based on the operation staff number of 700 and rate of waste generation per person per day of 0.8 kg/person/d (TEAM and PAL, 1990) is 560 kg/day. Based on bulk density of solid waste of 0.3 t/cu.m., the estimated volume of the domestic waste is 1.87 cu.m. However, for conservative estimation of the domestic waste, a factor of 2 is adopted by TEAM and PAL (1990) for the Nam Phong power plant because there is no 2-32 MH FRAME & OvER MIH FRAME & COVER N & STEEL PIPE GRADE CL MANOLE & STEPS V1 (GALV) ALARM RC:P MH( STEPS a PUMP #2 OH 1 NFLUENr--+ . - W L PUMP #1 ofl EFFLUENTr l l STATIC WATER LEVEL .-- i < _ S -PUMP OFF WATERSITOP_MXL ...A .l (TYP) _. PUMP FIGURE 2-13 DIAGRAM OF OILY CONTAMINATED WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM housing facilities available in the plant site. The factor of 2 is also adopted by this study for the Wang Noi power plant. Thus, for domestic waste handling, relatively large amount of 1.2 t or 4.0 cu.m./d is employed. For domestic waste disposal, EGAT will cooperate and request the existing Lam Ta Sao sanitary district in Amphoe Wang Noi to dispose of EGAT domestic waste to its solid waste dumping site. 2.6.5.2 Sludae Two major sources of sludge are water treatment plant and sewage treatment plant. As regards to sludge from water treatment plant, TEAM and PAL (1990) had estimated the sludge amout of about 1.5-2.0 t/d for a 600 MW power plant. Based on such figure, the estimated sludge amout for the 1,800 MW Wang Noi power plant is about 4.5-6.0 t/d. For sludge from sewage treatment plant, the amout cannot be currently estimated because the treatment method is not yet identified. However, the sewage treatment plant is to be designed to accept a hydraulic load of not less than 9,000 I/d and a peak flow of a mininum of 500 I/min. The sludge from water and sewage treatment plants need to be properly disposed of to prevent sanitation and public health problems. Sanitary landfill method is recommended as an appropriate treatment method. However, the disposal site is not yet identified and assessed by EGAT. 2.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE A tentative implementation schedule for the Project is prepared by EGAT as shown in Figure 2-14. The schedule shows only major activities. The Project will be carried out under several contracts. However, the construction schedule of each contract is sequentialled, parallelled and related accordingly. The main items of the schedule are described as follows:- 2.7.1 Enaineering and Economic Feasibility Study The engineering and economic feasibility study of the Project was conducted during July 1993 upto January 1994. 2.7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment The environmental impact assessment of the Project is carried out from November 1993 until February 1994. 2-34 --~~~~~~f -1-1 -t BID JJ EP ARAI lIO I 1 A IX S 1 1 O ||X? II O A z i I s o i . o o A I A N 9~~~~~~~~~~~~ I :.1111 ..S; fiIF I-3 9F-1 FFd EVALUATION & HIGOTI&TION P4 tl I- MANUF. + DELIVERY I I (IT LK 1 It Is ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I; Ill e I II I II I I II I I I I FIGURE 2-14 PROJ13CT IMPLEMENTATION4 SCEDULE DESCRIPllON _ 11 s 1 _ _ _ . 19941 19ff 1996 19tT It9S" 99 2 1- ~~~~~~~~~ ,44Tj j-ia4c MJ4s. g-4IIrjWo. 0'k+"JjP%Xt4 l+-Tl FEASIBILITY~~~~~~~~~~~F(:R STUDYCNT' 2.7.3 Construction of Combustion Turbines The construction scheme includes manufacturing and testing at factories and shops, delivery to site and site erection. The construction of combustion turbines block 1-4 and block 5-6 will be made during April 1994 to November 1995 and from December 1994 to July 1996, respectively. 2.7.4 Commercial Operation of Combustion Turbine Generator Units Commercial operation dates of combustion turbine generator units are planned to be:- Block 1 December 1, 1995 Block 2 February 1, 1996 Block 3 April 1, 1996 Block 4 June 1, 1996 Block 5 August 1, 1996 Block 6 October 1, 1996 2.7.5 Construction of Steam Turbines The construction scheme includes manufacturing and testing atfactories and shops, delivery to site and site erection. The construction of steam turbines block 1-4 and block 5-6 will be made during May 1994 to November 1996 and from January 1995 to July 1997, respectively. 2.7.6 Commercial Operation of Steam Turbine Generator Units Commercial operation dates of steam turbine generator units are planned to be:- Block 1 December 1, 1996 Block 2 February 1, 1997 Block 3 April 1, 1997 Block 4 June 1, 1997 Block 5 August 1, 1997 Block 6 October 1, 1997 2.8 CIVIL WORKS Civil works include land fill, site facilities and power plant structures. The construction period is from June 1995 to May 1996. 2-37 CHAPTER 3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CHAPTER 3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 3.1 INTRODUCTION The following chapter presents existing conditions of the environmental resources and values significantly available in the project area and directly and indirectly related to the establishment of the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant. The four major environmental categories according to the NEB guidelines, namely physical resources, ecological resources, human use values and quality of life values are included in this chapter. Each environmental category is further divided into individual environmental components. The presentation however is in the same order of the major environmental categories as just afore-mentioned. The general study methodologies, sequences of individual studies, study area and priority of significantly environmental resources and values have been described in Chapter 1. However, the study methodologies in details of each individual environmental component are included in this chapter. The detailed activities were carried out according to the logical work plan and work scheduie presented ih tIIte Inceti:lon IRspo-. Wkmhicl was a!re nro by EGAT. The data and information obtained from various sources including those from the additional field surveys were analyzed, for the existing environmental conditions. For the possible components, past conditions and future trends were also studied. The presentations in this chapter are in the form of tables, graphs, maps and diagrams. 3.2 AIR QUALITY 3.2.1 Meteorology The study of atmospheric motions and the transporting of air contaminants is important in evaluating the effects of air pollution. Atmospheric residence time for pollutants depends on types of pollutants (gaseous or particulates), their physical properties and the atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric motions determine extent to which the contaminants will be diluted, and dictate the paths followed by air-borne contamination. Various degrees of air quality deterioration resulting from any power plant may be caused by different air pollutants. In nature there are many natural processes assisting in self-purification of air but the most important one is meteorological conditions of the area on both local and regional scales. Severity of pollutant impacts can be determined from weather parameters such as air temperature, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, insolation and stability conditions. 3-1 Climate in Thailand is generally hot with heavy rainfall, therefore it is classified as Tropical Rainy Climate. Subclimates can however be classified for different parts of the country, for example, the southern region including Chantaburi and Trad along the eastern coast has climate of Tropical Rain Forest Type with Monsoon Variptv herause there are heav rains throunho-it the year but min intensity changes according to seasons of monsoon. However, most parts of Thailand have climate of Tropical Savannah Type, comprising rainy and dry periods. The Power Plant is located in a hot region on the central part of Thailand. The climate of the central part of Thailand is govemed by the two tropical monsoons, i.e., the southwest and the northeast. The southwest monsoon prevails over the area during February to September, while the northeast monsoon prevails during October to January. The rainy season usually starts following the outbreak of the southwest monsoon in May, when frontal systems pass the country towards the northern hemisphere. In October the frontal systems begin to move southwards, when the sun moves southwards towards the southern hemisphere. The relatively dry and cold season begins in November following the onset of the northeast monsoon. The cold air from Mainland China penetrates south as far as the northem Gulf of Thailand. The central area does not experience much cold weather and is characterized by slightly seasonal temperature variation. To describe the climate of the project area and the surrounding area, Don Muang Airport weather station was selected. Climatological data for a 30-year period (1961-1990) recorded at this station are shown in Table 3.2-1. (a) Atmospheric Pressure The meteorological station is located at about the sea level so that the mean pressure is about 1,009.45 mbs with slightly diurnal or seasonal change, mean daily variation being about 4.50 mbs. Monthly means range from 1,006.6 to 1,012.7 mbs. Mean pressure, maximum pressure and minimum pressure are shown graphically in Figure 3.2-1. (b) Air Temperature Mean air temperature at Don Muang Airport is about 27.9 °C. The temperature is almost uniform throughout the year, with monthly means between 25.5 °C and 29.7 'C. Mean, mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures are shown graphically in Figure 3.2.-2. Diumal variation between day and night is not significant. 3-2 TABLE 3.2-1 CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR THE PERIOD 1961 - 1990 Station DON MUANG AIRPORT Elevation of station above MSL 4 meters Index Station 48456 Height of barometer above MSL 12 meters Latitude 13° 55' N Height of thermometer above ground 8.75 meters Longitude 100036'E Height of wind vane above ground 5.00 meters Height of raingauge 2.00 meters Pressure (mba.) Mean 1012.67 1011.28 1010.17 1008.61 1007.14 1006.64 1006.79 1006.86 1008.05 1010.06 1011.93 1013.20 1009.45 Ext. Max. 1023.71 1021.33 1022.69 101B.60 1014.20 1013.20 1015.90 1013.88 1015.24 1018.29 1021.00 1023.37 1023.71 Ext Min. 1004.40 1002.37 1002.03 1000.00 999.66 998.30 998.60 999.32 999.00 1001.36 1004.70 1003.70 99830 Mean daily range 4.97 5.01 5.02 4.94 4.49 3.84 3.79 3.98 4.45 4.51 4.37 4.66 4.50 Temperature (0C) Mean 25.9 27.4 28.7 29.7 29.1 28.8 28.4 28.3 27.9 27.9 27.1 255 27.9 Mean Max. 31.7 32.9 34.1 35.1 34.1 33.1 32.8 32.5 32.1 31.6 31.1 30.7 32.7 Mean Min. 20.7 22.6 24.1 25.4 25.5 25.5 25.1 25.1 24.9 24.9 23.6 20.8 24.0 Ext. Max. 35.7 37.4 40.0 39.9 40.8 38.1 37.0 37.2 37.1 35.7 35.6 34.9 40.8 Ext. Min. 11.7 16.0 14.9 19.6 20.0 21.2 21.9 19.0 21.2 20.6 15.0 10.0 10.0 Relative Humnidity (%)l Mean 68.0 72.0 72.0 73.0 76.0 75.0 76.0 76.0 79.0 78.0 74.0 69.0 74.0 Mean Max. 89.0 92.0 91.0 91.0 91.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 92.0 91.0 88.0 87.0 90.0 Mean Min. 45.0 48.0 49.0 51.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 60.0 62.0 62.0 57.0 50.0 55.0 Ext Mxi. 20.0 20.0 20.0 23.0 30.0 30.0 38.0 40.0 38.0 28.0 25.0 26.0 20.0 Dew Point ("C) Mean 18.9 21.2 22.6 23.7 24.0 23.5 23.3 23.4 23.6 23.3 21.4 19.0 22.3 Evaporation (mm.) Mean-Pan - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cloudiness (0-10) Mean 5.1 5.6 5.9 6.7 7.9 8.4 8.5 8.8 8.6 7.7 6.3 5.2 7.1 Sunshine Duration (hr.) Mean NOOB ERVAT ON Visibility (k.) 0700 LS.T. 5.2 4.5 5.8 8.2 11.0 11.3 11.4 11.3 11.3 11.1 10.6 8.4 9.2 Mean 9.3 8.6 9.1 10.4 12.5 12.8 12.9 12.7 12.7 13.0 12.9 11.8 11.6 Wind (knots) Mean wind speed 4.1 5.5 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.5 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.0 - Prevailing wind E S S S S S.SW SW SW S,SW N N N - Max. wind speed 34.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 45.0 44.0 43.0 43.0 47.0 35.0 30.0 19.0 50.0 Rainfall (mm.) Mean 9.0 18.8 26.1 61.8 162.5 136.4 143.8 184.1 266.9 182.6 36.4 15.8 1244.2 Mean rainy days 1.1 1.9 2.2 5.9 14.3 13.8 16.1 17.9 19.5 14.3 5.3 1.4 113.7 Greatest in 24 hr. 34.3 48.4 58.1 106.2 122.2 67.0 74.1 117.5 148.4 207.7 53.8 48.8 207.7 Number of days with Haze 21.4 19.0 20.2 14.2 2.8 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.5 2.3 4.6 13.3 102.1 Fog 5.1 3.2 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.5 11.4 Hail o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Thunderstorm 0.3 1.0 2.0 7.9 13.6 9.1 10.2 9.7 13.2 10.6 2.1 0.4 80.1 Squall 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 SOURCE: MEIEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT 3=3 MILLIBARS 0(C) I 40 4 . 40 _ sewo -r=f}C _ 3S _~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 I1000 . 10' c_______._ _ __ \ ,_____ , 8e __ ------ --- - --------*__-_ -_ -__ -____.___________._--- .- . -2- ____----- ~~~~~~~~~~~~40~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~oo I I I I I I ~~~~~~~~~~~0 I I II 1 1 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 it I2 t 2 3 4 S 6 7 a 9 t0 tt tl MONTH MONTII MY&N + EXT. 'A AX. -*' EXT. MUIN. U(EAN -4-MEAN MAX. -*- MEMH UMN. FIGURE 3.2-1 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AT DON MUANG FIGURE 3.2-2 ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AT DON MUANG AIRPORT 30-YEAR PERIOD(1961-1990) AIRPORT 30-YEAR PERIOD(1961-1990) (c) Relative Humidity The area is characterized by year-round high humidity around 74.0 percent. Humidity is highest with a monthly mean reaching 92.0 percent in rainy season and lowest with a monthly mean dropping to 45.0 percent in dry season. Mean, mean maximum and mean minimum relative humidity are shown graphically in Figure 3.2-3. (d) Precinitation The area receives abundant rainfall during the monsoon season. Total rainfall during 6-month period from May to October contributes about 85 percent of the annual rainfall which equals 1,244.2 mm. The mean and greatest rainfall in 24 h at Don Muang are shown graphically in Figure 3.2-4. (e) Wind Wind roses compiled by the Meteorological Department for a 30-year period (1951- 1980) for the station is shown in Figure 3.2-5. Wind directions generally follow the monsoon pattern descr,beA previously Wind raprwia at tnon Miann nrpvails from south or south-west for the months of February through September and from northeast or north during October through January. Calm conditions occur at about 6 to 16 percent in each month. Frequency occurrence of wind direction grouped in various wind speed intervals at Don Muang in 1992 is shown in Table 3.2-2 and is shown graphically in Figure 3.2-6. Stability Classes Stability classes at Don Muang Station during the period of 5 years (1988-1992) were analyzed. The results are shown in Table 3.2-3. The most frequent stability class was found to be class D, which could occur during the day and nighttime. During the nighttime the most frequent stability class was found to be class F. Class A was found to occur with a small percentage. Percentage of stability classes at Don Muang in 1992 are shown in Figure 3.2-7. Similar results for 5-year data were obtained at this station. 3.2.2 Existina Air Quality The area of the project site and the vicinity are plain areas clustered by various communities including temple and school in each community. Therefore, in this study, temple, school and house are representatives for air quality measurement. Six air quality measurement stations (Figure 3.2-8) are determined as follows:- 3-5 too **1 ioo__A\ 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~3§00 ___ ___ ___ t_0_ 3g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~30 200 70 s00 -- --- - _ e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ o 0'~~~~~~~ 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 t 10 If 12 I 2 3 4 s 6 7 0 9 10 11 12 MONTII MONTIH MEAN -- MEAN MAX. 4- MEAN MIN. - MEAN 4 O R ATEST IN 24 11It. FIGURE 3.2-3 RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT DON MUANG FIGURE 3.2-4 RAINFALL AT DON MUANG AIRPORT AIRPORT 30-YEAR PERIOD(1961-1990) 30-YEAR PERIOD(1961-.1990) Let. 13 55 M. Long. 100 36 E. Height Of anemcomter above grotid 5.0 r (16.6 m above USL) 0o t=i 8 6 JANUARY FTDRUARY lURCII APRIL 8t1 1X to10 OCTOBER NOVEltBER DECDtBEIl _17 . 2 > 27 00 10 20 30 40 50 IBER 1 / Ij t 15 £ Wind speed In knots Permentage scale Of wind speed TABLE 3.2-2 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WIND DIRECTION GROUPED IN VARIOUS WIND SPEED INTERVALS STATION : DON MUANG, 1992 _---------------------------------------------------------------__----------__-------------------_------------------ DIRECTION:SPEED 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-6 OVER 6 TOTAL N .0120 .0161 .0137 .0068 .0047 .0008 .0540 NNE .0069 .0077 .0051 .0030 .0010 .0002 .0240 NE .0085 .0080 .0022 .0005 .0003 .0000 .0195 ENE .0080 .0056 .0020 .0003 .0003 .0001 .0164 E .0108 .0092 .0058 .0026 .0024 .0002 .0311 ESE .0124 .0133 .0063 .0018 .0009 .0001 .0348 SE .0109 .0164 .0072 .0025 .0018 .001)1 .0389 SSE .0077 .0154 .0096 .0048 .0034 .0007 .0416 S .0132 .0222 .0331 .0396 .0690 .02211 .1992 SSW .0090 .0184 .0198 .0224 .0396 .011;6 .1259 SW .0046 .0096 .0110 .0109 .0180 .00'32 .0593 WSW .0038 .0100 .0229 .0191 .0137 .0039 .0733 W .0064 .0174 .0170 .0196 .0219 .0055 .0877 WNW .0084 .0098 .0064 .0026 .0030 .0006 .0307 NW .0075 .0110 .0044 .0023 .0006 .00(1 .0260 NNW .0106 .0153 .0074 .0019 .0010 .0003 .0365 CALM .1011 NO. OF DATA OF CALM = 888 NO. OF TOTAL DATA = 8784 Source SECOT, Met. Data from Meteorological Department analyzed by METPRO - PROGRAM .~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , 0-1 12 2-3 3-4 4-6 >6 WVTND SPEED (m/s) . 6 , 10 PERcENTAGE OF OCURRENCES OF WIND DIRECTION FIGURE 3.2-6 WIND ROSE AT DON MUANG STATION IN 1992 3-9 TABLE 3.2-3 COMPARISON OF PARCENTAGE OF STABILITY CLASS AT DON MUANG AIRPORT DURING 1988 - 1992 Pasquill Categories Percent Occurrence of Stability Class 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 A (Extremely Unstable) 0.52 0.30 0.24 0.42 1.97 B (Moderately Unstable) 11.46 12.54 9.95 7.08 11.45 C (Slightly Unstable) 16.69 16.03 15.08 13.19 15.80 D (Neutral) 31.40 29.43 36.45 50.92 27.82 E (Slightly Stable) 17.46 17.85 17.02 14.36 17.85 F (Moderately Stable) 22.53 24.07 21.01 13.98 25.03 Source SECOT, Met. Data from meteorological Department Analyzed by METPRO-Program FT32-3.WKI/37-B-004 3-10 FClass A Class C 15.8 FIGURE 3.2-7 PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY CLASS AT DON MUANG AIRPORT IN 1992 3-11 I 8. /| .. A C | ;; . , j ; K14-127 -| -X v > .; S. S .7. 8\= wA *-rf5l A*h._, Charsik g,tt). ^' /\2.'.'.^ .',.\. *'.~~ .\&.h'. .^,;,%'649 m tunholl (!P/fiRof ,= .'.'"'~~' .'.'.'-=.' y ) ;z w . \ z |2 4n Phxthu ,,~~~~~~~~~~~R R i<%n bi Ke'- .l.,..Ag1tz. ,^ * 2;- *;' ' '8E;i' if:;>4lt * / inu~~~~~n !WQ.''.. . 2 .... W b F. b .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~kpo I c(3):., _.:%": e/4 I A n P aA ba -'ls~ Y. -k . .- ... ..... .wu wna. ... ... ^. ==<... u a .. a / . . . .. . 4 Ega 9 ^ * . . Z t\grt'./ r-r; . 11 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A 1 ~ A 1A 1.^ 1 A A . .. 3. i \ . nrrtiA s i .5 t ... .x A A .. g. kl, |nt"pi A ..,F AAAi> k5 ;4i63.z5g t' 0iIL A= . A A-- A.^ A....t@ . A A A A A A ..~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . - A A \ A A ** 2rA' A AAA . 8-,tlju CeAtK .g \~~~~~~~~~~ A A A A , A .A+ci . I .. ,A A A A s n,.A 7 1 , t..A 11_X.............. h'2 ° l =;t >t18,llA >n: AAra As A:l=l Axt x1X A| A At1 A A A u neW l | ^t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. X_-% ;>2 |1 ,,; 1 W ha ' ' |.*1_ A A I1t A A A A A; , A |r t t. /-:|6 P A . In.t.^. 1, . Ai A A. A A A AI A A A A . . I 1 A k X \j X S ^ 1W B ^ I s = | I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AA 1n X,_,. ,. .b. . - ^ .~ ~ ~~~ A A1 A . A A *;'1 *O - ^I T I I - h. 1hr A A .>n A . ... A\ . .. . uahnSaiwn hta a Sho -1~~~~~~~~ A-12 1. Moo 3, T.Khao Ngam, A. Wang Noi 2. Wat Rat Bamroong School 3. Suwaphan Sanitwong Phittaya School 4. Wat Lam Phraya 5. Wat Chula Chindaram School 6. Hiranpong Anusorn School These communities are within the radius of 5-6 km from the project site. In the light of air pollutants in this study, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and total suspended particulates are the pollutants related to the Project, especially, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The air aualitv measurement was conducted during 23-28 December 1993 by collecting air samples for three consecutive days. The sampling and analytical methods of air samples for each pollutant are shown in Table 3.2-4. The results of air sampling and analysis are shown in Table 3.2-5 which can be concluded as follows Sulphur dioxide From the measurement of sulphur dioxide from six stations around the project site during 23-28 December 1993, the concentrations are only non-detectable to 0.001 ma/cu.m. because there is seemingly no industry that emits sulphur dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide According to the results of nitrogen dioxide concentration from six stations around the project site, it is found that the range of concentrations is 0.042-0.101 ma/cu.m. which most of the concentrations are quite similar. At Suwaphan Sanitwong Phittaya School, the average concentration is higher than that of any other areas. That might be because the location of such a school is not far from Phahonyothin Road where emission of pollutants from the exhausts of vehicles exists. 3-13 TABLE 3.2-4 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHOD OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Pollutants Sampling Method Analytical Method TSP Hi- Volume air sampler Pre-post weight difference SO2 Impinger Absorption Pararosaniline NO2 Impinger Absorption Sodium arsenite Remark: The result of NO2 was multiplied by a factor for maximum value of one hour in order to be able to compare with the National Environment Board Standard. 3-14 TABLE 3.2-5 AMBIENT AIR QUALIT'Y IN PROJECT AREA Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide Total Suspended Sampling Site (mg/rn) (mg/rn) Particulates Dec. 23 Dec. 24 Dec. 25 Dec. 23 Dec. 24 Dec. 25 Dec. 23 Dec. 24 Dec. 25 1. No. 59, Moo 3. T. Khao Ngam. A. Wang Noi N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.078 0.042 0.093 0.218 0.262 0.224 / 2. Wat Rat Bamroong School 0.001 N.D. N.D. 0.062 0.053 0.101 0.189 0.198 0.196 3. Suwaphan Sanitwong Phittaya School 0.001 N.D. N.D. 0.098 0.080 0.095 0.220 0.167 0.185 Dec. 26 Dec. 27 Dec. 28 Dec. 26 Dec. 27 Dec. 28 Dec. 26 Dec. 27 Dec. 28 4. Wat Lam Phraya N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.043 0.071 0.057 0.330 0.244 0.241 5. Wat Chula Chindaram School N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.063 0.078 0.079 0.343 0.410 0.501 6. Hiranpong Anusorn School N.D. 0.001 N.D. 0.059 0.057 0.058 0.222 0.296 0.337 Ambient Air 0.003 0.320 0.330 Quality Standard (24 - h) (1 - h) (24 - h) TSP The concentrations of total suspended particulates from six stations are relatively high in some areas, that is, in the range of 0.167-0.501 mg/cu.m. The reasons might be because of dry weather in winter and most of the study areas consist of gravel roads that contribute to great dispersion of total suspended particulates. In addition, during the course of air sampling, the irrigation road along Khlong Raphiphat was under rehabilitation. From this measurement, 4 out of 18 samples of TSP exceeds MOSTE standard. It can be concluded that the existing concentrations of TSP in the vicinity of the project site is already high. 3.3 NOISE The Power Plant, in general, might affect the noise level around the project site because of the noise caused by the machinery. In case of the big project site in which the machinery are used, it might affect noise level around the project site as well. Therefore, the study of noise impact to the community of the project site is necessary. The noise impact to the community depends on the differences of the noise level in the community before and after the project completion. The study of noise impact, therefore, should start with the monitoring of noise levels in the existing condition of the community before project construction as a comparative data with those obtained during periods of project construction and operation. 3.3.1 Instrument and Noise Measurement Method Noise measurement was conducted in the community around the project site by the instrument and measurement as follows:- 1. Instrument Rion Integrating Sound Level Meter Model NL-1OA capable of detecting noise levels in the range of 30-130 dBA at the frequencies of 20-12,500 Hz was used. 2. Noise Measurement Noise measurementwas conducted to complywith Intemational Standard Organization (ISO) at the height of 1.5 m from the ground level in the spacious area in order to avoid the noise reflection from any construction sites. Noise measurement was conducted hourly through 24 hours for calculation of Leq (24) and noise level during day-night (Ldn) as per the following equations:- 3-16 Leq (24) = 10 log 24 [ z lo/,0J Ldn 10 log -1 [(15 x 10Ld/10) + (9 x 1O(Ln+10)/10))] Li = Equivalent Noise Level for e' hour Ld = Equivalent Noise Level at day during 7 a.m. - 10 p.m. Ln = Equivalent Noise Level at night during 10 p.m. - 7 a.m. 3.3.2 Monitoring Period Noise measurement of the project was conducted during December 23-28, 1993. 3.3.3 Monitoring Sites Six monitoring sites of noise measurement (Figure 3.3-1) were selected from the community around the project site and the intake pump station as follows: 1. Ban Bana Sai In fact, the monitoring site represented area of the intake pump station which is located at Ban Bang Len. Unfortunately, during the study period, the area of intake pump station was under construction. Such condition might affect actual noise levels from the community activities. Therefore, Ban Bang Sai community with similar environment was selected for noise monitoring instead of Ban Bang Len. 2. Moo 3. T. Khao Naam. A. Wana Noi This area is sparsely populated at the distance of 4 km northeast to the Power Plant. 3. Suwaohan Sanitwona Phittaya School It is sparsely populated area which is located about 3 km north to the project site and about 0.5 km away from Phahonyothin Road. 4. Wat Lam Phrava This site is attached to the project site in the southern direction. 3-17 A/pho t I \ ,Project Arxa Bang Pa In 2\ / 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ FIGU E 3 1 N S M NAIp eIwng NoiSTA ION W <; t mg yi gang s I \\ ~~~~~~~Interchange \ \ > \\\ , \ / @~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~( Ban Bang Sai \ t g) / 8 < St No.59, Moo 3, T.Kbao Ngam, A.Wang Noi \ > .Bb H n { / \ t 3 ~~~~~~~~~Suwaphan Sanitwong Phittaya School \ \ \ s tF t ] t / \ < @ ~~~~~~~Wat Lam Phraya r t z 0 9 @~~~~~~~~~~0 Wat Chula Chindaram School k S < j R X @ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Hiranpong Anlusorn School -k_ ;F=R7 1 t 5 ~~~~~~~~~FIGURE 3.3-1 NOISE MONITORING STATIONS 5. Wat Chula Chindaram School It is located about 2.5 km in the eastern direction of the project site. 6. Hiranpona Anusorn School It is located about 2.5 km southeast to the project site. 3.3.4 Result The result of noise level monitoring is shown in Table 3.3-1 and Figure 3.3-2. At the intake pump station at Ban Bang Len which was represented by Ban Bang Sai community, Leq (24) and Ldn were 61.6 and 65.2 dBA, respectively. For the surrounding areas of the project site, Leq (24) and Ldn were found in the range of 55.4-60.8 and 59.6-68.1 dBA, respectively. The maximum noise level was detected at Suwaphan Sanitwong Phittaya School. The important reason is because the monitoring site at Suwaphan Sanitwong Phittaya School is near Phahonyothin Road. Hence, the noise from the traffic might increase more noise levels than any other monitoring sites. From the noise measurement around the project site which was residential community as mentioned above, it could be said that the existing noise levels in those areas were in the range of 55-60 dBA. Compared with community noise standard of US.EPA. (70 dBA), Leq (24) from all monitoring sites were well below the standard. 3.4 SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY 3.4.1 Introduction The surface water hydrology is one of the first priority environmental components when considered together with the water resources management aspect. The Power Plant is planned to use water supply from the Chao Phraya River at Amphoe Bang Sai, Ayudhaya Province which is diverted from the Chao Phraya Dam at Chainat Province and Rama VI dam from Pasak River at Ayudhaya Province. The proposed water supply have planned to use for several purposes, e.g.; cooling system, boiler feed and domestic uses. Due to the multipurpose water demand for several activities e.g., for irrigation project, water supply project, transportation and for seawater intrustion protection. Therefore, the detailed analysis of water hydrology of Chao Phraya River is necessary to obtain a clear picture of water budget available for downstream developments including the Power Plant. 3-19 TABLE 3.3-1 NOISE LEVEL IN PROJECT AREA l c':,.Lp6 Date e 4 Ldn (dB A) (dB A) Ban Bang Sai Dec. 23, 93 61.6 65.2 No.59, Moo 3, T. Khao Ngam, A. Wang Noi Dec. 24, 93 56.8 61.5 Suwaphan Sanitwong Phittaya School Dec. 25, 93 60.8 68.1 Wat Lam Phraya Dec. 26, 93 59.9 64.5 Wat Chula Chindaram School Dec. 27, 93 59.3 60.7 Hiranpong Anusorn School Dec. 28, 93 55.4 59.1 3-20 F:T33- I.WK/37-B-0043 Moo 3 T.Khao Ngam 56.11 e61 Suwaphan Sanitwong e0.8 68. I Wat Lam Phraya 59.9 64.5 Wat Chula Chindaram 59.3 eo.7 Hirunpong Anusorn 66.4 59.1 Ban Bang Sal 6t1.6 65.- 80.0 00.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 / Leq(24) E Ldn FTGtRF ?.R-2 NOTSF TF.TVwR. TN SI'TTl)Y ARFA 3-21 3.4.2 Objective and Study Methodoloav The objective of surface water hydrology aspect is to study the existing potential of surface water in and nearby the project area which are Chao Phraya River and Pasak River. The study of surface water hydrology will also consider Khlong Raphiphat, which is planned to be a water source for the Power Plant during both construction and operation periods. The study methodology includes collection of stream flow record/data and field investigation. 3.4.3 Existing Surface Hydrolocy 3.4.3.1 Chao Phrava Basin The Chao Phraya Basin is the largest basin in Thailand with the total catchment area of 178,000 sq.km. or approximately 38% of the country. Chao Phraya River originates from four rivers in the northern mountainous area, namely, Ping, Wang, Yom and Nan. The Ping joins the Wang at Tak and then merges with the other two rivers in Nakhon Sawan to form Chao Phraya River before flowing through the fertile central plain and finally joins the Gulf of Thailand at Samutprakarn. While flowing through the central plain, Chao Phraya River is divided into 3 rivers, namely, Suphanburi (or Tha Chin), Noi and Lopburi. Suphanburi River flows westwards from Chao Phraya River towards the Gulf of Thailand at Samutsakhon. While Noi river joins Chao Phraya River again at Amphoe Bang Sai, Ayudhaya Province and Lopburi River southeasterly departs Chao Phraya River at Singburi and joins Pasak River which later joins Chao Phraya River at Ayudhaya (Figure 3.4-1). 3.4.3.2 Water Resources Development in Chao Phrava Basin Many small and large water resources development projects in the Chao Phraya Basin are to serve the irrigation and electricity production. These schemes change the hydrological pattern of many rivers in the Chao Phraya and lower Tha Chin Basins while flowing through the project area. Four major water resources development projects in the basin are:- 1) Bhumibol Dam Project The Bhumibol Dam is a large scale dam constructed across the Ping River in the north of Tak. The construction phase was during 1957 to 1963. The dam creates a large reservoir with a storage capacity of 13,462 MCM and a surface area of 318 sq. km. The dam lies on the Ping river north to Amphoe Doi Tao in Chiang Mai with a total distance of 207 km from the dam. The dam can control the amount of water released from the catchment area of 26,400 sq. km. which equals to the runoff to the reservoir of about 6,580 MCM or 46% of the reservoir capacity. The water released from Bhumibol Dam can produce electricity, as well as serving the irrigation area of many provinces in the Chao Phraya Basin. 3-22 0 50 !00 15i0 r SCALE ', f .Q O vlag Mal M DAM LAOS \ 1 9 \ gemph nt A ~ ~ ~ ~ LO 1 \ % S g z~~~~Pra hmSIRIKIT DAM J BHUMIPO M N> > NRSUEN DIVERSION BURMA ktuot \ !XSP~~hof chbngl Pnc i 9 THAILAND (~~~~~~~CA LPHR4YA DAM An Thon RAMA VI BARRAGE PHAK HAI REUAT, '_ arburl yutthayo Nakhon Nayok >\Pa?humThon P13OJECT SITE P Prachin Burl 1\ r/, Chachoengsao \ \ g. rSamut Pakon Legend: i h Chon Burl )Phetdha Burl,; - - - - Intemational Boundary -- Chao Phroya Rivor Basin ' Rayong Subbasin * Changwat #d_'- Reservoir . 'GULF OF THAILAfD Major Stream Flow * Project Site FIGURE 3.4-1 CHAO PHRAYA RIVER BASIN 3-23 2) Sirikit Dam Project This is another large multipurpose earth dam constructed across the Nan River at Amphoe Tha Chin Pla, 58 km. towards the east of Uttraradit town. The construction phase was during 1967 to 1972. The dam creates a large reservoir with a storage capacity of 9,550 MCM and a surface area of 260 sq. km. The average annual runoff flows into the reservoir is about 5,973 MCM/year or 63% of the reservoir capacity. Apart from electricity generation the water released from the dam is also diverted to the irrigation area in the Nan and Chao Phraya Basins. 3) Great Chao Phraya Project This project is composed of Chao Phraya Diversion Dam at Chainat. The dam was finished in 1957 while the irrigation canals on both sides of Chao Phraya River were finished in 1960. The project can serve both irrigation and flood protection purposes. 3.4.3.3 Chao Phraya Irrigation Project The Chao Phraya River Basin Irrigation Project is an irrigation project after the completion of Chao Phraya Dam on Chao Phraya River at Chainat. The Chao Phraya Dam diverts water for irrigation areas on both the east bank and the west bank. The major purpose of the main irrigation canal for the west bank is to divert water from two natural canals, Mae Nam Suphan and Mae Nam Noi. In East bank, Khlong Chainat-Pasak which is 120 km long was constructed to divert water from Rama VI Dam on Pasak River to irrigation areas (Figure 3.4-2). The Chao Phraya Irrigation Project is divided into 25 sub projects which can be classified into two main projects as follows:- - Upper Chao Phraya Irrigation Project - Lower Chao Phraya Irrigation Project 1) Upper Chao Phrava Irrigation Project The Upper Chao Phraya Irrigation Project was planned to divert water to irrigation areas by both gravity flow and pumping. The project is composed of many sub projects e.g. Phonlathep, Maharaj, Manorom, Don Chedi, Phophraya, Barommathat, Chanasutr, Yangmanee, Thabote, Samchook, Chong Khae, Koke Kathiem and Rerng Rang. The total area of the whole project is approximately 3.75 million rai. 3-24 L) - 2> KAO KEO PROJECT 4 ,fi \ sAMANOROM PROJECT PHONLATNEP C N - ~~~CON~G KAFk / aoWOw.wm4AT --REGION 8 THA BOTEa v y REGIO:N 7 @ 8 i * -'& \ NORTH RANGStT RN REGION 1OA ~ PHRAA EtAtU i (YANG50UTH RNGSIT REGION 90 NKAMPHIAENG SENi THA~~~~~~~~~PR SOT AGI k WrO4AA IX GULF OF THAILAND Legend Region Boundary Project Boundary FIGURE 3.4-2 CHAO PHRAYA IRRIGATION PROJECI 3-25 2) Lower Chao Phrava Irrigation Project The Lower Chao Phraya Irrigation Project is divided into two projects, Chao Phraya- West Bank Irrigation Project and Chao Phraya-East Bank Irrigation Project. This study emphasizes on the East Bank Project because the Power Plant is situated in this area (Figure 3.4-3). 2.1) Chao Phraya West Bank Irriaation Project The project is composed of 6 sub-projects, namely, (i) Pakhai (ii) Bang Ban (iii) Chao Chet Bang Yihon (iv) Phraya Banlue (v) Phra Pimon and (vi) Phasi Charoen, having a total area of 1.65 million rai. 2.2) Chao Phrava East Bank Irriaation Project The project site is located in the area of the Chao Phraya-East Bank Irrigation Project. The Chao Phraya-East Bank Irrigation Project is composed of 6 sub projects as follows:- 1) South Pasak Irrigation Project The South Pasak Irrigation Project was initially designed to irrigate an area of 240,600 rai. However, at present, only 182,200 rai received water from Khlong Raphiphat. The water is aslo diverted into sub canals by 4 regulators, namely, Phramahin Regulator, Phra Ekathotsarot Regulator, Phra Sri Silp Regulator and Phra Srisaowaphak Regulator. T 2) Nakhon Luana Irrigation Project - The Nakhon Luang Irrigation Project is planned to serve an irrigation area of 267,048 rai. However, at present, only 257,800 rai receives water which is diverted from Khlong Raphiphat via Khlong Nakhon Luang and also water from Khlong Prieo - Sao Hai Project and South Pasak Project which is diverted via Khlong Huai Ba and Khlong Nong Ru. 3) North Ranasit Irriaation Proiect The North Rangsit Irrigation Project was planned to cover an irrigation area of 445,500 rai but only 373,640 rai actually receives water from West Raphiphat at the northern part of the project and from South Raphiphat which stretches to Khlong Rangsit at the southern part of Phra Thammaracha siphon. In dry season, the project irrigates water to an area of 121,000 rai by diverting water drained from the northern part at the end of season. The allocated water is sent through drainage canals instead of irrigation canals due to low water level in Khlong Raphiphat. 3-26 X gr-l'lil?-Jor'{eservio , W N X XResettlenmeni Area=s e Are ^~ Pattanalikoin-loumpinig \D0p< am AL'I' 2 17rv \: Nater Poject g t|' - 1t _. |Pattaiiai ikoin-Kaetig hlo"i ani t _ |Water Pumipitig Project . ' I 1. ) . \\ __s: 2;8 _ /I Dalil ~~~AUr 1 Pa'.k (:li'oli Khaenig Khoi- Ban Mo Water }. PUilpilkg Project Vk Daeng \ Phlrarain xi Dam , J.:. _ r ; tRtE)Y-{ iKaeng~~~Klaeng _ nI StKhloig Preo-Sua li roject AYUI- 'll\ t'. sak Proiec&, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PaomSraha~ a C?kiloAC Luang PrSject Chaiih-t M 0 r:0 00 4_ tO' 00 >,.,,Northl Rallgiv 11oet., _/ ) 1 \9. >AIUZIlAl3 14 00 W '.: [~~~SoLutli Itaiigsi / t Pal< I'liet ;; , Kol'? Af,'D Sk g: SS ; n -S'Su \ ',)t >,~~~~~~Klio Pi g~ ~ ~~~~~~~1 irz ji 11 a i Ya 11 i C IP lo I i tlal F Z ; IW--t AII~~~~~~~~C1ACIII;-ONG,SA \ S;annin ClIaikhct , ,W A,SAMUTP'IIAKAIN.. ~ K 0 S- ° 51°I ; too 30 ioo 43 ,o 101 - 0_ 0 51 . Il3 FIGURE 3.4-3 IRRIGATION AREA OF LOWER CHAO PfDRAYA EAST BANK AND PASAK BASIN 3-27 4) South Ranosit Irrigation Project The South Rangsit Irrigation Project covers an irrigation area of 529,974 ral. However, only 464,900 rai is used for cultivation. The irrigation area receives water from South Raphiphat (Khlong 13) and water drained from the North Rangsit Irrigation Project as well as water from Chao Phraya River via the pumping station at Chulalongkorn Regulator and from Nakhon Nayok River via Somboon Regulator. The Chulalongkorn Regulator Regulates water via Khlong Rangsit to areas between Khlong 1 and Khlong 7. The Somboon Regulator regulates water to the eastern part of the project area. 5) Khlona Dan Irriaation Project The Khlong Dan Irrigation Project was planned to serve an irrigation area of 525,000 rai. At present, only 343,100 rai receives water for cultivation. Since the project area is located on the east bank of lower Chao Phraya River adjacent to the Gulf of Thailand. The project area is lower than other surrounding areas therefore there is water drained across the project area to the sea. The project area has thus always experienced flooding during rainy season. During dry season, very small amount of water is allocated to Khlong 13 for Chao Phraya river water has high salinity content. Therefore, water shortage generally occurs. 6) Phra Ong Chaiyanuchit Irriaation Project The Phra Ong Chaiyanuchit Irrigation Project covers an irrigation area of 510,000 rai. However, at present, only 474,600 rai receives water from Khlong Saen Saeb which receives water drained from canals in the South Rangsit Irrigation Project. The eastern part of the project area receives water from Bang Pakong River. Royal Irrigation Department has set up development/improvement plans for these afore-mentioned projects during 1993-1997 with a total budget of approximately 1,435 million baht. 3.4.3.4 Water Resources Development in Pasak River Basin The Pasak River Basin Is located on the east bank of Chao Phraya River. Pasak River is a main tributary joining Chao Phraya River at Ayudhaya. Presently, the development in Pasak River basin comprises Rama VI Dam across the river to divert water via Khlong Raphiphat to the lower Chao Phraya River Basin. However, from agricultural statistics of the country within the past 10-20 years, it is found that, during the past 4-5 years, expansion of agricultural land has decreased. This is due to lack of suitable land and shortage of water for plantation. Agricultural production rate decreased from 5% per annum to 3-4% per annum, presently. 3-28 RID has planned to develop the Pasak River Basin by aiming at storage of water in the river basin for various purposes. A dam will be constructed in Lopburi. It is expected that, in 1997, the project will be completed and thus can supply water to the eastem side of the Lower Chao Phraya Irrigation Project. The total irrigation area is approximately 2 million rai. At present, this project receives water diverted from Chao Phraya Dam of about 2,100 MCM/yr. Thus the Pasak Project will help reduce that portion of water which is presently diverted from Chao Phraya Dam. The Pasak Project will also supply water for the following destinations: (1) Khlong Prieo - Sao Hai, an area of 135,000 rai (2) Kaeng Khoi - Ban Mo, an area of 80,000 rai (3) Pumping projects under Community Development Department, Local Administration Department and Energy Development and Promotion Department, an area of 20,000 rai. (4) Supply of water for domestic and industrial uses in Lopburi and Saraburi, an average of 48 MCM. (5) Control of pollution from industrial and residential sources in Pasak River, approximately 78 MCM in dry season. 3.4.4 Rainfall and Runoff 3.4.4.1 Rainfall Characteristic The climate of the Chao Phraya River Basin is influenced by the southwest monsoon which usually starts in May and ends in October. The depression storms from the South China Sea in September and October produce peak streamflows in the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries. Average annual precipitation in the Chao Phraya River Basin varies from a minimum of 1,000 mm in the western part to about 1,400 mm in the headwater and to 2,000 mm in the eastern Chao Phraya Delta as presented in Figure 3.4-4. Variations from year to year which produce floods and droughts are important factors in determining the usefulness of water resources. The information on rainfall characteristic of the project area is taken from RID rainfall measurement stations of Nakhon Luang, Tha Luang and North Rangsit Irrigation Projects. Details of the stations are shown in Table 3.4-1. Mean monthly rainfall data as shown in Tables 3.4-2 to 3.4-4 reveal that mean annual rainfall is approximately 1,270 mm with the maximum of 1,800 mm and the minimum of 790 mm. 3-29 FIGURE 3.4-4AVERAGE AN KAl pAINAL MAINCHOPRYBAI 3-30, 50 ,oo -1,200- Isohytals in Millimetres ~ 2,50 3-30~~~~0 TABLE 3.4-1 LIST OF RAINFALL GAUGING STATION IN STUDY AREA Irrigation Project Code Name Province 1. Nakhon Luang 43032 Tha Rua Ayudhaya 42122 Nakhon Luang Ayudhaya 42190 Khlong Khaomao Reg. Ayudhaya 42220 Khlong Chik Reg. Ayudhaya 42300 Upper 4R Canal Ayudhaya 2. Tha Luang 32120 Raphiphat 3R Canal Pathumthani 32130 Raphiphat Regulator Pathumthani 42132 A. Phachi Ayudhaya 54052 A. Nong Khae Saraburi 54210 Phra Ekathotsarot Reg. Saraburi 3. North Rangsit 32012 A. Muang Pathumthani 32052 A. Nong Sua Pathumthani 32082 Rangsit Rice Expt. St. Pathumthani 32110 Raphiphat 6R Canal Pathumthani 32120 Raphiphat 3R Canal Pathumthani F:T34-1 .WK1/37-B-0043 3-31 TABLE 3.4-2 AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL IN NAKHON LUANG IRRIGATION PROJECT AREA oyal Irrigation Department, Thailand ation - 42032 A. Tha Rua, Ayudhaya - 42122 A. Nakhon Luang, Ayudhaya - 42190 Kiong Khao Mao Regulator (CAP. 13), Ayudhaya - 42220 Klong Chik Reguator (CAP. 16), Ayudhaya - 42300 Upper 4R Canal (NKG. 4), Ayudhaya MM Y/M Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Annual 1965 92.3 156.0 212.3 90.7 236.7 369.5 150.9 36.1 13.9 4.7 60.3 37.6 1,462.0 1966 61.1 250.2 202.3 267.5 235.9 206.5 157.1 23.3 21.3 3.0 6.3 5.3 1,495.7 1967 77.8 113.5 89.2 135.7 81.3 248.3 42.4 19.9 0.0 7.9 73.7 4.7 949.7 1968 108.1 113.7 107.4 101.0 147.2 218.0 93.9 20.3 0.0 3.1 0.0 29.0 951.6 1969 23.9 77.7 160.2 300.2 130.1 437.7 129.7 53.9 0.6 13.5 32.5 44.0 1,403.9 1970 70.5 152.2 250.1 151.4 295.4 317.3 139.4 3.0 36.0 0.0 2.2 21.0 1,443.9 1971 61.2 126.2 136.6 112.6 217.0 163.8 164.9 3.1 5.2 0.0 2.4 43.4 1,091.5 1972 129.9 65.1 134.4 46.9 207.2 571.0 192.0 161.1 29.6 0.0 0.0 90.4 1,677.6 1973 10.3 147.3 134.1 212.0 206.0 229.6 77.1 25.3 4.9 1.1 3.6 30.3 1,132.2 1974 161.1 135.7 125.9 201.0 177.7 269.0 326.7 48.6 1.2 110.3 0.7 20.6 1,531.5 1975 56.7 130.3 213.0 209.3 232.2 225.1 163.9 80.5 14.7 0.0 25.2 56.2. 1,412.0 1976 36.3 131.7 148.3 244.7 301.7 269.7 136.2 49.2 13.9 6.9 0.0 26.0 1,465.0 1977 122.8 141.3 120.3 119.9 186.6 290.5 118.0 21.4 16.1 11.6 95.9 1.3 1,246.8 L978 46.6 237.9 133.6 250.8 116.2 405.4 107.7 2.1 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.4 1,302.7 1979 49.4 218.3 130.8 191.8 224.6 279.9 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 22.4 1,127.7 [980 124.3 133.3 202.1 197.0 149.1 180.5 253.8 29.6 0.0 0.0 13.7 32.2 1,315.4 l981 36.1 128.4 168.3 161.5 213.5 223.9 70.9 86.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 23.2 1,162.5 982 70.5 98.2 162.2 154.3 60.0 137.6 111.4 78.0 6.9 0.6 0.0 0.0 929.6 983 0.1 147.0 137.9 97.6 283.2 198.0 286.7 47.2 8.3 3.6 36.8 15.0 1,261.3 984 73.2 138.4 99.7 174.5 176.7 167.4 161.0 26.8 0.3 1.6 0.0 28.0 1,097.5 985 83.0 132.4 72.4 146.5 123.4 303.9 150.9 34.