E2888 v2 UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA TASAF III ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) Prepared by Project Preparation Team P.O. Box 9381 Dar es Salaam – Tanzania Tel: 255 2123583/4 Fax: 255 2123582 E mail: tasaf@info.org October 2011 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CBO - Community Based Organization CCT - Conditional Cash Transfer CDD - Community Driven Development CMC - Community Management Committee COMSIP - Community Savings and Investment Promotion DED - District Executive Director DEMO - District Environmental Management Officer DFID - Department for International Development DOEZ - Department of Environment Zanzibar DoE - Division of Environment EA - Environmental Assessment EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EIAR - Environmental Impact Assessment Report EIS - Environmental Impact Statement EMA - Environmental Management Act 2004 EM - Environmental Monitoring EMO - Environmental Management Officer EPRA - Extended Participatory Rural Appraisal ER - Environmental Review ES - Environmental Screening ESA - Environmental and Social Assessment ESMF - Environmental and Social Management Framework GDP - Gross Domestic Product GoT - Government of Tanzania GoZ - Government of Zanzibar LGSP - Local Government Support Programme HBS - Household Budget Survey IDA - International Development Association IGA - Income Generating Activity LEA - Limited Environmental Assessment LGAs - Local Government Authorities MLHHSD - Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlement Development MDGs - Millennium Development Goals MSLSD Ministry of State, Local Government and Special Department MKUKUTA - Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Tanzania MKUZA - Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi Zanzibar MT - Metric Tons NFDA - National Food and Drug Authority NEMC - National Environment Management Council NEP - National Environmental Policy NGO - Non-Governmental Organizations NSC - National Steering Committee NVF - National Village Fund PEIA - Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment NVF - National Village Fund OP - Operational Policy OM - Operational Manual PMO-RALG - Prime Minister’s Office Regional Administration and Local PPA - Participatory Poverty Assessment PPT - Project Preparation Team PRS - Poverty Reduction Strategy PRSP - Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSN - Productive Safety Net PWP - Public Works Program RAP - Resettlement Action Plan RAS Regional Administrative Secretary TASAF - Tanzania Social Action Fund TBS - Tanzania Bureau of Standards TNA - Training Needs Assessment i TMU - TASAF Management Unit TOR - Terms of Reference TOT - Training of Trainers TPRI - Tropical Pesticides Research Institute VDP - Village Development Plan VFC - Village Fund Coordinator VPO-DOE - Vice President Office – Division of Environment VIC - Veterinary Investigation Center WB - World Bank WEO - Ward Executive Officer WFP - World Food Program ii TABLE OF CONTENT DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................................................V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................................................ VI CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 NATIONAL SAFETY NET ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 SUPPORT TO COMMUNITY DRIVEN INTERVENTIONS WHICH ENHANCE LIVELIHOODS AND INCREASE INCOMES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 TARGETED INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................... 2 1.4 CAPACITY BUILDING ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 REVIEW OF ESMF UNDER TASAF II............................................................................................................. 3 1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) UNDER TASAF III............................ 4 1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMF ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.8 M ETHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 5 1.9 PROJECT LOCATION ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1.10 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. 6 1.11 TYPE OF ANTICIPATED SUBPROJECTS TO BE FUNDED ...................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER TWO: BASELINE DATA ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.3.1 Temperature.............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.3.2 Rainfall ................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 population ............................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF POLICIES, LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 11 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES/LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ........................................ 11 3.2.1 Environmental Policies........................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION: ................................................................................................................ 12 3.4 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ......................................................................................................... 13 3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS: ................................................................................ 14 3.6 LINKAGE OF TASAF ON POLICIES, LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT........................... 15 CHAPTER FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS AND PROCEDURES......................... 17 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 17 4.2 EIA PROCEDURE IN T ANZANIA ................................................................................................................... 17 4.2.1 Sub Project Identification ...................................................................................................................... 17 4.2.2 Screening ................................................................................................................................................ 17 4.2.3 Scoping ................................................................................................................................................... 17 4.2.4 Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment ..................................................................................... 18 4.2.5 Review and Approval .............................................................................................................................. 18 4.2.6 Sub project Monitoring and evaluation .................................................................................................. 18 4.2.7 End of the subproject implementation .................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL IMPACTS .......................................................................................................... 20 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 20 5.2 OBJECTIVES OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................... 20 5.3 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ..................................................................................... 20 5.4 POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS ................................................................................................................... 20 5.5 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ................................................................................................................. 21 5.6 LOCALIZED NEGATIVE IMPACTS ................................................................................................................. 22 5.7 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................................................... 22 5.8 STRATEGIC IMPACTS ................................................................................................................................... 22 5.9 OTHER SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ISSUES .................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 6: MAINSTREAMING ESMF IN SUPROJECT CYLE AND REPORTING MECHANISM.... 24 6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 24 6.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF ....................................................................................................................... 25 iii 6.3 COMMUNITY LEVEL .................................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER SEVEN: TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING........................................................................ 27 7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 27 7.2 BUDGET FOR M AINSTREAMING, CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL M ANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE.............................................................................. 29 8.1 CONSULTATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 29 8.2 DISCLOSURE ................................................................................................................................................ 29 CHAPTER NINE: MONITORING AND EVALUATION..................................................................................... 30 9.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 30 9.2 MONITORING AND EVALUATION INDICATORS ............................................................................................ 30 9.3 MONITORING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES .............................................................................................. 30 ANNEX 1: CATEGORIZATION OF PROJECTS UNDER WORLD BANK POLICIES BASED ON OP4.01 .. .................................................................................................................................................................... 32 ANNEX 2: LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING EIA BASED ON EMA, 2004 (MANDATORY, BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO TASAF III)................................................................................................................................ 33 ANNEX 3: LIST OF SMALL-SCALE ACTIVITIES AND ENTERPRISES THAT REQUIRE REGISTRATION (SOME MAY BE APPLICABLE TO TASAF III)................................................................ 37 ANNEX 4: ENVIRONMENTAL SUBPROJECT IDENTIFICATION FORM (ESIF)................................ 39 ANNEX 5: SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST............................................................................. 41 ANNEX 6: SCOPING REPORT FORMAT ............................................................................................................ 44 ANNEX 7: PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FORMAT.................................. 45 ANNEX 8: SAMPLE MATRIX OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)............................ 47 ANNEX 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT REPORTING FORMAT ................... 48 ANNEX 10: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................................................. 49 REFERENCE: ............................................................................................................................................................ 54 iv DEFINITIONS Environnent :In the context of this document, “Environment� is understood as the whole set of natural or biophysical and man-made or socio-cultural systems in which man and other organisms live, work and interact. Environmental Assessment (EA): The process of managing the environmental aspects of a policy, strategy, program or sub projects from the earliest stages of identifying the potential actions to their completion and evaluations. The process encompasses identification of potential adverse environmental impact, assessments of these impacts and comparison with impacts of alternative approaches; design and implementation measures and plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts; and development of associated management and monitoring measures. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): This is a process for orderly and systematic examination/evaluation of a proposal including its alternatives, objectives and its effect on the environment including the mitigation and management of those effects. The process extends from the initial concept of the proposal through implementation to completion and, where appropriate, decommissioning. Environmental Review (ER): An environmental assessment instrument in which the subprojects is likely to have minimum impacts but should be reviewed with a simple and standardized checklist of possible impacts and appropriate mitigation measures. Environmental Screening (ES): The process of identifying, as early as possible, the potential adverse environmental impacts of proposed sub projects assigning the environmental category indicating the level of anticipated impact corresponding level of environmental assessment required: and identifying the most relevant EA instrument needed to address the potential impacts and environmental issues associated with sub projects. Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA): This is a systematic identification, description or initial examination of environmental and socio-economic impacts that are undertaken to obtain just enough information to determine whether or not there will be significant adverse environmental impacts as a result of the proposed project. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP): An instrument that details (a) the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and (b) the actions needed to implement these measures. Environmental Monitoring (EM): Is the continuous or periodic measuring and recording of physical, social and economic variables associated with the project impacts. Environmental Audit (EA): Means the systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how well subprojects are performing in conserving or preserving the environment. Scoping: The process for determining the extent of environmental impact of the project to be undertaken. In the process extensive consultations with principle stakeholders is mandatory in order to inform them about the proposed activities and solicit their views about it. Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR): This is a report or document prepared by the proponent after undertaking of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study to present the case for the assessment of their proposal as part of the environmental impact assessment process. Public: The public includes any individual or group of individuals, Stakeholders (Affected or Interested Parties) and interest groups. These are people who are impacted by the proposed development or undertaking either directly or indirectly. Interest group may include local and/or international environmental organizations, professional societies, labor unions, local associations, individual persons, etc. v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania established the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) in year 2000 through credit financing from the International Development Agency (IDA) to support poverty stricken communities in Local Government Authorities (LGAs)/ Zanzibar. The principle is based on the community-driven initiatives, with TASAF investment fund being managed by the communities themselves. The first phase was implemented between year 2000 and 2005 followed by a follow up phase, TASAF II, which was implemented from 2005 to 2010 but now extended to 2013. The brief description of the type of subprojects supported under each phase is as follows; TASAF I: The objective of the project was to increase and enhance the capacity of communities and stakeholders to prioritize, implement and manage sustainable development initiatives and in the process improve socio-economic services and opportunities. This was achieved through two major components namely Community Development Initiatives (CDI) and Public Works Program (PWP). The project covered 40 Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and Zanzibar. Through Community Development Initiatives (CDI) components, the following assets were created: classrooms 2,586, teachers offices 486, teachers houses 335, toilets 951 holes, secondary school laboratories 18, school administrative blocks26, dormitories 13, OPD/MCH (dispensaries) 312, clinical officers/ nurse’s houses 922, outpatients toilets 613, incinerators 304, pipe water supply systems 65, charco dams 2, earth dam 3, shallow wells 559, earth road 5 covering 85 km, irrigation scheme 2, village markets 4, storage facilities 1and village office 1. All these investments reached a total of 1.9 million people. PWP financed labor intensive public works as a safety net scheme in poor rural and urban area. The objective was to provide cash income for the poor, especially women and youth, during the period of seasonal food insecurity by creating job opportunities. Through PWP, 305 subprojects were implemented as follows: rehabilitation of 2,173.6 kilometers of earth/gravel roads; construction of small earth dams with the capacity of storing 300,037 cubic meter of water, 46,820 meters of canals for small scale irrigation, one foot bridge; 5,909,200 seedlings were raised for environmental protection, 2,950 meters of storm water drainage and village markets with floor area of 9,157 square meters. PWP subproject reached 581 communities, and 113 and cash transfer reached 113,646 beneficiaries, 47% being women. TASAF II: The second phase of TASAF which was originally designed to be implemented from 2005 to 2010 and now have been extended to June 2013 to allow for implementation of Additional Financing I and II the Government of Tanzania secured from the World Bank. