REPUBLIC OF MALAWI National Disaster Recovery Framework Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi and Better II: VOLUME Safer DROUGHT VOLUME II: DROUGHT September 2017 Photo credit: stevanovicigor / Thinkstock.com National Disaster Recovery Framework Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer Office of the Vice President Department of Disaster Management Affairs Private Bag 336 Lilongwe Spetember 2017 Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... xi Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................................................................................... xii Executive Summary............................................................................................................................. 1 Development Process and Background Context....................................................................................................... 2 Vision and Goal of the NDRF................................................................................................................................ 2 ............................................................................................... 2 Alignment with National Policies and Strategies. Institutional Arrangements..................................................................................................................................... 3 .................................................................................... 3 Financial Mobilisation and Monitoring and Evaluation. Updating the NDRF for 2015/16 Season Drought.................................................................................................. 4 ........................................................................................................................ 4 Summary of Damages and Lossse. Framing the NDRF Drought Response........................................................................................................................ 5 Strategic Objectives................................................................................................................................................. 5 Readiness for Implementation............................................................................................................................... 5 .............................................................................................................. 5 NDRF Drought Prioritisation and Financing. Sectoral, Cross-Sectoral, and Geo-Spatial Prioritisation.................................................................................. 5 NDRF Alignment with National Resilience Strategy ........................................................................................ 6 ......................................................................................................... 6 Prioritisation, Allocation, and Mobilisation. Financial Gaps........................................................................................................................................................... 7 iv SECTION 1 Overview and Governance Arrangements of the National Disaster Recovery Framework....................................................................................... 11 Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ................................................................................................................................................... 11 Development Process. Vision and Goal of the NDRF...................................................................................................................................... 12 Purpose of the NDRF.................................................................................................................................................... 12 Guiding Principles for Disaster Recovery.................................................................................................................. 13 NDRF Alignment with National Policies and Strategies......................................................................................... 14 ................................................................................................................ 14 Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act. National Resilience Strategy . .............................................................................................................................. 14 Malawi Growth and Development Strategy III................................................................................................. 14 ...................................................................................................... 14 National Disaster Risk Management Policy. National Environmental Policy............................................................................................................................. 14 National Land Resources Management Policy and National Land Policy of 2002...................................15 National Meteorological Policy............................................................................................................................ 15 National Water Policy ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Other Policies ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Other Acts................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Institutional Arrangements of the NDRF..................................................................................... 16 .................................................................................................................. 16 Roles and Responsibilities for the NDRF. .................................................................................16 National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Committee. National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Technical Committee and Technical Sub-Committees......16 .................................................................................................. 16 Department of Disaster Management Affairs. Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development ........................................................................16 Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development..........................................................................18 Ministries, Departments, and Agencies ............................................................................................................ 18 Local Authorities..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Development Partners, Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organisations...........................................18 Private Sector.......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Inter-Departmental Recovery Prioritisation Taskforce........................................................................................... 19 v ................................................................................................................................... 19 Composition of the IDRPT. Role of the IDRPT................................................................................................................................................... 19 Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................................................................................................... 19 Financing Framework............................................................................................................................................................ 20 ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Financial Forecasting. Quantifying the Economic Cost of the Disaster.............................................................................................. 20 Identifying and Mobilising Financial Resources for Recovery.......................................................................20 Developing and Approving Recovery Budgets................................................................................................. 21 ............................................................................................................ 21 Funds Disbursement and Management. NDRF Development and Implementation Framework.................................................................................................. 22 Development........................................................................................................................................................... 22 Implementation....................................................................................................................................................... 22 SECTION 2 NDRF Disaster Context.................................................................................................................... 26 Summary of Flood and Drought Damages and Losses.......................................................................................... 26 ......................................................................................................................................... 27 Implementation Challenges. .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Co-ordination. ................................................................................................................... 29 Implementation and M&E Capacity. Resource Mobilisation and Monitoring.............................................................................................................. 29 ............................................30 Next Steps and a Road Map for NDRF Implementation and Institutionalisation. ................................................................................................................................................ 30 Policy and Planning. ................................................................................................ 30 Institutional Arrangements and Co-ordination. Implementation....................................................................................................................................................... 30 .......................................................................................................................................... 30 Financing Mobilisation. Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................................................................................... 30 SECTION 3 NDRF 2015/16 Drought Recovery................................................................................................34 Strategic Objectives....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Summary of Damage and Loss by Sector.................................................................................................................. 34 vi Sectoral Distribution of Recovery Interventions..................................................................................................... 34 .............................................................................36 Alignment of Recovery Interventions to Strategic Objectives. Readiness for Implementation..................................................................................................................................... 37 Sectoral, Cross-sectoral, and Geo-spatial Prioritisation...........................................................38 Methodology................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Sectoral Priorities........................................................................................................................................................... 38 Cross-sectoral Priorities................................................................................................................................................ 38 ......................................................................................... 40 Water Resources Management and Development. ................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Irrigation. .......................................................................................................................................................... 40 Food Security. Agriculture (Crops, Livestock, Fisheries, and Land Resource Conservation).............................................41 The Environment.................................................................................................................................................... 41 Water Supply........................................................................................................................................................... 41 Geo-spatial Priorities..................................................................................................................................................... 41 NDRF Alignment with National Resilience Strategy............................................................................................... 41 NDRF Recovery Financing across NRS Pillars and Priority Areas................................................................ 44 Resource Prioritisation, Allocation, and Mobilisation............................................................... 45 ....................................................................................................... 46 Sector and Phased Recovery Financing Needs. Inter-sectoral Prioritisation Financing........................................................................................................................ 46 Cross-sectoral Prioritisation Financing...................................................................................................................... 48 Financial Gap Analysis................................................................................................................................................... 48 Monitoring and Evaluation.............................................................................................................. 50 Annexes: NDRF Drought Recovery Framework Tables............................................................ 53 Annex 1: Interventions, Financial Phasing, and Readiness.................................................................................... 54 Annex 2: Sector Prioritisation...................................................................................................................................... 68 Annex 3: Cross-sectoral Prioritisation....................................................................................................................... 69 Annex 4: DRF Priority 1 Intervention Financing Alignment with NRS Pillars................................................... 73 ...................................76 Annex 5: DRF Priority 1 Interventions Financing Alignment with NRS Priority Areas. ......................................................................................................................... 79 Annex 6: Monitoring and Evaluation. vii Tables Table 1: NDRF Monitoring Plan.................................................................................................................................. 21 Table 2: Elements of the Accountability Framework.............................................................................................. 22 Table 3: NDRF Development and Implementation Framework........................................................................... 23 Table 4: Actions for Next Steps and the Way Forward.......................................................................................... 31 Table 5: ...........................................................35 Total Drought Damages, Losses, and Recovery Needs (PDNA). Table 6: ...............................................45 Alignment of DRF Financing Needs to NRS Pillars and Priority Areas. Table 7: Sector Recovery Financing Needs and Phasing....................................................................................... 47 Table 8: Priority 1 Interventions Recovery Financing Needs................................................................................ 47 Table 9: Cross-sectoral Prioritisation of Financing Needs..................................................................................... 49 ................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 10: Financial Gap Analysis. Figures Figure 1: Institutional Arrangements of the NDRF................................................................................................... 17 Figure 2: Disaster Damages and Losses and Recovery Needs for 2015 Floods and 2015/16 Drought (US$)................................................................................................................................ 27 Figure 3: ..........................28 Comparison of flood and drought recovery and reconstruction needs by district. Figure 4: Comparison of recovery and reconstruction needs per sector for drought and floods (in US$ million)............................................................................................................................ 28 Figure 5: ..................................................................................................... 35 Distribution of Interventions by Sector. Figure 6: Alignment of Recovery Interventions with Strategic Objectives..........................................................36 Figure 7: ........................................................................... 37 Implementation Readiness of Recovery Interventions. Figure 8: Sectoral Priorities . ......................................................................................................................................... 39 a) Number of Priority Interventions ........................................................................................................... 39 b) Financing Costs of Priority Interventions (MWK billion) ..................................................................39 Figure 9: Geo-spatial Distribution of Priority 1 Interventions................................................................................ 42 ................................................................................................................ 42 Figure 10: Distribution of Needs by District. ..................................... 43 Figure 11: Geo-spatial Distribution of Priority 1 Interventions vs. Required Initiatives. Figure 12. Alignment of DRF Recovery Interventions with the NRS Pillars ......................................................... 44 Figure 13: Alignment of DRF Recovery Financing Needs with NRS Pillars........................................................... 44 Figure 14: DRF Recovery Interventions’ Readiness for Implementation................................................................46 Figure 15: DRF Recovery Financing Needs per Priority Level..................................................................................48 Figure 16: Structure of the DRF Results Framework ................................................................................................ 51 viii / National Disaster Recovery Framework National Disaster Recovery Framework Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer Flooding along the Shire River in Malawi and Mozambique on January 26, 2015. Photo credit: NASA ix SForeword M alawi has in the past consecutive two years experienced worst disasters that caused severe devastation in all sectors. The historical floods that Malawi experienced in early 2015, followed by drought in 2016 were the worst in decades. The scale of the floods was such that His Excellency Professor Arthur Peter Mutharika, President of the Republic of Malawi, declared 15 districts as disaster areas, and, on the recommendation of Parliament, 2 more districts were included. The drought impact was far-reaching, directly affecting 1.1 million people and destroying crops, property, and public infrastructure. The humanitarian aspect of the disaster required substantial investment and effort by different actors to address the immediate needs of those affected, including provision of relief items, search and rescue, and temporary shelter. The drought affected more than 6.5 million people in the 2015/16 season. In response to the drought, the State President declared a state of disaster in April 2016, in 24 of Malawi’s 28 districts. The Government of Malawi (GoM), in collaboration with national and international partners, provided emergency relief. With support from the World Bank, the European Union, and the United Nations, Government conducted a comprehensive post-disaster needs assessment (PDNA) with the aim of assessing the impact of the drought and to build resilience to future risks. The PDNA report has identified not only damages and losses but also multi-sectoral recovery needs and strategies aimed at building long-term resilience. More than 50 percent of the recovery needs are associated with food security. The country is required to brace itself for more disasters due to high level of poverty, rapid population growth, and climate change. Although Malawi faces disasters every year, the country has never developed a comprehensive framework to holistically address the impact of such disasters. An early recovery framework was developed in 2008 following floods in 13 districts, but it was not informed by an appropriate PDNA, and provided only early recovery direction without comprehensively detailing the necessary post-disaster recovery interventions. In view of this, the GoM, through the leadership of the Department of Disaster Management Affairs, initiated processes for the development of a National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF) with technical support from the United Nations, the World Bank, and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, with funding from the Africa Caribbean Pacific-European Union programme. The NDRF has been developed to guide and co-ordinate recovery and reconstruction efforts for current and future disasters. Initiated following the 2015 floods, the NDRF acts as an extension to the PDNA for supporting recovery planning and implementation. It establishes a systematic framework for operationalizing recovery needs, prioritising the implementation of recovery interventions, and guiding the allocation of recovery investments across short-term humanitarian needs and medium- to long-term reconstruction in alignment with national policies and laws. x Following the 2015/16 drought, the GoM determined that the scope of the NDRF should be revised beyond the floods to accommodate recovery and reconstruction needs identified in the 2015/16 Drought PDNA. Additionally, it was deemed as critical to building disaster resilience that the NDRF established national mechanisms for co-ordination; financing; monitoring and evaluation; and development and implementation of the NDRF for ongoing and future disasters. It is critical to understand that the government alone cannot restore the assets, livelihoods, and infrastructure that were affected by the disaster. Although, the development partners, non-governmental and civil society organisations, and affected communities support the recovery process, it is important that efforts of all actors align with a central framework. This will ensure a guided recovery by a set of core principles, set the pace on co-ordination to avoid duplication or creating gaps, and lead proper targeting based on prioritised needs. This will help to avoid creation of new forms of vulnerabilities, and ensure that all recovery efforts help build back better and smarter. Saulos Klaus Chilima, PhD Vice President of the Republic of Malawi and Minister Responsible for Disaster Management Affairs xi Acknowledgements F irst, I would like to acknowledge the contribution made by the national sectors to the development of the drought component of the National Disaster Recovery Framework and to the updating of the National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF). In this respect, I would like to recognise the contribution made by the Inter- Departmental Recovery Prioritisation Taskforce, which led the prioritisation of recovery interventions cross-sectorally and geo-spatially. I am grateful for contributions made by the national sectors through consultations with various District Councils. At the national level, various sectoral ministries and departments made their contributions to the drought recovery framework. These include the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development; the Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining; the Ministry of Health; the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology; the Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services; the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism; the Southern and Northern Region Water Boards; and the Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development. The contribution by a number of non-governmental organisations, the private sector, and development partners, in various forms at the consultative level, was also crucial during the development of the drought recovery framework and updating of the NDRF. The contribution of the joint technical team on the National Resilience Plan cannot go unmentioned. A special mention should also be made to the World Bank, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, and the United Nations for their critical role in providing financial and technical support for developing the NDRF. Also important is the funding for the development of the NDRF, which was provided by the European Union in form of an African Caribbean Pacific-European Union grant after the 2015 floods. Special thanks should be made to a drafting task team for the consolidation and revision of the NDRF and the final drafting of the drought recovery framework. The drafting task team comprised officials of the Department of Disaster Management Affairs, the Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services, the Department of Crops Development and the Department of Agricultural Research Services, the Land Resources Conservation Department, the Department of Water Resources Management, and the Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, and received technical support from the World Bank. I would like to express my sincere appreciation and profound gratitude to all the institutions that were involved, in one way or another, in revising the NDRF and developing the drought recovery framework. The development of the recovery framework would not have been possible without their involvement and support. Clement Chinthu-Phiri Secretary to the Vice President and Commissioner for Disaster Management Affairs xii / Abbreviations and Acronyms ACPC Area Civil Protection Committee ADC Area Development Committee ADDRMO Assistant District Disaster Risk Management Officer CHAM Christian Health Association of Malawi CPC Civil Protection Committee CSO Civil Society Organisation DARS Department of Agriculture Research Services DC District Council DCCMS Department of Climate Change and Meteorological Services DCPC District Civil Protection Committee DEC District Executive Committee DEM District Education Manager DoDMA Department of Disaster Management Affairs DP Development Partner DRF Disaster Recovery Framework DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DTO District Trade Officer EU European Union EWS Early Warning System GoM Government of Malawi IDRPT Inter-Departmental Recovery Prioritisation Taskforce IEC Information Education and Communication M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDAs Ministries, Departments, and Agencies MDF Malawi Defence Force Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / xiii MGDS Malawi Growth and Development Strategy MoEST Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology MoFEPD Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning, and Development MoGCDSW Ministry of Gender, Child Development, and Social Welfare MoH Ministry of Health MoTI Ministry of Trade and Industry MoTPW Ministry of Transport and Public Works MPS Malawi Police Service MT Metric Tonne(s) MVAC Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee MWK Malawi Kwacha NDPRC National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Committee NDPRTC National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Technical Committee NDRF National Disaster Recovery Framework NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NRS National Resilience Strategy PDNA Post-Disaster Needs Assessment RWH Rainwater Harvesting SGR Strategic Grain Reserve SO Strategic Objective TA or T/A Traditional Authority US$ United States Dollar VCPC Village Civil Protection Committee VDC Village Development Committee WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene WB World Bank xiv / National Disaster Recovery Framework A farmer prepares his field for the planting season near Nathenje on the outskirts of Lilongwe. Photo credit: Stephen Morrison/AusAID / 1 Executive Summary 2 / National Disaster Recovery Framework I DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND (M&E) processes across current and future disasters. Cross-cutting elements, such as institutional arrange- BACKGROUND CONTEXT ments, guiding principles, M&E processes, and financ- n just the last 36 years, Malawi has experienced ing and accountability mechanisms, are standardised to eight major droughts, affecting more than 24 govern all NDRF disaster responses. After a disaster, million people1. The impact, frequency, and spread the NDRF can be updated to address disaster-specific of drought in Malawi have intensified in the past recovery needs, costs, and priorities. Disaster-specif- four decades and are likely to worsen with climate ic sections of the NDRF are governed by the central change, compounded by other factors, such as framework of the NDRF, but also provide guidance on population growth and environmental degradation. cross-sectoral and geo-spatial priorities and phased fi- In response to unprecedented flooding in 2015 and nancial needs to a specific disaster event. the prolonged drought in 2015/16, the Government of Malawi (GoM), with technical and financial support Vision and Goal of the NDRF from the European Union (EU), the United Nations, Recovery efforts defined within the NDRF are guided and the World Bank (WB), embarked on a process to by a central vision and goal. Following the 2015 floods, increase recovery readiness through the development an initial vision and goal were determined; these have of a National Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF). been updated in response to the 2015/16 drought. The NDRF was designed in alignment with Malawi’s A common recovery vision and goal that cuts across national disaster risk management and recovery policies both disasters is critical to ensure that the NDRF can and strategies. It serves both strategic and operational effectively co-ordinate common multi-stakeholder purposes in the management of a disaster recovery efforts and strengthen resilience of vulnerable programme. The NDRF was developed in response populations. to the 2015 floods and has evolved to also guide 2015/16 drought recovery efforts under a common Vision: A nation that is food secure and resilient framework, providing oversight to implementation and to natural disasters, that can rapidly recover from monitoring arrangements. drought and flood shocks, while fostering sustainable economic growth and ensuring equitable, inclusive, and Included as part of the Department of Disaster participatory reconstruction that builds back better. Management Affairs’ (DoDMA) initial technical assistance request with the 2015 floods post-disaster Goal: The long-term goal of the NDRF is to sustainably needs assessment (PDNA), the NDRF establishes a improve the resilience of communities affected by the framework for guiding, monitoring, and co-ordinating floods and drought, support prolonged food security of prioritised and sequenced recovery. Led by DoDMA, the vulnerable populations, and restore the livelihoods of NDRF was developed through an extensive consultative disaster-affected communities. process involving participants from key sectors at the national level, as well as district councils (DCs) in all Alignment with National Policies and declared disaster areas. An Inter-Departmental Recovery Strategies Prioritisation Taskforce (IDRPT) was established in 2016 The NDRF was developed in conformity with national to define cross-sectoral priorities, identify programmatic legislation, policies, and strategies. It is aligned with all implementation dependencies to other sectors, and Malawi statutes governing or supporting disaster risk identify geo-spatial priorities. management and recovery and all sector and thematic The NDRF is a living document for guiding recovery legislation policies and strategies with which disaster and reconstruction. It provides a central framework recovery is associated. The NDRF is aligned but not for managing recovery planning, co-ordination, imple- limited to the following key frameworks: the National mentation, financing, and monitoring and evaluation Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act; Malawi Growth and Development Strategy II (MGDS-II); and the 1 Malawi Drought 2015/16 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment. National Disaster Risk Management Policy. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 3 The Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act directly multi-stakeholder engagement for development governs the NDRF, as it provides a comprehensive, and review of NDRF activities across sectors. As the integrated, and co-ordinated framework for disaster custodian of the NDRF, DoDMA will need to regularly risk management (DRM). The act is aimed at preventing co-ordinate with the NDPRTC to communicate evolving or reducing the risk of disasters, mitigating the severity recovery needs and guide recovery implementation. of disasters, strengthening disaster preparedness, DPs, civil society organisations (CSOs), and NGOs and providing rapid and effective management of play key roles in mobilising financing for recovery and post-disaster response and recovery. These elements supporting implementation. DoDMA will work with are essential to developing and implementing the these actors, through the NDPRTC, to capitalise on NDRF and to guiding efficient and effective recovery. institutional relationships, knowledge, and capacities Furthermore, the NDRF was developed in alignment to support recovery programmes. with National Disaster Risk Management Policy For purposes of recovery, Government has set up the objectives to strengthening capacities for effective IDRPT. The taskforce is called upon after a disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. The NDRF to help facilitate the articulation of a recovery vision, respects and aligns with the institutional arrangements objectives, timeline, and scope of a new recovery for DRM stipulated in the policy. framework. The IDRPT plays a central role in this Post-disaster recovery is always implemented with regard, supporting the identification, prioritisation, and national development goals in mind and therefore must short- to long-term phasing of recovery strategies and conform to the MGDS. In alignment with the MGDS-III, interventions across sectors and geo-spatial locations. the NDRF will ensure recovery activities are planned to The IDRPT also plays a critical role in co-ordinating, overcome the challenges of climate change, population monitoring, and reporting NDRF implementation growth, and environmental degradation and to meet through regular IDRPT meetings and consultations the development goal of addressing disaster risks in a with district officers. way that improves the socio-economic development of the country. Financial Mobilisation and Monitoring and Evaluation Institutional Arrangements There are five components to be considered in the Central oversight of the NDRF will be provided management of financing for the NDRF: by National Disaster Preparedness and Relief ■■ Forecasting financial resources Committee (NDPRC), while DoDMA will lead day- to-day monitoring and co-ordination of recovery and ■■ Quantifying the economic costs of the disaster reconstruction programmes. Close co-ordination will be ■■ Identifying and mobilising financial resources for maintained with ministries, departments, and agencies recovery (MDAs) that are responsible for defining prioritised sector recovery frameworks and for overseeing the ■■ Developing and approving recovery budgets implementation of recovery interventions in their ■■ Setting up administrative arrangements to disburse sectors. The identification of local recovery projects funds and track and report on expenditures and will be led by DCs and local government, while MDAs results will guide resource allocations for recovery through annual budget allocations, as well as by directing The Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and financial assistance provided by development partners Development (MoFEPD) is responsible for leading (DPs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to these activities, and will co-ordinate with DoDMA, priority sector recovery interventions. MDAs, DCs, DPs, and CSOs and NGOs to mobilise and guide resource allocations to priority recovery areas. The National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Technical Committee (NDPRTC) is responsible for inter-cluster It is important to maintain high levels of transparency in co-ordination, and plays an important role in ensuring the use of recovery funds. This will be ensured through 4 / National Disaster Recovery Framework the development of an accountability framework, disasters with requests for international assistance which will support monitoring of expenditures and from the EU, the United Nations, and the WB to results, reporting on progress within Government and help conduct a comprehensive PDNA and to support to the affected population and the general public, disaster recovery planning through the NDRF. mechanisms to prevent corruption, and systems for The severity of the two events was unprecedented. The grievance redressal. 2015 Malawi floods were some of the most devastating This will need to be complemented by a robust M&E floods in decades in terms of geographical coverage, plan that will track resource mobilisation and distribution severity of damage, and extent of loss. The PDNA estimated and that will assess progress, co-ordination, and total disaster effects and recovery and reconstruction impact of recovery interventions. This system will be needs for the 12 affected sectors at US$335 million implemented in a manner that cuts across disasters and (MWK 146 billion) (equivalent to approximately 0.6 monitors recovery of both drought and flood responses percent of Malawi’s gross domestic product) and US$494 in an integrative manner. Key institutions responsible million (MWK 215 billion), respectively2. In the Flood for monitoring NDRF implementation are MoFEPD, Disaster Recovery Framework (DRF), districts proposed DoDMA, MDAs relevant to the disaster, DCs, DPs, and priority interventions at an estimated recovery cost of CSOs and NGOs. An effective M&E system for NDRF US$225 million (MWK 169 billion) across the 14 affected implementation should be able to track the physical sectors. The NDRF indicated a financial gap of US$153 progress of recovery activities, track results for other million (MWK 115 billion) out of the total recovery and recovery activities outside the scope of reconstruction, reconstruction needs. provide regular and comprehensive information on Strong El Niño conditions compounded the effects allocation and disbursement of funds, provide data for of the 2015 floods and greatly affected the 2015/16 evaluating social and economic impacts of recovery agricultural season with erratic and below average programmes, and inform an outcome-based mid-term rains and prolonged dry spells across most parts of review of the recovery implementation. MDAs currently the country, which resulted in severe crop failure, use various tools for monitoring project activities. DoDMA particularly in the Southern Region and parts of the is the responsible authority for centrally monitoring Central Region. The 2016 Drought PDNA3 estimated recovery progress and effectiveness, and will work with damages of US$36.6 million (MWK 27.5 billion) MDAs to adapt existing systems and co-ordinate inputs and losses (projected to March 2017) of US$329.4 for M&E. The M&E system will comprise a management million (MWK 247.1 billion), totalling an estimated at information system that includes a database that will US$366 million (MWK 275 billion) in drought effects. keep track of all programme activities and financial The productive sectors account for 81 percent of transactions and that will monitor implementation the effects, while the social and physical sectors progress that includes physical and electronic records account for 10 percent and 9 percent, respectively. and reports for trainings, workshops, and field visits. The agriculture sector, including crops, livestock, and fisheries, was the most affected, with damages and losses accounting for 70 percent of the total. Recovery UPDATING THE NDRF needs across all sectors, including food security, have FOR THE 2015/16 DROUGHT been estimated at US$510 million (MWK 383 billion), with food security making up more than 50 percent of Summary of Damage and Loss the total recovery costs. Excluding food security, the In a period of two years, Malawi was affected by two social sectors account for 44.0 percent, the productive severe natural disasters: once-in-500-years floods in sectors for 30.3 percent, and the physical sectors for 2015, which affected more than 1.1 million people, followed by a devastating drought that is expected to 2 Flood PDNA reference. Note that the US$:MWK ratio was 1:435 at the time of the Flood PDNA. The conversion rate of 1:750 is leave at least 6.5 million people food insecure during used throughout the rest of this document. the 2016/17 season. The GoM responded to both 3 Drought PDNA reference. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 5 56.5 percent of all recovery needs. Agriculture (22.0 implementation, but requires additional funding or percent), social protection (18.5 percent), and nutrition expansion of coverage area (14.4 percent) constitute the sectors with the highest This information provides strategic directions on how recovery needs over the next three-year period. additional funding can immediately support recovery efforts. Most sectors have a significant number of interventions at the implementation stage, so recovery FRAMING THE NDRF DROUGHT can be expedited once funding is available. However, RESPONSE a significant number of sector interventions are in To help ensure recovery is guided towards the the preliminary design stage and require preparatory achievement of the NDRF vision and goal, the IDRPT, activities before financing can be utilised. in consultation with MDAs, DPs, and CSOs and NGOs, established a set of strategic objectives. These strategic NDRF DROUGHT PRIORITISATION objectives are as follows: AND FINANCING Strategic Objectives Sectoral, Cross-Sectoral, and Geo-Spatial ■■ Enhance drought resilience and preparedness Prioritisation by strengthening the capacity of institutions and The objective of prioritisation is to ensure that resources drought-affected communities to reduce their risk are used to address needs that will bring immediate and vulnerability and long-lasting changes to those most affected by the ■■ Improve food security, nutrition, and delivery of disaster. Understanding that there is a finite amount health services for the most vulnerable people in of recovery financing; it is important that recovery and drought-affected communities reconstruction interventions are prioritised within and across sectors. ■■ Increase agriculture productivity and sustainability through drought-resilient irrigation infrastructure, Sector teams identified a total of 142 programmatic farming practices, and technologies recovery interventions. These interventions were assessed against a set of prioritisation criteria, and ■■ Strengthen the resilience of water resource divided into three categories to identify urgent areas management and supply through non-structural and of support. The highest priority (priority 1) has a total structural measures. of 52 sector interventions, while priorities 2 and 3 have 61 and 29 interventions, respectively. A total of Readiness for Implementation US$427.5 million (MWK 320.6 billion) is required to To identify quick wins and efficiently target resources, implement all priority 1 interventions. The greatest sectors assessed the implementation readiness of all number of priority 1 interventions are in the water recovery interventions. Implementation readiness supply sector (7) and require US$28 million (MWK refers to the planning and preparation cycle of an 21 billion). The geo-spatial distribution of priority intervention, and was defined in the following three 1 recovery interventions across affected districts stages: displays areas of concentrated priorities. The greatest amounts of priority 1 interventions are located in 1. Preliminary design stage: The intervention is still Kasungu, Balaka, and Chikwawa. However, priority 1 at the planning and preparation stages interventions are consistently distributed across most 2. Ready to implement: Planning and design com- districts, suggesting that they are broadly necessary for plete, but with limited or no available funding most affected districts and communities. 3. Implementation stage: Programme intervention Cross-sectoral priorities were further assessed by the is currently being implemented or earmarked for IDRPT to identify core recovery interventions and 6 / National Disaster Recovery Framework opportunities to link recovery across sectors, as well MDAs, DPs, and donors in order to forge clear linkages as to provide the greatest opportunity for leveraging between the NDRF and NRS. resources and expertise. A defined framework of cross-sectoral priorities was developed to support the Prioritisation, Allocation, and Mobilisation co-ordination of multi-stakeholder recovery planning, While the PDNA estimates total damages and losses at financing, and implementation. In addition, the US$329 million (MWK 247 billion) and recovery needs framework should ensure that recovery is implemented at US$500 million (MWK 375 billion), the NDRF revised in an equitable and phased manner to avoid gaps financial needs have been estimated at US$708 million and the duplication of efforts. A total of 38 cross- (MWK 531 billion). During the prioritisation process, sectoral priority interventions were identified. The top sectors determined that US$427.5 million (MWK priority sectors were water resources management 320.6 billion) is needed for the most urgent recovery and development (3), irrigation development (3), food needs. However, 44  percent (US$188 million/MWK security (3), agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries, and 141 billion) of this need is for the procurement of land resources conservation) (14), the environment 375,000MT of humanitarian maize. (2), and water supply (7).These interventions require The estimated US$708 million (MWK 531 billion) a total of US$357million (MWK 268 billion) for is required to implement the recovery programmes implementation. across all 24 drought-stricken districts, and has been phased over a period of five years to address NDRF Alignment with National Resilience critical recovery interventions and accommodate Strategy implementation capacity. Sectors determined that The objective of the NDRF is to bring resilience to short-term needs over a period of two years require an communities recovering from disaster through improved estimated US$343 million (MWK 257 billion). In total, multi-stakeholder co-ordination and prioritised and an estimated 51  percent (US$175 million/MWK 131 sequenced recovery implementation. The National billion) is needed to address urgent and long-term food Resilience Strategy (NRS) goes beyond issues of security issues, such as procurement of maize, and post-disaster recovery to establish a blueprint for 13 percent (US$46 million/MWK 35 billion) is required harmonising disaster resilience efforts in Malawi, which for irrigation development. the NDRF directly supports. The NRS and the NDRF are complementary in nature, both responding to disasters Beyond the phased financial needs, sectors determined risks but through different stages of the DRM cycle. that 61 percent of all financing is required for priority 1 interventions, while 34 percent and 5 percent is The NDRF interventions are mapped to the pillars required for priority 2 and 3 interventions, respectively. and associated priority areas of the NRS to strengthen Priority 1 interventions are composed of a total of 52 planning, financing, and implementation of pre- and recovery programmes, with financial needs estimated post-disaster resilience building initiatives. The NDRF at US$427.5 million (MWK 320.6 billion). Social directly maps 63 percent of all recovery interventions sectors such as education, health, nutrition, and social to resilience efforts of the NRS, with 91 percent of protection, including food security, constitute the the estimated US$708 million (MWK 531 billion) for highest financial needs for priority 1 interventions, and recovery linked to resilience building pillars. The strongest require an estimate US$253 million (MWK 190 billion). relationship is within Pillar 1: Resilient Agricultural Furthermore, the estimated total financial requirements Growth, where 39 of the 142 recovery interventions for cross-sectoral priorities are estimated at US$357 (27 percent) are in alignment, including more than 50 million (MWK 268 billion). This includes priority 1 percent or US$338 million (MWK 254 billion) supporting – water resources management and development, activities under the Resilient Agricultural Growth pillar. US$14 million (MWK 11 billion); priority 2 – irrigation These linkages explain the strong complementarity of development, US$97 million (MWK 73 billion); priority the two frameworks and reinforces the importance of 3 – food security, US$191.5 million (MWK144 billion); ensuring strong co-ordination between implementing priority 4 –agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries, and Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 7 land resources conservation), US$29 million (MWK 22 In comparison, only US$57 million (MWK 43billion) billion); priority 5 the environment US$3 million (MWK has been committed to the top six cross-sectoral 2 billion), and priority 6 water supply, US$22 million priority areas (excluding food security), which only (MWK 17 billion). covers 28 percent of the required US$203million (MWK 152 billion) for priority 1 recovery interventions Financial Gap within these sectors. The greatest financial gap is The financial gap was assessed to determine total within irrigation development, which requires a total available funding (both on- and off-budget sources) for of US$107 million (MWK 80 billion) for all recovery recovery. The estimated total financial gap is US$142 interventions and US$97 million (MWK 73 billion) for million (MWK 107 billion). This is based on an priority 1 interventions, but has a total gap of US$87 estimated need of US$708 million (MWK 531 billion) million (MWK 65 billion) for the sector and 80 percent for recovery and US$566 million (MWK 425 billion) for priority 1 recovery interventions. In comparison, available through active projects or donor pledges in social protection has a commitment of 251 percent response to the drought. However, when broken down of its total required recovery intervention needs. This by sector, analysis shows an inequitable distribution of assessment highlights the inequitable distribution of resources based on priorities. For example, the urgent financing across recovery needs. Resources are not needs of food security have mobilised US$345million effectively being mobilised for priority sectors and (MWK 258.5 billion) in commitments or pledges, are concentrated in specific areas. To ensure resilient addressing 99 percent the total financial recovery recovery, greater control and direction is required in needs for food security. However, the phased financial guiding resources towards priorities areas. needs for food security only requiresUS$244 million (MWK 183 billion) from FY17 to FY19. Photo credit: World Bank / 9 SECTION 1 Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 11 OVERVIEW AND GOVERNANCE the management of a disaster recovery programme. It establishes a vision and principles for a recovery ARRANGEMENTS OF THE programme, while also communicating the recovery NATIONAL DISASTER RECOVERY strategy, elaborating programmatic interventions, and FRAMEWORK showing how recovery needs will be financed. It is a living document in nature, updated based on recovery Overview progress, priorities, and needs, and adapts to rising Malawi is highly exposed to natural disasters, such as demand and future disasters. The NDRF has evolved floods and droughts. Available records indicate that in to guide both the 2015 flood and 2015/16 drought the last 100 years the country has experienced about recovery efforts and, under a common framework, is 20 droughts. In the last 36 years alone, the country has providing oversight to implementation and monitoring experienced eight major droughts, affecting more than arrangements. This contributes to the achievement 24 million people4. The impact, frequency, and spread of strategic recovery objectives for both disasters in of drought in Malawi have intensified in the past four an integrated and coherent manner. The NDRF also decades and are likely to worsen with climate change, ensures that recovery is resilience-driven and leads to compounded by other factors, such as population furthering the development agenda of the country. growth and environmental degradation. Droughts and The NDRF provides a central framework for managing dry spells in Malawi cause, on average, a 1 percent recovery planning, co-ordination, implementation, loss of gross domestic product annually. Most drought financing, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) episodes have occurred in El Niño years, during which processes across current and future disasters. Cross- the country experiences rainfall deficits. cutting elements, such as institutional arrangement, Annual climate shocks caused by droughts, dry spells, guiding principles, M&E processes, and financing and and floods continue to erase hard-fought development accountability mechanisms are standardised to govern gains and push various population segments deeper all NDRF disaster responses. After a disaster, the NDRF into poverty. The cyclical nature of disasters in Malawi can be updated to address disaster-specific recovery tests disaster response and recovery capacities, and needs, costs, and priorities. Disaster-specific sections presents overwhelming challenges to donor co- of the NDRF are governed by its central framework but ordination and strategic recovery planning, financing also provide guidance on cross-sectoral and geo-spatial and implementation. In response to unprecedented priorities and phased financial needs to a specific flooding in 2015, the Government of Malawi (GoM), disaster event. with technical and financial support from the European Union (EU), the United Nations, and the World Bank Development Process (WB), embarked on a process to increase recovery Included as part of the Department of Disaster readiness through the development of a National Management Affairs’s (DoDMA) initial technical Disaster Recovery Framework (NDRF). The NDRF assistance request with the 2015 Floods Post-Disaster is a tool for systematically presenting the policy, Needs Assessment (PDNA), the NDRF sought to institutional, financial, and operational aspects of a establish a framework for guiding, monitoring, and disaster recovery programme. It explains the results co-ordinating prioritised and sequenced recovery. On expected from the recovery programme and the behalf of the GoM, DoDMA led the development of approach Government, communities, and partners will the NDRF, with financial and technical assistance from take to implement it. the EU, the United Nations, and the WB, to inform the planning, financing, and implementation of the 2015 The NDRF was designed in alignment with Malawi’s Flood PDNA. National Disaster Risk Management Policy and serves both strategic and operational purposes in The NDRF was developed through an extensive consultative process involving participants from key sectors 4 Malawi Drought 2015/16 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA). at the national level, as well as district councils (DCs) in all 12 / National Disaster Recovery Framework declared disaster areas. Development of the NDRF started sequencing, and financing. A financial gap analysis was on June 11, 2015, when the consultation convened more also conducted to identify how recovery resources are than 100 participants, including development partners being allocated for recovery to establish a mechanism (DPs), donors, civil society organisations (CSOs) and non- for financial tracking and targeting. governmental organisations (NGOs), and representatives from sector clusters and line ministers. National and Vision and Goal of the NDRF district workshops were held between June and August Recovery efforts defined within the NDRF are guided by 2015, to establish a central recovery vision, objectives, a central vision and goal. An initial vision and goal were and cross-cutting principles, and defined sector recovery determined following the 2015 floods; these have been priorities, institutional arrangements, and financial gaps. updated in response to the 2015/16 drought. A common Following three-day workshops with senior officials from recovery vision and goal that cuts across both disasters all affected districts, the GoM convened the newly formed is critical to ensure that the NDRF can effectively Inter-Departmental Recovery Prioritisation Taskforce co-ordinate common multi-stakeholder efforts and (IDRPT) to review and align priorities at the district and strengthen the resilience of vulnerable populations. national levels, confirm financial needs and phasing, and finalise the prioritisation of cross-sectoral and geo-spatial Vision: A nation that is resilient to natural disasters, recovery interventions. The NDRF was finalised and that can rapidly recover from drought and flood officially launched by the GoM in October 2015. shocks, while fostering sustainable economic growth In the 2015/16 agriculture season, Malawi was affected and ensuring equitable, inclusive, and participatory by prolonged dry spells, leading to an agricultural reconstruction that builds back better. drought and triggering a national emergency for the Goal: To sustainably improve the resilience of subsequent year. Following the completion of the communities affected by floods and drought, support Drought PDNA in July 2016, the GoM, under the prolonged food security of vulnerable populations, and leadership of DoDMA, began revising the NDRF to restore the livelihoods of disaster-affected communities. include drought-specific recovery needs and to expand processes within the NDRF to accommodate future Purpose of the National Disaster Recovery events. In February 2017, DoDMA brought together Framework Government departments to orient drought-affected This recovery framework serves the following purposes: sectors on the elements of a NDRF and provided an action plan for its development. Additionally, ■■ Guide government and other implementing sector teams presented an overall guiding vision for stakeholders in prioritising the implementation of recovery: to support prolonged food security and to PDNA findings and guide recovery investment and strengthen the resilience of vulnerable populations, resource allocations across short-term humanitarian restore livelihoods