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,046.7 986 123.7 185.0 108.7 178.2 134.6 352.7 161.9 0.0 5.0 3.2 0.0 3.2 1,256.3 987 59.6 128.4 85.5 130.7 86.4 279.0 117.7 90.9 0.0 0.0 28.5 3.3 1,010.0 988 99.3 106.3 133.3 150.4 232.8 240.4 195.4 0.0 0.0 28.6 6.3 16.8 1,210.2 989 15.6 144.4 66.8 77.5 211.6 194.6 170.6 21.3 0.0 9.8 0.0 63.4 980.6 990 11.1 223.5 38.2 102.8 35.5 263.6 472.1 30.2 0.0 6.2 0.6 12.1 1,250.7 'G = 71.6 149.1 143.3 163.7 134.7 272.3 162.1 38.4 6.9 3.7 15.3 24.6 1,241.1 LX = 161.1 250.2 250.1 300.2 301.7 571.0 472.1 161.1 36.0 110.3 95.9 90.4 1,677.6 N = 0.1 65.1 38.2 46.9 60.0 163.3 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 929.6 3-32 F:T34-2.WK1/37-B-0043 TABLE 3.4-3 AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL IN SOUIT PASAK PROJECT AREA toyal Irrigation Department, Thailand ;tation - 32120 Raphiphat 3R Canal (NRS.4), Pathumthani - 32130 Raphiphat Regulator (NRS.5), Pathumthani - 42132 A. Phachi, Ayudhaya - 54052 A. Nong Khae, Saraburi - 54210 Phra Ekathotsarot Regulator (RPP.3), Saraburi MM Y/,M Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Annual 1965 38.3 223.6 150.8 126.7 237.4 490.7 153.0 43.0 18.7 6.8 56.5 55.3 1,601.1 1966 62.6 302.4 234.7 290.9 347.6 175.5 162.4 36.0 28.3 5.0 0.1 5.8 1,651.3 1967 90.3 222.4 103.6 222.8 132.5 279.4 59.1 28.2 0.0 6.0 105.4 11.1 1,260.8 1968 168.5 93.1 151.6 161.5 198.4 172.0 53.6 6.3 0.0 5.3 0.0 77.6 1,087.8 1969 55.3 33.9 131.0 287.6 138.3 481.5 125.8 65.4 0.0 17.1 49.3 53.3 1,493.5 1970 73.4 237.4 272.9 234.8 374.7 271.7 124.2 9.3 63.7 0.0 10.8 28.1 1,701.1 1971 56.6 123.6 149.5 148.8 295.7 231.9 140.0 0.4 1.8 0.0 0.8 18.7 1,167.8 1972 104.3 37.5 172.0 90.9 218.8 645.4 163.1 195.2 37.3 0.0 1.4 81.3 1,746.9 1973 35.4 124.3 179.5 203.2 215.3 139.3 74.4 33.5 1.2 3.2 20.0 52.3 1,132.1 1974 115.3 173.3 107.2 209.4 148.2 170.8 255.9 88.0 1.6 62.0 11.9 26.9 1,370.4 1975 45.9 106.5 235.3 236.4 198.9 215.3 121.1 57.8 6.5 0.0 35.4 29.1 1,288.4 1976 27.4 140.7 138.0 302.1 348.7 346.3 84.7 40.5 5.8 3.0 5.7 14.9 1,457.6 1977 31.7 86.1 83.6 82.2 169.2 225.3 83.3 57.0 4.0 1.8 39.9 0.0 864.1 1978 16.1 195.2 224.1 252.9 128.3 325.2 92.5 5.5 0.0 19.5 11.1 2.7 1,273.1 1979 18.9 121.9 60.1 176.4 195.0 196.3 67.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 28.7 868.9 1980 96.8 82.7 283.7 210.4 342.1 258.9 269.1 29.5 0.0 0.0 16.0 11.9 1,601.0 1981 36.0 214.5 197.0 160.0 247.0 261.8 137.5 166.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.7 1,524.2 1982 39.2 146.1 166.7 131.9 107.9 180.8 114.5 104.5 14.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 1,008.0 1983 1.4 142.6 137.3 131.6 332.7 204.1 372.7 55.1 14.1 10.3 60.8 9.4 1,521.9 1984 60.0 157.1 109.7 213.2 254.1 173.6 170.6 36.3 0.0 2.5 0.0 2.8 1,137.8 1985 39.4 114.3 81.8 173.6 179.7 298.5 147.4 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,109.1 1986 63.5 170.0 160.7 211.9 164.7 257.8 175.8 11.6 22.5 0.0 0.0 21.7 1,265.1 1987 75.6 104.9 100.8 128.8 83.5 301.3 96.7 62.5 0.0 0.5 22.9 0.0 977.4 1988 105.1 113.1 255.6 170.6 297.4 179.4 246.2 0.6 0.0 3.1 15.8 63.7 1,450.5 1989 7.6 115.7 68.6 106.7 258.4 253.3 134.1 28.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 32.7 1,007.0 1990 28.9 177.8 70.5 93.9 35.3 300.2 491.6 16.0 0.0 4.2 9.3 29.8 1,307.5 sVG = 61.5 146.8 156.8 183.0 219.2 272.5 158.6 46.2 8.4 5.8 18.4 27.4 1,304.8 IAX = 168.5 302.4 283.7 302.1 374.7 645.4 491.6 195.2 63.7 62.0 105.4 81.3 1,746.9 AIIN = 1.4 37.5 60.1 32.2 83.5 170.8 53.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 364.1 3-33 F:T34-3.WK1/37-B-0043 TABLE 3.4-4 AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL IN NORTH RANGSIT PROECr AREA .oyal Irrigation Department, Thailand tation - 32012 A. Muang, Pathumthani - 32052 A. Nong Sua, Pathumthani - 32082 Rangsit Rice Experimental Station, Pathumthani - 32110 Raphiphat 6R Canal (NRS. 2), Pathumthani - 32120 Raphiphat 3R Canal (NRS. 4), Pathunithani MM Y/M Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Annual 1965 38.1 177.6 109.1 85.2 132.6 413.6 173.4 38.3 8.8 0.8 70.6 41.8 1,340.0 1966 64.9 300.8 142.4 221.3 260.6 193.0 197.0 17.0 47.6 12.8 0.0 0.0 1,457.4 1967 115.9 145.6 85.6 253.3 107.8 305.2 85.3 40.9 0.0 1.0 55.6 12.2 1,208.5 1968 82.0 126.5 172.5 163.6 208.4 293.5 164.5 41.1 0.0 9.6 0.0 43.9 1,305.6 1969 45.0 101.8 184.1 214.6 155.2 434.2 226.2 55.1 0.0 31.3 33.4 75.4 1,556.2 1970 61.5 200.3 312.3 256.2 340.8 308.3 203.6 25.8 68.6 0.0 12.3 16.0 1,305.3 1971 53.0 140.9 135.3 125.8 363.5 208.8 219.8 6.8 2.6 0.0 5.3 9.3 1,271.0 1972 158.8 41.8 176.9 103.0 149.5 625.7 162.5 200.7 60.2 0.0 0.0 67.0 1,746.0 1973 9.2 70.9 168.8 177.3 172.2 279.7 98.6 37.0 0.0 1.1 4.6 81.7 1,101.0 1974 145.2 166.3 64.3 216.7 101.8 157.9 365.0 71.7 0.0 30.4 1.8 66.6 1,437.5 1975 20.0 111.4 211.4 241.0 193.4 203.6 174.0 31.3 3.1 0.0 24.8 10.8 1,223.7 1976 49.1 139.3 118.7 267.5 331.0 288.9 149.9 37.5 3.4 19.6 29.0 1.5 1,435.3 1977 48.7 86.9 62.1 110.6 135.5 232.6 68.4 6.2 1.4 15.4 50.6 0.0 818.5 1978 9.6 215.1 136.3 200.7 95.8 230.0 127.7 9.1 0.0 1.6 4.7 0.0 1,030.6 1979 24.7 119.7 75.1 117.1 199.1 186.8 43.5 5.8 0.2 0.0 1.5 14.2 787.5 1980 38.9 82.3 355.5 202.5 271.7 259.8 232.5 21.5 0.0 0.0 41.7 3.2 1,509.5 1981 108.1 163.9 133.7 119.3 233.4 280.6 139.0 128.3 0.0 0.0 2.8 36.3 1,345.9 1982 66.7 122.4 198.5 136.9 135.5 263.0 146.7 57.8 3.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 1,182.7 1983 2.5 131.7 149.9 93.1 329.1 324.2 399.4 51.3 8.5 5.9 52.7 27.3 1,605.9 1984 61.7 40.7 132.7 177.0 224.3 234.2 158.8 2.7 0.0 13.6 0.0 7.4 1,053.1 1985 39.1 148.3 84.0 144.8 94.4 265.7 203.1 35.9 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 1,0673 1986 66.2 258.1 151.5 193.5 166.6 301.4 203.6 11.4 24.7 0.0 0.0 8.9 1,386.0 1987 75.0 61.6 127.5 62.9 63.7 312.0 96.6 71.4 0.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 379.1 1988 77.2 127.4 185.5 133.6 225.2 379.7 252.0 0.6 0.0 24.3 0.0 45.0 1,450.7 1989 4.2 68.8 57.7 148.1 168.4 227.9 115.3 22.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 828.2 1990 17.9 177.3 51.6 96.3 103.7 261.1 532.7 36.1 0.0 5.2 22.0 7.2 1,311.6 VG = 59.0 135.7 145.5 165.9 192.8 287.4 190.0 42.1 9.0 8.6 16.4 22.8 1,274.8 AX = 158.3 300.8 355.5 267.5 363.5 625.7 532.7 200.7 68.6 80.4 70.6 31.7 1,805.8 IN = 2.5 40.7 51.6 62.9 63.7 157.9 43.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 787.5 3-34 F:T34-4.WK1/37-B-0043 3.4.4.2 Runoff Characteristic 1) Chao Phraya River Table 3.4-5 summarises runoff data within 26-37 years of 6 stations within Chao Phraya River Basin. Locations of the stations are shown in Figure 3.4-5. Bhumibol and Sirikit reservoirs are also included in the 6 stations mentioned before. In addition, Station S.9 in Pasak River Basin is also taken into consideration. It can be seen from Table 3.4-5 that runoff in Chao Phraya River at Nakhon Sawan (C.2) is about 23,260 MCM and reduced to 11,666 MCM after passing Chao Phraya Dam. For Pasak River, runoff to Chao Phraya River is about 2,416 MCM. Table 3.4-6 shows variation of monthly runoff from various stations and indicates that high flow of runoff occurs between August and November. 2) Khlong Raghiohat In Rama VI Reign, Rama VI Dam was constructed across Pasak River at Tambon Tha Luang, Amphoe Tha Rue, Ayudhaya province. Besides, Khlong Raphiphat was construc-ted to divert water from Rama VI Dam to plantation areas in the west bank of the lower Chao Phraya River Basin with a maximum capacity of 120 cms or 310 MCM/month Khlong Raphiphat is separated into 2 streams, namely West Raphiphat and South Raphiphat at Amphoe Nong Khae, Saraburi Province. The Power Plant is located on West Raphiphat. South Raphiphat leads water to the lower area Via Khlong 13 and Khlong Rangsit Prayoonsak. In order to efficiently regulate water in Khlong Raphiphat, RID constructed regulators across various sections of Khlong Raphiphat starting at the mouth near Rama VI Dam. Locations of regulators are shown in Figure 3.4-6. In the project area there are 2 regulators on West Raphiphat, namely Phra Sri Silp Regulator and Phra Intaracha Regulator. Since the agricultural land on the east bank had increased, Chao Phraya Dam was built in 1953. RID dredged Khlong Chainat-Pasak to connect Chao Phraya River and Pasak River. This Khlong aims at diverting water from Chao Phraya Dam to Pasak River at Rama VI Dam at about 210 cms. This Khlong is 120 km long with regulators for allocating water to cultivation land. RID has allocated water via regulators to cultivation land since 1965 upto present. Tables 3.4-7 and 3.4-8 and Figures 3.4-7 and 3.4-8 show volume of water diverted into Khlong Raphiphat between 1976-1993 at Phra Narai Regulator and Phra Sri Silp Regulator. It can be seen that volume of water released via Phra Narai Regulator is about 2,300 MCM/year with the minimum value of about 1,647 MCM/year in 1992. Monthly variation ranges between 97 and 277 MCM with values higher than 200 3-35 TABLE 3.4-5 LIST OF SELECTED STREAMELOW GAUGING STATIONS River and Station Code 1 Location 1 Control Drainage Area ] Record Mean Annual Agency (bq.km) Penod Plow (mCm) 1. Bhumibol Dam _ TAK EGAT 14,023 1952-1989 5,388 2. Sirikit Darn NAN EGAT 10,335 1952-1989 5,692 3. Chao Phraya C.2 NAKHON SAWAN RID 110,569 1978-1990 23,260 4. Chao Phraya C.13 CHAINAT RID - 1960-1986 12,960 5. Chao Phraya C.7 ANGTHONG RID - 1960-1986 11,666 6. Pasak S.9 SARABURI RID 14,374 1973-1991 2,416 Remark: Side flow at Nakhon Sawan is about 12,768 MCM/yr (JICA, 1988) Source: 1) Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Assessment of Pasak Project, July 1991. 2) Lower Chao Phraya West Bank Area Development Project, 1982. 3) Master Plan Study on Water Management System and Monitoring Program in Chao Phraya River Basin, July 1988. 3-36 F:T34-5.WK1/37-B-0043 7~~1 ( NAKH SWA 0~~~1 BUMI pOL XDCHAO DAM Jn Xd X I a s°'+) \ S W 8AGKOKE FIGURE 3.4-5 SIREAM GAUGING STATIONS 3,-7 3-37~~~~~~' TABLE 3.4-6 AVERAGE MONTHLY AND ANNUAL FLOW OF SELECTED STATIONS Unit: MCM River and Station Code Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Annual 1. Bhumibol Dam _ 41.32 166.09 274.65 321.60 805.50 1,445.70 1,220.70 611.19 285.80 131.55 57.62 27.15 5,388.90 2. Sirikit Dam _ 76.86 175.91 306.94 761.55 1,521.22 1,599.90 600.48 256.26 138.77 103.03 74.73 70.35 5,692.00 3. Chao Phraya C.2 1,084.20 1,242.10 1,399.20 1,664.10 2.403.10 3,775.80 4,818.70 2,809.20 1,393.80 765.80 822.30 1,081.00 23,259.10 4. Chao Phraya C. 13 253.20 500.60 655.30 745.70 1,116.40 2,282.50 3,745.50 1,755.80 967.20 401.20 271.70 262.50 12,957.60 5. GChao Phraya C.7 331.80 557.90 656.30 662.40 849.10 1.765.90 2,847.40 1,662.00 1,210.60 477.60 321.90 322.70 11,665.60 oo 6. Pasak S.9 18.51 50.27 93.98 117.00 234.52 673.80 920.80 183.50 58.98 30.34 17.31 17.04 2,416.00 I:T34-6.WK1/37 -B-0043 Manorom Reg. Manoror Req.,Maharaj Reg. Chao Phraya Dam Makamtao-Uthong Head eg. Phonlathep Reg. C a Boroimnathat Reg. hong Kae Reg. Thabote Reg. C , o0 > W ° \\o Q Khok Kathiem Reg. o hanasut'.- C ) \ Reg. 4 *ingbur l °' t ) t^. \iphon ° Somchook Reg. s' S Yang Manee o ! \ e. Roenq Rang Reg. /Rana VI Barrage liy Phra arai Reg. (-:IJ. %Phokoi Plira Ekathorsarot Reg. { t ) ~Reg.> \ / % J > khai- P A raPhra Sr r Sri Saowaphak Reg. -* < | ~~Plhak Haril'Reg.'S Phra Thammaracha i (Mek].ong I3avin) ~ ntharacha l i(Mleklonlg Basin) 6,§< 2 \) r) R /~~~~~~~~~~ otkan~~aig Klanalk \ / > < I,at~~~~~Z Kra;ol );i rha Khai Req. J t 9 V~~~~ ~ ~~Reg. \akthakong Reg. > <~~~~~~B-n Thamru Peg. n FIGURE 3.4-6 LOWER CHAO PHRAYA BASIN AND CHAO PHRAYA EAST BANK PROJECr 3-39 TABLE 3.4-7 WATER DIVERSION TO RAPHI1PHAT CANAL AT PHRA NARAI REGURATOR 2519-2536 B-E. YEAR APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCr. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. ANNUAL (MCM) 2519 322 225 259 242 212 151 343 236 41 74 138 335 2578 2520 304 332 239 205 145 329 278 129 81 80 107 184 2413 2521 215 149 110 166 207 252 157 244 119 157 131 245 2152 2522 294 241 261 255 271 278 305 174 100 106 37 63 2385 2523 65 171 204 274 273 300 94 193 39 128 145 172 2058 2524 196 198 177 165 279 203 292 224 63 202 235 272 2506 2525 241 150 130 116 178 319 286 215 26 214 264 245 2384 2526 263 239 174 105 130 156 162 102 23 69 203 335 1961 2527 226 157 167 137 190 295 467 324 84 197 218 265 2727 2528 229 185 203 225 274 196 350 290 66 130 191 280 2619 2529 274 171 202 225 219 218 267 179 154 94 239 303 2545 2530 247 159 146 82 132 317 465 323 123 84 89 182 2349 2531 166 246 218 217 143 248 252 261 105 139 139 185 2319 2532 182 238 286 185 150 232 344 289 113 110 98 237 2464 2533 204 186 255 267 262 277 95 181 188 126 72 145 2258 2534 203 101 181 61 111 196 233 163 187 104 71 115 1726 2535 110 89 55 21 232 150 325 205 444 99 83 136 1649 2536 149 122 123 90 150 203 164 48 75 AVERAGE 216 187 188 169 198 240 271 210 96 124 145 218 2300 W9AX 304 332 286 274 279 329 467 324 188 214 264 335 2727 \41N 65 89 55 21 111 150 94 48 23 69 37 63 1649 {.EMARK 1) DURING DRY PERIOD IN 2517-2518. THE REGURATOR WAS UNDER REPAIR BY RID SO THE CALCULATION WAS ABANDONED FOR THESE YEARS. 2) SIRIKIT DAM WAS OPERATED IN 2517. F:T34-7.WK1 /37-B-0043 3-40 TABLE 3.4-8 WAITR nTv FR5TON To nRAPTHIPHAT C!ANA. AT PT-RA SRI SP REGURATOR 2519-2536 B-E. YEAR APR. MAY JUN. JUL AUG. SEP. OCr. NOV. DEC JAN. FEB. MAR. ANNUAL (MCM) 2519 110 115 88 80 98 55 129 85 26 35 63 110 994 2520 98 128 82 65 44 125 94 59 59 47 62 90 953 2521 79 63 48 75 80 96 90 44 64 57 42 73 811 2522 94 100 85 67 69 75 66 42 55 32 8 2 695 2523 16 32 68 51 78 67 19 22 17 26 21 46 463 2524 71 77 65 38 75 69 63 53 22 82 85 111 811 2525 70 58 51 23 48 121 91 55 8 87 101 102 815 2526 109 89 76 27 37 23 56 11 4 20 70 101 623 2527 80 70 60 37 66 101 152 94 29 64 76 124 953 2528 93 98 90 90 99 73 101 78 39 47 56 70 934 2529 79 48 57 67 64 68 79 42 35 42 52 96 729 2530 88 55 38 34 32 93 177 93 57 39 33 40 779 2531 43 75 86 63 23 20 33 32 42 48 50 55 570 2532 48 50 60 48 30 64 75 58 32 33 38 58 594 2533 44 39 36 55 40 53 46 21 30 49 33 32 478 2534 40 35 37 22 24 39 41 31 26 20 26 35 376 2535 31 27 23 12 57 32 82 55 54 48 27 33 481 2536 38 32 26 30 28 60 39 4 15 272 AVERAGE 68 66 60 49 55 69 80 49 34 46 50 69 685 MAX 109 128 90 90 99 125 177 94 64 87 101 124 953 MIN 16 27 23 12 23 20 19 4 4 20 8 2 272 REMARK 1) DURING DRY PERIOD IN 2517-2518, THE REGURATOR WAS UNDER REPAIR BY RID SO THE CALCULATION WAS ABANDONED FOR THESE YEARS. 2) SIRIKIT DAM WAS OPERATED IN 2517. F:T34-8.WK1/37-B-0043 3-41 WATER DIVERSION TO RAPHIPHAT CANAL AT PHRA NARAI REG (2515-2535 B.E.) 2.. 2..7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. Z.G~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 2.5 24 I4 ~~h' 27 MO -5z ZU4 alZ c1x5 so2= Z 1.$ 1.7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. 1.76 _ ' ¶I I 2 0 1 5Z I Z~Z 52S i 2Z S9!tU!23 Z53S Z520 ZWZ ZX4 t5Z ZGI '530 ' ?534 WATER YEAR MONTHLY WATER DIVERSION TO RAPHIPHAT AT PHRA NARAI REG (2505-2536 B.E.) 467 4fo _ 0t .5 ~~~~MAX S~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ Sg D r N -277 -~ ...j \ 55 ~ AVG3 4 188 -a150 MONTH FIGURE 3.4-7 WATER DIVERSION TO RAPHIPHAT CANAL AT PHRA NARAI REGULATOR 3-42 WATER DIVERSION TO RAPHIPHAT CANAL AT PHRA SRI SILP REGULATOR 0.9 I 0.8 ---r---~~ n- L 02 C07 Z2 0.5 -'~ 2!~~~-37 25 I253 2So2 25Z2 Z5z 2 2S M 5;10 2532 Z534 WATER YRAR WATER DIVERSION TO RAPHIPHAT CANAL AT PHRA SRI SILP REGULATOR l9D~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~7 140- 170 / 77 160- 2~~~~~~0~8 740 s Io - 59 / 1 1 0 - ... . . 0 az22 80 - 1D n . Z " > UX _ - : + ' -. " * 23 34V 30 h- zo -~~~~~~~~~ ~>s=2 APr MAZ Uti sUL AU SBP OCT NOV G ER M3AR MONTH FIGURE 3.4-8 WATER DIVERSION TO RAPHIPHAT CANAL AT PHRA SRI SILP REGULATOR 3-43 MCM during August to November. Minimum average monthly volume ranges between 22 and 150 MCM with the minimum of 21 MOM in July. West Raphiphat downcztrPqm of Phra Sri Si!p Regulator has on a "rage volue of about 709 MCM with the minimum of 376 MCM. Monthly variation ranges between 35 and 82 MCM. Minimum monthly volume ranges between 2 and 23 MCM. The month with minimum volume is March of 2 MCM. 3.5 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 3.5.1 Introduction Construction and operation of the Power Plant will certainly affect surface water quality, aquatic biology and fisheries in the receiving water body, i.e. the Raphiphat Irrigation Canal (Khlong Raphiphat). Significant source of the effects is power plant effluents generated by different sources and stored in effluent holding pond prior to discharge to Khlong Raphiphat. In addition, huge quantity of water withdrawal from Chao Phraya River at Bang Sai or Khlong Raphiphat for power plant uses will also affect adversely on aquatic organisms. Moreover, quality and biological composition of such water withdrawn from the river or the canal will affect raw-water intake structures, plant process structures and water treatment processes as well and should be taken into consideration too. Hence, existing conditions of surface water quality and aquatic biology at the raw- water intake site in Chao Phraya River and at the effluent receiving site in Khlong Raphiphat and its upstream and downstream have to be studied in details, so that the adverse impacts of the Project on water quality and vice versa will be reasonably assessed and rrEitigation measures to effectively minimize those adverse impacts will be appropriately recommended. 3.5.2 Obiectives The main objectives of the surface water quality study are as follows: 1. To determine existing water quality conditions in Chao Phraya River at the raw- water intake site and in Khlong Raphiphat. 2. To assess suitability of Chao Phraya water and Khlong Raphiphat as raw water source of power plant water supply for different using purposes. 3. To evaluate adverse effects of effluent discharge on Khlong Raphiphat water quality. 4. To recommend appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring program. 3-44 3.5.3 Study Methodoloav 3.5.3.1 Literature Review Existing Information, data and reports relevant to the present study on water quality were collected, reviewed and analyzed. These information, data and reports included laws and standards on pollution control in Thailand and water quality data in Chao Phraya River, 1985-1988 conducted by NEB; Water quality monitoring at the proposed raw water intake sites for the proposed project in Chao Phraya River and Khlong Raphiphat and in the proposed effluent receiving water body, Khlong Raphiphat conducted by EGAT; and water quality monitoring of effluent holding pond water and effluent receiving water in Huai Pong canal of the Rayong Combined Cycle Power Plant conducted by EGAT. 3.5.3.2 Field Investigation In order to update the existing water quality data, an additional field investigation on surface water quality in Chao Phraya River and Khlong Raphiphat was conducted in December 1993. Sampling stations included one station at the proposed raw water intake site in Chao Phraya River and A 4ttation,S in ehIngnn ipnhinhe,t i a nno iotrnom ctntinn nf tho nrtniort att nnno ototinn ot tho project site and 2 downstream stations of the project site (Figure 3.5-1). At each sampling station, a water sample was collected from mid-depth layer and temperature, pH and conductivity were immediately measured. The collected water sample was then divided into 3 portions for further analyses at the SEATEC Chemistry Laboratory using the methods described in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1985). Water samples taken from Khlong Raphiphat were also analyzed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, SSP (Soluble Sodium Percentage) and RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate) by the Division of Soil Analysis, Department of Land Development. 3.5.4 Existina Surface Water Quality 3.5.4.1 Chao Phraya River Based on NEB water quality monitoring for Chao Phraya River from 1985 to 1988 (Figure 3.5-2) for the area from Pathumthani (Station 16) to Ayudhaya (Station 20) which covers the raw water intake site of the proposed project (Table 3.5-1 and Figure 3.5-2), the results indicated no salinity intrusion to the area with low conductivity and low concentrations of chloride. As regards to water quality indices including pH, DO, BOD, NO,, NH,, phenols, cyanide and heavy metals, the results indicated that most values of those parameters were within the class 3 of the NEB surface water quality standards. In addition, the Department of Health had conducted a water quality monitoring survey in Chao Phraya River in 1990 and found low BOD values of less than 1.0 mg/I for the areas of Bang Sai, Bang Pa In and Ayudhaya (Department of Health,1991). The results comply 3-45 EAT: Ban8ph-n oe. | Pro ject Are/ EGAT1 t S (EGAT //Amph Wang Noi WN 4 9k il 9 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~FIGURE 3.5-1 LOCATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS AT RAWv WATI K INTAKE SITE IN CHAO 2 PHRYA RIVER (WN'1. A' .,3 P0ra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 130 Bang Pa-In 125 Bang Sal 11 I 110 t<105 000 Pathum Thoni 85 IS Legend I u l Sampling Statlon Pak Kr.t Remark I Bang Khon .1 SThe number Indicates distance in km 65 from the river mount Nonthaburl 2 Location and distance of stations )) cited by this study t5 -j Pathum Thant ProvInce (91.6 km) 50 fi Samkok District(98.6km) BANGKOK 45 )0 -e Bang Pa-In PuIp and Paper Factory(131.1km) 0 5 10 km (9 (> Phra E9 Bang Pa In District (137.2 km) s351 iJ )Khanong [ff 2~5 Pom Phet (142.6 km) 7 2 Phra Prodoeng 20 2 10 Samut Prokarn FIGURE 3.5-2 LOCATION OF NEB SAMPLING STATIONS FOR CHAO PHRAYA RIVER WATER 3-47 MEAN VALUES OF LOW TIDE WATER CHARACTERISTICS MEASURED BY NEB IN CHAO PHRAYA RIVER PROh PATPTPHNI TO ATADNIAA 1985-198g1/ Station 16 17 18 19 2C Surface Water : - Year 85 -86 87 886 87 6 87 88 85 887 7 88 85 86 87 88 85 86. 87 88 Quality Standards Parametergs… … …… … … …… … …… … … ……_Class 3 Air Temperature, °C - - - - - 31.6 33.1 - - 31.9 32.5 - - - - - - 31.8 33.5 - Water Temperature, °C 29.6 - - - 29.7 29.6 30.5 - 30.7 29.1 30.4 - 30.7 - - - 31.1 29.3 30.5 - Conductivity, u mhos/cm 195 - - 143 190 189 187 143 194 180 181 132 193 - - - 164 174 179 123 Salinity, ppt 0 - - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chloride, mgA 10.9 - - - 11.2 10.4 10.1 14.5 13 9.2 45.8 12.7 12.4 - - - 7.4 9.1 45.6 13.1 Suspended Solids, mg/l 16 - - 53 13 48 44 59 15 42 24 57 25 - - - 34 36 26 114 pH 7.4 - - 7.5 7.3 7.7 7.2 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.3 7.5 7.5 - - - 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.4 5 -9 Alkalinity, mg/l as CaCO3 - - - 94 - 73.3 65.5 90 - 75.5 63.8 82 - - - - - 76 62.5 87 Dissoled Oxygen, mg/I 4.1 - - - 4.2 4.2 3.7 4.6 5 5.3 4 5 5.2 - - - 6.2 6 5.4 5.8 4.0 BOD, mg/l 1.4 - - 1.3 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.5 2.8 1.4 - - - 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.1 2.0 COD, mgA 12.1 - - 12.5 16.2 13.5 12.1 12.5 13.6 12.2 12.4 18.8 10.5 - - - 16.4 8.8 16.4 12.7 r TOC, mg/l - - - 9.63 - 5 6.93 11.73 - 4 6.25 9.43 - - - - - 3.91 6.48 9.78 N02-N, mg/l 0.004 - - - 0.004 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.006 0.01 0 0.01 0.005 - - - 0.002 0.00 0.00 0.00 N03-N, mg/I 0.172 - - 0.24 0.165 0.18 0.16 0.03 0.185 0.26 0.11 0.19 0.134 - - - 0.108 0.15 0.09 0.19 5.0 NH3-N, mg/I 0.06 - - 1.71 0.23 0.2 0.04 1.54 0.18 0.14 0.06 1.82 0.05 - - - 0.46 0.19 0.04 1.13 0.3 Kjeldahl-N, mgl/ 3.2 - - - 4.3 1.65 0.5 0.70 6.4 0.64 0.4 0.32 4.5 - - - 4 1.53 1.1 0.87 Total-P, mg/I 0.139 - - 0.01 0.100 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.092 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.108 - - - 0.063 0.04 0.02 0.05 Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml 18,900 - - 4,800 6,900 3,125 2,325 6,650 9,900 12,975 10,900 14,955 14,900 - - - 23,800 7,975 :33,250 9,500 20,000 Faecal Coliform, MPN/100 ml - - - - - 2,150 1,125 1,400 - 2,000 5,075 8,300 _- - - - 2,000 8,433 2,967 4,000 Phenols, ug/l - - - - 1 0.05 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 - - - - 1.4 0.0 0.0 5.0 Cyanide, ug/l - - - - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.17 - - - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 5 Zn, ug/l. - - - 27.0 15.54 - - 31 - - - 24 54.17 - - - 67.43 - - 25.0 1,000 Cd, ug/A - - - 0.59 0.5 - - 0.22 - - - 0.17 0.15 - - - 0.18 - - 0.1 5.0 Mn, ug/l - - - 101.0 33.8 - - 88 - - - 156 46.55 - - - 61.33 - - 72 1,000 Hg, ug/l - - - 0.15 - - - 0.28 - - - 0.08 - - - - - - - 0.56 2 Cr, ug/l - - - 6.8 - - - 6.7 - - - 9.8 - - - - - - - 9.4 50 Ni, ug/ - - - 1.0 - - - 2.2 - - _ 6.9 - - - - - - - 3.9 100 Cu, ug/l - - - 2.5 - - - 3 - - - 8.4 - - - - - - - 12 1o0 Pb, ug/l - 3.6 - - - 2.2 - - - 3.2 - -- - - 3.1 50 Remark: 1/ NEB (1989) F:T35-i.WK1137-B-0043 with class 3 of the standard of water classification for Chao Phraya River notified by the NEB in 1986 (NEB, 1989). For faecal and total coliforms, however many values found in the area were higher than the standards of class 3, particularly in the Bang Pa In and Ayudhaya areas (Table 3.5-1). In 1990, the Department of Health found that the values of faecal and total coliforms in Muang and Sam Khok districts of Pathumthani were also higher than the standards of class 3. The water classification of class 3 means medium clean fresh surface water resources using for: 1) consumption but have to pass through an ordinary treatment process before uses and 2) agriculture and class 4 means fairly clean fresh surface water resources using for: 1) consumption but require special water treatment process before uses, 2) industry, and 3) other activities (NEB, 1989). 3.5.4.2 Sites of Raw Water Intake Water quality investigations at the Bang Sai raw water intake site and the Khlong Raphiphat raw water intake site at Nong Khae had been carried out by EGAT in November 1993 and this study in December 1993 and by EGAT in January 1994, respectively. Results of the investigations as shown in Table 3.5-2 illustrated that water quality indices found at the raw water intake sites were relatively within the standards of class 3 of the NEB surface water quality standards rr. .6-e). r~ However, SOD v_aue found at Kh!ong Ranhinh t raw water intake site at Nona Khae was considerably high with the BOD value of 31 mg/I but values of total and faecal coliforms were relatively low. It is also noted that no salinity intrusion into the intake site with low concentration of chloride. The water quality is therefore suitable for different using purposes including make-up water for condenser cooling towers, service water such as auxilliary equipment cooling water and fire fighting water, domestic use water (potable water) and demineralized water make-up for steam cycle. However, water treatment to meet quality requirement is needed. Water treatment systems for different using purposes are expressed in Chapter 2. 3.5.4.3 Khlong Raohiphat Water quality investigations in Khlong Raphiphat had been conducted by EGAT in November 1993 and by this study in December 1993. Besides BOD values, water quality in Khlong Raphiphat is classified to be class 3 of the NEB surface water quality standards (Tables 3.5-2 and 3.5-3). For BOD, the values found in all stations are higher than the standard of class 3 and some of them are higher than the standard of class 4. As regards to water quality criteria for aquaculture, the Khlong Raphiphat water quality is relatively suitable for aquaculture practices (Table 3.5-3). However, the calcium concentration is relatively low as compared with the criterion, while the concentrations of ammonia and suspended solids are relatively high. For irrigation purpose, SSP (Soluble Sodium Percentage), SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) and RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate) had been analyzed as shown in Table 3.5-2. The determined values of 29-31 % SSP, 0.6-0.7 SAR and 0.8-0.9 meq/l RSC are in the safe levels for irrigation. In order to avoid deleterious effects of irrigation water on soil, Mc Kee and Wolf (1976) recommended that the values of SSP, SAR and RSC should be not more than 50-60%, 10 and 1.25 meq/l, respectively. In addition, Mc Kee and Wolf had also 3-49 TABLE 3.5-2 WATER CHARACTERISTICS IN CHAO PHRAYA RIVER AND RAPHIPHAT IRRIGATION CANAL Parameters Chao Phraya River f Raphiphat Irrigation Canal Bang Pa-Irl Bang Sai _S EAiTP1 SRk.TwC2 SA= 3' ECA2 EGAT3 wrsi EtiAI WN2 WNW3' WN4 WN5 Air Temperature, °C 33 33 29.0 33 29.0 28.0 29.0 29.0 Water Temperature, C 32.0 32.5 32.0 30.7 29.4 28.0 30.6 28.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 pH 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.0 7.0 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 Conductivity, tmho/cm - - - 280 260 286.9 250 240.6 240.6 240.6 240.6 Turbidity, NTU - - - 18 140 37 30 57 57 67 55 Suspended Solids. mg/I - - - 152 223 w 34A 137 618 39.2 26.2 30.9 Dissolved Solids, mg/l - - - 50 180 146 71 116 132 142 120 Total Alkalinity, mg/I as Ca C03 - - - 94 78 108.8 86 87.8 89.3 86.9 87.8 Total Hardness, mg/i as Ca C03 - - - 94 78 952 94 59.7 58.8 56.8 71.1 Carbon Dioxide, mg/A - - - 4 5 - 9.5 - - - - Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 73 4.4 4 5.9 5.2 5.4 4.6 BOD, mg/l 1.4 0.6 1.1 1.7 1.1 2.4 2.6 23 4.8 53 33 Nitrite (NO2-N), mg/I - - - 0.01 0.02 - 0.01 - - - - Nitrate (NO3-N), mg/i 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.86 0.48 0.2 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Ammonia (NH3-N). mg/l nd 4/ nd nd 0.37 0.2 - 05 _ _ _ Phosphate (PO4-P), mg/I - - - 5.4 0.85 2.2 1.4 0.2 3.4 5.6 3.3 Sulfate (S04), mg/i - - - 165 19.6 - 143 - - - Chloride (Cl), mg/l - - - _ _ 8.8 - 7.4 6.4 5.6 6A Sodium. mg/I - - - - - 103 10.8 10.6 11.4 Potassium. mg/l - _ _ _ _ _ - 3.1 3 3 3.2 Calcium mglI _ _ _ _ _ - - 15.9 15.7 15.2 15.5 Magnesium, mg/l _- - 8.8 3.9 3.9 - Iron (Fe). mg/l _ _ _ 0.94 1.5 - 1.5 - - - - Lead (Pb), mgA nd nd nd _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Chromium (Cr), mg/l nd nd nd - _ _ _ _ _ _ Cadmium (Cd). mg/l - - - tr 5 tr - tr - - - - Zinc (Zn). mg/I - - - tr tr - tr - - - - Copper (Cu). mg/l - - - tr tr - tr - - - - Nickel (Ni). mg/A - - - tr tr - tr - - - - Manganese (Mn). mg/l - - - 0.2 1.1 - 0.4 - - - - Mercury(lHg), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - - - - - - - - DDT. ug/A 0.043 0.038 0.008 - - - - - - - - Dieldrin, ug/ -_ 0.0S4 0.311 - - - - - - - - Endrin, ug/l - 0.005 0.022 - - - - - - - - Total Coliform, MPN/IOO ml 1,100 >2.400 1,100 9,000 500 - 1,400 - - - - Faecal Coliform. MPN/100 ml 210 210 150 1600 300 - 80 - - - - Greases and Oils, mg/l - - - - - 25 - 1.5 nd nd 1.5 SSP, % - - - - - - - 28.85 29.81 30.25 30.91 SAR - - - - - - - 0.6 0.63 0.63 0.67 RSC, mg/l - - - - - - - 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.85 .emarks * Raw water intake site at Bang Sai Wastewater receiving site in front of the Project Site 1/ SEATEC (1991) 2/ EGAT (2536 ) 3/ High value due to bridge construction 4/ Not-detectable 5/ Trace 3-50 SUMMARY OP WATER qUALITY IN CHAO PIIRAYA RIVER AND UHLONG RAiPEIPIIAT hill WATER OUALITY ('RITERIA UlD 8TAIIDARBD Chan Phrava River; Kln ; t 0aIit and IrdWCrite a Parameters ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Raphiphat~ Sujrface Water Aquaculture..,. ihris u air Wate Sut IVI- Publid.1waterSupy' Bang Pa-In Bang Sal Class 3 Class 4 ~~~~~~~~USEPA Suggete EnhaneetNoPolm MoeaeSgnili;saif enss* Desirable Level Problem ?roblem Criteria ~~~~~~~Criteria Air Temperature, 'C 33 29-33 28-33 Water Temperature, 'C 30.7-32.5 28.0-29.4 27.0-30.6 n 21 n pH 7.0-7.7 7.0-7.6 7.5-7.5 5.0-9.0 5.0-9.0 G.5-9.0 6.5-9.0 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.4 _ - Conductivity,.u mho/cm 280 260-287 240-250 < 750 750-3.000 > 3,000 Tueoidity, NTU 18 37-140 30-67 < 60 < 50 Suspended Solids, mg/l 152 34-223 26-137 - < 25 Dissolved Solids, mg/I 50 146-280 71-142 250 < 400 500 < 200 Total Alkalinity, mg/I as CaCo, 94 78-109 86-89 20 20-200 Total Hardness, mg/I as CaCo, 94 78-95 56-94 - < 300 Carbon Dioxide. mg/A 4.0 5.0 9.5 - < 2.0 Dissolved Oxygen. mg/I 4.8-4.9 4.4-7.3 4.0-5.9 4.0 2.0 - > 4.0 > 4.0 saturation tA BOD, mg/l 0.6-1.7 1.1-2.4 2.3-5.3 2.0 4.0 Nitrite (NO2-N), mgAi 0.01 0.02 0.01 - < 0.1 Nitrate (NO,-N). mgll 0.15-0.86 0.20-0.48 0.1-1.0 5.0 5.0 0.3 <5 5-30 > 30 10 absent Ammonia (NH,-N). mg/I nd-037 0.20 0.50 0.5 0.5 0.02 < 0.02 Phosphate (PO,-P), mg/I 5.4 0.8-2.2 0.2-5.6 0.1 - - - Sulphate (SO,), mg/I 16.5 19.6 14.3 Chloride (Cl). mg/I - 8.8 5.6-7.4 < 140 140-350 > 350 Iron (Fe), mg/l 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.0 < 0.5 5.0 0.3 0.3 Lead (Pb), mg/l nd - - 0.05 0.05 - < 0.03 < 0.10 5.0 0.05 absent Chromium (Cr), mgAI nd _ _ 0.05 0.05 0.1 < 0.10 < 0.05 0.10 0.05 absent Cadmium (Cd), mg/ tr tr tr 0.005, 0.053' 0.005. 0.05 - 0.2 0.01 absent Zinc (Zn. mglI tr tr tr 1.0 1.0 - < 0.03 < 0.10 2.0 5 absent Copper (Cu), mg/I tr tr tr 0.1 0.1 1.0 < 0.01 < 0.02 0.2 Nickel (Ni). mg/I tr tr tr 0.1 0.1 Manganese (Mn). mg/I 0.2 1.1 0.4 1.0 1.0 - < 100 0.2 Mercury (Hg) mgI < 0.001 - - 0.002 0.002 - < 0.10 < 0.10 DDT, mg/I 0.008-0.043 - - 1.0 1.0 0.04 absent Dieldrin mg/l 0.084-0.311 - - 0.1 0.1 0.02 absent Endrin, mg/I 0.005-0.022 - - none none TotalColiform, MPN/OO ml 1,100-9,000 500 1,400 20,000 _ FaecalColiform, MPN/100 ml 150-1,600 300 80 4,000 _ 2,000 <20 Remarks 1/ NEB (1989) 4/ AquacautureEngineering (1985) 4:137-138 21 Naturally but changing not more than 3'C 51 CommitteeonWater Quality Criteria (1972), cited by Team and Pal Consultant (1990) 3/ 0.005 and 0.05 mg/A for water with hardness not more than 100 mg/I Mackenthum (1969), cited by Team and Pal Consultant (1990) and more than 100 mg/I respectively 6/ RID (1978), cited by Team and Pal Consultant (1990) classified irrigation water into 3 classes, class I: excellent to good or suitable under most conditions; Class Il: good to injurious or harmful to some plants under certain conditions, and Class IlIl: injurious to unsatisfactory or harmful to most plants under most conditions. The characteristic of v;ater, ;;hich had nacceped as su ificient to determinn its i sitahilitv for irrigation. are (a) the total concentration of salts, expressed as mg/l or the specific electrical conductivity in micromhos per centimeter, (b) the percentage of sodium which is equal to (Na x 100) / (Na + Ca + Mg + K) when the bases are expressed as milliequivalents per litre, and (c) boron, chloride, and sulfate concentrations. In addition, the Royal Irrigation Department has classified irrigation water into 4 classes, class I excellent, suitable for most plants under most conditions; Class II good to injurious, probably harmful to the most sensitive crops; Class IlIl injurious for almost plant except some which have good tolerance; and Class IV unsuitable for most plants under most conditions. Criteria of irrigation water classification and current characteristics of Khlong Raphiphat water are summarized in Tables 3.5-4 and 3.5-5. Based on the irrigation water classification criteria, Khlong Raphiphat water is classified to be class I which is suitable to plants under most conditions. 3-52 TABLE 3.5-4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF IRRIGATION WATERS BY MC KEE AND WOLF (1974) AND CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF KHLONG RAPHIPHAT WATER WateriClass:% Ni Bor.o Chli de Sulfate: Xpep iIC Total:: mg/ nie/I neq/l ~Conductivi'ty at 0umhocm mg/I <30-60 <0.5 <2-5.5 <4-10 500-1,000 700 11 30-75 05-2.0 2-16 4-20 500-3,000 350-2,100 111 >70-75 >2.0 >6-16 >12-20 >2,500-3,000 >1,750-2,100 KhlongRaphiphat Water 29-31 - 0.16-0.18 0.30 240-250 71-142 3-53 TABLE 3.5-5 CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION WATERS BY THE ROYAL IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT AND CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF KHLONG RAPHIPHAT WATER Water Class . Specific SAR SSP RSC Conductivity umho/cm I 0-250 0-10 0-40 < < 1.25 11 250-750 10-18 40-60 < 1.25 III 750-2,250 18-26 I 60-80 1.25-2.50 IV Over 2,250 Over 26 Over 80 Over 2.50 Khlong Raphiphat Water 240-250 0.6-0.7 28.8-30.9 0.8-0.9 3-54 3.6 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY AND QUALITY 3.6.1 Introduction Since it is planned that groundwater will be withdrawn to supply for domestic purposes in the Power Plant during both construction and operation periods, the study on groundwater source is essential to determine availability and sufficiency of groundwater source and appropriateness of quality. 3.6.2 Objectives and Study Methodoloay The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) To study general hydrological conditions of groundwater in the study area. (2) To study quality of groundwater in the study area from Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) records. (3) I inIveUs;,Yga eAIxiIln UU[IUILIU1Ib 01 youuriuwater quaiity in tne vicinity oT ine project site. (4) To evaluate impacts to groundwater quality and quantity due to project establishment. The study on groundwater hydrology and quality is carried out according to the following steps: (1) Collection of information on groundwater hydrology and quality in the study area from DMR records and relevant reports as background information. (2) Field study on quality of groundwater in the study area. (3) Evaluation of impacts to groundwater quality and quantity due to project establishment. (4) Recommendation on mitigation measures and monitoring programs for groundwater hydrology and quality during project construction and operation. 3-55 3.6.3 Hydroaeoloaical Background According to the Hydrogeologic Map issued by Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) as shown in Figure 3.6-1, the project area is located within the zone of multiple aquifers of the Lower Central Plain (Upper Tertiary to Post-Pleistocene). The aquifers are fluviatile, deltaic and marine sediments Wbirbconsisted of elasic-sediments accumulated in.the fault/flexture depression as deep as 2,000 M. Tegrounclwaterdsyste o ad teBangkokmarine clay and is made uP of mupleaquifers formed"by alternating layers ofsands or gravels and clays. To the depth of about N9Q-n. in Ayudhaya, 6 principal artesian aquifers have been distinguished according to their hydrogeo-electrical properties as follows: (1) Bangkok Aquifer or 50 m zone, (2) Phra Pradaeng Aquifer or 100 m zone, (3) Nakhon Luang Aquifer or 150 m zone, (4) Nonthaburi Aquifer or 200 m zone, (5) Sam Khok Aquifer or 300 m zone, (6) Phaya Thai Aquifer or 350 m zone. Figure 3.6-2 portrays the profile of these aquifers in the north-south direction. All aqifars have.similarwater gbaracteristies-and-arerelatively v?ryperrmeable. The groundwater flow within these aquifers is generally from the north to the south direction and with an approximate flow rate of 4 cm/year. Most of deep wells withdraw groundwater from the Phra Pradaeng and Nakhon Luang Aquifers at the depths of 100-150 m. The thickness of each layer of aquifers varies from 10-40 m. The static water level is about 5-12 m below the ground surface. The yield of a deep well generally varies from 40-200 gpm or 9-45 cu.m./h. However, a high pumping rate upto 440 gpm or 100 cu.m./h. may be obtained at some deep wells. The quality of well water was certified by DMR to fit for most consumptive use. Figure 3.6-3 shows the soil layers found in the bored logs of some deep wells drilled around the vicinity of the project area. Table 3.6-1 provides some data on the well performance of selected deep wells. According to the obtained data, it was found that most of deep wells within this vicinity withdraw groundwater from the aquifer unit at the depth about 300-400 ft. or 90-120 m below the ground surface. The water quality was generally good. However, the maximum well yields (estimated values) vary largely from 20 to 500 gpm. or from 72 to 1,800 cu.m./day based on 16 hour pumping per day. 3-56 A - r p-Y~ IA VN\ ,"~ ~ .7 X FIGURE 3. 6-1 HYDROGEOLOGIC MAP OF LOWER CENTRAL PLAIN Bo-. ~ . 3 ,& ,, t2~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( SU ANB - ,. o7, " $ON GKH RAM FIGURE 3.6-1 HYDROGEOLOGIC MAP OF LOWER CENTRAL PLAIN 3-S7 D~~~~~~~~~ > 0 0 ] |2 z ~~m c 350 |> I | B4H DEPTH,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ METER METER > | PHRA PADAENG AOUIFER | 5 | SAM KHOK AOUIFER 2 4 6 8+30 - -0.= IGR - .6- 2 PA -0-- -- --- -…- -_ -50 7f -- - _ __ __ _ FFL: 5- ( I > _ ____~~~~~~~.7 IT -100 - -i~r.~_ -150 -~~~~~~~~-~~----~~~~-..- ________~~~~~- 15 -200 _________ __________~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-20 200- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~-0 -30 -350 I ~~~~~~~BANGKOK AQUIFER 4 NONTIIABURI AQUiFER 35 PHRA PADAENG AQUIFER SAM KHOK AQUIFER 0 2 4 6 8 KX. N'AKHON LUANG AQUIFER PH-YA THAI AQUIFER FIGURE 3.6-2 PROFILE OF AQuIFERS AT AYUDHAYA IN NORTH-SOUTH DIRECrION MN 75 PSA 5 MN 2 PSA I MD 112 PSA I Irrigation X 63- PSA I C 317 PSA I MN 139 PSA I1: Wat Pho Hom PSA Hospital Wot Ousidaroni Regional Office 8 Buddhist College Buddhist College LBL Wittoyo Scbool Bsong Pahan Muang Ban Han Tra,Muang Ban Hon 1ro, Muong Wang Noi Wang Noi Lad Buo Luang 0- C~~~~~~~~~~/I 50- _7 --- 50 - t 0 s + 6 C+G+S oo,-- - C i-G C + 50t-- - Pebble - - ---- 15 S- 1- G 6 C+S+lG C+G 6 6 C s 200F--- PeB b bIe 200 G +C G4C S-I- 250L------- -2504 - G CCG+G+ C~~~~~~~~~~~C. 350--- 50 s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- G4-C I~~~~~~~~~~~ 400'--- -C- ---------C--400-- 450 To/ 10'10 465' 35 30 FIGURE 3.6-3 BORED LOGS OF EXISTINGt DEEP WELL IN STUDY AREA TABLE 3.6-1 LIST OF EXISTING DEEP WELLS INI STUDY AREA Well Sire : Aquifer Unit : Pusping Test :2XPectdl Heax. yield: W4tet Quality w.nll Date: Well Location :Drilled:------------------- ------------- ------------------- … --- -- Depth :Depth :Dia. :Depth :Type 1 0 S WL :Drawdna : 1 .-3/day H 1 Iron :chloride: Tno adn lb. ~~~~~~Aaphoe, Changwet .. : a. : in : a. :mmr :3/hr a. I I::IrPe pp- C-Cw, £326P042 :4178 :vat Dot * 113 : 73 : '8 6 4-70 : C-C 44.2 : 2.85 2.64 -- : - : - : - : - : - iahse Rat. PSA. a . SS, I M03PSA2 :1/79 :Wat Ru Khacnog 2541 149: 8:114-158: 5 1 57.2: 7.48: 5.70 590: 1,555: 7.3: 0.20 7.2: 5371 135: Makhon Loang, PSA: : : : : : ---------- ------- ------------------------------ --- - ---- -------- -------- --------- --------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- -------- -------- - - ------ I--------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a - IM442A3 :1179 :Aephoe Pa Chi Hospitel : 137 78 6 73-76 1 C-S : .8 4.80 :29.27 so9 180 ? .80o 0.45 3 2 S357 : 124 Pa Chi, PSA DMR33P0Al: 3/Si1 Wet Kai. blan Sang 95 s: s: 85-94 :Pebble-C: 11.0 5.94: 2.59: 120: 432: 7.70: 0.17: 39 494: 155: Sang Pahan, PSA: : : a-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - -- - - - -- - -- -- - -- -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - 2.1027 : 7/81 I Irrigation Regional Office S 142: 137 1 110-123 1 90.21 9.81 3.711 400: 1.440: 7.90 0 a89 13 1 538 107 * : Sa~: Bn lHe Tra, tan,g. PSA: : 11 nDli2PSAol 8/77 Wet Dusitaras, Ban Ban Tra 1 122 122 : 4 1113-122 : 1 7.4 7.21 : 2.51 : 20 1 2: - - : - : - salng. PSI MN2P2SA1 12/7S P.-L Hospital . 1 123 1 8 11117 c-c : 113.1 7.80 1 20.37, : o .00 1,0 7.55 0 .3 9 402 9 0 Huang, PSA : : : ---------- ------- -----------------------~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . - - :7/70 Phsra. in Racla Water Work 102 152 : 134-146 :/ 44.2 :17.71 1 1.77: - . - - . - , - : - I - Bang Pa-In. Avaatthaya : :: : I ::I C317PSAI 4/75 WI Buddhist Training Cohe1r : 155 128 4 : 9-100 S-G-C : 11. 1.5Z 13.72 I 30 1 03 7.80 0 485 1,164 1 430 Wang Nlipi PSA X6301S1 7/73 : liahe ilongkut Rat Witthayalai 1 12 79 6 76-79 5/A 1 17.5 0.91 5.10 7.Z0 0.22: 1,000 1 3.949 :1,770 Wang loi. PSI -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- --- ---- -…, - … - -- -- - - - - - - - - -- - ---- -- - -- - -- --- - -- -- - -- - - - - - - - --- --… - nw74PSn 1/SI :Ban Sal 1215 Training Center 1 242 : 229 : 6 : 10-225 c-I : 1.3: 14.29 : 2.94 : 220 : 792 : 7.80 0.86 92 : 518 0 Bang Sai. PSA: : : :: I £29578 :1011 ---- --e-------- Training----ent-r : 61 : 49 : 6 :33-56 1S-G-P Z2.5 6.08 - I - 7.20 1 3.17 6,8305 13,0905 3,1800 IMoang. Pathos Thani ---------- ---- ----- ---- --------- -- -- - -- - -- -- - -- - -- -- - -- - -- -- - -- - -- -- - 7 …--- - - - - -- - - --- ----- ----- . CZ97P?T7 112/72 1Buddhist Doctrinal Practice 1 153 : 155 8 I 4-1 - 0111.0: 09 1 -- I 78 . 4: 561 9 Cent.r Khl.ng Lua.g. Path-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~- , . , a a center Kilong Loan. Pathos a.-:z3 drilled haolec epic !!5J r~ let;I 11 1C2S9PTS I /7 Teacher Training College* 1 10 I 121 s 1 10-120 1 5 6 1.5 : 8.7S 6 .78 8.30 : 0.18 I 438 8 thlong Luang. Pathos Thani . . , , -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beside the utilization of groundwater via deep wells, shallow wells of 3-5 m. deep is also a common source of water for household uses at those rural communities with some distLance away from Chao Phraya River. Especially during the dry season, the shallow well becomes the only source of water because the vicinity areas of the Project are dry and no flow is available in the irrigation/drainage canals. The water level during the dry season normally varies from 1 to 3 m. below the ground surface and depends on the well location. 3.6.4 Groundwater Quality in Proiect Area According to Table 3.6-2, quality of groundwater from Well No. C31 7PSA1 and X63PSA1 when compared with standards of groundwater for drinking purpose, is acceptable for pH and iron content. However, concentration of chloride and hardness of water from Well No. C317PSA1 exceeds the suitable allowance but still falling within the maximum allowance while that from Well No. X63PSA1 exceeds even the maximum allowance. In order to obtain the most up-to-date data of groundwater quality in the study area, EGAT collected groundwater samples from 3 existing wells in the viiniareas.of the Power Plant on April 28, 1993. In addition, during the course of study, the study team collected groundwater samples IIUirr £ exIIIn wllsII Uon DeUembeUI I7 , I n3 111 UUII I IILY LU LIIU:|Z; UUtueL:U WY LuyI PfI . The samples collected by the study team were analysed by the laboratory of SEATEC by the procedures given in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater'. The analytical results of groundwater quality are summarized in Table 3.6-3 together with the results from EGAT's sampling and standards of groundwater for drinking purpose. The result of the study can be presented according to the standards as follows: pH: pH of groundwater from the 3 wells falls within the suitable level. Turbidity: Turbidity of groundwater from Ban K. Apinant and Wat Sawang Arom is within the suitable level but that from Wat Lam Phraya is even higher than the maximum level. Total Solids: Total solids of groundwater from Wat Sawang Arom and Ban K. Apinant are within the suitable level. However, total solids of groundwater from Wat Lam Phraya are much higher than the maximum level. 