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to improve access of communities to enhanced socio-economic services and income generating opportunities. The objective is linked to Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) indicator targets as stipulated in the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP/MKUKUTA). The project provides a mechanism that allows local governments to respond to community demands focusing on interventions that will ultimately contribute to the attainment of MKUKUTA objectives and those of the Millennium Development Goals. TASAF II is being implemented under two major components, namely the National Village Fund (NVF) and Capacity Enhancement (CE). The target groups for the NVF are: the service poor communities who lack basic social and market services such as education, water and sanitation, roads, banking and markets; the able-bodied individuals in food insecure households who are provided with temporary employment opportunities so as to increase their cash income, skills, and opportunities from working in financed public works programs; and households with vulnerable individuals (orphans, disabled, elderly, widows/widowers and those infected or affected by HIV/AIDS) who are provided with assistance to manage sustainable economic activities for income generation purposes. As at 30th June 2011, a total of 12,237 subprojects were received from LGAs/Vice Presidents Office since the start of the project, out of these 10,526 subprojects valued of TZS 184.5 billion have been funded. The types of subprojects supported include: construction/rehabilitation of health facilities 1,794, construction of classrooms 8,072, hostels/dormitory 176, laboratory 175, library 13, administration blocks 235, staff office 620, teachers houses 487, village markets 93, vi rehabilitation of rural roads 4,602 kilometers, construction of small irrigation systems 117, improved community water points 2,948. Moreover, 359,061 beneficiaries were supported with income generating activities, 260,268 beneficiaries were employed in PWP activities and 47.5% being women, 1,792 beneficiaries were supported with cash transfer programs being implemented in three LGAs on pilot basis and 21,712 individual savers participating in community saving. All interventions under TASAF I and II have reached 20,628,672 people. Evident implementation challenges from both phases of TASAF which needs to be addressed including: inadequate technical capacity and management skills in LGAs/Zanzibar on project planning, implementation and monitoring of progress in all aspects at community and district levels; insufficient community participation in some of operational areas due to other survival preoccupation activities negatively impacting implementation of sub-projects; operationalisation of sector norms and standards in most of the districts and implementation of safeguards requirements. The Government of United Republic of Tanzania (URT) has asked the World Bank and other Development Partners (DP) for the continued support for Tanzania Third Social Action Fund (TASAF III) Productive Safety Net (PSN). The new program expected to be implemented for a period of ten years from 2012 will consolidate the performance of TASAF II using CDD approach and facilitate implementation of public works, livelihood enhancing activities, scaling up of cash transfer programs, support targeted infrastructures as well as capacity building for effective delivery of the program. TASAF III will contribute to the attainment of MKUKUTA II and MKUZA II objectives as well as advancement on the social protection agenda, and spur the progress towards achievement of MDGs. The objective of TASAF III is to enable poor households to increase income and opportunities while improving consumption. In order to achieve this objective, the main focus of TASSF III will be as follows: Establishment of a National Safety Net incorporating transfers linked participation in Public Works Program (PWP) and adherence to conditionality. The safety net component aims at providing transfers to all those living under the food poverty line, who will be identified using a unified targeting mechanism. Support to community driven interventions which enhance livelihoods and increase income (through community savings and investments as well as specific livelihoods enhancing grants) Targeted infrastructures development (education, health water etc) to enable service poor communities to realize the objectives of the safety net Capacity building to ensure adequate program implementation by community, local government authority, regional and national levels. The guiding principle of TASAF III operations will be to strengthen community empowerment through; participatory project management, direct financing, promoting transparency and accountability, building capacities of implementers at all LGAs/Islands and Village/Shehia/Mtaa, supporting poor communities and disadvantaged groups. In addition to that it will be operating in harmony with other ongoing initiatives within the LGAs. The purpose of this Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is to ensure that TASAF III funded sub- projects are environmentally and socially sustainable and undertaken in accordance with World Bank Safeguard Policies and the related applicable polices and laws of Tanzania. The objectives of this ESMF are to: Evaluate the institutional and political framework for environmental and social management of TASAF III Outline the success of TASAF II’s environmental and social management procedures in: 1) ensuring environmental and social sustainability of project interventions; and 2) meeting World Bank and Tanzanian requirements for environmental and social management; Based on the experiences gained in TASAF II,, assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the TASAF III project, whether positive or negative, and ensure mitigation measures vii are incorporated into subprojects to avoid, minimize or mitigate these potential impacts; • Establish methodologies for environmental and social impact assessment and management within the project’s Community-Driven Development (CDD) sub- project cycle; • Inform project stakeholders of the potential impacts of different anticipated sub projects, and relevant mitigation measures and strategies; • Serve as a tool for project implementers at the National, District, Ward,/Village/Mtaa/Shehia level to identify and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts during all stages of the sub-project cycle thereby avoiding long term negative impacts; In order to meet the above objectives, sub-projects to be financed under TASAF III will follow environmental and social screening process using the Environmental Management Act, 2004 and its EIA and Audit Regulations, 2005, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act No 2 of 1996 for Zanzibar and relevant World Bank Safeguard Polices including Environmental Assessment. (OP 4.01), The guiding principle for implementation of the sub-projects will be based on CDD Cycle which will involve eight stages namely identification, appraisal, approval, launching, implementation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation, inauguration/commissioning. Therefore mainstreaming ESMF into the sub-project cycle activities will ensure that Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) is taken into consideration. The ESMF has provided guidance on both main potential positive and negative impacts of potential environmental concerns likely to arise from the various subprojects interventions proposed under the TASAF III. On the same line mitigation measures for negative impacts have also been spelt out in the ESMF. It is designed that TASAF III project institutional and coordination arrangements will be operating within the LGAs/Zanzibar in conformity with the decentralized government. In this set-up it is imperative that implementation of sub-projects will need to take cognizance of the existing policies, legislations, and institutional arrangements relevant for environmental and social management in the country for the success of the project. Establishment of a safeguard team at TMU to oversee implementation of this ESMF as well as capacity building and training in environmental and social management a t LG A s / Z a n z i b a r are key elements in implementing TASAF III. This need has become evident from experience gained in the implementation of sub-projects in TASAF II with respect to Environmental and Social Management. The training and capacity building will be targeted to appointed person at TMU ,LGAs/Island sector experts, ward extension officers, Village/Shehia extension officers. It is expected that training and capacity building interventions will lead to: • Communities able to mainstream environmental and social issues in their sub- projects. • LGAs/Island have the capacity to assist communities in preparing sub-project proposals, to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of sub-projects; and • Strengthened capacity of local services providers to provide technical support to communities in environmental and social aspects of the sub-projects. viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background The Government of United Republic of Tanzania (URT) has asked the World Bank and other Development Partners (DP) namely Department for International Development (DFID), World Food Program (WFP) and its other major development partners for the continued support for Tanzania Third Social Action Fund (TASAF III) Productive Safety Net (PSN). This follows successful implementation of TASAF I and II respectively between years 2000 to 2010, where major achievements were made in terms of service delivery. The country has experienced a high economic growth, which enabled increase in public expenditure and allowed expansion of public services with subsequent impacts of school enrollment, and under five mortality. However, decrease in poverty levels has been marginal. According to the second strategy for National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP II) out of every 100 Tanzanians, 36 were poor in 2000/01 compared to 34 in 2007. Income poverty varied across geographical areas, with the rural areas being worse. Despite a decrease in the percentage of population living below poverty line, the actual number of the poor has increased. This situation highlighted for the need to focus on interventions that would address poverty reduction through a robust safety net programme in the country. An effective safety net system will protect the poor from immediate effects of poverty, helping them to meet consumption needs and prevent further irreversible losses in assets, but it can also enable poverty stricken households to invest in their future and improve their livelihood. Therefore the objective of TASAF III is to enable poor households to increase income and opportunities while improving consumption. The programme will target people living under basic needs poverty line, currently estimated at 13.5 million. TASAF III project is expected to achieve this objective by implementing the following four components: a) Establishment of a national safety net incorporating transfers linked to participation in public works and adherence to conditionalities. The safety net component aims to provide transfers to the poor and vulnerable. b) Support to community driven interventions which enhance livelihoods and increase income through community savings and investments. c) Targeted infrastructure development in education and health to enable service poor communities to realize the objectives of safety net and d) Capacity building to ensure adequate program implementation by community, local government authorities, regional and national levels. The brief description of each component is as follows: National Safety Net This component will entail interventions leading to cash transfers to targeted beneficiaries. Poor and vulnerable households with children, and a pregnant woman, will be eligible to participate in the Conditional Cash Transfer sub-component (CCT). They will receive a conditional transfer for each child, pregnant woman living in the household as long as key human capital enhancing conditions are met. Whenever possible, conditional transfer payments will be made to an adult woman (usually the mother) in the household. Poor and vulnerable households with members capable of physical activity (i.e. households with labor) will be eligible to participate in the Public Works Program (PWP) sub-component. This includes households already included in the CCT sub-component, as well as those not covered. For households already participating in the CCT sub- component the additional transfers they earn through the public works programme will enable them to get the capital to invest in livelihood enhancing activities as a graduation strategy. Poor and vulnerable households that are not included in the CCT will participate in public works in any given year along with approximately one third of those also participating in the CCT sub-component The household member (whether male or female) 1 enrolled for the Public Works programme and therefore contributing the majority of the labor will receive the transfer. Any poor and vulnerable households with labor temporarily affected by a shock, will be eligible for one round of public works so that they can meet food needs during the period (in the case of a drought or high food prices) they are affected or re-accumulate assets lost (in the case of a flood or other shocks with destroy property). Members of the community will benefit from the community assets developed through the public works programme. Priority will be paid to developing assets which benefit both men and women. Households with no members capable of physical activity, nor household members eligible for conditional cash transfers, will still receive transfers unconditionally. As they are likely to be amongst the most destitute, their inclusion is necessary. Furthermore, households living in areas where conditional transfers are not feasible due to a lack of adequate nearby services; will receive their transfers unconditionally. Such households will still be encouraged to make use of services, but will not be penalized for lower levels of attendance. The Public Works Programs (PWP) will provide temporary employment at low wages mainly to unskilled workers on labour intensive projects. Subprojects expected to emanate from communities under PWP includes but not limited to: construction of charco dams, small irrigation schemes, construction and rehabilitation of gravel/earth roads, nurseries and tree planting, solid waste management, water shed management, restoration of degraded areas, gullies treatment, reclamation of borrow pit sites, protection of water sources, rainwater harvesting, market shed and associated facilities. Such activities will help to protect communities both from the impacts of periods of drought (because of improved water retention) and floods. These activities typically have a much lower capital and skilled labor burden. This approach is deemed more appropriate given that the livelihoods of many poor Tanzanian’s are heavily dependent on the environment. Moreover, TASAF will support targeted infrastructure development programs in education, health and water facilities to enable service poor communities realize the objective of safety net. Support to Community Driven Interventions which Enhance Livelihoods and increase incomes This component is primarily concerned with supporting community savings and investment promotion groups. It does so by enabling beneficiaries to save money to invest in livelihood enhancing activities, by supporting these investments with business development skills and technical training, and by providing households committed to improving their lives the opportunity to apply for additional financing to support livelihood building activities. All those beneficiaries benefiting from the social safety net will be strongly encouraged to form community savings groups and to start saving. This component also supports the outcome related to community empowerment by enabling programme beneficiaries to establish their own savings groups and to define how they will develop their livelihoods. Targeted Infrastructure Development This component focuses on the construction of primary schools, health facilities and potable water supplies in villages without these services and without such services being available in nearby areas. The targeted infrastructure development component will mainly focus on construction/rehabilitation of primary and secondary schools’ classrooms, teachers’ houses, toilets, water points, teachers’ offices, libraries, laboratories and dormitories; construction/rehabilitation of health facilities (including outpatient dispensaries, maternal child health centres, staff houses, toilets, incinerators and water points; development of potable water supplies. As such it is largely focused on the outcome focused on access to services and an enabling environment. However, it will also contribute to the achievement of the conditional transfer sub-component of the PSSN by improving the availability of relevant services and allowing CMCs to require stricter adherence to conditionalities. Furthermore, the development of potable water supplies will enhance the health and nutrition outcomes of the programme. 2 Capacity Building This component is concerned with ensuring that capacity is in place to implement the programme at the required scale and to an appropriate quality. This component underpins the functioning of all other components of the programme. It is concerned with ensuring that there is appropriate understanding and capacity for: • Targeting • Implementing the safety net programme (including conditional transfers and public works) • Implementing the livelihood enhancement programme (including COMSIP and IGA Grants), and • Implementing the targeted infrastructure projects. In order to minimize the environmental impacts associated with TASAF III activities, the project requires an Environmental Assessment. Given that the exact locations of the areas where these sub projects are to be located is not known at appraisal, the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 requires the Government of Tanzania (GoT) to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). Such an ESMF has been developed building upon the one that was prepared in 2004 for the previous project phase. The ESMF is intended to serve as a mechanism to determine and assess potential environmental and social impacts of all activities financed under TASAF III, and then to set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation of the program activities to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The Government is further required to disclose the ESMF in country and also at the Infoshop of the World Bank so that the document is accessible by the general public, local communities, potential project-affected groups, local NGO’s and all other stakeholders The GOT is also required to undertake consultation of those groups to get their views on the adequacy of the ESMF. Review of ESMF under TASAF II TASAF Management Unit (TMU) commissioned a consultancy service to review the safeguards requirements for TASAF II. The overall objective of the review was to evaluate the implementation of the ESMF and RPF, with a specific goal of assessing whether TASAF II subprojects complied with the project’s environmental and social/resettlement procedures. The review found that most subprojects are small-scale with minor environmental and social impacts during project phases. Generally, the review revealed the following regarding environmental and social issues in TASAF II: (i). The ESMF under TASAF II was adequate enough to ensure the proper mainstreaming of environmental and social concerns into funded subprojects, but shortcomings were observed in the implementation of the recommendations of the ESMF. The ESMF rated TASAF II subprojects as Category B which comprises projects whose potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse and are few and site specific in which cases have mitigation measures can be readily designed and implemented. The ESMF requires LGAs staff to undertake an environmental and social screening exercise through Environmental and Social Screening Forms (ESSFs) by which if potential negative impacts are predicted an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is integrated into project implementation. However the review found that the screening using ESSFs was too technical to be completed by most of the LGAs. Nevertheless, in Zanzibar all subprojects were well screened, possible negative environmental and social impacts identified mitigation measures put in place and each with a well prepared ESMP and Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP). (ii). There was still inadequate capacities in most of the LGAs as most of the officials designated as Environmental Management Officers (EMOs) were not well trained to handle environmental issues comprehensively. However, in a good number of the subprojects, beneficiaries themselves seemed to have reasonable knowledge on environment and social issues that might affect the implementation of their sub- projects. 