of drought-affected communities, needs and medium- to long-term reconstruction; and promote sustainable development and strategic ■■ Help articulate a vision for recovery; objectives for programmatic recovery. In March 2017, sector consultation workshops were held with all ■■ Define a national recovery strategy; sector teams to define prioritisation and sequencing ■■ Guide strategic decision-making processes at the of recovery activities and to establish a financing and national and district levels; performance management framework for recovery. ■■ Co-ordinate and prioritise multi-stakeholder As a follow-up to sector prioritisation, DoDMA interventions cross-sectoral and geospatially; activated the IDRPT to define cross-sectoral priorities, ■■ Monitor outcomes across all recovery and identify programmatic implementation dependencies reconstruction programmes; and to other sectors, and identify geo-spatial priorities. Sector teams completed cross-sectoral prioritisation, ■■ Guide government and all stakeholders to better and results have informed recovery prioritisation, address longer-term disaster vulnerability through Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 13 coherent programmes that bridge the gap between of existing decentralised structures, with lead min- recovery and development. istries and departments providing guidance and co-ordinating the processes in different districts. Guiding Principles for Disaster Recovery 6. Multi-stakeholder engagement and co-ordina- 1. Policy alignment: While the National Disaster Risk tion: Recovery programmes are not funded or im- Management Policy is the central policy framework plemented by the government alone. It is essential within which the recovery programme is imple- to recognise the role that different stakeholders, mented, other national policies focused on resil- including CSOs, development and cooperating ience building should be consulted and utilised to partners, the private sector, media, academia, and guide the recovery process, including those in key research community, play in the recovery process. sectors represented in the recovery framework. It is critical to maintain an inventory of key play- 2. Building back better and smarter: The overarching ers in the recovery programmes, as well as to build principle in the design and implementation of all sustainable working relationships among all key post-disaster recovery and reconstruction inter- stakeholders. ventions is to ensure that such activities do not in- Within the current national disaster risk management crease the vulnerability of exposed people or their institutional framework, the National Platform for assets to further disaster risk, as well as to ensure Disaster Risk Management should play a pivotal that reconstruction is appropriate in size and loca- role in sharing experiences in the implementation of tion for the community. As such, the principle of the recovery and reconstruction agenda. DoDMA ‘build back better and smarter’ will prevail, requir- should also ensure it effectively plays a co-ordination ing the integration of disaster risk reduction (DRR) role so that there is no duplication of interventions in all recovery interventions. and there is effective information sharing between 3. Focus on resilience: While the recovery framework and among stakeholders. identifies short-, medium-, and long-term recovery and reconstruction needs, the focus of all interven- 7. Integration of gender and other cross-cutting is- tions should be on building the disaster resilience sues: While the protection sector addresses some of the person, household, community, and nation. gender and cross-cutting themes, it is essential that The GoM is separately developing a national disas- these issues are integrated across all recovery sec- ter resilience framework, and it is essential that the tors, including climate change, DRR, the environ- recovery framework complements the resilience ment, gender, and HIV/AIDS, with specific indicators framework. adopted in each. Emphasis should be on demonstrat- ing that all recovery and reconstruction interventions 4. Community participation: The NDRF is meant to clearly target vulnerable groups, including women, address the needs of communities affected by the girls, children, the elderly, and the disabled. floods in Malawi. As such, communities should be at the centre of the recovery and reconstruction 8. Build on ongoing development initiatives: The process, not just seeking community views in the recovery framework should complement already design of interventions, but also ensuring that existing programmes addressing developmental they are involved in the actual implementation and needs in the country. monitoring of the interventions. 9. Linkages with ongoing resilience programmes: 5. Decentralised approach: Almost all of the flooding Different players are already implementing pro- impact was felt at the district and local levels. It grammes and projects aimed at building communi- is therefore essential that recovery interventions ty resilience in such areas as agriculture and food are decentralised and that districts take a leading security, climate change adaptation and mitigation, role in implementation. Day-to-day operations of DRR, early warning, health, and water and irriga- recovery programmes should be left in the hands tion. To better implement the recovery framework, 14 / National Disaster Recovery Framework resilience programmes should establish linkages Malawi Growth and Development Strategy III with existing programmes, avoid duplications, and The third Malawi Growth and Development Strategy use lessons learnt and best practices. (MGDS III) which will be implemented from 2017 to 2022, is the fourth medium-term national NDRF Alignment with National Policies and development strategy formulated to contribute to Strategies the attainment country’s long-term development The NDRF was developed in conformity with national aspirations as enshrined in the Vision 2020. The previous development strategies that were developed legislation, policies, and strategies. It is aligned with all to implement the Vision 2020 were the Malawi Poverty statutes governing or supporting disaster risk manage- Reduction Strategy Paper and MGDS I and II. The ment (DRM) and recovery in Malawi, and all sector and MGDS III is, therefore, the final strategy that will take thematic legislation, policies, and strategies with which Malawi to the expiry of Vision 2020. disaster recovery is associated. The NDRF is aligned but not limited to the key frameworks discussed below. As a national strategy, the overarching theme for the MGDS III is: “Building a Productive, Competitive and Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act Resilient Nation”. Unlike its immediate predecessor, the strategy is built around this one theme that aims The Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act provides to improve productivity, turn the country into a a comprehensive, integrated, and co-ordinated competitive nation and develop resilience to shocks framework for DRM aimed at preventing or reducing and hazards. The MGDS III also consolidates the efforts the risk of disasters, mitigating the severity of that Malawi is undertaking to reposition herself as a disasters, preparing for disasters, rapidly and effectively global player. The MGDS III is, therefore, anchored responding to and managing disasters and post-disaster on five key priority areas namely: i) Agriculture, Water recovery, establishing a more effective institutional Development and Climate Change; ii) Education and framework for DRM in Malawi, and optimizing DRM Skills Development; iii) Energy, Industry and Tourism funding arrangements. It is in view of this that the Development; iv) Transport and ICT Infrastructure and; NDRF is governed especially on matters pertaining to v) Health and Population. These key priority areas were recovery from all forms of disasters. chosen on the basis of their strong linkages among each other as well as other sectors of the economy. National Resilience Strategy National Disaster Risk Management Policy The National Resilience Strategy is a fifteen-year agenda in three phases aimed at putting vulnerable households The National Disaster Risk Management Policy stresses the need to ensure that disaster losses and impacts are on a more sustainable path by strengthening their sustainably reduced. The NDRF will be developed in resilience to seasonal predictable shocks, and extreme alignment with this policy’s objectives to strengthen shocks such as drought and floods, which are expected capacities for effective preparedness, response, and to increase owing to climate change. Most interventions recovery. The NDRF will respect and align with the in the NRS are not new per se, rather what is new is the institutional arrangements for DRM stipulated in the approach. Through the NRS, government brings a multi- policy. The policy is aimed at ensuring that DRM is dimensional approach to food and nutrition insecurity, mainstreamed into development planning and policies diversified and climate-smart agricultural growth, of all sectors to reduce the impact of disasters and to disaster risk reduction, flood control, early warning ensure sustainable development in the country. This is systems, environmental management, social protection, also incorporated into the NDRF. and nutrition, managed under a single common program framework and monitoring and evaluation National Environmental Policy systems, and through enhanced coordination, pooling The National Environmental Policy of 2004 calls for of resources and prioritization. the development of mechanisms for cross-sector Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 15 management of environmental issues; facilitating active new vision embraces and reflects the Government’s participation of local communities and other stakeholders overall development objectives of poverty reduction in the enforcement of environmental management and economic prosperity. The Policy comprehensively legislation; and integration of environmental planning, covers areas of water resource management and management, and institutional frameworks into the development, water quality and pollution control, water decentralised structure. The NDRF recognises that the utilization, disaster management and institutional roles environment and land resources management is a key and linkages. The Policy, among other issues, aims at: pillar to disaster recovery, and adherence to the National Environmental Policy of 2004 will be ensured. ■■ Achieving sustainable and integrated water resources management and development that make National Land Resources Management Policy and water readily available and equitably accessible by National Land Policy of 2002 all Malawians in pursuit of their socio-economic The National Land Policy stipulates that it will promote development and for environmental sustenance; community participation and public awareness at all Other Policies levels to ensure environmentally sustainable land use The NDRF is governed by the DRM policy, and practices and good land stewardship. This policy also seeks to ensure tenure security and equitable access therefore will also respect all other policies to which to land to facilitate the realisation of social harmony the DRM policy ascribes. These include: and broad-based social and economic development ■■ National Social Support Policy through optimum and ecologically balanced use of land ■■ Malawi Decentralisation Policy and land-based resources. Alignment with this principle ■■ Health Policy is critical in the assessment of recovery interventions ■■ National HIV and AIDS Policy identified in the NDRF. On the other hand, the National ■■ Nutrition Policy Land Resources Management Policy of 2000 aims ■■ Food Security Policy to promote the efficient, diversified, and sustainable ■■ Gender Policy use of land resources both for agriculture and other ■■ Child Protection Policy uses to avoid sectoral land-use conflicts and ensure ■■ Education Policy sustainable socio-economic development. All these ■■ Elderly and Disabilities Policy policy directions provide guidance on the optimal use ■■ National Sanitation Policy of land as propagated by the NDRF. ■■ National Housing Policy ■■ National Forestry Policy National Meteorological Policy ■■ Mining Policy The National Meteorological Policy aims to contribute to enhanced weather, climate, and climate change Other Acts services to support the socio-economic development of The implementation of the NDRF will align with Malawi. The NDRF recognises the impacts of changes the statutory obligations stipulated in the Disaster in weather and climate patterns and the importance of Preparedness and Relief Act, including the following a concerted and well-co-ordinated disaster recovery associated legislation: system in line with the National Meteorological Policy. ■■ Environmental Management Act (1996) The National Water Policy, 2005 ■■ Forestry Act (1997) The National Water Policy as reflected in its new title ■■ Irrigation Act (2001) is meant to address all aspects of water including ■■ Local Government Act (1998) resource management, development and service ■■ Town and Country Planning Act (1988) delivery. The policy has articulated a new water sector ■■ Water Resources Act (1969) vision of ‘Water and Sanitation for All, Always.’ The ■■ Malawi Constitution 16 / National Disaster Recovery Framework INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS national DRM institutional set-up has 11 technical sub- committees: Agriculture and Food Security; Health and OF THE NDRF Nutrition; Water and Sanitation; Transport and Logistics; The NDRF is a tool to manage efficient and effective Assessment; Shelter; Spatial Planning and Camp recovery and reconstruction, as well as co-ordinate Management; Early Warning; Protection; Education, multi-stakeholder activities. The NDRF is in alignment Information, and Communication; and Search and with the Malawi’s DRM institutional framework as Rescue. During disaster preparedness, response, and outlined in the Operation Guidelines for Disaster Risk recovery periods, the technical sub-committees may Management for Malawi. The institutional arrangements function as clusters, focusing on humanitarian aspects. for the NDRF were established to ensure governance, management, and oversight of recovery across existing Department of Disaster Management Affairs and future disasters covered under the framework. DoDMA will be the custodian of the NDRF, responsible Central oversight to recovery and reconstruction policy for leading the development and implementation of all and implementation will be provided by the National disaster responses covered under the framework. As the Disaster Preparedness and Relief Committee, while lead authority for managing recovery and reconstruction, DoDMA will lead day-to-day monitoring and co- DoDMA will co-ordinate the development of disaster- ordination of recovery and reconstruction programmes. specific NDRF inputs with MDAs, local and district As custodian of the NDRF, DoDMA will be the authorities, and key stakeholders, including DPs, lead agency responsible for the development and CSOs and NGOs, and the private sector. In addition, implementation of the NDRF. This will be accomplished DoDMA will support resource mobilisation and in close co-ordination with ministries, departments, financial prioritisation, as well as tracking progress of and agencies (MDAs); local and district authorities; and implementation. DoDMA will be responsible for setting key stakeholders, including DPs, CSOs and NGOs, and up and maintaining an M&E system and will hold the private sector. The National Disaster Preparedness regular monitoring and co-ordination meetings with key and Relief Technical Committee (NDPRTC) will centrally stakeholders during implementation. support inter-cluster co-ordination to ensure that recovery and reconstruction activities are aligned Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water and co-ordinated. The institutional arrangements for Development recovery and reconstruction at all levels and across The Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water sectors are illustrated below (Figure 1). Development (MoAIWD) is responsible for agriculture and food security issues in Malawi, including drought Roles and Responsibilities for the NDRF mitigation and recovery. It will implement, or coordinate National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Committee the implementation, of the majority of interventions in The National Disaster Preparedness and Relief the NDRF. In the implementation of the NDRF, MoAIWD Committee (NDPRC) will provide policy guidance and its stakeholders will be responsible for strengthening and direction on implementing of the NDRF. Where food security early warning system to make it more necessary, the NDPRC Chair may request the comprehensive and efficient in alerting stakeholders of participation of other key players when deliberating any emerging food security risks, improve management issues relating to the recovery framework. of food security risks, increase farmer adoption of drought and flood tolerant crop varieties, promote the National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Technical use of agricultural insurance as a risk mitigation measure, Committee and Technical Sub-Committees such as weather-index crop and livestock insurance and livestock health insurance and promotion of investments The National Disaster Preparedness and Relief in regional strategic grain reserves and storage systems Technical Committee (NDPRTC) will be responsible for the purposes of addressing food security risks. for inter-cluster co-ordination, as well as analysing the final recovery results and reviewing the NDRF. The The ministry will also be responsible for the development Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 17 FIGURE 1. Institutional Arrangements of the NDRF Development NDPR Partners Edu: MoEST, DEM MoFEP High-level policy Ag: DARS, DLRC, DAHLD oversight Resource Employment & mobilization Livelihoods: MoL Coordination and implementation sector – specific interventions NDPRT Env: EAD Stakeholder coordination and Housing: MoLHUD priorisation review Trans. MoTPW, DPW CSOs NGOs Nutrition: DoHN, DNO Implementation and resource mobilisation Protection: MoGCDSW, DSO, DTO DoDMA, DEC, CPCs Health: MoH Overall recovery MoFEP coordination WATER, DWO Water Boards, WSS, DWR Resource mobilization DRM: DoDMA, ADDRMO, DO, MDF, MPS, DCCMS Local community Family facilitators District (ACPCs, AVCPCs, (AEDIC, AEDO, councils ADC, VDC) HSA, WMA) 18 / National Disaster Recovery Framework of water harvesting infrastructure, improvement of water ownership and sustainability. The key co-ordinating resource and supply infrastructure that is more resilient structure will be the District Civil Protection Committee to future disasters as well as sustainable irrigation (DCPC) at the district level, the Area Civil Protection infrastructures. In addition, they will ensure that farmers Committee at the Traditional Authority (TA) level, are implementing catchment area protection and and the Village Civil Protection Committee (VCPC) at appropriate farming systems as well as the intensification the village and group village levels. DCs will also be and dissemination of technologies for best practices on responsible for the management of financial resources crops, livestock and fish production that withstand adverse and for monitoring and evaluating interventions weather conditions whilst strengthening surveillance implemented in the district by donor partners, NGOs, systems for monitoring outbreaks of pests and diseases. or themselves. Results will be submitted to form part of the M&E system under DoDMA. Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development Development Partners, and Civil Society and The Ministry of Finance Economic Planning and Non-Governmental Organisations Development (MoFEPD) is responsible for mobilisation DPs, CSOs, and NGOs play key roles in mobilising of resources for the GoM. In the NDRF, MoFEPD will financing for recovery and supporting implementation. be responsible for mobilisation, management, and These stakeholders often have long-term engagements disbursement of financial resources to line ministries within Malawi, and have strong relationships and and departments that are implementing recovery knowledge with local issues, institutions, and interventions. MoFEPD will also be responsible for communities. Recovery operations should leverage M&E of financial management by ministries and these assets to support implementation, but MDAs and departments, and will share M&E records with DoDMA local authorities must ensure that recovery interventions as part of the M&E system. The ministry will co- align with NDRF priorities. Realignment of existing ordinate with DoDMA and other institutions during project activities to priorities identified in the recovery resource mobilisation and distribution. framework should be explored to ensure effective Ministries, Departments, and Agencies recovery and reconstruction. It will also be the necessary for MDAs or DCs to monitor the effectiveness of MDAs are responsible for co-ordinating the interventions offered and to report on interventions identification and implementation of NDRF activities by to guide resource allocation and avoid duplication. various stakeholders. The MDAs will co-ordinate with Effective co-ordination between DoDMA, MDAs, and DCs and key stakeholders to define prioritised sector local authorities should be maintained through regular interventions and will oversee the implementation of recovery within their sectors. The MDAs will guide two-way communication and co-ordination meetings. resource allocations for recovery through annual There is however need to provide guidance to the CSOs budget allocations and will direct financial assistance and NGOs to better articulate the financial resources provided by DPs and NGOs to priority sector available to support the NDRF. recovery interventions. M&E of resources and project interventions will be ensured, and MDAs will provide Private Sector records to DoDMA as part of the M&E system. Some recovery interventions, such as those related to the transport and food security sectors, require the Local Authorities participation of the private sector. The private sector DCs will be responsible for co-ordinating and may also provide both financial and technical support implementing the NDRF, as well as defining and for implementing of some of the interventions in the prioritising recovery projects. However, no recovery recovery framework. Co-ordination with key private intervention will be implemented at the district level sector stakeholders should be maintained during without going through the normal channels to ensure development and implementation of the NDRF. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 19 Inter-Departmental Recovery Prioritisation Role of the IDRPT Taskforce 1. Provide recommendations on prioritisation of re- For purposes of recovery, Government set up the source allocations and the annual on- and off-bud- IDRPT. The taskforce is called upon after a disaster getary flows for recovery throughout the expected period to help facilitate the articulation of a recovery vision, objectives, timeline, and scope of a new recovery 2. Articulate the recovery vision, objectives, and guiding framework. A critical element of a NDRF is the principles to the public, stakeholders, and partners harmonisation of recovery in alignment with national 3. Review district, sector, and national recovery plans, priorities and development plans. The IDRPT plays a and convene sector teams and districts to address central role in this regard, supporting the identification, information gaps in the recovery plans prioritisation, and short- to long-term phasing of 4. Define prioritisation criteria, and sequence and pri- recovery strategies and interventions across sectors oritise recovery activities within and across sectors and geo-spatial locations. The IDRPT also plays a and geo-spatial locations critical role in co-ordinating, monitoring, and reporting 5. Review and determine short-, medium-, and long- NDRF implementation through regular IDRPT meeting term sectoral priorities throughout the expected and consultations with district officers. IDRPT meetings recovery and reconstruction period will be held to discuss ongoing and planned recovery activities to ensure that efforts are aligned with NDRF 6. Facilitate review of the priorities and recovery priorities and principles. To support these processes, needs after the PDNA is conducted the IDRPT is composed of senior government technical 7. Assess policy and legal frameworks for the recov- officers and key stakeholders with expertise related to ery and reconstruction processes the specific disaster. 8. Approve standards, guidelines, and operating pro- cedures for an effective recovery process Composition of the IDRPT DoDMA will be responsible for activating the IDRPT 9. Provide periodic checks and strategic guidance to the ministries and departments engaged in the re- following the completion of a damage and needs covery process assessment. The composition of the IDRPT is determined by DoDMA based on disaster type and technical need 10. Advise and co-ordinate recovery activities of the and the extent of expected involvement and support MDAs in alignment with the NDRF required for co-ordination and implementation of 11. Review and report progress on the recovery pro- recovery activities. The IDRPT should include senior cess in accordance with the implementation roles technical representatives from all major disaster- and responsibilities defined within the NDRF affected sector ministries, departments, and government 12. Respond upon activation of the IDRPT for disaster parastatals (e.g. meteorological services, water board). recovery framework (DRF) development and im- Depending on the centralisation of disaster impacts plementation processes. and need, the IDRPT could also include district representatives. Other key stakeholders, including DPs, Monitoring and Evaluation CSOs, NGOs, and the private sector, that can provide To ensure that recovery and reconstruction activities critical technical capacities, knowledge, or inputs will be contribute to the strategic objectives (SOs) and goal included on a case-by-case basis as per a specific disaster of the NDRF, an effective M&E system for the NDRF need. However, it is important to ensure that IDRPT will be developed to track resource mobilisation and composition does not compromise its core objectives or distribution and to assess progress, co-ordination, and roles and responsibilities due to size or political structure. impact of recovery interventions. This system should 20 / National Disaster Recovery Framework build off existing mechanisms utilised by MDAs and will be required for recovery interventions in case a districts, and provide an adaptive capability to monitor disaster occurs. This approach will ensure the financial recovery efforts for existing and future disasters. MDAs preparedness of the government to intervene quickly currently use various tools for monitoring project with appropriate recovery interventions. The financial activities. DoDMA is the responsible authority for forecast for recovery should be embedded in the centrally monitoring recovery progress and effectiveness, contingency planning process. The information should and will work with MDAs to adapt existing systems and be shared with MoFEPD, DPs, CSOs, and NGOs to co-ordinate inputs for M&E. The M&E system should anticipate resource allocation before the event. comprise a management information system that includes a database that will keep track of all programme Quantifying the Economic Cost of the Disaster activities and financial transactions and that will monitor progress of physical and electronic records and reports Once a disaster has occurred, a deeper analysis of for trainings, workshops, and field visits. the economic cost of the disaster is carried out by the sector teams. The information gained will inform Key institutions responsible for monitoring NDRF the decision about whether a declaration of National implementation are MoFEPD, DoDMA, MDAs relevant Emergency is required and will also support a more to the disaster, DCs, DPs, and CSOs and NGOs. The Monitoring Plan below (Table 1) summarises roles and detailed disaster assessment of damage and need, if responsibilities of key institutions in monitoring and necessary, along with the development of a recovery evaluating NDRF recovery results that apply to all framework. With guidance from DoDMA, supported responses included in the NDRF. by the sector specialist, the MoFEPD will co-ordinate resource allocation to priority areas that require Financing Framework recovery interventions. The resources will include the There are five components to be considered in the public funds, donations, loans, grants, and reallocation management of financing for the NDRF: of programmed allocations from lower-priority areas based on discussions with DPs and NGOs. ■■ Forecasting financial resources ■■ Quantifying the economic costs of the disaster Identifying and Mobilising Financial Resources for ■■ Identifying and mobilising financial resources for Recovery recovery This process will be co-ordinated by the MoFEPD ■■ Developing and approving recovery budgets and DoDMA but also championed by sector ■■ Setting up administrative arrangements to disburse departments. Based on recovery priorities and funds and track and report on expenditures and results financing needs identified in the NDRF, departments will present resource requirements to the MoFEPD The MoFEPD is responsible for leading these activities, to be confirmed by DoDMA. The MoFEPD will seek and will co-ordinate with DoDMA, MDAs, DCs, DPs, recovery resources through various funding streams, and CSOs and NGOs to mobilise and guide resource including reprogrammed budgets, surpluses, reserves, allocations to priority recovery areas. donations, and borrowing. This will require close co- Financial Forecasting ordination with the MoFEPD Budget Department, DPs, and NGOs. The MoFEPD will utilise the NDRF to guide At the beginning of the season, the government, led by DoDMA, carried out contingency planning after new requests and offers to support recovery financing the season forecast from the Department of Climate and implementation. Departments will reprioritise the Change and Meteorological Services (DCCMS) and interventions in their sector to focus on the immediate the Water Resources Department. Based on the needs, while the MoFEPD will mobilise more resources information provided and by simulating the past and identify resources from the national budget to event, it is possible to estimate the resources that finance recovery interventions. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 21 TABLE 1. NDRF Monitoring Plan Institution Responsibilities ■■ Set up and maintain the M&E system (design of data collection forms, electronic and physical records, database management) ■■ Custodian of M&E records on the following: • Implementation of recovery interventions DoDMA • Resource mobilisation and distribution from national and regional centres • Progress of recovery as well as effectiveness of interventions ■■ DODMA will receive monitoring records from MDAs, DCs, DPs, and CSOs and NGOs that will be input to the NDRF M&E system ■■ Custodian of monitoring details of the following: ■■ Co-ordination of recovery interventions MoFEPD ■■ Resource mobilisation and distribution from national and regional centres ■■ Progress of recovery as well as effectiveness of interventions ■■ Monitor and maintain monitoring details of the following: ■■ Financial resource records ■■ Resource allocation and distribution ■■ Progress of sector-specific recovery interventions MDAs ■■ MDAs will generate and maintain their own monitoring records and submit monitoring records to DODMA for input into the NDRF M&E system ■■ MDAs will also provide records on recovery interventions by DPs, CSOs, and NGOs that they are collaborating with as part of M&E ■■ Monitor and maintain monitoring details of the following: ■■ Financial resource records ■■ Resource allocation and distribution ■■ Progress of sector-specific recovery interventions by them or other partners (DPs, CSOs, and NGOs) DCs ■■ DCs will generate and maintain their own monitoring records and submit monitoring records to MDAs and DoDMA for input into the NDRF M&E system ■■ DCs will also provide records on recovery interventions by DPs, CSOs, and NGOs that they are collaborating with as part of M&E ■■ Monitor and maintain monitoring details of the following: ■■ Financial and other resource allocation DPs/CSOs/NGOs ■■ Progress of sector-specific recovery interventions ■■ DPs, CSOs, and NGOs will share and submit monitoring records to DoDMA for input into the NDRF M&E system Developing and Approving Recovery Budgets Funds Disbursement and Management Programmatic sector-specific recovery budgets and Disbursement of recovery resources from the public phased financial needs are established by sector funds and reprogrammed project resources will follow departments during the NDRF development process. the existing Government/project procedures but with Once the cross-sectoral prioritisation has taken place, detailed documentation submitted to MoFEPD and sector departments will annually present financial DoDMA, which will be reviewed from time to time. The recovery needs. These will be submitted to the documentation will identify areas that require more MoFEPD and DoDMA for review and reprioritisation. financial support. Once reviewed with sectors and finalised, the recovery budget proposal will be submitted to the MoFEPD The public expects a high level of transparency in Budget Department for approval. the use of recovery funds. For that reason, recovery 22 / National Disaster Recovery Framework TABLE 2. Elements of the Accountability Framework Element Recommendation Monitoring of expenditures and results Augment existing public financial management systems by other sources. Partners should also participate. Reporting on progress within Address reporting in the communications strategy. Public financial management Government and to the affected systems produce some of the necessary information, but formats are not suitable for population and the general public public use, and timeliness is often an issue. Consider using alternative systems. Prevention of corruption Provide effective mechanisms, such as channels for whistle blowers, financial auditing, and systems of community oversight. Grievance redressal Provide standards for grievance redressal to all implementing agencies. programmes require an accountability framework, to develop sectoral, implementation, financial, and which includes the elements described in Table 2. performance frameworks. When developing sectoral frameworks, sector priorities for the sectors and NDRF Development and Implementation districts will be reviewed, financially costed, and phased Framework in over time (short-, medium-, and long-term periods). The NDRF development and implementation framework The financial strategy is determined by identifying the is intended to outline the procedures and steps required financial flows (on- and off-budget), available funding to govern the NDRF in the aftermath of a disaster sources, and funding gaps. The IDRPT will define cross- declaration and until recovery and reconstruction sectoral and geo-spatial priorities based on established activities are complete. It highlights the roles and criteria, and will identify programmatic implementation responsibilities of key actors to ensure that recovery dependencies on other sectors. Results of the analysis is co-ordinated across all stakeholders, geo-spatial will be shared for consultation and comments with locations, and institutional levels of authority (national, DCs, DPs, and the NDPRTC. Upon revision, the NDRF district, and community). will be validated with the NDPRC and then launched and disseminated. Development Implementation In response to a major disaster, the GoM will initiate a disaster impact and needs assessment. Requests DoDMA, in co-ordination with line ministries, for technical support to conduct this activity may departments, and DCs, should ensure that also include a request for future recovery planning implementation of all recovery activities by various assistance. Activities, including disaster-specific stakeholders is aligned with the NDRF at all levels. inputs to the NDRF, should commence only after the To ensure that implementation of recovery activities completion of the damage and needs assessment. by DPs and NGOs is aligned with the NDRF, the However, preliminary analysis of policy, legal, and implementing stakeholders should co-ordinate with financing considerations can take pace in advance. DoDMA, line ministries and departments, and DCs. DoDMA will identify the key line ministries and New recovery activities and financing should be stakeholders relevant to the disaster and activate the reported by DCs, and line ministries, departments and IDRPT. IDRPT consultations will define the scope and CSOs/NGOsto DoDMA for record and review against timeline for updating the NDRF. These consultations the NDRF. The IDRPT will hold quarterly co-ordination will also result in the drafting of the recovery vision and meetings to discuss implementation of recovery the SOs. activities across the various disasters governed by the NDRF. DoDMA should host and facilitate development Analysis of the disaster context and the key inputs of an M&E system to track and monitor the progress of gathered will guide consultations with key stakeholders recovery activities. The recovery priorities for the NDRF Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 23 will be assessed and updated during the quarterly and co-ordination of the activities in the NDRF. Design IDRPT meetings. In instances where there exist similar and implementation of recovery activities should be recovery interventions from different disasters, it is programmed to ensure that recovery interventions the role of the IDRPT to prioritise and ensure synergy strengthen resilience. TABLE 3. NDRF Development and Implementation Framework Action Responsibility/Level When Development Declaration of state of disaster GoM (Office of the Immediately after the initial rapid President and Cabinet) assessment Mobilize resources for damage and needs assessment GoM (Office of the Immediately after declaration and DRF President and Cabinet) Conducting damage and needs assessment GoM, DPs, CSOs After declaration Activate the IDPRT DoDMA After damage and needs assessment Determine the scope, recovery vision, SOs, and timeline IDRPT When activated for developing the DRF Analyse the disaster context and key inputs (policy/legal IDRPT When activated changes). Sectoral and stakeholder consultations IDRPT, DCs, DPs, NGOs After defining the scope, vision, and objectives Cross-sectoral and geo-spatial prioritisation IDRPT After sectoral and stakeholder consultations Drafting of the DRF IDRPT members After cross-sectoral and geo-spatial prioritisation DRF draft consultations and validation DoDMA After drafting the DRF Finalisation, launch, and dissemination DoDMA After DRF draft consultations and review Implementation Co-ordination and implementation of recovery activities DoDMA, line ministries After launch and departments, DCs Tracking and monitoring recovery progress DoDMA/line ministries During implementation of recovery and departments/DCs activities 24 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Photo credit: World Bank / 25 SECTION 2 26 / National Disaster Recovery Framework NDRF DISASTER CONTEXT disaster, and therefore were included as part of the Summary of Flood and Drought Damages 2015 Flood DRF. The PDNA estimated total disaster and Losses effects and recovery and reconstruction needs for the 12 affected sectors at US$335 million (MWK 146 In a period of two years, Malawi was affected by two billion) (equivalent to approximately 0.6 percent of severe disasters. A once-in-500-years flood in 2015, Malawi’s gross domestic product) and US$494 million which affected more than 1.1 million people, followed (MWK 215 billion), respectively6. In the Flood DRF, by a devastating drought that left at least 6.5 million districts proposed priority interventions at an estimated people food insecure during the 2016/17 season. recovery cost of US$225 million (MWK 169 billion) The GoM responded to both disasters with requests across the 14 affected sectors. The NDRF indicated a for international assistance from the EU, the United financial gap of US$153 million (MWK 115 billion) out Nations, and the WB to help conduct a comprehensive of the total recovery and reconstruction needs. PDNA and support disaster recovery planning through the NDRF. While the drought and floods were separate Strong El Niño conditions compounded the effects disasters, occurring at different times, the short, of the 2015 floods and greatly affected the 2015/16 medium and long term impacts were similar, affecting agricultural season with erratic and below average rains particularly the most vulnerable communities. In and prolonged dry spells across most parts of the country, addition, the majority of the sectors and districts that which resulted in severe crop failure, particularly in the were impacted were the same. This, therefore, means Southern Region and parts of the Central Region. At that there are interlinkages between the two disasters least 6.5 million people (39 percent of the population) in which the design and implementation of the drought Malawi’s 24 drought-affected districts risked not being component of the recovery framework underlines. able to meet their food requirements during the 2016/17 Both the drought and floods components of the NDRF consumption period7. The 2016 Drought PDNA8 has are being developed and implemented within the same estimated damages amounting to US$36.6 million institutional arrangement. (MWK 27.5 billion) and losses (projected to March 2017) of US$329.4 million (MWK 247.1 billion), totalling an The severity of the two events was unprecedented. The estimated US$366 million (MWK 275 billion) in drought 2015 Malawi floods were some of the most devastating effects. The productive sectors account for 81 percent of in decades in terms of geographical coverage, severity the effects, while the social and physical sectors account of damage, and extent of loss. An estimated 1.1 million for 10 percent and 9 percent, respectively. The agriculture people were affected, including 230,000 displaced, sector, including crops, livestock, and fisheries, was the 106 killed, and 172 reported missing5. Economic most affected, with damages and losses accounting for loss and damage cut across national, district, and 70 percent of the total. Recovery needs across all sectors, community levels, and affected a total of 12 sectors, including food security, have been estimated at US$510 with concentrated effects on housing, transport, and million (MWK 383 billion), with food security making up agriculture (including crops, irrigation, fisheries, and more than 50 percent of the total recovery costs. Excluding livestock). The losses were exacerbated by damage food security, the social sectors account for 44.0 percent, to infrastructure, crops and livestock, and agriculture the productive sectors for 30.3 percent, and the physical production due to the subsequent water and electricity sectors for 56.5 percent of all recovery needs. Agriculture shortages and a disruption of economic activities due (22.0 percent), social protection (18.5 percent), and to displacement. A State of National Disaster was nutrition (14.4 percent) constitute the sectors with the declared for 15 districts: Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, highest recovery needs over the next three-year period. Chiradzulu, Karonga, Machinga, Mangochi, Mulanje, A comparison of damage and losses and recovery needs Nsanje, Ntcheu, Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, from the two disasters is illustrated in Figure 2. and Zomba. During the same period, the districts of Dedza and Nkhotakota were also affected by the 6 Flood PDNA reference. 7 Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee report reference. 5 Flood PDNA reference. 8 Drought PDNA reference. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 27 FIGURE 2. Disaster Damages and Losses and Recovery Needs for 2015 Floods and 2015/16 Drought (US$)9 300 Total Recovery Needs US$ million (Floods) 250 200 Total Recovery Needs US$ million (Drought) 150 Total Damages and Losses 100 US$ million (Floods) 50 Total Damages and Losses US$ million (Floods) 0 Energy Food Security Agriculture DRM Education Environment Health Nutrition Protection Industry and Trade Transportation WASH 9 Figures based on drought and flood PDNAs. To allow for comparison between the flood and drought assessments, the sub-sectors of the agriculture sector (i.e. crops, livestock, fisheries, and irrigation) are combined in Figure 2. With the exception of Karonga, all the other 16 districts Implementation Challenges (including Dedza and Nkhotakota) that were affected Recovery activities face a lot of challenges, such as co- by the floods in 2015 were also affected by drought ordination, implementation capacity constraints, M&E in 2016. Figure 3 summarises the total recovery and of recovery interventions, and resource mobilisation. reconstruction needs for the 16 districts where both drought and flood recovery interventions are being Co-ordination implemented. For floods, Nsanje, Chikwawa, Phalombe Co-ordination challenges between MDAs, DCs, and Zomba top the districts requiring the most resources, DPs, and CSOs and NGOs can lead to duplication of in that order. For drought, Chikwawa, Dedza, Ntcheu recovery efforts and use of resources for non-prioritised and Chiradzulu require the most amount of resources recovery activities. Undefined communication and co- for recovery and reconstruction. ordination mechanisms create awareness gaps and Apart from housing, all sectors that were affected by exclude stakeholders that are important for recovery the floods in 2015 were also affected by the drought. processes. This is often most pronounced in recovery A total of 11 sectors were affected by both floods and efforts between the government and NGOs, but also drought. For these sectors, the drought PDNA report remains an internal challenge between MDAs. At shows that the majority of recovery and reconstruction district level, there is limited capacity to track recovery needs were allocated to agriculture and food security, activities, especially when implemented through followed by social protection, nutrition and water and organisations that fail to register or communicate sanitation. For the floods, the PDNA report shows that operations with DoDMA and DC. Without an updated transport had the largest requirements for recovery database of recovery activities, including interventions and reconstruction, followed by agriculture and food implemented by NGOs, MDAs are unable to clearly security, water and sanitation and education (fig. 4). identify recovery needs and direct recovery support. 28 / National Disaster Recovery Framework FIGURE 3. Comparison of flood and drought recovery and reconstruction needs by district Zomba Thyolo Salima Rumphi Phalombe Ntcheu Nsanje Nkhotakota Mulanje Mangochi Machinga Dedza Chiradzulu Chikwawa Blantyre Balaka 0 40 40 60 80 100 120 n Drought n Floods FIGURE 4. Comparison of recovery and reconstruction needs per sector for drought and floods (in US$ million) Nutrition Social protection Environment Disaster risk management Water and sanitation Transport Energy Health Education Industry and trade Agriculture and food security 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 n Drought n Floods Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 29 Ad hoc requests for information often take time and are unable to effectively co-ordinate and guide recovery provide incomplete information. programmes. Modernised equipment for monitoring and reporting is limited, and information management These challenges are further compounded in situations is largely conducted through manual processes. This where disasters strike in consecutive years. Recovery presents challenges to the timely access of information responses to the 2015 floods and 2015/16 drought for co-ordinating recovery interventions. M&E is also emphasise the importance of ensuring co-ordination constrained by a lack of baseline information, before between MDAs, districts, DPs, and CSOs and NGOs, and after a disaster, that can be used as a reference to because both disasters affected similar districts and measure the success of the recovery process. sectors. Without clear co-ordination mechanisms and implementation arrangements there is a greater likelihood Recommendation: A capacity assessment of the of duplicating efforts and creating recovery gaps. DoDMA was undertaken between December 2016 and January 2017, feeding into the DoDMA’s Capacity The community level is the heavily affected, due to cases Development Plan 2017/2018-2019/2020. Capacity of corruption among local stakeholders such as chiefs gaps and training needs identified in the plan should be in identifying rightful beneficiaries such as orphans and addressed at all levels through necessary training and/ the disabled resulting in misallocation of resources. Such or additional personnel. Systems for tracking recovery situations have the potential to increase transmission of interventions should be strengthened to allow for the HIV and AIDS. There is also information gaps amongst review of recovery activities. This system should be different community based organizations implementing managed centrally by DoDMA and capacity building similar recovery interventions due to poor coordination should be done at all levels (i.e. by all stakeholders involved amongst the stakeholders which results in duplications in collecting and archiving the recovery information). of activities. With the establishment of an effective archiving system Recommendation: It is essential that the NDRF is and trained personnel, baseline information that feeds utilised to maintain co-ordination for flood and drought into recovery plans could easily be made available. responses and to effectively communicate recovery priorities. Sensitisation should be strengthened to Resource Mobilisation and Monitoring ensure recovery activities and work plans are aligned Malawi’s central database for tracking financial with the NDRF and that interventions are tracked and assistance is not regularly maintained and cannot readily communicated at all levels. Districts offices should provide information on the availability of resources by also improve regular communication on recovery donor, sector, or time frame. This information is critical interventions to MDAs and DoDMA, and should for informing recovery strategies to address resource enhance oversight to ensure that recovery agencies are gaps and prioritised recovery needs. Without a central registered and that they report on recovery activities financial database, the MoFEPD cannot effectively co- and financing. DoDMA must further ensure that ordinate financial assistance for donors and DPs, or recovery efforts are co-ordinated between flood and ensure development aid is appropriately targeted. drought responses and that activities are targeted to key the priorities of both disasters. Recommendation: Update and maintain a centralised financing tracking mechanism for all development aid Implementation and M&E Capacity and institute systems for collecting information from donors, DPs, and CSOs and NGOs. This information Capacity challenges for monitoring and implementing should be used to inform resource mobilisation recovery exist broadly across all levels and include strategies, annual budgets, and recovery finance constraints on human resources, systems, and equipment. allocation. Local authorities have limited trained personnel to oversee recovery operations and lack systems to assess results and outcomes. In the absence of effective systems for guiding and monitoring recovery activities, districts 30 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Next Steps and a Road Map for NDRF 2. MDAs should support districts in developing Implementation and Institutionalisation recovery plans for the implementation of prioritised recovery activities and should co-ordinate across Policy and Planning sectors to facilitate the implementation of required 1. DoDMA should lead dissemination of the NDRF to interventions linked to their respective sector. districts and sensitise stakeholders on the process MDAs should also begin programing cross-sectoral of recovery planning and prioritisation in alignment priorities within existing and new work plans. with the NDRF. Financing Mobilisation 2. Sectors and districts should develop detailed recovery plans based on NDRF recovery priorities 1. The MoFEPD should assess sources of existing and phased financial plans. All stakeholders should development financing to identify opportunities ensure that recovery plans and activities align with to support prioritised recovery interventions and the NDRF. should hold discussions with donors and DPs on the possibilities of reprograming resources for 3. DoDMA should develop procedures for maintain- critical recovery activities. The MoFEPD should ing and updating the NDRF to ensure that chang- also facilitate the development of a financing aid es to recovery priorities and financial needs are tracker, with support from DoDMA. tracked during the implementation. This should be done in co-ordination with the NDPRTC. 2. The MoFEPD should initiate discussion on how resources can be mobilised to address financing 4. DoDMA will update the Disaster Preparedness gaps identified in the NDRF. This could be and Relief Act to include NDRF development and done through international appeals and donor response procedures in order to ensure that required conferences or donor co-ordination meetings. mechanisms are in place for future disasters. 3. MDAs, with support from DoDMA, should align Institutional Arrangements and Co-ordination sector budgets to the recovery priorities and work with the MoFEPD Budget Department to allocate 1. Co-ordination mechanisms between DoDMA, resources for recovery-specific activities. MDAs, districts, DPs, CSOs and NGOs, and communities need to be formalised at national and Monitoring and Evaluation district levels. Co-ordination mechanisms should include quarterly meetings of the IDRPT under 1. DoDMA should lead the development of an the guidance of DoDMA to review progress on the M&E strategy and results framework, and implementation of the NDRF. establish a database management system to track implementation progress of both flood and drought 2. Regular donor co-ordination meetings should be recovery interventions. The M&E systems should organised by DoDMA to ensure that recovery be based on existing monitoring mechanisms, and activities implemented by various stakeholders are inputs will be collected from MDAs and districts. aligned with the NDRF and that recovery priorities and gaps are communicated. 2. Reporting lines for data collection and reporting should be formalised between DoDMA, MDAs, Implementation and districts. 1. DoDMA should oversee the implementation of the NDRF both vertically and horizontally, ensuring co- ordination with all stakeholders, while also working with DPs, CSOs, NGOs, and the private sector to guide the prioritisation of recovery resources. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 31 TABLE 4. Actions for Next Steps and the Way Forward Actions Responsibility When Develop a clear dissemination and sensitisation strategy DoDMA Immediately Develop sector- and district-level recovery plans DCs Immediately Institutionalise processes for updating and developing the NDRF DoDMA, NDPRC Continuous Provide policy guidance for the implementation of DRFs NDPRC Continuous Hold periodic meetings to communicate progress on the IDRPT Quarterly implementation of the NDRF Periodic donor co-ordination meetings DoDMA, DPs, NGOs Bi-annually Mobilise and prioritise development financing to recovery priorities MoFEPD Continuous Develop financing aid tracker MoFEPD, DoDMA Continuous MDAs, DoDMA, MoFEPD Budget Align sector budgets with recovery priorities Annually Department Facilitate development of an M&E system DoDMA Immediately Collect data on the implementation of the recovery process DCs, MDAs Ongoing Photo credit: Thinkstock.com / 33 SECTION 3 34 / National Disaster Recovery Framework NDRF 2015/16 DROUGHT least 6.5 million people (39 percent of the population) in Malawi’s 24 drought-affected districts risked not being RECOVERY able to meet their food requirements during the 2016/17 The drought PDNA stipulates that the 2015/2016 consumption period, according to the 2016 Malawi agricultural season was greatly affected by strong Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC) Report on El Niño conditions and resulted in erratic rains and food security10. The 2016 Drought PDNA11 has estimated prolonged dry spells across most parts of the country. damages amounting to US$36.6 million (MWK 27.5 In particular, the country experienced a delayed start billion) and losses (projected to March 2017) of US$329.4 of the 2015/16 agricultural season by two to four million (MWK 247.1 billion), totalling an estimated at weeks followed by erratic and below average rains in US$366 million (MWK 275 billion) in drought effects. November and December 2015. Prolonged dry spells The productive sectors account for 81 percent of the have resulted in severe crop failure, particularly in effects, while the social and physical sectors account for the Southern Region and parts of the Central Region. 10 percent and 9 percent, respectively. The agriculture The drought has been characterized as an agricultural sector, including crops, livestock, and fisheries, was the drought as in large parts of the country precipitation most affected, with damages and losses accounting for commenced too late and it was too erratic or occurred 70 percent of the total. Recovery needs across all sectors, over a short period of time. In response to the dry spells, including food security, have been estimated at US$510 the Government of Malawi declared a state of disaster million (MWK 383 billion), with food security making in April, 2016, and a Post Disaster Needs Assessment up more than 50 percent of the total recovery costs. (PDNA) was initiated in mid-May under the leadership Excluding food security, the social sectors account for of the Government of Malawi, with the assistance of 44.0 percent, the productive sectors for 30.3 percent, the World Bank and the United Nations. It is against and the physical sectors for 56.5 percent of all recovery part of this background that this NDRF is formulated. needs. Agriculture (22.0 percent), social protection (18.5 percent), and nutrition (14.4 percent) constitute the Strategic Objectives sectors with the highest recovery needs over the next 1. Enhance drought resilience and preparedness three-year period. by strengthening the capacity of institutions and drought-affected communities to reduce their risk Sectoral Distribution of Recovery and vulnerability Interventions 2. Improve food security, nutrition, and delivery of To support the efficient and effective recovery process, health services for the most vulnerable people in the various affected sectors identified recovery drought-affected communities programmes that would enhance drought resilience and sustainability and that would strengthen their capacity 3. Increase agriculture productivity and sustainability to reduce risk and vulnerability. Sectors and locations through drought-resilient irrigation infrastructure, of recovery interventions vary depending on the farming practices, and technologies extent of damages and losses identified in the PDNA, 4. Strengthen the resilience of water resource man- humanitarian needs, and the methods of strengthening agement and supply through non-structural and resilience and capacity building. The distribution of structural measures recovery interventions across sectors is examined in Figure 5, which shows that the water supply and Summary of Damage and Loss by Sector livestock sectors require the greatest number of interventions. Most water supply interventions are Strong El Niño conditions greatly affected the 2015/16 aimed at augmenting issues of water supply through agricultural season with erratic and below average rains improving capacity, while agriculture (livestock, crops, and prolonged dry spells across most parts of the country, which resulted in severe crop failure, particularly in the MVAC report reference. 