3-61 TABLE 3.6-2 QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER AS SURVEYED BY DMR Well No. Standards of Parameters Groundwater for C317PSA 1 X63PSA 1 Drinkin Purpose Suitable Maximum pH 7.8 7.2 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 Fe, mgA nil 0.22 0.5 1.0 Cl, mg/l 485 1,850 200 600 TDS, mg/l 1,164 3,949 - - Hardness 430 1,770 300 500 mg/l CaCO3 Remarks: Locations of Wells 1. C317PSA 1: Wang Noi Buddhist Training College 2. X63PSA 1 : Maha Mongkut Rat Witthayalai Source: DMR 3-62 F:T36-2.WK1/37-B-0043 TABLE 3.6-3 QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN STUDY AREA Ban K Wat Lam Wat Standards of Parameter Apinant Phraya Sawang Arom Groundwater for Drinking Purpose3/ 1/ 1/ 21 1/ 2/ Suitable Maximum pH 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.7 7.7 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 Conductivity (umho/cm) 1,300 4,500 - 750 - - - Turbidity (NTU) 4.8 24 24 1.2 3.5 5 20 TS (mg/I) 737 4,150 - 516 - 750 1,500 DS (mg/i) - 3,921 3,230 - 564 - - SS (mg/1) - 229 28.5 - 2.4 _ Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3) 236 128 1323 304 327.6 - - Hardness (mg/l CaCO3) 312 1,420 na 140 160 300 500 Ca (mg/l) 234 1,100 _ 124 - - MD fm(yl) 7R 320 _ 16 - - - Fe (mg/I) 0.75 1.5 0.3 0.19 0.4 0.5 1.0 Mn (mg/l) 0.11 1.6 nd 0.04 nd 0.3 0.5 CI (mg/l) 300 1450 1413.5 55 58.5 200 600 Sulfate (mg/1) 26.3 25.7 - 32.3 - 200 250 Nitrate (mg/1) - - 8.7 - 8 45 45 REMARKS: I/ Samples collected by EGAT on Apirl 28, 1993 2 Samples collected by study team on December 17, 1993 3/ Notification of the Ministry of Industry, No. 4.B.E. 2521, issued under Groundwater Act B.E. 2520, printed in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 95, Part 66, dated June 27 B.E. 2521 (1978) 4/ na = not available 5/ nd = non-detectable 3-63 Hardness: Hardness of groundwater from Wat Sawang Arom is within the suitable level while that from Ban K. Apinant slightly exceeds the suitable level but still within the maximum level. However, hardness of groundwater from Wat Lam Phraya is very much higher than the maximum level. Iron: Groundwater from Wat Lam Phraya and Wat Sawang Arom contains iron concentration within the suitable level. However, result of EGAT's iron analysis of groundwater from Wat Lam Phraya shows that iron content exceeds the maximum level. Iron content of groundwater from Ban K. Apinant falls between the suitable and maximum levels. Manaanese: Groundwater from the 3 wells contains manganese in the level conforming to the suitable level except for an EGAT's analysis of groundwater from Wat Lam Phraya. Chloride: Groundwater from Wat Sawang Arom contains chloride within the suitable level but groundwater from Ban K. Apinant and Wat Lam Phraya has high chloride concentration. Chloride in groundwater from Wat Lam Phraya even exceeds the maximum level. Sulfate: Groundwater from the 3 wells contains sulfate in the level much lower than the suitable level. Nitrate: Groundwater from Wat Lam Phraya and Wat Sawang Arom has nitrate content within the suitable level. Presently, groundwater from Ban K. Apinant and Wat Sawang Arom is withdrawn for consumption. It is found from the analysis that quality of groundwater from these 2 wells is suitable for drinking purpose. The well at Wat Lam Phraya has not been in use for several years due to its high chloride content. 3-64 3.7 SOIL RESOURCES 3.7.1 Topooraohv and Landform With elevation of about 2 m MSL, the general topography of the project area is flat, very gently inclined to the east (to Chao Phraya River). The slope of the surface, in general, is less than 1 percent. Geomorphologically, the area is inferred as the brackish deposit facies of the young deltaic plain (Takaya, 1987). This deposition is referred to take place during the period of the last transgression of sea level in Thailand which was about 4,000 years ago (Pramojanee et.al, 1984). The area has little microrelief. Along rivers and creeks the natural levee, if existing at all, are narrow and low. Faint remnant of tidal creeks, barely below the general level of land are observed. Since it is the lower reaches of the plain, in rainy season the area received not only in situ rainfall but also water flowing in from upstream. Because the slope gradient of the area is very gentle, the water cannot immediately drain away but accumulates steadily. By the height of rainy season most of the delta is flooded as high as 50-100 cm above the actual surface. 3.7.2 Soil Characteristic and Land Quality Forming in the deltaic zone, therefore, properties and characteristic of the soil which, actually, derived mostly from the fluvial sediments, to certain extents, is influenced by the sea water. The sediments which are the parent material of the soil in the area were deposited under the brackish water environment. Under this circumstance, the so-called "Acid Sulphate Soil" is developed. As the definition, the Acid Sulphate Soils are the soil developed from parent material containing pyritic mud. The pyritic materials in the mud formed by the reduction of the sulphates of the seawater. Under moist aerobic condition the pyritic materials oxidizes essentially to sulphuric acid (although the actual changes are rather more complex). The acid produced reacts with soil minerals and bases. One result is the formation of basic sulphates such as iarosite, the basic ferric sulphate. This mineral appears as straw-yellow mottles in the transition horizon between the upper oxidized horizon and the totally reduced subsoil horizons. Due to the resemblance of this yellow mottle to cat faeces, thus, normally the term "cat clay" also applies for it. For the soil in the area, depended on the degree of profile development and the position in the landform (the delta), at certain depth of its profile, this straw-yellow mottle is present. In the area (the area within 5 kms from power plant site) 6 soil mapping units which comprise 6 soil series were recognized (see attached soil map in Figure 3.7-1). All of these 6 soil series are generally known as the acid sulphate soil. Such 6 soil mapping units included: (see the legend in the soil map) No.1 = the Ayutthaya Series N_.2 = the complex unit of Ayudhaya and Mahaphot Soil Series N_.3 = the Chachoengsao Series No.4 = the Ongkarak Series 3-65 C - ~~(I S | s+~~~~~>II 1Žs~ 66ze, t 51~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W tW" cm .72} 8 82 e486 68 90 92 94 96 ,K¢45'~~~~~~~ .~ ~~~C 'm '" .b .' .~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D KM Legend I Ayuttaya Series. 2 - Ayultaya / Mahaphot Series Complex. 3 - Chachoengsoo Series. N 4 - Ongkorak Series. 4 5 - Rangsit Series. Scale _ 6 = Sena / Rangsit Series Corrplex. I 2 3 4 km. Symbols - Rood . Locailon of Power Plant irrigatlon Cannel U _c.-~:v- Nafural Cannel - -*--, - Nafurvl Cannel = Transmission line ~f - Swamp Sdl Boundary FIGURE 3.7-1 SIL MAP OF S=Y AREA No.5 = the Rangsit Series No.6 = the complex unit of Sena and Rangsit Soil Series The complex soil unit is a group of defined and named taxonomic soil units (in this case is the Soil Series) regularly geographically associated in a defined proportional pattem but this taxonomic member (the soil series) connot practically be separated and presented as the individual mapping unit even in the detailed soil survey. In the area there are two complex soil units, the mapping unit No.2 and No.6. Each unit is composed of two soil series. Unit No.2 is composed of Ayudhaya and Mahaphot series. The proportion of these two soil series in the unit is; Ayudhaya:Mahaphot = 60:40 percent of the total area of the mapping unit. The proportion of the Sena:Rangsit soil series in the mapping unit No.6 is also 60:40 percent. The followings are the descriptions of properties, characteristic and quality of each soil series which is defined in terms of its suitability for agricultural and engineering purposes in the project area. 3.7.3 Properties Characteristic and Suitabilitv of Each Soil Series in the Area. .R 7 .R 1 Av,i Brh/ <:rinc a) General Ayudhaya soils are formed from surface layers of river alluvium which grade down to brackish water sediments. They occur in river basins in the northem part of the old tidal flats between the zone with riverine sediments and that with brackish water sediments. Relief is flat. Elevation ranges from 2 m. to 4 m. above sea level. Slopes are nearly level, less than 1%. The climate is Tropical Savannah (Koppen "Aw"). Annual precipitation ranges from 1,000 mm. to 1,400 mm. b) Drainage and Permeability: Poorly drained. Runoff and permeability are slow. Deep surface flooding to depths of between 80 mm. and 2 m. from river water, occurs for about five months during the rainy season. The soil remains wet for longer than five months, but the groundwater level falls to about 150 cm during the peak of the dry season and the soil cracks. c) Veaetation and Land Use: Mainly used for broadcast rice cultivation. 3-67 d) Characteristic Profile Features: The Ayudhaya series is a member of the very fine, mixed, acid, isohyperthermic, Typico Tropaquepts. T,hey are deep, suroug;y acid ciay suiis characterized by a thick dark A horizon overlying a pale, red mottled B horizon which contains jarosite mottles at some depth between 100 cm. and 150 cm. from the surface, overlying a reduced C horizon with a high sulphur content. Gypsum crystals occur in the lower A and B horizons, as do slickensides and pressure faces. e) Ranae of Profile Features: The A horizon is from 30 cm. to 50 cm. thick, has 1 OYR hue, values of 4 through 1 and a chroma of 1 with clay or silty clay textures. Structure is weak, medium to coarse blocky, with weak granular in the uppermost layer. Field pH values range from 4.5 to 7.0. The B horizon has its lower boundary from 90 cm. to 160 cm. below the soil surface and has hues of 10YR or 7.5YR, values of 4 to 6 and chromas of 2 or 1. Structure is weak prismatic breaking to moderate or strong, fine blocky. Mottling colour is variable; but predominantly red in the upper B and brownish yellow and pale yellow (catclay) in the lower part, the latter appearing as coatings on pores, root channels and ped faces. Field pH values range from 4.0 to 5.0 and usually decrease with depth. The C horizon consists of half ripe, very soft clay and has hues of 1 OYR to 5Y or 5GY, with values fo 4 or 5 and chromas of 1 or less. Field pH values increase with depth. f) Suitability of Soil for Agricultural Purposes Land Use Alternatives Suitability Classes Maior Limitations Paddy Suitable flooding Upland crops not suitable flooding Fruit trees not suitable flooding Permanent pasture not suitable flooding 3-68 g) Suitability of Soil for Enaineering Purposes Type of Engineerina Uses Suitability Ratings Maior Limitaitons Topsoil poor clayey Sand and gravel not suitable Roadfill poor low supporting capacity, wetness Dearee of Limitations Corrosivity-Uncoated Steel very high high total acidity, poorly drained Corrosivity-Concrete high pH 5.0 or less in horizon Irrigation and drainage slightly some need for drainage Terraces and diversions none Highway and road construction severe lawsupporting capacity, wetness, flood hazard Excavated ponds none Pond reservoir areas none Pond embankments moderate slope stability Septic tanks severe high water table, flood hazard, slow permeability, Light industries severe low loading capacity in the subsoil, high water table, flooding, high corrosivity of steel Low building foundations severe high water table, flooding, low loading capacity in the subsoil. The analytical data of certain properties of this soil are included in Appendix F. 3-69 3.7.3.2 Chachoenasao Series a) General: Chachoengsao soils are formed from brackish water sediments which overlie marine sediments and occur on former tidal flats which have not been flooded by sea water for some time. Relief is flat. Slopes are nearly flat, less than 1%. Elevation is usually about 1 m. above sea level. The climate is Tropical Savannah (Koppen "Aw"). Annual precipitation ranges from 1,000 mm. to 1,400 mm. b) Drainaae and Permeabilitv: Poorly drained. Runoff and permeability are slow. These soils are flooded by impocunded rainwater and river water to depths of between 30 and 40 cm. for four to five months during the wet season. Groundwater level falls below 1.5 m. during the peak of the dry season and the soils crack. c) Vegetation and Land Use: Mainly used for transplanted rice cultivation with broadcast rice in some places. d) Characteristic Profile Features: Chachoengsao series is a member of the fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, isohyperthermic, Typic Tropaquepts. They are deep, medium acid to neutral soil characterized by a dark coloured A horizon overlying a paler coloured B horizon containing red mottles in the upper layers and brownish yellow and yellowish brown mottles in the lower layers. The B horizon overlies a reduced greenish grey marine clay which is low in sulphur. Pressure faces and slickensides are characteristic for the B horizon. e) Ranae of Profile Feature: The A horizon is from 20 to 40 cm. thick, has 10YR hue, values of 3 or less and chromas of 1 or 2 with clay or silty clay textures. Structure is weak coarse blocky and field pH values range from 4.5 to 5.5. The B horizon has its lower boundary between 130 and 150 cm. of the soil surface and has hues of 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y, values of 5 or 6 and chromas of 1 or 2. Structure is prismatic breaking to moderate blocky. Field pH values range from 5.0 to 8.0, increasing with depth. Few pale yellow jarosite mottles may occur in the lower B horizon. 3-70 The horizon is a reduced dark grey and greenish grey, soft clay. Shell fragments may occur very deep in the profile and field pH is usually 8.0. f) Suitability of Soil for Agricultural Purposes Land Use Alternatives Suitability Classes Major Limitations Paddy P-I (Highly Suitable) Upland crops P-V (Not suitable) flooding Fruit trees F-V (Not suitable) flooding Permanent pasture L-ll (Not suitable) flooding g) Suitability of Soil for Engineerina Purgoses: Tvpe of Enaineerina Uses Suitability Ratinas Major Limitations Topsoil poor clayey Sand and gravel not suitable Road,i,l poor lav suppo-Ling capcity, wetness Dearee of Limitations Corrosivity-Uncoated Steel moderate mod. total acidity, poorly drained, high conductivity Corrosivity-Concrete moderate high Na and Mg salts content Irrigation and drainage slightly need for drainage Terraces and diversions none Highway and road construction low s u pp o rt i n g capacity,wetness, flood hazard Excavated ponds none Pond reservoir areas none Pond embankments moderate slope sta b 11 ity, compressibility Septic tanks severe slow permeability, flood hazard, high water table 3-71 Light industries severe low supporting capacity, high water table. I nw hi ,jldinn fAi inrinti-n. severea capacity, high water table, flooding. The analytical data of certain properties of this soil are included in Appendix F. 3.7.3.3 Mahaohot Series a) General: Mahaphot soils are formed from surface layers of river alluvium which grade down to brackish water sediments. They occur in river basins in northern part of the old tidal flats between the zone with riverine sediments and that with brackish water sediments. Relief is flat. Slopes are nearly level, less than 1%. Elevation ranges from 2 to 4 m. above sea level. Climate is Tropical Savannah (Koppen "Aw"). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1,000 to to 1,400 mm. Mean annual temperature is 27' C. b) Drainage and Permeabilitv: Poorly drained. Runoff and permeability are slow. These soils are flooded by river water to depths of 80 cm. to 2 m. for about five months during the rainy season. Groundwater level falls below 1.5 m. during the peak of the dry season. c) Vegetation and Land Use: Mainly used for broadcast rice cultivation. d) Characteristic Profile Features: Mahaphot series is a member of the very fine mixed, acid, isohyperthermic, Typic Tropaquepts. They are deep soils with extremely to very strongly acid reaction in the A and B horizon, and strongly to medium acid reaction in the C horizon. They are characterized by a very dark grey to black clay A horizon overlying a greyish brown or brown clay B horizon, which in turn overlies a reduced dark grey clay C horizon. These soils are mottled throughout with strong brown coatings in root channels and pores in the A horizon, and weak red, red and brownish yellow mottles in the B horizon. Yellow (catclay) jarosite mottles occur in the deeper 3-72 subsoil, usually below 1 m. from the soil surface. Pressure faces and slickensides occur in the B horizon and the soil cracks at the surface when dry. e) Range of Profile Features: The A horizon is from 20 to 40 cm. thick, has 10YR hue, value of 1 or 2 and chromas of 1 or 2. Structure is weak coarse blocky and moderate crumb in the uppermost layer. Field pH values range from 4.5 to 5.5. The B horizon has IOYR and 7.5YR hues, values of 4 or 5 and Chroma of 2. Structure is moderate medium, breaking to fine blocky, commonly arranged in weak prisms. Field pH values range from 4.0 to 4.5. The C horizon is a dark grey or greyish brown reduced clay which may have few brown mottles in the upper layers and is half ripe. Field pH values are 4.5 rising to 6.0 or more below 2 m. from the soil surface. f) Suitability of Soil for Agricultural Purposes: Land Use Alternatives Suitability Classes Major Limitations Paddy suitable acidity, flooding Upland crops not suitable flooding, acidity Fruit trees not suitable flooding, acidity Permanent pasture not suitable flooding g) Suitability of Soil for Engineerina Purposes: Type of Enaineerina Uses Suitability Ratings Major limitations Topsoil poor clayey soil Sand and gravel not suitable Roadfill poor low supporting capcity, wetness Degree of Limitations Corrosivity-Uncoated Steel very high high total acidity, poorly drained Corrosivity-Concrete high pH 5.0 or less 3-73 Irrigation and drainage moderate susceptability to flooding Terraces and diversions - need for drainage Hinhwav and rmad construction severe low supporting capacity, flood hazard, mod. shrink- swell Excavated ponds none to slightly flooding Pond reservoir areas none to slightly Pond embankments moderate slope stability, compressibility Septic tanks severe slow permeability, high water table, flooding Light industries severe low-loading capacity, high water table, flooding, very high corrosivity of uncoated steel Low building foundations severe low-loading capacity, high water table, flooding, very high corrosivity of uncoated steel. The analytical data of certain properties of this soil are included in Appendix F. 3.7.3.4 Onakarak Series a) General: Ongkarak soils are formed from brackish water deposits and occur on former tidal flats. Relief is flat. Slope is less than 1%. Elevation ranges from 1 to 3 m. above sea level. The climate is Tropical Savannah (Koppen "Aw"). Mean annual precipitation is about 1,400 mm. Mean annual temperature is 27 'C. b) Drainage and Permeability Poorly drained. Permeability and runoff are slow. These soils are flooded by river water to depths of 1 m. or more for six to seven months during the rainy season. Groundwater level falls below 1 m. during the peak of the dry season. 3-74 c) Veaetation and Land Use: Mainly used for broadcast rice cultivation. Rushes and sedges occur in places where the soils are too acidic for cultivation. d) Characteristic Profile Features: Ongkarak series is a member of the very fine, mixed, acid, isohyperthermic, Sulfic Tropaquepts. They are deep, extremely acid soils and are characterized by a black or very dark grey clay A horizon overlying a greyish brown to brown clay B horizon, which in turn overlies a dark grey; reduced clay C horizon below approximately 150 cm. from the soil surface. The soils are mottled throughout with strong brown and yellowish red coatings along root channels in the A horizon, and prominent red, strong brown and yellow (catclay) jarosite mottles in the B horizon. Yellow jarosite mottles occur within 50 cm. of the soil surface and are diagnostic for the series. Pressure faces and slickensides occur in the B horizon and the soil cracks at the surface when dry. RanDe, AAA Prfl Fe-;;AtureslPF The A horizon is from 10 to 25 cm. thick, has 10 YR hue, values of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1. Structure is moderate to weak, coarse blocky and crumb in places. Field pH values range from 4.0 to 4.5. The B horizon has 10YR and 7.5YR hues, values of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2. Structure is moderate coarse, breaking to fine blocky and field pH values are usually less than 4.5. The C horizon is clay often containing a high content of undecomposed organic material with dark grey colours and may contain few brown mottles in the upper layers. The soil is half ripe to nearly unripe and has field pH values of 4.5 rising to 6.0 or more below approximately 2 m. from the soil surface. f) Suitability of Soil for Aaricultural Purposes: Land use Alternatives Suitability Classes Major Limitations Paddy marginally suitable acidity, flooding Upland crops not suitable flooding, acidity Fruit trees not suitable flooding, (drainage) Permanent pasture not suitable flooding 3-75 g) Suitability of Soil for Engineering Purposes: Tvpe of Engineering Uses Suitability Ratings Maior Limitations Topsoil poor clayey soils Sand and Gravel not suitable Roadfill poor supporting capacity, wetness Degree of Limitations Corrosivity-Uncoated Steel very high high total acidity, poorly drained Corrosivity-Concrete high pH 5.0 or less Irrigation and drainage moderate susceptability to flooding, need for drainage Terraces and diversions Highway and road construction severe low supporting capacity, flood hazard, Excavated ponds none to slightly flooding Pond reservoir areas none to slightly Pond embankments moderate slope stability Septic tanks severe slow permeability, high water table, flooding Light industries severe high water table, flooding, low loading capacity in the subsoil Low building foundations severe high water table, flooding, low loading capacity in the subsoil The analytical data of certain properties of this soil are included in Appendix F. 3-76 3.7.3.5 Ranasit Series a) General: Rangsit soils are formed from brackish water deposits and occur on former tidal flats. Relief is flat. Slopes are less than 1%. Elevation ranges from 2 to 3 m. above sea level. The climate Is Tropical Savannah (Koppen 'Aw'). Mean annual precipitation is about 1,400 mm. Mean annual temperature is 27 °C. b) Drainage and Permeabilitv: Poorly drained. Permeability and runoff are slow. These soils are flooded to depths of 1 m. or more by river water for four to five months during the rainy season. Groundwater level falls below 1 m. from the soil surface during the peak of the dry season. c) Veaetation and Land Use: Mainly iusaa, f r hmrnadr't rice rcultivation. d) Characteristic Profile Features: Rangsit series is a member of the fine, mixed, acid, isohyperthermic, Sulfic Tropaquepts. They are deep, extremely acid soils which are characterized by a black or very dark grey clay A horizon overlying a brown, greyish brown or dark greyish brown clay B horizon, which in turn overlies a dark grey reduced clay C horizon with an upper boundary approximately 150 cm. from the soil surface. These soils are mottled throughout with yellowish brown mottles as coatings along root channels in the A horizon, and with red, yellowish red and yellow (catclay) jarosite mottles in the B horizon. The yellow jarosite mottles occur below 50 cm. and within 100 cm. of the soil surface and are diagnostic for the series. Slickensides and pressure faces occur in the B horizon and the soil cracks at the surface when dry. e) Range of Profile Features: The A horizon is from 20 to 40 cm. thick, has 10YR hue, values of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1. Structure is weak coarse blocky to massive and field pH values range from 4.0 to 5.0. A thin broken E horizon may be present but is not diagnostic for the series. 3-77 Septic tanks severe slow permeability, high water table, flooding Light industries severe hioh water t hIr, flooding, low loading capacity Low building foundations severe high water table, flooding, low loading capacity. g For the analytical data of certain properties of this soil are included in Appendix $ 3.7.3.6 Sena Series a) General Sena soils are formed from brackish water deposits and occur on the former tidal flats. Relief is flat. Slopes are less than 1 %. Elevation ranges from 2 to 3 m. above sea level. The climate is Tripical Savannah (Koppen 'A'). Mean annual precipitation is about 1,400 mm. Mean annual temperature is 27°C. b) Drainaae and PermeabilitY: Poorly drained. Permeability and runoff are slow. These soils are flooded by river water to depths of 1 m. or more for four to five months during the rainy season. Groundwater level falls below 1 m. from the soil surface during the peak of the dry season. c) Vegetation and Land Use: Mainly used for broadcast rice cultivation. d) Characteristic Profile Features: Sena series is a member of the very fine, mixed, acid, isohyperthermic, Sulfic Tropaquepts. They are deep, strongly to medium acid over extremely acid soils. They are characterized by a very dark grey or black clay A horizon overlying a greyish brown or brown clay B horizon, which in turn overlies a reduced dark grey clay C horizon. These soils are mottled throughout with strong brown coating on root channels in the A horizon, and brownish yellow, yellow and red (mainly in the upper B) mottles in the B horizon. The presence of yellow (cat clay) jarosite mottles below 50 cm. and within 1 m. of the soil surface and gypsum crystals in the B and 3-78 The B horizon has 10YR and 7.5YR hues, values of 4 or 5 and Chroma of 2. Structure is moderate, medium prismatic breaking to blocky and pH values are 4.5 or less. The C horizon is usually dark grey (1 OYR4/1 or 5Y4/1) and may contain few brown mottles in the upper part; is nearly unripe and has pH values of 4.5 rising to 6.0 below 2 m. f) Suitability of Soil for Agricultural Purposes: Land Use Alternatives Suitability Classes Major Limitations Paddy moderately suitable acidity, flooding Upland crops not suitable flooding, acidity Fruit trees not suitable flooding, (drainage) Permanent pasture not suitable flooding g) Suitability of Soil for Enaineerina Purposes: Type of Enaineering Uses Suitability Ratings Major Limitations Topsoil poor clayey soil Sand and gravel not suitable Roadfill poor low supporting capacity, wetness Dearee of Limitations Corrosivity-Uncoated Steel very high high total acidity, poorly drained Corrosivity-Concrete high pH 5.0 or less Irrigation and drainage moderate susceptability to flooding, need for drainage Terraces and diversions Highway and road construction severe low supporting capacity, wetness, flood hazard, Excavated ponds none to slightly flooding Pond reservoir areas none to slightly Pond embankments moderate slope stability 3-79 lower A horizon is diagnostic for the series. Pressure faces and slickensides occur on the B horizon and the soil cracks at the surface when dry. e) Ranae of Profile Features: The A horizon is from 20 to 40 cm. thick, has IOYR hue, values of 2 or 3 and chromas of 1 or 2. Structure is weak medium and coarse blocky. Field pH values range from 4.0 to 4.5. The B horizon has lOYR and 7.5YR hues, values of 5 and chroma of 2. Structure is weak, medium and coarse primatic, breaking to fine blocky. Field pH values range from 4.0 to 4.5. The C horizon is half ripe to nearly and has predominantly dark grey colours with few brown mottles in the upper part. Field pH values are 4.5 rising to 6.0 or more below approximately 2 m. from the soil surface. f) Suitability of Soil for Aaricultural Purposes Land Use Alternatives Suitability Classes Major Limitations Paddy suitable acidity, flooding Upland crops not suitable flooding, acidity Fruit trees not suitable flooding Permanent pasture not suitable flooding g) Suitability of Soil for Enaineering Purposes Type of Engineering Uses Suitability Ratings Maior Limitations Topsoil poor clayey soils Sand and gravel not suitable Roadfill poor low supporting capacity, wetness 3-80 Degree of Limitations Corrosivity-Uncoated very high high total acidity Steel poorly drained Corrosivity-Concrete high pH 5.0 or less Irrigation and drainage slightly to moderate susceptability to flooding, need for drainage Terraces and diversions Highway and road construction severe low supporting capacity, wetness, flood hazard Excavated ponds none to slightly flooding Pond reservoir areas none to slightly Pond embankments moderate slope stability Septic tanks severescowpmTeablity, high water table, flooding Light industries severe high water table, flooding, low loading capacity Low building foundations severe high water table, flooding, low loading capacity The analytical data of certain properties of this soil are included in Appendix F. 3.7.4 Conclusion of Quality of Soil Resources Quality of soil resources in the area is assessed in terms of its suitability for agricultural and engineering purposes. For agricultural purposes four types of use for paddy, upland crop, fruit tree and permanent pasture are considered. For paddy field, the suitability of the soil varies from highly suitable to marginally suitable. The highly suitable one is the soil of Chachoengsao Series whilst the well to moderately suitable are the soil of Ayutthaya, Mahaphot, Sena and Rangsit Series. Except the Rangsit series the major limitation for the others is the flooding which is usually high and lasts rather well long in rainy season. For the Rangsit soil series other than flooding, the strongly acid reaction is also included. In this series the so-called "cat clay" which is the source of the acidity presents at rather shallow depth in the profile (about 50 cm from the soil surface: see the description of the series). Only one soil series which is considered as marginally suitable is Ongkarak soil series. The 3-81 major limitations of this soil series for paddy field are both flooding and strongly acid reaction. In the profile of this soil series, the cat clay is present at very shallow depth, about 30 cm. from the soil surface (also see the description of the profile of this soil). For other agricultural uses (upland crops, fruit tree and permanent pasture), under natural circumstance, all of the soils in the area are not Suiiabie. The major limitations are either flooding or strongly acid reaction or both. However, under irrigation system, in many locations are of the area, such limitations especially flooding, have been eliminated by ditching, and bunding up the soil surface. With such measures and other intensive managements, many areas have been used for growing fruit tree, vegetable and other cash crop. Naturally, except acidity, the soil in the area is relatively fertile. When such limitation factors as flooding and acidity have been eliminated, the good and reasonable crop yields are obtained. For engineering purposes, the soils in the area are suitable for only certain kinds of use such as for excavated pond, pond reservoir area, irrigation and drainage network. For the other uses, there are a number of limitations such as too heavy texture, high total acidity, high to moderately shrink swell, high water table, very high corrosivity of uncoated steel, etc., (for the details of kind and degree of limitation, see the description of each soil unit). 3.8 AQUATIC BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 3.8.1 Introduction Generally, the water body is now receiving a lot of organic and inorganic materials from various sources. The water quality in the river varies greatly due to seasonal changes. The aquatic organisms as plankton and benthos also vary in their species composition and abundance due to the changes of water characteristics, particularly temperature and nutrient concentration. The power plant construction will more or less affect these organisms to some extent. Aquatic biology is one out of many aspects that must be studied. The data obtained from the study are useful for assessing impacts of the power plant construction and operation on aquatic communities. Recommendations on factors, i.e. plankton, benthos, and other aquatic organisms including other related aspects will be drawn out as guideline for solving problems and setting a management program of the Project in the operation phase. 3.8.2 Obiectives The objectives of the study on the aquatic biology are as followed: (1) To collect, review and analyze information on aquatic ecology of project area and the vicinity. (2) To conduct field sampling survey on aquatic ecology (phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic animals) in the project area. 3-82 (3) To describe possible ecological changes and probable impacts of the Power Piant on aquatic communities. (4) To recommend appropriate mitigation/monitoring measures. 3.8.3 Study Methodoloov A field sampling program consisting of five sampling sites as the water quality sampling stations has been set up. At each sampling site, plankton organisms and benthic animals were collected. During field surveys, observation on aquatic weeds along both edges of the sampling area were conducted. In addition, data on fisheries resources in the study area were also collected by an interview with local residents In the project area and its vicinity. Moreover, an interview with the inhabitants found fishing in Khlong Raphiphat were also made. Efforts were also made to determine fish species composition in receiving water bodies. 3.8.3.1 Sampling Stations Samoles were collected in five sampling stations (Figure 3.5-1), one station located at the proposed water intake site for cooling system and the other four sampling stations were at Khlong Raphiphat including the site of wastewater discharged from the Power Plant and its upstream and downstream. Field sampling for the existing condition was conducted on December 17, 1993. 3.8.3.2 Method of Field Data Collection At each selected sampling station, plankton organisms and benthic invertebrates were collected by using 60 microns mesh size plankton net and 0.5 sq.ft. Ekman Dredge, respectively. To determine plankton abundance, 30 litres of water was taken from the surface (at a depth of about 30 cm.) and then poured through the plankton net. The plankton retained in the net were transferred into a glass bottle, then preserved in 4% formalin solution for further identification and determination of abundance at the laboratory. At each sampling site for plankton as mentioned, benthic animals were also collected from the bottom of the river. For each grab of sediment, quick observation was made of the texture of the mud including its cohesiveness and composition of the sediment (sand, gravel, debris, mud, clay, etc.). The sediment was then sorted through a series of wire sieve to separate benthic animals and the animals found were preserved in 7% formalin solution for further identification in the laboratory. 3-83 3.8.4 Existina Condition of Aquatic Organisms 3.8.4.1 Plankton Organisms The survey o, p.ank.L o' orgaism in i989 was conducted by National Inland Fisheries Institute in Chao Phraya River between Pak Kret, Nonthaburi and Samutprakarn. The results of study for 4 times during February to December 1989 showed the species composition and the abundant of plankton organisms. Plankton types found consisted of 33 species of phytoplankton and 23 species of zooplankton with a density of 16.18 x 103 ind/cu.m. Blue green algae was found abundantly at all sampling timewith the average of 11.18x 1 Oind./cu.m. The dominate zooplankton species are the arthropod nauplii with an average density of 5.0 x 103 ind./cu.m. Analysis of plankton samples collected from the 5 sampling stations on December 16,1993 showed low productivity of the area In terms of both plankton density and species number. As shown in Table 3.8-1, a total of 37 genera of plankton comprising 44 species were identified. They belonged to 8 phyla and the number of species in each phylum was as follows; Cyanophyta (Blue green algae), 7; Chlorophyta (green algae), 8; Bacillariophyta (Diatom), 11; Chrysophyta (yellow algae), 1; Euglenophyta (euglenoid), 1; Protozoa, 3; Rotifera, 7; and Arthropod, 4. Zooplankton of Phylum Arthropoda consist of some unidentified species which were mostly in larval form of the following groups, cyclopoid copepoda, copepoda nauplii and insect larvae. Phytoplankton which regularly found at all stations in Khlong Raphiphat and Chao Phraya River were Amphithrix, Lynabva, Oscillatoria, Cymbella, Gomphonema, and Gyrosiama. In comparison with plankton distribution at 4 sampling stations of Khlong Raphiphat, the distribution was rather uniform. Number of zooplankton found in this study at Chao Phraya River was quite low. The dominant species were protozoan Centrophvxis ecornis with density of 12,000 ind./cu.m. and arthropod, cyclopoid copepod group, with the density of 24,000 ind./cu.m. Zooplankton found in Chao Phraya River in this study was 16.5% of total plankton density. In Khlong Raphiphat which will be the wastewater receiving canal, the percentage of zooplankton were moderately high at stations 2 and 5. The results also ndicate the non uniform distribution of zooplankton. There are many factors that influence the dominance of zooplankton such as organic matter, suspended particles and water flow. Table 3.8-2 shows densities of phytoplankton and zooplankton including their percentages at each station. Station 5 contained the highest density of 640,250 ind./cu.m, consisting of 64.5% zooplankton. The numerous zooplankton species were rotifer of genus Hexarthra and arthropod of genus Bosmina. The highest percentage of phytoplankton was found at station 4 with high density of Oscillatoria. 3-84 TABLE 3.8-1 SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF PIANKrON ORGANISMS Scientific Name Station 2 3 4 5 PHYTOPLANKTON Phylum Cyanophyta (Blue-green algae) Amphithrix sp. _ 18,000 12,000 68,000 65,000 Anabaena sp. _- - 2,000 2,000 Chrooooccus sp. _ - 18,000 10,000 6,500 Lyngbya sp. 18,000 6,500 31,500 18,000 2,600 Microcystis aeruqinosa Kuetzing - - 10,000 - - M. incerta Lemmermann - - 2,000 2,250 4,000 Oscillatoria sp. 9,000 - 31,500 234,000 52,000 Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae) Closterium ehrenbergi Meneghini 9,600 - - 10,000 - C. lanceolatum Kuetzing - 2,000 2,000 2,600 18,000 Eudorina elegans Ehrenberg _ 2,250 2,600 31,500 19,500 Oedogonium sp. 2,000 - - - Radiofilum conjunctivan Schmidle 6,750 - - - Scenedesmus bijuga (Turp.) Lagerh. _ 26,500 18,000 39,000 31,500 Sc. dimorphus (Turp.) Kuetzing _- - 78,000 - Spirogyra sp. - 2,250 10,000 1,300 Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatom) Cymbella sp. 31,500 _ _ _ C. ventricosa Kuetz 2,500 25,000 2,600 2,000 4.500 Diatoma elongatum Agardh 4.600 - - - Fragilaria sp. 19,200 - - - - Gomphonema gracile Ehr. 2.250 4,000 38,000 2,000 1.250 Gyrosigma kutzingii Cleve. 234,000 20,000 8,000 4,000 9,100 Melosira varians C.A.Ag. 6,750 - - - - Nitzschia sp. 10,000 _ 4.000 9,000 4.000 N. amphibia Grunow 4,500 _- - Surirella robusta Ehrenberg - 2,000 z200 3,600 Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg _ 4,000 _ _ Phylum Chrysophyta (Yellow algae) Dinobryonsertularia Ehrenberg 30,000 - Z500 Phylum Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellate) Ceratium hirundinella (O.F.Muell.) _ - 64,000 4,000 Glenodinium sp. - _ - 30,000 Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoid) Euglena sp. _ - - 10,000 6,500 SUBTOTAL PHYTOPLANKTON 360,650 142,500 246,400 572450 227,750 3-85 TABLE 3.8-1 (Cont'd) Scientific Name Station I 2 3 4 5 ZOOPLANKTON 'hylum Protozoa (protozoan) Centropyxis ecornis (Ehr.) Leidy 12.000 65,000 3,000 2,000 4,500 Difflugia tuberculata Wallich 2.200 - 12,000 - 2,000 D. urceolata Carter 6.750 - - _25,0D0 'hylum Rotifera (Rdtifer) Brachionus angularis Gosse 2,500 3,000 2,000 12,000 23,000 Br. forficula Wierzejshi _ _ _ _ Conochilus sp. 6,000 2,500 _ 10,000 - Hexarthra mira (Hudson) - - _ 6,000 124,000 Keratella tropica 11.000 _ _ _ Lecome (M.) bulla (Gosse) - 2,650 _ 24,000 Trichocerca similis (Wierzejshi) 6.750 _- - hylum Arthropoda (Arthropod) Bostnina longirostris (O.F.Muller) 2.200 _- - 124,000 Bosminopsis deitersi Richard - 12,000 2,000 - 56,000 Ceriodaphnia cornuta Sars _ 5,000 - - 23,000 Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine) - - - 1,200 10,000 Unidentified cyclopoid copepods 24,000 5,600 4,000 - 15,000 Copepod nauplii - 85,000 12,000 _ 12,000 Insect larvae - 12,000 - - - SUBTOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 73,400 105,450 35.000 54.120 418,500 GRAND TOTAL 434,050 247,950 281,400 626,570 646.250 mark: Unit expressed in individual/cu.m. The sampling date is December 17, 1993 3-86 TABLE 3.8-2 ABUNDANCE AND PERCENTAGE OF PLANKTON ORGANISMS Station Organisms 1 2 3 4 5 Abundance % Abundance % Abundance % Abundance % Abundance % Phytoplankton 360,650 83.5 142,500 43.7 246,400 85.7 572,450 92.0 227,750 35.5 Zooplankton 71,200 16.5 183,750 56.3 41,000 14.3 49,200 8.0 412,500 64.5 oo Total 431,850 100 326,250 100 287,400 100 621,650 100 640,250 100 Remark Unit expressed in organisms or cells per cu.m. of water The sampling date is December 17, 1993' F:3l8-IWKI137-B-043 Species diversity indices of phytoplankton and zooplankton were analyzed by Shanon- Weiner index (Patrick, 1973). At Chao Phraya River, the diversity indices of phytoplankton and zooplankton were 2.2 and 1.8, respectively. At station 2-5 which are the stations located in Khlong Raphiphat, the species diversity indices for phytoplankton and zooplankton were 2.0 and 1.5-2.0 respectively. The diversity indices are relatively high which indicate that no highly dominant plankton species exists. 3.8.4.2 Benthic Animals The result of benthic animals collected from the five sampling stations is shown in Table 3.8-3. Three phyla of benthic animals were found i.e., Annelida, Arthropoda, and Mollusca. The aquatic earthworm Family Naididae was found at stations 1 and 3 with the density of 132 and 44 ind/sq.m. respectively. The insect larvae of Family Chironomidae were found at stations 2, 3 and 4 while larvae of Family Chaoboridae were found only at station 5. The number and species found at all sampling stations showed considerably low production of benthic animals of the study area. The density was in range 44-220 organisms/sq.m. 3.8.4.3 Aquatic Weeds There are 10 to 20 species of aquatic macrophytes found in Thai water bodies, (NIFI, 1976). Generally, most water weeds are found close to shore, at a depth of 1 m. or less. Chao Phraya River: The study on the aquatic weed at the proposed water intake site for set up the intake structure of water supply for cooling system, only floating weed was found at the sampling site (Table 3.8-4). The floating weed, water hyacinth or Pak Tob Java Echiornia crassipes was present densely at some locations along the river bank. Khlona Raphiphat : At the sampling station 2-5 which are the stations in Khlong Raphiphat, water hyacinth are also found at all stations especially in front of the water gate of diversion canal (Table 3.8-4) The submerged weed, namely Sarai Hang Karok Hydrilla verticillata and Sara! Pung Chado Ceratoohylum demersum were also found at all stations at the edges of banks. Kra Jab Trapa sp. was found only at station 5. Station 4 was the station where there are highest species number of aquatic weed. Five types of aquatic weed were found. Aquatic weed in Khlong Raphiphat was not high in density except Chawk Hunu at station 5. This might be that station 5 has some shallow area and the water was stagnant during sampling period. 3.8.4.4 Fisheries Fish sampling could not be carried out during the study period due to the location was not suitable for fish sampling. Therefore, the informations on fish in Chao Phraya River and Khlong Raphiphat are obtained from the literature reviews and through interviews with local people. 3-88 TABLE 3.8-3 ABUNDANCE OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS Abundance (Ind./sqm) Organisms Station 1 2 3 4 5 Phylum Annelida Class Oligochaete Family Naedidae _ - 88 - 264 Family Tubificidae _ 88 - 220 132 Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Diptera _ 352 88 _ 44 Fam. Chironomidae Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Fam.Marginellidae Rivomarinella sp. _ _ 44 - Class Bivalvia Fam. Corbiculidae Corbicula sp. _ - - 88 TOTAL _ 440 220 220 528 3-89 F:T3-6-3.WK!/37-B-0D43 TABLE 3.8-4 SPECIES OF AQUATIC WEEDS FOUND IN CHAO PHRAYA RIVER AND KHLONG RAPHIPHAT ON DECEMBER 17, 1993 Aquatic Weeds I P-aua. Thai Common Name Scientific Name Station 1 2 3 4 5 Family Oragraceae Kra Jab Trapa sp. _- - - + Family Salviniaceae Chawk Hunu Salvmia cucuData _ - _ _ Family Pontederaceac Pak Tob lava Echiornia crassipes + + + + + + + Family Lemnaceae Nae Ped Lemna perpusile - _ _ + Family Azollaceae Nae Daeng AzoLa pinnata - _ _ + Family Hydrocharidaceae Sarai Hangkarok Hydrilla verticillata - + + + + Family Ceratophyllaceae Sarai Pung Chado Ceratophyllum demersum - + + + + Relative Abundance - = absent + = less + + = moderate abundant = abundant 3-90 r.