3 (iii). Effective engagement occurred through the holding of community meetings, the attendance of community members on the launching day, the posting of information in public places about the subproject including the amount of funds involved, the work schedule and labour contributions (iv). With notable variations, mobilization and sensitization of communities during the pre-subproject stage inspired their commitment to implementation, encouraged community participation and laid a strong foundation for accountability. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) under TASAF III As stated earlier, the purpose of ESMF is to provide guiding principles for assessment and management of environmental and social aspects of all physical works targeted under TASAF III. It will help to systematically identify, predict and evaluate beneficial and adverse environmental and social impacts of subprojects to be financed under the project. The framework also set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation of the project to eliminate, off set or reduce any potentially adverse environmental and social impacts. TASAF III is a nationwide project with a great number of subprojects, the majority of which will be supported under Public Works Program and targeted infrastructure development. Based on lessons learned, the implementation experiences at the field level and the consultant report commissioned by TASAF to review implementation of ESMF, it was inevitable that the current ESMF be updated to reflect the changes and challenges encountered. Major changes of the ESMF under TASAF III area as follows: i. The screening process will use the sector checklist for the envisaged subprojects. The generic checklist will no longer be used as it was found to be too technical. The sector checklist will narrate the anticipated potential negative impacts pertaining to the specific subproject and proposed mitigation measures. The Environmental and Social Management Plan will be developed and make realist budget to mitigate potential negative impacts. This budget will be incorporated in the subproject budget. ii. To address capacity gap, five members of EPRA team will be trained on safeguard issues. This strategy has been adopted to fill the gap of relying on a single person appointed/designated as Environmental Management Officer. iii. Community Management Committee (CMC), elected to manage the subproject will receive training on environmental and social management so as to make them aware of environmental and social issues and ensure implementation of the ESMP. iv. Reporting formats has been introduced to capture each step of the environmental and social management i.e. screening, scoping, consultation and during preparation of quarterly reports. Thus, under TASAF III, the ESMF has been revised to incorporate these identified issues. The revision of ESMF has been done with consultations with the key stakeholders notably Vice Presidents Office (Environmental), LGAs Environmental Management Officers, and Officials from Fist Vice President Zanzibar. Preparation of the TASAF III ESMF is also required by the World Bank Safeguard Policies OP/BP 4.01 for Environmental Assessment, The Environment Management Act, 2004 and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act No 2 of 1996. Objectives of the ESMF The objectives of ESMF are to frame guidelines and procedure to deal with environmental and social impacts associated with the implementation of this project. The specific objectives are as follows: • Evaluate the institutional, policy, legal and political framework for environmental and social management of TASAF III • Outline the success of TASAF II’s environmental and social management procedures in: 1) ensuring environmental and social sustainability of project interventions; and 2) meeting World Bank and Tanzanian requirements for environmental and social management; • Based on the experiences gained in TASAF II,, assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the TASAF III project, whether positive or negative, and ensure mitigation measures are incorporated into 4 subprojects to avoid, minimize or mitigate these potential impacts; • Establish methodologies for environmental and social impact assessment and management within the project’s Community-Driven Development (CDD) sub-project cycle; • Inform project stakeholders of the potential impacts of different anticipated sub projects, and relevant mitigation measures and strategies; • Serve as a tool for project implementers at the National, District, Ward,/Village/Mtaa/Shehia level to identify and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts during all stages of the sub-project cycle thereby avoiding long term negative impacts; Methodology Prior to updating this ESMF, TMU contracted a consultant to carry out an audit of environmental and social issues. A sample of ten LGAs/Zanzibar was selected for the review, where selection was based on the geographical zones. Some sixty (60) subprojects were visited, of which three (3) were for Service Poor (SP) communities, two (2) for Vulnerable Groups (VG) and one (1) Food Insecure/Public Works Program (FI/PWP) communities . These subprojects were sampled from the list of all the subprojects funded, but the criteria used for selection was based on rural –urban interface and a mix of subprojects by sector such as water, roads, education, forest management, health, irrigation, mining, marine, social welfare, environment. The consultant used various methods and tools to carry out the assignment including qualitative and quantitative methods namely consultation with client representatives, a review of the safeguard tools, desk review, field visits, interviews and focus group discussions. The following are the major finding of the environmental and social audit carried out: a. Technical capacity on environmental issues at LGAs level was found to be inadequate. A three days training was done for appointed/designated Environmental Management Officer (EMO), but these people keep on being transferred and hence bringing inconsistency in carrying out EA. Need to change the approach to train more persons. b. While Capacity building and training in environmental and social management are the key elements in implementing TASAF-II funded subprojects, it was observed that capacity in this field was still limited at the LGAs level. Continuous training and capacity building is required to make the subprojects sustainable, given the fact that there is a substantial turnover of staff in LGAs. TASAF to consider extending training to about 5 members of the Extended Participatory Rural Appraisal (EPRA) in each LGA, instead of one, in order to improve capacity at district level. In this case, transfers may not necessarily affect the capacity at this level; c. The ESMF should be simplified according to the type, size and magnitude of subprojects to be funded so as to make the screening exercise easier to implement in line with the capacity of staff at the LGA level. The screening exercise should be more appropriate to specific subproject(s), and require less time and expertise. d. The process of subproject completion and certification that is usually done by an external sector expert hired by the LGA/Zanzibar should also include a description of how the ESMP was implemented. e. Progress reports on implementation status from LGAs to TMU and TMU to the World Bank should include sections on safeguard issues. This will promote awareness of environmental and social issues among implementers and key decision makers. the reports could include information on the following: • implementation of the ESMPs for subprojects with significant environmental and social issues; • brief progress on the implementation of subprojects that directly address environmental conservation such as communities involved in conservation and water shed management and 5 • challenges encountered in implementing and monitoring safeguard issues and measures to resolve them; and f. The Division of Environment (DoE) in the Vice President’ Office in collaboration with Prime Ministers Office- Regional Administration and Local government (PMO_RALG) should remind LGAs to employ/appoint competent Environmental Management Officers (EMOs) in compliance with EMA, 2004 section 36 (1-3) to be able to handle environmental issues appropriately, effectively and efficiently. g. Relevant central authorities including the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and DoE should facilitate LGAs on the implementation of the National Environmental Policy of 1997 and the Environmental Management Act (EMA) of 2004 through a directive issued by the Prime Minister’s Office - Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG). All these issues are taken on board in the updated version of the TASAF III ESMF. A team of experts comprising of LGAs Environmental Management Officers, members from Government Project Preparation Team, and TMU made a desk review and updated the current ESMF. The review was based on the findings and recommendations of the consultant who carried out the Environmental and Social Audit. Other documents used to update the ESMF include, Environment Management Act 2004 and its Regulations, Environment and Sustainable management Act, 1996 and the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies Op 4.01. The draft ESMF was shared during the stakeholders workshop held on 11/10/2011 held in Dar es Salaam. The workshop was attended by representatives from NEMC, VPO (DoE), LGAs, PPT, CSOs, Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlement, Ministry of Information, Culture, Youth and Sports, 2VPO( Zanzibar), and TMU. Project Location The project coverage is national with interventions targeted on the basis of poverty assessment criteria. The Project will finance Public Works Program (PWP) and targeted infrastructure sub-projects identified by communities. These subprojects will be implemented by CMCs under the supervision of Village Council/Shehia Advisory Council. Institutional Arrangements At the National level, TASAF is under President Office, with the overall oversight vested with the National Steering Committee (NSC). Moreover, a Sector Expert Team (SET) ensures that designs conform to different technical sector norms and standards. Subprojects applications will be reviewed by SET on sample basis to identify challenges in design process and provide the technical support required to improve designs. At the regional level, Regional Administrative Secretariat (RAS) will appoint a focal person to liaise with LGAs in the respective region in order to review implementation reports from LGAs. At the LGAs level, TASAF will recruit Finance and Operational Officer to provide technical support in the area of planning, implementation and reporting of TASAF activities. The LGA Director/ Second Vice President Office in Zanzibar will appoint a Coordinator and Accounts Assistant to handle implementation matters. At Ward level, ward level extension staff will lead the sensitization process, training and participatory planning with oversight support from LGAs. Specialized sensitization and training will cover area like subproject identification, micro-planning safeguard issues and management of subprojects at community level. With this institutional framework it is imperative that capacity building and training is required especially at the ward and LGA/Zanzibar level to ensure sufficient implementation of this ESMF in line with existing country legislation and procedures and in compliance with the World Bank 6 Environmental Assessment -OP 4.01. The roles and responsibilities of these actors are described in detail in Chapter 6 of this ESMF. Type of anticipated subprojects to be funded TASAF III will fund sub-projects related to Public Works Program and targeted infrastructure development. The exact type of the subproject will be chosen by the communities, but possible kind of subprojects includes but not limited to: • Subproject related to environmental conservation • Control of gullies through soil conservation. • Rehabilitation of community roads (earth/gravel) and not feeder roads. • Small scale irrigation using both surface and ground water. • Small earth dams using labor based construction. • Nurseries development • Rainwater harvesting techniques • Construction of markets • Soil conservation, • Construction /rehabilitation of education facilitates in existing primary and secondary schools, • Construction/rehabilitation of health facilitates in existing dispensary and health centers, • Construction/rehabilitation of community water points, 7 CHAPTER TWO: BASELINE DATA 2.1 Introduction Tanzania is in Eastern Africa, located between 1OS to 12OS and 30OE to 40OE. It is constituted by Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar with a total area of 945,087 sq. km comprised of land area of 883,749 sq. km (881,289 sq. km mainland and 2,460 sq. km Zanzibar), plus 59,050 sq. km inland water bodies. It shares borders with Kenya and Uganda in the North; Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo in the West; Zambia and Malawi in the South West and Mozambique in the South. The eastern boundary is an 800 km coastal line fronting the Indian Ocean from Kenya in the north at 4°38’S to Mozambique in the South at 10°30’S. Some 40 km offshore are the islands of Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba) and Mafia (to the South), plus numerous smaller islands. Figure 2-1 shows the map of Tanzania showing her location in Africa and in East Africa. There is a wide variety of physical features extending from a narrow coastal belt with sandy beaches to an extensive plateau covered by savanna and bush vegetation with altitude ranging from 1000 to 2000 m. The plateau is fringed by narrow belts of forests highlands, including Mt. Meru and Mt. Kilimanjaro (5,895m), the highest mountain in Africa. Except for the coastal strip and lower parts of the main rivers, the rest of the country lies above 300m altitude. The coastal plain is relatively narrow, less than 20 km at Kenya boarder, and broadens gradually to 150 km around Dar es Salaam. Tanzania mainland has several fresh water bodies, including Lake Victoria, the largest in Africa, located on Kenya-Uganda-Tanzania boarder; Lake Tanganyika, the longest and deepest in Africa and second deepest in the world after lake Baikal in Siberia, located on the boarder of Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo; and Lake Nyasa located on the boarder of Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. The transboundary natural resources has necessitated Tanzania and its neighbors’ to put in place protocols, agreements and mechanisms for the management, conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits of these resources. 