10 Southern Region and parts of the Central Region. At Drought PDNA reference. 11 Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 35 TABLE 5. Total Drought Damages, Losses, and Recovery Needs (PDNA) Total drought Total drought damages and Total drought damages and Total drought losses recovery needs losses recovery needs Sub-sector MWK million MWK million US$ million US$ million Agriculture- Crops 149,069 30,409 198.8 41.0 Livestock 35,220 7,551 47.0 10.0 Fisheries 8,088 396 10.8 0.5 Irrigation Development 23,907 10,576 31.9 14.0 DRM – 2,195 – 3.0 Education 7,729 9,214 10.3 12.0 Environment 4,310 4,920 5.7 7.0 Energy 4,416 2,170 5.9 3.0 Food Security – 201,344 – 268.0 Health 10,728 10,136 14.3 14.0 Industry and Trade 6,576 3,748 8.8 5.0 Nutrition 8,978 25,069 12.0 33.0 Social Protection – 32,181 – 43.0 Transportation – 11,498 – 15.0 WASH 14,386 23,244 19.2 31.0 Water Resources Management and Development 1,050 8,030 1.4 11.0 Total 274,457 382,681 366.1 510.5 FIGURE 5. Distribution of Interventions by Sector Land Resources Conservation 23 Water Supply 18 Health 11 Nutrition 11 Agriculture-Crops 10 Climate Change and Early Warning Systems 9 Environment 8 Sub-sectors Fisheries 8 Livestock 8 Irrigation Development 7 Disaster Risk Management 6 Food Security 6 Education 5 Water Resources 5 Industry and Trade 4 Social Protection 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 Total number of interventions 36 / National Disaster Recovery Framework FIGURE 6. Alignment of Recovery Interventions with Strategic Objectives Industry and Trade 4 1 Social Protection 3 2 Health 3 11 Recovery Interventions Alignment to Strategic Ob Nutrition 3 11 Education Industry 4 and 2 1 Commerce 4 1 Social Protection 3 2 Environment 8 2 Health 3 11 Sub-sectors DRM 4 2 1 Nutrition 6 3 11 Sub- sectors Education 4 2 1 Water Resources 5 5 5 Environment 8 2 Irrigation Development 4 4 DRM 5 43 2 1 6 Water Resources 5 5 5 Fisheries 8 8 Irrigation Development 4 4 5 3 Climate Change and Early Warning Systems 8 2 Fisheries 6 83 8 Land Resources DRR 18 8 2 1 24 6 3 Land Resources 18 2 1 4 Water Supply 18 Water Supply 18 18 18 Livestock 4 4 Livestock 3 4 4 3 Food Security 4 3 2 Food Security 4 3 2 Agriculture- Crops 9 10 10 Agriculture-Crops 9 10 10 1 Recovery Interventions 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Recovery interventions SO 1 SO 2 SO 3 SO 4 and fisheries) interventions concentrate on improving the resilience of vulnerable populations, increased food security through surveillance and diversification agriculture productivity, and promoted sustainable and increasing agriculture productivity through resilience development. The four SOs guiding the Drought DRF farming practices, infrastructure, and technologies. are listed on page 27. Figure 6 examines how recovery interventions across all sectors align with each SO. Sectors such as water resources management and This analysis was critical in establishing if proposed development and irrigation development have interventions were relevant to drought recovery and also identified interventions that strengthen water should be prioritised. resource resilience and enhance capacities to ensure an increase in agricultural productivity, while other While most sector interventions align with at least cross-cutting sectors like DRM, the environment, and two SOs, sectors such as agriculture-crops, DRM, climate change and early warning systems identify irrigation development, climate change and early recovery interventions that enhance preparedness by warning systems, land resources conservation and the strengthening the capacity of institutions and drought- environment have interventions aligning with most, if affected communities to reduce their risk. not all, the SOs. These interventions include activities such as the enhancement of seed and crop production Alignment of Recovery Interventions to and infrastructure development for sustainable drought Strategic Objectives resilience. On the other hand, interventions in sectors To support the overall goal and vision of the NDRF, the such as health, education, nutrition, social protection, affected sectors aligned their recovery interventions to and industry and commerce align mostly with only the overall SOs to ensure that recovery interventions SOs 1 and 2. However, social protection issues are supported immediate food security, strengthened addressed through catchment management activities Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 37 FIGURE 7. Implementation Readiness of Recovery Interventions 18 16 14 12 Implementa tion Interventions 1 stage 10 9 1 8 2 1 3 Ready to 6 5 implement. 3 2 4 3 4 6 1 2 2 9 8 3 3 3 5 2 7 5 11 11 4 Preliminary 1 1 1 1 design stage. 0 Food Security Water Supply Agriculture-Crops Agriculture-Crops Livestock Resources Systems Irrigation Development Resources Environment Education Health Protection and Commerce Fisheries Nutrition supply DRM Environment Education Nutrition ti on Land Resources Water Resources DRR (DCCMS) Irrigati on Social Protec Water Food Climate Change and Early Warning Social Land Water Industry and Industry Sub-Sectors Sub-sectors from various sectors that lead to restoration of the such as food security, livestock, climate change and livelihoods of affected communities. early warning systems, fisheries, irrigation and DRM. This information provides strategic directions for where Readiness for Implementation additional funding can immediately support recovery To identify quick wins and efficiently target resources, efforts. For instance, fisheries indicated that five of eight sectors assessed the implementation readiness of all interventions are at the implementation stage and are recovery interventions. Implementation readiness refers prepared for immediate support. These activities require to the planning and preparation cycle of an intervention, an estimated US$1 million (MWK 750 million) for the and was defined in the following three stages: production of fingerlings in four Government farms and 220 selected fish farms (US$313,000/MWK 235 1. Preliminary design stage: The intervention as still million); stocking of 15 million fingerlings (US$140,000/ at the planning and preparation stages MWK 105 million); integrated fish farming and irrigation 2. Ready to implement: Planning and design com- (US$213,000/MWK 160 million); development of post- plete, but with limited or no available funding harvest technologies (US$227,000/MWK 170 million); 3. Implementation stage: Programme intervention and training women and youth on the development of is currently being implemented or earmarked for value-added fish products and business management implementation, but requires additional funding or (US$113,000/MWK 85 million). expansion of coverage area The graph also indicates that most sectors have a Figure 7 highlights the implementation readiness for significant number of interventions that are in the the various sector programmes. Several sectors identify ready to implement stage, meaning that once funding is interventions that are at the implementation stage, available, the implementation of the recovery activities 38 / National Disaster Recovery Framework can be expedited. However, there are some sectors IDRPT to identify which sectors are most critical to an that also have a significant number of interventions effective recovery process. This was done by scoring currently in the preliminary design stage and that require sectors 1–5 based on alignment with the PDNA results preparatory activities before financing can be utilised. (i.e. damages, losses, and recovery needs) and the alignment of the sectors programmatic interventions with the four SOs (Sector Priority = SP). Cross-sectoral SECTORAL, CROSS-SECTORAL, prioritisation was determined by calculating the total AND GEO-SPATIAL SP, the average IS, and the average IP for each sector. PRIORITISATION Cross-Sectoral Priority = Avg. IS + Avg. IP + SP Methodology Sectoral Priorities The objective of prioritisation is to ensure that Sector teams identified a total of 142 programmatic resources are used to address needs that will bring recovery interventions. These interventions were immediate and long-lasting changes to those who were assessed against the prioritisation criteria described most affected by the disaster. Understanding that there in the methodology above, and divided into three is a finite amount of recovery financing, it is important categories to identify urgent areas of support within that recovery and reconstruction interventions are each sector. The highest priority (priority 1) has a total prioritised within and across sectors. This will put of 52 sector interventions, while priorities 2 and 3 have emphasis on interventions that are crucial in building 61 and 29 interventions, respectively. Water supply (7) back better in the short, medium, and long term. and health (6) have the greatest number of priority Within sectors, prioritisation was conducted by 1 interventions, while most sectors have priority 3 the corresponding representative from each MDA. interventions. However, as can be seen in Figure 8, the Interventions were assessed against the following number of priority interventions does not correlate to prioritisation criteria: the highest financial needs for priority interventions within sectors, which will be described in more detail 1. In the areas mostly affected by the disaster, as below. identified in PDNA 2. Those that address pro-poor, pro-vulnerable, and Cross-sectoral Priorities gender-sensitive agendas Cross-sectoral prioritisation is a critical step to guide 3. Availability of funding (i.e. funds for resource allocation and interventions for a multi-year implementation known/present) recovery programme, helping identify core recovery 4. Those that present quick or that are linked to interventions and opportunities to link recovery across existing projects that ensure speedy delivery of sectors and districts, as well as providing the greatest tangible results opportunity for leveraging resources and expertise. 5. Availability of implementation capacity, or the A defined framework of cross-sectoral priorities ability to mobilise needed capacity quickly will support the co-ordination of multi-stakeholder recovery planning, financing, and implementation. In One point was provided for each area of alignment addition, it should ensure that recovery is implemented and aggregated for a total score between 1 and 5 in an equitable and phased manner to avoid gaps and (Intervention Score = IS). Further rankings of high, duplication of efforts. medium, and low priorities were provided based on recovery needs and the sectoral knowledge of the For this framework, cross-sectoral prioritisation was activity (Intervention Priority = IP). Justifications were conducted by the IDRPT. This process was based on an given when priorities differed from generated score. analysis of priority district and national interventions, as Sectoral prioritisation was also conducted by the well as recovery and reconstruction needs identified in Fo Fo o d o d 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Se Se So c ur So c ur cia ity c ial ity l Pr 144 Pr W ot ec W ot ec at tio at tio er er W Re W n Re n at s at 32 so er ou er u rc Su rc Su es p es p pl M pl y M y an an 16 ag ag em em FIGURE 8. Sectoral Priorities en en t t 10 Li Li ve ve s to s to ck c k 9 Ed Ed u ca u ca a) Number of Priority Interventions Ag Ag ric tio ric tio ul n ul n 8 tu tu re re La -C La - Cr nd ro nd op Re p s Re s 7 s ou N s ou N rc ut rc ut es riti es riti Co on Co on 6 Irr ig n se Irr i n se ati ga rv tio rv on ati n ati b) Financing Costs of Priority Interventions (MWK billion) D o Sub-sectors D on n 6 ev ev el el In op In op dus m d us m en en try t try t 7 an an d d Tr Tr D ad D ad isa En e isa En e 4 st vi st vi er ro er ro Ri n m Ri n m sk en sk en M t M t 2 an an Cl a ge Cl ag im m im em at en at en e t e t 2 Ch Ch an Fi an Fi sh ge sh ge er er an ie an ie d s d s 1 Ea Ea r ly H r ly H W ea W ea lth ar lth ar ni ni 0.11 ng ng Sy Sy st st em em s s 0.05 Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 39 40 / National Disaster Recovery Framework the PDNA. Cross-sectoral discussions were facilitated interventions could be implemented in parallel given the between sector representatives to identify linkages and number of dams and excavated tanks for construction. sequences of activities. The process of cross-sectoral Therefore, it is important that resource mobilisation and geo-spatial prioritisation will need to be regularly and prioritisation also considers the financial needs revisited as recovery priorities evolve and interventions required for training to ensure sustainability. are implemented. The IDRPT identified 32 cross-sectoral priority Irrigation interventions across six priority sectors: water The IDRPT identified irrigation as the second priority resources management and development (3); irrigation sector, with estimated financial needs of US$97 million development (3); food security (3); agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries, and land resources conservation); (MWK 73 billion) required to implement three priority 1 the environment (2); and water supply (7. These interventions. Irrigation priority 1 interventions include interventions were all identified as top priorities in each the development of new irrigation schemes for both sector and require a total of US$357 million (MWK income and food security at both farmer and national 268 billion) in recovery financing for implementation. levels and promotion and development of climate- While these sectors have been identified as top smart and water-efficient irrigation methods by utilising priorities, implementation of identified interventions solar-powered irrigation pumps and drip kits. These are not sequential, dependent on implementing interventions are potentially dependent on a number higher priority interventions first. This assessment of prerequisite activities internally and across the land is intended solely to objectively guide implementing resources conservation and the environment sector partners and donors towards priority 1 interventions and the water resources management and development based on criteria developed to ensure equitable and sector. It is therefore recommended that the Department resilient recovery. It should be noted, however, that MDAs and the IDRPT have assessed implementation of Irrigation closely work with other MDAs to sequence constraints to priority interventions and have identified activities, and donor and implementing partners activities that are prerequisites to implementation. For fully assess the financial costs of both priority and further details on all cross-sectoral priorities and linking required interventions. The total financial cost for the required initiatives refer to Annex 3. implementation of the required initiatives is estimated at US$13 million (MWK 10 billion). Water Resources Management and Development Water resources management and development was Food Security determined to be the top priority sector for recovery. Food Security is the third greatest recovery priority Three priority 1 interventions were identified under the water resources management and development and requires an estimated financial need of US$191.5 sector, with a total financial need of US$13.6 million million (MWK 144 billion). The procurement of (MWK 10.2 billion). These interventions include 375,000MT of maize for humanitarian consumption rehabilitation of 50 damaged dams, construction of 50 is the sector’s key requirement, which should be excavated tanks, and campaigns for the prioritisation complemented by sensitisation of communities on food of critical water uses in eight dam catchments for diversification, and enhancement of food budgeting for major water supply dams. However, to implement vulnerable households. These interventions are linked these interventions, it is necessary to co-ordinate with to 6 prerequisite activities with an estimated value of the land resources conservation and the environment sector to conduct staff and farmer training in soil US$13 million (MWK 10 billion), and should be planned and water conservation technologies and catchment and implemented in coordination with the Ministry of management interventions, which will require up to an Agriculture Irrigation and Water Development and estimated at US$5.6 million (MWK 4.2 billion). These DoDMA. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 41 Agriculture (Crops, Livestock, Fisheries, and Land with the social protection sector to accommodate Resource Conservation) the recommended public works. The total estimated The agriculture sector is the fourth priority sector and financial cost for the implementation of required comprises four sub-sectors: crops, livestock, fisheries, initiatives is US$19.6 million (MWK 14.7 billion). and land resource conservation. The total financial needs required for the implementation of priority Geo-spatial Priorities 1 interventions in this sector were estimated at The IDRPT assessed the geo-spatial distribution of US$29 million (MWK 22 billion). The agriculture priority 1 recovery interventions across affected sector comprises 14 priority 1 interventions, including districts to identify areas of concentrated need. The legume crop production enhancement; introduction priority 1 interventions were aligned with the districts of new crop varieties, fertiliser, pesticides, and based on the PDNA (Figure 9). While the distribution herbicides among subsistence and commercial farmers; of interventions is broadly consistent across the 24 promotion of small stock production programmes districts, the greatest amounts of priority 1 interventions targets chickens and goats; and production of are located in Chikwawa, Dedza, and Kasungu (Figure fingerlings in four government farms and 220 selected 10). This consistency suggests that the priority 1 fish farms. The agriculture sector should co-ordinate interventions are national in scale and universally planning and implementation with representatives address similar recovery needs across districts. This from irrigation development, environment, water can be further explained by the fact that the priority 1 resources management and development, DCCMS and interventions are necessary for all the affected districts DoDMA, as a total of 18 required interventions link to and benefit all communities. these priority activities. The total cost for the required However, an assessment of priority 1 interventions initiatives needed in the implementation support for compared to the activities required for their the priority 1 interventions is estimated at US$128 implementation highlights the geo-spatial areas with million (MWK 96 billion) (see Annex 4). limited boundaries towards implementation. This offers opportunities for quick wins. For example, Phalombe The Environment has the fewest number of priority 1 interventions, The fifth priority sector as determined by the IDRPT but these interventions also have the least amount was the environment sector. The estimated total of constraints, which offers a quicker path towards financial requirement for implementation of priority recovery. In the development of recovery plans, 1 interventions in this sector is US$3 million (MWK 2 all actors should consider these conditions, and billion). The sector comprises two priority 1 interventions, prioritise planning based on areas of greatest need, including the promote of afforestation and reforestation, concentration of priorities, and required interventions and improvement of early warning systems. There are no for their implementation (Figure 11). required interventions obstructing implementation, and it is strongly recommended that resource needs should NDRF Alignment with National Resilience be prioritized in budget allocations and DP contributions. Strategy The objective of the NDRF is to bring resilience Water Supply to communities recovering from disaster through The IDRPT identified the water supply sector as the improved multi-stakeholder co-ordination and sixth priority sector, with an estimated total financial prioritised and sequenced recovery implementation. need of US$22 million (MWK 17 billion). The sector The NRS goes beyond issues of post-disaster recovery consists of seven priority 1 interventions, including to establish a blueprint for harmonising disaster construction of emergency high-yielding boreholes to resilience efforts in Malawi, which the NDRF directly augment the water supply in Blantyre and Lilongwe. supports. The NRS and the NDRF are complementary To implement the sector’s priority 1 interventions, in nature, both responding to disaster risks but the water supply sector should co-ordinate internally through different stages of the DRM cycle. The NRS 42 / National Disaster Recovery Framework FIGURE 9. Geo-spatial Distribution of Priority 1 Interventions 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Districts FIGURE 10. Distribution of Needs by District Lilongwe 28.0 Chikwava 24.85 Dedza 23.16 Kasunga 23.09 Dowa 22.18 Ntcheu 22.03 Machinga 21.71 Chiradzulu 21.28 Zomba 21.17 Neno 20.73 Blantrye 21.72 Thyolo 20.69 Nhotak 20.26 Phalombe 19.98 Mangochi 19.67 Ntchisi 19.48 Nsanje 19.35 Salima 19.21 Mulanje 19.08 Balaka 19.03 Mzimba 18.86 Rumphi 18.76 Mchinji 18.62 Mwanza 18.24 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 Source: 2016 Drought PDNA. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 43 FIGURE 11. Geo-spatial Distribution of Priority 1 Interventions vs. Required Initiatives 90 31 Balaka 31 81 86 30 Lilongwe 82 29 84 29 Neno 70 28 86 28 Mchinji 82 27 78 27 Dedza 77 27 Districts 27 76 Ntcheu 77 Required initiatives 27 78 Prioritized initiatives 27 Salima 26 79 26 77 Ntchisi 76 26 73 25 Mzimba 84 25 75 25 Thyolo 71 24 75 24 Mangochi 83 23 63 22 Nhotakot 75 22 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 All Interventions recognizes that building resilience depends on an investments in complementary interventions through enabling environment that propels agricultural growth. geographical and technical integration, targeting Sustaining such growth requires effective disaster risk various population groups at different times and reduction and response systems through coordinated in different ways to strengthen their resilience to investments in flood control, drought mitigation, and shocks and promote graduation pathways out of high functioning early warning systems. Both the NDRF chronic poverty, with a commitment to ‘leaving no and the NRS create the framework and the momentum one behind’. Resilient recovery and reconstruction is needed to ensure that sectoral activities are effectively critical to avoiding the creation of new risks. The NDRF coordinated, achieving impact, and are reaching priority was developed to ensure that activities help build areas across country, furthering Malawi’s progress to back better and facilitate an efficient and effective meet the SDGs in 2030.The NDRF is developed in recovery. The NDRF interventions are mapped to the response to a disaster, while recovery priorities of components and associated priority areas of the NRS affected communities inform resilience activities. to strengthen planning, financing, and implementation These activities often fall within the framework of the of pre- and post-disaster resilience-building initiatives. NRS and help achieve national goals of strengthening This creates an actionable road map to operationalise resilience and improving the operation modalities of NRS priorities and helps bridge the gap between DRM. recovery and resilience planning and financing. The NDRF and NRS are linked in such a way that they As Figure 12 illustrates, 63 percent of NDRF will serve as a platform to convene all stakeholders interventions respond directly to resilience efforts of in the formulation of an MDGS III Flagship Partnership the NRS. The strongest relationship is within Pillar 1: Programme on Resilience, under a common multi- Resilient Agricultural Growth, where 27 percent (39) of sectoral programme framework that concentrates the 142 recovery interventions are in alignment. This 44 / National Disaster Recovery Framework FIGURE 12. Alignment of NDRF Recovery Interventions with the NRS Pillars Resilient Agriculture Catchment Protection and Growth, 39 (27%) Management, 18 (13%) Flood Control, Early Warning and Response Mechanisms, 24 (17%) Household Resilience, 8 (6%) Other, 52 (37%) FIGURE 13. Alignment of NDRF Recovery Financing Needs with NRS Pillars Other, 49 Household Resilience, 38 Resilient Agriculture Growth, 254 Flood Control, Early Warning and Response Mechanisms, 166 Catchment Protection and Management, 24 is followed by Pillar 2: Flood Control, Risk Reduction, billion) supports issues under Household Resilience Early Warning and Response Systems, 17 percent (24); and Catchment Protection and Management and Pillar 4: Catchment Protection and Management, 13 US$66 million (MWK 50 billion) (9 percent of the total percent (18); and Pillar 3: Human Capacity, Livelihoods NDRF budget) are not covered by the NRS pillars. and Social Protection, 6 percent (8). The remaining 37 As shown in Table 6, financing under NRS Pillars 1: percent of interventions are outside the pillars of the Resilient Agricultural Growth and Component 3: Flood NRS. Details of how NRS aligned with specific priority Control, Early Warning and Response Mechanisms is areas within NRS can be found in Annex 5. largely concentrated in three NRS priorities areas: Response Mechanism for Building Resilience (US$213 NDRF Recovery Financing across NRS Pillars million/MWK 160 billion), Efficient Management of the and Priority Areas Strategic Grain Reserve (SGR) (US$227 million/MWK The NDRF requires an estimated US$708 million 117 billion), and Sustainable Irrigation Development (MWK 531 billion) for recovery, of which 91 percent is (US$121 million/MWK 91 billion). These linkages linked to the pillars of the NRS. More than 50 percent explain the strong complementarity of the two (US$338 million/MWK 254 billion) supports activities frameworks and reinforce the importance of ensuring under the Resilient Agricultural Growth pillars of the strong co-ordination between implementing MDAs, NRS, and an additional US$221 million (MWK 166 DPs, and donors to forge clear linkages between the billion) is required for activities under Pillars 3: Flood NDRF and the NRS. Further details on the alignment Control, Early Warning and Response Mechanisms of all NDRF interventions to the NRS can be found in (Figure 13). The remaining US$82.5 million (MWK 61.9 Annexes 4 and 5. Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 45 TABLE 6. Alignment of NDRF Financing Needs to NRS Pillars and Priority Areas NDRF total programme NDRF total programme NDRF total costs per Pillar costs per Pillar NRS Pillars NRS priority areas interventions MWK million US$ million Other 52 43,718 58 Sustainable Irrigation Development 12 90,605 121 Agricultural Diversification 20 40,462 54 Resilient Agricultural Market Development, Value 2 985 1 Growth Addition and Exports Efficient Management of the 4 117,340 156 Strategic Grain Reserve (SGR) Farm Input Safety Programme 1 791 1 Reforms Forest Landscape Restoration 11 128 0 Catchment Protection and Management Payment for Ecosystem Services 7 2,115 3 Building Flood Control, Flood Control 2 – – Risk Reduction, Early Warning Systems 9 3,182 4 Early Warning and Response Mechanisms as Part of 13 159,693 213 Response Systems Resilience Building Human Capacity, Social Support/Protection 4 349 0 Livelihoods and Social Livelihoods 4 1,250 2 Protection Total 141 460,618 613 RESOURCE PRIORITISATION, DRF. The financial needs were disaggregated at the national sectoral level and then phased in over a five- ALLOCATION, AND MOBILISATION year period based on short- to long-term priorities. Drought recovery financial needs in the DRF were More than 48 percent (US$319 million/MWK 239 identified by the respective national sectors under the billion) of the total financial needs is required in the PDNA and further evaluated by the sectors during the first two years (i.e. short-term period), of which 55 consultative process in developing the DRF. While the percent is required for food security. PDNA estimates total damages and losses at US$329 Sectors assessed the implementation readiness of million (MWK 247 billion) and recovery needs at interventions to identify where resources could align US$510 million (MWK 383 billion), the DRF revised with ongoing programmes and leverage existing financial needs have been estimated at US$708 financing to help establish quick wins. As indicated in million (MWK 531 billion). During the prioritisation Figure 14 and further detailed in Annex 1, 29 percent of process, sectors determined that US$427.5 million financing for recovery is associated with interventions (MWK 320.6 billion) is needed for the most urgent that are currently being implemented or earmarked recovery needs. Forty-four percent (US$188 million/ for implementation, but require additional funding or MWK 141 billion) of this need is for the procurement expansion to coverage areas. Financing needs were of 375,000MT of humanitarian maize. The cost further assessed against the availability of sector variations between the PDNA and the NDRF are also a budget allocations and off-budget recovery financing reflection of a revision of the financial needs estimates mobilised through recovery programmes supported by and the addition of more recovery interventions in the DPs, CSOs, NGOs, and the private sector. The financial 46 / National Disaster Recovery Framework FIGURE 14. DRF Recovery Interventions’ Readiness for Implementation Implementation stage, 26% Preliminary design stage, 30% Ready to implement, 44% gaps were determined based on the total recovery While the drought is an emergency and requires needs against existing commitments from NGOs, DPs, urgent recovery support, it is imperative that financial bilateral donors, international financial institutions, and allocations account for implementation capacity. the government. NGOs and CSOs have an inherent flexibility to quickly mobilise capacity and can greatly support recovery Sector and Phased Recovery Financing implementation. Co-ordination mechanisms should Needs identify opportunities to leverage these capacities and establish synergies with DP financing to implement Sectors have estimated that approximately US$708 recovery in alignment with the NDRF. million (MWK 531 billion) is required to implement the recovery programmes across all 24 drought- Inter-sectoral Prioritisation Financing stricken districts. As seen in Table 7, these resources have been phased in over a period of five years Beyond the phased financial needs, sectors have assessed the priority levels of all interventions, based on to address critical recovery interventions and to the methodology described above. It was determined accommodate implementation capacity. Sectors have that 61 percent of all financing is required for priority determined that short-term needs over a period two one interventions, while 34  percent and 5 percent years require an estimated US$343 million (MWK 257 is required for priority two and three respectively. billion). This represents roughly 48 percent of the total Priority one interventions are composed for a total of recovery financial needs, with US$175 million (MWK 52 recovery programmes with financial needs estimated 131 billion) required for only food security. Irrigation at over US$427.5 million (MWK 320.6 billion). Social accounts for roughly 14 percent (US$47 million/MWK sectors such as education, health, nutrition, and social 35 billion) of the remaining resources required for protection including food security constitute the the first two years, with the remaining 86 percent of highest financial needs for priority one interventions, financial needs spread across 15 different sectors. and require an estimate US$253 million (MWK 190 In total, an estimated 53 percent (US$349 million/ billion) (59 percent). These resources are most notably MWK 262 billion) is needed to address urgent and needed for food security (US$192 million/MWK 144 long-term food security issues, such as procurement billion), including the procurement of 375,000MT of of maize, and 16 percent (US$107 million/MWK 80 maize for humanitarian consumption, and scaling up billion) is also required for irrigation development. The public works and social cash transfer programmes, which requires 10 percent (US$43 million/MWK 32 remaining financial needs are concentrated in five billion) of priority one resources. sectors—agriculture, social protection, land resources conservation and the environment, water supply, and As noted in Table 8, irrigation requires the second nutrition—totalling around US$156 million (MWK 117 highest amount of resources for priority 1 interventions, billion) (24 percent). at a total of US$97 million (MWK 73 billion), which is Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 47 TABLE 7. Sector Recovery Financing Needs and Phasing Total Total FY2017+ Programme Programme FY2018 FY2019 FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 Cost Cost Sub-sector MWK million US$ million Agriculture- Crops 6,362 6,256 5,957 5,921 5,389 – 29,885 40 Food Security 65,496 65,496 52,497 52,497 26,499 – 262,485 350 Livestock 3,284 3,284 2,627 2,627 1,314 – 13,135 18 Water Supply 4,020 9,547 8,357 2,999 1,250 134 26,305 35 Land Resources Conservation 7,740 6,400 5,474 4,866 4,456 – 28,975 39 Climate Change and Early 34 27 14 – – – 75 0 Warning Systems Fisheries 140 195 205 200 187 292 1,219 2 Irrigation Development 12,720 21,945 22,620 7,620 7,575 7,575 80,055 107 Water Resources 4,555 4,555 1,139 1,139 – – 11,388 15 Management and Development DRM 943 943 755 755 377 – 3,773 5 Environment 971 971 777 777 389 – 3,885 5 Education 2,304 2,304 1,843 1,843 921 – 9,214 12 Nutrition 6,118 6,118 4,895 4,895 2,447 – 24,473 33 Health 42 42 33 33 17 – 167 0 Social Protection 6,436 6,436 6,436 6,436 6,436 – 32,181 43 Industry and Trade 750 750 750 750 750 – 3,748 5 Total 121,916 135,308 114,378 93,357 58,006 8,001 530,965 708 TABLE 8: Priority 1 Interventions Recovery Financing Needs Number of Priority Financing cost US$ Core Programmatic Intervention (highest priority=1) interventions Financing cost MWK billion million Agriculture- Crops 4 7 10 Food Security 3 144 192 Livestock 4 9 12 Water supply 7 16 22 Land Resources Conservation 3 6 7 Climate Change and Early Warning Systems 3 0 0 Fisheries 3 1 1 Irrigation Development 3 73 97 Water Resources Management and Development 3 10 14 Disaster Risk Management 3 2 3 Environment 2 2 3 Education 3 8 11 Nutrition 2 6 9 Health 6 0.1 0 Social Protection 2 32 43 Industry and Trade 1 4 5 Sub-sector Totals 52 321 428 48 / National Disaster Recovery Framework FIGURE 15. NDRF Recovery Financing Needs per Priority Level Priority 3, 5% Priority 1, 61% Priority 2, 34% primarily required to develop new irrigation schemes a top priority. Prioritised recovery interventions for for both income and food security at the farmer water resources management and development were and national levels over the next 5  years. Including proposed for the rehabilitation of 50 damaged dams irrigation, other productive sectors, such as agriculture (US$7 million/MWK 5 billion), the construction of 50 crops, livestock, fisheries, and industry and trade, excavated tanks (US$7 million/MWK 5 billion), and constitute 29 percent (US$124 million/MWK 93 campaigns for the prioritisation of critical water uses billion) of the total financial cost for top prioritised in eight dam catchments for major water supply dams recovery programmes, while physical sectors, such (US$617,000/MWK 463 million). These activities as water supply, water resources management and responded directly to the damage and needs identified development, and land resources conservation and the in PDNA, aligned with all the NDRF SOs, and displayed environment, have estimated recovery financial needs the ability to quickly mobilise financing to implement of US$45 million (MWK 34 billion) (11 percent), and recovery for the most venerable. Details of all cross- cross-cutting sectors, such as DRM, have an estimated sectoral priorities can be found in Annex 3. need of US$3million (MWK 2billion) (1 percent). Additionally, it should be noted that while cross-sectoral prioritisation analysis identified priority interventions Cross-sectoral Prioritisation Financing in six key sectors, it also identified interventions that To strengthen the objectivity of recovery prioritisation, need to be implemented before these activities can the IDRPT, composed of key government representatives commence. These activities cut across all 16 sectors. across MDAs, assessed cross-sectoral needs based Annex 3 provides a detailed breakdown of these on a set of prioritisation criteria (see Annex 3). The required interventions and their aggregated costs. IDRPT identified the top six priority sectors, which have an estimated total financial requirement of US$360 Financial Gap Analysis million (MWK 270 billion): priority 1 – water resources The financing gap methodology involved collecting management and development, US$14 million (MWK on- and off-budget sources of funding for recovery, 11 billion); priority 2 – irrigation development, US$97 including financial pledges and ongoing and planned million (MWK 73 billion); priority 3 – food security, activities supported by MDAs, DCs, NGOs, and DPs. US$192 million (MWK 144 billion); priority 4 – The financial gap was determined by subtracting the agriculture (crops, fisheries, livestock, and land resources total costs of recovery interventions from the total conservation), US$29 million (MWK 22 billion); priority 5 available funding (both on- and off-budget sources) for – environment, US$2 million (MWK 3 billion); and water recovery. Table 10 estimates a total financial gap of supply , US$22 million (MWK 16 billion) (Table 9). US$142 million (MWK 106 billion). This is based on an While water resource management and development estimated need of US$708 million (MWK 531 billion) requires the second least amount of recovery for recovery, with US$566 million (MWK 425 billion) resources, after the environment, it was ranked as available through active projects or donor pledges in Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 49 TABLE 9. Cross-sectoral Prioritisation of Financing Needs Core Programmatic Intervention Number of priority Financing cost Financing cost (highest priority = 1) interventions MWK million US$ million Water Resources Management and Development 3 10,296 14 Irrigation Development 3 73,043 97 Food Security 3 143,625 192 Agriculture (includes crops, fisheries, livestock, and land 14 22,052 29 resources conservation) Environment 2 2,372 3 Water Supply 7 16,300 22 Sub-sector Totals 32 267,688 357 Table 10: Financial Gap Analysis Sources of Financing (in million MWK) Total donor Total funding Total available/ Total available gap Sub-sector programme cost pledged funding funding Funding gap US$ million Agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries, 73,214 15,330 15,330 57,884 77.2 land resource conservation) Food Security 262,485 258,578 258,578 3,908 5.2 Water Supply 26,306 6,750 6,750 19,556 26.1 Climate Change and Early Warning 75 – – 75 0.1 Systems Irrigation Development 80,055 14,700 14,700 65,355 87.1 Water Resources Management and 11,387 6,000 6,000 5,387 7.2 Development DRM 3,773 1,710 1,710 2,063 2.8 Environment 3,885 – – 3,885 5.2 Education 9,214 6,750 6,750 2,464 3.3 Nutrition 24,473 33,158 33,158 (8,684) (11.6) Health 167 750 750 (583) (0.8) Social Protection 32,181 80,865 80,865 (48,684) (64.9) Industry and Trade 3,748 – – 3,748 5.0 Total 530,965 424,590 424,590 106,375 141.8 response to the drought. However, it is important to When broken down by sector, the financial gap analysis note that the total gap is due to resultant effects where provides a clear depiction of how funding is being sub-sectors that have funding gaps have been offset mobilised for recovery. For example, the urgent needs to some extent by sub-sectors that have been over of food security have mobilised US$345 million resourced like Nutrition, Health and Social Protection. (MWK 259 billion) in commitments or pledges, Practically, this may not be true since donor resources addressing 99 percent of the total financial recovery have colours making it difficult for resources to be needs for food security. However, the phased financial transferred between subsectors. Therefore, the actual needs for food security require US$244 million (MWK 183 billion) from 2017 to 2019. total finance gap will only arise from the sub-sectors that have registered financial gaps. In this regard, the As of publication, only US$57 million (MWK 43 actual funding gap total is US$219 million. billion) has been committed to the top six cross- 50 / National Disaster Recovery Framework sectoral priority areas (excluding food security), the results framework in Annex 6. It does not in any way which covers 28 percent of the required US$203 substitute the specific indicators identified and utilised million (MWK 152 billion) for recovery interventions by sectors and institutions for M&E of sector-specific within these sectors. The greatest financial gap is activities or interventions. The framework triangle within the irrigation development sector. The sector (Figure 16) illustrates the flow used in the process of requires a total of US$107 million (MWK 80billion) identifying indicators from the broad-based outcome/ for all recovery intervention and US$97 million (MWK impact indicators down to specific activities required for 73 billion) for priority 1 interventions, but to date only implementation to achieve desired outputs. US$19.6 million (MWK 14.7 billion) has been raised or FIGURE 16. Structure of the NDRF Results pledged. This amounts to a total gap of US$87 million Framework (MWK 65 billion) for the sector and a gap of 80 percent for priority 1 recovery interventions. In comparison, social protection has a commitment of 251 percent Outcome/Impact Monitoring of its total required recovery intervention needs. Indicators This assessment highlights the inequitable distribution of financing across recovery needs. Resources are not being effectively mobilised for priority sectors and are concentrated in specific areas. To ensure resilient Progress/Process/Output recovery, greater control and direction is required in Monitoring Indicators guiding resources towards priorities areas. This should be supported with greater oversight by the MoFEPD and co-ordination with all implementing and financing partners. It is important to note that there is need for improvement in terms of aid tracking, on-budget finance Activity/Intervention allocation, and monitoring of the implementation of recovery projects to ensure that there is efficient resources utilisation. The activities/interventions and indicators are tailored to satisfying the four basic principles of DRM as MONITORING AND EVALUATION enshrined in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: The M&E framework of the NDRF was developed through a robust consultative process with all the ■■ Understanding disaster risk key stakeholders during the planning stage. This ■■ Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage framework serves as a broad plan for M&E, and disaster risk clarifies the information to be collected to assess change associated with implementation of disaster ■■ Investing in DRR for resilience recovery and resilience-building interventions in the ■■ Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective country. However, the NDRF governs recovery efforts response and to ‘build back better’ in recovery, for both the 2015/16 drought and the 2015 floods rehabilitation, and reconstruction and a common M&E framework should be established. In addressing these principles, the NDRF has focused The key activities to be monitored and evaluated are squarely on floods and drought, which are the two those identified and prioritised for implementation by major forms of disaster affecting Malawians, as stakeholders. Unlike project-level M&E frameworks that evidenced in the past three decades. In this regard, the are more detailed, this NDRF M&E framework identifies M&E framework provides specific guidance on M&E of only the broad indicators for monitoring progress/ interventions to ascertain the achievement of the SOs process/output and outcome/impact, as presented in identified within the flood-specific recovery framework Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 51 and the following objectives prioritised for the NDRF The responsibility for M&E lies with the implementing drought response: entity. The entity implementing emergency flood and drought recovery and resilience-building interventions ■■ Enhance drought resilience and preparedness should bear the responsibility of monitoring progress, by strengthening the capacity of institutions and outputs, and impact of its interventions (including quality drought-affected communities to reduce their risk control) and report this to the line government ministry. and vulnerability Line government ministries should be required to ■■ Improve food security, nutrition, and delivery of put in place systems for receiving, consolidating, and health services for the most vulnerable people in submitting the NDRF M&E data to DoDMA. drought-affected communities Oversight in NDRF M&E should be provided by DoDMA. ■■ Increase agriculture productivity and sustainability Through its data management section, DoDMA should through drought-resilient irrigation infrastructure, manage all NDRF data and provide guidance in data farming practices, and technologies collection, analysis, and reporting. Effectively, the role ■■ Strengthen the resilience of water resource of DoDMA includes preparation and dissemination management and supply through non-structural and of standardised data collection and analysis tools and structural measures approaches and producing and sharing periodic reports Continuous reflection on these principles is important on progress (including successes and challenges) in NDRF implementation. when undertaking reviews of the NDRF M&E framework, preferably on an annual basis to ensure that At the sector level, each implementing entity should only priority and measurable indicators are selected be required to identify the risks and assumptions for for measurement. Nevertheless, the selection of such carrying out the planned monitoring activities and how priority indicators should be done in a consultative these may affect the planned monitoring events and manner with all relevant stakeholders. the quality of data collected. / 53 ANNEXES NDRF DROUGHT RECOVERY FRAMEWORK TABLES Annex 1. Interventions, Financial Phasing, and Readiness Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap US$ million Sector Programme/Project Name Readiness Cereal crop production enhancement: promotion of 54 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Agriculture- Preliminary utilisation of improved seed varieties, introduction of 2,224 2,224 2,224 2,224 2,224 11,121 2,750 8,371 15 4 11 Crops design new crop varieties, fertiliser, pesticides, herbicides Legume crop production enhancement: promote Agriculture- Preliminary utilisation of improved seed varieties, introduction of 1,167 1,167 1,167 1,167 1,167 5,835 1,000 4,835 8 1 6 Crops design new crop varieties, fertiliser, pesticides, herbicides Horticultural crop production enhancement (high-value Agriculture- Preliminary and export potential crops): support for improved 1,429 1,429 1,429 1,429 1,429 7,146 700 6,446 10 1 9 Crops design nurseries with new varieties and associated marketing. Replacement of agricultural tools, machinery, and labour- Agriculture- Preliminary saving technologies specifically focused on drought in 198 198 158 158 79 791 788 3 1 1 0 Crops design affected areas. Agriculture- Seed Production and Multiplication Programme (cereals, Ready to 158 131 105 79 53 526 1,663 (1,137) 1 2 (2) Crops legumes, vegetables, tubers, fruit trees). implement Agriculture- Post-harvest facilities: community grain stores, Preliminary 225 225 180 180 90 900 800 100 1 1 0 Crops household level storage capacity design Agriculture- Value chain and market linkage development: to include Preliminary 225 225 180 180 90 900 1,750 (850) 1 2 (1) Crops apiary, mushroom, herbal, non-traditional crops design Agriculture- Support extension services, training, technical support, Preliminary 617 617 493 493 247 2,467 1,467 1,000 3 2 1 Crops and outreach design Infrastructure development for sustainable drought Agriculture- Preliminary resilience and recovery programmes (Rehabilitation of 48 16 8 4 4 80 784 (704) 0 1 (1) Crops design warehouses and Kandiyani Irrigation Site) Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap Sector Programme/Project Name US$ million Readiness Pasture and folder crops research enhancement: Agriculture- Preliminary improved pasture grasses, legumes, and folder crops with 72 24 12 6 6 120 0 – – Crops design drought tolerant traits for livestock Total Agriculture- Crops  6,362 6,256 5,957 5,921 5,389 - 29,885 11,701 18,064 40 16 24 Procure 375,000MT of maize for humanitarian Implementation Food Security 35,156 35,156 28,125 28,125 14,063 140,625 67 140,558 188 0 187 consumption stage Procure 300,000MT of maize for non-humanitarian Ready to Food Security 28,125 28,125 22,500 22,500 11,250 112,500 1,000 111,500 150 1 149 consumption implement Rehabilitate SGR storage facilities to 250,000MT Preliminary Food Security 965 965 772 772 386 3,860 700 3,160 5 1 4 capacity design Ready to Food Security Strengthen food security early warning system 500 500 500 500 500 2,500 1,500 1,000 3 2 1 implement Ready to Food Security Sensitise communities on food diversification 438 438 350 350 175 1,750 1,663 88 2 2 0 implement Ready to Food Security Enhance food budgeting of vulnerable households 313 313 250 250 125 1,250 800 450 2 1 1 implement Total Food Security 65,496 65,496 52,497 52,497 26,499 - 262,485 5,730 256,756 350 8 342 Improved livestock management: vaccinations and Implementation Livestock 327 327 261 261 131 1,307 124 1,183 2 0 2 veterinary care for affected animals stage Promote small stock production programme targeting Ready to Livestock 992 992 794 794 397 3,969 1,736 2,233 5 2 3 chickens and goats implement Ready to Livestock Pasture Establishment 53 53 42 42 21 210 5 205 0 0 0 implement Production enhancement: multiplication of livestock in Ready to Livestock 863 863 691 691 3345 3,453 105 3,348 5 0 4 government farms implement Ready to Livestock Promote animal health surveillance systems 315 315 252 252 126 1,262 93 1,168 2 0 2 implement Conduct a research study to establish indicators on Preliminary Livestock 21 21 17 17 9 85 – 85 0 – 0 impact of drought to livestock design Construction of livestock infrastructure: watering points, Ready to Livestock 525 525 420 420 210 2,100 0 2,100 3 0 3 feeding troughs implement Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 55 Annex 1. Interventions, Financial Phasing, and Readiness (cont.) Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap US$ million Sector Programme/Project Name Readiness Ready to Livestock Promote artificial insemination programmes 188 188 150 150 75 750 26 724 1 0 1 implement Total Livestock 3,284 3,284 2,627 2,627 1,314 - 13,135 2,089 11,046 18 3 15 Construction and development of around 40 new 56 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Ready to Water Supply improved water sources/intakes for existing rural piped 400 800 400 200 200 2,000 758 1,243 3 1 2 implement water supply systems Construction of approximately 30km new transmission Ready to Water Supply 400 800 400 200 200 2,000 1,500 2,000 3 2 3 conveyance systems/pipelines to the affected areas implement Construction of 20 new water storage tanks to increase Ready to Water Supply 35 35 140 140 350 – 350 0 – 0 storage capacity in some distribution systems implement Preliminary Water Supply Construction/Rehabilitation of Communal Water Points 30 30 120 120 300 300 0 – 0 design Rehabilitation of approximately 1,500 existing boreholes Ready to Water Supply 225 674 674 225 225 2,246 1,275 971 3 2 1 to augment to the affected areas implement Construction of around 54 emergency high-yielding Ready to Water Supply boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas 380 1,522 1,522 380 3,804 750 3,054 5 1 4 implement (SRWB) Construction of approximately 140km new transmission Water Supply conveyance systems/pipelines to the affected areas 504 1,008 504 252 252 2,520 2,520 3 – 3 (SRWB) Construction of three new water storage tanks to Water Supply 108 432 216 216 108 1,080 1,080 1 – 1 increase storage capacity in some distribution systems Installation of renewable energy for 16 high-yielding Water Supply 48 192 192 48 480 1 – – boreholes for improved water supply and resilience Construction of around 10 emergency high-yielding Preliminary Water Supply 200 800 800 200 2,000 – 2,000 3 – 3 boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas (BWB) design Construction of around 10 emergency high-yielding Preliminary Water Supply 200 800 800 200 2,000 – 2,000 3 – 3 boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas (LWB) design Construction of around 23 emergency high-yielding Ready to Water Supply boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas 225 900 900 225 2,250 750 1,500 3 1 2 implement (CRWB) Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap Sector Programme/Project Name US$ million Readiness Installation of renewable energy for 15 high-yielding Detailed Design Water Supply boreholes for improved water supply and resilience 263 132 132 132 659 1 – – Stage (CRWB) Construction, rehabilitation, and elevation of 6 water Preliminary Water Supply 267 134 134 134 668 1 – – abstraction structures (CRWB) design Construction of around 27 emergency high-yielding Preliminary Water Supply boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas 203 810 810 203 2,025 - 2,025 3 - 3 design (NRWB) Preliminary Water Supply Extending 5 Raw Water Intake Pipelines 450 450 1 - 1 design Installation of renewable energy for 27 high-yielding Water Supply 975 975 1 - 1 boreholes for improved water supply and resilience Construction of rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures Ready to Water Supply (sanitation and hygiene) in public institutions such as 50 250 150 50 500 375 125 1 1 0 implement schools Total Water Supply 3,008 9,316 8,026 2,924 1,250 134 26,306 4,283 13,518 35 6 18 Land Resources Conservation Crop Production - - - and the Environment Land Resources Implement Soil and Water Conservation Interventions Conservation Implementation like in situ RWH structures - swales, infiltration ditches/ 750 625 500 375 250 2,500 500 2,000 3 1 3 and the stage ponds Environment Land Resources Conservation Construct stormwater drains for safe disposal of run off Implementation 360 300 240 180 120 1,200 28 1,172 2 0 2 and the to avoid soil erosion stage Environment Land Resources Conservation Implementation Gully reclamation 100 100 100 100 100 500 28 472 1 0 1 and the stage Environment Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 57 Annex 1. Interventions, Financial Phasing, and Readiness (cont.) Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap US$ million Sector Programme/Project Name Readiness Land Resources Conservation Implementation Promote agroforestry 100 100 100 100 100 500 200 300 1 0 0 and the stage Environment 58 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Land Resources Conservation Promote use of manures - composts, AF biomass and Implementation 63 50 38 50 50 250 110 140 0 0 0 and the Khola manure stage Environment Land Resources Conservation Implementation Promote conservation agriculture 700 700 700 700 700 3,500 950 2,550 5 1 3 and the stage Environment Land Resources Conservation Horticultural crop production enhancement - - - - and the Environment Land Resources Conservation Promote agroforestry interventions of fruit and fodder Ready to 140 140 140 140 140 700 - 700 1 - 1 and the trees implement Environment Land Resources Conservation Irrigation - - - - and the Environment Land Resources Promote catchment management activities which Conservation Ready to include: afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry in 750 625 375 375 375 2,500 - 2,500 3 - 3 and the implement catchments of rivers feeding Irrigation schemes Environment Land Resources Conservation Ready to Promote in situ RWH to increase groundwater recharge 203 169 101 101 101 675 - 675 1 - 1 and the implement Environment Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap Sector Programme/Project Name US$ million Readiness Land Resources and the Support extension services, training, technical support - - - - Environment and outreach Conservation Land Resources Conduct staff and farmer training in Soil and Water Conservation Implementation Conservation technologies and catchment management 1,350 1,125 675 675 675 4,500 250 4,250 6 0 6 and the stage interventions Environment Land Resources Conservation Implementation Disseminate IEC Materials on SWC and Catchment Mgt 450 375 375 150 150 1,500 40 1,460 2 0 2 and the stage Environment Land Resources Conservation Build capacity on climate information interpretation and Ready to 300 200 200 150 150 1,000 - 1,000 1 - 1 and the dissemination at all levels in support of EWS implement Environment Land Resources Conservation Livestock - - - and the Environment Land Resources Conservation Ready to Promote construction of Livestock watering points 500 500 500 500 500 2,500 - 2,500 3 - 3 and the implement Environment Land Resources Conservation Forestry - - - and the Environment Land Resources Conservation Implementation Promote natural regeneration in catchments 40 40 40 40 40 200 70 130 0 0 0 and the stage Environment Land Resources Conservation Promote catchment management activities which Implementation 220 220 220 220 220 1,100 120 980 1 0 1 and the include: afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry stage Environment Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 59 Annex 1. Interventions, Financial Phasing, and Readiness (cont.) Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap US$ million Sector Programme/Project Name Readiness Land Resources Conservation Water Resources Management and Development - - - and the Environment 60 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Land Resources Conservation Ready to Promote natural regeneration in catchments 40 40 40 40 40 200 40 160 0 0 0 and the implement Environment Land Resources Conservation Promote catchment management activities which Implementation 630 420 420 315 315 2,100 200 1,900 3 0 3 and the include: afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry stage Environment Land Resources Conservation Implementation Promote Gully Reclamation 150 100 100 75 75 500 90 410 1 0 1 and the stage Environment Land Resources Conservation Implementation Promote in situ RWH to increase groundwater recharge 180 120 120 90 90 600 100 500 1 0 1 and the stage Environment Land Resources Conservation Water Supply - - - and the Environment Land Resources Conservation Ready to Promote natural regeneration in catchments 40 40 40 40 40 200 - 200 0 - 0 and the implement Environment Land Resources Conservation Promote catchment management activities which Ready to 330 220 220 220 110 1,100 - 1,100 1 - 1 and the include: afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry implement. Environment Land Resources Conservation Ready to Promote Gully Reclamation 150 100 100 100 50 500 - 500 1 - 1 and the implement Environment Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap Sector Programme/Project Name US$ million Readiness Land Resources Conservation Ready to Promote in situ RWH to increase groundwater recharge 195 130 130 130 65 650 - 650 1 - 1 and the implement Environment Total Land Resources Conservation and the Environment 7,740 6,439 5,474 4,866 4,456 - 28,975 2,726 26,249 39 4 35 Climate Develop a system for analysis and documentation of Change and Ready to historical and future drought occurrence using historical 4 3 3 - - 10 - 10 0 - 0 Early Warning Implement data and future climate scenarios Systems Climate Change and Ready to Analyse and document different historical droughts 3 - - - - 3 - 3 0 - 0 Early Warning Implement Systems Climate Change and Develop future projections of droughts distribution using Ready to 3 3 - - - 7 - 7 0 - 0 Early Warning existing climate scenarios Implement Systems Climate Change and Review seasonal forecast production process to integrate Preliminary 3 3 - - - 5 - 5 0 - 0 Early Warning drought forecast design Systems Climate Develop an outreach strategy for communicating Change and drought information and impacts, including collaboration Preliminary 6 3 - - - 9 - 9 0 - 0 Early Warning for production of impact-based information, and platform design Systems for communicating to specific sectors Climate Change and Support agricultural and DRR extension services through Implementation 11 11 11 - - 33 - 33 0 - 0 Early Warning PICSA training, technical support and outreach stage Systems Climate Diversify utilisation of drought information in sectoral Change and Ready to development plan through integration of climate 2 1 - - - 3 - 3 0 - 0 Early Warning Implement information Systems Implementation DRR (DCCMS) Install and maintain weather monitoring stations - - - - - - - - - - stage Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 61 Annex 1. Interventions, Financial Phasing, and Readiness (cont.) Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap US$ million Sector Programme/Project Name Readiness Review and redesign drought monitoring system, Preliminary DRR (DCCMS) 3 3 - - - 5 - 5 0 - 0 including drought information archive design Total DRR  34 27 14 - - - 75 - 65 0 - 0 Production of fingerlings in 4 Government Farms and Implementation 62 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Fisheries 30 45 45 45 45 25 235 50 185 0 0 0 220 selected fish farms stage Stocking of 15 million fingerlings in 5 years in small water Implementation Fisheries 10 15 20 20 20 20 105 70 35 0 0 0 bodies and ponds in 8 districts stage Implementation of integrated fish farming (fish, Preliminary Fisheries livestock and crops) practices among 1,500 fish farming 30 45 45 50 55 50 275 30 245 0 0 0 design households Implementation of integrated fish farming and irrigation Implementation Fisheries 10 20 20 15 15 80 160 20 140 0 0 0 (stocking fingerlings in dams) in 8 districts stage Development of post-harvest technologies (solar dries, Implementation Fisheries racks and smoking kilns) along Lakes Malawi, Malombe, 15 20 20 15 15 85 170 25 145 0 0 0 stage Chiuta and the Lower Shire Training women and youth on the development of value Implementation Fisheries 15 10 15 15 15 15 85 15 70 0 0 0 added fish products and business management stage Implementation of climate smart aquaculture and Preliminary Fisheries water harvesting practices among 1,500 fish farming 20 30 30 30 12 12 134 0 - - design households Capacity building of front line staff and fish farmers on Preliminary Fisheries water harvesting technologies by involving LUANAR and 10 10 10 10 10 5 55 0 - - design MZUNI) Total Fisheries  140 195 205 200 187 292 1,219 210 820 2 0 1 Promotion and development of climate smart and water Irrigation Implementation efficient irrigation methods by utilising solar powered 630 4,125 - - - - 4,755 4,755 6 6 - Development stage irrigation pumps and drip kits Irrigation Development of new irrigation schemes for both income Ready to 7,500 13,200 22,500 7,500 7,500 7,500 65,700 88 - - Development and food security at both famers and national level implement Rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged and Irrigation Ready to existing irrigation schemes taking into account issues of 1,088 1,500 - - - - 2,588 2,588 3 3 - Development implement climate change and building back better Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap Sector Programme/Project Name US$ million Readiness Irrigation Promotion of river impoundments for utilisation new and Preliminary 75 75 75 75 75 75 450 450 1 1 - Development existing irrigation schemes design Construction of irrigation dams for water storage and Irrigation Implementation utilisation during the times of dry spells/droughts and 3,000 3,000 - - - - 6,000 6,000 8 8 - Development stage low river base flows Distribution of manual irrigation pumps (treadle pumps) Irrigation Preliminary to vulnerable irrigation farmers in place where treadle 383 - - - - - 383 1 - - Development design pumps can be used sustainably Capacity building of national irrigation engineers in Irrigation Implementation practical and basic skill in sustainable irrigation planning, 45 45 45 45 - - 180 0 - - Development stage development and management Total Irrigation Development  12,720 21,945 22,620 7,620 7,575 7,575 80,055 13,793 - 107 18 - Water Resources Water resources catchment rehabilitation and protection ready to Management 287 287 72 72 717 717 - 1 1 - in 15 hotspots implement and Development Water Resources ready to Management Rehabilitation of 50 damaged dams 1,968 1,968 492 492 4,919 2,462 2,457 7 3 3 implement and Development Water Resources ready to Management Construction of 50 excavated tanks 1,966 1,966 491 491 4,914 2,464 2,450 7 3 3 implement and Development Water Resources Setting up drought monitoring system (low-flow water ready to Management 150 150 38 38 375 - 375 1 - 1 level and discharge monitoring) in 8 dam catchments implement and Development Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 63 Annex 1. Interventions, Financial Phasing, and Readiness (cont.) Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap US$ million Sector Programme/Project Name Readiness Water Resources Campaigns for prioritisation of critical water uses in 8 ready to Management 185 185 46 46 463 - 463 1 - 1 dam catchments implement and Development 64 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Total Water Resources Management and Development  4,555 4,555 1,139 1,139 - - 11,387 5,643 5,744 15 8 8 Under DRM Emergency Disaster Response and Recovery programme 266 266 213 213 106 1,063 1,663 (600) 1 2 (1) Implementation Co-ordination of humanitarian response triggered by the Under DRM 175 175 140 140 70 700 800 (100) 1 1 (0) MVAC assessments Implementation Implementation DRM Emergency Preparedness Logistical Readiness 230 230 184 184 92 921 1,750 (829) 1 2 (1) stage Ready to DRM Institutional Capacity Strengthening 39 39 32 32 16 158 1,467 (1,310) 0 2 (2) implement Drought Risk Financing Management programming - Preliminary DRM shock minimisation to development progress and fiscal 88 88 70 70 35 350 784 (434) 0 1 (1) design stability Resilience and Risk Reduction Programmes (e.g. Ready to DRM 146 146 116 116 58 582 450 132 1 1 0 community based mitigation works) implement Total DRM  943 943 755 755 377 - 3,773 6,914 (3,141) 5 9 (4) Preliminary Environment Construct water points for wildlife 16 16 13 13 6 64 - 64 0 - 0 design Preliminary Environment Strengthen fire management 113 113 90 90 45 450 - 450 1 - 1 design Preliminary Environment Promote afforestation and reforestation 529 529 423 423 212 2,115 - 2,115 3 - 3 design Preliminary Environment Harmonise sectorial policies - - - - - - - - - - - design Preliminary Environment Improve early warning systems 64 64 51 51 26 257 - 257 0 - 0 design Preliminary Environment Promote natural regeneration 32 32 26 26 13 128 - 128 0 - 0 design Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap Sector Programme/Project Name US$ million Readiness Preliminary Environment Strengthen capacity 164 164 131 131 66 656 - 656 1 - 1 design Preliminary Environment Conduct awareness campaign and sensitisation 54 54 43 43 22 215 - 215 0 - 0 design Total Environment  971 971 777 777 389 - 3,885 - 3,885 5 - 5 Preliminary Education Reconstruct water taps and boreholes 630 630 504 504 252 2,519 - 2,519 3 - 3 design Preliminary Education Conduct WASH training and education campaigns 139 139 111 111 56 557 - 557 1 - 1 design Preliminary Education Restore food production in schools 87 87 70 70 35 349 - 349 0 - 0 design Preliminary Education Provide food and nutrition recovery 1,305 1,305 1,044 1,044 522 5,218 - 5,218 7 - 7 design Preliminary Education Develop psychosocial and other resilience strategies 143 143 114 114 57 571 - 571 1 - 1 design Total Education  2,304 2,304 1,843 1,843 921 - 9,214 - 9,214 12 - 12 Provide severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate Ready to Nutrition acute malnutrition (MAM) treatment to children under 5 749 749 599 599 299 2,994 - 2,994 4 - 4 implement years of age (OTP+NRU) Provide nutrition care, support and treatment (NCST) – Ready to Nutrition 864 864 691 691 346 3,456 - 3,456 5 - 5 SAM & MAM – to adolescents & adults with HIV/TB implement Ready to Nutrition Conduct nutrition surveillance 1,103 1,103 882 882 441 4,411 - 4,411 6 - 6 implement Ready to Nutrition Conduct M&E 71 71 57 57 29 285 - 285 0 - 0 implement Provide children under 5 and pregnant/lactating women Ready to Nutrition 549 549 439 439 220 2,197 - 2,197 3 - 3 MAM treatment (SFP+SFP-PLW) implement Build capacity of and procure materials for CMAM Ready to Nutrition 544 544 435 435 218 2,175 2,175 3 - 3 programme implement Ready to Nutrition Build capacity for NCST 480 480 384 384 192 1,922 1,922 3 - 3 implement Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 65 Annex 1. Interventions, Financial Phasing, and Readiness (cont.) Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap US$ million Sector Programme/Project Name Readiness Conduct pilot of micronutrient powders (MNP) (22 Ready to Nutrition 928 928 742 742 371 3,711 3,711 5 - 5 micronutrients) in South implement Promote nutrition through Positive Deviance approach Ready to Nutrition 188 188 150 150 75 750 750 1 - 1 (behaviour change communication) programme implement 66 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Conduct biofortification pilot in six districts (integrate Ready to Nutrition 375 375 300 300 150 1,500 1,500 2 - 2 with agriculture sector) implement Ready to Nutrition Refurbish Nutrition Rehabilitation Units (NRUs) 268 268 214 214 107 1,071 1,071 1 - 1 implement Total Nutrition  6,118 6,118 4,895 4,895 2,447 - 24,473 - 24,473 33 - 33 Ready to Health Build capacity of health workers on disease surveillance 3 3 2 2 1 12 - 12 0 - 0 implement Strengthen co-ordination and disaster management, Ready to Health 2 2 2 2 1 8 - 8 0 - 0 including supervision implement Conduct surveillance on early warning and information Ready to Health 1 1 1 1 0 5 - 5 0 - 0 systems implement Ready to Health Provide drugs and medical supplies -including ORS, HTH 4 4 3 3 1 14 - 14 0 - 0 implement Conduct mobile clinics and outreach including additional Ready to Health 2 2 2 2 1 9 - 9 0 - 0 village clinics implement Refer/transport patients to district hospitals from Ready to Health 1 1 1 1 0 4 4 0 - 0 peripheral health facilities, including pregnant women implement Provide health care by Christian Health Association of Ready to Health Malawi (CHAM) facilities to pregnant women and under 1 1 1 1 0 3 3 0 - 0 implement 5 children Ready to Health Control disease outbreaks 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 0 - 0 implement Conduct vector control and health promotion/IEC Ready to Health campaigns (IRS/ITNs & immunisation) and immunisation 17 17 13 13 7 67 67 0 - 0 implement days Programme Costs FY 2017 + FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020 FY 2021 FY 2022 Total Programme Cost MWK million Total Funding MWK million Funding Gap MWK million Total Programme Cost US$ million Total Funding US$ million Total Funding Gap Sector Programme/Project Name US$ million Readiness Provide health management of gender-based violence Ready to Health and services for women and girls, including familiy 8 8 6 6 3 32 32 0 - 0 implement planning Provide psychosocial support and reproductive health Ready to Health 2 2 2 2 1 8 8 0 - 0 services implement Total Health  42 42 33 33 17 - 167 - 167 0 - 0 Social Scale up public works programmes in districts affected Ready to 2,541 2,541 2,541 2,541 2,541 12,706 17 - - Protection by drought implement. Social Ready to Scale up social cash transfer programme 3,895 3,895 3,895 3,895 3,895 19,475 26 - - Protection implement. Social Preliminary Establishment of a Social Support Fund - - - Protection design Total Social Protection  6,436 6,436 6,436 6,436 6,436 - 32,181 43 - - Industry and Preliminary Encourage enterprises to diversify their products - - - Commerce design Create financing scheme making financing available to Industry and Preliminary micro, small and medium enterprises and farmers at a 750 750 750 750 750 3,748 5 - - Trade design lower cost Industry and Preliminary Promote small-scale enterprises - - - Trade design Industry and Provide incentives to enterprises that produce and sell Preliminary - - - Trade products available in the country design Total Industry and Trade  750 750 750 750 750 - 3,748 5 - - GRAND TOTAL 120,903 135,077 114,047 93,282 58,006 8,001 530,965 53,088 366,861 708 71 489 Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 67 Annex 2. Sector Prioritisation PDNA Sector Frameworks  Totals SO3.Increase SO4. Strengthen Most needs SO 1. Enhance SO2. Improve agriculture resilience of across drought resilience food security, productivity and water resource sectors (i.e. and preparedness by nutrition and sustainability management and highest strengthening the health services through drought supply through recovery capacity of institutions for the most resilience structural and Most needs and drought affected vulnerable irrigation non-structural affected (i.e. over the communities to drought infrastructure, measures Average Average Final damages next 5year reduce their risk and affected farming practices, and enhance Sectoral inter-sectoral sector sector Sectors/sub- and losses) period) vulnerability. communities. and technologies. capacities. rating intervention priority rating sectors (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) score score ranking score Agriculture- Crops 5 5 4 5 5 2 26 4.3 1.7 32 68 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Livestock 2 4 5 4 3 1 19 3.5 1.6 24.1 Fisheries 4 4 2 5 2 2 19 4.6 1.8 25.4 Land Resources Conservation and 3 4 3 4 5 5 24 2.5 2.2 28.7 the Environment Food security 4 5 4 5 4 3 22.75 4.3 1.7 29 Water Resources Management and 5 5 5 3 4 5 27 3.6 1.4 32 Development Water Supply 4 4 3 3 2 5 21 3.1 1.7 25.8 Irrigation 3 4 5 5 5 4 26 4.1 1.9 32 Social Protection 1 3 2 2 1 1 10 4.7 1.3 16 Health 3 3 1 3 2 1 13 4.5 1.6 19.1 Nutrition 3 3 1 3 2 1 13 3.3 2.3 18.6 Environment 3 3 4 3 3 5 21 3.1 2.1 26.2 Industry and Trade 5 3 1 1 3 1 14 2.8 2.5 19.3 Education 2 2 1 1 1 1 8 4.2 1.6 13.8 Climate Change and Early Warning 1 4 5 3 3 3 19 3.9 1.7 24.6 Systems DRM – DoDMA 1 4 5 1 3 4 18 3.8 1.5 23.3 Annex 3. Cross-sectoral Prioritisation Total Priority Programme Sectors Cost MWK Total Cost MWK  order Sector Priority Interventions million Required Initiatives Sector million Rehabilitation of 50 damaged dams 4,919     Water Resources Campaigns for prioritisation of critical water uses in 8 Management and 4,914 dam catchments for major water supply dams Water Resources Development Construction of 50 excavated tanks  4,914 Management Water Resources 1 and Rehabilitation of 50 damaged dams Management and 463 Development Development Campaigns for prioritisation of critical water Conduct staff and farmer training in Soil and Land Resources uses in 8 dam catchments for major water 463 Water Conservation technologies and catchment Conservation and 4,500.0 supply dams management interventions the Environment Total water resources management and development financing cost for 10,296 Total financing cost for required interventions 9,877 priority 1 interventions Promotion and development of climate smart Construction of irrigation dams for water storage and and water efficient irrigation methods by Irrigation 4,755 utilisation during the times of dry spells/droughts and 6,000.0 utilising solar powered irrigation pumps and Development low river base flows drip kits Development of new irrigation schemes for Promote catchment management activities which Land Resources Irrigation both income and food security at both famers 65,700 include: afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry in Conservation and 2,500.0 2 Development and national level catchments of rivers feeding Irrigation schemes the Environment Land Resources Promote in situ RWH to increase groundwater Rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged Conservation and 675.0 recharge and existing irrigation schemes taking into the Environment 2,588 account issues of climate change and building Water Resources back better Water resources catchment rehabilitation and Management and 716.8 protection in 15 hotspots Development Total irrigation development financing cost for priority 1 interventions 73,042.5 Total financing cost for required interventions 9,891.8 Procure 375,000MT of maize for Co-ordination of humanitarian response triggered by 140,625 DRM 700.0 humanitarian consumption the MVAC assessments Support extension services, training, technical support, Agriculture-Crops 2,467.4 and outreach 3 Sensitise communities on food diversification 1,750 Pasture and fodder crops research enhancement: *covered under improved pasture grasses, legumes, and folder crops Agriculture- Crops Food Security crops with drought tolerant traits for livestock Post-harvest facilities: community grain stores, Agriculture- Crops 900.0 household level storage capacity Enhance food budgeting of vulnerable 1,250 Promote small stock production programme targeting households Livestock 3,969 chickens and goats Sensitise communities on food diversification Food security 1,750.0 Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 69 Total food security financing cost for priority 1 interventions 143,625 Total financing cost for required interventions 9,786.4 Annex 3. Cross-sectoral Prioritisation (cont.) Total Priority Programme Sectors Cost MWK Total Cost MWK  order Sector Priority Interventions million Required Initiatives Sector million Land Resources Promote Conservation Agriculture Conservation and 3,500.0 the Environment Legume crop production enhancement: Implement Soil and Water Conservation Interventions Land Resources promote utilisation of improved seed varieties, 5,835 like in situ RWH structures - swales, infiltration Conservation and 2,500.0 introduction of new crop varieties, fertiliser, ditches/ponds the Environment pesticides, herbicides Land Resources Promote use of manures - composts, AF biomass and Conservation and 250.0 Khola manure the Environment 70 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Replacement of agricultural tools, machinery, Agriculture- and labour-saving technologies focused 791 Crops specifically on drought in affected areas Rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged and Irrigation existing irrigation schemes taking into account issues 2,587.5 Seed Production and Multiplication Development of climate change and building back better Programme (cereals, legumes, vegetables, 526 tubers, fruit trees) Pasture and folder crops research enhancement: improved pasture grasses, legumes, and folder crops Agriculture- Crops 120.0 with drought tolerant traits for livestock 4 Pasture and folder crops research enhancement: improved pasture grasses, 120 legumes, and folder crops with drought tolerant traits for livestock Construction of livestock infrastructure: watering Improved livestock management: vaccinations Livestock 2,100 1,307 points, feeding troughs and veterinary care for affected animals Promote animal health surveillance systems Livestock 1,262 Pasture and folder crops research enhancement: *covered under improved pasture grasses, legumes, and folder crops Agriculture- Crops crops Promote small stock production programme with drought tolerant traits for livestock 3,969 Livestock targeting chickens and goats Land Resources Promote construction of Livestock watering points Conservation and 2,500.0 the Environment Promote animal health surveillance systems 1,262 Land Resources Construction of livestock infrastructure: 2,100 Promote construction of Livestock watering points Conservation and *covered watering points, feeding troughs the Environment Total Priority Programme Sectors Cost MWK Total Cost MWK  order Sector Priority Interventions million Required Initiatives Sector million Production of fingerlings in 4 Government 235 Farms and 220 selected fish farms Seed Production and Multiplication Programme Crops 525.7 (cereals, legumes, vegetables, tubers, fruit trees). Promote small stock production programme targeting *covered in food Livestock chickens and goats security Implementation of integrated fish farming (fish, livestock and crops) practices among 275 Development of new irrigation schemes for both Irrigation 1,500 fish farming households income and food security at both famers and national 65,700.0 Development level Fisheries Water Resources Rehabilitation of 50 damaged dams Management and 4,919.2 4 Development Land Resources Promote in situ RWH to increase groundwater Conservation and 675.0 Implementation of climate smart aquaculture recharge the Environment and water harvesting practices among 1,500 134 fish farming households Conduct staff and farmer training in Soil and Land Resources Water Conservation technologies and catchment Conservation and 4,500.0 management interventions the Environment Land Resources Construct stormwater drains for safe disposal of run Conservation and 1,200.0 Implement Soil and Water Conservation off to avoid soil erosion the Environment Interventions like in situ RWH structures - 2,500 swales, infiltration ditches/ponds Land Resources Land Resources Promote in situ RWH to increase groundwater Conservation and 675.0 Conservation recharge the Environment and the Environment Gully reclamation 500 Promote catchment management activities which include: afforestation, reforestation, 2,500 agroforestry in catchments of rivers feeding Irrigation schemes Total agriculture financing cost for priority 1 interventions 22,052 Total financing cost for required interventions 96,308.4 Promote afforestation and reforestation 2,115 5 Environment Improve EWS 257 Total the environment financing cost for priority 1 interventions 2,372 Total financing cost for required interventions Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 71 Annex 3. Cross-sectoral Prioritisation (cont.) Total Priority Programme Sectors Cost MWK Total Cost MWK  order Sector Priority Interventions million Required Initiatives Sector million Construction and development of around 40 new improved water sources/intakes for 2,000 existing rural piped water supply systems Construction and development of around 40 new Construction of approximately 30km new improved water sources/intakes for existing rural piped Water supply 2,000.00 transmission conveyance systems/pipelines to 2,000 water supply systems the affected areas Public works programme Social Protection 12,706.5 Rehabilitation of approximately 1,500 existing 2,246 boreholes to augment to the affected areas Water supply 72 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Construction of around 54 emergency high- 6 yielding boreholes to augment water supply in 3,804 urban areas (SRWB) Construction of around 10 emergency high- yielding boreholes to augment water supply in 2,000 urban areas (BWB) Construction of around 10 emergency high- yielding boreholes to augment water supply in 2,000 urban areas (LWB) Construction of around 23 emergency high- yielding boreholes to augment water supply in 2,250 urban areas (CRWB) Total water supply financing cost for priority 1 interventions 16,300.5 Total financing cost for required interventions 14,706.5 Annex 4. NDRF Priority 1 Intervention Financing Alignment with NRS Pillars National Drought Recovery Total Programme Total Programme Framework Sectors Priority Interventions Cost MWK million Cost US$ million NDRF priority interventions not aligning with the NRS Water Resources Management and Campaigns for prioritisation of critical water uses in 8 dam catchments for major water supply dams 462.5 0.62 Development Implementation of climate smart aquaculture and water harvesting practices among 1,500 fish farming Fisheries 134.0 0.18 households Construction and development of around 40 new improved water sources/intakes for existing rural piped 1,000.0 1.33 water supply systems Construction of approximately 30km new transmission conveyance systems/pipelines to the affected areas 2,000.0 2.67 Rehabilitation of approximately 1,500 existing boreholes to augment to the affected areas 2,246.5 3.00 Construction of around 10 emergency high-yielding boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas 2,000.0 2.67 (BWB) Water Supply Construction of around 10 emergency high-yielding boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas 2,000.0 2.67 (LWB) Construction of around 54 emergency high-yielding boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas 3,804.0 5.07 (SRWB) Construction of around 23 emergency high-yielding boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas 2,250.0 3.00 (CRWB) DRM Resilience and Risk Reduction Programmes (e.g. community based mitigation works, 582.1 0.78 Build capacity of health workers on disease surveillance 11.6 0.02 Provide drugs and medical supplies -including ORS, HTH 14.4 0.02 Conduct mobile clinics and outreach including additional village clinics 9.5 0.01 Health Control disease outbreaks 6.0 0.01 Conduct vector control and health promotion/IEC campaigns 66.8 0.09 (IRS/ITNs & immunisation) and immunisation days Total NDRF financing for priority interventions not aligning with the NRS 16,587.3 22.12 NDRF priority interventions aligning with NRS Pillar 1: Resilient Agricultural Growth Water Resources Rehabilitation of 50 damaged dams 4,919.2 6.56 Management and Development Construction of 50 excavated tanks 4,914.0 6.55 Seed Production and Multiplication Programme (cereals, legumes, vegetables, tubers, fruit trees). 