-n-,vnurn-s-n Fisheries in Chao Phrava River A few studies of fisheries in Chao Phraya River have been under taken and not much information is available for the study area at Amphoe Bang Sai. Table 3.8-5 summarizes fish species found in Lower Chao Phraya River by Chukajom, et. al. (1980) and Kittivorachate (1992). There were 36 fish species found in Lower Chao Phraya River, from Ang Thong to Nonthaburi. In 1990, the annual catch was about 38.9 tonnes, valued at approximately 2.0 million baht per year. Of such catch, 28.2 tonnes were sold in the local fish market. The popular fishing gears found were cast-net, gill-net and hook. The record on the catch per unit effort of these three fishing gears collected by Chukajom et al. in 1980 were 2.18, 2.13 and 0.98 kg/man/day. There is no information available on the catch per unit effort after that. However, it appears that the Chao Phraya River at present is less productive than that was found in the past. The results of the fish sampling in Chao Phraya River at Nonthaburi and Pathumthani showed also the unknown species of fish eggs ranging from 47-14,519 eggs/cu.m. during December 19bu not found during rin mpnginfi neriod of June-September. Fisheries resources in Khlona RaDhiDhat The informations on fisheries resources in Khlong Raphiphat was obtained through interviews with local people, officials and fish trader in the local market. The fish species composition found in Khlong Raphiphat was shown in Table 3.8-6. There are totally 13 fish species, and this number did not count on frogs and shrimps which are rarely found in this canal. However, some frogs and shrimps can be caught during dry season. These fish species are the common fish species found in the central part of Thailand. The fish production in Khlong Raphiphat cannot be estimated but very low production is suggested by local people, due to the fluctuation of water volume in the canal and use of illegal fishing methods. Most of the fishing practices are sports fishing. Very few people fish for their household consumption. The amount of fish caught per day is relatively small. The fresh fish sold in the market are obtained from the aquaculture activity in nearby areas and other provinces. There are some catfish (hybrid catfish) farms and integrated chick-n-fish farms which take water from Khlong Raphiphat. The limitation of aquaculture activities in this area was also the same as aquaculture practices elsewhere. They are competition use of land, water quality and water supply. Most of the fish farms close to Khlong Raphiphat cannot be operated during dry season. 3-91 TABLE 3-8-5 FRESHWATER FISH SPECIES REPORTED TO BE PRESENT IN LOWER CHAO PHRAYA RIVER, ANG THONG PROVINCE TO NONTHABURI PROVINCE (DURING 1980 - 1990) Thai Name Scientific Name lin Ma Cynoglossus sp Uk Hemipimelodus sp. Kamank Puntius proctozysron Nuaerd Phramn Polynemus sp. Nua on Kryptopterus sp. Ma Bosamenia micropeltes Ka thing Metacembelus armatus Ta kok Cyclocheilichthys enoplos Tapien Khao Puntius gonionotus Mael Setipinna sp. Kod ruang Mystus nemurus Mor Chang Yeap Pristolepis fasciatus Mor Thai Anabas testudineus Sua Pon Nam Toxotes sp. Kayang Khang Lie Mystus vittatus Tapian Thong Puntius altus Sa Labiobarbus spilopleurs Kod Nuan Osteogeneiosus sp Pab Paralaubuca sp. Salard Notopterus notopterus Bu Oxyeleotris marmoratus Sank Ka Vard Pangasius siamensis Siew Hang Luang Rasbora dusomesis Sawai Pangasius sutchi Soi Cirrhinus jullieni Cha on Ompok bimaculatus Daeng Kryptopterus bleekeri Te Pho Pangasius larnaudi Duk Dan Clarias batrachus Chon Channa striatus Sai Yu Pangasius nasutus )urces; Chu Kajorn et al (1980) Kittivorachate et a] (1992) 3-92 P.T3-B-5.WKIL37- B.-0043 TABLE 3.8-6 SPECIES OF FISH RECORDED TO BE PRESENT IN ICHLONG RAPHIPHAT Thai Name Scientific Name Tapien Khao Puntius gonionotus Siew Esomus sp. Krim TJjcoPis vittatus Kadi Mo Trichogaster trichopterus Mor Thai Anabas testudinetus Chon Chana striata Duk Uae Clarias macrocephalus Duk Dan Clarias batranchus Lai Na Huta alba Nil Orechromis niloticus Salad Notopterus notopterus Bu Oxyyeleotris marmoratus 393 P:T3-s9&WKV37-a-34 3.9 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 3.9.1 Introduction The main ecological land use of the study area is rice field, swamp and flooding land which is good habitat for birds, reptiles and amphibians. This project area is simDiar to the other site of central plain of Thailand. Birds eat cereal, insects and mollusks while reptiles and amphibians eat all of living insects, fishes and small animals. This area is quite fertile in terms of food for birds, amphibians and reptiles. 3.9.2 Obiectives 1. Review of secondary data on birds, reptiles and amphibians in the study area. 2. Field check of existing status and abundance of birds, reptiles and amphibians in the study area. 3. Assessment of effects of the Power Plant on birds, reptiles and amphibians. 4. Recommendation on mitigation measures and monitoring programs for ecological impacts during construction and operation phases. 3.9.3 Methodoloav - Field check and survey in the study area to gather secondary data. - IdentHfication of the impact of the Power Plant on birds, reptiles and amphibians. - Analysis of the advantage and disadvantage of the Power Plant on birds, reptiles and amphibians. - Recommendation on mitigation measures and monitoring programs for alleviating ecological impacts during construction and operation periods. 3.9.4 Results Birds are classified by their status and abundance. Status are categorized into resident, winter visitor, passage migrant and breeding visitor. Abundance are classified as very rare, rare, uncommon, fairly common, common and very common. Birds investigation was carried out during the field surveys. Table 3.9-1 contains a list of birds found in the study area. According to the information above, the status of birds at this site is 62.2 percent of resident, 32.4 percent of winter visit, 2.7 percent of breeding visit and 2.7 percent of passage migrant (Table 3.9-2). 3-94 ITABLE 3.9-1 LIST OF BIRDS FOUND IN STUDY AREA u8§ufl~~I!h~n Tachybaptus ruficollis R VC Unfl1U1Oflfl Phalacrocorax niger R C Unrniifridiiitn Phalacrocorax fuscicollis R UC Anhinga melanogaster R R fnulhW14fl¶.%¶V1 Ardeola speciosa R VC U4flTHfslluIDu Ardeola bacchus WV VC Un11Ht$iMMl Butorides striatus R C UnJ14fllu Bubulcus ibis R FC ufluh14ljtj Egretta garzetta R C utjulilvntiui Egretta intermedia WV FC luli4flutdrn Egretta alba R C uXUlitill4U1, Al Ixobrychus sinensis R VC Uf)viAw$iVjlnl Ixobrychus eurhythmus M R uilllil8film"1 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus R VC UfUlil Dupetor flavicollis BV VC umL5nniql Nycticorax nycticorax R C Uf1fliWiflUli Ardea cinerea R UC Unnsstflg;R1ul Ardea purpurea R C unndl?lill Anastomus oscitans BV C uluwljqi%l, unni,if Threskiornis melanocephalus WV UC L1JtW'NLIVIfl34 Anas acuta WV C tlkfllU Anas querguedula WV C ;tLiriliJrJ Aythya fuligula WV R LiirtUI4 )Dendrocygna javanica R C 0fle1JLLIn1 Nettapus coromandelianus R C U¶t 1161f¶Fl Geopelia striata R C 1¶JLgflLupLIUb Cacomantis merulinus R VC Ufslfl19i1 Eudynamys scolopacea R C Centropus sinensis R VC UfIi IAfl11AR Centropus bengalensis R C Tyto alba R C 3-95 TABLE 3.9-1 (Cont'd) 1nti1LMLLU'J Glaucidium cuculoides ID unftflAunuMiV71J0 Alcedo atthis WV VC UIlligflUllfffJ3ini Halcyon capensis R UC ut1flLIfiuen Halcyon smyrnensis R VC UlI1ThflUWJl11 Halcyon pileata WV,M C 11JMo 1WJluz|fil Merops philippinus R C urIoJ1uFifln Merops orientalis R VC flh1R1t5lUh1J Coracias benghalensis R VC uRI'mlm ni Megalaima lineata R C Megalaima haemacephala R VC unIL8uIR11ii Cypsiurus balasiensis R VC IflLLduUl Apus affinis R C uilulllfullu Hirundo rustica WV VC Artamus fuscus R C uno1lmduMILLP14 Mirafra assamica R C U1l6iiuiL¶4 Anthus novaeseelandiae R,WV VC urfnllintimu Anthus hodgsoni WV C l4f18SU1J11i1 Motacilla alba WV C UntiiilflWJ1atNfi1t Motacilla cinerea WV VC UntlfliUflm| Motacilla flava WV VC g UnrnS¶gItflg1tif Lanius cristatus WV VC un dkfl-1OWI11 Lanius schach R VC U11dThIS¶fiUfllJ Pycnonotus aurigaster R VC undTifiammu Pycnonotus blanfordi R VC Urilu'lluiviildtill Dicrurus macrocercus R C UflL%LlqJW-14U&'N MUi Dicrurus paradiseus R C Urn r)aUmltflnvUfiU iDicrurus aeneus UWL8J4lil Sturnus contra R VC UdIIHIM1061 Sturnus nigricollis R VC Unlilrtj ifl1 Acridotheres tristis R VC UMlBUxTHIU Acridotheres javanicus R VC flflh11Lqi Crypsirina temia R C srn Corvus macrorhynchos R C 3-96 TABLE 3.9-1 (Cont'd) uneanun ut Luscinia calliope WV VC UnP11s34fl Luscinia svecica WV VC Ufll4L'UUi1U Copsychus saularis R C XUfltflh n"11 Saxicola torguata WV VC unwtlflrnu% Acrocephalus aedon WV C Ut1flm4wUfiJu Acrocephalus arundinaceus WV VC Uflh14A1ii11 Acrocephalus bistrigiceps WV VC U KI4fIflMUlUSiflt1 Locustella lanceolata WV VC UDUITUIR Megalurus palustris R C Ufl SJUM1AtUULTh1 Prinia inornata R VC uUtstImi'matul fliti Cisticola juncidis R VC Ufntil uwl"4lumu? LLM4 Cisticola exilis R C LIil9uJT Elanus caeruleus R C L~i~JflUW16 Milvus migrans W C LUUUlhil*6i1¶I11 Circus melanoleucos WV UC LJtflm14 Circus spilonotus WV C LUdU199flth^ Pandion haliactus WV UC UnDiulflh Porzana pusiLla WV C unDuLLRN Porzana fusca R,M C flh1fl,zl -Amaurornis phoenicurus R VC Ufl6f uRh1'11 Porzana cinerea R UC UNDI1 Gallinula chloropus R C ufnffln Porphyrio porphyrio R FC ulifivi Fulica atra WV UC Un8Uo4II~ Hydrophasianus chirurgus R,WV C Metopidius indicus R C Vanellus vanellus WV R ufltI~t~i~uRufliciiui Vanellus indicus R VC UnMIThUfl1W1fl nsQ Pluvialis fulra WV VC UQUivulmlUig Tringa glareola WV VC ufldi1sus34ilci1 Gallinago gallinago WV VC UflflLLR1WIflBtn~1b Esacus magnirostris R R UflILLAUni i Glareola maldivarum BV VC 3-97 TABLE 3.9-1 (Cont'd) untullu7liiff 6ssg6ll Larus brunnicephalus WV VC UflU'Nflq"l]uuimqJlT Larus ridibundus WV FC UfnlUflh4Uifl¶ULA171'11 Chlidonias hybridas WV VC UlqllunAlililn Chlidonias leucopterus WV C Ufl'1ulfllultJd1nflvul Gelochelidon nilotica WV FC un1fl¶'hl Streptopelia tranquebarica R VC urnJIllMIMIlrnJfl Rhipidura javanica R VC Unf7iaAuwU Passer montanus R VC Ufli2OaNM0110i Passer flaveolus R VC UffillMiff Wifl Ploceus philippinus R FC urn~rns$9 fi~ni Ploceus manyar R UC unnf1lThlAwflinj-1 Lonchura striata R VC R = undjidIih1U (Resident) WV = U1Th¶'l4UMjjllUi ¶Wfiuu (Winter visitor) M = UnDYw0HtMiMuM (Passage migrant) BV = UOYMMUMMILMt¶fliJ31U (Breeding visitor) VR = wIUInIm1f (very rare) R = MlIff (rare) UC = 'l2hiUny (uncommon) FC = ¶IflIdUl*] (fairly common) C = yUny (common) VC = ¶f1343411n (verycommon) 3-98 F:T39-1.WK1/37-B-0043 TABRL 3-9-2 PERCENT OF BIRD STATUS R 69 62.2 WV 36 32.4 M 3 2.7 BV 3 2.7 TABLE 3.9-3 PERCENT OF BIRD ABUNDANCE VR nil nil R 5 4.6 UC 9 8.2 FC 6 5.5 C 40 36.7 vC 49 45.0 3_99 F:T39-2&3.WK1 /37-B-0043 Birds abundance are: 45.0 percent very common, 36.7 percent common, 5.5 percent fairly common, 8.2 percent uncommon and 4.6 percent rare. There is no very rare bird in this study area (Table 3.9-3). Amphibians and reptiles are very common in this area. A list of amphibians and reptiles is included in Table 3.9-4. 3.10 LAND USE 3.10.1 Introduction The study on land use pattern around the project site was investigated using aerial photographs and field survey. It is realized that the developments may cause impacts on environment, natural resources, farming system, birds, animals, plants, economics and society. Like some other modem factories with thousands of employees, the Power Plant will induce rapid changes of land use and land utilization. The subsequent impacts upon the land use after the construction may be positive and/or negative. Hence, the study illustrates the existing land use, forecasts impacts, gives some mitigation measures and suggests appropriate environmental development plan for the future. 3.10.2 Obiectives 1. To illustrate the existing land use in terms of their definition, shape, area and distribution. 2. To survey the patterns of land use and compile up-to-date land use map. 3. To find out the impacts (positive and/or negative) of the construction on land use. 4. To minimize the negative impacts on land use during and after the construction. 5. To propose appropriate environmental development plan. 3.10.3 Scope of Work - The study on land use was focussed in a 5-km radius of the Plant. - The land use patterns are based on aerial photograph interpretation, field checking and compilation on 1:15,000 base map. - Mitigation measures will be suggested when positive/negative impacts are identified. - Proper environmental development plan on land use is broadly overviewed to keep the environment sustainable to meet the requirement of ONEB regulation. - Possible monitoring program for future is also suggested. 3-100 LIST OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES HlmlAIlu Bufo melanostictus f)1JU1 Rana tigerina lltUU"U1, IAlimmuil Rana limnocharis n]114liu', v4u11lThlti Kaloula pulchra R$W1UU5XI611 Trionyx cartilageneus O iOhUlmUUlqUU Platyurus platyurus Gekko gekko NTflf, 114U1U4 Calotes cristacellus fniftlifTu Calotes mystaceus fillUi Damonis subtrijuga OdLUflUUUlU Mabu-;a muififasciata 1ns1iSw'VJ Elaphe radiata Ptyas korros Th4781X910U0fl Ahaetulla prasina 1f3L1flUI -Bungarus faciatus Naia naia Agkistrodon rhodostoma \49~~~~~~A;~~ -.w'~~~~ ROAD CM-\ rAM CiH'Ia't'- PAM STREAM ~~ ~CANAL(KHLONG) ILP.G~~ ~~ )dmoPAcTo~~~Y,~ - - - - ~ SIJBCANAL '..- T.BWNGlOA~~~~~~~~ [] ~WATER BODIES CrZZMN FZwx ~- f]PADDY FIELD SCHOOL .7, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MIXED ORCHARDS - - El ~~~~~~~~RESIDENTIAL AREKA J_-__ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I INDUSTRIAL AREA UAN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ATADON~ ANIMAL FARM * .. .~-~-- Project A jeas ~ A O cm AI M ]IDLE LAND ri- Ara- F. -, BNLAM PHRAYAT ~ ~ ~ aMPHRAYASOLOOL Si ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ RDIS FPOERPLN AT ~ ~ ~ *s-~L--.1 - T%.2~ WAKLN3 FIGUE 3.0-1LANDUSEPAWT WIHIN K- WAXSAWANGAROM *~*~ * p. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~AIU FPWE LU TABLE 3.10-1 LAND USE CLASSIFICATiON OF STUDY AREA AGRICU-LTURAL LAND 69.18 88.09 - Rice field (55.77) (71.01) - Orchard (12.46) (15.88) = Orange 8.28 10.54 = Mango 2.03 2.53 = Palmeo 0.39 0.50 = Banana 0.13 0.17 = Cashew Nut 0.06 0.08 = Mixed Crop 0.22 0.28 = Agricultural Estate 0.31 0.40 = Casuarina sp. 1.04 1.32 - Cash crop (0.95) (1.20) = Vegetables 0.92 1.17 Bamboo 0.02 0.02 = Cassava 0.01 0.01 URBAN AND BUILT UP AREA 1.78 2.26 - Residential area (0.64) (0.81) - Road (0.63) (0.80) - Factory (0.19) (0.24) - Farm (0.32) (0.41) WATER BODIES 4.13 5.26 - River (1.46) (1.86) - Canal (1.67) (2.13) - Pond (0.85) (1.08) IDLE LAND 3.45 4.39 - Bare land (1.21) (1.54) - Marsh land (2.24) (2.85) TOTAL AREA 78.54 Note Figures in bracket are total area of sub-categories. 3-105 F:T3-O-I WIWI/37-B-O043 Table 3.10-2 LIST OF FIELD CROPS AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN STUDY AREA (1993-1994) 9i'l'1ii1 Oryza Sativa GR F fl^lL'~itiUflU Citrus reticulata FT F UJ$1J4 Mangifera indica FT F truTh Citrus maxinta FT F Anacardium ocidentale ST F Musa sapientum HB F rI0IGI< Dendrocalamus asper BB F Manihot esculenta SB F Brassica chmensis VG F trufltsLiI Casuarina equisetifolia ET W, FR, B Abbreviation: Type GR = Grass FT = Fruit tree P Palm ST = Shrubby tree HB = Herb BB = Bamboo SB = Shrub ET = Exotic tree VG = Vegetable CL = Climber AQ = Aquatic Utilization: F = Food W = Wood FR = Fuelwood B = Boundary S = Shade F.-13-10-IWKW137-B-0D43 3-106 TABLnE 3.;0-3 LIST OF MULTI-PURPOSE TREES FOUND IN RESIDENTIAL AREA OF STUDY AREA (1993-1994) .1 .......... 1. p61fl Borassus Flabellifer P F, B 2. WVTJ1 Cocus nucifera P F, B 3. mijln Areca catechu P F, B 4. 2Jmiiu Tamarindus indica T F, S 5. mvuinvo Pithecellobium ducle T F, S 6. aaawi Azadirachta indica T FR, B, W 7. 'llLflfllu Cassia siamea T F, FR S. 2JXJ Moringa oleifera ST F 9. uvulu Morinda citrifolia ST F, FR 10. UAIUiiU Sesbania grandiflora ST F 11. ¶ISmI Acacia pennata T F 12. rijuni Crateva religiosa T FR 13. mfmlLrn Combretum quardrangulare T FR 14. rTwamm Erythrina subumbrans T F, S, FR 15. UU Ceiba pentandra T S 16. nIvfl Samanea saman T S, FR 17. Ina Ficus sp. T S 18. QU Cassia fistule T S,FR 19. nm4umu Acacia auriculaeformis T FR, B, W 20. yVHfiA g Eucalyptus camaldulensis T FR, B, W 21. rlu5n Thysostachys siamensis BB F, B 3-107 F:Th-10-3.WY1T37-B-0043 Table 3.10-4 LIST OF TREE, HERB, VEGETABLE AND GRAIN FOUND IN HOME PLOT OF STUDY AREA (1993-1994) ........ .... . ........ ............. Fruit Tree 1 WIdLI Artocarpus communis FT F,S 2 Sluu A. heterophyllus FT F,S 3 ¶1aw Eugenia siamensis FT F,S 4 urni'i Annona squamosa ST F 5 IJzimnw Carica papaya ST F 6 tlii Psidium guajava ST F 7 Jsoi Phyllanthus indica ST F 8 wUl . Citrus aurantifolia ST F 9 Uafll0 C. hystrix ST F Herbal Vegetable 10 lo I Alpinia galanga VG F I1 'ii Zingiber officinale VG F 12 miWPIuI Boesenbergia pandulata VG F 13 IiiFT Cymbopogon citratus VG F 14 nvwaii Ocimum sanctum VG F 15 Imliu 0. basilicum VG F 16 6t%I9fil Solanum xanthocarpum VG F 17 7'hn Gapsicum minimum HB F 18 tgii;Wtlm Manthae piperita VG F 19 uni1i Petrosselinum hortense VG F 20 rTij Ipomoea reptans CL, VG F 21 iT'Ailintl Vigna sesquipedalis CL, VG F 22 iJnuaI Cucurbitia moschata CL, VG F 23 unuLLiu Marsilea crenata AQ F Others 24 anu Saccharum officinarum GR F 25 4I'TAWr Zea mays GR F 3-108 3.11 TRANSPORTATION 3.11.1 Introduction The Project will be located on Highway No. 1 approximately 6 km from Amphoe Wang Noi and 75 km from Bangkok Metropolis. 3.11.2 Obiectives of Study The main purposes of this study are as follows: (1) To study road network and traffic conditions in the vicinity of the project area emphasizing the proposed power plant site. (2) To review traffic to be generated by the Project and assess impacts on traffic condition in the area. (3) To recommend necessary measures to alleviate such effects. 3.11.3 Presentation of Results 3.11.3.1 Road Network and Traffic Conditions in Project Area (1) Road Network: Figure 3.1 1-1 illustrates the main road network in the middle part of the central region and for the study area. Roads under the control of Department of Highway (DOH) are divided into three categories; national highways, provincial highways and other roads. The provincial highway and other categories include many minor roads, for example, all weathered laterite or dirt roads, which are not shown in Figure 3.11-1. The following roads leading to and/or influenced by the Project are as follows: (Figure 3.11-2). (i) Route No. 1 (Phahonyothin) : This road ran from Bangkok Metropolis to most provinces in the northern part of the country. The total distance is approximately 1,000 km. The section related to the Power Plant, starts from Bangkok Metropolis passing through Nonthaburi, Pathumthani and turns eastwards to Amphoe Wang Noi, about 75 km from Bangkok Metropolis. Route No.1, Rangsit-Saraburi section, was expanded to 10 traffic lanes by DOH and the construction was completed in January 1994. The project site is located on Route 1, 6 km far away from Amphoe Wang Noi. The section from Bangkok Metropolis to Saraburi is the busiest section in the area, where the Power Plant is located. 3-109 nUtLi PRKHRA Az \t.r8ji , < |~~~~~North Rangsit Project| / ( \ ~~~~~~~~Phra ThammarajaRi £>>)' \\ tna srton82 \\9 zt~~~~~~~~1k-22130) Patmhani (32I\ | 1/ > sSout~~~~~~~~~~h Raiigsit Pro- e t\ ! 0 4 - ~~~~~(41063) E/ + (( 1! O t ~~~~~~~~~~~~Khlong 13 R. (03080) \ ! Bangkok (+i } / 402¢/ (03150) * ) , 93y \*(4 v +/I'h Ka) A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ W m ~~~~~(03012) r 1 ghl~~ong Dan Proiect| [ Phra-ong Chaiyanuchlit l'r ojcct| Samut Prakarn (S1100) 1/ e Gulf of Thiailand . t ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~0 10 20 Km -LEGEND - -- Project Boundaries it Regulaltor FIGURE 3. 12-1 LOWIER CEIAO PHRAYA EASr BANK IRRIGATION PROJIECT 3-121 2 3R R ~ (80) (2.454) qp _ 2,4R 4_ < o ( | 63 Q t Si o,% '/ (2.308) . (163) . ,t; RAMA VIll DAM 9 P t / o \ (2345)/ % / 235*STREAM GUAGE STATION (1779) AVEAGE WATER VOLU'E (MCM.) _ iw _ srTH LUAG _ (21(,00 RAI) 4r%P VJI (794),,~:\ ffi~~~~~~ (538) ; -f NSOURT RANGSIT (425,000 RAI) _ . l < ) ~~~~~~~(2538) SLONG DAN PRIA TCN C IY T (252,000 R (410,000 RAR) It - - - - ._ FIGURE 3.12-2 WATER MANAGEMENT IN LOWER CHAO PHRAYA EASI BANK IRRIGATION PROJECT 3-122 TABLE 3.12-1 WATER ALLOCATION IN LOWEIR CHAO PHRAYA-EAST BANK (AVERAGE YEAR) UNIT: MCM t'ear Data Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Annual Period 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 31 28 31 365 VERAGE CONDnImON 23R Canal 29-34 2.7 2.1 1.3 9.7 11.3 14.1 16.7 12.2 1.1 1.5 2.1 4.9 79.8 emegRangReg. 08-34 197 188 213 212 215 256 259 240 182 145 146 201 2454 24R Canal 18-34 5.9 5.3 9.0 19.3 25.5 28.6 28.4 20.6 6.7 1.8 5.0 7.1 163.3 25R Canal (1) nta 3.0 2.7 4.5 9.8 12.8 14.3 14.2 10.3 3.4 0.9 2.5 3.5 81.6 Rama VIDam calc. 18S 180 200 183 177 213 216 209 172 142 136 190 2209 ama VI Diversion Dam Pasakat S9 08-34 18 56 85 99 230 638 869 185 61 33 18 16 2308 RR at Rama V calc. 188 180 200 183 177 213 216 209 172 142 138 190 2209 Sum Inflow calc 206 236 285 282 407 851 1085 394 233 175 156 206 4517 PhraNarai Reg 08-34 177 161 179 177 211 251 289 215 71 89 120 173 2113 DISRamaVI 08-34 5 38 76 119 199 738 824 139 129 63 11 5 2345 Sum outflow calc. 182 199 255 296 410 969 iii3 354 2001 52 131 178 4458 *phiphat Canal Phra Narai Re& 19-34 220 190 192 175 200 237 277 220 97 124 145 218 2295 NakhonLuangRe& 10-34 6 6 17 26 38 46 48 34 4 1 3 5 235 EkathotsarotRep, 22-34 181 160 162 127 132 163 167 137 87 121 147 194 1779 Phra SrisaowapakReg. 10-34 92 75 71 55 55 66 79 61 39 57 71 96 817 PhraSriSilpReg, 19-34 70 68 62 50 57 67 91 51 35 46 50 60 709 Phra lntme Re& 15-35 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.6 1.2 3.4 7.7 5.3 4.0 2.1 1.7 1.0 30.1 Phra Thamanarcha Reg. 28-31 50 45 41 36 33 45 50 43 25 37 68 67 538 Phra Thammamacha Syphon n/a - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hok Wa Syphon n/a - - - - - - - - - - - - Plai Khlonggl3Re& 30-35 29 30 27 24 15 IS 19 20 19 20 14 23 258 Chulalongkorn Reg 30-34 15 9.0 8.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 7.0 22.0 23.0 94.0 Somboon Re& 30-35 -1.0 1.0 0.0 -2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 1.0 2.0 10.0 7.0 -1.0 17.0 te: (1) No data was available at 25R. The diversion was estimated as half of that at 24R. (2) 'calc.' means the values were calculated. 3-123 P.tt-Lwaus-t.t TABLE 3.12-2 AVERAGE WATER DEMAND FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE Area Average (MCM) To Khlong Raphiphat 2,113 Nakhon Luang Project 235 South Pasak/Tha Luang Project 267 North Rangsit Project 1,073 South Rangsit Project 280 Khlong Dan/Chaiyanuchit Project 258 3-124 F:13-12-2.WKI/37-B-0043 TABLE 3.12-3 WATER MANAGEMENT FOR CHAO F'HRAYA-EAST BANK AREA PROJECT AREACROP ANNUAL JUL - DEC JAN - JUN WET DRY APR MAY JUN JUL AUG I SEP OCT I NOV I DEC JAN I FEB MAR (MCM.) MCM % MCM % A) IRRIGATION DEMAND 1. NAKHON LUANG 257234 7607 5 0 8 52 63 70 137 23 0 2 5 7 372 345 92.7 27 7.3 2. THA LUANG 184900 60678 18 2 3 24 28 23 34 7 0 7 22 30 198 116 58.5 82 41.4 3. NORTH RANGSIT 373649 246640 53 54 39 3 2 8 48 91 86 26 19 45 474 238 50.2 236 49.8 4. SOUTH RANGSIT 462881 232629 55 21 5 31 58 40 78 53 11 13 44 75 484 271 55.9 213 44 5. KHLONG DAN 344602 109874 19 7 1 2 12 15 42 38 8 4 15 25 188 117 62.2 71 37.8 6. PHRA ONG CHAIYANUCHIT 474609 348866 77 23 5 35 68 49 75 52 24 88 139 137 772 303 39.2 469 60.8 S TOTAL WATER DEMAND 2E+06 1E+06 227 107 61 147 231 205 414 264 129 140 244 319 2488 1390 358.7 ID98 44.1 t'3 B) WATER DIVERSION AT AVERAGE YEAR U, 1. AVG.FLOW AT PHRA NARAI REG. (08-34) 220 190 192 175 200 237 277 220 97 124 145 218 2295 1206 52.5 1089 47.5 2. AVG.FLOW AT RERNG RANG REG. (08-34) 188 180 200 183 177 213 216 209 172 142 138 190 2208 1170 52.9 1038 47 NOTE; THE ACTUAL DEMAND FROM RAMA VI DAM IS LOWER DUE TO THE FACT THAT SOME PARTS OF DEMAND ARE SATISFIED BY THE RETURN FLOW FROM THE UPSTEAM IRRIGATION AREAS AND PUMPING FROM CHAO PHRAYA AND BANGPAKONG RIVERS. SOURCE: FEASIBILITY STUDY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PASAK PROJECT Components of water use along Chao Phraya River downstream of the Dam are depicted in Figure 3.12-3. - Irrigation water: Bang Ban, Chao Chet Bang Yi Hon. Phraya Ban Ltwe Phrn Pimro anri South Rangsit, - Domestic use and water supply, - Industrial use, and - Salinity intrusion control and navigation. The computation of water requirement was performed considering dry season during March to April which is a critical period. The result from the MWA study reveals that existing water apart from navigation vanes from 48.8 to 100.24 cms (1,538.9 to 3,161.2 MCM/yr) with mean value of 68.2 cms (2,150 MCM/year) (Table 3.12-4). 3-126 CHAO PHRAtA AVERSION DAM PAK - HAI C A PASAK RIVER REGULATOR EB _ _-9- RAMA Ylj BARRAGE CHAOCHET REGULATOR E o ---CHAO PHRAYA RIVER BAtiG BAN- l) PUMPING STA. 7 ( ~~~~CH iENGRAKNOI S1GHANAT REGULATOR- 6 REGULATOR PLMAPUNG BOATS ANO TRUCKS T i J PULItP STATION OAWK _kl~DRm_2 rrhT WATER WOPIR PRA-UDOM REGULATOR EGULATOR ,BANG WA THONG REGULATOR m RELEASED WATER 1T PROTECT SATWATER INTRUSION GULF OF THAILAND FLOW RESTRAINT CM2 REGULATOR PUMPIG STATION FIGURE 3.12-3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF WATER USE ALONG CHAO PHRAYA MAIN STREAM 3-127 TABLE 3.12-4 WATER DISCHARGE AT MEMORIAL BRIDGE FOR SALT WATER INTRUSION AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL (1982-1988) DATE WAlER DISCHARGE CMS. MCM/YR. 2525 MAR. 79.53 2,508.10 APR. 100.24 3,161.20 2526 MAR. 67.97 2,143.50 APR. 69.55 2,202.80 2527 MAR. 63.82 2,012.60 APR. 69.14 2,180.40 2529 MAR. 66.60 2,100.30 APR. 73.30 2,311.60 2530 MAR. 50.50 1,592.60 APR. 62.30 1,964.70 2531 MAR. 66.20 2,087.70 APR. 45.80 1,538.90 AVG. 68.20 2,150.40 3-128 F:T3-12-4.WK1/37-B-0043 3.13 SOCIO - ECONOMICS 3.13.1 General The power plant is located in Tambon Khao Ngam and Tambon Wang Chula of Amphoe Wang Noi, Ayudhaya Province. It is obvious that the establishment of the Power Plant will affect the whole community of Amphoe Wang Nol in terms of economy and social impact. Therefore, the existing conditions of Amphoe Wang Noi are presented herein to describe characteristics of its people. Amphoe Wang Noi is one among 16 amphoes of Ayutthaya (Figure 3.13-1). It has an area of 224.0 sq.km. with 10 Tambons and 68 villages(Information from Central Population Registration, July 1, 1992). In 1992, There was a population of 44,703 In Amphoe Wang Noi comprising 22,304 males and 22,399 females. The total number of households was 9,352 in the same year. According to the population data of National Statistical Office, population of Amphoe Wang Noi has Increased steadily during the past 10 year (1983-1992) between 0.16 upto 3.38 percent per annum (Table 3.13-1). The average annual increasing rate during the past 10 years is 2.03 percent. People in Amphoe Wang Noi earn their living from agriculture such as rice growing, fruit tree plantation, etc. 3.13.2 Population and Sample To know socio-economic characteristics and attitudes of the villagers towards the Project, the 50 households were randomly drawn as a sample of the study by sampling technique of cluster. The villagers who lived in the area of 5 kilometers from site of the project of all direction were considered as a population who will be affected by the Project. Name of villages are listed in Table 3.13-1A. Those population was approximately 300 households. The population was divided into 5 groups by distance from the project site, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 km. The sample sizes were proportionally decreased with the distance, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 percent of population, respectively, or approximately 6 percent of population, as shown in Figure 3.13-2. 3.13.3 Social Characteristics 1. It was found that 41 of 50 households or 82 percent were living in the area for a long time and the rest of 9 households were still moving form the outside. Even before married, most of them were born and living in this area, and married to the couples living in the area. These were supported by the data that 40 respondents or 80 percent were born and living in this area before married and 31 respondents or 62 percent married to their couple who were born and living in this area. And 40 household or 80 percent of them wanted to migrate to other places. These indicated that this community was very old. People were connected to homogeneous group but theoretically less integration (Table 3.13-2). 3-129 CHANGWAT / StLOP BURI S F CHANGWAT C M AHA RA.- ANG THONG |THRU \.\ . wAT\ CHANGWAT PAThUM Th ~ NG *\ X > \ BANC PA~~~~HAN ) AX / 0 SARABURI N PHAKM HAI \ /O(A CHANGWAT BANG BANUTA) SUPHAN BURI \ \NT U\ F) 3.13- SENA BOAYUTTHAYA O P 3-13( NO | | t SA~~~~NO PA- I N / BT A EA1G BANG SAI \> CHAGT HANGWATX CHANGWAT PATHUM THAtIt NAKHON PATHOM( /NONTHABURI FIGURE 3.13-1 ALMPHOES 'BOUNDARIES OF AYUDHAYA PROVINCE 3-130 TABLE 3.13-1 NUMBER OF POPULATION OF WANG NOI BY SEX AND NUMBER OF ROu nuS w (1993 - 1992) Year No. of Population No. of Male Female Total % Increase Household per Annum 1983 18,359 18,952 37,311 _ 6,249 1984 18,250 19,121 37,371 0.2 6,436 1985 18,508 19,440 37,948 1.5 6,613 1986 19,154 19,814 38,968 2.7 6,734 1987 19,684 20,262 39,946 2.5 7,005 1988 20,421 20,874 41,295 3.4 7,548 1989 20,631 21,180 41,811 1.2 7,929 1990 20,996 21,653 42,649 2.0 8,285 1991 21,516 22,139 43,655 2.4 8,410 1992 22,304 22,399 44,703 2.4 9,352 Average 1.8 TABLE 3.13-1A LIST OF VILLAGES SAMPLED FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY Distance from Name of Village Power Plant (km) 0-1 Ban Wang Kham 1 -2 Ban Khlong 8, Ban Wang Chula, Ban Khlong 6 Wah 2-3 Ban Khlong 7, Ban Suan, Ban Khaek, Ban Khlong Khaek, Ban Khlong 9 3-4 Ban Khlong 10, Ban Bung Ta Sa 4-5 Ban Bung Ta Kien, Ban Wang Noi, Ban Khlong 10, Ban Khlong 11 3 -1 31 F:T-13-l .WKI/37-B-CM4 I )~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t"all .¢> .l .p . I t~~~~~~~~~InlJ l - \ , I..\ 1 ; , 0¢\X1 .......... ,; :. . / .*_ .... .r _ .......... i - .::: .1U# . n ........ . . . .i 1K .. __.;__: i .,1 ,,1.1 : :::::::t-::1 :! -,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . . . .' . ; . t .c ..... .!-'1'-- -.1: ...1! FIGURE 3.13-2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAMPLING FRAME OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT STUDY 3-132 TABLE 3.13-2 SOME LIVING CHARACTERISTICS OF VILLAGERS Living Characteristics No. of Households Percent Living of household in the area Living for a long time 41 82.00 New migrant 9 18.00 Living area of respondents before marry In this area 40 80.00 Outside the area 10 20.00 Living area of couple before marry In this area 31 62.00 Outside the area 19 38.00 Migration of family Thought to migrate 10 20.00 No migration 40 80.00 F:T3-13-2.WK1I37-B-0043 3-133 2. Considering local organization, 16 households or 32 percent of the sample had their household's members in local organizations such as people scout, women group, village committee, tambon council, etc. while the rest of 34 households or 68 percent had no household member in local organization. It seemed that the villagers were not active in participating the local organizations but the they were rather involved in social activfties. This indicated by the data that 33 households or 66 percent of the sample had their household members attending in every social and cultural festival conducted in the village or some where near the village and 14 households or 28 percent had their household members went to some festivals. 3. Although the village is near the district center and near Bangkok Metropolis, there were only 9 household heads or 18 percent of the sample reading newspapers everyday, 9 household heads or 18 percent reading newspapers some days and 32 household heads or 64 percent had seldom, a little, and never in reading newspapers since there were no newspapers, no time to read newspaper and one of them was ilifterate. However they were able to get news and information from TV because 40 household heads or 80 percent of the sample watched TV everyday. However, radios seemed not popular in getting news and information. This was only 15 household heads or 30 percent of the sample listened to radios everyday and 30 household heads or 70 percent were seldom and never listening to radios (See Table 3.13-3). 4. According to public health, household heads told that their household members and themselves usually had general fever; headache, bodyache, etc. (86%) whereas other diseases including respiratory tract diseases, digestion channel diseases, and skin diseases were found not significant. When the villagers were sick, they usually went to any health services near their houses such as health care center, hospital, clinic, including buying medicine by themselves. It was convenient for them to reach any health services because the village was located near the district center where several health services were available (Table 3.13-4). 5. Asked about history of health in past 5 years, the household heads had the biggest problem of air allergies such as dust and other pollutions (46.00%). The second was skin diseases (22.00%) and short breathing, bronchitis and ear cripple (1 2.00% of each), as shown in Table 3.13-5. 3.13.4 Economic characteristics: 1. An average of household income of the sample was 116,615.20 baht/year, whereas the maximum was 350,280.00 baht and 20,000 baht as a minimum. It meant that the maximum was greater than the minimum approximately 17.5 times. Considering the distribution of household incomes it was found that the household incomes distributed relatively normal among five groups of income as seen in Table 3.13-6. It meant that there were continuously distribution of income. 3-134 TABLE 3.13-3 SOME SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLE Social Characteristics No. of Households Percent Living in social activities (50) (100.00) Every activity 33 66.00 Some activities 14 28.00 Seldom 1 2.00 Little 1 2.00 Never 1 2.00 Reading newspaper (50) (100.00) Everyday 9 18.00 Somtimes 9 18.00 Seldom 3 6.00 Little 11 22.00 Never 18 36.00 Watching TV (50) (100.00) Evezyday 40 80.00 Somtimes 4 o.wu Seldom 3 6.00 Never 3 6.00 Listening to Radio (50) (100.00) Everyday 15 30.00 Somtimes 5 10.00 Seldom 11 22.00 Never 19 38.00 TABLE 3.13-4 DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH SERVICES USED BY VILLAGERS Health Services No. of Households Percent Health Care Center 27 35.06 Hospital 16 20.78 Clinic 20 25.97 Drug Store 11 14.29 Others 3 3.90 Total 77 100.00 3-135 F:T313-3&4.WK1/37-B-0043 TABLE 3.13-5 5 YEAR HEALTH HISTORY OF HOUSEHOLD HEADS Diseases No. of Household Head Having None Percent Checked by Doctor 1. Allergies 23 24 46.00 5 2. Skin disease 11 39 22.00 3 3. Epilepsy 3 47 6.00 3 4. Heart disease 2 48 4.00 2 5. High blood pressure 1 48 2.00 1 6. Turberculosis 0 50 - 0 7. Diabetes 0 50 - 0 8. Short breathing 6 44 12.00 6 9. Anaemia 2 48 4.00 2 10. Bronchitis 6 44 12.00 6 11. Pneumonia 2 48 4.00 2 12. Sinus inflammable 1 49 - 2.00 1 13. Ear cripple 6 44 12.00 1 Total 62 583 9.54 F-.13-13-- S.WK137-B-0043 3-136 TABLE 3.13-6 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF SAMPLE Group of Income No. of Households Percent (per year) 50,000 baht and under 10 20.00 50,000 - 80,000 baht 9 18.00 80,001 - 110,000 baht 8 16.00 110,001 - 140,000 baht 8 16.00 140,001 - 170,000 baht 6 12.00 170,001 baht and above 9 18.00 Total 50 100.00 Max 350,280.00 baht/year Min 20,000.00 baht/year Ave 116,615.20 baht/year 2. Considering sources of household income, it was found that wage in private sectors was the biggest group. The second one was plant farming (rice and fruit) and wage in government sector (including public enterprise) as the third. These meant that the villagers earned their living mainly by to be hired in private industries and business. However, most of them were still growing rice and gardening fruit, especially orange (See Table 3.13-7). Most of them (74.00%) felt that their household incomes were sufficient for living whereas 10 households or 20.00 percent were still insufficient and 3 households or 6.00 percent were exceeded. And most of them (70.00%) felt that they might be able to increase their household income by adding some economic activities. Whereas 30.00 percent of them might not be able to increase their household income. 3-137 TABLE 3.13-7 SOURCES OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME Source of Income No. of Households Income Percent (Baht/year) Plant farming 23 729,210 12.46 Animal farming 6 395,000 6.75 Trading and business 2 395,000 3.68 Wage in private sector 39 3,448,300 58.91 Wage in government sector 11 604,400 10.34 (and public enterprise) Others 10 461,600 7.86 Total 93 5,853,510 100.00 3. Considering an expense, the villagers paid about 2/3 of their household income as expenses. And it seemed that amount of expenses agreed with the household income. These were the greater for household income and the greater the expenses (See Tables 3.13-6 and 3.13-8). TABLE 3.13-8 DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENSE Group of Expense No. of Households Percent 30,000 baht and under 8 16.00 30,001 - 50,000 baht 16 32.00 50,001 - 70,000 baht 9 18.00 70,001 - 90,000 baht 8 16.00 90,001 baht and above 9 18.00 Total 50 100.00 Whereas-sources of household expenses were mainly in food and necessities (70.75%) and education of children (17.61%), and other sources were small, such as hobbies and leisure, charities, etc. (See Table 3.13-9). Most of them (66.60%) felt that their household expenses might not be increased in 1993 and 32.00 percent thought to be decreased. It meant that most of the villagers thought that they were able to maintain their expenses in 1993. 3-138 TABLE 3.13-9 SOURCES OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENSE Source No. of Households Expense Percent (Baht/year) Food and necessities 50 2,888,440 70.75 Education of children 32 719,160 17.61 Hobbies and leisure 10 49,600 1.21 Charities 46 209,800 5.14 Repayment of debt 5 93,720 2.30 Insurance 28 112,100 2.75 Others 1 10,000 0.24 Total 172 4,082,820 100.00 A. Considerng rdet, 32 from 50 hni mahnidr or fi4.0o nercent were debted. An average -V ,o,A ' - - . -- -- . . --_____ debt was 95,280 baht. The biggest amount of debt was 10,001 -40,000 baht (37.50%). The followings were 100,001 baht and above (25.00%) and 40,001-70,000 baht (25.00%) (See Table 3.13-10). TABLE 3.13-10 DISTRIBUTION OF DEBT Group of Debt No. of Households Percent 10,000 baht and under 3 9.38 10,001 - 40,000 baht 12 37.50 40,001 - 70,000 baht 8 25.00 70,001 - 100,000 baht 1 3.12 100,001 baht and above 8 25.00 Total 32 100.00 In terms of amount of money, the biggest source of loan was commercial banks, and the second was friends and relatives. It meant that the loan was mainly paid on trading and business or big farm not small farmers. Small farmers usually borrowed from Thai Farmers Bank. See Table 3.13- 11. 3-139 TABLE 3.13-11 SOURCES OF LOAN Source No. of Households Loan Percent (Baht) Thai Farmers Bank 20 608,000 12.25 Other Banks 4 2,600,000 52.40 Monetary Institute 2 120,000 2.42 Personal Loan Owner 3 90,000 1.81 Friend and relatives 9 1,494,000 30.11 Other 1 50,000 1.01 Total 39 4,962,000 100.00 And the traditional loan was still significantly remained in the villages. Among the debtors, at about 62.0 percent of them thought that their debt might not be increased and might be decreased in 1993. It meant that the amount of debt was large compared to income (84.77% of income) but not serious because the debt was mainly for investment that was able to be repaid. 5. Considering saving, there were only 17 households or 34.00 percent having saving. An average saving was 29,040.20 baht, 7,000 baht as minimum and 1,000,000 baht was maximum. Amount of all saving was 1,452,000 baht (24.81 % of income). The saving were mainly in 10,000 baht and under (35.30%) and 25,001 - 40,000 baht. (See Table 3.13-12) These meant that there were small saving and the saving were still in the group of upper class of income. However, 16 of 17 households who had saving thought that they might have more saving in the future. 3-140 TABLE 3.13.12 DISTRIBUTION OF SAVING Group No. of Households Percent 10,000 baht and under 6 35.30 10,001 - 25,000 baht 3 17.65 25,001 - 40,000 baht 4 23.53 40,001 - 55,000 baht 2 11.76 55,001 baht and above 2 11.76 Total 17 100.00 Maximum 1,000,000.00 Baht Maximum 7,000.00 Baht Average 29,040.20 Baht 6. An economic character of the villagers, in general, were relatively poor with an average household income of 116,615.20 baht/year and very wide disparity of income from 20,000 baht/year as minimum to 350,280. baht as maximum 17.5 times of difference. Most of the villagers eamed of leaving by working as labor in private sector including industries and businesses and some of them were still doing plant farming including rice and orange. The use of water in agriculture, therefore, was still very needed. Total household income of the sample (50 households) was 5,853,510 baht, whereas all expense was 4,082,820 baht or about 70 percent of income used as expense. Most of expense was on food and necessities and education of children. While about 64 percent of the sample were debting with and average of 95,280 baht/household, 2,000 baht as minimum and 1,000,000 baht as maximum. All debt was 4,962,000 baht or about 84 percent of household income. The amount of debt therefore was large big compared to income. However, the debt was mainly used for an investment that was able to be repaid. Only 17 of 50 households were having saving with an average of 2,904 baht/household. All saving was 1,452,000 baht or about 24 percent of income that was relatively small. 3.13.5 Attitudes towards Wang Noi Combined Cvcle Power Plant 1. On an awareness on the Project, the 37 household heads or 74.00 percent knew that the Power Plant will be located at Wang Noi, and the rest of 13 household heads did not know it. In addition it was observed that the awareness on the Project varied against distance of site of the Project to household location, reversely. It was the longer the distance, the more the awareness. These showed weak communication of the Project to the villagers who lived relatively far from the project location. It was confirmed by the fact that 21 household heads or 42.00 percent knew the 3-141 Project by being told from someone, and only 3 household heads or 6.00 percent knew by direct public relations made by the Project. 2. After details of the Proiect were described hy thp interviewers, most of household heads or 146 household heads or 92.00 percent thought that the Project might bring development to the village; such as better road, electricity, telephone, better job opportunities. higher income, and better economic condition of the village, in general. And 27 household heads or 54.00 percent thought that the Project would make them get more income. Whereas 22 household heads or 44.00 percent thought that the Project would not help increase their income. 3. About air pollution, the villagers had been always disturbed by dust from the reconstruction of road in the village. The construction of the Project might cause dust disturbance. It was confirmed by the fact that 47 household heads or 94.00 percent reported dust disturbance from reconstruction of road in the village and 26 household heads or 52.00 percent thought that construction of the project might produce dust disturbance. If the villagers were to be disturbed by dust from the Project, the villagers suggested the Project should use appropriate methods to control dust such as spraying by water, covering routes by asphalt and filtering dust of the Plant, as shown in Table 3.13-13. 4. About noise pollution, it was reported that there is existing low noise pollution in this village. Only 6 household heads or 12.00 percent reported that there was existing "high noise pollution" in the village, 22 of them or 44.00 percent reported "low noise pollution" and the rest of 22 household heads or 44.00 percent reported "very low noise pollution". In addition the Project might produce low noise pollution. However, some of them (8.00%) did not know or were not able to imagine. If the Project produced high noise pollution, some villagers suggested to control speed limit of trucks and avoid any noisy activities at night, as shown in Table 3.13-13. 3-142 TABLE 3.13-13 ATTITUDES OF VILLAGERS TOWARDS PROJECT Environmental Impact No. of Household Head Percent Caused by Project Village development Yes 46 92.00 Ne 4 8.00 Increase of income Yes 27 54.00 Ne 23 46.00 Existing dust disturbance High 47 94.00 Low 3 6.00 Dust disturbance by project Yes 25 50.00 No 24 48.00 Do not know 1 2.00 Existing noise pollution High 6 12.00 Low 22 44.00 Very Low 22 44.00 Noise pollution by project High 5 10.00 Low 20 40.00 Very Low 19 37.00 Do not know 6 12.00 Existing water in agriculture Sufficient 37 74.00 Seldom sufficient 10 20.00 Not sufficient 3 6.00 F:T3-13-13MWK1/37-B-0043 3-143 TABLE 3.13-13 (CONT'D) Environmental Impact No. of Household Head Percent Made by Project Cleanliness of water sources Most of them clean 43 86.00 Some of them clean 4 8.00 Most of them dirty 3 6.00 Water pollution generated by Project High 1 2.00 Moderate 2 4.00 Low 40 80.00 None 7 14.00 5. On water sources in agriculture, the villagers usually utilized water from irrigation canals passing through the villages for plantation, animal feeding and other purposes and the quantity was sufficient. It was confirmed by the data that 37 household heads or 74.00 percent had sufficient water in agriculture while 10 household heads or 20.00 percent and 3 household heads or 6.00 percent reported seldom sufficient and not sufficient, respectively. An existing water source in the village was still clean. These were reported by 43 household heads or 86.00 percent. The Project was imagined to produce "low" level of water pollution. It was reported by 40 household heads or 80.00 percent (see the details in Table 3.13-13). If the Project produced water pollution, some villagers suggested that the polluted water should be treated before discharge to natural water sources. And importantly, if polluted water appeared in villager's water sources, the villagers had to complain and request the Project to solve the problem. 