2.2 Economy Annual per capita income is US$ 257 and according to the Human Development Index, Tanzania is among the most least developed countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture sector which accounts for 45% of GDP, source of livelihood for 90% of entire population, 81% of labour force (employment) and accounts for 85% of total exports. Manufacturing accounts for 8.3% of GDP while industry, broadly defined, accounts for 17% of GDP (year 2000). Currently high growth sectors are mining (and quarrying) (13.9%) and construction (8.4%) followed by trade, hotels and restaurants as related to tourism (6.5%). However given the small bases from which mining, construction and trade grow (e.g. in 2000, 2.3%, 4.6% and 16.4% of GDP respectively), their impact in the overall GDP performance is not significant. If such growth rates were recorded in agriculture (e.g. instead of 3.4% in 2000) the impact would have been noticeable. There are, however, great potentials for these sectors. The informal sector is also becoming an important source of employment. According to the Household Budget Survey (HBS) conducted in 2000/2001 in Tanzania, the proportion of the population living below food poverty line is 18.7% and 35.7% below the basic needs poverty line that is below US$ 1 per day. The poverty remains overwhelmingly a rural phenomenon, where 87% of the national figure in 2002 lives. The HBS 2000/2001 also revealed the growing inequality in Tanzania as measured by a rise in the Gini co-efficient from 0.34 in 1991/1992 to 0.35 in 2000/2001. Less than 13% continue to account for more than 70% of aggregate national income, suggesting that there is not trickledown effect of transferring wealth to the poor. 8 In year 2000, the Government through PRS identified through a participatory process, few priority sectors which would have maximum impact in poverty reduction. These include Education, Health, Water, Agriculture, Rural roads and Justice. In the subsequent reviews, key cross cutting areas for poverty reduction were added. These include Gender, Environment, HIV/AIDS, Employment and Budget execution for the past three years has been directed wards these priority areas. The PRS priorities have also guided donor support over this period. The Government in collaboration with other stakeholders is reviewing these priorities with a view to deepening and broadening interventions in the priority areas for poverty reduction. According to MKUKUTA II, Tanzania’s GDP growth rate has been impressive in the past. The GDP growth showed a rising trend, except for years with shocks such as food crisis, power crisis and global economic and financial crisis. Since 2005, Tanzania’s GDP annual growth rate averaged 7.0 %. In 2009, GDP growth was 6.0 %, declining partly due to global financial crisis. Volume and prices of exports fell, flows of capital and investment fluctuated, tourism and demand for tourism products fell as well (MKUKUTA, 2010) However the incidence of income poverty did not decline significantly. As shown in Table 2.1 below, out of every 100 Tanzanians, 36 were poor in 2000/01 compared to 34 in 2007. Income poverty (basic needs and food poverty) varied across geographical areas, with the rural area being worse off. Rural growth proxied by growth of the agricultural sectors was about .5% on average. When this growth is contrasted with the national population growth rate of 2.9%, the change in rural per capita income becomes small, thus perpetuating poverty in rural area (MKUKUTA, 2010). Table 2.1 Incidence of Poverty in Tanzania Incidence of Poverty Year Dar es Other urban Rural Areas Mainland Salaam areas Tanzania Food 2000/01 7.5 13.2 20.4 18.7 2007 7.4 12.9 18.4 16.6 Basic Needs 2000/01 17.6 25.6 38.7 35.7 2007 16.4 24.1 37.6 33.6 Sources: URT, NBS, Household Budget Survey 2001/01, 2007 Despite this, income-poverty in Tanzania stands at very high levels with 33.6% of the population considered to be below the basic needs poverty line and 16.6% below the food poverty line in 2007 (Household Budget Survey, 2007). Although this reflects a decrease in the percentage of households since 2000/01, with population growth the actual number of those below the basic needs poverty line increased during this period from 12.4 million to 13.5 million. The basic need poverty headcount is higher (49%) in Zanzibar than on the Mainland, but the food poverty headcount is lower (13%)i. Life expectancy at birth is 45 years, and the illiteracy rate is at 28.6 % of the total population (can not read and write in any language). 2.3 Physical Environment 2.3.1 TEMPERATURE Temperature in Tanzania varies according to the geographical location, relief and altitude. In the Coastal Regions and the off-shore Islands the average temperatures ranges between 27 °C and 29 °C, while in the Central, Northern and Western parts temperatures range between 20 °C and 30 °C and higher between the months of December and March. In the Northeast and Southwest where there are mountainous areas and Makonde Plateau, the temperature occasionally drops below 15 °C at night during the months of June and July. In some parts (Southern Highlands) temperature can 9 reach as low as 0 °C - 6 °C. This temperature variation has significant impact on the agro- ecological zones and the adaptation strategies in the agriculture sector. 2.3.2 RAINFALL Rainfall patterns in the country are subdivided into: tropical on the coast, where it is hot and humid (rainy season March - May): semi-temperate in the mountains with the short rains (Vuli) in November-December and the long rains (Masika) in February – May: and drier (Kiangazi) in the plateau region with considerable seasonal variations in temperature. The mean annual rainfall varies from 500 millimeters to 2,500 millimeters and above. The average duration of the dry season is 5 to 6 months. However, recently, rainfall pattern has become much unpredictable with some areas/zones receiving extremely minimum and maximum rainfall per year. Figures 2-2 a - b show the map of Tanzania indicating average maximum and minimum rainfall from 1921 to 2005. 1.2a. Extreme Maximum Rainfall 1.2b. Extreme Minimum Rainfall 2 2 4 4 Latitude 6 Latitude 6 8 8 10 10 12 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Longitude 12 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Longitude Figure 0-1 Map of Tanzania showing areas of Maximum and Minimum Rainfall (Source: Tanzania Meteorological Agency, 2005) 2.2.3 POPULATION Tanzania population is estimated at 45 million people, with a growth rate of 2.9 % per annum. About 87 % of the entire population lives in the rural areas and the population distribution is uneven and dispersed. 10 CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW OF POLICIES, LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 3.1 Introduction Tanzanian basic environmental law is the Environmental Management Act, 2004. It is supported by the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania and other sectoral and cross-sectoral laws and common law. In some incidences Tanzanian environmental laws have been categorized into first, land use laws; second, natural resources and conservation areas laws; third, pollution-related laws; and, fourth, overall environmental management law. With this categorization, sometimes it may not be easy to differentiate one category from the other due to their interlinkage. For this convolution, it is felt that presentation of laws will be relative to the wide cross-sectoral and sectoral approach as represented by the National Environmental Policy, 1997. The policy covers sectors that include land and human settlements; forestry; water and sanitation; health; transport; energy; industry; wetlands; agriculture; livestock; fisheries; wildlife; tourism; and mining. The National Environmental Policy, 1997 has relative policy statements to other sectoral and cross-sectoral policies upon which the Tanzanian environmental laws are premised. The following policies and laws: 3.2 Environmental Policies/Legislation and Institutional Arrangement 3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES The National Environment Policy for mainland (NEP, 1997) and Environmental Policy for Zanzibar (1992) are the main policy documents addressing environmental management issues in Tanzania. They identify sustainable development as a key issue in the National Environment Management Policy in the country. The policies state government’s commitment to sustainable development on the short, medium and long-term development basis. It requires the Tanzanian people to manage their environment and natural resources in a sustainable manner to enhance the potential for growth and opportunity for sustainable development of present and future generation. The National Environmental Policy (NEP 1997) identifies six key environmental problems. These problems are addressed and implemented by Sectoral Ministries and stakeholders. The policy considers linkage between poverty and demographic dynamics as critical factors contributing to environment degradation. Major environmental problems identified include: (a) Tanzania Mainland. i. Land degradation ii. Lack of access to good quality water for both urban and rural inhabitants iii. Environmental pollution iv. Loss of wildlife inhabitants and biodiversity v. Deterioration of aquatic systems and vi. Deforestation (b) Tanzania Zanzibar:- i. Rapid degradation of the coral rag ii. Soil erosion iii. Loss of plants and animals iv. Problem of water supply v. Pollution of coastal waters vi. Chemical pollution vii. Environmental health issues viii. Urban expansion and construction ix. Coastal zone management x. Unforeseen impacts of development projects xi. Poor participation of women and NGO’s in Environment Management 11 issues and lack of public awareness Apart from Environmental Policy, Tanzania has a wide range of sectoral and cross cutting policies and strategies geared to promote economic growth, social development and sustainable environmental management. These include: (a) Sectoral policies Tanzania mainland: (i) National Environmental Policy,1997 (ii) National Land Policy, 1995 (iii) National Mineral Policy of Tanzania, 1997 (iv) National Agricultural and Livestock Development Policy, 1997 (v) National Livestock Policy, 2006 (vi) National Wildlife Policy of Tanzania, 1998 (vii) National Forestry Policy, 1998 (viii) National Beekeeping Policy, 1998 (ix) National Policy Paper on Local Government Reform, 1998 (x) National Tourism Policy, 1999 (xi) National Human Settlements Development Policy, 2000 (xii) National Water Policy, 2002 (xiii) National Trade Policy, 2003 (xiv) National Small and Medium Enterprises Development Policy, 2003 (xv) National Energy Policy, 2003 (xvi) National Transport Policy, 2003 (xvii) National Fisheries Sector Policy and Strategy Statement, 1999. (xviii) Sustainable Indistrial Development Policy (1996 – 2020) (b) Sectoral policies Tanzania Island (Zanzibar) i. National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) ii. Women and Gender Policy (2001) iii. National Gender Policy (1992) iv. National Micro Finance Policy (2000) v. Small Medium Enterprise (DMR) Development Policy (2001) vi. Tanzania Women in Development Policy (1998) vii. Cooperative Development Policy (1998) viii. Rural Development Policy (2001) ix. Community Development Policy (1996) x. Water policy (2004) xi. Tourism Policy xii. Natural Resource Policy xiii. Agricultural, livestock and Irrigation Policy (1983) xiv. Fisheries Policy xv. Forest Policy (c) Strategies/programmes related to Environment and Social Management Tanzania Mainland: i. National Environnent Action Plan (NEAP, 2004) ii. The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty II (NSGRP 2010) iii. Rural Development Strategy (2001) iv. Tanzania Assistant Strategy (2001) v. Tanzania Development Vision (Vision 2025) vi. Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS 2001) vii. Education Sector Reform and Development Programme (1999) viii. Road Sector Development Programme (1999) ix. Local Government Reform Programme. 3.3 Environmental Legislation: Two environmental legislations are in place namely EMA, (2004) for mainland Tanzania and Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act No 2 of 1996 for Zanzibar. 12 Both Acts provide practical guidelines useful to decision makers and authorities involved in any field of activity or projects with a link to environmental issues. The laws calls for an integration of environmental concerns into the socio- economic development plans and require that EIA be carried out prior to project implementation. While Zanzibar is in the process of improving its EIA regulation, Tanzania mainland has comprehensive set of regulations governing EIA process. According to EMA, various Environmental Management Committee need to be established at Kitongoji, Village, Ward, LGA and at National level with the responsibility for the proper management of the environment in respect of the area in which they are established. The functions and responsibility of these committees are well explained in the Act. Section 36 (1), (2) stipulates that each City, Municipal, District and Town councils shall designate or appoint an Environmental Management Officer (EMO) who shall perform among the following functions: i) Advice the environmental management committee to which he/she belongs on all matters related to the environment. ii) Promote environmental awareness in the area he/she belongs on the protection of the environment and the conservation of natural resources. iii) Monitor the preparation, review and approval of Environmental Impact Assessment for local investments. Other Legislations for Tanzania Mainland and for Zanzibar are as follows: b. Legislations (Mainland): (i) Environmental Management Act, 2004 (ii) Land Act, Cap 113 R.E. 2002; Land (Conditions of Rights of Occupancy) Regulations, 2001 (iii) Village Land Act, Cap 114 R.E. 2002; Village Land Regulations, 2001 (iv) Mining Act, 1998 Cap 123 R.E. 2002; (v) Wildlife Conservation Act, 1974 Cap 283 R.E. 2002; Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Area) Regulations, 2002; (vi) Forests Act, 2002 Cap 323 R.E. 2002; (vii) Public Recreation Grounds Act, Cap 320 R.E. 2002; (viii) Land Use Planning Act, 2007; (ix) Urban Planning Act, 2007; (x) Marine Parks and Reserves Act, 1994 Cap 146 R.E. 2002; (xi) Water Laws; (xii) Fisheries Act, 2003 Cap 279 R.E. 2002; (xiii) Standards Act, 1975 Cap 130 R.E. 2002; (xiv) Food Security Act, 1991 Cap 249 R.E. 2002; (xv) Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology Act, 1986 Cap 226 R.E. 2002; (xvi) Beekeeping Act, 2002 Cap 224 R.E. 2002; (xvii) Local Government Laws; (xviii) Roads Act, 2007; 3.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies TASAF III will trigger to only three World Bank’s Safeguard Policies, namely Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) and Indigenous People’s Policy (OP 4.10). Like in TASAF II all supported subprojects are community based and small scale with no potential to cause significant convention to natural habitats thus the natural habitats policy (OP 4.04) is not triggered. Additionally, support for irrigation subproject is directed toward rehabilitation of existing small holder irrigation schemes, which do not require significant application of pesticides. Moreover the project does not procurement of pesticides or pesticides application equipment, and hence pest management policy (OP 4.09) is not triggered. The World Bank requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of proposed programme for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable and thus to improve decision- making. 13 The objective of OP (4.01) is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence. Sub-projects to be funded under TASAF III will fall under category B, meaning that the environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects are expected to be minimal, site specific and manageable to an accepted level. Thus, the most appropriate instruments to be used for environmental assessment is Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA). A summary of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies is provided in Annex 1. It provides guidance on measures to be taken should any of these policies be triggered (in addition to OP 4.01) 3.5 Environmental Institutional Arrangements: The presence of institutional and legal framework is a pre-requisite for effective implementation of Environment Policy objectives at all levels (National, Sectoral, LGAs, and Village/Shehia/Mtaa levels) and for effective environmental management in the country. According to EMA, 2004 institutional set up for environmental management in Tanzania Mainland is as presented in Figure 1 below. 14 Vice President’s Office (Minister Responsible for Environment) Division of Environment (DOE) (Director of Environment) National Environmental NEMC Advisory Committee (Director General) Regional Secretariat Sector Ministry Environmental (Regional Environmental Sections Management Experts) (Sector Environment Coordinators) City council Municipality Town Council District Council (City Council Env. (Municipal Env. (Town Council (District Council Env. Management Management Env. Management Officer) Officer) Officer) Management District Council Env. City Env. Municipal Env. Officer) Management Management Management Town Council Committee Committee Committee Env. Management Committee Township/Ward (Township/ward Env. Management Officer) Ward Township/Ward Env. Officer)Township/Ward (/ward Env. Env. Management Management Committee Management Committee Officer)Ward Env. Management Committee Village (Village Env. Management Officer) Village Env Management Committee Mitaa (Mitaa Env. Management Officer) Mitaa Env. Kitongoji (Kitongoji Env. Management Management Committee Officer) Kitongoji Env. Management Committee Figure.1: Environmental Institutional arrangement for Tanzania mainland At present, Environmental Management in Zanzibar is under the First Vice President’s Office and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of 1996 includes the following organs for executions of environmental management functions; i) Special Committee of the Revolutionary Council on Environments. ii) Department of Environment in the Ministry responsible for Environment. iii) Special Advisory Committee iv) Technical Environmental Units. 3.6 Linkage of TASAF on Policies, Legislation and Institutional Arrangement Institutional mandate and responsibilities of environmental management is well elaborated from central level down to local government and local 15 community level. During implementation of TASAF II, capacity building and training in environmental and social management were the key elements in subprojects implementation. However it was observed that capacity in this field was still limited at LGA level. Generally, there was still inadequate capacity in most of the LGAs. Most of the officials designated or appointed as Environmental Management Officers were basically not well trained to handle environmental issues comprehensively. In this regard immediate implementation of Environmental management functions at LGAs level would require capacity building support from central levels. 16 CHAPTER FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS AND PROCEDURES 4.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the steps involved in the environmental assessment process and procedure leading towards the review and approval of subprojects under TASAF III. The chapter gives an explicit description of roles, reporting and advice mechanisms during implementation of the project. 4.2 EIA Procedure in Tanzania According to the EMA, 2004 and its EIA and Audit Regulation of 2005, EIA is mandatory for projects, which are known to cause adverse environmental impacts. Projects listed in the fi rst schedule of the E IA and Audit Regulations may or may not require EIA as shown in Annex 2. For small scale projects and enterprises listed in Annex 3, where TASAF III subproject falls, requires Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA). Subprojects requiring PEIA are likely to have some significant adverse environmental impacts but that the magnitude of the impacts are not well-known, a preliminary environmental assessment is required to decide whether the project can proceed without a full environmental impact assessment. For sub projects that require PEIA the procedure will involve the following stages: subproject identification, screening, scoping, preliminary environmental assessment, reviewing, permitting decision, monitoring and reporting. 4.2.1 SUB PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Sub project identification will entail identifying PWP activities that will be carried out by beneficiaries’ based on the seasonal calendar so that they are employed for at least 4 month in the year. For targeted infrastructures, this will be done to determine the social services intervention required by the respective community. The Sub Project Identification Form (SIF) will be filled by the targeted beneficiates with facilitation of the EPRA team. The Subproject identification form is attached as Annex 4. 