525.7 0.70 Legume crop production enhancement: Promote utilisation of improved seed varieties, introduction of new 5,835.0 7.78 Agricultural -Crops crop varieties, fertiliser, pesticides, herbicides Pasture and folder crops research enhancement: improved pasture grasses, legumes, and folder crops with 120.0 0.16 drought tolerant traits for livestock Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 73 Annex 4. NDRF Priority 1 Intervention Financing Alignment with NRS Pillars (cont.) National Drought Recovery Total Programme Total Programme Framework Sectors Priority Interventions Cost MWK million Cost US$ million Promote small stock production programme targeting chickens and goats 3,969.0 5.29 Improved livestock management: vaccinations and veterinary care for affected animals 1,306.6 1.74 Livestock Promote animal health surveillance systems 1,261.5 1.68 Construction of livestock infrastructure: watering points, feeding troughs 2,100.0 2.80 Production of fingerlings in 4 Government Farms and 220 selected fish farms 235.0 0.31 Fisheries Implementation of integrated fish farming (fish, livestock and crops) practices among 1,500 fish farming 275.0 0.37 households Food Security Sensitise communities on food diversification 1,750.0 2.33 Development of new irrigation schemes for both income and food security at both famers and national 65,700.0 87.60 74 / National Disaster Recovery Framework level Irrigation Promotion and development of climate smart and water efficient irrigation methods by utilising solar 4,755.0 6.34 powered irrigation pumps and drip kits Total NDRF financing for priority interventions aligning with NRS Pillar 1: Resilient Agricultural Growth 97,666.1 130.22 NDRF priority interventions aligning with NRS Pillar 2: Catchment Protection and Management Land Resources Conservation Implement Soil and Water Conservation Interventions like in situ RWH structures - swales, infiltration 2,500.0 3.33 and the Environment ditches/ponds Gully reclamation 500.0 0.67 Promote catchment management activities which include: afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry in 2,500.0 3.33 catchments of rivers feeding Irrigation schemes Promote afforestation and reforestation 2,115.3 2.82 Total NDRF financing for priority interventions aligning with NRS Pillar 2: Catchment Protection and Management 7,615.3 10.15 NDRF priority interventions aligning with NRS Pillar 3: Flood Control, Early Warning and Response Mechanisms Food Security Procure 375,000MT of maize for humanitarian consumption 140,625.0 187.50 Develop a system for analysis and documentation of historical and future drought occurrence using 9.9 0.01 historical data and future climate scenarios Climate Change and Early Diversify utilisation of drought information in sectoral development plan through integration of climate 2.8 0.00 Warning Systems information Support agricultural and DRR extension services through Participatory Integrated Climate Services (PICS) 32.6 0.04 training, technical support and outreach Emergency Disaster Response Planning and Recovery 1,062.5 1.42 DRM Co-ordination of humanitarian response triggered by the MVAC assessments 700.0 0.93 Environment Improve early warning systems 257.1 0.34 Health Conduct surveillance on early warning and information systems 4.6 0.01 National Drought Recovery Total Programme Total Programme Framework Sectors Priority Interventions Cost MWK million Cost US$ million Total NDRF financing for priority interventions aligning with NRS Pillar 3: Flood Control, Early Warning and Response Mechanisms 142,694.5 190.26 NDRF priority interventions aligning with NRS Pillar 4: Household Resilience Food Security Enhance food budgeting of vulnerable households 1,250.0 1.67 Reconstruct water taps and boreholes 2,519.2 3.36 Education Restore food production in schools 348.8 0.47 Provide food and nutrition recovery 5,218.2 6.96 Provide Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) Treatment to children 2,994.4 3.99 under 5 years of age (OTP+NRU) Nutrition Provide Nutrition Care, Support and Treatment (NCST) – SAM & MAM – to adolescents & adults with 3,456.4 4.61 HIV/TB Scale up public works programmes in districts affected by drought 12,706.5 16.94 Social Protection Scale up social cash transfer programme 19,474.8 25.97 Create financing scheme making financing available to micro, small and medium enterprises and farmers at Industry and Commerce 3,748.1 5.00 a lower cost Total NDRF financing for priority interventions aligning with NRS Pillar 4: Household Resilience 51,716.4 68.96 Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 75 Annex 5. NDRF Priority 1 Interventions Financing Alignment with NRS Priority Areas NDRF Total Programme Cost Total Programme Sectors Priority Interventions Alignment with NRS Pillars and Priority Areas MWK million Cost US$ million Water Rehabilitation of 50 damaged dams Sustainable Irrigation Development 4,919 6.6 Resources Construction of 50 excavated tanks Sustainable Irrigation Development 4,914 6.6 Management and Campaigns for prioritisation of critical water uses in 8 dam Other 463 0.6 Development catchments for major water supply dams Seed Production and Multiplication Programme (cereals, Agricultural Diversification 526 0.7 legumes, vegetables, tubers, fruit trees). Legume crop production enhancement: Promote utilisation of Agricultural improved seed varieties, introduction of new crop varieties, Agricultural Diversification 5,835 7.8 Research- fertiliser, pesticides, herbicides Crops Pasture and folder crops research enhancement: improved pasture grasses, legumes, and folder crops with drought Agricultural Diversification 120 0.2 76 / National Disaster Recovery Framework tolerant traits for livestock Promote small stock production programme targeting Agricultural Diversification 3,969 5.3 chickens and goats Improved livestock management: vaccinations and veterinary Agricultural Diversification 1,307 1.7 Livestock care for affected animals Promote animal health surveillance systems Agricultural Diversification 1,262 1.7 Construction of livestock infrastructure: watering points, Agricultural Diversification 2,100 2.8 feeding troughs Production of fingerlings in 4 Government Farms and 220 Agricultural Diversification 235 0.3 selected fish farms Implementation of integrated fish farming (fish, livestock and Fisheries Agricultural Diversification 275 0.4 crops) practices among 1,500 fish farming households Implementation of climate smart aquaculture and water Other 134 0.2 harvesting practices among 1,500 fish farming households Procure 375,000MT of maize for humanitarian consumption Response Mechanisms as part of resilience building 140,625 187.5 Food Security Sensitise communities on food diversification Agricultural Diversification 1,750 2.3 Enhance food budgeting of vulnerable households Livelihoods 1,250 1.7 Development of new irrigation schemes for both income and Sustainable Irrigation Development 65,700 87.6 food security at both famers and national level Irrigation Promotion and development of climate smart and water efficient irrigation methods by utilising solar powered Sustainable Irrigation Development 4,755 6.3 irrigation pumps and drip kits NDRF Total Programme Cost Total Programme Sectors Priority Interventions Alignment with NRS Pillars and Priority Areas MWK million Cost US$ million Implement Soil and Water Conservation Interventions like in Forest Landscape restoration 2,500 3.3 Land situ RWH structures - swales, infiltration ditches/ponds Resources Gully reclamation Forest Landscape restoration 500 0.7 Conservation and the Promote catchment management activities which include: Environment afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry in catchments of Payment for ecosystem services building 2,500 3.3 rivers feeding Irrigation schemes Construction and development of around 40 new improved water sources/intakes for existing rural piped water supply Other 1,000 1.3 systems Construction of approximately 30km new transmission Other 2,000 2.7 conveyance systems/pipelines to the affected areas Rehabilitation of approximately 1,500 existing boreholes to Other 2,246 3.0 augment to the affected areas Water Supply Construction of around 10 emergency high-yielding Other 2,000 2.7 boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas (BWB) Construction of around 10 emergency high-yielding Other 2,000 2.7 boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas (LWB) Construction of around 54 emergency high-yielding Other 3,804 5.1 boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas (SRWB) Construction of around 23 emergency high-yielding Other 2,250 3.0 boreholes to augment water supply in urban areas (CRWB) Develop a system for analysis and documentation of historical and future drought occurrence using historical data Response Mechanisms as part of resilience building 10 0.0 Climate and future climate scenarios Change Diversify utilisation of drought information in sectoral and Early Early warning systems 3 0.0 development plan through integration of climate information Warning Systems Support agricultural and DRR extension services through Participatory Integrated Climate Services (PICS) training, Early warning systems 33 0.0 technical support and outreach Emergency Disaster Response Planning and Recovery Response Mechanisms as part of resilience building 1,063 1.4 Co-ordination of humanitarian response triggered by the Response Mechanisms as part of resilience building 700 0.9 DRM MVAC assessments Resilience and Risk Reduction Programmes (e.g. community Other 582 0.8 based mitigation works, Promote afforestation and reforestation Payment for ecosystem services building 2,115 2.8 Environment Improve early warning systems Early warning systems 257 0.3 Reconstruct water taps and boreholes Livelihoods 2,519 3.4 Education Restore food production in schools Social Support/Protection 349 0.5 Provide food and nutrition recovery Social Support/Protection 5,218 7.0 Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 77 Annex 5. NDRF Priority 1 Interventions Financing Alignment with NRS Priority Areas (cont.) NDRF Total Programme Cost Total Programme Sectors Priority Interventions Alignment with NRS Pillars and Priority Areas MWK million Cost US$ million Provide Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) Treatment to children under 5 Social Support/Protection 2,994 4.0 Nutrition years of age (OTP+NRU) Provide Nutrition Care, Support and Treatment (NCST) – Social Support/Protection 3,456 4.6 SAM & MAM – to adolescents & adults with HIV/TB Build capacity of health workers on disease surveillance Other 12 0.0 Conduct surveillance on early warning and information Early warning systems 5 0.0 systems Provide drugs and medical supplies -including ORS, HTH Other 14 0.0 Health Conduct mobile clinics and outreach including additional Other 9 0.0 78 / National Disaster Recovery Framework village clinics Control disease outbreaks Other 6 0.0 Conduct vector control and health promotion/IEC campaigns Other 67 0.1 (IRS/ITNs & immunisation) and immunisation days Scale up public works programmes in districts affected by Social Social Support/Protection 12,706 16.9 drought Protection Scale up social cash transfer programme Social Support/Protection 19,475 26.0 Industry and Create financing scheme making financing available to micro, Social Support/Protection 3,748 5.0 Trade small and medium enterprises and farmers at a lower cost Total NDRF Priority 1 intervention financing alignment with NRS priority areas 316,280 421.7 Annex 6. Monitoring and Evaluation Performance Management Framework Progress/Process/Output Monitoring Sector # Activity/Intervention Indicators Outcome Monitoring Indicators # livestock vaccinated against foot and Mouth Improved livestock management: vaccinations and veterinary Disease Meat per capita consumption 1 care for affected animals # livestock vaccinated against Newcastle % increase in livestock production disease % food secure; % increase in household level Promote small stock production programme targeting chickens # of goats procured and distributed 2 income (asset value) and goats # of chickens procured and distributed egg per capita consumption 3 Pasture Establishment Hectares under pasture % increase in livestock production % increase in livestock production Production enhancement: multiplication of livestock in # of livestock multiplication programmes Meat per capita consumption 4 Livestock government farms initiated Milk per capita consumption # of staff trained in animal health surveillance 5 Promote animal health surveillance systems % increase in livestock production systems Conduct a research study to establish indicators on impact of # of drought impact indicators adopted and 6 % adoption of drought impact indicators drought to livestock disseminated # of watering points constructed/established Construction of livestock infrastructure: watering points, feeding 7 # of livestock (population) using the water % increase in livestock production troughs points constructed/established # of staff trained in AI 8 Promote Artificial Insemination programmes % increase in livestock production # of AI equipment (by type) procured Construction and development of around 40 new improved # of beneficiaries % of people with access to improved water 9 water sources/intakes for existing rural piped water supply # of new water sources (by type) constructed sources systems # of beneficiaries Construction of approximately 30km new transmission % of people with access to potable water 10 km of transmission conveyance system conveyance systems/pipelines to the affected areas throughout the year constructed Water Supply # of beneficiaries Rehabilitation of approximately 1,500 existing boreholes to % of people with access to potable water 11 # of schemes augment to the affected areas throughout the year # and type of inputs distributed Construction of around 35 emergency high-yielding boreholes to # of beneficiaries % increase in # of urban dwellers accessing 12 augment water supply in urban areas (SRWB and CRWB) # of boreholes potable water Construction of RWH structures (sSanitation and hygiene) in # of beneficiaries 13 % reduction of cases of water- washed diseases public institutions such as schools # of structures by type Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 79 Annex 6. Monitoring and Evaluation (cont.) Performance Management Framework Progress/Process/Output Monitoring Sector # Activity/Intervention Indicators Outcome Monitoring Indicators # of catchments rehabilitated 14 Water resources catchment rehabilitation and protection % increased water level Area (km2) of catchments rehabilitated Water 15 Rehabilitation of damaged dams # of dams rehabilitated # of households with livelihoods restored Resources # of tanks constructed Management 16 Construction of excavated tanks # of households with livelihoods restored and Volume (cubic m) of tanks excavated Development Setting up drought monitoring system (low-flow water level and 17 # of systems set % reduction in prioritised water usage discharge monitoring) 18 Campaigns for prioritisation of critical water uses # of campaigns # of people sensitised 80 / National Disaster Recovery Framework New area under irrigation (Ha), Promotion and development of climate smart and water efficient % of food secure households, % of household 19 irrigation methods by utilising solar powered irrigation pumps and # of irrigation schemes with increased income levels, % increase in drip kits irrigated land # of beneficiaries New area under irrigation (Ha) % of food secure households, % of household Development of new irrigation schemes for both income and 20 # of new irrigation schemes with increased income levels, % increase in food security at both famers and national level irrigated land # of beneficiaries (no) Irrigation area restored (Ha) Rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged and existing % of food secure households, % of household 21 irrigation schemes taking into account issues of climate change # of rehabilitated irrigation schemes with increased income levels and building back better # of beneficiaries (no) Irrigation # rivers impoundment for irrigation purposes Department Promotion of river impoundments for utilisation new and existing % increase in cropping cycles per year, 22 Irrigated area (Ha) benefiting from river irrigation schemes incremental average yield increase per hectare impoundment # of dams Constructed Construction of irrigation dams for water storage and utilisation % increase in cropping cycles per year, 23 volume (litres ) of water stored in dams for during the times of dry spells/droughts and low river base flows incremental average yield increase per hectare irrigation purposes Distribution of manual irrigation pumps (treadle pumps) to # of treadle pumps distributed, new area (Ha) % of food secure households, % of household 24 vulnerable irrigation farmers in place where treadle pumps can be irrigated using treadle pump with increased income levels used sustainably # of professional engineering training sessions % increase in the # of professional irrigation Capacity building of national Irrigation Engineers in practical and and workshops, engineers in the country, 25 basic skill in Sustainable irrigation planning, development and management # of engineers qualifying for professional # of Engineers trained registration Performance Management Framework Progress/Process/Output Monitoring Sector # Activity/Intervention Indicators Outcome Monitoring Indicators 26 Provide emergency food assistance # of beneficiaries % of food secure households % increase in flood-risk population with reliable 27 Construction of safe heavens # of safe havens constructed emergency shelter 28 Equipping Emergency operating centres # of emergency operations centres equipped # of operation centres equipped key drought impacts on different sections 29 Post Drought Disaster Assessment # of assessment reports identified; recovery and resilience needs identified DRM # of people trained DoDMA & Local Community Capacity building in drought risk # of people with drought risk management 30 management # of training sessions conducted knowledge and skills 31 SGR replenishment Tonnes of maize purchased % food secure # of beneficiaries; Livelihood support to vulnerable households through IFA # of food secure households; 32 # of schemes; programmes # of livelihoods restored # and type of inputs distributed 35 Expansion of warehouse receipt scheme Warehouse receipt system developed   Implement Soil and Water Conservation Interventions like in situ 36 Area (Ha) conserved % increase in Ha conserved RWH structures - swales, infiltration ditches/ponds Construct stormwater drains for safe disposal of run off to avoid 37 # and length of storm drains % decrease in soil loss (ton/Ha) soil erosion 38 Gully reclamation # and length of gullies Total Km reclaimed Promote use of manures - composts, AF biomass and Khola 40 Ha covered % increase in crop yield manure Land 41 Promote Conservation Agriculture Ha under CA % increase in crop yield Resources Conservation Ha managed % decrease in soil loss (ton/Ha) and the Promote catchment management activities which include: # of catchments and Ha regenerated   Environment 42 regeneration, afforestation, reforestation, agroforestry in catchments of rivers feeding Irrigation schemes # of trees planted Survival rate (%) of planted trees Ha and # of trees under AF % increase in crop yield Conduct staff and farmer training in Soil and Water Conservation Increase in staff with soil and water 43 # of trainings and staff trained technologies, catchment management interventions and CA conservation, CA skills 44 Disseminate IEC Materials on SWC, Catchment Mgmt. and CA # of materials developed and disseminated # of staff and farmers with access to IEC Build capacity on climate information interpretation and # of staff and farmers accessing and using 45 # of staff dissemination at all levels in support of EWS climate information Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 81 Annex 6. Monitoring and Evaluation (cont.) Performance Management Framework Progress/Process/Output Monitoring Sector # Activity/Intervention Indicators Outcome Monitoring Indicators Provide Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and Moderate Acute 48 Malnutrition (MAM) Treatment to children under 5 years of age # children treated % reduction in SAM and MAM (OTP+NRU) Provide Nutrition Care, Support and Treatment (NCST) – SAM & 49 # supported and treated % reduction in SAM and MAM MAM – to adolescents & adults with HIV/TB 50 Conduct nutrition surveillance # of surveillances % reduction in SAM and MAM incidences 51 Conduct monitoring and evaluation # of M&E reports   Provide children under 5 and pregnant/lactating women 52 # of children and women % reduction in SAM and MAM Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) Treatment (SFP+SFP-PLW) 82 / National Disaster Recovery Framework Nutrition Build capacity of and procure materials for Community based 53 # trained % increase CMAM Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) programme 54 Build capacity for NCST # trained # of staff with NCST knowledge and skills Conduct pilot of Micronutrient Powders (MNP) (22- 55 # of pilots # of children accessed MNP micronutrient) in South Promote nutrition through Positive Deviance approach (Behaviour 56 # of people reached # of people with better nutrition Change Communication) programme Conduct biofortification pilot in six districts (integrate with 57 # of pilots and families/district # of families with improved nutrition Agriculture sector) 58 Refurbish Nutrition Rehabilitation Units (NRUs) # of NRUs % in families accessing NRUs Cereal crop production enhancement: Promotion of utilisation of % of farmers adopting labour saving # of farmers accessed improved cereal crop 36 improved seed varieties, introduction of improved crop varieties, technologies Increase of cereal crop yields per varieties, fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides fertiliser, pesticides, herbicides hectare Legume crop production enhancement: Promote utilisation of % of farmer adopting drought tolerant legume # of farmers accessed new cereal crop crop varieties 37 improved seed varieties, introduction of improved crop varieties, varieties, fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides fertiliser, pesticides, herbicides Increase in legume crop yields per hectare Horticultural Crop production enhancement (high-value and % of farmer adopting improved horticultural crop Agriculture # of farmers accessed new cereal crop varieties 38 export potential crops): support for improved nurseries with new Research- varieties, fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides varieties and associated marketing. Increase in horticultural crop yields per hectare Crops # of farmers accessing replacement tools, % of farmers adopting labour saving Replacement of agricultural tools, machinery, and labour saving 39 machinery and specific labour saving technologies Increase in # and types of tools and technologies focus on drought-specific in affected areas. technologies machinery used by farmers # of sites and hectare under seed multiplication Quantities of various classes of seeds accessed Seed Production and Multiplication Programme (cereals, legumes, programmes per crop by farmers 40 vegetables, tubers, fruit trees). Quantities of seeds produced according to Increase in hectare of various classes of seed for various classes of crops various crops Performance Management Framework Progress/Process/Output Monitoring Sector # Activity/Intervention Indicators Outcome Monitoring Indicators # of improved storage structures constructed Increase in # of improved storage structures Post-harvest facilities: community grain stores, household level at household 41 Increase in # of community seed banks storage capacity # of community seed banks established established Value chain and market linkage development: to include apiary, # of value chains developed Increase in # of value chains Increase in # of 42 mushroom, herbal, non-traditional crops # of market linkages established market linkages # of extension staff trainings conducted Increase in # of staff trained Agriculture Research- Support extension services, training, technical support, and 43 # of lead farmers trainings conducted Increase in # of lead farmers trained Crops outreach # of days per training session Increase in # days per training session Infrastructure development for sustainable drought resilience 44 and recovery programmes (Rehabilitation of warehouses and # of facilities rehabilitated Increase in # of facilities rehabilitated Kandiyani Irrigation Site) Pasture and folder crops research enhancement: improved % of farmers adopted improved pastures and Increase in # of farmers adopted improved 45 pasture grasses, legumes, and folder crops with drought tolerant folder crops pastures and folder crops traits for livestock % of target beneficiaries reached with 46 Procure 375,000MT of maize for humanitarian consumption Quantities of maize procured humanitarian assistance on maize 47 Procure 300,000MT of maize for non-humanitarian consumption Quantities of maize procured % of beneficiaries to non-humanitarian on maize 48 Rehabilitate SGR storage facilities to 250,000MT capacity # of storage facilities rehabilitated Increased storage capacity Food Security Increase access to food security early warning 49 Strengthen food security early warning system # of early warning systems strengthened reports 50 Sensitise communities on food diversification # of farming communities sensitised % of communities sensitised % of vulnerable households utilising food 51 Enhance food budgeting of vulnerable households # of sessions conducted budgets Production of fingerlings in 4 Government Farms and 220 52 # of fingerlings produced Increase in # of fingerlings selected fish farms Stocking of 15 million fingerlings in 5 years in small water bodies 53 # of fingerlings stocked Increase in # of fish stockings and ponds in 8 districts Implementation of integrated fish farming (fish, livestock and Increase in # of integrated fish livestock and crop 54 # of fish farming households crops) practices among 1,500 fish farming households farming Fisheries Implementation of integrated fish farming and irrigation (stocking Increase in # of integrated fish livestock and crop 55 fingerlings in dams) in 8 districts (Blantyre, Chikwawa, Nsanje, # of fish farming households farming Ntcheu, Salima, Lilongwe, Karonga, Zomba) Development of post-harvest technologies (solar dries, racks 56 and smoking kilns) along Lakes Malawi, Malombe, Chiuta and the # post-harvest structures constructed Increase in # of post-harvest structures Lower Shire Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 83 Annex 6. Monitoring and Evaluation (cont.) Performance Management Framework Progress/Process/Output Monitoring Sector # Activity/Intervention Indicators Outcome Monitoring Indicators # of trainings conducted Training women and youth on the development of value added Increased capacities of women and youth on 57 # of participants fish products and business management value addition fish # of days Implementation of climate smart aquaculture and water 58 # of farmers practising % of farmers adopting climate smart practices Fisheries harvesting practices among 1,500 fish farming households # of staff trained Capacity building of front line staff and fish farmers on water # of fish farmers trained Increased capacities of staff and farmer on value 59 harvesting technologies by involving LUANAR and MZUNI) # of trainings conducted addition fish 84 / National Disaster Recovery Framework # of days 36 Reconstruct water taps and boreholes # of beneficiaries % of schools accessing safe water 37 Conduct WASH training and education campaigns # of people trained and # of session conducted % of trained schools 38 Restore food production in schools # of beneficiary schools % of food secure schools Education 39 Provide food and nutrition recovery # of beneficiaries and # of schools % of pupils attending school # of people trained 40 Develop psychosocial and other resilience strategies # of resilient people to drought impact # of resilient strategies developed 41 Construct water points for wildlife # of constructed water points % increase in points sources 42 Strengthen fire management # of fire mitigation strategies % decrease in fire accidents 43 Promote afforestation and reforestation # of trees hectare planted and managed % increase in tree population 44 Harmonise sectorial policies # of sectoral policies harmonised Environment 45 Improve early warning systems # of sectoral policies harmonised   46 Promote natural regeneration # of hectare with regenerated vegetative cover % increase in natural vegetative cover # of trained people and training sessions 47 Strengthen capacity # of people with management skills conducted % increase of population aware of environment 48 Conduct awareness campaign and sensitisation # of awareness campaigns and natural resources management 36 Build capacity of health workers on disease surveillance # of health workers recruited and/or trained % disease outbreaks reported Strengthen co-ordination and disaster management, including increase in # of health co-ordinated increase # of population provided with timely 37 supervision interventions during disasters health interventions during disasters Health # of operational health information management 38 Conduct surveillance on early warning and information systems # of centres maintaining health records systems % population accessing drugs and medical 39 Provide drugs and medical supplies -including ORS, HTH # of health centres with essential drugs supplies Performance Management Framework Progress/Process/Output Monitoring Sector # Activity/Intervention Indicators Outcome Monitoring Indicators Conduct mobile clinics and outreach including additional 40 # of health outreach activities % population accessing health services village clinics Refer/transport patients to district hospitals from peripheral 41 # of referral cases % increase in referral cases health facilities, including pregnant women Provide health care by Christian Health Association of Malawi # of CHAM facilities offering maternal health Increased # of women accessing maternal health 42 (CHAM) facilities to pregnant women and under 5 children services services in hospitals 43 Control disease outbreaks # of outbreak cases detected % decrease in outbreak cases Health Conduct vector control and health promotion/IEC campaigns # of health promotions/vector control % increase in population accessing health 44 (IRS/ITNs & immunisation) and immunisation days campaigns information/interventions Provide health management of gender-based violence and Increase in # of females accessing gender-based 45 # of health centres providing services services for women and girls, including family planning violence and family planning services Increase in # of population accessing 46 Provide psychosocial support and reproductive health services # of health centres providing services psychosocial support and reproductive health services % increase in sectors/population accessing 47 Analyse and document different historical droughts # of documents on drought analyses tailored drought information Develop future projections of droughts distribution using existing % increase in sectors/population accessing 48 # of downscaled climate projections for Malawi climate scenarios future drought projections Review seasonal forecast production process to integrate drought # of sectors provided with seasonal drought 49 # of revised SF integrating drought forecasts forecast forecasts Develop an outreach strategy for communicating drought Climate information and impacts, including collaboration for production % increase in sectors/population accessing Change 50 # of communication strategies of impact-based information, and platform for communicating to drought information and Early specific sectors Warning Support agricultural and DRR extension services through PICSA % increase in farmers utilising drought Systems 51 # of agricultural extension workers trained training, technical support and outreach information in decision making Diversify utilisation of drought information in sectoral # of sectoral development plans integrating % increase in institutions utilising drought 52 development plan through integration of climate information climate and drought information information in development planning # of new weather observation stations; # of Increase in # of sectors utilising drought 53 Install and maintain weather monitoring stations weather monitoring stations maintained information in planning Review and redesign drought monitoring system, including Perception change in usefulness (relevance) of 54 # of operational drought monitoring systems drought information archive drought preparedness information Building Back a Disaster-Affected Malawi Better and Safer / 85 REPUBLIC OF MALAWI Office of the Vice President Department of Disaster Management Affairs Private Bag 336 Lilongwe Spetember 2017