6. Considering all factors affecting an environment of the village, most of villagers, thought that the project might produce more positive effects than negative effects and most of them accepted the Power Plant, as shown in Table 3.13-14. 3-144 TABLE 3.13-14 GENERAL EFFECTS OF PROJECT TO COMMUN1TIES General Effect No. of Household Head Percent Positive and negative effects Positive effect more than negative one 43 86.00 Positive effect equal to negative one 4 8.00 Positive effect less than negative one 3 6.00 Decision on establishment of Project To be built 42 84.00 Not to be built 3 6.00 Not clear/no answer 5 10.00 3-145 F:T3-13-14.WKI137-B-0043 3.14 PUBLIC HEALTH 3.14.1 Introduction Public health is a main concern involved in any development of a project. The development of the Power Plant is expected to bring benefits to the country economy as a whole, even if the problems on public health persist. However, the health status of people residing and working in the project vicinity should still be considered. 3.14.2 Obiective The objective of the study is to assess impact of the Power Plant on health of people who live in and nearby the project area. 3.14.3 Study Methodology Activities conducted for the public health study include literature review of related documents and reports available from various sources, and data collection in the project area. The collected information and data were analyzed to predict future trend of public health conditions. Impact assessment was based on the existing conditions, and trends, project description and operation plans, results of air quality modelling, and results of related studies. Recommendations for mitigation measures and monitoring programs were drawn from the result of the impact assessment. For existing condition, emphasis is given to those of Ayudhaya. The data may be compared with those of the country or central region of Thailand. Most of tables or figures of this section are presented in Appendix D. 3.14.4 Existing Conditions 3.14.4.1 General Public Health Conditions Wang Noi is an amphoe located south-east to Ayudhaya where borders on Pathumthani and Saraburi. The area of Wang Noi is approximately 224 sq.km. Population is 46,070 (1 July 1992) and population density is 206 persons/sq.km. (Ayudhaya Provincial Health Office, 1992). According to the annual report of Provincial Health Office in 1992, environmental and food sanitation in Wang Noi was quite good. That is; 94.14% of households have sanitary latrines; 91.18% have sanitary waste disposal containers; and 88.52% have clean water for use and drink. 3-146 Since the ancient time, Thai used to live along rivers and canals. Even nowadays in Wang No!, there are a lot of people living along and nearby rivers and canals. Although most of households in Wong Noi have sanitary water supply, rain water is still be used as drinking water and water from the river or canals is taken for household consumption. Quality of water in Ayudhaya, using number of bacteria as an index, is not so good. That is 67.11% of rainwater, 50.61 % of water from water supply system and 23.07% of canal water are qualified. Furthermore, a report from food sanitation section in Provincial Health Office shows that only 54 restaurants out of 119 in Ayudhaya reach qualified standard. These show that food and environmental sanitation is a big problem and it turns to be major cause of disease in this asea. 3.14.4.2 Public Health Statistics Since Ayudhaya is located in central region of Thailand, north of Bangkok Metropolis, most public health statistics would be presented parallel to those of the central region which consists of 25 provinces. However, some statistics would be compared to those of the country depending on which is available and suitable. 1) Vital Statistics Livebirth rates, death and natural increasing rate in Ayudhaya slightly fluctuate comparing to those of the whole country. The country's rates trend to be increasing. The number and death rates of infant slightly Increase in the last two years (1992-1993) which seem to be the same pattern as that of the country. Vital statistics of Ayudhaya is presented in Table D-1, Appendix D. 2) Major Causes of Morbidity and Mortalitv The first ten leading causes of morbidity and mortality as presented in Table D-2, Appendix D show that, for the whole country, non-infectious diseases and accidents are the major causes of death. These are similar to those of Ayudhaya (Table D-3). However, surveillance system of the Ministry of Public Health, Table D-4 and D-5 Appendix D shows that among top ten morbidity rate and mortality rate of diseases, the illness due to poor environmental sanitation such as acute diarrhea, dysentery, food poisoning, T.B. and hepatitis are still in this group. Among 25 provinces located in central region, Ayudhaya is in the top rank for these kinds of illness, e.g. it is in 3rd rank (1991 and 1993) for food poisoning, 4th (1991) and 7th (1992) for dysentery and 7th (1992) and 9th (1991) for acute diarrhea (Table D-6 and D-7 Appendix D). Table D-8, Appendix D, presents number and morbidity rate of the diseases due to poor environmental sanitation, diseases transmitted by food and water, in Ayudhaya. 3-147 Furthermore, concentrate on the report of the first ten causes of out-patients in Ayudhaya (Table D-9, Appendix D) during 1990-1992 disease of respiratory system is in the first rank for all these three years and diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue is in the fffth rank. Causes of illness among in-patients (Table D-10, Appendix D), bronchitis, emphysema and asthma, the diseases of respiratory system are in the fourth rank and pneumonia is in the eighth. The number of cases and morbidity rate of three respiratory diseases: influenza, pneumonia and T.B. in Ayudhaya (1990-1992) is presented in Table D-1 1, Appendix D. Especially, pneumonia is one of the important infectious diseases in Ayudhaya. The risk group for pneumonia is child age under 5 years old. It is in the 2nd rank for cause of death among children. Specifically, according to major causes of morbidity and mortality in Wang Noi, reports of out-patient in Wang Noi hospital (10-bed community hospital) show that diseases of respiratory system is in the first rank and diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue is in the seventh in 1992 and ninth in 1993 (Table 3.14-1). 3) Health Facilities and Personnel Ayudhaya is composed of 16 amphoes, 208 tambons within an area of approximately 2,560 sq. km. It is located in the central region, 75 km. from Bangkok Metropolis. Population is 762,716 (Dec. 1993, Provincial Public Health Office) and the population density is about 270 persons/sq.km. Most of land in Ayudhaya is used for agriculture (80%). About seventy percent of population are agriculturists. However, there are 538 factories (1992) with the workers of about 407,892 most of which migrate from other provinces. Health facilities provided by the government are one general hospital (322 beds), eleven community hospitals (one 90-bed, one 60-bed, four 30-bed and five 10-bed) and 206 health centers including government specialized health agencies serving in this province such as Venereal Disease and AIDS Center. In addition, there are also some private health facilities. There are 59 clinics and four hospitals (2-not more than 10 beds, 1-not more than 50 beds and 1-more than 100 beds). Summary of availabie health facilities in Ayudhaya is presented in Table 3.14-2. Serious shortage of physicians and all kind of health personnels affects almost the whole country especially provinces other than Bangkok Metropolis. Eventhough Ayudhaya is not too far away from Bangkok Metropolis, the problem still exists. The number of physicians in Ayudhaya in 1991 was 72 which made up the ratio of population per physician to be 9,380 which is about twice of that of the whole country. In 1992, two physicians added up in this province but population per physician was still higher than the average of the country. The ratio of population per other health personnel is in the same pattern, as presented in Table 3.14-3. 3-148 TABLE 3.14-1 NUMBER AND CAUSE OF ILLNESS OF OUT-PATIENTS OF WANG NO1 HOSPITAL OCT'91 - 6BP'92 (l992) AFD OCT'92 - SEP'93 (1993) Illness 1992 1993 Rank Number Rank Number Respir2ory System 1 3,110 1 6,063 Accident and Poisoning 2 2,750 2 5,481 Digestive System 3 1,928 4 3,341 Symptoms and Ill-defined Condition 4 1,653 3 3,367 Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 5 800 6 1820 Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue 6 718 7 1364 Skin and Subcutaneous Disease 7 503 9 954 Mental Disorder 8 475 10 844 Blood C;rculation System 9 438 5 1928 Nervous System and Sense Organs i0 416 11 - Genital-Urinary System 11 368 12 666 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 12 222 8 1200 Complication of Pregnancy and Childbirth 13 168 13 333 Sourec Wang Noi Hospital, Ayudhaya 3-149 Ffl-14-I.WK1/37-B-0043 TABLE 3.14-2 HEALTH FACILITIES IN AYUDNAYA Government Private Category of Facilities Number Category of Facilities Number General Hospital 1 Hospitals 4 Community Hospitals 11 Clinics 59 General Hospital Branch 4 Dental Clinic 17 Health Center 206 Obstetrical Clinic 13 Provincial Health Office Clinics 1 Venereal Disease & AIDS Center 1 Community Medical Center 1 Source Ayudhaya Provincial Health Office (1992). F.:-14-32.WK1/37-B-0043 3-150 TABLE 3-14-3 HEALTH PERSONNEL AND POPUILATION PER PERSONNEL IN AYUDHAYA (ONLY GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR) AND THE WHOLE COUNTRY *Ayudhaya **Country Category of Personnel Number Pope/Personnel Number Pop3/Personnel Physician 74 9,282 12,808 4,425 Dentist 18 38,158 2,408 23,530 Pharmacist 22 31,220 4,333 13,076 Nurse 552 1,244 40,685 855 Public Health Technical Staff 40 17,171 Nurse Aid 49 14,017 Dental Assistant 39 17,611 Assistant Pharmacist 20 34,342 Technician 34 20,201 RXadiographer 1Y- --20 34_342 Health Worker. 102 6,734 Source Ayudhaya Provincial Health Office (1992) Public Health Statistics, 1991, Health Statistics Division, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health F:T3-I4-3.WKC3-B-543 3-15 1 This points out that number of health personnel in Ayudhaya is not sufficient. However, since Wang Noi is located next to Saraburi and Pathumthani, it is likely that people in Wang Noi or other parts of Ayudhaya would come to receive health service in both provinces or either Bangkok Metropolis. Furthermore, private sector was taken into account when number of noni ilatinn per health personnel was calculated. Thus, private hospitals and health facilities in Ayudhaya Itself would be able to relieve a crisis to some levels. 4) Health Services Health services in govemment sector are executed through the line under the Office of the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Public Health. The Provincial Health Office is responsible for providing health services in the area under its jurisdiction. Health services may be divided into three areas, i.e. cure, prevention and control, and promotion of health. Curative work under the responsibility of the Provincial Health Office goes through general hospitals, community hospitals, etc. as mentioned in health facilities section. Prevention and control and promotion of health are conducted by the Provincial Health Office itself and also in cooperation with other organizations. For prevention and control of diseases, 34 diseases are in surveillance system under epidemiology job. To prevent and control general communicable diseases, Provincial Health Office deals with the diseases which are spread out via water and food and mosquito and those which can be prevented by vaccination and infectious disease while health promotion section's work includes family planning, mather and child health, school health and nutrition. 3-152 3.15 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Poor management on occupational health and safety can cause total loss which includes injury, property, and manufacturing time loss. Therefore, adequate preventive measures must be planned and implemented. The prevention measures will be specified during the operation of the Project. 3.15.1 Heat The ambient design temperatures used as design and performance criteria are:- - For combustion turbine performance, 0C Dry bulb32.6° Wet bulb28.9° Hg76% - For auxilliary equipment design, 0C Dry bulb430 Wet bulb38.1° Hg76% Each combustion turbine generator is capable of operating across the full range of specified conditions. In such condition, the heat stress exposed by the employees should be considered. The factors that should be taken into account are the workload, the exposure period, wind velocity, etc. 3.15.2 Noise The combustion turbine generator, electrical equipment and controls will be located in enclosures with acoustic insulation for control of noise level. At any capacity of each combustion turbine generator, the noise level should not exceed 54 dBA at 122 m away or 85 dB A at a distance of 1 m. 3.15.3 Fire Detection and Protection System The entire combustion turbine generator installation, including all auxilliary enclosures, will be protected from fire with a complete automatic carbon dioxide fire protection system. The system includes cylinders, cylinder racks, piping, valves, nozzles, detectors, fire alarm actuating system, and all other equipment necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the units. Actuation of the fire protection system will be indicated at the remote control station, and by an audible alarm to warn 3-153 any personnel in the turbine area of imminent danger. The sound alarm will be activated inside and outside the enclosures prior to release of carbon dioxide, allowing sufficient time for personnel to exit. The detection systems will also detect high concentrations of gas and alarm this condition. The fire protection system will be suitable for units which will normally be unattended, will be fully automatic, and will be designed and installed in accordance with applicable codes of the National Fire Protection Association. The fire detection and protection system will be subject to the review of the authority having jurisdiction and be approved by EGAT's insurer. A separate detector system and alarm will be provided for each enclosure. A minimum of two detectors will be located in each area particularly susceptible to fire and/or areas which would sustain costly fire damage. The bidder will state which authorities have approved the fire detectors. The detector system will be arranged so that the normal operation and maintenance of the Power Plant can be carried out without dismantling the detector system. Individual fire alarm annunciator equipment for each compartment or enclosure will be provided for the central control station and the alarms will also be displayed on the local control panel. A signal to indicate actuation of each compartment's fire protection system will be sent to the fire protection panel. Each compartment or enclosure will be protected as a separate risk and the discharge of extinguishing agent into one compartment or enclosure will not affect the other compartments or enclosures. The enclosure ventilating fans will be stopped and openings closed automatically in any enclosure in which the fire protection system comes into operation. Equipment will also be provided to enable the initial discharge for each compartment or enclosure to be manually released in the event of failure of the automatic release mechanism. The location of the manual actuator for each compartment or enclosure will be in a position acceptable to EGAT. Actuating devices will be arranged so that their operation can be checked by simulating fire conditions as nearly as possible. Reliability and avoidance of spurious alarms is of prime importance. Full reserve cylinders of the fire extinguishing agent will be supplied, installed, and connected for use should a second fire occur before the initial battery of cylinders can be recharged. Fire protection piping and components will be located in such a manner as to not impede the dismantling or removal of the unit housings. 3-154 3.15 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Poor management on occupational health and safety can cause total loss which includes injury, property, and manufacturing time loss. Therefore, adequate preventive measures must be planned and implemented. The prevention measures will be specified during the operation of the Project. 3.15.1 Heat The ambient design temperatures used as design and performance criteria are:- - For combustion turbine performance, 0C Dry bulb32.60 Wet bulb28.90 Hg76% - For auxilliary equipment design, 0C Dry bulb430 Wet bulb38.1° Hg76% Each combustion turbine generator is capable of operating across the full range of specified conditions. In such condition, the heat stress exposed by the employees should be considered. The factors that should be taken into account are the workload, the exposure period, wind velocity, etc. 3.15.2 Noise The combustion turbine generator, electrical equipment and controls will be located in enclosures with acoustic insulation for control of noise level. At any capacity of each combustion turbine generator, the noise level should not exceed 54 dBA at 122 m away or 85 dB A at a distance of 1 m. 3.15.3 Fire Detection and Protection System The entire combustion turbine generator installation, including all auxilliary enclosures, will be protected from fire with a complete automatic carbon dioxide fire protection system. The system includes cylinders, cylinder racks, piping, valves, nozzles, detectors, fire alarm actuating system, and all other equipment necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the units. Actuation of the fire protection system will be indicated at the remote control station, and by an audible alarm to wam 3-153 any personnel in the turbine area of imminent danger. The sound alarm will be activated inside and outside the enclosures prior to release of carbon dioxide, allowing sufficient time for personnel to exit. The detection systems will also detect high concentrations of gas and alarm this condition. The fire protection system will be suitable for units which will normally be unattended, will be fully automatic, and will be designed and installed in accordance with applicable codes of the National Fire Protection Association. The fire detection and protection system will be subject to the review of the authority having jurisdiction and be approved by EGAT's insurer. A separate detector system and alarm will be provided for each enclosure. A minimum of two detectors will be located in each area particularly susceptible to fire and/or areas which would sustain costly fire damage. The bidder will state which authorities have approved the fire detectors. The detector system will be arranged so that the normal operation and maintenance of the Power Plant can be carried out without dismantling the detector system. Individual fire alarm annunciator equipment for each compartment or enclosure will be provided for the central control station and the alarms will also be displayed on the local control panel. A signal to indicate actuation of each compartment's fire protection system will be sent to the fire protection panel. Each compartment or enclosure will be protected as a separate risk and the discharge of extinguishing agent into one compartment or enclosure will not affect the other compartments or enclosures. The enclosure ventilating fans will be stopped and openings closed automatically in any enclosure in which the fire protection system comes into operation. Equipment will also be provided to enable the initial discharge for each compartment or enclosure to be manually released in the event of failure of the automatic release mechanism. The location of the manual actuator for each compartment or enclosure will be in a position acceptable to EGAT. Actuating devices will be arranged so that their operation can be checked by simulating fire conditions as nearly as possible. Reliability and avoidance of spurious alarms is of prime importance. Full reserve cylinders of the fire extinguishing agent will be supplied, installed, and connected for use should a second fire occur before the initial battery of cylinders can be recharged. Fire protection piping and components will be located in such a manner as to not impede the dismantling or removal of the unit housings. 3-154 A gas measurement instruments will be furnished to monitor and alarm hazardous ievels of flammable gases within the combustion turbine enclosure. Each section of the enclosure will be provided with a detector head. The control module, located in the control room, will monitor and alarm each detector head. Failure of the detection elements or their associated wiring will be detected and displayed by a fault detection system. 3.15.4 Fire Protection Eguinment The following fire protection equipment will be furnished completely with accessories as specified. 16 - Fire hydrants, each with an operating wrench and a nonrising stem type secondary gate valve. 4 - Yard hydrants, each with a nonrising stem type isolating gate valve. 24 - Header shut-off valves with indicator posts. 16 - Hose houses. 40 - Hose cabinets, each with hose rack, hose valves, and couplings (10 per combined cycle block). 101 - Portable fire extinauishers (25 per combined cycle block plus 1 at the intake structure). 9 - Wheeled portable extinguishers (2 per combined cycle block plus 1 at the intake structure). 24 - Fire protection systems consisting of five fog nozzle systems for electric transformers for each combined cycle block and one foam water system for the steam turbine lube oil reservoir, lube oil conditioner, lube oil centrifuge and steam turbine EHC unit for each combined cycle block (6 per combined cycle block). 4 - Fire protection system designed to cool the outer surfaces of the outside fuel oil storage tanks (1 per fuel oil storage tank). 4 - Foam fire protection system designed to introduce a foam mixture into the center of the fuel oil storage tanks near the bottom (1 per fuel oil storage tank). 3-155 3.16 AESTHETIC VALUES AND TOURISM 3.16.1 Introduction The architectural structure design of a power plant is related to environmental aesthetic quality around the plant site and its vicinity. Aesthetic quality of a power plant site can be changed significantly if the site is located near a major road. Generally, effects will depend on architectural design, landscape, topography, and vegetative around the site. The objectives of the aesthetic values and tourism study were: (1) To describe general existing aesthetic and tourism quality of the plant site and its vicinity within a 5 km radius. (2) To assess impacts of project development on aesthetic and tourism quality in the vicinity of the site. (3) To recommend measures to alleviate adverse effects on aesthetic values and tourism. 3.16.2 Aesthetic Quality of the Power Plant Site Amphoe Wang Noi is located in an area mostly of a flat plain topography in the quaternary period. The recent flood plain of Wang Noi area is alluvial, sand, silt and back swamp deposits. Major land use pattern is of paddy fields. The irrigation canal found significant in the project area called Khlong Raphiphat is used for crop cultivation. The Power Plant occupies an area of 718 rai in the flat land. The vegetation within a 5 km radius area around the Power. Plant are 34,856 rai of rice field and 8,381 of rai fruit orchards. The land use of urban and built up land of 1,112 rai, water body of 2,581 rai, idle land of 756 rai and flooding land of 1,400 rai (Figure 3.10-1 in section 3.10). Land use pattern in the surrounding areas, within a 5 km radius from the power plant site, is dominated by rice fields followed by fruit orchards. The scene is quite typical of rural agricultural areas in the central region, and is relatively quiet and serene. None of the significant historical value or old ancient building appears in the areas except the buddhist monasteries (Wat). There are a number of about 20 monasteries around the Project and vicinity. Some monasteries were of old buildings such as Wat Lam Phraya and Wat Sawang Arom. Wat Lam phraya is the monastary near the power plant site, approximately 80 years of age. The monastary is now in a state of disrepair and new temples will be built instead of old temples. Figure 3.16-1 illustrates the distribution of buddhist monasteries around the Power Plant. Along Phahonyothin Road near the entrance of the proposed project site, there are some industries settled along the route, e.g. electronics factory, watch factory and machinery factory. Some developments of Wang Noi area can be easily seen from Phahonyothin Road, including a high tension power transmission line near the proposed power plant site. 3-156 A 2. A4 7z A5 } \ ..- IProlect Site ..- <1: 21 A22~~~ Legends : - Highwayi Road o _.0 .0 50 ~ 00 lkm Road Along Irrigation Canal - -Canal (Khlong ) A Monastery (Wat ) FIGURE 3.16-1 DISTRIBUTION OF MONASTERIES AROUJND THE POWER PLANT' 3-157 List of Monastery (Wat) of the proposed project and vicinitY 1. Wat Phai Tam 2. Wat Khok Khi Lek 3. Wat Suan Kluai 4. Wat Thammaram 5. Wat Wong Sawan 6. Wat Thamchariya 7. Wat Rat Bamrung 1 8. Wat Phaithun Khanimaram 9. Wat Yommanataram 10. Wat Si Pracha 11. Wat Siwaram 12. Wat Monthon Prasit 13. Wat Sawang Arom 14. Wat Lam Phraya 15. Wat Chula Chindaram 16. Wat Rat Bamrung 2 17. Wat Mun Lek 18. Wat U Khao Lek 19. Wat Hua Chang 20. Wat Cham 0 21. Wat Charoen Bun 22. Wat Suk Bun Tharikaram 23. Wat Si Khat Nang FIGURE 3.16-1 (CONTINUED ) 3-158 From the above discussion, it is concluded that aesthetic quality in the vicinity of the proposed power plant site is typical of rural agricultural areas in the central region. It is still good, calm and serene, but there are some adverse effects from developments such as the existing industries, residential buildings, and transmission lines in the project area and its vicinity. 3.16.3 Present Status of Tourism Main Tourist Attractions There Is no famous tourist spot attraction Amphoe Wang Noi but there are some in the vicinity areas such as Amphoe Bang Pa In. Amphoe Bang Pa In is one of the Ayudhaya's districts, situated 55 km north to Bangkok Metropolis by rail, or 55 km by road. Bang Pa In is famous for its royal palace which attracts many tourists. The palaces which attract many tourists in Bang Pa In are:- 1. Bang Pa In Palace. Bang Pa In Palace is a famous place for its royal palace, which comprises five important buildings:- a) Phra Thinang Aisawan Thippa-at stands irt the middle of the lake, replacing a former building of the same name erected by King Prasart Thong b) Phra Thinang Warophat Piman to the north of the Royal Ladies Landing Place, occupies the original site of the Pavilion built during King Mongkut's reign. It has two storeys. One was used as the King's apartment, and the other as a reception hall. When the court was transferred to another building, the decaying pavilion was demolished and replaced by the new one which now serves as a hall for state ceremonies. c) Phra Thinang Utthayan Phumisathian was almost totally destroyed by fire in 1938. Formerly, it was used as a highwater season residence but now only a few bricks remained. d) Phra Thinang Wheat Chamroon is a Chinese-style building where the court followers generally resided during the rainy and cool seasons. e) Phra Thinang Withun Thatsana is an observatory standing on a small island between Phra Thinang Utthayan Phumisathian and Phra Thinang Wheat Chamroon from which a commanding view of surrounding countryside can be enjoyed. 3-159 2. King Prasart Thong Shrine erected during King Chulalongkorn's reign stands on the edge of the lake. 3. Wat Nivet Thammaprawat is a remarkable building constructed during King Chulalongkorn's reign on the outer island, south of the Royal Palace. The temple was built in gothic style, resembling a christian church. 4. Wat Choompol Nikayaram is located by the bridge on the way from the railway station. It was built by King Prasart Thong and subsequently restored. The two Phra Chedis (relic shrines) in this temple are considered to be very beautiful. 5. Silapachip Phiset Bang Sai is on the route 3309 about 24 km from Amphoe Bang Pa In located at Tampon Chang Yai, Amphoe Bang Sai. Silapachip Phiset Bang Sai is a training center under the patronage of the Queen in order to conserve local culture and handicraft of the country. 3-160 CHAPTER 4 A ,.~,w.'q''u Yrm, d>W- A FTh 7yT dT%TTS ff'&TrVT A X /1T It) A (rv AINt3IV1J1 1N I r U AN v ilIjJlNv1rIN iL I-.L, -tivir itx_. X o CHAPTER 4 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION In order to assess the environmental impacts of the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant, present conditions and trends of the significant environmental resources and values existing in the project area as well as project features and plan of developmental stages must be known. Chapter II presents the major project features and processes as well as plan for developmental stages in the future. Environmental discharges in forms of gaseous emission, wastewater discharges and solid waste disposals are also included in this Chapter. Existing conditions and future trends of significant environmental resources and values in the project area have been qualitatively and quantitatively described and discussed in details in Chapter 1I1. The proposed installed capacity of the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant is 1,800 MW, consisting of 6 blocks of generators. The main components of each block include 2 units of combustion turbine, 2 units of turbine generator, 2 units of heat recover steam generator, 1 unit of steam turbine and 1 unit nf steam turbine generatort The water demand for the Power Plant is estimated to be 15 MCM/year. Significant gases emitted from the stack of the Power Plant are NOx, SO, CO, UHC and TSP. Combustion turbine and cooling tower are the important sources of noise emitted from the Power Plant. Solid wastes generated from the Power Plant include domestic solid wastes and sludges from water treatment process and from sewage treatment process. As regards to wastewaters, different effluent from various sources, i.e. sewage treatment plant, oil separator and neutralization basin, are collected in the holding pond, prior to discharge to Khiong 26. The average flow rate is approximately 5,000 I/min. Probable impacts of the Power Plant on environmental resources and values are assessed for both construction phase and operation phase. The impacts which will occur in the construction phase are normally short-term, whereas in the operation phase, the impacts are usually long-term. Qualitative analyses are generally adopted for the environmental impact assessment of this study. However, efforts have been made to quantify environmental impacts to possible extent. Mathematical modelling is also employed to estimate the impacts on air quality and noise level. 4-1 4.2 AIR QUALITY 4.2.1 Construction Phase The main air pollutant during construction phase is TSP due to ground level adjustment, equipment handling, construction including transportation. Therefore, the project should provide the TSP control measures to the contractors, such as spraying water on the adjusted ground level or TSP dispersion control from the truck during transportation. 4.2.2 Operation Phase 4.2.2.1 Model Selection The US.EPA.'s Industrial Source Complex Model (ISC) was selected for estimating ground level concentrations (GLC) of air pollutants resulting from the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant. The ISC is a steady-state gaussian plume model which can be used to assess pollutant concentrations from a wide variety of sources associated with an industrial source complex. This model can account for settling and dry deposition of particulate, downwash, area, line and volume sources, plume rise as a function of downwind distance, separation of point sources, and limited terrain adjustment. It operates in both long-term and short-term modes. ISC is appropriate for: 1. Industrial source complexes, 2. Rural or urban areas, 3. Flat or rolling terrain, 4. Short transport distances (<50 km), and 5. One hour to annual averaging times. 4.2.2.2 Data Preparation a) Meteoroloaical Data In assessing the air quality impacts, by modeling the meteorological data are the most important inputs. Reliable results could be obtained if the data are accurate and abundant. In this study, the meteorological data used were those recorded at Don Muang Airport. The data were hourly recorded for the year 1992 (366 days or 8,784 hours), and were analyzed as mentioned in Chapter 3. b) Topographical Data The project site is located on the central area of Thailand and about 6 km northwest of Amphoe Wang Noi. The topographic feature of the site is flat terrain. 4-2 In assessing the air quality impacts of the Project by modeling, the ground level concentrations (GLC) of air pollutants were determined about 700 receptor points in various areas within 7 km radius from the proposed site. c) Emission Source Data The Power Plant consists of 6 blocks of electricity generator. Each block has a generating capacity of 300 MW, total of 1,800 MW. The main components comprising in each block are 2 units of combustion turbine, 2 units of combustion turbine generator, 2 units of heat recovery steam generator, 1 unit of steam turbine and 1 unit of steam turbine generator. In the first phase of the Project, only combustion turbine generators will be operated. Distillate oil No.2 will be used as the main fuel for this phase. After completion of the Project which comprises installation of steam turbine generator, natural gas will be used as the main fuel. Therefore, air quality impact assessment of the Project is classified into 2 cases as following: a) At the first stage of the Project, only combustion turbine generators are operated and distillate oil No.2 is used. The major pollutants for this case are NO, and SO,. Both normal and the worst cases of operating condition are considered. In the normal condition, the operation will take about 4 hour a day during 6 PM-1 OPM. Whereas, in the worst case, the 24-h operation of the Power Plant will be taken into consideration. In case of CT unit, the operation throughout 24 hours hardly occurs. Emission rates of NO, and SO2 found in each stack are 47.2 and 162.8 g/s, respectively. The details are shown in Table 4.2-1. b) At the final stage, steam turbine generators will be put into operation. The major fuel at this stage is natural gas. Because of very low content of sulphur in natural gas, SO2 will be considered as an insignificant pollutant. Therefore, only NO, will be considered as the main air pollutant from the Project. The emission rate of NO.from each stack as shown in Table 4.2-2 is 45.8 g/s. For the assessment of NO) emitted from the Project, the conservative method will be considered because most of NO, (about 95% by weight) emitted from the power plant stack are NO (AP-42, US.EPA, 1985), for NO2 will be formed later. However, in the assessment of GLC, NO2 concentration will be considered based on the assumption that NO. will be completely changed into NO2 form. In such case, it is supposed to be the worst case. If GLC of NO2 in the ambient air derived from the modelling does not exceed the ambient air quality standard, it can be said that the impact will be within acceptable levels. 4-3 TABLE 4.2-1 FLUE GAS EMISSION FOR WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT (DISTILLATE OIL # 2) UNIT CT I CT 2 |CAPACITY (MW) 100 100 |OPERATION (Hr/day) 4 4 ! FUEL Dist. Oil #2|Dist. Oil #21 Type K Consumption Rate (1/hr) 36,000 36,000 % S 1.0 1.0 STACK . Height (m) 60 60 ! Diameter (mj) 5.5 5.5 'Velocity (m/sec) 30.5 30.5 . Temperature (°C) 540 540 GAS EMISSION (g/sec) * NOxt 47.2 47.2 K S02 162.8 162.8 |EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM ,NOx S/W INJ S/W INJ Remark * Express as N02, about 95 weight % of NOx is NO (AP-42, US.EPA, 1985) 4-4 TABLE 4.2-2 FLUE GAS EMISSION FOR WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT (NG : 300 MWI I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iI III UNI T CT 1 !' -^ 1 ! ' ' !i 24 hr 11.9 10.5 SW, 41.5 4.5 N 300 1year 1.1 S.1 N 5.6 7 N 100 Remark Hardly occur 4-7 . . . . -. . .0 . . . . . .. . . . .' . .! .1 . : n m | * * - S t7-- X r b * !6 .z'~ unncllol) ' ; c ' f2)- . $ = / ' .s,j b1Cv*, 's' t'g.g ¢6,,,, / t s~~~~~'uI u)nc Io(3) (2) \ . 2 \. . .5,7 _ . ^ l .. \. . X j _ ' z .X . . Si ffi . .. r _ ._ . e .;!.\ . ,/ s / '49 . oA~~~~~~~~~~~~~hic .lI-10.(/1 , )"""'; Cn .575,000 N V:.|As..> a g t _ + _ ^XF: 2 \1--21~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . . . ./ ./ . . .t . . .5 3 i lo; ^ - | h.1 05.72 ; w ;| ! \ I: l::: M~~~~~~~~~~' . . '. .> .. .l . . .'l;'/ R .S ::::'< | . \ | r - g X i t : i X : u: : ^ |: || 7.~~91, K ,.^,1 8!0 t'' |. |-ini .Ft5-; :[ | ! s 1; 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i 1;< 1UAunO1f1jl I ( **wl7tti7 ~I)| } ti x | .. ,1n" f /b UK1S \ .1 /. . . X . . . . ; . l .... el R. i t Flo_4t tAe _ 10. A4.4*I_*_*_*__A.41 --[ ---I_ )n |e 8'Z .5p7. 3;.§ . . . . .r .l .s . .\ . 1 wB 1 I 1. 1 ^ , . :1: 'I . , ' ^ . * t b 'sh~~ ~ ~%.. . . . . . . .1 :> iv*z-sIuwq?9s.11)C^b^XI4 .- . . *.: FIGURE 1 .A2 W11-2 MAWlEX I\ HR COCNRTO AT IL O1FJ NOE FRO TH PROEC 21 UWbo4 HR E}U FA X =_ _ 1OPEA TO FO CT ONYA/um 4 -9S MJ |X 1 1.W1 The results of 24-h maximum concentration of SO2 for 4 h/d and 24 h/d operation of CT are shown graphically in Figures 4.2-3 and 4.2-4. b) Final Stane Oneration In this stage, six blocks of combined cycle power plant were completely operated. Maximum capacity of 6 x 300 MW of the Project were considered for air quality modelling. Nitrogen dioxide was only major pollutant emitted from exhaust stacks. The assessment based on NO. concentration emitted (in Table 4.2-2) is to determine maximum GLC of NO, in the ambient air around the Project. The result can be summarized in Table 4.2-4 and the isoplethes is shown in Figure 4.2-5. It is found that the maximum 1-h concentration of NO2 at GLC in the ambient air is 190.3 ug/m3 in the north at the distance of about 1 km away from the project. In such area, the maximum concentration found is 120 ug/m3 at about 3-km radius from the Project. Whereas, the further areas, the concentrations are lower. Compared with the ambient standard established by MOSTE (320 ug/m3), the maximum concentration from the assessment (190.3 ug/m3) is well below. In addition, the maximum 3-h concentration from the assessment is 103.5 ug/m3 at about 2.6 km in the north-northeast from the Project. In conclusion, the operation of the Project during both CT operation and full range operation are not supposed to cause any adverse effect to ambient air quality around the Project due to NO2 and SO2. Furthermore, the fuel used and system design contributing to maintain the environment of the Project. However, in order to follow-up the operation of the Project, the ambient air quality and emission from the power plant stack should be monitored. 4.3 NOISE From the implementation of the Project, the noise impacts can be classified into 2 periods as follows:- 4.3.1 Construction Phase Noise occurs during construction period from these main activities, that is, site preparation step, surface area leveling and traffic of the trucks. In each step, it will cause noise of various levels. Noise levels which will occur depend on the equipment used as shown in Table 4.3-1. At the distance of 15 m., the maximum noise level will be in the range of 76-101 dBA. 4-10 --~~~..-. ~ 3II r-- ..1i Lb t0_, < < T 1 . -: j .,, 'l\)onr y tIot PLO . . i-sff -. > 1 z iu:-, k~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a pp _. / . . . . . (2|) -ior rintl?z<;1^uwlvr.bte^,^. j^^... ;O , :1 r, ^3VOrlA "/2! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. i . . . . . . 3 S . , . U I l f 1 1 t X { * | _ r ^ * J~~. 1 f ) , - * . X . , ay , . i S ^ w ' 1 ^ * * /. . . . . . . .: t; i~~~~~~~~~. .I m . . I1 . . r 1.I,s.u dm.. ... . . .^^ '- .1 .t . . . . s I {vlUnno? ° P '| r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . !. . |. . .. . . 1. l.. . ..I 13 ... . . . . . . .1 . . . .2^iE ^ E : ka I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .;1- '.. :: .. '.'. .'. . 'I' .' '.' . I .1. 9'.'.1 '. *'. -' -1 .'- -'. FIGURE 4.2-3 MAX 24 HR CONCENTRATION AT GLC OF S02 FROM THE PROJECT: 4-11 4 HR OPERATION FOR CT ONLY (ug/cu,m.) 69000 . . * t!* Khhnq 27 (J!2 * 1 / _ N ~ ; _ . _ -~~~~ 1 1 '0 22 - .1.'i'I tO: 695t.j,O..Ji \O. OE- XX~~~~. *4' - . 0i) - - u.. <.. 2 ij 21~~~~~~~~. OPERATION FOR CT ONLY(JLg/cu.m) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2a ITIs 1,575,000N. ,''' ;-8'' ''..... e~~~~~~~~~~~~. 25 ^: . .\ ..: . ::t. :: . . . . I . . . 1 C \NS'.- AyXS,t f | 'i' li - . < q Cu;< | . - );;, txioTU;t^ l m *}z *'.';-}>-.}{.;,'^s..i^l*.* *t;,'w,l,'^2t.. - I l:: : Io''I::':L§::Ms -v"t: : F:1:^'' ' v'I 1~ ~ ~~~~~~~p Qj rSp){*b ..0{..1.|. l ^ lt!tt( 1,570,000 N -rXs-.-- t X | -1""'lN n rt1 ;^ A 1z; -*^ ^ 1 ^ _1 I. i ;A I . . . . -e1.t. \W~ ~~~~2 . 1 -U7Wt71 1 I1 *F'X I'\*II I I . . . I 1- . . I I . FIGR 4.2-4 MAX 24 HR CONCENTRATION AT GLC OF SOP FROM THE. PROJECT :24 HR 4-12 OPERATION FOR CT ONLY(,Uglcu.m) TABLE 4.2-4 MAXIMUM CONCENTRlA'TION AT GLC OF NQ2 -FROM HRSG' Hr Conc. I Dist. Dir Ambient (ug/cu.m)i (km IStandard 1 190.3 1.1 N 320 3 103.5 12.6 INNE - Remark Complete operation 4-13 = 690.000 E, n K I > 695.0n0 E '" e;~~~~~~~~~~n 6 1 i 'K 1 NR la t ; ~ on gRl a ti7 I (Uf(flO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2'7( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ iii1110 uliU r _ u i ie \,- t z o ! - X H! . q. l !!!, 7)1\ l 4", 'V)1 4. Sz .___ Z .-'xlnoz - , ., _ t . ^ . ' ffi ."nXi .~~~~~~Is, * tEApth .n .I ° nn_i.. a I~~* A,g hmCai -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~10 -A A HEIGHT FOR HRSG(~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g/cu ') 4 14K1t,,g'g N _-.tA IV .;1 .;' ' ' O S; ;'[|4 '7 |Z1n 1 * ''''*- P.X <.57S.CiOO~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ NAKX,,,. . . . . . . . . . . AA u ^^ li 4j|~~~~ ~~~~~ .)* .of; .; .t13Tt . . . . .5> . . F *aX .Ab ^ \ | I ' CM 8 ICA _ BM | < * I * * I X * '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . . . | $A . . *.C*1 '1GURE 4.2' MX ,u HR COCETRTO AT_ GL OF NO FRO TH RJC l TC a *|*A~~~~HEGH FO *RSG(g/lu-N 4;#'IlFE-J14 I ;I{&tIhMlV2AC In this case, the noise source is determined at the center of the project site. The maximum predicted noise level is about 100 dBA (as shown in Table 4.3-1). Then such data will be calculated by the Decay Formula Model which is a conservative model in assessment of noise impact at various distances as shown in Figure 4.3-1. It is found that Wat Lam Phraya, about 400-500 m away from the center of the project site, will be affected by the noise level of about 70 dBA. It shows that the effect of noise from the project site will decrease proportionally to the distance. In conclusion, the communities which are close to the boundary of the project site will be disturbed during the construction phase. 4.3.2 Operation Phase The Decay Formula Model was used to predict noise level from the Power Plant at various distances from the noise source. In this case, the noise source is determined at the center of the project site. Noise levels occur from plant equipment in the operation phase have the maximum values of 85 dBA at 1 m of distance as specified. As a result, at the distance of 60, 120 and 200 m away, noise level will be reduced to 49, 43 and 39 dBA, respectively (Figure 4.3-2). Adding these to the background community noise, therefore the operation of the Power Plant will cause no significant impact of the noise level to surrounding communities. 4.4 SURFACE HYDROLOGY 4.4.1 Construction Phase (1) During the construction period, certain amount of water from Khlong Raphiphat which is expected to be about 400 cu.m/d or 0.144 MCM/year will be needed for construction activities. The amount of water required for construction of the Power Plant is only 0.02% of annual runoff in Khlong Raphiphat thus it will not affect surface water hydrology in terms of change in flow regime. (2) The Power Plant is situated on the area where runoff is naturally drained into khlongs around the plant area such as Khlong Raphiphat, Khlong 26 and other sub Khlongs during rainy season. In addition, water from the existing swamp area around the plant site is naturally drained during rainy season. However, the construction activities such as land reclamation and leveling may cause surface erosion during the peak rainy season and result in significant amount of sediments to be carried over into khlongs and swamp area around the Power Plant. This may change flow pattern. (3) Effects of construction of transmission pipeline from Phra Sri Silp Regulator along the bank of Khlong Raphiphat to the Power Plant, would be minor. The construction of temporary supporting structure of transmission pipe in the canal may obstruct flow of water. 4-15 TABLE 4.3-1 EPA IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR NOISE-SOURCE CATEGORIES OF PRODUCTS r~~~~~~~~ X Typical Sound Construction Equipment Level dBA at 50 ft Dump truck 86 Portable air compressors 81 Concrete mixer (truck) 85 Jackhammer 88 Scraper 88 Dozer 87 Paver 89 Generator 76 Piledriver 101 Drill 98 Pump 76 Pneumatic tools 85 Backhoe 85 Source Noise from Construction Equipment and Operations, Building Equipment, and Home Appliances. December 31, 1971. US.EPA., Washington, D.C. 20460. NTID300.1 4-16 140 0 40 0 4 0 I- - l_l_I_I_I _ l_ _I_l I_I_I_ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 Distance from Source (meters) FIGURE 4.3-1 NOISE LEVEL AT VARIOUS DISTANCES ; CONSTRUCTION PHASE 100 ¢4 6 0 _______________ CO O 4~0 _ __ _ _ ___ _ __ z 20 _ __ _ ___ .. 