4.2.2 SCREENING This is the process of analyzing a project proposal to determine the obligatory and level at which environmental assessment will be carried out. Environmental Subproject Identification Form, sector checklist and site verifications are used as bases for screening. This is important to help in determining whether a proposed subproject should be subjected to Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA) or not and the level of assessment that will be necessary. All TASAF III subprojects falling under PWP and targeted infrastructures will be subjected to PEIA hence screening is exempted for this purpose. Environmental sector checklist is attached as Annex 5. 4.2.3 SCOPING The LGAs/Island Environmental Management Officer will be responsible for scoping, which is primarily undertaking public consultation. The first step is to hold public consultations with the local communities and all other interested and affected parties during the scoping process. These consultations should identify key issues and determine how the concerns of all parties will be addressed. All sub projects applications, planning reports and appraisal reports need to be available for public examination at a suitable and accessible places e.g. district council offices. To facilitate meaningful consultations, the EPRA team, the Village/Shehia Council will provide all relevant materials and information concerning the sub projects in a timely 17 manner prior to the consultation, in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. Depending on the public interest in the potential impacts of the sub projects a public hearing may be requested to better convey the concerns. Public consultations are critical in preparing an effective and sustainable sub-project. The VEO/Sheha will be responsible for taking the minutes of the public disclosure meeting. The office of LGAs/Second Vice President Office will produce and distribute copies of the minutes to offices at the LGA Directors, Ward and Village/Mtaa/Shehia/Mtaa, political parties, NGOs, and other civil societies in the community. A summary of the outcome of this public disclosure meeting will be posted at appropriate places. Once the sub-project has been reviewed and cleared by the respective LGA’s/Island Management Team as well as by District/Island Steering Committee, the Village/Shehia/Mtaa will inform the public about the results of the review. The result of these consultations must be documented in the scoping report. The format of the scoping report is attached as Annex 6. 4.2.4 PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT This is the step done after scoping exercise. Preliminary environmental assessment is important for projects with limited environmental impacts. The assessment ensures that appropriate mitigation measures are included in the project design and subsequent implementation. The cost of mitigation measures is part of overall subproject budget. Using information from annex 5, LGAs/Zanzibar will assist communities to develop simple Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as per Annex 8. The developed plans will be left with the communities. A preliminary environmental impact assessment should proceed along the following steps: • Description of the project characteristics and the affected environment • Identification of impacts on the local environment; • Assessment/evaluation of the significance of the impacts (in terms of energy flow, transformation of matter, effects on sensitive ecosystems) relative to the baseline state and socio-economic impacts. The Local Environmental Expert (LEE)/LGAs/Islands EPRA team will undertake Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment with support from Village Council/Shehia Advisory Council/ Mtaa Committee and community. The format for preparing the PEIA report is attached as Annex 7. 4.2.5 REVIEW AND APPROVAL According to EMA, Section 36-3(f) the LGA Environmental Management Officer, will review the PEIA within 21 days following submission of PEIA report providing an evaluation of the strengths and weakness of the report submitted, the officer shall take decision as to whether the proposal should be accepted with or without further information. Site verification shall be undertaken if a need arises. If the application has satisfactorily addressed mitigation measures, the LGA’s/Island Environmental Committee will then clear the sub-project and recommend to the LGA Finance Committee/Steering Committee for approval with the subproject application and subsequent funding. Any proposed sub-projects that do not comply with the requirements of Tanzania and the World Bank safeguards policies will not be cleared for approval. 4.2.6 SUB PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION Monitoring is a systematic measurement of how a sub project is performing; it is part of the overall supervision of a sub project. From environmental point of view, it is of interest to determine that mitigation measures are being properly implemented, that environmental contractual measures are being respected, that construction is proceeding in accordance with the agreed design standards, and that no unforeseen negative impacts are occurring as the result of sub project execution. Environmental 18 monitoring needs to be carried out during the construction as well as operation and maintenance of the sub-projects. The responsibilities for monitoring and evaluation of the mitigation measures adopted under the sub- projects would be assigned as follows: Community Management Committee (CMC) with support of Village Council/Shehia Advisory Council/Mtaa Committee will be responsible for the day to day monitoring and reporting of feedback throughout the life of the sub-project, specifically the monitoring of: a. The environmental and social assessment work to be carried out on its behalf by LGAs Management Teams/ Second Vice President’s Office; b. Monitoring of environmental issues as per ESMP during implementation, and operation and maintenance phases. c. Submission of quarterly monitoring reports to the Village Fund Coordinator who will eventually submit to LGA/Island Environmental Management Officer. The LGA/Island Environmental Management Officer in collaboration with the LGA Management Team will consolidate the project-specific monitoring report into one common report and submit the report to the LGAs Director, TMU. Details of monitoring and evaluation are found in Chapter 9. 4.2.7 END OF THE SUBPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION At the end of construction phase restoration or rehabilitation status shall be prepared by the CMC and report submitted to LGAs/Island Environmental Management officer for record. Should there be need for continued environmental monitoring, CMC will continue with monitoring. 19 CHAPTER five: POTENTIAL IMPACTS 5.1 Introduction The implementation of TASAF III project is designed to be environmentally and socially sensitive so as to avoid any undesirable adverse consequences of the given interventions and hence ensure the achievement of improved standards of living of the poor. Most of the project impacts would be localized due to being relatively of small scale. Nevertheless, there are some issues of concern that cut across the range of proposed interventions. Field studies and lessons from similar programs show that issues such as community p a r t i c i p a t i o n , community ownership and selection of appropriate sites are some of the key concerns that influence project success, sustainability and impact to the environment. Impact assessment refers to the identification and evaluation of environmental changes occurring as a result of implementing a project. It is a systematic and integrative process of drawing together an analysis of the likely environmental effects of a particular project. It is a critical process that makes use of baseline information that describes biophysical and social aspects of the project area and determines the most significant adverse impacts. 5.2 Objectives of impact assessment Impact assessment involves the actual investigation and reporting of the results of the assessment. The objectives of the impact assessment include; (i) Identification of both positive and negative impacts of the project (ii) Identification of tools and techniques for impact analysis (iii) Proposing measures to mitigate adverse impacts (iv) Development of plans for management and monitoring of the impacts Impact Assessment ensures that environmental and social criteria are considered in the early stages of project planning alongside economic viability. To this end the impact assessment will: • Provides alternative options (location, technology, processes etc) to the sub project • Safeguards the subproject against mitigation measures through retrofitting The likely potential positive and negative impacts of TASAF III sub-projects are detailed in the following section. 5.3 Overall Environmental and Social impacts Environmental and social sustainability are fundamental to overall sustainable development strategies, natural resource conservation, and poverty alleviation. Lessons learned from TASAF II and elsewhere demonstrate that community involvement in the decision-making and management process may bring effective and lasting improvement in the livelihoods of people, and can lead to better use and protection of the natural resource base. Therefore environmental and social sustainability are fundamental to the success of TASAF III project. 5.4 Potential Positive Impacts Subprojects to be implemented under TASAF III will be mainly PWP aiming at creating employment and increase consumption and income of poor households. Sub projects will strengthen traditional systems of environmental and social governance and embrace the notion of community dialogue through effective functioning of Village/Shehia/Mtaa or inter-Village/Shehia committees for community land, environmental and social management. Some of the potential impacts resulting from the project implementation are as follows: 20 The project will help promote the decentralization process through support to capacity building interventions. The Tanzania local government system is based on political devolution and decentralization of functions and finances within the framework of a unitary state. Local governments will be holistic, i.e. multi-sectoral, government units with a legal status (body corporate) operating on the basis of discretionary, but general powers under the legal framework constituted by the national legislation. Local governments have the responsibility for social development and public provision within their jurisdiction, facilitation of maintenance of law and order and issues of national importance such as education, health, water, roads and agriculture. Local governments have constituted unitary governance systems all over the country based on elected councils and committees and a professional administration. The project will support activities to increase literacy and reduce poverty, and will help communities to become better informed on impacts of degradation of natural resources and encourage conservation; Strategically placed infrastructure development and associated services may enable more sustainable production systems (e.g. forestry, agriculture etc.); Maintenance and rehabilitation of rural roads will increase access to markets and social services, such as health care and education; An increased number of strategically located small-scale water points will help meet the need for potable water and lead to a more diffused distribution of human and livestock pressures on existing limited resources; Effective management and reversal of degradation of natural habitants through a variety of known soil and water conservation techniques (rock bunds, composting, windbreaks, reforestation, water catchments etc.) will lead to a positive impact on conservation of natural habitats and biodiversity. Local institutional strengthening and empowerment is achieved through improved understanding and use of the tools and mechanisms for environmental and social impact assessment and participatory approaches to community development (e.g. development of a community development plan); and Investment in social and economic infrastructure, such as construction or rehabilitation of health facilities, school classrooms, markets, etc. will result in improvement in people’s well-being and livelihoods, and promote equitable development and hence improve livelihood security of an individual within a rural/ urban community. Consequently, TASAF III project activities have the potential to make a significance contribution to Tanzania’s policies to protect and preserve the environment while reducing poverty to the population. 5.5 Potential Negative Impacts The overall negative environmental and social impact predicted under TASAF III project (Indicated in Annex 5) is based on the following reasoning: Livelihoods and environment, particularly in the rural setting are sometimes varied and unpredictable (e.g. stratified and achieving effective participation by marginalized groups, including women, youth and migrants, may require good facilitation). For details on impact refer to Annex 5. Lack of adequate capacity for environmental and social screening of small scale activities in some local government authorities may exacerbate existing environmental and social issues effecting communities within the target areas. This may affect the quality of implementation of ESMF if not addressed adequately. 21 Alternative livelihoods and intensification of agricultural production, which may result in improved well-being, may also lead to an increase in area of cultivation, may increase demand on natural resources or degrade the surrounding environment. Adequate facilitation is required to mitigate this potential adverse effect. Rising population pressures, a deteriorating resources base, desertification and drought due to climate change and intensification/intensification of the agricultural production systems often lead to an increase in land-related conflicts. The introduction of investments in these areas may attract outside immigrants that will further increase pressure on existing resources and possibly increase land-related conflicts. Some sub projects supported by TASAF III may not bring the intended benefits to certain vulnerable groups and to the poor and may further contribute to inequitable distribution of resources and marginalizing of these groups. The development of a District/Village Development yearly planning seeks to avoid this, however the consistency of active participation by vulnerable groups may vary, and cannot be ensured. Further, the ability of vulnerable groups and the poorer segments of the population to express their views and needs cannot be stated at this time. Therefore, it is crucial for communities to receive support from skilled and experienced facilitators in methods of community participation, project planning and management when planning activities and sub- projects. It is equally important that follow up be made in order ensure that the concerns of the poor and vulnerable groups have been taken into consideration over time. 5.6 Localized Negative Impacts Micro-projects to be implemented under the TASAF III funding, will be small in scale: therefore the significance of the direct negative environmental and social impacts is likely to be small. This i s especially the case in comparison to larger-scale developments elsewhere in Tanzania, for instance large-scale dams or large- scale roads. 5.7 Cumulative Impacts Some sub-projects may in some areas result in cumulative impacts on the environment. Cumulative impacts are impacts, which may result from individually, small-scale sub projects with minimal impacts but which over time can combine to have a significant impact. Cumulative impacts can also be defined as impacts, which potentially develop from the combined impacts of more than one project or large scale program occurring within the same area of influence and time span. In such cases, cumulative impacts will have to be assessed based on the combined effects of potential impacts from the various program inputs. Considering possible cumulative impacts of the TASAF III funded sub-projects, stakeholders will be provided with an opportunity to learn how to avoid or mitigate localized impacts from initial sub- projects, so that measures can be integrated into subsequent activities. TASAF III supports so many subprojects in the same community. Some examples of activities related to such sub projects are as follows: • Potential impacts on surface water, owing to the construction of numerous small- scale irrigation works and potential cumulative impacts on water users (especially downstream users of potential river and streams); • Illegal poaching of wildlife due to expansion of land under cultivation, illegally starting bush fires or increased proximity and access to protected areas through construction of rural feeder and forest roads. 5.8 Strategic Impacts The location of certain small-scale sub projects such as feeder roads, water reservoirs 22 and development of irrigated agricultural activities downstream from small dams might also have strategic impacts. Thus, they require a more detailed assessment in relation to the types of sector policies and land management plans that the Government of Tanzania is advocating (e.g. how many feeder roads may fit into the overall transport sector policy in Tanzania). Infrastructure such as feeder roads requires an assessment of the location and design to take into account the potential impacts that the road may have on the natural resources (soil erosion, encroachment on protected areas, changes to surface run-off, dust, etc.) and on the social environment (mobility of communities, migration of people, introduction of diseases, etc.). 