0 I I I I I I 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Distance from Source (meters) FIGURE 4.3-2 NOISE LEVEL AT VARIOUS DISTANCES ; OPERATION PHASE 4.4.2 Operation Phase (1) The Power Plant will use water from Khlong Raphiphat by pumping with an average of 1.25 MCM/month or 15 MCM/year. EGAT has planned to build raw water storage pond with capacity of detention time of about 5 days for power plant operation. This storage pond, will supply the raw water to ensure normal operation of the Power Plant in case of the emergency concerning the raw water intake system. The water demand will account for only 6 percent of the minimum monthly runoff in Khlong Raphiphat in July 1992 (21 MCM). In addition, with the completion of the Pasak Project in 1997, the Dam will impound 758 MCM in its reservoir and can secure more stable water to Khlong Raphiphat. This impact, based on the water supply study of Khlong Raphiphat, is not significant. (2) The surface runoff contributed from the area within the power plant boundary to Khlong Raphiphat and Khlong 26 will be very slightly affected by the internal drainage pattern of the Power Plant for the plant area is only about 1.1 sq.km. The increased runoff due to site development will be insignificant compared with the much larger flow contributing from the catchment area. 4.5 SURFACE WATER QUALITY Probable effects of the Power Plant on surface water quality exist during both construction phase and operation phase. On the other hand, quality of surface water drawn for different using purposes of the Power Plant can cause adverse impacts on water treatment processes, unit operation processes and raw water transmission pipeline as well. 4.5.1 Construction Phase Construction of the Power Plant that generates adverse impacts on surface water quality includes construction of raw water supply system comprising of pumping station, transmission pipeline and storage reservoir and construction of the Power Plant and installation of equipments and facilities. Power plant site layout and details of raw water pumping station and transmission pipeline are illustrated in Figures 2-1 and 2-4, respectively. 4.5.1.1 Construction of Pumping Station Raw water intake structures consist of pumping station located on Khlong Raphiphat bank and suction pipe. Grading, compacting and excavating the area for construction of pumping station will cause short-term increases in turbidity, color and suspended solids in Khlong Raphiphat, especially in rainy season. In addition, deepening the canal bed by dredging may be required for installation of suction pipe and increases in turbidity, color and suspended solids and decrease in DO content due to resuspension of inorganic and organic matters will be resulted. However, the adverse impacts of the pumping station construction on the Khlong Raphiphat bank are relatively 4-19 minor due to large stream flows of Khlong Raphiphat which will help alleviate the adverse impacts by dilution. 4.5.1.2 Installation of Raw Water Transmission Pineline For the intake site at Nong Khae, the raw water transmission pipeline is proposed to run along Khlong Raphiphat to the Power Plant. Soil dredging, compacting, excavating and backfilling works for the pipeline installation are expected to have no impacts on Khlong Raphiphat water quality. Impact on Khlong 26 and Wang Chula canal water quality due to sediment contamination is also expected to be insignificant. 4.5.1.3 Construction of Onsite Structures Major activities of onsite construction that will generate deleterious effects on surface water quality include not only construction of project structures and buildings but also land grading and compaction. After compaction, excavation will be required for constructing foundation of most structures. Major onsite structures and buildings include raw water reservoir, effluent holding pond, combined, cycle buildings, substations, cooling towers, workshop, warehouse and administration buildings. Such activities of the onsite construction conducted on the considerably large area will generate short-term impacts on quality of the existing storm drainage canal, Wang Chula canal, due mainly to the surface soil erosion, particularly during the rainy season. Increases in turbidity, color and solid contents in the canal water will be resulted. Since the project area is very large and the drainage canal is relatively small, significant deterioration of the canal water is therefore expected. Other deleterious effects of the onsite construction on surface water quality is wastewatets and solid wastes generated by labors and personnels working and living in the project area. It is expected that there are about 1,200 labors and personnels working in the project area during the construction period. Huge amounts of wastewaters and solid wastes will be generated daily. If such amounts of wastewaters contaminate in the drainage canal, significant increases in values of BOD, total and faecal coliform bacteria, suspended solids, turbidity and greases and oils and decrease in DO content will be resulted, i.e. occurrence of water quality deterioration. It is anticipated that if there is no appropriate measure to mitigate the adverse impact, deleterious effects on the canal water will be serious. 4.5.2 Operation Phase 4.5.2.1 Quality and Quantity of Wastewaters Operation of the proposed Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant will certainly generate a huge quantity of effluent from different processes and activities. Total effluent with the estimated flow rate of 5,197 I/min based on oil fuel and 4,916 I/min based on gas fuel will be collected in the effluent holding pond, prior to discharging to the receiving canal, Khlong Raphiphat. Effluents from 4-20 cooling tower and from HRSG units contribute the most and the second most quantities with the flow rates of 3,454 1/min and 458 i/min for oil fuel and 3,377 1/min and 672 1/min for gas fuel, respectively. Such effluent will be directly discharged into the holding pond without treatment. Domestic wastewaters, plant equipment drains, chemical area drains and effluent from demineralization system, with the flow rates of 95 I/min, 568 I/min, 38 ImMin and 35r4/min for oil fuel and 95 I/min, 568 I/min, 38 I/min and 166 I/min for gas fuel respectively, will be treated to effluent standards in sewage treatment plant, oil separator and neutralization basin, respectively, prior to discharging into the holding pond. Due to mixing of effluent from different sources, quantity and quality, characteristics of holding pond wastewater is therefore not known. 4.5.2.2 Characteristics of Holding Pond Water and Effluent Receiving Water of Ravona Combined Cycle Power Plant EGAT has monitored quality of effluent holding pond water of the Rayong Combined Cycle Power Plant as well as quality of effluent receiving water in Huai Pong canal prior to and after the plant establishment, as shown in Tables 4.5-1 and 4.5-2, respectively. The results of holding pond water analyses illustrated relatively high value of specific conductivity and high concentrations of total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, hardness, and sulphate with the highest values of 800 inmhn/rm, 1n97 ma/l1 977 mg/l. 188 mg/l. 355 mg/I and 141 mg/I, respectively (Table 3.5-6). However, besides suspended solids, the highest values of those characteristics are less than the industrial effluent standards. It is noted that the concentrations of heavy metals are considerably low, as compared with the effluent standards. For the Huai Pong canal water, high value of specific conductivity and high concentrations of total solids, dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity and sulphate were found in April 1991 and June 1992, which were the dry period, with the highest values of 1,220 umho/cm, 1,141 mg/I, 1,102 mg/I, 183 mg/I, 630 mg/i and 189 mg/I, respectively (Table 4.5-2). However, the high values of those parameters were found not only at the power plant effluent receiving area but also at the upstream area. The results indicate that the power plant effluent is not the only source of adverse effects on the Huai Pong canal water quality. Based on surface water quality standards, the existing water quality in the Huai Pong canal is classified to be class 4 which is not suitable for agriculture. As regards to the irrigation water classification criteria (table 3.5-3), the Huai Pong canal water is classified to be class 11 of Mc Kee and Wolf's classification and class IlIl of RID classification. 4.5.2.3 Effects of Holding Pond Wastewater In order to estimate effects of the holding pond wastewater on water quality in the receiving canal, Khlong 26 characteristics of holding pond wastewater and wastewater receiving canal water of the Combined Cycle Power Plant, the Rayong Power Plant, monitored by EGAT are reviewed (Tables 3.5-6 and 3.5-7) and employed for the impact estimation. Similar quality and quantitative proportion of different categories of effleunts generated by the Rayong Power Plant and the proposed Power Plant are anticipated. Differences between the two power plants are quantities of wastewaters 4-21 TABLE 4.5-1 EFFLUENT HOLDING POND WATER CHARACTERISTICS OF RAYONG COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT, 1991-1992 I ; ; .1991 w 1992 VW/ Industrial Parameters Apr Oct Jan Jun Aug Effluent / | . _ t:: ;03 0 l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Standard Air Temperature, lC 29.5 _ 28.0 25.5 34.0 - Water Temperature, EC 29 32 28.5 29.0 33.0 <40 pH 7.2 7.0 7.0 8.6 8.6 5.0-9.0 Conductivity, us/cm 160 240 800 550 800 - Turbidity, NTU 73 5 55 22 25 - Total Solids, mg/I 90 127 631 412 1,097 - Dissolved Solids. mg/A 80 90 443 - 977 2,000 Suspended Solids, mgAI 10 37 188 - 120 30-1504/ Alkalinity, mg/I as CaCO3 42 49 20 110 144 - Hardness, mg/I as CaCO3 46 46 85 160 355 - Sulfate. mg/I 9.9 6.5 21.2 58.9 140.8 - Fe, mgA 0.9 0.59 0.66 6.7 1.6 - Netrate, mgA 0.7 - 0.5 _ Phosphate, mg/l _ 0.04 - _ _ Dissolved Oxygen, mgA 7 - 5 13.5 9.5 - Carbon Dioxide. mgiA 1.6 37 46.6 0 0 - COD, mg/A 143.6 _- - - BOD, mg/I 1.4 - - _ - 20-60 Zn. mg/I - nil 0.001 0.001 0.057 5.00 Pb. mg/ <0.006 nil nil nil nil 0.20 Cu. mg/A - 0.003 nil 0.001 nil 1.00 Cd, mg/A <0.006 nil nil nil 0.011 0.03 Ni, mg/I 0.006 nil nil ni 0.078 0.200 Cr, mgiA <0.001 nil nil nil 0.057 0.500 Remarks: M1/It (2535) 2/flAri (2535N) 3/NEB (1989) 4/Depend on dilution ratios of wastewater and receiving water 4-22 WAT-ER CHARACEISTICS INHUUAIPONG CANL. RIRAND AFIER RECEIVING EFFLUENT FROM RAYONG COMBiNEDCYCL POW.ERPFIAN-e' _______ _______ _______ __ ~ PtorReoeiving _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ After Receivng EfM uet f_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Surfcewater" Patameters Effluent LI st ean of'Power Plant IlNear Power Plant___Apr,______91__ Downstream of Power P'lan AUru2Qliryv Standards, ________________________ Nov.988 Am9l 091 Jun.9' Jun. 9' Au~92' Apr. 91 Oct,91 Jan, 92 Jun.921 AOcAr91 0.91 I Jan. 92 Jutn92 AU92 2 _ Cht54 .AirTnnsperature,/C -31 -3' 31 321 29 -3 311 9234 29 -29 31 34- Water Temperature,' _n 2 32 '6 '7 .30 29 32.2 27 27 31 28 32 26.5 28 31 pH 6.8 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.C 7.0 7.9 7.3 7.6 7.0 7.0 7.3 7. 5.0-9.0 Conduaoivity, uS/cm 220 1.2003 183 6002 1,220 90 1000 135 950 700 300 900 so 803 950 130 Turbidky. NTU 4.5 45 9 10 61 23 62 21 45 i8 16 72 20 24 32 55 - Disnol,,edOxygen. mg.1 5.2 4.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.8 3.0 .5. 2.1 1.4 4.4 3.7 1.6 4.1 00 4.5 2.0 BOD. Mgl 32.8 35.2 - ---1 2 ---- COD, mgl 126.2 -143.6 - ---12-1.8 ---- Ch rxon Diorxde. mg'1 49.2 46 61.6 282 29.9 33.2 IS1 60.7 12.3 17.6 43.8 20 32.8 13.8 11.1 - Total Alkalinity. mil as C2tCO, 52 530 92 340 630 134 3554 4! 420 225 26 380 31 450 235 60 'rota lHUrdnesA.m&Ias CRCO, 224 144 36 90 130 66 146 4.2 140 183 56 lOS 25 130 90 91 - NO,-N.mgl 7.8 2.7 -1.3 --3.4 - 3.0 - .3 - - 5.0 M tttgl - - 1.44 -- -2.24 0.04 -- - SOmngl 3.1 15.3 6.2 4.6 19.3 7.5 14.2 3.2 24.8 74.3 27.2 12.1 6.8 23.8 188. 26.2 - Fe. ntg'l 2.28 0.4 0.59 0.94 7 0.48 0.64 3.81: 1.20 0.58 1.3 0.64 3.3 0.39 0.99 1.5 - (4 Total Solid% mgl 215 773 75 339 1.141 142 713 69P 697 550 238 567 119 623 717 233 - l3issolved Solids. mgl 156 726 0 - 1,102 115 689 31' - 205 340 84 -637 193 Suspended Soliuls. ml 59 47 75 - 39 27 27 19 - 33 27 35 so8 40 Pb. nip/ < 0.131 <0.001 0.132 nil nil nil <0.13)5 nil nil 0.001 nil <0.1332 0.00 0.002 0.801 nil 0.03 CT. mgA 0.003 <0.001 nil nil nil 0.057 <0.001 nil 0.001 nil 0.076 0.032 nil nil nil 0.019 0.05 Cd. mg4 <0.001 <0.001 nil nil nil 0.032 <0.001 nil nil nil nil <0.001 nil nil nil nil 005 Zn. mg' <0.001 - nil nil nil 0.057 - nil 0.004 0.001 0.042 -nil 0.02 0.001 0 057 1.00 Cu.eSg' <0.001 -0.003 nil nil nil - 00S nil 0.001 nil -0.003 nil nil nil 0.10 Nri. mg' 0.094 0.023 nil nil nil 0.078 09009 nil nil 000 0.078 0.000 nil nil nil 0.078 0.10 Rema rk: n811. (2535) 080 11*11. (2536) aNEU1(1989) generated by the plants and dilution factors of the wastewater receiving canals. Larger quantity of wastewaters generated by the proposed Wang Noi Power Plant than the Rayong Power Plant is certain. Similar to the holding pond wastewater characteristics of the Rayong Power Plant, it is expected that the suspended solids content of the wastewater should be not less than 120-180 mg/I, as compared with 30 mg/l of the industrial effluent standard. In addition, high concentrations of dissolved solids, hardness and sulphate are obvious but such expected concentrations are still within the effluent standards. As regards to phosphate, although TEAM and PAL (1990) anticipated very high concentration to 10 mg/l for holding pond wastewater of the Nam Phong Thermal Power Plant, the phosphate concentration of the holding pond wastewater of the proposed Power Plant is expected to be low, similar to the monitoring result of the Rayong Power Plant. Since a tremendous volume of wastewater, approx 5,000 I/min or 7,200 m3/d, with such expected quality as aforementioned will be discharged to Khlong 26 north to the project site, the discharging wastewater will affect significantly downstream water quality of Khlong 26. High concentrations of suspended solids, dissolved solids, hardness and sulphate as well as high value of specific conductivity are anticipated. In addition, chemicals, AA/AMPS copolymer (copolymer of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propyl suffonic acid and acrylic acid, 40% active ingredient) and HEDP (1- hydroxyethylidene-1, 1 -diphosphonic acid, 60 (as acid) active ingredient), using in the cooling system at the concentrations of 15 ppm and 5 ppm, respectively, will also contaminate in Khlong 26 water. For intermittent chlorination at 1.0 ppm total chlorine residual, it is expected that dechlorination will occur in the cooling process. Changing of such water characteristics will be serious in dry season, due to very low dilution factor caused by low flow in Khlong 26. Since the holding pond wastewater will be continuously discharged to the Khlong 26, it is therefore anticipated that in specific period of time, the Khlong water will become wastewater and its quality will be similar to the holding pond wastewater quality, i.e. specific conductivity, total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, hardness, and sulphate may reach to 800 umho/cm, 1,097 mg/I, 977 mg/I, 188 mg/I, 355 mg/I and 141 mg/I, respectively. As regards to criteria of irrigation water supply (Tables 3.5-3 and 3.5-4), the water with such quality is relatively suitable for some plants under certain conditions. For aquatic life and fisheries, the water is also not suitable (Table 3.5-3). 4.5.2.4 Effects of Raw Water Quality on Water Treatment System Raw water for project uses will be drawn from Khlong Raphiphat at Nong Khae and be treated for different using purposes as shown in Figure 2-9. The raw water quality (Table 3.5-2) is suitable for different treatment systems including make-up water for condenser cooling towers, service water, auxilliary equipment cooling water, fire fighting water and demineralized water make-up for steam cycle. Besides concentrations of iron and pesticides, the raw water is generally suitable for public water supply. 4-24 4.6 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY AND QUALITY 4.6.1 Construction Phase During the construction phase, it is estimated that there will be about 1,200 labors and personnels working in the site. Water of 400 cu.m./d. will be withdrawn from Khlong Raphiphat in front of the Power Plant. This amount of water is only 0.6% of monthly runoff (0.012 MCM/month) or 0.06% of annual runoff (0.144 MCM/year). Groundwater is reserved as a back up source of water only. Therefore, the effect on groundwater is insignificant. 4.6.2 ODeration Phase During the operation phase, it is projected that 5.7 cu.m./d of water will be with drawn from the deep wells for domestic use in the Power plant. According to the study, it reveals that most groundwater wells in the study area are drilled at the depth between 100 and 150 m. (from Bangkok and Phra Pradaeng aquifers). The normal yields from these wells range from 9 to 45 cu.m./h with the maximum yield of 200 cu.m./h at some properly managed well. The quality of water is also found suitable for drinking purpose. However, since deep wells in the project site are drilled from the depth nf 9-50 m, it is expented that this acntifer will yield a large amount of water sufficient for plant consumption with good quality of water for various using purposes in the Power Plant. Therefore, the effects on groundwater hydrology and quality will be minimal. 4.7 SOIL The activities of the Project which will be affected by the nature, characteristic and properties of soil include earthwork, construction of building, excavation of pond, installation of transmission pole, etc. The adverse effects on properties of soil in the area to such activities include low loading capacity, high water table, very high corrosivity of uncoated steel, high total acidity and/or low pH, well to moderately shrink-swell properties, etc. Therefore, before starting any activities such adverse effects of each soil unit have to be considered. Table 4.7-1 summarizes adverse effects of each soil series for certain activities of the Project. In operating any activities of the Project, therefore, it is advised to consider the relevant characteristic and properties from this table as well as from the description and the analytical data of the soil which have already been provided in Section 3.7. The other aspect that needs to bear in mind when dealing with the earthwork is the nature of the soil profile in the area. Normally, at the depth below 150-200 cm. from the surface of the soil in the area is the unriped marine clay laver and at the depth of 30 and 50 cm. from the surface of Ongkarak and Rangsit soil series, respectively, are the very strongly acid soil material. Depended on the nature of the ancient surface of the area (the surface before the last-transgression of sea level in Thailand which is about 4,000 - 6,000 years B.P.) this unriped marine clay layer will be as deep as 15 m from the surface. Actually, most of these unriped marine clay materials are the 4-25 TABLE 4.7-1 SUMMARY OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF EACH SOIL SERIES Ayutthaya Chachoengsao Mahaphot Ongkarak Rangsit Sena Series Series Series Series Series Series - Soild texture Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay Clay - Degree of shrink-swell Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Low - Total acidity High Medium High High High High v - pH value < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0 - Susceptability for flooding High High High High High High - Supporting capacity Low Low Low Low Low Low - Permeability Slow Slow Slow Slow Slow Slow - Water table High High High High High High - Loading capacity Low Low Low Low Low Low - Corrosivity of uncoated steel Very High Moderate Very High Very High Very High Very High - Corrosivity-concrete High Moderate High High High High "potential acid material". Under natural condition, it is permanently saturated by groundwater and as a consequence, is permanently in reducing condition. Under this condition, its reaction is very alkaline with pH of 8.0 or more. However, when exposed to the air, it will be oxidized and its reaction will drastically change to be very strongly acid with pH of 3.5 or lower. This change also happens to subsurface and subsoil of the Ongkarak and Rangsit series if it is brought up to the surface. Very limited type of crop can be grown on the soil of such reaction. Therefore, when dealing with the earthwork such as excavating a pond, levelling or landscaping of the area, digging the hole for installing the transmission pole, etc., it is advised to avoid to bring up such soil material (the unriped marine clay and the subsurface and subsoil of Ongkarak and Rangsit soil series) to the surface. 4.8 AQUATIC BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES The construction of the Power Plant would involve earthwork, site clearing, soil excavation, hauling and dumping, and moving of heavy construction equipments, etc. Such tasks would disturb nearby water bodies in various degrees. Changing of water quality on turbidity and suspended solids concentration would certainly affect aquatic organisms in the project area and its vicinity. 4.8.1 C,onstruction Phase Degradation of the water quality in the downstream area during construction period according to the excavation can cause highly turbid water and will have some adverse effects on plankton, bottom fauna and fishes. Reduction of fish spawning activities in the downstream of the construction area will be the short term effect. However, the effects are believed to be more serious during rainy season. 4.8.2 Operation Phase The large volume of water discharged from the Power Plant in normal condition will supply water for increase the natural fisheries production of Khlong 26 as well as for aquacultural development on the project areas. The striking change seems to be the group composition of aquatic organisms which will be different between the pre-construction and operation periods. Changing in flow regimes, type of habitats, as well as nutrient status will be the major effects. 4-27 4.9 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY The project area of 718 rai is located in the flat land of Tambon Khao Ngam, Amphoe Wang Noi. Ayudhava nrovince. This stiidy jcvers th area within a radiits nf km rniinri the nroert area. Birds will migrate to nearby or surrounding areas which is similar in nature. In the rainy season, birds can easily find food in the rice fields and swamping area of Amphoe Wang Noi as well as Khlong Raphiphat. Fishes and mollusks are favorite food for all kinds of birds in this area. Since the Project proposes to build the Power Plant in an area of 718 rai which is very small area of birds habitat if comparing to Amphoe Wang Noi District and its province. Therefore, it is slightly negative environmental impacts on birds. Likewise, amphibians and reptiles are not much affected by this Power Plant. In the dry season water level in Khlong 26 and other places is very low and sometimes dry. The positive impact of this Power Plant may help to increase the water level from wastewater. This is going to maintain the living life, i.e. fishes, mollusks, etc. in water as known to be bird food. Amphibians and reptiles can also increase their population in water. Along the canal and Khlong Raphiphat, plants are still green in dry season and some insects and other animals can live. Some insects, i.e. dragon fly have its life cycle in larva stage in water. So, it increases food chain for reptiles, amphibians and other living life, i.e. fishes. Since the water level is stable, fishes, birds and frogs become food for people who are living nearby and surrounding the project area. However, the wastewater have to be treated not to be toxic to people, reptiles, amphibians and fishes. 4.10 LAND USE 4.10.1 Site Preparation and Construction Transportation of soil from the pit to the site may damage the existing bridge and road networks that are not in good condition. It is certainly realised that the land use of the earth pit will become a large well. In case of intake water pipeline, it disturbs a small scale on land use. 4.10.2 Crop Production When the Power Plant starts the operation, a large amount of water will be drained into Khlong 26. If there are some agents contaminating into water during the process, it may destroy some economic crops and fruit trees or land use pattern may change to another form. At the moment there is no evident about the effect of the polluted water on crop production. 4-28 4.10.3 Residential Effect After the Power Plant is settled, the infrastructure will be developed. The agricultural area will be changed to more modernized area which are town-house, apartment, garden village and other residential types. 4.11 TRANSPORTATION 4.11.1 Current Conditions and Imiacts The road network in the project area is good. Route 1 is expanded into 10 lanes up to Saraburi and can serve the Power Plant. In addition, the new outer ring road planned in the west side and east side of Bangkok Metropolis will serve for the growth of transportation around Bang Pa In, Bang Sai, Ayudhaya municipality and also Wang Noi. In 1988-1992 the DOH traffic volume data have shown that on Route 1 at stations near the Power Plant, the traffic volumes were in a range between 20,000-40,000 vehicles per day. The average traffic increasing rate was 6-7% per year on Route 1 at Wang Noi. The data of traffic counts show that traffic volumes on Route 1 in the section where the Power Plant is located have considerable percentage of heavy trucks, indicating the effects of heavy truck transport to Sarabhri and the nnrtheaqtArn renion. 4.11.2 Construction Phase During the construction phase, construction activities will create short-term effects on traffic on the related highways mainly on Route 1. The major causes of such effects will be transport of construction materials, construction workers, machineries and supplies for workers at the site. The major types of work concern with the construction of the Power Plant are as follows: (1) Earthwork and land reclamation will be done in the first phase. Land reclamation will be done by transporting soil from nearby area about 1.5 km from the plant site. It is expected that the impact during land reclamation will be minor because soil can be transported via an inner lateritic road near the site. (2) Construction materials will be transported from many sources such as from Bangkok and nearby sites at Saraburi. The cement bulk can be transported on Route 1 from Saraburi to the power plant site because the Siam Cement sub-plant is located nearby. (3) Machineries and equipment transport of the Power Plant will be from Bangkok along Route 1 to Amphoe Wang Noi. 4-29 (4) Daily commuting and minor supplies such as worker's camp facilities will affect * traffic in Amphoe Wang Noi. The major types of vehicles ,Aill be hea y trucks, light trucks, passenger cars and motorcycles. According to the EGAT's construction plans, the construction scheme induces manufacturing & testing at factories and shops, delivery to site and site erection. The construction of combustion turbines block 1-4 and block 5-6 will be made during April 1994 to November 1995 and from December 1994 to July 1996, respectively. The traffic impacts during construction period, are likely to occur in 1994. It is difficult to estimate the exact traffic volumes from construction activities. However, the impacts from traffic are not significant because the existing Route 1 which is a 10 lane divided highway can carry a large volume traffic created by the Project. Another impact which will occur from the transport activities during construction period may be traffic accidents of uncareful or unexpected events. The raw water pipeline from Nong Khae to the Power Plant will be laid along rights of way of irrigation canal banks therefore impacts on transportation will occur at the period when the irrigation road is dug to lay the pipe across the road to the Plant. 4.11.3 Operation Phase Considering the existing transport network and travel pattern, road transport is the predominant mode for carrying more than 90 percent of goods and passenger movement for the lower central region. Route 1 is the main route passing in front of the project site. Route 1 is significant for any industrial or agricultural products from the central or northeastern region which would be conveniently transported via truck/or container trucks using the routes. The activities of the Project will induce certain amount of traffic increase per day due to the growth of communities near the Power Plant and the vicinity areas. However, effects of such a small increase will be minimal. 4.12 WATER USE The study on water use concerns mainly with runoff in Chao Phraya river from downstream of Chao Phraya Dam to the river mouth and Khlong Raphiphat in the East Bank-Lower Chao Phraya Project. The assessment is performed for 2 stages, namely construction and operation phases. 4-30 4.12.1 Construction Phase During the construction phase, the Power Plant requires about 400 cu.m./d (0.012 MCM/month or 0.144 MCM/y) for construction activities. The water will be pumped via West Raphiphat during January 1994 to November 1995. According to the statistics, water released from Phra Sri Silp Regulator during dry season in March is about 2 MCM. This is very large amount compared to the water required by the Power Plant during the construction phase. The quantity is about 0.6% of monthly runoff or 0.02% of annual runoff. In addition, groundwater will be used as reserved source of domestic water supply. Therefore, water taken by the Power Plant during the construction phase will not affect downstream users in Khlong Raphiphat. 4.12.2 Operation Phase Surface water source for the Power Plant will be taken from Khlong Raphiphat downstream of Phra Sri Silp Regulator in Amphoe Nong Khae, Saraburi. a) Impacts on Available Water KhIong Raphiphat receives water frnm Phra Narai Regulator near Rama VI Dam and diverts water to the East Bank-Lower Chao Phraya Project. According to records on water diverted into Khlong Raphiphat, there is an average of 2,259 MCM/year with the minimum monthly runoff of about 21 MCM/month (July 1992). However, the Power Plant requires about 1.25 MCM/month which accounts to 6% of the total runoff. b) Impacts with Pasak Proiect The Pasak Project has impacts on the East Bank-Lower Chao Phraya Project by adding water from Pasak river into areas under the East Bank-Lower Chao Phraya Project and reducing water released from Chao Phraya Dam. Figures 4.12-1 and 4.12-2 show that, in dry season, runoff at downstream of Pasak Dam increased from 260 MCM to 1,062 MCM while that in Khlong Chainat - Pasak reduced from 1,680 MCM to 878 MCM. Quantity of water available in dry season is constant at 1,940 MCM. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Pasak Project is designed to efficiently allocate water from Pasak river in dry season. In addition, water flow in Khlong Raphiphat will be more secured and allocation of water can be managed to meet water demand in Khlong Raphiphat. 4-31 0 - 0 FL z a. 3: o. - Bhumibhol Sir isit Resrvoir Res. 13,462 MCUM 9,l0 MCM. Ma:cmroa - Uthong - 540 0 -360 2 80 C HAO- I F SIa ) 0~0 Note a 1 U9 { Data Year o 0 8 Irri9ation 19a5 WaterSupPIy 2017 2 _ {2 175) Lr (2 175) < lo - 0 in MCM Co PASAK - A in rai c Phroya \ I I (2,75): effect of Posak i- West Bank \ \ orCh / Reservoir 0: I < RES. - ModSified from Jics 198 A : 750000 .* o 1,370 Diversion fron Mae or Basin C :710 (45 cms ) j / > 0.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. l | ~~~~GULF OF lHAILANiD FIGURE 4.12-1 WATE~R BALANCE IN LOWER CHAO PHRAYA BASIN IN WET SEASON WITH PASAK RESERVOIR. 4-32 Bh~um~ibho sInIjT Resrvoir z Res. 13,462 MCM Ncresucn Dcrn 9,g10 MCM. Mcamoo oo-Uthong 0: 5,520 0: 280 0 9 2 1,68 _7) \ CHMAO C: 0 0 X D v _ s = y f CA o CL~~~~ - ,.~~~~~ *4- 0 Z a. cD T~ Note __z I RES Data Year io Rrs l7 1 FRundf 1987 i w/ Irrigar ion 198!5 : 180 0:26 o 4 Water Su~pPy 2017 2\(lo }(16) < _ Low_er \ - 0 in MCM Chroc \ \ - A in ra i Phrayo \ \ _ |La (2,17i) : effecBt of Pasali c West Bank \ \ oeCo / - Modified from Jka 1989 A : 88,000 *. o1 ph ,100os Oiversion fromn Mce Ii \ I7 Basmn 0 :710 (45 c1s ) t M) iA .~~~~~ 1 GULF OF THAILAND II FIGURE 4.12-2 WATER BALANCE: IN LOWER CHAO PHRAYA BASIN IN DRY SEASON WITH PASAK RESERVOIR, 4-33 4.13 SOCIO - ECONOMICS It was concluded from the attitude survey that villagers had positive feelings towards the Project. Probable impacts cab be desziribed as foilows; 4.13.1 Construction Phase 1) Noise and dust from transport and construction activities may disturb people living near and around the site. 2) Immigration of construction workers into the area may give rise to disorder, insecurity and unpeacefulness of villages. 3) Villagers will benefit from retailed trading of daily consumer products to construction workers. 4) Villagers will earn more income by being hired as construction workers. 5) There will be resistance movement to the Project if there is no sufficient information or acknowledgement about the Project to villagers. 4.13.2 QOeration Phase 1) Villagers will earn more income by being hired or employed as project personnel. 2) The area will be developed into more urbanized area due to establishment of the Power Plant. 3) Villagers will experience from change in social pattern or their way of living due to more income generation and development of the area. 4) Air and water pollution, if not properly treated, will adversely affect agricultural produce and also health status. 4.14 PUBLIC HEALTH 4.14.1 Current Condition and Effects Public health statistics presented in existing public health conditions show that health problems in Ayudhaya are similar to conditions of a general semi-urban society in early stage of urban development. These are cases of respiratory disease, e.g. asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, T.B. and influenza in the province. These illnesses could be caused partly by air pollution emitted from factories or vehicles or agricultural dust. Whereas accidents, sexual transmitted diseases, hypertension, diabetes and arthritis are likely to increase as a result of town development. While prob!zms of gastrointestinal infections due to low standard of food and water sanitation and personal hygiene still exist. Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis, which are closely related to poor environmental sanitation are still being the health problem in this area. 4-34 Health problems and the deficiency of health personnel can aggravate the public health situation, although, it does not show up now. If the Power Plant is built here there will be thousands of people moving into the province. Thus, the problem may be evident. 4.14.2 Construction Phase A large number of workers will move into the construction site for construction and installation activities. The construction period will last for about 2 years starting from December 1994 to November 1996. The probable effects will be those arising from under-standard sanitation in the camp site. The effects on public health of construction workers may be caused by the following conditions: 1) non-sanitary bathrooms and toilets 2) lack of clean water supply for domestic and drinking purposes 3) improper practice of wastewater and solid wastes treatment 4) inadequate provision of health services Such conditions may result in health problems of workers, for example, diarrhea, food poisoninq, etc. These diseases can spread out to communities surrounding the project site. Health effects would also be created by exhaust and dust from construction-related transportation on the access road. Exhaust and dust can cause eye irritation, pulmonary diseases and diseases of respiratory tract. Furthermore, noise and accidents caused by trucks would be a major problem for both workers and people living in the surrounding areas. 4.14.3 ODeration Phase 1) Effects of Gaseous Emission Although the Power Plant is equipped with air pollution control system for some pollutants, i.e. SO, and NO2, ground level concentrations of those pollutants may increase appreciably. As khown, total suspended particulate and S02 have synergistic health effects (Air Pollutant Toxicology, Casarelt and Doull's, 2nd ed., 1980) therefore an incident of diseases of respiratory tract such as chronic bronchitis and asthma could increase. However, concentrations of such pollutants are expected to be far below the ambient air quality standards. The effects on health status of surrounding communities will then be minimal. 2) Effects of Water SuPDlv and Wastewater Discharge The problem of public health that may be caused by the operation of the Power Plant is quantity and quality of water. To run the Power Plant, some amount of water will be taken from public used water. Therefore, water in the canal which is one of the source of public used water 4-35 may be decreased. Another is wastewater from the Power Plant which will be drained into the canal may affect people's lives if it does not meet standard of wastewater. 3) Effcits of MNise Generation: Since it is specified that noise levels at a distance of 122 m from any source in the Power Plant will not exceed 54 dBA, noise should not be a problem for surrounding communities. 4) Effects of Transport Accidents: Though, during the operation period, number of heavy trucks will reduce considerably from the construction period, number of staff's vehicles will increase instead. Accidents may occur because unawareness of safety of drivers/pedestrians such as ignorance of safety and traffic regulations and improper habits. 4.15 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 4.15.1 Construction Phase Occupational health problems and accidents could occur during the construction period. Causes of the problems can be divided into three main things. These are workers themselves, working conditions and management. Most of construction workers are untrained for specific work and generally have limited knowledge. Therefore, causes of accidents due to workers can be lack of safety awareness, improper attitude, lack of knowledge for specific job, etc. Working conditions that may cause health effect and accidents include equipment, tools or machines defective, improper illumination, ventilation, noise and dust. Also fire hazard can be a problem due to poor housekeeping, poor condition of electric equipment and utensils. Since these may happen in any construction areas and workers' camps, stringent measures are required to reduce the risk of accident and occupational health hazard. Management that can cause accidents inicude improper supervisory, safety performance (e.g. inadequacy of safety instruction (safety rules are not enforced, safety is not planned as part of jobs, safety devices are not provided), improper management of construction site, lack of appropriate maintenance of vehicles and equipment. 4.15.2 Operation Phase Unsuitable working environment can lead to poor occupational health of the workers. Such unfavorable conditions include inadequate ventilation in hot and humid areas, in area where 4-36 are subjected to leakage of natural gases and other fugitive emission or in confined space, poor lighting within the Power Plant and high noise level. These areas, inside the Power Plant, are located near the boilers, the condensers, the gas turbines and steam turbine sets, and power generators. Proper designs of these units as well as their housing are needed in order to control health hazard in working environment. The main health hazards in the Power Plant during operation phase will be as follows:- (1) Noise Since, it is specified that the noise from any source in the Power Plant must not exceed 85 dBA at a distance of 1 m and 54 dBA at the distance of 122 m from the source. Compared with the Notification of Ministry of Interior related to noise in the workplace, such sound pressure level does not exceed the standard (90 dBA). Therefore, noise emitted from the operation will not cause health effect to the employees of the Power Plant if the design conditions are maintained. (2) Heat Certain areas, for instance, combustion turbine, ducts, and auxilliary equipment, will give off heat in the working environment. However, such heat condition will not cause any adverse health effects to the employees because - The combustion turbine, ducts and auxilliary equipments are inside the enclosure for thermal insulation. - The employees do not expose to heat continuously. If the design temperatures are maintained regularly, it will not be harmful to the workers. Based on the design conditions, heat does not exceed the standard notified by Ministry of Interior, that is, the dry bulb temperature should not exceed 450C. However, to protect the employees' health, WBGT index should be used to assess heat condition because of many factors involved, such as, workload, exposure time, globe temperature, etc. (3) Accidents The accidents might occur from unsafe acts of the workers, especially, during maintenance and welding process. Therefore, the recognition of potential hazards should be considered because they might cause a lot of loss such as injury, property, time, etc. Preventive measures should be planned to be implemented during opereation of the Power Plant. The impact depends on the effectiveness of the preventive measures implemented and followed up. If the preventive measures are only partially implemented, the significant impact might be resulted. 4-37 If the Power Plant has followed the applicable codes and the design conditions as mentioned above, there will not bring about the impact to health and environment. However, the standard of working conditions according to the Notification of Ministry of Interior should also be taken into account. 4.16 AESTHETIC VALUE AND TOURISM 4.16.1 Construction Phase The Power Plant is approximately 6 km from Amphoe Wang Noi, 2 km branching off Phahonyothin Road to the power plant site. A rural type of agriculture around the power plant site is still good, calm and serene. However, the existing developments of the areas such as residential buildings by land developers and the existing transmission line in nearby areas will change the rural type to residential and industrial types in the near future. The construction activities which will start from 1994-1996 may pose some aesthetic impacts on the scenery near the proposed project site. Site clearing, land reclaiming, construction and installation activities of the Power Plant will disturb the environment in terms of dust, noise and vibration. The aesthetic quality during construction phase will reduce the swamp land of 700 rai for the power plant area, ground have been levelled, road have been constructed. In terms of tourism, there was no impact during construction phase because the project site is not closed to tourist attraction points. 4.16.2 Operation Phase In operation phase, the Power Plant will be a huge building in the paddy field and can be seen along Phahonyothin Road although it is 2 km far from the road. The plant operation will reduce the aesthetic quality by smog from power plant's stacks. However, existing appearance of some industries and transmission line along Phahonyothin Road near the power plant site has been acceptable. New land developers will also accelerate the change of land use in the study area from rural to residential and industrial. Hence, impacts of the Power Plant on aesthetic quality is insignifieant. However, proper architectural design and landscaping is needed. 4.17 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT After consideration of overall impacts which will be caused by the Power Plant, it is revealed that the Power Plant will cause impacts to the environment especially in the operation period in terms of water supply of the Power Plant. The environmental resources and values which are expected to be significantly affected by raw water intake of the Power Plant are surface water hydrology, surface water quality, ground water hydrology and quality, aquatic ecology, and land use. Two alternative raw water intake sites, namely the Raphiphat site and the Bang Sai site, have been 4-38 compared by considering environmental effects on the afore-mentioned aspects. It can then be concluded that both sides are feasible as the raw water intake site since they pose the impacts in acceptable levels. According to water quality both surface and underground, it is found that quality of water of both khlong Raphiphat and Chao Phraya River is suitable for plant consumption. Quality of ground water which is planned for domestic use is also suitable for drinking purpose. Owing to aquatic ecology, the study shows that impacts due to mortality of aquatic organisms at the intake structure can be mitigated by design of proper intake structure. In terms of land use, effects from raw water conveying pipeline from the intake site to the Power Plant are considered. However, the pipeline from Khlong Raphiphat site will be laid along the banks of Khlong Raphiphat thus causing no effects on land use pattern except during construction period at the point where construction is required when the pipe is laid under the road to the Power Plant. The most significant impacts are put upon surface water hydrology and water use since the Power Piant wiii consume a considerable amount of water, i.e. i5 MCivI/year. if considering withdrawal of water from Chao Phraya river, this amount is less than 1% of total runoff in the river. For Khlong Raphiphat site, the withdrawn water will be only 6% of the total runoff. In conclusion, environmental impacts of the two sites are comparative therefore. Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand has conducted a site selection for both alternative raw water intake sites by considering other items as follows: 1 . investment cost 2. water quality 3. topography of pump house 4. land acquisition 5. environment 6. water stability 7. construction period The results as summarized in Table 2-2 show that the site at Khlong Raphiphat is more feasible. 4-39 CHAPTER 5 MIT'IIA'TION MEASURES CHAPTER 5 MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 INTRODUCTION The assessment of probable effects of the construction and operation of the Power Plant on the environmental resources and values in the project area have been qualitatively and/or quantitatively described and discussed in Chapter 4. In this Chapter, alternative measures to mitigate the impacts of the Power Plant, in both construction phase and operation phase, on each environmental component are considered and appropriate mitigation measures are identified and recommended. These recommendations are determined based on environmental conservation and/or preservation, engineering, social and economic basis. 5.2 AIR QUALITY 5.2.1 Construction Phase During the construction phase, impacts from dust dispersion will be mitigated by the followinn action- 1) The construction area must be sprayed with water at least twice a day. 2) Non-asphaltic or concrete road in the project site must be sprayed with water at least twice a day. 5.2.2 Operation Phase At the first stage of oPeration, distillate oil No.2 will be used for CT. Major pollutants to be emitted which are NO2 and SO2 will be well below the ambient air quality standards. At the final stage, natural gas will be used for CT. Predicted ambient concentration of NO2 will be within the ambient air quality standards. The following mitigation measures should be taken into action. 1) Install stack height of 60 m. 2) Provide appropriate air pollution control equipments. 3) Use distillate oil No.2 with sulphur content of less than 1 percent. 5-1 5.3 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 5.3.1 Construction Phase Major effects on water quality during the construction phase are related to the following activities: i) construction of pumping station, ii) installation of raw water transmission pipeline, and iii) construction and installation of onsite structures. 5.3.1.1 Construction of Pumpinc Station Although relatively minor effects of grading, compacting and excavating the area for construction of pumping station and of dredging the Khlong Raphiphat bed for installation of suction pipe on the water quality of Khlong Raphiphat are anticipated, proper disposal of the dredged spoils on appropriate land to avoid or reduce surface soil erosion during rainy season is required to alleviate their subsequent effects on water quality. A holding pond for temporary storage of runoff may be needed. In addition, proper handling or disposal of residual construction materials as well as sewage and other solid and liquid wastes of worker community is also required. 5.3.1.2 Installation of Raw Water Transmission Pipe Since the effects of installation of raw water transmission pipeline on water quality are expected to be insignificant, appropriate mitigative measures are therefore not required. 5.3.1.3 Construction of Onsite Structures Land preparation by grading and compacting and land excavation for constructing foundation of most structures, raw water reservoir and effluent holding pond are a major source of adverse impacts on water quality of the storm drainage canal due to the surface soil erosion, particularly during the rainy season. An appropriate measure to alleviate such impacts is to reduce sediment load of runoff prior to discharge to the receiving canal. A simple, inexpensive and effective method is to use a holding pond as a temporary storage of runoff, so that sedimentation and siltation occurs. Another significant source is domestic wastewater and solid wastes disposed of from 1,200 workers in the worker camp. Appropriate measures to alleviate the problem include providing proper drainage system, proper solid waste disposal method by supplying adequate solid waste receptacles, septic tanks and sanitary latrines. It is also recommended wastewater from bathrooms and kitchens at the construction site should be stored in the holding pond prior to discharge to the receiving canal, so that sullage will be held in the holding pond. In addition, services for solid wastes and sewage collection and treatment of the Lam Ta Sao Sanitary District should be employed. 5-2 5.3.2 Operation Phase 5.3.2.1 Effects of Holdina Pond Wastewater During the operation phase, approximately .000 I/mi of treated wastewater will be discharged from the Power Plant into Khlong 26. The expec edhigh concentrations of suspended solids, dissolved solids, hardness and sulfate, high value of specific conductivity and contamination of treated chemicals, AA/AMPS copolymer and HEDP, will affect significantly Khlong 26 water, particularly in dry season. A simple, inexpensive and effective mitigation measure is dilution method using the Khlong 26 water as dilution water. However, such a mitigation measure is impossible, due - ' ' to very low flow in Khlong 26 in the dry period. Another appropriate and practical measure is to recycle the effluents from cooling tower and HRSG units by treating such effluents to meet raw water quality to be reused in the Power Plant. This will reduce water consumption. The recommended '~ mitigation method will also alleviate the contamination of the chemicals AA/AMPS and HEDP because no such chemicals is discharged into Khlong 26. Treatment methods include physical treatment processes to reduce suspended solids and chemical treatment processes to reduce conductivity, dissolved solids and hardness. As regards to treated domestic wastewaters, treated I plant equipment drains, treated chemical area drains and treated effluent from demineralization < ;. system, the wastewaters will hp stnord in holdinn nond nrior to discharae to Khlona 26. Presently, EGAT purchased a piece of land of 100 rai, north to the project site, to be used as a landfill site and buffer zone. About 20-30% of treated effluent will be used for gardening purpose. In addition, feasibility study on reuse of treated effluent for agricultural purpose will also be carried out. Some appropriate plant species will be recommended to local agriculturists. 0 In addition, EGAT should inform local villagers about discharge of wastewater into Khlong 26. EGAT should warn people about toxicity of chemicals used in cooling process. Also, in case of lack of water supply, EGAT should provide water for the communities. 5.4 GROUNDWATER Mitigation measures to be considered for groundwater aspect are as follows: 1) Rate of groundwater withdrawal should be studied carefully in order to maintain constant supply of the wells. 2) Groundwater wells must be located not less than 30 m far from a septic tank system in order to avoid seepage contamination (US. EPA., 1980). 3) Groundwater should be monitored for its quality at least twice a year at the wells used for plant supply. 5-3 4) Land subsidence and drawdown level should be monitored. 5.5 SOILS AND LAND QUALITY 5.5.1 Construction Phase Impacts of construction activities to soil resources are related to earthwork for site preparation. The earthwork includes excavating wastewater treatment pond, levelling and landscaping of the plant area and installing transmission poles. Actually, impacts of these activities will be confined only in certain areas of the Power Plant and along the transmission line and mostly be involved with the bringing up of the very strongly acid and/or potentially acid subsurface or subsoil materials to the surface. It will be oxidized and its reaction will become very strongly acid with pH of 3.5 or lower. Except very few types, the places with the soil of such reaction cannot be used for growing any kind of crop for at least 2-3 years. However, as afore-described, if the problem of very strongly acid reaction has been eliminated, these soil types will be fertile and can be used for growing any kind of crop. Since the earthwork in the plant area has already been accomplished, it is believed that such very strongly acid soil problem has already existed in the area. Many of the areas might have already been buried and/or landscaped by very strongly acid and/or potential acid subsurface and subsoil materials. Practically, this problem can be eliminated by applying iime (CaCo3) to neutralize the acid in the soil and subsequently remove such neutralized materials out of the soil by means of water leaching. Actually this measure is commonly practised by farmers in the area. Acccording to the soil map of the area, the soil of the area where the Plant is located is also the strong acid sulphate soil (The Rangsit series, see also the description of this soil series). Therefore, it means that not only the areas which have been buried and/or landscaped by the very strongly acid and/or potential acid soil material that will have the problem of strongly acid reaction but also the other area of the Plant. To eliminate this problem the following measures are required:- 1. Installation of the drainage system to drain water from the soil of the area. 2. Plowing of surface soil of the area to the depth of about 20-30 cm. from the surface. 3. Simultanously with plowing, application of lime' to the soil with the rate of 3 tons/rai for the areas buried by the strongly acid and/or potential acid soil material and 2 tons/rai for other areas. 4. After lime application, irrigation of the area until the soil is over saturated and let the water drain out of the soil. 5. Irrigation in such a way regularly and continously for a month. 6. Initiation of growing shallow root system crops such as ornament crop, grasses, etc. 7. Irrigation as needed. 5-4 8. Other than lime material, application of certain chemical fertilizer especially nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil. In case of deep root system and/or perennial crops, more intensive soil management is needed. Its growing places are needed to mound by special treat soil materials as high as 20-30 cm from actual surface (surface after plowing and liming). Such specially treated soil material composes of the normal surface soil of the area, (the soil to the depth of 20 cm from the surface) the manure of compost and lime. The ratio by volume of soil and manure of compost is 1:1. For lime, it is about 10 kg for 1 ton, of such mixing of soil and compost material. After mounding, the hole as deep as 30 cm from surface of the mound, is burrowed. The crop, then, is planted in such a hole. Owing to the potential acid properties, when oxidized, the subsoil of the area will gradually supply the acidity to the subsurface and surface soil, respectively. To keep the soil in the favourable condition for growing crops, therefore, practically, the same rate (2-3 ton/rai) of lime materials are needed to reapply to the soil every five year. 5.5.2 Operation Phase For the problem of excavation of storage reservoirs and construction of wastewater treatment units to the soil resources, considering the actual condition of treatment system of the Power Plant and of the soil properties, this problem can be nugligible. All of the storage reservoirs and the treatment tanks have been lined therefore no problem of the lateral seepage of such waste material. After treating the somewhat good quality water will be disposed of to the canal. In fact the lateral seepage will occur along the banks of canal. However, considering the quality of the water itself, the rate of the permeability of the soil along the canal which is very slow, the type of clay mineral of the soil which the montmorillonite is dominated and the cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) of the soil in the area which is relatively high, such a problem of lateral seepage is then negligible. * The rate and the efficiency of the neutralization of the soil depends on qualities of lime material and soil texture. The good quality lime that will accelerate the neutralization rate should be high in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) percentage and the texture of the lime material should be as fine as possible (at least, it can be passed through the sieve of 50 mesh.) 5-5 5.6 AQUATIC BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 5.6.1 Construction Phase During construction period, heavy dumping to Chao Phraya River, Khlong 26, and Khiong Raphiphat should be minimized by careful work on heavy dumping and soil work, so that soil erosion is limited. The construction at Khlong Raphiphat should be done during dry season. 5.6.2 ODeration Phase With respect to fisheries resources in Chao Phraya River, Khlong 26, and Khlong Raphiphat, the following recommendations are established: 1) The intake pipe of raw water for power plant use should be installed under water surface at the level at least 2 m deep because the plankton organisms including fish eggs and larvae are usually low density at the deep water level. : 2) To prevent aquatic organisms, floating debris and aquatic weeds from obstructing the performance of the intake structure and raw water pump, EGAT should build a different screening structure with different layers and mesh sizes opening around the intake pipe. 3) Establishment of a fisheries management unit, fish stocking program and control of aquatic weeds in Khlong Raphiphat should be introduced. 5.7 LAND USE Land use will be changed from rice field and fruit orchard to be residential area of workers and officer of the Power Plant. Town-houses and other styles of houses including condominiums will appear at nearby and surrounding the project area. Infrastructure will be improved in the better condition along Khlong Raphiphat and around the Power Plant. The price of land will increase in the faster rate than usual. The water treatment will help to remedy drought during January - May since the people are confronting the critical problem of severe drought. At present, water pumps are settled along canal 6, 8, 9, 10 and sub canal 2 - left and 3 - left and Khlong Raphiphat. Therefore, the water crisis may start in February. It will cause the shortage of water for fruit orchards, especially, oranges. Measures to mitigate effects on land use include the followings: 1) A storage reservoir should be constructed to reserve raw water for a 5-d period, in order not to disturb water use pattern of the fruit orchards else the land use pattern may change. 5-6 2) Though discharge of treated wastewater will help increase flow in Khlong 26, quality of the treated wastewater must conform to the standards and toxic substances must not be contained in the treated wastewater so that the increased water flow will not be harmful to fruit trees and aquatic lives. Since deterioration of water quality may induce changes in land utilization. 3) Local agencies responsible for awarding construction permits must strictly control development of the area to prevent over growth of the area. 5.8 TRANSPORTATION 5.8.1 Construction Phase The following mitigation measures are recommended:- 1) On Phahonyothin Road, EGAT should plan to transport the construction materials after rush hour period. 2) Restrict overweighed vehicles (not more than 25 tonnages) to prevent the damage on the road 3) Careful inspection on trucks not to make dirty on the roads. 4) Installation of traffic warning sign and lighting facilities near the proposed site and, especially, on route laying transmission pipe line. 5) Control speed limit of heavy vehicles not more than 60 km/h. 5.8.2 Operation Phase 1) Installation of traffic warning sign and lighting facilities near the Power Plant and provision of traffic controllers. 2) Close cooperation with concerned government agencies to increase traffic safety. 5.9 SOCIO - ECONOMICS 5.9.1 Construction Phase 1) Dust from transport and construction activities must be prevented by means of water spraying on uncovered areas or gravel/dirt roads and also by planting of grass in some finished areas. 5-7 2) Noise level must be kept to the standard by selection of low noise machine and provision of regular maintenance selection as well as avoidance of working and transporting during the night-time. 3) Local people must be given priority in employment opportunity. 4) EGAT should give more understanding of the Project to villagers especially those living in the vicinity of the Power Plant. 5.9.2 QOeration Phase 1) Wastewater from the Power Plant must be treated to acceptable levels to prevent deterioration of Khlong 26 quality and thus adversely affecting agricultural farming and health of people. 2) Air and noise pollution must be strictly controlled. 3) EGAT must provide better physical infrastructure to the villages such as roads, electricity, some bus shelters, etc. 4) EGAT must be given priority in employment opportunity to local people this will also help solving housing problems. 5) EGAT should participate as a committee member in Tambon's or village's organization in order to receive information concerning needs of communities and to take chance in spreading project's informations to heads of communities. 6) Project personnel must make familiar with local people. 5.10 PUBLIC HEALTH 5.10.1 Construction Phase 1) Major health problems of the construction workers and their families are likely to be diseases associated with poor environmental sanitation and poor personal hygiene, e.g. diarrhea, food poisoning, malaria, T.B., and dysentery. These diseases are also endemic in this area. During construction period, there will be a problem of water supply and poor environment, thus workers and their families' health problems can be aggravated. Moreover, these diseases can spread out to nearby communities. Therefore, it is very important for EGAT or construction contractors to provide adequate safety water supply, proper drainage and waste disposal system as well as sanitary latrines and seeking assistance from local public health agencies to undertake an environmental health and 5-8 sanitation improvement program in the construction site communities and to provide health services, for example, immunization, family planning, and nutrition. 2) Health hazard caused by transportation related construction and construction process such as dust, exhaust emission and noise. These hazards affect not only on workers health but also on health of the neighbors of the construction site. Therefore, EGAT should have strict rules or schedules concerning time to operate some kinds of work that may make noise, concerning traffic, and routine maintenance and check up of vehicles, trucks and machine use in the site. Furthermore, EGAT should manage in any way to reduce or prevent dust caused by transportation in and out of (from the main road to the site) the construction site. 3) Eventhough, in the construction site there will be a very effective safety measure and regulation, injuries and illness can happen any time during or after working hours. Therefore, medical unit with adequate staff and equipments should be made available at the construction site. It should be available not only for the workers but also for their families who live in the project area. This will help in the situation of lacking of health personnel and facilities in Ayudhaya as well. However, serious illness or injuries that the medical unit cannot handle may happen. A transportation to the nearby hospital is necessary. EGAT or construction contractors must provide a stand-by transportation for such cases. 5.10.2 Operation Phase 1) Respiratory diseases, e.g. asthma, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza and skin disease whose incident rates are usually high in this area should be given special attention because they are likely to relate to pollutants emitted from the Plant as well. EGAT should have the connection to the surveillance program run by the Ministry of Public Health through Provincial Health Office or District Health Center in Wang Noi. By this way, EGAT can have information of health status of people who live near the Power Plant. Furthermore, EGAT should manage in any way to regularly monitor canal water. 2) To relieve problem of lacking of health personnel and facilities in Ayudhaya, EGAT should provide a medical center with sufficient health personnel and equipments at the power plant to service staff workers and their families who live in the power plant areas. The medical center should be able to provide at least first aid and some clinical services. However, arrangement should be made with nearby hospitals for treatment of personnel whose illness is beyond the service capacity of the medical center. 3) Although the power plant is designed to control gaseous emission to some level and the height of stack is high enough to reduce air pollutant concentrations at the ground level, it should be realized that a higher stack cannot truely solve the problem of pollutant emission. Therefore, in the operation phase, EGAT should set up a monitoring program to monitor at least S02, NOx and TSP. The monitoring should not be confined only in the plant area; but communities surrounding the 5-9 Power Plant should be monitored as well. People especially those who live in the neighborhood of the Power Plant should be informed about the program and the result of the monitoring should be reported to concerned agencies. 4) EGAT should provide proper traffic signs along the access roads to the Power Plant. 5.11 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 5.11.1 Construction Phase 1) Provision of personal protective equipments, e.g., masks, ear plugs/earmuffs, safety hats, gloves and safety shoes. 2) Provision of sufficient public utilities for the workers in accordance to good sanitation concept. 5.11.2 Operation Phase Eventhough it is believed that occupational health and safety impact will not be significant, additional mitigation measures should be planned and implemented to promote better working condition and workers' health. 1) Fire Prevention and Control Eventhough the installation of fire detection and protection system is in accordance with the application code, the Notification of Ministry of Interior related to Fire Prevention and Control in Workplace should also be considered, including these important aspects:- - Fire drill and evacuation of 40 percent of employees in each area of the Power Plant. - Fire alarm should be installed in every storey for more than two-storeyed building - Fire exit and fire alarm should be in size and specified in compliance with the law. - Fire fighting equipment should be provided and installed sufficiently, especially in risky areas such as fuel oil tanks, etc. - The work procedures should be provided to all employees and also to contractors in order to follow strictly, especially, in the areas of fuel oil storage. - Permit to work for welding or hot work should be applied under supervision of qualified personnel. 5-10 2) Noise The noise as specified and proposed by the contractors should not exceed 85 dBA at a distance of 1 m. Compared with the standard of Notification of Ministry of Interior related to Noise in Workplace, it is lower than standard (90 dBA). However, in the long run, the machinery such as combustion turbine generator might be worn out and give off higher sound pressure level. Therefore these following measures should be conducted:- - Maintenance of machinery should be done regularly. - Insulation of turbine casing should be replaced periodically to reduce sound pressure level and vibration. - Control room should be provided in case of continuous exposure to noise and ear protective equipment should be provided to the employees. - Monitoring of sound pressure level should be conducted regularly and in case of installation of new machinery. - Hearing loss should be tested for the new employees assigned to work in the noisy areas and also for the employees who expose to noise. - The combustion turbine and all machinery should be installed and fixed properly in order not to aive off hiaher sound oressure level. 5.12 AESTHETIC EFFECTS Visual impact may be minimized by establishing a buffer zone around the perimeter of the site. Vegetation in the buffer zone will be used to block any visual observation of landfill activities. Visual impact can also be lessened by conducting landfill operations at lower elevations than the surroundings. To reduce the impact of windblown litter, movable screen should be placed as close to the working area of the landfill as possible. The screen must be of mesh fine enough to trap the litter and at the same time allowing air movement through. During the operation phase, the plant activities may result in air pollution, noise nuisance and dust. This will cause health problems and annoyance effects to the nearby communities, and will also cause the visual impact of passing visitors. Green belts should be designed to prevent fugitive pollutants, improve the scenery, serve as recreation area and provide visual distance. Strips of green belt should be built surrounding the entire plant area and also laid on both sides of the main artery road to function as a buffer zone to the activities inside the area. Selected species of plants for green belts should be those which will adopt to climate and existing soil. General guidelines for consideration are as follows: 1) It should have deep, strong root system which will not spread over a wide surface in the area; 5-11 2) The trunks of tree should be strong flexible to wind, and not easily broken down; 3) It should grow fast in the beginning by care and maintenance; 4) It should have sufficient height but not too tall; 5) It should live long; 6) It should have dense canopy or crown; 7) It should have branches not subject to breakage and early natural pruning. The sample of primarily selected species are: Kratin yak Leucaena leucocephala Kratin Narong Acacia auriculaformis Son Thale Casuarina equisetifolia Eucalyptus spp. Son Pradiphat Casuarina Junguhaniana The degree of effectiveness of the green belts is not only the species of plants but also the arrangement of species components. In general, planting trees for green belts involves two or more species of trees which strengthen the effect of wind protection, prevent monoculture and shedding of leaves for certain species in dry season. An expert horticulturist should be engaged to advise in landscaping and planting of trees and shrubs. 5.13 CONCLUSION Table 5-1 summarizes the mitigation measures for the Wang Noi Combined Cycle Power Plant for both construction and operation periods. 5-12 TABLE 5-I SUMMARY OF MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WANG NOI COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT PROJECT BLOCK 1- 6 No of Years Year Responsible Activity to be Performed 1994 1995 1996 1997 Agency (Years) 3 6 S 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 Construction Period 1. Water spraying and plant covering to reduce dust in the construction area 3-1/2 _ _ _ _ _ _ m u_ E_ _ EE_ EGAT 2. Construction of temporary holding ponds to prevent eroded soil into water courses 1/6 EGAT 3. Provision of worker camp with good sanitation 1/6 EGAT 4. Construction of storage reservoir for plant use 1/2 EGAT 5. Construction of air pollution control system 3-1/4 U _ U _ _ _ _ _ _ EGAT 6. Construction of wastewater treatment plant 2 _ i m _ _ _ _ _ EGAT 7. Construction of a first aid unit and provision of related equipment 1/2 EGAT 8. Monitoring of environmnental quality 3-1/4 rnUU UU EGAT Operation Period 1. Monitoring of influent and effluent every 3 month _ _ _ _ __ _EG,AT 2. Monitoring of stack emission twice a yr _m_ m__ m_ ECAT 3. Monitoring of raw water and surface water quality in Oct. and Apr. _E E ECGAT 4. Monitoring of ambient air quality twice a yr _ - _ - _ _ EG AT 5. Monitoring of socio-economic status every 2 yr. _ _ _ U _ = ECGAT 6. Monitoring of public health status annually _ _ _ _ _ EGAT 7. Monitoring of working conditions annually _ U E U E UE E EGAT 8. Monitoring of groundwater quality twice a yr. _ _U_UE_ EGAT 9. Monitoring of aquatic ecology once in dry season _ _ _ __* BOEGAT CHAPTER 6 MONITORING PROGRAM CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS 6.1 AIR QUALITY Durina Construction Parameter TSP Locations Wat Lam Phraya (Figure 6-1). Frequency . Every 4 month, each measurement must be made 3 days continuously. Methodology Follow methods recommended by MOSTE or equivalent. During Operation This monitoring program is proposed in order to ensure effectiveness of the mitigation measires. Monitorinr data may imnlv maIfunctionrig or poor operation of eniuinmnt orthr control systems. Therefore, monitoring can provoke alertness of the operators to correct the malfunctioning or strengthen the control measures in time before the situation becomes serious. (1) Ambient Air Quality Parameters - Nitrogen dioxide - Sulphur dioxide - Wind speed and wind direction Locations - 5 stations as shown in Figure 6-2 1. Wat Rat Bamroong School 2. Suwaphan Sanitwong Phittaya School 3. Wat Chula Chindaram School 4. Hiranpong Anusorn School 5. Wat Sawang Arom School Frequency Twice annually, i.e., in the northeast and southwest monsoon seasons. Each measurement must be conducted for 7 days continuously. Methodology Follow method recommended by MOSTE or equivalent. 6-1 Z 4 Ft~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *~~~~~4 4. 1I* 44 44 ;4~~~~~~~~ \ ~~~~~~~~~ 4 1 4*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 L, 4 444 4 4444A -.4. ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~4444 41 ~~~~~~~~~~~~14.4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 444 1 444444.4 - 4 4 4 ~ P I 44444 ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ 4 4 ~~444 4 4 4 1 44 4 4 44 r.4 4 4 4I4 It~~~~~~~~~~~*444 .4 4 4 4 4'-~44,444 4 44.;.* .- ~ 4444 4\ 4 44444I44444 or c~~~~w ~~'~~o ***~~~~~4~4 ~ ~I4 4 .444 4 4 4444 ~. 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('04 '~~~~~~4-4444444 4 4 4 . ~.0C.4 4444 4 .'4 4 4 4 4 4 4. 4 4 4*4 4 4 4.44w4 44 44 I__ _ 4 4 \ 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 44444" 4 44r\44..44 4 *1 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 44 ~~~~ 4444.44 4 4 4 4 44'* 4 4 4 44 :. 4 ~444 4 -1 4 44 4 .4 4 4 4 - 1 ~ ~44 ~ 4 4I 4 44, I. 44 4I 4 4 4 -~~~4 4. 44 ~~~ . - 444 44444444 ~~~~~444 It4 4 ~~ 4 4 4 6-' 4 4 ~~~~~~~~ 44 44 4 44 4 ______4 _. 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C .1 .,.I -4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 o 4~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~* - 4. 4.* 4 4 4 4 444 ~ C44 4 E- 4 4 4 4 ... 4 4 4*~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 44 4'~~~~~~~ 4 44 44 44 4 4 4 4 4 4~ 44 K 14 4 Ar~~ 4 4 4. 4 24 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 \t4 24 ~4 4 4.. 4 4b 4 4 4c 4 4 4 a 4. 4 4 4 444 4 4 (EZ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ - . 4.444~* 4444 4 .4 4 ,44 Ca 4 44 ' itt' 4 .4. Cd.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 4 i 44 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Efl4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~444A 444 4 44444~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~ 44 CC 4 44 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 ~ 4 '*4 .' . 4 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 \ ~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~4~4 4 4O~ 444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ 4 ~~~t ~ 4 4 4 4o 44 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (2) Stack Gas Parameters - Sulphur dioxide (for distillate oil No. 2) - 'diLuI;Mrogan oxides ffio ING or Ul LIsti'la o1 INo. 'dU Locations - CT stacks or/and - HRSG stacks Frequency Twice annually concurrently with ambient air monitoring. Methodology Stack gas sampling method Details : The results must also include details on quantity of fuel used and percentage of sulphur in the fuel, as well as capacity of production during monitoring. 6.2 NOISE Parameter leq (24) Location . One location at Wat Lam Phraya (Figure 6-1). Frequency/Period Twice a year, each measurement for 24 h. 6.3 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Noise Parameter Noise Level Location Generator and instrument air unit Frequency once a year - Heat Parameter WBGT Location Combustion turbine generator area Frequency once a year - Physical Examination Parameter Hearing loss test Location For employees who are exposed to loud noise, i.e, those working in the generator and instrument air unit area. Frequency once a year 6-4 - Record of Sickness/Accident Every case of sickness/accident of all levels of severity must be recorded throughout the course of operation. If possible, accident investigation should be applied for all cases, including "near-miss" events. 6.4 SURFACE WATER QUALITY AND WASTEWATER During Construction Parameters Water Quality Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, Suspended Solids, Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, Grease and Oil, and Color Location 7 Stations as shown in Figure 6-3 1. raw water intake site at Phra Sri Silp Regulator, A. Nong Khae, Saraburi 2. overflow from temporary holding pond 3. Khlong Wang Chula 4. West Raphiphat in front of the Plant 5. 500 m downstream of station 4 6. 500 m upstream of station 4 7. effluent discharge point in Khlong 26 During Operation Parameters Water Quality Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, Suspended Solids, Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, Hydrogen Sulphide, Grease and Oil, and heavy metals. Location 6 stations as shown in Figure 6-4 1. raw water intake site at Phra Sri Silp Regulator, A. Nong Khae, Saraburi 2. effluent discharge point in Khlong 26 3. 500 m downstream of station 2~ 4. 500 m upstream of station 2 5. influent to holding pond 6. effluent of holding pond 6-5 ,-',- -''S W/,. 2- h,&. . X* )F '/' *. |* @.,,x7a4 ¶P ;* ,vw- a-l o .N.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D - .-., ';'. WTI. a, i i <.-1 ; . ... I . i i . .. ,. . . . ..: 0 Aquatic e inlu . . . . . . . . . ..a Sri Sup ,. Khae,Sara r w ~~~~~~~~~~~~2 vrfo ro teprr holin pond . . . . . . . . . .3 K.n Wa Chu 4~~~~~~~~~~~ . . . .1 . .*; . . ..lt 7j; -17.s- ;-- ~~~~~~~~~~~_ 4. WesC-'t) Raph-ipht.|'' [.in'p frOnty oufathe Pwaer Plan t ........... : ;:-. .5 m downstr o statieo 4 |-*~~~~~~~~~~~.||( * |,^.i'- ^.-.|; .5 500 m upwstream of station 4 ' 1 ^ | ss | bv-x' .W $ 1.-] jS X7. Effluent discharge point in Khlong 26 FIGURE 6-3 SURFACE WATER QUALITY,AQUATIC ECOLOGY AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS MONITORING STATIONS. DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD _ . 4~ ~ ~ ~~~~- 1* a,i-. H - it -k . - - :* K ' :/ ''. I''u ..a. -. 1.-1 1. Raw water 'intake:-:-:----. . i. . n R . at n( gX<. ___ ].4i. . . .5 . m a f s t n 2 . f.:E,. v 42; - : ::R. .7;an ! o Only surface. wa.t.e. .u . .. |;-_l*|3*tr X^^£ ^~SSe;^j K&K' , - 4. 50 m. upswtream ofak stateion 2lnahihta , ^>;^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . ... ... . . . . ,... '., .-= 350mdontemfsain2 . : :: I . _;, ...,,.. _ '. .i. ....... 400 m psramo saio _ 2.,.._.L.-t. ls'. .,...,.,., Tm 5. Influent to holding pond ;...i,i. 6. Effluent discharged into Khlong 26 FIGU'RE 6-4 SURFACE WATER QUALITY,AQUATIC ECOLOGY AND S ~~~~~~WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS MONITORING STATIONS DURING OPERATION PERIOD 6-7 Frequency Twice a year in October (rainy season) and in April (dry season). Methodology Follow NEB guideline for surface water quality survey and tLdaiUdaU IVIl IUUb IUI 111LI LAQIIIIatI: UL I U IvVL M ai lu Wastewater Heavy metals In dry season Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Ni and Cd. Pesticides In rainy season 6.5 GROUNDWATER QUALITY During Construction and Operation Parameters pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids, Alkalinity, Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Manganese, Chloride, Sulphate, and Nitrate. Location 2 wells in the Power Plant site. Frequency Twice a year in October (rainy season) and in April (dry season) Methodology Follow Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 6.6 AQUATIC ECOLOGY Durina Construction Parameters Plankton and benthic organisms. Location 5 stations as shown in Figure 6-3 for surface water quality study. Frequency Same period as surface water quality study. Methodology Standard methods During Operation Parameters Plankton and benthic organisms. Location 4 stations as shown in Figure 6-4 for surface water quality study. Frequency Same period as surface water quality study. Methodology Standard methods 6.7 SOCIO-ECONOMICS In order to monitor social and economic conditions of villagers, the following monitoring programs must be taken into action. Since socio-economic conditions of nearby villages seems to be significantly affected by project establishment, the following monitoring programs must be taken into action to investigate changes in social and economic conditions. 6-8 1. EGAT should assign personnel to participate as a committee member in local organization. This is to learn about problems, needs, and attitudes of villagers and, at the same time, to acknowledge villagers with informations about project activities to prevent possible conflicts. 2. The Public Relations Division of the Wang Noi Power Plant should provide a suggestion box or personnel for villagers to give their opinions about the Plant. This is to directly contact with the public. 3. EGAT should make a survey on changes in occupation, income and other socio- economic parameters of villagers by interviews every 2 year. 6.8 SOIL SUBSIDENCE Parameter ground level Location 2 sites in the power plant site Frequency Once a year 6.9 FUEL Continuous gas detectors with on-line alarming system should be installed to monitor ieakage of naturai gas pipeiine. 6-9 APPENDIX A REFERENCES 19-I£: Z: £ SlWPUARRU1RMUtCURN RLwfMl TUU m RupaI tL"Ut8SvlLltKKUStU-gz~ *f4lSBnttUl>^4UtU6U'SS ,pLUm MUWAMl WWlWlBN ULW'Q p ~~~~~pr- l I-b76: I: Z p p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LpLil~B1Ll1UbZSZ13 ~ Lu4n 1 SZ-b 11fiSAlRU.tRU~L4LLUW 4ULI8S I'm7 I14lUBLK1 dm *Zbl-Z£1: rI £ LfI4LLL1RllUnfUt,LUfilt LLUW t IUt WmnultLpLwStL tjtSZ *twfULAW ,USBUSULLUL Ap ZIZ-LOZ 17 WgULwLfWSAUl4UtLL4r MULlttMU4M nt ALVBttlIU4lietU lUltlflWtU LhMtIS *O t4ttl- * WQ1UMLLt 1 taUPUKU ltH LLfUUltUtAWtULU.110tStPSLU *Z9SZ 'LfbLgttk t4Ilh)11 It SS4t1 WMLl 'tIt LgLIMYUS LLLtSULS 'RULBKUIfU 'LttH ~51AMMILUMMO flnttlIufI L igutu'l1tuIr uLnouIThuLLtu1uJULtI nt?uLlU b£SZ *tLE IntJusp u '*4L%tAZllZ tlgtlltStLUKSt1SYUUttwnLtunLuU; 'UzUtL MU *p 'tUUURLOUnlt,KlLUtoLUtUfnWKtitUtUSI *IS-[M S-U- SU L4ll VltoUUYMK *Z£SZ *MtM LUnu 11 *L£STZ UnfU9Lt4K *floBSKtLLU4MUt^LLtL¶lt'iUOStUtAUWllOLLL IJtSUL'ItUISU LIt4LtlltgRtti 'nanUttSt aQAKyttMubbu LsflbOnososbububv£"lotsbMstUl nLUM6R9nMI tLunflUR *'fl L£S,Z 'nfu LnW OZ L.£fZ gUnKLu 'ngL ItL 4MUrtttl,LlO,LULHUIsill BtLLUMMU1SU1 '(RULtUUtl 00£X 9) 9-1 UU4 R A tItLt,SllIILtS1Lt1U'IM§tLII *U L£SZ 'nfu -tnu Ob, *nRUwt4ilSptHllW9UNRLlJ"L,FSU 'ltQSKIUtMUL,M SUU %,U LtAUUl £tLUt ItULMLILU& I Lui1it n tU !UL LtLJlLU'i4Os u titLut?wl uw 9S flj4u Lnu LZ *RULwutlapIll I4IhIRLPfet,U,LU UQKLI L8tU tLFStttLfl,UOSt§ULRUWSMllMAL ISLUI'IIJ 'KLMUlltURt,W *nLfl& £1 RntWUl1RtKllWUnRLPLU LALUMM10ll1tKLLLMALP 'H99WH4L11 I btawtintu 'so 809£-SO-bO£T£ 1u41lttht1'LI S£SZ L BA taRSDKtSnaSAKLML. SttoLLuR G-nut4b whLUL4LULunnLt u 9£SZ *ftuL Lt I4 bl *RL4UlyLSMlt4IMbAPLI4i4tILUp 'LLWLa ILLMllatLLLIRIi '110 LlItiigWLAL4LMLlfluBUt '109£- SO-bO££ ICumIulnURtL b£SZ 0 tsRCsKttnes^LtLI.uuLJluAluFsisLuu tL1U4ILUMLUt4gt4lllR III14tLunLtnLI S£SZ -nIu IettsILLLBIs REFERENCES NEB. 1989. Laws and Standards on Pollution Control in Thailand, 2nd ed. Environmental Quality Standards Division, Office of the National Environmental Board, Thailand. 113 pp. Mckee, J.E. and H.W. Wolf. 1974. Water Quality Criteria. The Resources Agency of California, State Water Resources Control Board, Publication No.3-A, California. APHA. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Committee on Water Quality Criteria. 1972. Environmental Studies Board for the Environmental Protection Agency. Mackenthum, KM. 1969. The Practice of Water Pollution Biology. Technical Report, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of Interior. RID. 1978. Water Quality for Irrigation - Irrigation Manuals No. 15 and 17. .t-er Allocation and Mainenace Divisionn .ov.a Irria.tion I- n rtm.nt. TEAM and PAL. 1990. Final Report for Environmental Impact Assessment of Nam Phong Thermal Power Plant Project. Prepared by TEAM Consulting Engineers Co., Ltd. and PAL Consultants Co., Ltd. for EGAT. SEATEC. 1991. Final Report for Environmental Impact Assessment of Hi-Tech Industrial Estate, Bang Pa-In, Ayutthaya. Prepared by SEATEC for Thai Industrial Estate Corp., Ltd. Chuk,jorn,T., N. Siriphan, R.Sriprasert and S.Sucharit-vongsanon. 1980. Some fisheries Aspects of the Lower Chao Phya River. National Inland Fisheries Institute. Report No 10/1980. 15 p. Kittivorachate, R. et.al. 1992. Some Ecology Observations of the Chao Phraya River. National Inland Fisheries Institute. Technical paper No.138. 1989. The survey on fish populations and species composition in market from Chai nart province to Ayudhya province. August. 1989 NIFI. (leaflet). Patrick,R. 1973. Use of Algae, Especially Diatom,in the Assessment of Water Quality. Biological Methods for the Assessment of Water Quality. ASTM. Department of Mineral Resources, 1989, Results of Groundwater Survey. U.S. EPA., 1980, Design Manual: Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems. Department of Highway, 1988-1992, Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes. Lekagual, B., P.D. Round, M. Wongkalasin, and K. Komolphalin. 1991. A guide to the birds of. Thailand. Saha Karn Bhaet Co., Ltd., Bangkok. 457 p. APPENDIX B ._ WW d- A T_ * _ T A * _W MN V T SUJ1Li AINI- LA1NI QUAIll Y 1 Analytical Data of Ayuthaya Series Soil samples were collected from paddy field in Amphoe, Bang Sai, Ayuttaya Province SOIL TEXTURE OF AYUTTHAYA SERIES Soil depth (m) USDA GRADING (%) USDA Textural Classification Sand Silt Clay 0-20 3.0 30.0 67.0 Clay 20-50 4.5 26.0 69.5 Clay 50-90 4.0 33.5 68.5 Clay 90- 145 17.5 17.0 65.5 Clay 145-200 4.0 31.0 65.0 Clay 200-250 1.5 31.0 67.5 Clay 250-300 1.5 35.0 63.5 Clay 300-350 1.5 33.5 65.0 Clay MINERALS COMPOSIT WN OF AYUTrlHAYA SERIES (ANALYSED BY X-RAY FLUORESENCE) Soil Depth,m 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 HO % 16.8 26.5 35.1 44.2 54.5 pH 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 Ign.Loss @ 450 C % 7.6 6.4 5.6 6.1 5.8 avail.P,ppm 2.0 act.Fe% 1.4 1.9 2.4 3.3 2.1 ext.Al,me/lOOg 2.8 6.8 7.6 8.1 9.7 ext.H,me/lOOg 15.8 13.5 12.7 15.0 15.8 ext.Ca,me/lOOg 13.8 8.7 8.6 7.1 7.8 ext.Mg,me/lOOg 45 3.0 3.0 2.6 33 ext.Na,me/lOOg 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 ext.K,me/100g 054 033 036 0.36 0.42 CEC by summation 38.2 32.9 33.0 33.2 36.1 % Base Satn. 51.5 383 38.4 31.8 33.8 % Al Satm. 12.4 35.0 37.7 433 44.2 tot.S-ext.(Ca+Mg),me/lOOg -10.5 -3.9 -4.8 -0.3 -3.8 tot.Si% 28.7 29.2 28.5 27.9 29.4 tot.AI% 11.5 113 11.1 10.4 10.9 ioi.Fe70 ~~~~ ~ ~~~~4.iU 5.3i .55 6.99 5).iO tot.Ti% 0.64 0.70 0.72 0.70 0.72 tot.S% 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.15 0.12 ext.S% 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.08 ext.S-ext.Ca,me/lOOg -7.0 1.6 -2.2 1.0 -2.7 tot.Ca% 0.39 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.20 tot.Mg% 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.41 0.42 tot.Na% 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.17 tot.K% 138 1.54 1.62 1.53 1.51 tot.Mn,ppm 280 130 95 90 85 tot.P,ppm 220 175 160 170 170 tot.Cl,ppm 10 <10 <10 <10 <10 res.Fe% 2.05 1.95 1.91 2.13 2.21 res.S% 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 Remark Ign. = Ignition avail. = available act. = active ext. = extractable tot. = total res. = residual 2. Analvtical Data of Chachoengsao Series Soil Samples were collected from paddy field in Amphoe Bang Sai, Ayuthaya province SOIL TEXTURE OF CHACHOENGSAO SERIES Soil depth USDA GRADING (%) USDA Textural Classification (In) Sand Silt Clay 0-20 0.1 35.5 63.9 Clay 20-40 1.3 28.2 70.5 Clay 40-70 2.7 39.9 57.4 Clay 70-120 6.5 45.4 48.1 Silty Clay 120-160 6.6 465 46.9 Silty Clay 160-260 6.2 57.6 36.2 Silty Clay lk T'kTW-"T A V A 0t jlk K"r 5YIC%VIYf1,.T £ 4V w ~wV A #O¶VTf 'IkTr (1 A f0 £'VY- TIO ' 1VLL1p4 rnsi.-~l, l.~wir'..jLJ i IJiL'4 %..J, iL.Ii..JEdi 17 ..14%f~ tiA J."L (ANALYSED BY X-RAY FLUORESENCE) Soil Depth,m 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 HIO % 55.6 40.2 40.8 48.1 61.0 pH 0 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.8 Ign.Loss @ 450 C % 5.3 3.6 33 4.1 4.4 avail.P,ppm 9.0 act.Fe% 0.8 0.9 1.1 2.2 1.2 ext.Al,me/lOOg <0.5 1.2 2.1 1.5 1.0 ext.H,me/lOOg > 10.0 83 8.5 8.8 8.7 ext.Ca,me/lOOg 10.7 7.2 4.8 4.8 53 ext.Mg,me/100g 7.7 9.6 11.6 143 17.7 ext.Na,me/lOOg 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.2 ext.K,me/l1OOg 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.94 1.06 CEC by summation 30.8 28.6 29.5 32.1 36.0 % Base Satn. 66.0 66.7 64.1 68.0 73.2 % Al Satn. <2.4 5.8 9.9 63 3.6 tot.S-ext.(Ca+Mg),rne/lOOg -15.2 -14.2 -13.6 -16.0 -20.8 tot.Si% 31.8 31.5 30.6 293 29.6 tot.AI% 9.8 10.4 10.6 103 10.3 tot.Fe%/o 3.05 3.15 3.96 5.69 4.79 tot.Ti% 0.64 0.65 0.64 0.61 0.62 tot.S% 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 ext.S% 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 ext.S-ext.Ca,me/lOOg -8.2 -4.7 -1.9 -1.7 -3.1 tot.Ca% 0.31 0.21 0.16 0.16 0.16 tot.Mg% 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.74 tot.Na% 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.28 tot.K% 1.33 1.40 1.47 1.49 1.50 tot.Mn,ppm 205 165 140 145 170 tot.P,ppm 235 160 135 140 135 tot.Cl,ppm 85 120 140 180 190 res.Fe% 1.81 1.86 2.13 2.56 2.62 res.S% 0.01 _ - _ Remark Ign. = Ignition avail. = available act. = active ext. = extractable tot. = total res. = residual 3. Analytical Data of Mahaphot Series Soil Sample were collected from paddy field in Amphoe Bang Sai, Ayutthaya Province and analyzed as shown in Tables 3.7-5 and 3.7-6. SOIL TEXTURE OF MAHAPHOT SERIES Soil depth (m) USDA GRADING (%) USDA Textural Classification Sand Silt Clay 0-20 3.0 39.0 58.0 Clay 20-40 4.0 35.0 61.0 Clay 40-80 8.0 39.0 53.0 Clay 80-140 5.0 33.0 62.0 Clay 140-190 2.0 29.0 69.0 Clay 190-220 1.0 32.0 67.0 Clay MINERTAL COMPOST INONX OF M AADAPVOT CR W (ANALYSED BY X-RAY FLUORESENCE) Soil Depth,m 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 H0 % 36.2 31.9 30.8 35.2 43.3 pH O 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 Ign.Loss @ 450 C % 7.7 6.1 5.3 5.0 5.1 avail.P,ppm 10.0 act.Fe% 0.7 0.7 1.3 2.4 1.7 ext.Al,me/100g 2.9 8.9 10.0 12.2 13.6 ext.H,me/lOOg 13.2 11.7 11.6 10.8 9.4 ext.Ca,me/lOOg 5.0 2.2 1.5 1.8 1.9 ext.Mg,me/lOOg 2.5 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.4 ext.Na,me/lOOg 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 ext.K,me/100g 0.31 0.25 0.27 033 037 CEC by summation 24.8 26.4 27.6 30.3 31.0 % Base Satn. 35.0 22.2 21.7 24.1 25.8 % Al Satn. 25.1 603 625 62.7 63.0 tot.S-ext.(Ca+Mg),me/lOOg -3.0 -0.9 -1.2 -0.5 6.2 tot.Si% 31.9 31.2 30.7 29.6 29.4 AW ,/ 1;.0 l O. fl lAO 100 1 1.4 tot.Fe% 2.50 2.79 3.85 5.38 4.34 tot.Ti% 0.63 0.63 0.65 0.69 0.71 tot.S% 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.20 ext.S% 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.20 ext.S-ext.Ca,me/lOOg -2.7 0.8 1.9 3.4 10.5 tot.Ca% 0.18 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 tot.Mg% 0.41 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.47 tot.Na% 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.18 tot.K% 1.18 1.33 1.34 1.38 1.48 tot.Mn,ppm 150 110 85 80 85 tot.P,ppm 310 235 225 210 155 tot.Cl,ppm 65 10 <10 <10 10 res.Fe% 1.41 1.57 1.64 1.90 2.09 res.S% 0.03 0.01 0.01 - - Remark Ign. = Ignition avail. = available act. = active ext. = extractable tot. = total res. = residual Satn. = saturation Analytical Data of Ongkarak Series Soil Sample were collected from paddy field in Amphoe Bang Sai, Ayuttaya Province SOIL TEXTURE OF ONGKARAK SERIES Soil depth (m) USDA GRADING (%) USDA Textural Classification Sand Silt Clay 0-20 1.2 43.3 55.5 Silty Clay 20-40 4.3 33.0 62.7 Clay 40-80 3.1 29.4 67.5 Clay 80-120 2.5 27.3 70.2 Clay 120- 160 1.5 23.8 74.6 Clay 160-200 1.4 28.4 70.2 Clay 200-300 1.1 26.5 72.4 Clay MINERALS COMPOSITION OF ONGKARAK StRIES (ANALYSED BY X-RAY FLUORESENCE) Soil Depth,m 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 H2O % 33.7 45.1 55.7 64.0 71.6 pH O 4.2 3.8 3.6 33 3.4 Ign.Loss @ 450 C % 93 8.8 6.9 6.2 5.6 avail.P,ppm 7.0 - - - - act.Fe% 0.8 0.5 1.8 3.4 1.9 ext.Al,me/l00g 3.1 11.5 13.5 11.7 10.7 ext.H,me/lOOg 15.0 95 8.2 11.9 113 ext.Ca,me/100g 10.2 55 4.7 4.7 4.9 ext.Mg,me/lOOg 5.9 4.1 43 4.7 53 ext.Na,me/lOOg 3.3 2.4 2.0 23 2.4 ext.K,me/lOOg 133 0.88 0.66 0.60 0.66 CEC by summation 38.8 33.9 33.4 35.9 353 % Base Satn. 53.5 38.1 35.0 34.2 37.6 % Al Satn. 13.1 47.1 55.2 48.9 44.6 tot.S-ext.(Ca +Mg),me/lOOg -4 .5 0 -23 4.1 -0.9 tot.Si% 28.8 28.9 29.1 26.8 27.7 tot.AI% 10.9 11.4 10.7 8.9 10.0 tot.Fe% 3.33 2.90 4.83 10.21 7.05 tot.Ti% 0.61 0.63 0.67 0.63 0.66 tot.S% 0.19 0.15 0.11 0.22 0.15 ext.S% 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.20 0.13 ext.S-ext.Ca,me/lOOg -2.4 1.0 0.7 7.7 1.8 tot.Ca% 0.32 0.17 0.13 0.12 0.14 tot.Mg% 0.51 0.48 0.52 0.46 0.53 tot.Na% 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.18 tot.K% 1.24 1.26 1.44 1.47 1.52 tot.Mn,ppm 230 140 105 105 105 tot.P,ppm 350 270 165 160 125 tot.Cl,ppm 90 75 75 100 70 res.Fe% 1.92 2.03 2.11 2.13 2.20 res.S% 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 Remark Ign. = Ignition avail. = available act. = active ext. = extractable tot. = total res. = residual Satn. = saturation Analytical Data of Rangsit Series Soil Sample were collected from paddy field in Amphoe Bang Sai, Ayuttaya Province SOIL, TEXTIJRF. OF RANGISIT SF.RIF.S Soil depth (m) USDA GRADING (%) USDA Textural Classification Sand Silt Clay 0-20 1.5 26.2 723 Clay 20-50 0.6 27.4 72.0 Clay 50-80 1.2 28.5 70.3 Clay 80-110 3.2 27.6 69.2 Clay 110- 160 3.1 24.8 72.1 Clay 160-200 1.3 28.0 76.7 Clay 200-350 2.2 30.4 67.4 Clay MINERALS COMPOSITION OF RANGSIT SERIES tANt ' BY" fLt X RlA I rAJ OREONCE' Soil Depth,m 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 H,O % 39.9 36.6 38.9 47.8 57.1 pH 0 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.3 Ign.Loss @ 450 C % 10.2 7.0 6.9 6.0 5.5 avail.P,ppm 19.0 act.Fe% 0.4 0.8 4.1 3.7 3.3 ext:Al,me/IOOg 4.5 9.4 10.9 9.8 10.6 extH,me/IOOg 1 15 5.4 5.7 7.3 5.5 extCa,me/lOOg 6.1 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7 extMg,me/lOOg 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8 extNa,me/lOOg 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 extK,me/lOOg 0.90 0.50 0.47 0.54 0.53 CEC by summation 27A 22.7 24.1 24.8 23.7 % Base Satn. 41A 34.6 31.2 31.0 32.5 % Al Satn. 28.4 54.5 59.1 56.0 57.8 toLS-ext.(Ca+Mg),me/lOOg 49.0 17.2 51.2 29A 29.2 tot.Si% 283 295 25.1 27.0 27.4 totAI% 11.0 10.6 7.8 8.8 9.2 totFe% 2.17 2.92 12.55 8.93 7.93 totTi% 0.50 0.62 0.61 0.66 0.65 tot.S% 0.94 0.38 0.92 0.57 0.57 extS% 0.45 0.27 0.89 0.55 0.55 ext.S -ext.Ca,me/lOOg 21.7 123 51.5 30.7 30.7 tot.Ca% 0.23 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.12 tot.Mg% 0.33 0.40 0.33 0.38 0.38 tot.Na% 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.17 tot.K%. 1.08 1.19 1.59 1.57 1.61 tot.Mn,ppm 195 115 70 75 75 tot.P,ppm 480 230 140 135 110 tot.Cl,ppm 162 85 35 40 70 res.Fe% 1.53 1.68 1.71 1.96 1.95 res.S% 0.49 0.11 0.03 0.02 0.02 Remark Ign. = Ignition avail. = available act. = active ext. = extractable tot. = total res. = residual Satn. = saturation Analythical Data of Sena Series Soil samples were collected from paddy field in Amphoe Bang Sai, Autthaya Province and analyzed as shown in tables 3.7-11 and 3.7-12 Vt1H 'rr=YTTT 0 _U V.IA R1ETSD Soil depth (m) USDA GRADING (%) Sand Silt Clay USDA Textural Classification 0-20 11.9 39.7 48.4 Clay 20-40 11.3 38.7 50.0 Clay 40-80 5.9 33.0 61.1 Clay 80-110 1.8 29.0 69.2 Clay 110-150 4.4 32.4 63.2 Clay 150-200 0.2 34.1 65.7 Clay 200-240 1.6 38.5 59.9 Clay 240-330 1.8 40.0 58.2 Clay APPENDIX C rIO KA1 ATdk A 1 1uNT TABLE C-1 Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes of the Important Routes of Wang Noi Power Plant Proiect In 1988 Route Control Station ___Aerage Daily Trafeti.bfypeW No. Section Terminal Km. Car & Light Heavy tLght Medium eavy ota Heavy- Bi & Tn Motor Area.- Taxi B Bus Truck Truck Truck Vehidce Cycles Cycles Code 1 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 19+100 25476 58.3 2894 5740 1572 1517 37782 15.8 330 8368 411 1 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 24+685 13468 2355 3111 3124 2179 2480 26717 29.08 628 6589 411 1 0201 Rangsit - Bang Pa-In 35+000 16523 5573 6971 7139 6738 10875 53819 45.67 178 3886 416 1 0202 Bang Pa-In - Jet Wang Noi 48+100 1322 3004 4199 4564 3076 12077 40141 48.2 263 2453 413 1 0301 Bang Pa-In - Jet Wang Noi 60+800 6100 1030 1482 1294 1174 9718 20798 59.5 117 652 413 1 0302 Jet Wang Noi - Km. 80 + 000 67+900 6250 2967 3015 3037 3787 11616 30672 60.04 793 1787 432 1 0400 Km. 80 + 000 (Ayutthaya) - Saraburi 102+000 13119 853 1683 2619 3627 8648 30549 45.69 189 3129 432 32 0401 Jet R. No. 1 - Jet. Ayutthaya 55+850 5657 709 1466 2051 938 2693 13514 37.7 7 782 413 32 0500 Jct R. No. 309 - Jct. Ang Thong 96+800 3266 226 997 1740 1008 2286 9523 45.05 81 615 413 308 0100 Jct R. No. 32 - Bang Pa-In 1+609 1040 691 302 649 342 1049 4073 41.56 157 891 413 309 0100 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 10+337 397 241 194 343 134 88 1397 29.77 3 445 413 309 0100 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 18+000 2309 723 721 1177 448 597 5975 29.55 170 2383 413 3309 0200 Bang Sai - Sinlapachip Phiset 7+000 227 155 113 162 104 493 1254 56.61 125 196 413 3309 0300 Jct No. 308 - Tba Nam Bang Sai 3+000 305 110 152 281 116 524 1488 53.22 61 210 413 Source Department of Highway TABLE C-2 Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes of the Important Routes of Wang Noi Power Plant Project In 1989 Route Control Station = = rage Daily Tra _ by= Typ No. Section Terminal Kmi. Car & Light Heavy. ight Mediu Heavy - Total Heavy- Bi & Ti Motor Area _-. Txi Bus Bus Trk Tntck Truck Vehidle Cycles Cycles Code I 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 19+100 24521 790 2992 8117 2356 2438 41214 18.89 384 8226 411 1 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 24+685 12987 1521 3063 3472 2277 3604 26924 33.22 760 5275 411 1 0201 Rangsit - Bang Pa-In 35+000 17382 5936 5924 6203 7751 3104 46300 36.24 442 5158 416 1 0202 Bang Pa-In - Ict Wang Noi 48+100 16110 4427 5128 6345 4228 16743 52981 49.26 172 3303 413 1 0202 Bang Pa-In - Jct Wang Noi 60+800 6448 1771 2029 2723 2258 12950 28179 61.17 434 1203 413 1 0301 Jct Wang Noi - Km. 80 + 000 (Saraburi) 67+900 7006 2742 2659 2877 3050 12387 30721 58.9 1070 2336 413 1 0302 Km. 80 + 000 (Ayutthaya) - Saraburi 102+000 13049 2343 2931 4119 8373 8588 39403 50.5 158 4096 432 32 0401 Jct R. No. 1 - Jct. Ayutthaya 55+850 6654 638 1789 1757 1148 2822 14806 38.8 24 1226 413 32 0500 Jct R. No. 309 - Jct. Ang Thong 96+800 3107 440 1332 3079 1118 2810 11886 44.25 92 1058 413 308 0100 Jct R. No.32 - Bang Pa-In 1+609 1961 212 480 1065 569 1462 5749 43.7 180 132 413 309 0100 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 10+337 429 209 200 447 205 133 1623 33.15 0 469 413 309 0100 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 18+000 3639 956 1052 1726 533 747 8653 26.9 287 3565 413 3309 0200 Bang Sai - Sinlapachip Phiset 7+000 525 77 106 186 704 111 1598 57.6 745 906 413 3309 0300 Jct No. 308 - Tha Nam Bang Sai 3+000 429 461 164 377 860 212 2503 49.4 432 1645 413 Source Department of Highway TABLE C-3 Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes of the Important Routes of Wang Noi Power Plant Project In 1990 Route Control StatiOn ___ Average DiyTa~~~p No. Section Terminal Kmi. Car & Light Heavy i ght Mediu; Heavy Total BHey- Bi TMotor Area:. Taxi Bus , Bus Truk Truk Tnk Vehile Cycles Cc T elek Codees 1 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 19+100 26048 1013 3382 6278 2815 3080 42616 21.7 161 4093 411 1 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 24+685 17400 1825 2602 3585 2774 3080 31224 26.9 267 2696 411 1 0201 Rangsit - Bang Pa-In 35+000 17824 3962 5439 5639 8034 3178 44076 37.8 217 2376 416 1 0202 Bang Pa-In - Jct Wang Noi 48+100 14886 4572 4780 7200 5009 16112 52559 49.3 62 1242 413 1 0301 Bang Pa-In - Jet Wang Noi 60+800 7899 2030 2043 2540 2126 14301 30939 59.7 38 394 413 1 0302 Jct Wang Noi - Km. 80 + 000 67+900 7648 2669 2741 2995 3732 12083 31868 58.2 219 1059 432 1 0400 Km. 80 + 000 (Ayutthaya) - Saraburi 102+000 9383 504 1801 3141 2700 7980 25509 48.9 49 1271 432 32 0401 Jct R. No. 1 - Km. 80 + 000 55+850 8265 193 1826 1085 2162 903 14434 33.8 2 519 413 32 0500 Jct R. No. 309 - Ang Thong 96+800 3296 451 1588 2893 1395 2155 11778 43.6 44 672 413 308 0100 Jct R. No. 32 - Bang Pa-In 1+609 943 331 188 725 243 1445 3875 48.4 40 344 413 309 0100 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 10+337 509 111 191 737 192 361 2101 35.4 200 1130 413 309 0100 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 18+000 3791 441 689 2039 390 583 7933 20.95 51 1978 413 3309 0200 Bang Sai - Sinlapachip Phiset 7+000 366 255 149 267 184 477 1698 47.7 96 199 413 3309 0300 Jct No. 308 - Tha Narm Bang Sai 3+000 410 231 279 314 204 591 2029 52.9 24 249 .413 Source Department of Highway TABLE C-4 Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes of the Important Routes of Wang Noi Power Plant Project In 1991 Route Control Station a e Tfic by Type_ No. Section Termninal ::Km. Car & Light Heavy Light Medium -Heavyy Total Heavy- Bi & Tri Motor Area -- - - -Taxi-- Bus--- Bus Tr:ck- Truck TrucX Vehicle Cycles cles Code - -, .- - - - .,.- ..-.. -.- - 1 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 19+100 47462 1115 4173 7632 3975 2720 67077 16.20 174 4677 411 1 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 24+685 17089 1229 2638 2557 3008 1540 28061 25.6 93 3251 411 1 0201 Rangsit - Bang Pa-In 35+000 14219 4270 4527 3717 8310 1471 36514 39.18 232 2155 416 1 0202 Bang Pa-In - Jct Wang Noi 48+100 22374 4860 7563 9750 6971 21283 72801 49.2 87 1607 413 1 0202 Bang Pa-In - Jct Wang Noi 60+800 10837 2655 2442 3935 3026 18794 41689 58.20 49 735 413 1 0301 Jct Wang Noi - Km. 80 + 000 67+900 9733 3176 3294 3304 3626 18376 41509 60.94 234 1442 413 1 0302 Km. 80 + 000 (Ayutthaya) - Saraburi 102+000 10289 269 2374 4717 5676 12898 36223 57.83 53 2102 432 32 0401 Jct R. No. 1 - Kn. 80 + 100 55+850 10231 277 2080 2371 2222 1864 19045 32.38 3 710 413 32 0500 Jct R. No.309 - Ang Thong 96+800 4024 946 1718 3948 1760 3354 15750 43.38 72 774 413 308 0100 Jct R. No. 32 - Bang Pa-In 1+609 3742 193 427 310 1184 1338 7194 40.99 40 737 413 309 0101 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 10+337 769 339 187 651 302 668 2916 39.68 0 443 413 309 0101 ict. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 18+000 8691 588 1099 1944 760 1379 14461 22.39 57 3644 413 3309 0200 Bang Sai - Sinlapachip Phiset 7+000 854 42 171 513 368 1109 3057 53.91 71 359 413 3309 0300 Jct No.308 - Tha Nam Bang Sai 3+000 1260 646 204 478 1214 1138 4940 51.74 51 425 413 Source: Department of Highway 9 . . . TABLE C-S Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes of the Iiportant Routes of Wang Noi Power Plant Proiect In 1992 Route Control Station verage Daily Traffic by Typ % No. Section Terminal Kmi. Car & Light Heavy L ight Medium Heavy Total Heavy- Bi & Tri Motor Area Taxi Bus- Bus Truck Truck Truck Vehicle Cycles Cycles Code 1 0100 Km. 16 + 441 - Rang Sit 24+685 24438 800 3271 9347 1189 1368 40413 14.42 130 4360 411 1 0201 Rangsit - Bang Pa-In 35+550 15652 4282 5375 4977 6309 5367 41962 40.63 612 3372 416 1 0202 Bang Pa-In - Jct Wang Noi 48+100 12296 3658 3592 9454 4120 9353 42473 40.17 15 2577 413 1 0202 Bang Pa-In - Jct Wang Noi 51+100 14119 8923 3506 7743 4426 9020 47737 35.51 67 2477 413 1 0301 Jct Wang Noi - Kmn. 80 + 000 (Saraburi) 67+300 4415 173 1759 12277 2550 10049 31223 45.98 27 1205 413 1 0301 Jct Wang Noi - Km. 80 + 000 (Saraburi) 71+500 11326 1171 2445 8581 3155 14753 41431 49.12 39 964 413 1 0302 Rangsit - Saraburi 84+000 7980 179 1763 7911 2283 9670 29786 46.04 55 1201 432 1 0302 Km. 80 + 000 (Ayutthaya) - Saraburi 88+000 12143 428 1640 1958 2179 8057 26405 44.97 144 1931 432 32 0401 Jct. R. No. 1 (Bang Pa-In) - Jct. 53+293 5769 1265 1983 5012 1242 2594 17868 32.56 15 1.585 413 Ayutthaya Km. 68 + 000 32 0500 Jct R. No. 309 (Jet. Ayutthaya) - 96+800 4046 419 1297 4980 1305 2913 14960 36.86 18 696 413 Jct. To Ang Thong 308 0100 Jct R. No.32 - Bang Pa-In 1+609 3737 973 974 1720 1398 2148 10955 41.25 119 16502 413 309 0101 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 10+337 2224 123 277 1748 327 1937 6096 32.82 a 919 413 309 0103 Jct. Wang Noi - Ayutthaya 21+450 5626 3891 3730 4361 3119 1783 22510 38.34 183 2587 413 3309 0200 Bang Sai - Sinlapachip Phiset 7+000 2051 156 180 407 427 1728 4949 47.18 194 571 413 3309 0300 Jct No. 308 - Tha Nam Bang Sai 3+000 2495 1643 627 633 2081 1263 8747 45.39 13 1286 413 Source Departnment of Highway APPENDIX D "N.rT (Th .rn,rTcc II - h ' J 07 ~rQa M; P a i eN wr > 3fS; rar r raa C- LO Tr. ~ ~ ~ ~ u cm '7B a 9; z 9 sm , wS p 7 v = t m C, cm isrL- v. ra C Tr C Z r C r r r 11 - 07 rM v r a : p C ,a s cm a t ;a a V' r7 -. a rZ (M 3 oe oS Q 5 -r -CM 3a c7 C r° -Iok C, = r-9 r c- - ; - cmQamam am 0 7 C r C C C cM ; cr -I I i( Ol a a tC? m e~~~~~~~ CE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C rr cmOr4 4 C- 0 07~~~~~~~' T r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r 07~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 C- c- 3 t- LC-3 4- am C- 0-7 a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C C- -~tr ' 07 ~~~~~~~~~ 07 077_ (M C d 7;2; ~~ C- ~ ~ ~ 4- 17 rio 17 ~~~~ ri ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' a C-R -7 4 C- a; C- V-.ae - : 'rio -r - C F T*' C? z CM - C' C 4 - -7 p a,a; -d -;z m r 07-7s - ' -' i R a- 0 7 -e C? cC- C U t 14- C 07r, M cm -2crp0 C. - - C~~ 07 C~~ C~~ ~ ~~ F~ ~~ -"P0w 07a 7~~~~~~~~~~~~c C- r- Z rm 7z Q p da-g m O ;r=a ~~ Z 0 = ~ ~ m >7 cm - a r a V I S 3 S~~~ ~ ~~~~ aa cm; a- cr 6 )ar ~ on;~~~~~g VI( n 4;- a a~uCa a7~ ~ ~ ~~~~ -7 a P_ cm r ro r s -^ a u- r aCEz ; ;z]-(- ^cec S a: aa tEi~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~( m a )w a _ a G7 ap c aa Qn u RS v r g > c ac ^ 6 (~~~~7 M r- a; L_ 02 r- _ 72F ? _ z = fr Q X r 1>0;1 s s3 -7 4= rS ru S° r G CMZ, -7 9m a; -a a c ; ; -a( '7 cm I r- =I IZ aa a ro 5= ¢9 $=< p | | | | _~~~~~~~~~~ T_ _p _ dt~~~~~~~~~~~~c ( tSF1)1Lt?ULfL tKLLLU LUtU ItS M la -~ - 1 -min"I%amEal I tFLmut1 ULF lEut11tA%tSEL UMKRLMl1Ll- ttLR -C,"U I t LWOM OM --U>ll 3K wf ULR (--nKLKnLRftt&) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -(§ (t) (C) (Z) iALR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~i t. 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'p r v- a C- -7cri -~ 1 17 C--n(M C=- M V- C ( C- CE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ M~ -Org T C.' ~ ~ 'a d4 p"IC T. Cl. C-~~ eB~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r ;z nf c~~~~~~~~~~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~E- ' aa- P t- s rr~ a^ o a az r - ;a a r aca 07 r C- r. f- re .? s -F C o F 07 r F F7 5= : aa F ;9 V VCa r. S (CC C -M Ca-c ;R7FO. rn~~~~~~i aaa7 a 12rz z =sS?t o _ c3 byJre aa aea _ vz F ft° r S ~ ~ 6 cr ¢~ M. ; t°e£BSa CF (f CF (s CFaS = aS _P o 5 a' r M. r _ Tr. oC C-r -C re (M A - am VI r - I - rC- C cm '7 X7 M7 s 07 F C- m t- P 4V OC M C /C -F du P re C- C~~~-- IC- II- I- V. C c-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. JI ~~~~~~~Co ;So- c- a- 2~~~~~~~ S OF b- r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~aa _ C 7 F ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~07 aa g 6 2 r m -1 07~~~~~~~' Is S;.;^O = .r aaC r- rC a C -e 7 7- aD - - C dr CM- r- C cr aa > m7 x Aa S: trC g r 2- 07 S ZF rr m V -Zs l I- I I c C- | a C a ~~~~~~~ 4 co~ ~~~~~~~~~r (M APPENDIX E DTTlT Ir TO U A T LT A iJLA 2ijz.k:r TABLE E-1 LIVEBIRTH, DEATH, AND NATURAL INCREASE RATES AYUTTHAYA IN 1990, 1992 AND 1993 Year Livebirth Death Natural increase Number Rate per 1,000 Number Rate per 1,000 % 1990 6,535 9.79 3,120 4.67 0.51 1992 7,569 11.02 3,638 5.30 0.57 1993 7,853 1030 4,081 5.35 -0.49 Source of Data: Provincial Health Office, Ayutthaya TABLE E-2 LIST 10 LEADING CAUSE GROUPS OF DEATH BY RATE PER 100,000 POPULATION ACCORDING TO ICD BASIC TABULATION LIST, 9g Revision 1987-1991 Cause Group (1987) (1988) (1989) (1990) (1991) Order Rate Order Rate Order Rate Order Rate Order Rate Diseases of pumonay circulation and other forms of heart disease 1 40.3 1 42.1 1 47.3 1 49.6 1 52.5 Other accidents, including late effect 4 16.4 3 18.7 2 21.4 2 25.3 2 25.8 Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecificed sites 3 17.8 3 18.7 3 20.1 3 2'2.0 3 21.9 Diseases of the digestive system other than oral cavity, salivary grands and jaws. 2 19.8 2 18.8 4 19.0 4 1.8.4 4 18.5 Transport accident 10 8.6 6 10.4 6 12.4 5 15.2 5 18.3 Diseases of the respiratory system other than the upper respiratory tract 5 12.6 5 12.6 5 13.7 6 1.3.0 6 13.9 Cerebrovascular disease 9 9.5 9 9.6 7 10.4 7 10.5 7 11.1 Malignant neoplanis of digestive organas and peritoneum - 7.1 - 8.0 10 9.2 9 9.7 8 10.7 Diseases of nervous system 6 10.4 8 9.9 8 10.0 8 10.0 9 10.3 Disease of urinary system - 7.3 - 7.1 7.8 8.2 10 8.7 Tuberculosis 7 10.2 10 8.2 - 7.6 - 7 - 6.5 Homicide and injury purposely inflicted by other persons 8 9.8 7 10.0 9 9.4 10 8.5 _ 8.2 Reference: Public Health Statistics, 1991, Health Statistics Division, Office of the Pemianent Secretary Ministry of Public Health TABLE E-3 FIRST 10 LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN AYUTT1-HAYA (RATE PER 100,000 POPULATION) 1990-1992 Cause of Death 1990 1991 1992 ._______________________ Rank Rate Rank Rate Rank Rate Heart Disease 1 37.45 1 46.29 1 63.1' TransportAccident 2 18.57 2 25.47 2 34.3 Cancer 4 15.13 3 21.72 3 25.3: Hypertensive Disease 3 16.03 5 11.54 4 12.3' Other Accident 5 11.83 5 10.6. Diseases of Respiratory System Except 6 10.93 4 16.63 6 8.7, upper Respiratory Tract Drowning 8 4.94 6 7.49 7 6.9' Paralysis, all types _ _ _ _ 8 6.2( Homicide and Injury 10 4.54 7 5.54 9 5.3' Diabetes _ - _ _ 10 4.8( Source of Data: Provincial Health Office, Ayutthaya 1990-1992 TABLE E-4 TOP TEN MORBIDITY RATE OF DISEASES UNDER SURVEELLANCE THAILAND, 1990-1991 1990 1991 Diseases Rank Cases Deaths Morbidity Rate Rank Cases Deaths Morbidity Rate (per 100,000 pop.) (per 100,000 pop.) Acute Diarrhoea 1 723221 490 1284.66 1 792513 473 1398.67 Pyrexia of Unknown Origin 2 347083 175 616.52 2 268576 103 474.00 Pneumonia 5 122214 463 217.09 3 98338 1090 173.55 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 4 109193 7 193.96 4 90555 8 159.82 Malaria 3 93417 1060 165.94 5 88267 325 155.78 Dysentery-total 7 92005 414 163.43 6 86868 18 153.31 Conjunctivities (haemorrhagic) 9 87839 41 156.03 7 69196 - 122.12 Influenza 8 72832 3 129.37 8 62459 2 110.23 Food Poisoning 10 61404 - 109.07 9 59708 16 105.38 Den Haemorrhagic Fever-Total 6 55662 25 98.87 10 43511 137 76.79 Reference: Annual Epidermiological Sureillance Report 1990-1991 Division of Epidemiology, Office of Permanent Secretary for Public Health, Minitry of Public Health TABLE E-5 TOP TEN MORBIDITY RATE OF DISEASES UNDER SURVEILLANCE, TIAILAND, 1990-1991 1990 1991 Diseases Rank Cases Deaths MorbidiLy Rate Rank Cases Deaths Morbidity Rate (per 100.C0 pop.) _____ |____(per 100,000 pop.) Pneumonia 1 93417 1060 1.88 1 98338 1090 1.92 Acute Diarrhoea 2 723221 490 (.87 2 792513 473 0.83 Malaria 3 122214 463 0.82 3 88267 325 0.57 Tuberculosis-Total 5 92005 414 0.74 4 21107 262 0.46 Suicide by liquid Substance - 20237 285 0.51 5 2946 170 0.30 Rabies 6 185 185 0.33 6 171 171 0.30 Den Haemorrhagic fever-total 4 347083 175 0.34 7 43511 137 0.24 Encephalities-Total 8 1192 151 0.27 8 959 108 0.1 9 Pyrexia of unknown origin 7 813 113 0.2 9 268576 103 0.18 Tetanus-Total 9 16832 73 _ 13 10 706 90 0.16 Reference: Annual Epidemiological Surveillance Report 1990-1991 Division of Epidemiology, Office of Permanent Secretary for Public Health, Ministry of Public Health TABLE E-6 REPORTED CASES AND DEATHS BY PROVINCES, TIAILAND, 2535 (1992) 1. 2. 3. 4. Dysentery Reporting Areas Acute Food Cholera diarrhoea poisoning total bacillary amoebic unspecified C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL - - 834953 388 64800 23 81919 28 5347 4 1760 2 7481: 22 CENTRAL REGION - - 241937 71 17567 3 13782 9 874 3 235 - 12673 6 1 Bangkok; Metropolis - - 41364 6 2044 1 1186 1 148 - 22 - 1016 1 2 Samut Sakhon - - 5344 1 168 - 94 - - - I - 93 - 3 Samut Prakan - - 13741 1 562 - 579 - 21 - I - 557 - 4 Samut Songkhrani - - 4218 - 93 - 283 - 3 - 2 - 273 - 5 Nonthaburi - - 9955 4 359 - 353 1 21 - 4 - 328 1 6 Pathum Thani - - 8005 4 573 - 528 - 10 - 10 - 503 - 7 Nakhon Pathom - - 10418 5 1037 - 690 2 62 1 21 - 607 1 8 Ratchaburi - - 9285 - 1095 - 715 - 63 - 12 - 640 - 9 Kanchanaburi - - 13294 6 764 - 1000 - 36 - 16 - 941 - 10 Phetchaburi - - 3989 2 522 - 163 2 17 1 5 - 14'. 1 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan - - 5000 2 423 - 181 1 30 1 7 - 144 - 12 Suphan Buri - - 10531 3 743 - 915 - 56 - 13 - 84G - 13 SinglBuri - - 2313 - 93 - 124 - 6 - 2 - 116 - 14 Avutthava - - 10547 6 1344 - 776 - 56 - 16 - 704 - 15 Saraburi - - 9706 4 1142 - 787 - 13 - 14 - 760 - 16 Lop Buri - - 10377 - 478 1 390 - 65 - 13 - 312 - 17 ChaiNat - - 3423 4 231 - 224 - 11 - - - 21:3 - 18AngThong - - 3628 - 98 1 80 - 11 - 2 - 67 - 19 Nakhon Nayok - - 3977 1 236 - 193 - 39 - 2 - 152 - 20 Chon Buri - - 17485 3 1760 - 1352 1 71 - 49 - 1232 1 21 Chachoengsao - - 9981 2 543 - 360 - 10 - 2 - 348 - 22 Ravong - - 11157 6 1049 - 649 - 35 - 8 - 60i - 23 Chanthaburi - - 7797 8 768 - 1120 1 35 - 3 - 1082 1 24 Trat - 4 433 1 487 394 - 9 - 5 - 380( 25 Prachin Buri - - 11969 2 956 - 646 - 46 - 5 - 59:; .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ JJL DLJ.I 12,U I.J1X 1)D 5. Enteric fever 6. HepatitIs Total Typhoid Paratyphoid Unspecified total A B C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 14312 7 7513 4 28 - 6771 3 19186 62 751 1 3172 3 92 - 15171 58 CENTRALREGION 2040 - 1224 - 9 _ 807 - 5870 24 103 1 1980 2 26 - 3i'61 21 I Bangkok Metropolis 178 - 81 - 2 - 95 - 2122 5 42 - 1216 2 8 - 856 3 2 SamutSakhon 113 - 110 - - - 3 - 60 - I - 42 - - 17 3 Samut Prakan 135 - 42 - - - 93 - 446 - 3 - 189 - - - 254 4 Samut Songkhram 29 - 15 - - - 1.4 - 42 - - - 5 - - - 37 5 Nonthaburi 74 - 27 - _ - 47 - 205 - 5 - 67 - I - 132 6 Pathum Thani 46 - 13 - - .3 - 125 - 8 - 61 - - - 56 7 Nakhon Pathom 84 - 26 - - - '8 - 177 1 3 - 65 - I - 108 1 8 Ratchaburi 162 - 70 - 2 - 90 - 188 - 2 - 27 - 2 - 157 9 Kanchanaburi 32 - 18 - - - 14 - 283 3 2 - 35 - - - 246 3 10 Phetchaburi 59 - 41 - - - L8 - 98 2 3 - 11 - - - 4 11 PrachuapKhiriKhan 175 - 88 - - 87 - 91 - 5 - 9 - - - 77 12 Suphan Buri 68 - 44 - - - 2:4 - 171 2 7 - 20 - - 139 2 13 Sine Buri 31 - 15 - - - ]6 - 131 - 1 - 6 - - - 124 14 Ayutthaya 57 - 32 - - - 25 - 85 1 2 - 20 - I - 62 1 15 Saraburi 18 - 6 - - - 1.2 - 135 2 - - IS - - - 1.17 2 16 LopBuri 48 - 30 - - - I.8 - 113 2 3 1 19 - 5 - 86 1 17 Chai Nat 8 - 2 - - - 6 - 5_ - I - 6 - - - 46 I8 Ang Thong 39 - 24 - - - 1.5 - 3 - - - 8 - - - 2 19 Nakhon Navok 6 - 4 - - - 2 - 42 - - - 17 - - - 25 20 Chon Buri 40 - 17 - 3 - 20 - 300 2 4 - 12 - I - 283 2 21 Chachoengsao 25 - 17 - - - 8 - 125 - - - 21 - 2 - 102 22 Ravone 74 - 54 - I - 9 - 226 3 6 - 15 - - - 05 3 23 Chanthaburi 23 - 9 - _ _ 14 - ISS - 2 - IS - - _ 168 24 Trat 34 - 11 - - - 23 - 83 - I 13 - - -69 25 Prachin Buri 482 - 428 - 1 - 34S I 2 - 60 - - - 286 1 TABLE E-6 CONrD 13. 14. 15. D.H.F. 16. Encephalitis Influenza P.U.O. total shock total Janpanese B unspecified C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 52105 4 237974 121 42809 138 669 51 945 119 10 - 935 119 CENTRAL REGION 14388 - 38981 29 9568 21 129 7 187 16 6 - 181 16 1 Bangkok Metropolis 656 - 1392 3 1558 - 13 - 22 2 - - 22 2 2 Samut Sakhon 158 - 233 - 29 - - - 4 - - - 4 3 Samut Prakan 397 - 1324 1 409 - I - 7 3 2 - 5 3 4 Samut Songkhram 706 - 908 - 51 - I - - - - - - - 5 Nonthaburi 635 - 1191 2 234 - 2 - 7 - I - 6 6 Pathum Thani 503 - 1556 1 74 - I - I - - - I 7 Nakhon Pathomn 867 - 1668 3 469 2 3 - 17 2 - - 17 2 8 Ratchaburi 898 - 3238 1 522 - 8 - 21 1 - - 21 1 9 Kanchanaburi 779 - 3742 1 430 2 10 2 16 3 - - 16 3 10 Phetchaburi 1221 - 1312 - 251 1 - - 5 - - - 5 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan 792 - 1586 1 295 - 10 - 5 - - - 5 12 Suphan Buri 451 - 2213. - 345 3 4 2 10 1 1 - 9 1 13 Sine Buri 142 - 242 - 123 - - - - - - - - 14 Ayutthaya 522 - 2014 3 464 2 5 - 14 - - - 14 15 Saraburi 84 - 2130 2 192 - 3 - I - - - I 16 Lop Buri 207 - 1244 1 513 4 17 - 12 2 - - 12 2 17 ChaiNat 157 - 162 - 467 1 10 - 7 - - - 7 - 18 Ang Thong 66 - 433 - 104 1 1 1 4 - - - 4 19 Nakhon Nayok 123 - 593 - 405 - 13 - 2 - - - 2 20 Chon Buri 2253 - 2462 1 852 1 9 - 21 Chachoenszsao 745 - 1107 1 622 1 15 - 5 1 1 - 4 1 22 Rayong 600 - 2001 2 326 - - - 4 - - - 4 23 Chanthaburi 670 - 1851 6 243 1 - - 7 - - - 7 24 Trat 261 - 2537 - 78 - - - 4 - - - 4 -- 25 Prachin Buri 495 - 1842 - 512 2 3 2 12 1 1 - 11 TABLE E-6 CNrNT'D 17. 18. 19. 20. Tetanus 21. 22 Reporting Areas Meningo- coccal Malaria Diphtheria Pertussis Total Neonatorum Meningitis Pneumonia C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 79443 276 39 6 416 2 588 77 120 34 36 11 92689 963 CENTRALREGION 47158 148 12 2 146 - 122 17 17 5 12 5 21227 284 I Bangkok Metropolis 497 1 2 - 67 - 10 - - - 2 2 3913 29 2 Samut Sakhon 44 - - - - - 2 1 - - - - 185 - 3 Samut Prakan 86 - 2 1 4 - I - - - 1 1 836 5 4 Samut Songkhram 94 1 - - - - 4 - - - - - 158 1 5 Nonthaburi 98 - - - 5 - 3 - - - - 734 6 Pathum Thani 53 - - - 2 - - - - - - - 419 2 7 Nakhon Pathom 138 3 - - - - 4 - - - - - 951 25 8 Ratchaburi 3494 6 - - 7 - 5 1 1 - I 1 1656 14 9 Kanchanaburi 12155 65 - - 9 - 10 3 4 1 1 - 1222 49 10' Phetchaburi 921 3 - - I - 11 2 1 1 - - 513 3 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan 1350 3 - - - - 2 2 - - 1 - 1046 4 12 Suphan Buri 518 3 - - 4 - 7 - 2 - I - 591 11 13 Sing Buri 19 - - - 2 - I - - - - - 168 2 14 Ayutthaya 37 3 - - I - 7 1 1 - 2 - 1170 15 15 Saraburi 53 - - - 2 - 3 1 - - - - 429 16 16 Lop Buri 61 3 - 4 - 10 4 - - - - 847 30 17 Chai Nat 35 - - - 5 - 4 - - - - - 385 4 18 Ang Thong 17 - - - - - 3 - - - - - 128 1 19 Nakhon Nayok 339 2 - - 4 - 2 - - - - - 430 4 20 Chon Buri 447 - - - I - 7 - 2 - I - 1752 3 21 Chachoengsao 191 1 - - 19 - 5 - I - - - 399 5 22 Rayong 1246 8 - - 5 - 7 - - - - - 595 15 Z3 Chanthaburi 8327 14 - - - - 4 - - - I 1 1235 7 24 Trat 13886 25 - - - - 2 - - 250 9 25 Prachin Buri 3052 7 - - 4 - 8 - - - _ _ 1180 29 1AlLE LE-6 CONrD 23. 24. Tuberculosis 25. 26. 27. Reportine Areas Yaws. Lepto- Scrub Leprosv total pulmonarv others Infectious spirosis typhus C. D. C. D. C. . D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 627 - 21531 239 20263 201 1268 38 - - 93 - 1149 6 CENTRALREGION 134 - 6080 85 5822 74 258 11 - - 11 - 7S 2 I Banzkok Metropolis 25 - 1320 6 1256 5 64 1 - - I '2 Samut Sakhon I - 54 - 52 - 2 - - - - - - - 3 Samut Prakan 2 - 300 3 291 3 9 - - - - - -- 4 SamutSongkhran- - 37 - 31 - 6 - - - - - -- - 5 Nonthaburi 2 - 219 1 211 1 8 - 6 Pathum Thani I - 116 2 112 2 4 - 7 Nakhon Pathom 3 - 195 1 190 1 5 - - - 1 - I 8 Ratchaburi s - 252 2 233 2 19 - - - 1 - 2 9 Kanchanaburi 15 - 305 17 300 15 5 - - - 4 - 9 10 Phetchaburi 4 - 117 1 109 1 8 - - - - - 4 1I Prachuap Khiri Khan 4 - 223 3 218 3 5 2 - _ _ _ 10 12 Suphan Buri 10 - 300 2 289 2 11 - - - - - - - 13 Sinz Buri 2 - 82 - 78 - 4 - - - - - - - 14 Ayutthaya 7 - 281 5 275 4 6 - - - - - 11 - 15 Saraburi- I - 261 10 259 10 2 - - - I 16 Lop Buri 2 - 313 9 303 8 10 - 17 ChaiNat - - 76 - 72 - 4 - - - - - 2 - 18 Ang Thong 4 - 76 2 75 2 1 - - - - - 4 19 Nakhon Nayok I - 55 1 50 - s 1 - - - - 7 20 Chon Buri 6 - 321 2 305 2 16 - - - 1 21 Chachoenesao 9 - 164 - 142 - 22 - - - 2 22 Ravong 14 - 207 11 197 8 10 3 - - - - I 23 Chanthaburi 2 - 382 1 375 1 7 - - - _ _ 15 24 Trat 2 - 148 4 138 2 10 2 - - - - * 25 Prachin Buri 12 - 276 2 261 2 15 - - - - - I TABLE E-6 CCGNT-D 28. Sexualhv Transmitted Diseases Reporting Areas total Syphilis gonorrhoea Chascrold L.G.V. NSU/V others V.D C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 70664 6 9368 6 32573 - 2203 - 2016 - 14104 - 10400 - CENTRAL REGION 32563 5 4489 5 16001 - 945 - 840 - 5799 - 4489 _ I Bangkok Metropolis 5306 - 891 - 1168 - 177 - 72 - 1519 - 1479 2 Samut Sakhon 245 - 57 - 64 - 5 - I - 31 - 87 3 Samut Prakan 1563 - 243 - 557 - 50 - 62 - 531 - 120 4 Samut Songkhranm 904 - 40 - 8T6 - 2 - I - 24 - 11 5 Nonthaburi 1115 - 98 - 377 - 30 - 7 - 482 - 111 6 Pathum Thani 469 - 73 - 270 - 11 - 5 - 95 - 15 7 Nakhon Pathom 2206 - 278 - 1509 - 28 - 62 - 142 - 187 8 Ratchaburi 1745 1 150 1 1280 - 49 - 12 - 194 - 60 9 Kanchanaburi 493 1 102 1 200 - 33 - 28 - 95 - 35 10 Phetchaburi 562 - 44 - 210 - 10 - 8 - 241 - 49 11 PrachuapKhiri Khan 810 - 110 - 430 - 21 - 43 - 184 - 22 12 Suphan Buri 2181 - 403 - 1031 - 39 - 114 - 298 - 296 13 Sing Buri 163 1 40 1 117 - - - - - 3 - 3 14 Ayutthaya 1730 - 427 - 1082 - 36 - 8 - 163 - 14 15 Saraburi 528 - 38 - 335 - 11 - 11 - 89 - 44 16 Lop Buri 1525 1 139 1 1039 - 18 - 34 - 50 - 245 17 Chai Nat 276 - 24 - 153 - 14 - 5 - 67 - 13 18 Ang Thong 388 - 48 - 85 - 12 - 59 - 27 - 157 19 Nakhon Navok 149 - 22 - 99 - 4 - 2 - 10 - 12 20 Chon Buri 2242 - 269 - 1121 - 64 - 7 - 613 - 168S 21 Chachoengsao 1959 - 89 - 972 - 107 - IS - 151 - 622 22 Rayong 2753 1 487 1 1391 - 78 - 169 - 438 - 190 23 Chanthaburi 773 - 141 - 329 - 35 - 32 - 90 - 146 24 Trat 814 - 103 - 475 - 50 - 26 - 150 - t0 25 Prachin Buri 1664 - 173 - 881 - 61 - 44 - 112 - 393 - Reference: Annual Epidemiological Surveillance Report 1992 Division of Epidemioclogy. Office of Permanent Secretary for Public Healths. Ninistry of Public Health. REPOR'IED CASES AND DEATHS BY PROVINCES, THAILAND, 2535 (1992) 1. 2. 3. 4. Dysentery Reporting Areas Acute Food Cholera diarrhoea poisoning total bacillary amoebic unspecified C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL - - 792513 473 59708 16 86868 18 7371 7 2363 - 77134 11 CENTRAL REGION - - 238838 105 17604 4 16407 5 1470 1 330 - 14607 4 1 Bangkok Metropolis - - 45914 11 2367 - 1858 - 304 - 59 - 1495 -- 2 Samut Sakhon - - 7835 1 609 - 261 - 83 - 5 - 173 3 Samut Prakan - - 15042 4 392 - 668 - 26 - 5 - 637 4 Samut Songkhram - - 3985 - 106 - 405 - 10 - 7 - 388 5 Nonthaburi - - 8561 2 388 - 532 - 32 - 19 - 481 6 Pathum Thani - - 6538 2 435 - 518 - 62 - 14 - 442 7 Nakhon Pathiom - - 9799 8 905 - 949 - 31 - 7 - 911 8 Ratchaburi - - 10221 6 1053 - 798 - 54 - 6 - 738 9 Kanchanaburi - - 12956 8 489 - 779 1 23 - 4 - 752 1 10 Phetchaburi - - 5961 1 617 - 389 - 51 - 8 - 330 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan - - 5274 4 483 2 294 - 68 - 14 - 212 12 Suphan Buri - - 10483 7 648 - 858 - 49 - 21 - 788 13 Sing Buri - - 1974 4 69 - 175 - 44 - - 131 14 Ayutthaya - - 9880 4 1530 - 1154 1 135 - 32 - 987 1 15 Saraburi - - 6968 6 792 - 448 1 29 1 5 - 414 16 Lop Buri - - 8384 5 452 - 357 - 42 - 9 - 306 17 Chai Nat - - 3194 6 305 - 274 - 31 - 4 - 239 18 AngThong - - 4078 2 138 - 155 - 38 - 2 - 115 19 Nakhon Nayok - - 3840 3 213 - 249 - 41 - 1 - 207 20 Chon Buri - - 16217 1 1869 - 1460 - 63 - 50 - 1347 - 21 Chachoengsao - - 9249 2 586 - 508 - 25 - 1 - 482 - 22 Rayong - - 10022 5 1056 - 735 - 32 - 18 - 685 23 Chanthaburi - - 7820 7 775 - 1235 1 93 - 23 - 1119 1 24 Trat - - 3899 2 300 - 457 - 17 - 4 - 436 25 Prachin Buri - - 10744 4 1027 2 891 1 87 - 12 - 792 1 a . . TABLE E-7 CCINT'D 5. Enteric fever 6. Hepatitis Reporting Areas Non -A unspecified total typhoid paratyphoid unspecified total A. B. Non-B C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 17096 5 9430 5 54 - 7612 -- 17782 49 308 - 3391 3 70 - 14013 46 CENTAL REGION 2738 1 1709 1 20 - 1009 -- 6134 24 139 - 2223 2 20 - 3752 22 I Bangkok Metropolis 271 - 101 - 9 - 161 -- 2414 3 48 - 1427 1 9 - 930 2 2 Samut Sakhon 92 - 78 - - - 14 - 84 - 2 - 47 - - - 35 - 3 Samut Prakan 74 - 57 - - - 17 - 415 - 7 - 206 - I - 201 - 4 Samut Songkhram 32 - 16 - - - 16 -- 52 1 2 - 10 - - - 40 1 5 Nonthaburi 65 - 24 - - - 41 -- 214 - 7 - 87 - 2 - 118 - 6 Pathum Thani 49 - 10 - - - 39 -- 132 - 14 - 66 - - - 52 - 7 Nakhon Pathom 124 - 49 - I - 74 -- 179 2 2 - 69 - I - 107 2 8 Ratchaburi 185 - 69 - - - 116 -- 204 - I - 24 - 2 - 177 1 9 Kanchanaburi 55 - 31 - I - 23 -- 200 - 2 - 17 - I - 180 - 10 Phetchaburi 80 1 47 1 - - 33 -- 64 1 - - 11 1 - - 53 - 11Prachuap Khiri Khan 235 - 113 - - - 122 -- 72 - - - 10 - - - 62 - 12 Suphan Buri 110 - 79 - - - 31 - 175 - 15 - 25 - - - 135 - 13 Sing Buri 25 - 13 - - - 12 109 1 2 - 1 - - - 106 1 14 Ayutthaya 73 - 49 - - - 24 - 124 - 6 - 17 - - - 101 - 15 Saraburi 29 - 14 - - - 15 150 2 3 - 9 - - - 138 2 16 LopBuri 68 - 37 - 6 - 25 103 - 9 - 18 - - - 76 - 17 Chai Nat 3 - I - - - 2 45 2 1 - 5 - - - 39 2 18 Ang Thong 77 - 56 - - - 21 63 1 1 - 12 - - - 50 1 19 Nakhon Nayok 11 - 8 - - - 3 73 1 5 - 18 - - - 50 1 20 Chon Buri 59 - 35 - - - 24 278 2 6 - 23 - 2 - 247 2 21 Chachoengsao 51 - 15 - - - 36 217 - I - 30 - - - 186 - 22 Rayong 90 - 54 - 3 - 33 - 187 4 2 - 17 - I - 167 4 23 Chanthaburi 31 - 21 - - 10 - 154 1 - - 14 - - - 140 1 24 Trat 24 - 10 - - 14 - 130 1 - - 23 - - - 107 1 25 Prachin Buri 825 - 722 - - 103 - 296 1 3 - 37 - I - 255 1 15. D.H.F. 16. Encephalitis Reporting Areas 13. Influenza 14. P.U.O. total shock total Japanese B. unspecified syndrome C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 62459 2 268576 103 43511 137 611 51 959 108 25 2 933 106 CENTAL REGION 18750 45100 29 10538 21 125 11 195 18 16 179 18 1 Bangkok Metropolis 1176 2027 2051 1 14 37 1 3 34 1 2 Samut Sakhon 287 502 128 1 6 4 4 3 Samut Prakan 237 1389 342 4 7 7 4 Samut Songkhram 860 929 71 2 5 5 5 Nonthaburi 434 1342 187 1 2 1 2 1 1 6 Pathum Thani 666 1796 113 1 2 2 7 Nakhon Pat.hom 920 1700 4 428 4 11 11 8 Ratchaburi 1395 3817 1 804 1 13 1 26 3 26 3 9 Kanchanaburi 966 4377 1 676 4 21 4 11 3 1 10 3 10 Phetchaburi 1243 2111 4 382 2 7 2 5 1 4 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan 1027 1884 432 2 6 1 5 1 4 12 Suphan Buri 571 3385 1 962 1 5 8 1 1 7 1 13 Sing Buri 154 324 1 341 3 2 1 1 1 1 14 Ayutthaya 697 2625 510 1 1 1 4 4 15 Saraburi 137 1272 1 360 1 1 8 2 8 2 16 Lop Buri 541 1102 692 11 12 3 12 3 17 Chai Nat 114 227 432 2 5 4 4 18 Ang Thong 136 660 440 6 3 3 19 Nakhon Nayok 207 597 131 8 4 4 20 Chon Buri 2545 2537 274 2 3 1 7 1 5 2 1 21 Chachoengsao 1141 1418 1 109 3 1 2 22 Rayong 702 2755 252 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 23 Chanthaburi 757 2238 5 233 1 1 10 1 10 1 24 Trat 298 2088 8 62 1 2 1 2 1 25 Prachin Buri 1539 1998 1 126 9 9 a . _ TABLE E-7 C'ONT'D 13. 14. 15. D.H.F. 16. Encephalitis Reporting Areas Influenza P.U.O. total shock total amoeble unspecified C. D. C. D, C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 52105 4 237974 1]21 42809 138 669 51 945 119 10 - 935 119 CENTRAL REGION 14388 - 38981 29 9568 21 129 7 187 16 6 - 181. 16 1 Bangkok Metropolis 656 - 1392 3 1558 - 13 - 22 2 - - 22 2 2 Samut Sakhon 158 - 233 - 29 - - - 4 - - - 4 - 3 Samut Prakan 397 - 1324 1 409 - I - 7 3 2 - i 3 4 Samut Songkhram 706 - 908 - 51 - I - - - - - - 5 Nonthaburi 635 - 1191 2 234 - 2 - 7 - I - 6 6 Pathum Thani 503 - 1556 1 74 - I - I - - - ]. 7 Nakhon Pathom 867 - 1668 3 469 2 3 - 17 2 - - 17 2 8 Ratchaburi 898 - 3238 1 522 - 8 - 21 1 - - 211 1 9 Kanchanaburi 779 - 3742 1 430 2 10 2 16 3 - - 16 3 10 Phetchaburi 1221 - 1312 - 251 1 - - 5 - - - ' 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan 792 - 1586 1 295 - 10 - 5 - - - 'i 12 Suphan Buri 451 - 2213 - 345 3 4 2 10 1 1 - 9 1 13 Sing Buri 142 - 242 - 123 - - - - - 14 Ayutthaya 4522 - 2014 3 464 2 5 - 14 - - - 14 i5 Saraburi 84 - 2130 2 192 - 3 - 1 - - - 1 16 Lop Buri 207 - 1244 1 513 4 17 - 12 2 - - 12 2 17 Chai Nat 157 - 162 - 467 1 10 - 7 - - - 7 - 18 Ang Thong 66 - 433 - 104 1 1 1 4 - - - 4 - 19 Nakhon Nayok 123 - 593 - 405 - 13 - 2 - - - 2 20 Chon Buri 2253 - 2462 1 852 1 9 - - - - - -- 21 Chachoengsao 745 - 1107 1 622 1 15 - 5 1 1 - 4 1 22 Rayong 600 - 2001 2 326 - - - 4 - - - 41 23 Chanthabug i 670 - 1851 6 243 1 - - 7 - - - '7 24 Trat 261 - 2537 - 78 - - - 4 - - - ,4 25 Prachin Bun 495 - 1842 - 512 2 3 2 12 1 1 - 11 20. Tetanus 21. Reporting Areas 17. Malaria 18. Diphitheria 19. Pertussis total neonatorum Meningococcal 22. Pneumonia meilingitis C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 88267 325 53. 11 295 1 706 90 166 27 16 3 98338 109 CENTAL REGION 52357 141 19 5 108 1 141 16 19 3 2 23136 281 1 Bangkok Metropolis 646 3 1 52 19 2 1 1 4559 21 2 Samut Sakhon 101 1 2 1 461 2 3 Samut Prakan 125 1 2 14 1 879 2 4 Samut Songkhram 63 1 2 177 3 5 Nonthaburi 114 1 1 4 1 714 7 6 Pathum Thani 66 1 629 3 7 Nakhon Pathom 166 1 1 890 17 8 Ratchaburi 1368 4 2 10 3 1 2102 13 9 Kanchanaburi 13008 37 2 17 6 5 2 1115 24 10 Phetchaburi 710 6 1 6 1 494 12 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan 1429 2 1 1 5 1265 7 12 Suphan Buri 574 3 1 3 13 648 5 13 Sing Buri 36 1 1 2 212 4 14 Ayutthaya 66 3 6 1 1 1105 21 15 Saraburi 88 1 12 2 516 30 16 Lop Buri 151 2 3 10 4 2 1 909 41 17 Chai Nat 53 1 1 2 1 275 18 Ang Thong 28 3 163 1 19 Nakhon Nayok 322 2 2 1 597 11 20 Chon Buri 681 1 1 2 10 1 1922 3 21 Chachoengsao 441 1 1 4 1 387 1 22 Rayong 2065 9 1 2 7 1 509 20 23 Chanthaburi 11116 29 1 1 1153 13 24 Trat 14841 36 2 1 1 286 9 25 Prachin Buri 4099 5 3 1 2 15 4 1169 16 TABLE E-7 (CONT'D 23. 24. Tu115. D.H.F. 25. Yaws 26. 27. Scrub Reporting Areas Lepross total pulmonary total infectious Lepto Typhus _________________________________ spirosis - - C. - D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 548 21107 262 20036 222 1071 40 19 158 2 1196 6 CENTAL REGION 159 6212 99 6025 88 187 11 19 125 1 Bangkok Metropolis 37 1289 10 1241 9 48 1 1 2 2 Samut Sakhon 103 102 1 3 Samut Prakan 2 258 2 250 2 8 4 Samut Songkhram 53 1 52 1 1 2 5 Nonthaburi 3 220 4 215 4 5 4 6 Pathum Thani 2 148 3 145 3 3 7 Nakhon Pathom 5 221 5 217 5 4 1 8 Ratchaburi 7 298 2 284 2 14 2 1 9 Kanchanaburi 17 259 12 254 11 5 1 1 12 10 Phetchaburi 3 161 157 4 1 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan 3 180 178 2 12 Suphan Buri 15 288 3 275 1 13 2 3 13 Sing Buri 1 114 4 106 4 8 14 Ayutthaya 8 272 2 270 2 2 20 15 Saraburi 4 342 25 333 24 9 1 1 1 16 Lop Buri 8 312 6 305 6 7 2 17 ChaiLNat 1 79 1 76 1 3 2 18 Ang Thong 1 93 1 93 1 6 19 Nakhon Nayok 1 149 143 6 1 8 20 Chon Buri 4 265 1 263 2 1 1 1 21 Chachoengsao 9 107 102 5 1 22 Rayong 14 185 7 174 5 11 2 1 23 Chanthaburi 6 358 7 354 7 4 2 63 24 Trat 1 124 3 113 1 1 3 1 25 Prachin Buri 7 334 323 11 1 2 28. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Reporting Areas total syphilis gonorrhoen chancroid L.G.V. NSU/C others V.D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. TOTAL 90555 8 10477 8 42797 4390 4685 1860 9446 CENTAL REGION 43295 5 5418 5 21431 1824 1914 9211 3497 I Bangkok Metropolis 7491 1320 2454 285 54 2592 786 2 Samut Sakhon 895 127 336 71 44 197 120 3 Samut Prakan 2502 338 1007 111 119 800 127 4 Samut Songkhram 941 76 764 24 7 66 4 5 Nonthaburi 2517 153 718 94 48 1368 136 6 Pathum Thani 678 122 319 34 10 168 25 7 Nakhon Pathom 3667 1 275 1 2598 71 118 355 250 8 Ratchaburi 2020 1 191 1 1401 96 29 275 28 9 Kanchanabuiri 1214 1 106 1 731 115 80 125 57 10 Phetchaburi 383 34 195 15 15 103 21 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan 1670 228 1054 62 27 271 28 12 Suphan Buri 2272 384 1154 57 86 323 268 13 Sing Buri 364 1 80 1 256 2 4 10 12 14 Ayutthaya 2248 451 1467 69 11 219 31 15 Saraburi 157 27 66 8 15 20 21 16 Lop Buri 2067 211 1451 30 63 118 194 17 Chai Nat 395 25 242 24 13 77 14 18 Ang Thong 509 72 163 33 42 60 139 19 Nakhon Nayok 348 69 233 14 2 14 16 20 Chon Buri 2522 238 922 157 112 1010 83 21 Chachoengsao 2105 76 1105 93 273 134 424 22 Rayong 2533 1 450 1 964 162 476 369 112 23 Chanthaburi 1073 143 491 41 124 31 243 24 Trat 725 79 373 39 44 181 9 25 Prachin Buri 1999 143 967 117 98 325 349 Reference: Amunal Epidmiblogical Surrcillance Report 1991 Division of Epidemiology, Office of Perrnanent Secretary for Public Health, Minitry of Public Health 0 , S TABLE E- NUMBER AND RATE PER 100,000 POPULJANON OF DISEASES TRANSMI'T-ED BY FOOD AND WATER, AYUTTHAYA 1990-1992 Disease 1990 1991 1992 Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Acute diarrhea 92 13.78 55 8.14 45 6.55 Diarrhea 9386 1 1406.17 9259 1370.90 1062.4 1546.8 Food poisoning 1307 195.81 1440 213.21 i 1534 223.34 Dysentory-total 1182 177.08 1136 168.20 881 128.27 Hepatitis-total 146 21.87 103 15.25 68 9.90 Typhoid 85 12.73 53 7.85 40 5.82 Source of Data: Provincial Health Office, Ayutthaya TABLE E-9 FIRST 10 CAUSES OF ILLNESS OF OUT PATIENTS IN AYU'ITAYA NUMBER AND RATE PER 1,000 POPULATION 1990-1992 iiiness l__________I____ | Number Rate Rate Rate 1. Respiratory System 163899 208.54 239.19 238.62 2. Digestive System 74416 97.91 99.81 108.34 3. Accident and Poisoning 58546 72.52 83.09 85.24 4. Muscle and tendon 33380 38.40 42.95 48.59 5. Skin and Subcutancous Disease 11693 - 36.08 17.02 Mental Disorder 6. Infections and parasit 32778 43.57 44.95 47.72 7. Blood Circulation System 32159 43.61 54.72 46.82 8. Nervous System and Sense Organs 29614 38.60 41.70 43.11 9. Endocrine and Metabolic Disease 24446 32.66 21.69 35.59 10. Cienito-Urinary System 15269 23.81 - 22.23 Source of Data: Provincial Health Office, Ayutthaya TABLE E-10 FIRST 10 CAUSES OF ILLNESS OF OUT PATIENTS IN AYUrTHAYA NUMBER AND RATE PER 1,000 POPULATION 1990-1992 Cause of illness 1990 1991 1992 Complication of Pregnancy & Childbirth 1,206.76 1326.81 1,378.20 Enteritis and Other Diarrhea Disease 466.82 358.76 450.03 Transport Acident 325.39 340.55 400.90 Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysima 279.70 311.97 316.37 Other Accidents _ 177.23 304.73 Difficulty of Labor, Birth injury 122.85 N.R 195.09 Hypertensive Disease 176.18 N.R 187.52 Pneumonia N.R N.R 147.05 Peptic Ulcer 167.04 156.50 129.87 Other kind of Heart Disease N.R N.R 111.08 Inflectious and Parasitic Disease 122.25 N.R N.R Pyrexia of Unknow Origin 139.48 N.R N.R N.R.: not report Source of Data: Provincial Health Office, Ayutthaya TABLE E-11 NUMBER AND RATE PER 100,000 POPULATION OF DISEASE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN AYUTITHAYA 1990-1992 [ Disease 1 1000 1 l99! 1^ 9921 Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Influenza 842 126.14 614 90.91 516 75.13 Pnumonia 818 122.55 943 139.63 1096 146.61 T.B. 240 35.96 227 33.61 332 48.34 Total 1900 284.65 1784 264.15 1944 270.88 Source of Data: Provincial Health Office, Ayutthaya, 1992 1- APPENDIX F PHnTnC.R APH., _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~ - f -wf wr t- - - - ; =9;--5TX \* - - - | - - - PHOTO F-1 THE ENTRANCE OF THE PROPOSED POWER PLANT ¢' . S ! .s _ _e- v L_______ __ __ i __ PHOTO F-2 PROPOSED POWER PLANT AREA /* -- _t ~~~~~~~~~~. ->- -., U_ 4 ,,- ; ,. - s - ' ,*,-, = :4-' ' ;," ' > - . - ,.,,' oX,,~ ~ ';- -, ' . . PHOTO F-3 EXISTING KHLONG RAPHIPHAT NEAR POWER PLANT AREA PHOTO F-4 ROAD ALONG KHLONG RAPHIPHAT DURING CONSTRUCTION BY RID j t -;- S: F_K ser; 4 ,>err ,., :' " . . e . .: :' . ' .r s;-< k e Q a: | I | - - - PHOTO F-5 AESTHETICS QUALITY AROUND PROPOSED P WER PLANT '.:.. , .D o: R t;..'! _l _ __ Sq_ __ _l - _I PHOTO F-6 SWAMP AREA AROUND PROPosED POWER PLANT 'ii-i i - --.' D ; * ~ ~ ~ -..r PHOTO F-7 WAT LAM PHRAYA NEAR PROPOSED POWER PLANT K! _ - W-N AM 2 K i m PA- PHOTO F-.8 WAT SAWANG AROM 2 KM FROM POWER PLANT ~~~1r 7 PHOT F-9 WATE SAPLN STT ONO.ATBGSA C~~~~$,-oj PHOTO~w E-1 WAE SAPIGSAIO:O2A:HLN AHPA .~~PSRA NEA WA SAAN AR_.OM :=_ 's-_ PHOTO F-11 WATER SAMPLING STATION NO.3 ( KHONG RAPHIPHAT ) AT POWER PLANT PHOTO F-12 WATER SAMPLING STATION NO.4 ( KHLONG RAPHIPHAT ) 500 METERS DOWNSTREAM FROM THE POWER PLANT PHOTO F-13 WATER SAMPLING STATION NO. 5 (KHLONG RAPHIPHAT) 1 KM DOWNSTEAM FROM THE POWER PLANT