5.9 Other Social and Environmental Degradation Issues Other issues, which need to be addressed under TASAF III are the issues of pollution, land degradation, and sensitivity to vulnerable groups. (i) Potential Sources of Pollution With respect to TASAF III funded sub-projects, there is a possibility that development of social and economic infrastructure can lead to pollution of watercourses from increased generation of solid waste and wastewater due to inadequate attention being paid to inclusion of proper sanitation facilities or initiations measures. (ii) Impact on Ecological Resources and Land Degradation Some of the proposed activities and sub-projects can lead to both localized and cumulative impacts on such areas as bio-diversity, lowlands, forests, soil and water quality, etc. Land degradation due to sub-projects that involve construction, deforestation, and induced impacts associated with small-scale feeder roads, or any development that induces concentration of people, agriculture or livestock in particular areas. The environmental and social screening tools presented in this framework will be used to identify and mitigate the potential impacts discussed as they related to certain types of community investments. (iii) Medical Waste Disposal Sub-projects such as dispensaries/health centers could generate small amounts of waste associated with pharmaceuticals, drugs or medical waste of any kind and this carries disposal risks. Indiscriminate disposal carries risks for human and animal health, pollution of watercourse, and land or water resource contamination in localized areas. Waste categorized as infectious or bio-hazardous is capable of spreading infectious disease, and has become a very significant issue especially for HIV/AIDS contaminated materials. It is especially important to develop and apply effective medical waste handling disposal methods, with the support of the appropriate and line ministries. Guidelines of Health Care Waste Management Plan (HCWMP) will be followed to address medical waste management and disposal issues arising from these activities. The project will support construction of medical waste incinerators to address medical waste. Issues to be addressed in a Mini Medical Waste Management Plan: • Laboratory wastes–specimen or microbiologic cultures, stocks of infectious agents, live and attenuated vaccines and culture mediums; • Blood or body fluids-liquid blood elements or other regulated body fluids, or articles contaminated with blood or body fluids; • Sharps-items such as syringes, needles, blades, broken glass; 23 CHAPTER 6: MAINSTREAMING ESMF IN SUPROJECT CYLE AND REPORTING MECHANISM 6.1 Introduction This chapter set out activities for mainstreaming environmental and social management into the sub project cycle by defining the roles and responsibility of each stage of the cycle. Specific actions to be taken in each stage have been highlighted with expected outputs: Individual subproject stages are; sub project identification and application; desk appraisal; field appraisal; approval; launching; implementation; supervision and Monitoring; completion and inauguration. Process and expected output for each stage that will apply for all subprojects is summarized in Table 6.1 below: Table 6.1 Summary of Activities for Mainstreaming ESMF in sub project cycle Sub Project Stage Process Outputs Expected Identification and Community sensitization towards identification of Adherence to Application environmental friendly subprojects ESMF process. Ensure conformity with national environmental laws and guidelines Potential negative impacts and mitigation measures identified by communities Check the completeness of the application package Appraisal of ESMF Desk Appraisal including documentation of environmental issues forms Filling of desk appraisal form Field Appraisal Social and technical appraisal of sub project through Filling in Field PEIA Appraisal Form including Verification of environmental impacts and possible environmental mitigation measures with the community appraisal is completed Review of proposed mitigation measures by using ESMP and propose alternatives if any Field appraisal report to include environmental and social issues Approval Approving ESMP Approved ESMP Launching Explanation of potential impact and mitigation Potential impacts Measures, Agreement on monitoring terms and mitigation measures explained to communities Implementation Implementation of mitigation measures by community. Mitigation measures implemented, Monitoring of project implementation and performance reviewed and of mitigation measures modified accordingly Adherence to ESMP Monitoring and Monitoring of environmental indicators Periodic report to Supervision Look at alternatives course of action and advice include accordingly environmental and social issues 24 6.2 Implementation of ESMF At national level TASAF is under the President’s Office with oversight vested in the National Steering Committee (NSC). Members of the NSC are drawn from the public and private sectors. The NSC is responsible for policy making and coordinating the implementation of TASAF III activities and monitoring to ensure that the goals and objective of the project are being achieved. A Sector Experts Team (SET) at the national level ensures that designs conform to different technical sector norms and standards. SET will review subproject applications on sample basis to identify challenges in design process and to provide the technical support needed to improve design in the future. Assessment of capacity at regional level to take up the function of subproject review will be carried out by Mid-Term Review. Fiduciary oversight is vested in the TASAF Management Unit (TMU) headed by the Executive Director who reports to the NSC. The National Steering Committee through the TMU will have the following functions: • Ensure provision of expert advice on EIA process and review EIS’s, EMPs and upon receiving request from LGA/Islands. • Ensure enforcement and monitoring role as stipulated by law; approve EIS’s EMPs; strategically monitor cumulative impacts of sub-projects on a national level; • Ensure periodical environmental audits. • Facilitating training for staff that will carry out environmental assessment at all levels. • Carry public environmental awareness campaigns at all levels; • Through TMU contract out a consultant to carry out and Environmental and Social Performance Audit, whenever required; • Disclose this ESMF locally and at the Info-shop of the World Bank At the Regional level, Regional Secretariats will assist LGAs on matters related to TASAF III social safety net interventions including: review of LGA quarterly reports and compliance with guidelines under TASAF III; undertake regular monitoring visits to review quality of supported investments and services; and advise LGA on required improvements in program operations. At the Local Government Authority level, LGAs will implement TASAF II activities under the leadership of the LGA Executive Director. Day to day facilitation and technical backstopping to communities will be the responsibility of the appointed Village Fund Coordinator. Environmental Management Officer will be appointed/ designated to oversee implementation of ESMF as stipulated in the EMA, 2004. The LGA EPRA team, experts and ward level facilitators will perform the following functions. • Facilitate communities to fill in Sub Project Identification Form in order to track the number of subprojects to be implemented in a particular community. • Facilitate communities to screen for potential environmental impacts using the sector checklist. Ward facilitators and Village/Shehia Councils will to provide guidance and advice on environmental and social risks of sub-projects, potential environmental and social impacts and appropriate mitigation measures are incorporated in sub projects design. • Using the sector checklist develop EMP for the identified impacts in order to address environmental and social issues. Budget for implementation of EMP should be including in the overall subproject budget submitted to TMU for funding. • Facilitate communities implement mitigation measures (EMO to prepare report) • Prepare quarterly reports for submission to LGA Environmental Management Committee, Steering Committee for Unguja and Pemba, Environmental Committee, TMU. 6.3 Community Level After awareness creation and training, members of the community will undertake both compliance monitoring and effects monitoring (which records the consequences of activities on the biophysical and social environment). This will be done throughout the 25 sub project cycle: a. During the planning phase, the communities will participate in the identification of indicators for monitoring the mitigation measures b. During implementation phase, monitoring the execution of works with respect to environmental aspects e.g. verify the compliances of the drawings. The appointed Local Service Provider (LSP) for a particular subproject is responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures. c. During operation and maintenance phase, the overall environmental m o ni t ori ng and al erting on an y emerging environmental hazards in conjunction with the ongoing sub project activities The communities will be enabled to pass on their observations and concerns through the acceptable mechanisms including, but not limited to the Village/Shehia Environmental Committee to the LGA’s/Island Management Team and higher authorities. 26 CHAPTER SEVEN: TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING 7.1 INTRODUCTION Training and capacity building is instrumental in the realization of the objectives of the ESMF. Given the importance of this function, TMU commissioned consultancy to audit the effectiveness of the implementation of the ESMF during TASAF-II that included looking at training and capacity. The Environmental and Social Audit carried out in sampled LGAs showed that technical capacity on environmental issues at LGAs level was found to be inadequate. Most officials designated as EMOs were basically not well trained to handle environmental issues comprehensively. Thus, improved training and capacity building is required to make the subprojects sustainable, given the fact that there is a substantial turnover of staff in LGAs. It was recommended that TASAF consider extending training to several (e.g. 5) members of the Extended Participatory Rural Appraisal (EPRA) in each LGA, instead of one, in order to improve capacity at district level. This will mitigate occasional transfers extended to LGA staff. In addressing this preference will be made to ensure Ward Level facilitators are trained on environmental and social issues as this category of staff are less frequently transferred. Capacity building and training for environmental and social management is required for all levels of implementation of TASAF III. The requirements for capacity building are as follows: TASAF Management Unit Two members of the TMU will be designated to form a safeguard unit to coordinate and oversee the implementation of safeguards implementation, monitoring and reporting. The appointed staffs need training on safeguards issues and this will be done by enhancing the capacity of the existing team. Initial training needs assessment will be done to identify skills gaps. A special training will be organized to enhance the capacity of the team. Specifically the safeguard team at TMU will be responsible for: i. Ensuring TASAF III compliance with of this ESMF but continually advocate and raise awareness at all levels the need for implementing its requirements and recommendations; ii. Training and orientation of the LGAs/Island team on the requirements of the ESMF iii. Reviewing monitoring reports submitted by the LGAs/Island for compliance with ESMF and RPF iv. Provide technical backstopping to LGAs/Island Environmental management Officer on the compliance of the ESMF/RPF v. Monitoring potential for cumulative impacts LGAs/Island level At this level, five members of EPRA will be trained on environmental and social management and resettlement policy framework. The EPRA will be a multi-disciplinary team of experts who will support communities in subproject planning, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. In this regards, a four days training will be organized to build their capacity. Objectives of the training under TASAF III will be: Support communities to mainstream environmental and social issues in their sub-projects. Ensure that LGAs/island have the capacity to assist communities in preparing sub-project proposals, to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of sub-projects; and Strengthen the capacity of local NGOs and other services providers to provide technical support to communities in environmental and social aspects of the sub- projects. 27 The training will focus on: • Review of Tanzania Environmental and Social Management process, • Review of TASAF III project principles and guidelines, • The procedure to be followed under this ESMF, • Design of mitigation measures and preparation of ESMP, • The importance of public consultations in the EA process, • How to monitor mitigation measures, roles and responsibilities and reporting mechanism. The training program will be organized by TMU and delivered with experts from NEMC, VPO Division of Environment. 7.2 Budget for Mainstreaming, Capacity Building and Training in Environmental and Social Management The implementation will be undertaken in a way whereby existing training capacity at all levels will be used. Since the government, LGAs/Islands, other projects and programmes also supports other on- going related interventions, TASAF- II will aim to fill capacity gaps to be identified by the assessment. Furthermore, in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts, the budget for environmental and social concerns will mainly be mainstreamed in the relevant activities and sub projects. For instance, identification of capacity gaps and training needs assessment will be conducted for all other interventions concurrently, including environmental and social management. Similarly, sensitization on environmental and social management will be budgeted for under Development Communication, and as such may not require to be budgeted for separately. It is estimated that about US$ 935,000 will be required to build the capacity of key players at different levels. 28 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE 8.1 Consultations As part of consulting stakeholders, a one day workshop was held on 11thOctober 2011 in Dar es Salaam. The workshop was attended by 55 participants from government ministries; Government project Preparation Team (PPT), LGA Directors, Village Fund Coordinators, Civil Society Organizations (CSO), LGA Environmental Management Officers and TMU. A list of participants who attended the workshop is found in Annex 10. The three safeguards policies triggered under TASAF III were presented and discussed. Issues on ESMF that emerged from the workshop include: a. A budget for monitoring environmental and social issues should be set aside to enable LGA Environmental Officers to monitor environmental issues at subproject level. b. Need to build the capacity of Environmental committees at Village, Ward and LGA level to discharge their functions as stipulated in EMA, 2004. c. The ESMF should category subprojects based on mandatory and non- mandatory that will require preliminary environmental assessment. d. Community Management Committee should be trained on environmental and social issues in order for them to monitor ESMP. At community level, consultations will be mad eto the projects affected people as part of sub project preparation process. LGAs/ Second VPO will consult the potentially affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations on the project environmental and social aspects, and will take their views into account. The LGAs/ Second VPO will initiate these consultations as early as possible, and for meaningful consultations, will provide relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation, in a form and language(s) that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. Subprojects under TASAF III will fall under Category B, whereby LGAs/ Second VPO will provide these groups with a summary of the environmental assessment report (including the conclusions of the assessment). In addition, the LGAs/ Second VPO will make the draft reports publicly available to project-affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations. The LGAs/ Second VPO will implement the projects under TASAF III in close coordination with the relevant LGAs/ Second VPO experts, Ward Extension Staff, Village Council/ Shehia Advisory Council. 8.2 Disclosure This ESMF will be shared with all relevant stakeholders; VPO, NEMC, all LGAs, 2VPO (Zanzibar), PMO-RALG and the IDA. Subsequently, it will be disclosed in English by TMU and also made available at the TASAF websites. It will also be made available at the World Bank’s InfoShop. 29 CHAPTER NINE: MONITORING AND EVALUATION 9.1 Introduction Monitoring is an ongoing activity during the life of a project. Through monitoring, it is possible to determine project progress that has been made in relation to the work plan. Monitoring helps to determine whether a project is on track and if any of its strategies or activities needs to be changed so that it can be successful project. On the other hand evaluation determines how successful a project has been in meeting its objectives. It also helps assess the impact of the project activities on the desired outcome, like enhancing knowledge The objective for monitoring and evaluation plan is twofold. a. To alert program authorities and to provide timely information about the success or otherwise of the Environmental and Social Management process outlined in this ESMF in such a manner that changes can be made as required to ensure continuous improvement to the process. b. To evaluate the performance of the ESMF by determining whether the mitigation measures designed into the TASAF III sub project activities have been successful in such a way that the pre- program environmental and social condition has been restored, improved upon or worst than before and to determine what further mitigation measures may be required. A number of indicators would be used in order to determine the status of environmental and social safeguards emerging from subproject implementation (number of people with access to social services compared to before, level of new investment in soil conservation, water shed management, rainwater harvesting or irrigation, compared to before, how many clean water sources than before, how many people were employed than before, how many days does beneficiaries worked in PWP subproject and the amount of wages received by gender etc). 9.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators The following are some parameters and verifiable indicators to be used to measure the ESMF process, mitigation plans and performance; Number of CMC, Village Governments/Shehia Advisory Council/ Mtaa Committee trained in environmental and social safeguards. Number of EPRA teams, IEC, LGA Environmental management Officers trained in environmental and social management procedures. Number of subprojects that require full EIA Number of subprojects that have completed full EIA Number of subprojects that require RAP Number of subprojects that have completed RAP Number and type of subprojects that have been screened for environmental and social issues, using the screening form and checklist. List of LGA/Island regularly submitting report on environmental and social safeguards 9.3 Monitoring Roles and Responsibilities It is planned that the environmental and social impacts and their designed mitigation measures are to be monitored during implementation (construction/rehabilitation works) and operation (including maintenance) stages of the sub projects by the beneficiaries themselves. The main roles and responsibilities of the beneficiaries for monitoring impacts of their sub projects and their corresponding mitigation measures will be as follows; The beneficiaries assisted by their service providers/consultants/experts/extension agents, will monitor the environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures of their own sub project activities as contained in their cleared and approved ESMP and all other documents in their individual sub project package. 30 The beneficiaries will monitor and evaluate the environmental and social impacts of their sub project and the mitigation measures designed, regularly and as frequently as specified in their cleared package and will maintain suitable records to be made available to their respective LGA experts. The beneficiaries will monitor the impacts and mitigation measures during all phases of their sub project execution cycle, i.e., from planning stage LGA/Island Management Team The LGAs/Island Management team will play the leading role of monitoring PWP activities of the respective LGA/Island. The LGA/Island will carry out this role by ensuring that the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) contained in the cleared sub project design package is being implemented as specified therein. That is to say that the LGA/Island will monitor the owners/operators monitoring procedures and reports on quarterly basis. They will rely on a bottom up feedback system to them from the CMC and VC/Shehia Advisory Council by going through their monitoring reports and making regular site visits to inspect and verify for themselves the nature and extent of the impacts and the success or lack off, of the mitigation measures. The LGAs/Island will prepare consolidated periodic monitoring reports for submission to the RAS/TMU. TASAF Management Unit The Safeguards Team at TMU will monitor the activities of the LGAs/Zanzibar by reviewing the consolidated periodic monitoring reports and by conducting periodic technical support of the activities. TMU will also be responsible for appointing a consultant to review the environmental and social issues including assessment of cumulative impacts on periodic basis; review reports will be shared with World Bank and other stakeholders. During Implementation Support Missions (ISM), the implementation of safeguards will be reviewed and reported in the Aide Memoire. 31 ANNEX 1: CATEGORIZATION OF PROJECTS UNDER WORLD BANK POLICIES BASED ON OP4.01 Examples of Projects in Category A (Not Applicable to TASAF III) (i) Large Dams and reservoirs (ii) Timber Forests production projects (iii) Large-scale industrial plants and industrial estates, including major expansion, rehabilitation or modification. (iv) Large –scale irrigation, drainage and flood control (v) Large –scale aquaculture and marine culture. (vi) Land clearance and leveling (vii) Mineral development (including oil and gas). (viii) Port and harbor development. (ix) Reclamation and new land development. (x) Resettlement (xi) River basin management (xii) Thermal power and hydro-power development or extension (xiii) Manufacture, transport, and use of pesticides or other hazardous and/or toxic materials. (xiv) New construction or major upgrading of highways or rural roads. (xv) Hazardous waste management and disposal. Examples of Projects in Category B (Some may be applicable to TASAF III) (i) Small-scale irrigation and drainage (ii) Electrical transmission (iii) Small-scale agro industries (iv) Renewable energy (other than hydroelectric dams) (v) Rural electrification (vi) Tourism (vii) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (viii) Rehabilitation and management of watersheds. (ix) Protected areas and conservation of biodiversity. (x) Rehabilitation or maintenance of highways and rural roads. (xi) Rehabilitation or modification of existing small-scale industrial facilities. (xii) Energy efficiency and energy conservation projects. Examples of Projects in Category C (Not applicable to TASAF III) (i) Education (ii) Family planning (iii) Health (iv) Nutrition (v) Institutional development (vi) Human Resources projects (vii) Reforestation (if degradable plastics or no plastics used at nursery stage) 32 ANNEX 2: LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING EIA BASED ON EMA, 2004 (MANDATORY, BUT NOT APPLICABLE TO TASAF III) i. . Agriculture • Water management projects for agriculture (drainage, irrigation) • Large scale farming - mono- culture and mixed cropping of cash or food crops • Pest control projects such as Tsetse flies, Armyworms Quelea, Locusts, Rodents, weeds etc. • Fertilizer and nutrient management • Agricultural programmes necessitating resettlement of communities. • Introduction of new breeds of crops. • Introduction of Genetically Modified Organisms ii. Livestock and Range Management • Large Scale livestock movement • Livestock markets • Introduction of new breeds of livestock including Genetically Modified Breeds • Introduction of new or alien foreign species • Provision of public water supply (big water sources, watering points, wells etc) • Ectoparasite management (cattle dips, area treatment) • Intensive livestock rearing areas • Livestock routes • Introduction of new livestock management technologies iii. Forestry • Timber harvesting, logging and processing • Afforestation and Reforestation • Introduction of new tree species and development of forest plantations • Selective removal of commercial tree species • Pest management • Introduction of new breeds of trees (forest) including Genetically Modified Species • Construction of roads inside forest reserve • Commercial charcoal, firewood and other forest harvest operations • Establishment of commercial logging or conversion of forest land to other land uses within catchment areas iv. Fisheries • Medium to large scale fisheries • Artificial fisheries such as aqua-culture for fish, algae, crustaceans shrimps, lobster or crabs. • Introduction of new species in water bodies • Large-scale Fish farming • Introduction of new breeds of fish including Genetically Modified species • Industrial fish processing and storage v. Wildlife • Introduction of new species • Wildlife catching and trading • Hunting • Wildlife ranching and farming • Zoo and sanctuaries • Introduction of Genetically Engineered Species • Fencing • Translocation of wildlife • New protected areas especially involving resettlement of communities 33 vi. Tourism and Recreational Development • Construction of resort facilities or hotels along the shorelines of lakes, rivers, islands, marine parks, and oceans as well as national parks, forest reserves etc. • Hill top resort or hotel development • Development of tourism or recreational facilities in protected and adjacent areas (national parks, marine parks, forestry reserves etc) or on islands and in surrounding waters • Hunting and capturing • Camping activities walk ways and trails etc. • Sporting and race tracts/sites • Tour operations vii. Energy Industry • Production and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hot water • Exploration, Transmission, Development and Storage of natural gas • Thermal power development such as coal • Geothermal • Hydro-power • Nuclear energy • Hydrogen energy • Introduction of new technologies in the energy sector viii. Petroleum Industry • Oil and gas fields exploration and development, including seismic survey • Construction of offshore and onshore pipelines • Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling and storage facilities • Construction of oil refineries • Construction of product depots for the storage of petrol, gas, diesel, tar and other products within commercial, industrial or residential areas • Transportation of petroleum products ix. Food and Beverage Industries • Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats • Oil refinery and ginneries • Processing, preservation and storage of meat and its products • Manufacture of dairy products • Brewing, distilling and malting • Fish meal factories • Slaughter - houses • Soft drinks • Tobacco processing • Caned or bottled fruits etc • Sugar factories • Other agro-processing industries • Genetically Modified organisms and products thereof x. Textile Industry • Cotton and Synthetic fibers • Dye for cloth • Ginneries • Introduction of Genetically Modified products such clothes xi. Leather Industry • Tanning • Tanneries • Dressing factories • Other cloth factories • Introduction of GMO products such as shoes xii. Wood, Pulp and Paper Industries 34 • Large-scale manufacture of veneer and plywood • Large-scale manufacture of fibre board and of particle - board • Large-scale manufacture of pulp, paper, sand-board cellulose – mills xiii. Building and Civil Engineering Industries • Industrial and housing estates • Major urban projects such as multi-storey building, motor terminals, markets etc) • Construction and expansion or upgrading of roads, harbours, highways, ship yards, fishing harbours, landing sites air fields, airports, railways, pipelines etc • River drainage and flood control works • Hydro-electric and irrigation dams • Reservoir • Storage of scrap metal • Military installations • Developments on beach fronts xiv. Chemical Industries • Manufacture, transportation, use and storage of pesticide or other hazardous and or toxic chemicals • Production of pharmaceutical products • Storage facilities for petroleum, petrochemical and other chemical products (i.e. filling stations) • Production of paints vanishes, etc. • Disposal of chemical wastes • Manufacture of fertilizer, soap and detergents xv. Extractive industry • Extraction of petroleum • Extraction and purification of natural gas • Other deep drilling - bore-holes and wells • Mining • Salt pans xvi. Non-metallic Industrial Products • Manufacture of cement, asbestos, glass, glass-fibre, glass-wool • Processing of rubber • Plastic industry • Lime manufacturing, tiles, ceramics xvii. Metal and Engineering Industries • Manufacture and assembly of motor–vehicles • Manufacture and assembly of aero planes, ships, trains • Manufacture and assembly of satellites • Manufacture of other means of transport such as trailers, motor-cycles, bicycles-cycles • Body-building • Boiler-making and manufacture of reservoirs, tanks and other sheet containers • Foundry and forging • Manufacture of non-ferrous products • Iron and steel • Electroplating xviii. Waste Treatment and Disposal (a) Toxic and Hazardous wastes • Construction of Incineration plants • Construction of recovery plant (off-site) • Construction of waste water treatment plant (off-site) • Construction of secure landfills facility • Construction of storage facility (off - site) (b) Solid Wastes 35 • Construction of incineration plant • Construction of composting plant • Construction of recovery/re-cycling plant • Construction of Solid Waste landfill facility • Construction of waste depots • Collection and transportation (c) Sewage • Construction of waste water treatment plant • Construction of marine out fall • Night soil collection transport and treatment • Construction of sewage system xix. Water Supply • Canalization of water courses • Diversion of normal flow of water • Water transfers scheme • Abstraction or utilization of ground and surface water for bulk supply • Water treatment plants xx. Health Projects • Vector control projects (malaria, bilharzia, trypanosomes etc) • Construction and location of hospitals, dispensaries and health centers • Construction and development of Pharmaceutical industries • Construction or expansion of hospital with large bed capacity xxi. Land Reclamation and Land Development • Rehabilitation of degraded lands • Coastal land reclamation • Dredging of bars, greyones, dykes, estuaries etc. • Spoil disposal • Sea walls xxii. Resettlement or Relocation of People and Animals • Establishment of refugee camps • Dam construction • Establishment, expansion or rehabilitation of roads • Change of land use such as mining, pastoralist against farmers • Urban expansion xxiii. Transport and Infrastructure • Construction, expansion or rehabilitation of new trunk roads • Construction, expansion or rehabilitation of airports and airstrips and their ancillary facilities • Construction of new, or expansion to existing railway lines • Construction of new, or expansion to existing shipyards or harbour facilities • Installation and expansion of communication towers xxiv. Electrical and Electronic Industries • Battery manufacturing • Electronic equipment manufacturing and assembly 36 ANNEX 3: LIST OF SMALL-SCALE ACTIVITIES AND ENTERPRISES THAT REQUIRE REGISTRATION (SOME MAY BE APPLICABLE TO TASAF III) • Fish culture • Bee-keeping • Small animal husbandry and urban livestock keeping • Horticulture and floriculture • Wildlife catching and trading • Production of tourist handicrafts • Charcoal production • Fuel wood harvesting • Tree Nurseries • Small enterprises • Carpentry shops • Wooden furniture and implement making • Basket and other weaving • Nuts and seeds for oil processing • Bark for tanning processing • Brewing and distilleries • Taungya system • Bio-gas plants • Bird catching and trading • Hunting • Wildlife ranching • Zoo and sanctuaries • Tie and dye making • Brick making • Beach seining • Sea weed Farming • Graves and cemeteries • Urban Livestock Keeping • Urban agriculture • Fish landing stations • Wood carving and sculpture • Schools, dispensaries, community centre, Schools, Social halls and play grounds • Wood works e.g. boat building • Market places • Rain water harvesting • Garages • Carpentry • Black smith. • Tile manufacturing • Kaolin manufacturing • Vector control projects e.g. Malaria, Bilharzia, trypanosomes • Livestock stock routes • Fire belts. • Tobacco curing kilns • Sugar refineries • Artisanal and small scale mining • Rural road • Bio-mass power development such as co-generation • Wind -mills power development • Solar power development • Collection and transportation of waste 37 Activities which do not require an EIA Certificate – Zanzibar (Some may apply to TASAF III) 1. Any domestic, private and non-commercial activity 2. Operating a small-scale shop 3. Operating a small-scale business employing few than 10 people 4. Operating tours, other than dives, and travel agencies 5. Engaging in rained agriculture over an area of less than 10 hectares 6. Operating a small-scale warehouse for storage of non-hazardous substances 7. Providing commercial clearing and forwarding services 8. Providing office and professional services 9. Operating service 10. Maintaining roads if the work does not involve upgrading or expansion of road Activities which require an EIS – Zanzibar (Not applicable to TASAF III) 1. Developing a major residential area 2. Operating a manufacturing industry with hazardous waste and by-products 3. Operating a power generation plant 4. Operating an oil refinery 5. Operating a sewage treatment and disposal system 6. Operating a water supply system 7. Operating a solid waste disposal system 8. Developing an area in a port, harbours or marina 9. Reclaiming land 10. Developing hotels or resorts of 100 beds or more 11. Engaging in irrigated agriculture of 20 hectares or more 12. Engaging in aquaculture 13. Developing environmentally sensitive areas, including forests, mangroves, small islets and water catchments 14. Degazetting an existing area protected under the laws of Zanzibar 38 Annex 4: Environmental Subproject Identification Form (ESIF) ENVIRONMENTAL SUBPROJECT IDENTIFICATION FORM (ESIF) PART A: GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Name of subproject……………………………………………………….. 2. Sector…………………………………………………………………….. 3. Name of Village/Mtaa/Shehia…………………………………………….. 4. Name of Ward…………………………………………………………….. 5. Name of LGA/Unguja/Pemba……………………………………………… 6. Name of contact person……………………………………………………. 7. Telephone number…………………………………………………………. PART B: DETAILS OF SUBPROJECT 1.0 Description of subproject (a) the activities that shall be undertaken during the project construction, operation and end of subproject phases; ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) The materials to be used, products and by-products, including waste to be generated by the project and the methods of their disposal; ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………… 2.0 Possible Environmental And Social Impacts (a) the potential environmental impacts of the subproject ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………….... (b) the mitigation measures to be taken during implementation of the subproject ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………… (c) an action plan for the prevention and management of possible accidents during the subproject implementation ; ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………… (d) a plan to ensure the health and safety of the workers and neighbouring communities ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… (e) the economic and socio-cultural impacts to the local community; ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 39 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… 3.0 Other Environmental Issues Potential significant risks and hazards associated with the sub project ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… PART C: DECLARATION I hereby certify that the particulars given above are correct and true to the best of my knowledge. Name……………………………... Position…………………………… Signature………………………….. On behalf of……………………….. Date………………………………… Stamp PART D: Comments by LGAs/Unguja/Pemba Environmental Management Officer…………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… Name……………………………………………………….. Signature…………………………………………………… Date……………………………………………………….... 40 ANNEX 5: SECTOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST 5.1 Environmental checklist for community roads S/No Potential Negative Tick if Possible Mitigation Measures Tick if environmental Impact Relevant Relevant 1 Erosion of lands downhill from Plant grass along edge of the road roadbed or in borrow areas Construction in dry seasons 2 Landslides, slips and slumps Re-vegetation Physical stabilization of soil of erodible surfaces 3 Creation of stagnant pools of Rehabilitation of borrow pits sites water in left borrow pits 4 Create dust to nearby Dust control by water or house during other means 5 Increased sediments into Prevention of erosion by streams, ponds and rivers due revegatation, dry construction and to erosion from road sides. physical stabilization 6 Decline in water quality due Prevention of erosion by re- to high silt load vegetation, dry construction and physical stabilization 7 Increased run-off and flooding Consider alternative alignment conditions 8 Increased access to forests, Consider alternative alignment protected areas and increased risks of logging and poaching 9 Disruption or destruction of Minimize loss of natural wildlife vegetation during construction 10 Threats to rare and endangered Consider alternative alignment species 11 Increased road kills due to Safety design introduced e.g. higher speeds and traffic signs, speed humps in market volume areas and village centers 12 Disturbance of historical or Consider alternative alignment culturally important sites e.g. Special measures to protect graveyards, monuments cultural heritage sites. 13 Involuntary settlements Alternative site to avoid or at least minimize resettlement 14 Increased deforestation from an Alternative alignment increase in agricultural and 15 Improper disposal of human Consider on-site health facilities excreta during construction 16 Social change Awareness raising for behavior change 17 Loss of buildings, property Compensation/re-settlement or economic livelihood 18 Marred land Restoration of vegetation Clean-up of construction sites 41 5.2: Environmental checklist for small scale irrigation subprojects S/No Potential Negative Tick if Possible Mitigation Measures Tick if environmental Relevant Relevant Increase in soil erosion Proper citing of irrigation sub 2 Soil water logging due to Proper design of canals improper drainage 3 Increased salinization Monitoring of water quality 4 Water quality degradation in Careful design and appropriate ponds and reservoirs selection of irrigation systems 5 Clogging of canals from weeds Proper design of canals 6 Inefficient water flows Proper design of canals due to heavy 7 Disturbance to flow regimes Use Irrigation Master Plans 8 Disturbance of natural habitats Consideration of alternative sites Select appropriate design and 9 Disturbance to protected areas Consideration of alternative sites 10 Disruption or destruction of Provision of corridors for wildlife movement of wildlife 11 Algal blooms, proliferation Introduction of biological control of aquatic weeds means 12 Risk of waterborne diseases from Education on proper artificial water flows sanitation and health 13 Toxicity of pesticides Careful management of pesticides 14 Involuntary settlements or loss of Compensation/ re-settlement 15 Conflicts over water use rights Water use right to be clearly defined by recipient community 16 Multiple land use demand on Consultations with affected 5.3: Environmental checklist for Nursery/ Afforestation/ Reforestation S/N Potential Negative Tick Mitigation measures Tick Environmental impact relevant relevant 1 Pressure on existing water Provisional of more local wells sources due to watering 2 Large number of laborers on the Building of latrines for laborers site 3 Pollution of polyethylene paper Collection of all during tree planting. polyethylene papers. 4 Social conflicts (Ownership of Ownership and responsibilities to resources unclear) be established during project 5 No net increase or even loss of Alternative site to be considered. forest cover (clearing of existing vegetations to establish woodlots) 6 Loss of productive agricultural Productive agricultural land to land be avoided 7 Introduction of exotic Use of indigenous species species (Foreign species) and provenance 8 Displaced human settlements Avoid area that requires significant or involuntary 9 Description of sites of cultural Avoid such sites, or incorporated religious or historical them in the project sensitively and 10 Unsuitable forest production Use a variety of multipurpose and fast growing indigenous tree Draw upon local central and knowledge and values in 42 S/N Potential Negative Tick Mitigation measures Tick Environmental impact relevant relevant 11 Soil Erosion Avoid areas of fragile or unstable soils/slopes. 12 Pollution of groundwater and Avoid our using of surface waters and habitats fertilizers, herbicides 43 ANNEX 6: SCOPING REPORT FORMAT TANZANIA SOCIAL ACTION FUND ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING REPORT FORMAT Note: The form must be filled by designated or appointed LGA/Island Environmental Officer and form part of sub project application. 1. Name of subproject………………………………………………………………. 2. Sector…………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Name of Village/ Mtaa/ Shehia…………………………………………………… 4. Name of Ward……………………………………………………………………. 5. Name of LGA/Unguja/Pemba…………………………………………………… 6. Name of Environmental Officer………………………………………………… 7. Telephone number………………………………………………………………… 8. Email Address……………………………………………………………………… 9. Names of institutions consulted…………………………………………………… 10. Details of the scoping report i. Describe how the scoping was undertaken?.................................................... ii. What issues and problems emerged?............................................................... iii. How the results of scoping exercise were were synthesized including details of potential negative and positive impacts? iv. How the stakeholders are groups identified and involved in the scoping exercise? v. How is the interested and affected persons were consulted, including dates and summaries of issues raised vi. Which alternatives should be examined in the impact assessment? Report prepared by LGAs/Unguja/Pemba Environmental Management Officer Name…………………………………………………………………………….. Signature…………………………………………………………………………. Date………………………………………………………………………………. 44 ANNEX 7: PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FORMAT PRELIMINARY ENVIROMENTAL ASSESSMENT (PEA) FORM Note: The form must be filled by designated or appointed LGA/Island Environmental Officer and form part of sub project application. 1. Sub project Name: ………………………………………………………………. 2. Location (Village, Ward, District, Shehia)……………………………………………….. 3. Type of sub project: ……………………………………………………………... 4. Size of the subproject…………………………………………………………….. 5. Number of people benefiting the sub project: ………………………………… 6. Contact person…………………………………………………………………… 7. Telephone…………………………………………………………………………… 8. General Description of the sub project:- i. Sub project objectives: …………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ii. Sub project components: ……………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… Subproject activities iii. ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………… 9. Baseline Description of affected Environment i. Description of physical chemical environment (soil, air, water, etc.) ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ii. Description of Biological Environment (habitats and Communities, Flora etc): ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… iii. Description of Socio-economic Environment e.g. historical sites, aesthetic aspects, public health, infrastructure ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… 45 10. Identification of Negative Environmental Impacts i. Impacts in the physical-chemical environment (soil, water, water ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ii. Impact on the Biological Environment (Flora, habitats and communities etc.) ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… iii. Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment (Historical, sites, aesthetic, public health, infrastructure etc) ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… 11. Potential environmental and social impacts Potential environmental and social impacts Mitigation measures Report prepared by: Name: …………………………………………. Position: ………………………………… Signature: ………………………………………………………………………………… Date: ……………… Approved by: Name:……………………………………………………………………………………. Position:………………………………………………………………………………….. Signature:……………………………………………………………………………… Date: …………………………………………………………………………………… 46 ANNEX 8: SAMPLE MATRIX OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) Activity Potential Proposed Responsibility Budget Source of S/N Impact Mitigation Funds Implementation Monitorin g 47 Annex 9: Environmental and Social Management Reporting Format TANZANIA SOCIAL ACTION FUND ENVIRONEMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT REPORTING FORMAT (EMRF) PART A: GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Name of LGA/Unguja/Pemba……………………………………………… 2. Name of Environmental Officer……………………………………………………. 3. Period of reporting …………………………………………………………………. 4. Telephone number…………………………………………………………. 5.Email address The report should at least indicate; PART B: Details of Subproject Name of Potential Potential Proposed Status of Challenges Proposed so subproject impacts identified impacts mitigation mitigation encountered in ESMP identified measures measures after ESMP (a) What are the lessons learned? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… PART C: Report prepared by LGAs/Unguja/Pemba Environmental Management Officer Name……………………………………………………….. Signature…………………………………………………… Date……………………………………………………….... 48 Annex 10: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS The United Republic of Tanzania President’s Office TANZANIA SOCIAL ACTION FUND WORKSHOP ON SAFEGUARDS POLICIES FOR TASAF III, HELD AT PARADISE EXPRESS HOTEL – DSM ON TUESDAY 11th OCTOBER, 2011 PARTICIPANTS OF THE WORKSHOP S/N NAME ADDRESS DESIGNATION TELEPHONE E-mail address 1. Peter A. Ilomo President Office – State House, Director of Policy and Planning +255784352396 pailomo@yahoo.co.uk P. O. Box 9120, Dar es Salaam 2. Ladislaus Mwamanga TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Executive Director +255754272253 lmwamanga@tasaf.org 3. Parmet J. Koromo Tanzania Pastoralist Hunters and Executive Director +255785130965 parmetkororom@gmail.co Gathers Organization, P.O Box 12568, m Arusha 4. Smart Daniel Help Age International (Tanzania), Social Protection Programme +255762 727327 sdaniel@helpagetz.org P. O. Box 9846, Dar es Salaam Manager 5. Levina Kikoyo Family Health International, Plot 1270, Senior Technical Officer +255754594079 lkikoyo@fhi.org Oysterbay , P. O. Box 78082, Dar es Salaam 6. Silas Likasi Oxfam GB, Mikocheni, Old Bagamoyo Program Manager +255772600215 slikasi@oxfam.org.uk Road, P.O Box 10962 Dar es salaam 7. Nestory Mhando The Foundation for Civil Society, Program Officer +255715298335 nmhando@thefoundation- Haidery Plaza 5th Floor, Upanga/Kisutu tz.org Street, P.O Box 7192, Dar es Salaam 49 S/N NAME ADDRESS DESIGNATION TELEPHONE E-mail address 8. Juma S Mtumbei Development Link(T) Ltd, Director +255754559336 mambo_dev@yahoo.co.uk P.O Box 2094 Morogoro 9. Deus Masige Tanzania Association of Environmental Executive Director +255713483590 bwanamacd@gmail.com Engineers, P.O Box 35454 Dar es Salaam 10. Paul Mzuka Response Foundation Executive Director +255754281804 mzukapj@yahoo.com 11. Malanilo J Simon Human Development Trust, Plot No 16, Program Manager-Community +255784481191 j_malanilo@hdt.or.tz Mikocheni Light Industrial Area, P.O Development Box 65147, Dar es Salaam 12. Emmanuel Massawe Lawyers Environmental Action Team, Executive Director +255754780859 info@leattz.org P.O Box 12508 Dar es Salaam 13. Richard Kundi Ministry of Information, Culture, Youth Economist +255754467495 kundiricharrd@yahoo.com and Sports Box 8031 DSM Box 8031 Dar es Salaam 14. Kassim Sengoe National Environment Management Senior Environment +255754311592 Kchabue@yahoo..com Council, (NEMC) P. O. Box 63154, Management Officer Dar es Salaam 15. Adam Y. A. Ministry of Lands and Human Valuation Officer +255713318968 sdamyusufu15@hotmail.co Settlement Development, P.O Box 912 m Dar es Salaam 16. Hamza M Omar Community Development and Executive Secretary +255777850587 codecoz@yahoo.co.uk Environmental Conservation Zanzibar, P.O Box 2301 Zanzibar 17. Ladslaus Kyaruzi Vice President Office, P. O. Box 5380, Environmental Management Dar es Salaam. Officer 18. Eng. Kayumbe January Ministry of Water and Irrigation, P. O. Senior Engineer ( Irrigation) +255713324306 rayijajumbe@yahoo.com Box 9192, Dar es Salaam 19. Margaret Natai Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security Senior Agriculture Officer +255715217481 maargy76@yahoo.com and Cooperative, P. O. Box 9192, Dar es Salaam 50 S/N NAME ADDRESS DESIGNATION TELEPHONE E-mail address 20. Eng. Raya Joshwa Ministry of Works, P. O. Box 3423, Coordinator Labour based +255762357517 rayajoshwa@yahoo.com Dar es Salaam. Technology 21. Peter Kingu Ministry of Livestock Development, Senior Livestock Officer +255787519852 kingutzoz@yahoo.com P. O. Box 9152 Dar es Salaam 22. Hamad O. Juma Second Vice President’s Office, Box 159 Environmental Officer SET +255777431963 shaame2005@yahoo.com ZANZIBAR 23. Ahmad K. Haji Second Vice President Office, Box 239 Director of Co-ordination +255776375630 ahmadkhaji@hotmail.com ZANZIBAR 24. John Senzighe Ministry of Education and Vocational Senior Education Officer +255755 487228 senzighej@yahoo.co.uk Training, P. O. Box 9121, Dar es Salaam. 25. Nisalilile Mwaipasi Tabora Municipal Council, Box 174 Village Fund Coordinator, +2557884650551 nisamweipasi@yahoo.com TABORA Tabora Municipal Council 26. Godliva Mvanda Iringa District Council, BOX 148 District Environmental +255753977888 mgodliver@yahoo.com IRINGA Management Officer 27. Herry Makundi KIBAHA DISTRICT COUNCIL, BO District Environmental +255754280649 herrymakundi@yahoo.com 30153 KIBAHA management officer 28. Joseph S Kawiche ILALA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, Valuer +255754012009 josephkawiche@gmail.co P. O. Box 20950, DSM m 29. Sebastain Gaganija Rufiji District Council, P. O. Box District Environmental +255784424204 Gaganija@yahoo.com UTETE, RUFIJI Management Officer 30. Shaaban Abdulmalik SECOND VICE PRESIDENT OFFICE, Village Fund Coordinator, +255777452075 sabdy@hotmail.com Box 411, ZANZIBAR 31. Annamary Galibona KITETO DISTRICT COUNCIL, Box 98 Village Fund Coordinator, +255787487545 ganamary@yahoo.com KIBAYA Kiteto District Council 32. Abdon Mapunda Ilala Municipal Council, P. O. Box Municipal Environmental +255754 464941 Mapunda2000@yahoo.co 20950, Dar es Salaam Management Officer m 33. Simon Mayeye Mbulu District Council, P.O Box 74 District Executive Director +255272533015 Mbulu 51 S/N NAME ADDRESS DESIGNATION TELEPHONE E-mail address 34. Mwadhini O. Mnyanza Morogoro Municipal Community President +2550754583242 mwadhini@yahoo.co.uk Foundation, Box 6603, Morogoro. 35. Bernard Kalinga Kinondoni Community Foundation, Administrator +255784 286381 bhckalinga@gmail.com BOX 90013, Dar es Salaam 36. Fariji Mishael Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Monitoring & Evaluation +255774446642 fmishaeel@tasaf.org TASAF 9381 Dar es Salaam Specialist 37. Amadeus Kamagenge Training, Research and Participation Training, Research and +255754996182 akamagenge@tasaf.org Specialist, TASAF 9381 Dar es Salaam Participation Specialist 38. Thecla T Makundi Human Resource manager, TASAF Box Human Resource Manager +255754006187 tmakundi@tasaf.org 9381 Dar es Salaam 39. Barnabas Jachi TASAF, Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Project Officer – Vulnerable +255754491347 bjachi@tasaf.org Group Support 40. Shedrack Mziray TASAF Box 9381, Dar es Salaam Operation Manager - Audit +255784271060 smziray@tasaf.org 41. Omari Malilo TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Project Officer – Vulnerable +255786146161 omalilo@tasaf.org Groups Support 42. Kanicius Nkwera TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Project Officer – Service Poor +255754495713 knkwera@tafasf.org 43. Eng. Abel Bimbiga TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Project Officer – Engineer +255754577676 abimbinga@tasaf.org 44. Michael Malebo TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Procurement Officer +255784336620 mmalebo@tasaf.org 45. Tumpe M. Lukongo TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Research Officer +255754822539 tlukongo@tasaf.org 46. Peninna Reveta TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Consultant Monitoring +255754687702 preveta@tasaf.org &Evaluation 47. Eng. Erasto Machume TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Director of Operations +255715296934 emachume@tasaf.org 48. Isaya Wambura TASAF Box 9381 Dr es Salaam Director of Finance +255713336638 iwambura@tasaf.org 49. Christopher M. Sanga TASAF Box 9381 Dar es salaam Director of Audit +255784290162 tsimango@gmail.com 50. Julius K. Mwakalebela TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Project Officer –Quantity +255784501890 imwakalebela@tasaf.org Surveyor 52 S/N NAME ADDRESS DESIGNATION TELEPHONE E-mail address 51. Mercy M. Mariki TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Training and Participation +255784982775 mmariki@tasaf.org Officer 52. Anna Njau TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Finance and Operations Officer +255713603041 anjau@tasaf.org 53. Eng. E. Kinasha TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Operation Manager +2557844782207 ekinasha@tasaf.org 54. Zuhura Mdungi TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Communication Specialist +255784249022 zmdungi@tasaf.org 55. Tatu Mwaruka TASAF Box 9381 Dar es Salaam Project Officer -CE +255754304268 tmwaruka@tasaf.org 53 Reference: 1. United Republic of Tanzania (2004), The Environmental Management Act of 2004 2. World Bank (2004) Environmental Assessment Operational Manual OP. 4.01 3. United Republic of Tanzania (2004), Public expenditure review of Environmental for Financial year 2004. Financial report. 4. Commission for Land and Environmental (1991), Environmental Policy and Programme for Zanzibar. A report prepared by the Zanzibar Integrated Lands and Environmental Management Project.. 5. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (1996). The Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act No. 2 of 1996. 6. United Republic of Tanzania (2010), TASAF III Project Concept Note 7. Vice President Office (2005) Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines and procedures. 8. The United Republic of Tanzania (1997), National Environmental Policy. 9. United Republic of Tanzania (1998), Tanzania Country Study on Biological diversity UNEP. 10. Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment (1994), Tanzania National Environmental Plan, 11. United Republic of Tanzania (2010); National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty II 12. NEMC (2001); Basic Sectoral Environmental Checklist for Agriculture, Road, Water, Energy, Tourism and Wildlife 13. NEMC (2002); Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment procedurea and Guidelines, 55