41153 Integrated Management From Concepts to Good Practice Briefing Note 4 Water-related Data and Information Management Integrated Management Meeting the information needs of all basin partners and stakeholders This note is one in a series explaining the attributes and practical application of integrated river basin management. The purpose of the Briefing Note series and the issues and aspects that are covered are outlined in the mini-guide. This note discusses: · The importance of good data and information · Some of the difficulties regarding information sharing among the various administrations · How to develop a water-related data and information sharing protocol or agreement, and · How such agreements operate. 1 anagementM basin er riv ntegratedI Contents Acknowledgments 3 Introduction 3 What Constitutes Good Data? 4 Why is Information Sharing So Important? 5 Why is "Equitable and Reasonable Utilization of Resources" One of the Cornerstone Concepts of IRBM? 6 What are the Rules and Procedures for Sharing Data? 8 How Can a Data Directory be Created? 11 How to Move Forward in Information Management: A Few Key Questions 12 Annex. Mekong River Commission Procedures for Data and Information Exchange and Sharing 13 Abbreviations and Acronyms 15 References 15 2 Acknowledgments 3 This Briefing Note Series was prepared by Peter Millington, The authors thank the following specialists for reviewing consultant, previously Director-General of the New South the Notes: Bruce Hooper and Pieter Huisman (consultants); Wales Department of Water Resources and Commissioner Vahid Alavian, Inger Anderson, Rita Cestti Jean Foerster, on the Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Australia; Doug- Nagaraja Harshadeep, Tracy Hart, Karin Kemper, Barbara las Olson, World Bank Principal Water Resources Engineer Miller, Salman Salman, Ashok Subramanian, and Mei Xie and Task Manager for this Briefing Note Series; and Shel- (World Bank staff). anagementM ley McMillan, World Bank Water Resources Specialist. The authors are also deeply grateful to the Bank-Nether- basin Guy Alaerts (Lead Water Resources Specialist) and lands Water Partnership Program (BNWPP) for supporting er Claudia Sadoff (Lead Economist) of the World Bank the production of this Series. riv provided valuable inputs. Introduction ntegratedI The availability of comprehensive water-related data, >A clear and agreed set of rules and procedures for information, models, and systems that allow planners, notifying and consulting on new projects and policies. managers, stakeholders, and the basin community to identify and evaluate problems and solutions is critical Common terms related to this subject include data, in- to successful IRBM. Indeed, the sharing of data between formation, knowledge, and wisdom. What do these terms all groups involved in the water-related planning and mean in a river basin management context? management of a river basin is such a basic criterion that many would say it is pointless to attempt integrated river >Data: Quantifiable and qualitative facts about the char- basin management without it. acteristics of water-related resources (quality, quantity, location, frequency of occurrence, spatial variability) Usually, information systems in a river basin context are >Information: How these data can be assembled into considered adequate if the following four main compo- meaningful patterns for specific purposes nents are present: >Knowledge: Understanding the implications of trends and values in data over time; personal and organiza- >Good data and information on the natural resource tional understanding of resource use practices and base of the basin and its related social environment their impacts and behavior (the human interactions with the natural >Wisdom: Agreement about commonly accepted meth- resources) ods of using water resources to ensure sustainability. >Awell-developedsetofsimulationmodelsandother analytical tools for testing policies, development options, This Briefing Note concentrates on good data and and any particular projects proposed by a basin partner information. Note 5 discuss the translation of data into >A set of decision support tools to present information knowledge and wisdom. The modeling aspects are dis- and the outputs from models in a manner that can be cussed in Note 6, while Note 9 covers project notification, clearly understood by managers and decision makers evaluation, and consultation issues. What Constitutes Good Data? 4 Good data are defined differently by different organiza- tions and people. However sufficient data will be needed to support planning and management efforts, as well as to support real-time, operational systems for river flows, flood monitoring, water quality monitoring, and the like. Comprehensive water resources information systems that underpin good river basin management include data on the following: >Climate - hydro-meteorological, including rainfall and snowfall >Surface water flow >Water usage data >Surface water quality >Groundwater occurrence, volumes, and other related aquifer characteristics >Groundwater quality, >Land use and land condition >Vegetation coverage and condition >Other environmental and catchment information. In addition, there is a range of socioeconomic data and information that must be made available. Each of these data sets has a number of subcomponents. A comprehensive and exhaustive information system would thus involve large amounts of data for each of these areas. However, it is not necessary for a single organization to undertake all these tasks. In most countries, such a single administrative responsibility would be almost impossible to achieve. A vast amount of information is also embedded in completed reports and/or ongoing investigations, which often remains hidden in the organization that undertook the study. The key is coordination at the most suitable level and a good system describing data locations, format, and quality, so that all agencies operating in the basin can read- ily access the data and avoid costly duplication. Why is Information Sharing So Important? 5 If the data and information held in the numerous agencies As budget constraints limit each institution's ability to operating in a basin are not readily available for use by carry on with its own data programs independently, data the basin planners and managers, then models and analyti- sharing occurs much more readily. When cost saving from cal tools become almost useless because adequate feed shared data collection programs become evident, depart- data are absent. ments/ministries begin to cooperate effectively. anagementM Perhaps more importantly, river basin agreements func- The important points are thus: tion most effectively when basin partners come together >River basin agreements are built on mutual interests. basin for mutual satisfaction of their needs and in recognition >Data need to be shared, but sovereign rights must also er that their collaborative efforts are required to resolve be respected (some data will remain confidential). riv basin issues. This demands that data and information be >Progress will occur only at the rate of the most reluctant available to all and provided in a transparent and open partner. manner. In this way, the needs of all partners can be >Progress will occur much more readily when financial ntegratedI understood and balanced decisions and trade-offs made. limitations become evident and force decisions. This applies whether the basin partners are international >Progress will stall without mutual trust, respect, and organizations involving two or more countries, or national confidence among basin partners. organizations involving two or more states/provinces. >Not only must data be shared or managed in common databases, but the type, frequency, and analysis of the Usually, the realization that there is a need to cooperate data must be compatible and useful. This is why a data comes when managers recognize that regional revenue is and information sharing agreement is so important for impacted and that by developing institutional systems, quality assurance of data collection and management. especially in regard to data for the common management of a shared resource, the economic potential for all subre- gions and sectors will increase. Why is "Equitable and Reasonable Utilization of Resources" One of 6 the Cornerstone Concepts of IRBM? The most universal expression of water resource sharing >The effects of the use or uses of the watercourses in one and management on a river basin basis is generally con- watercourse State on the watercourse States, sidered to be the United Nations Convention on the Law >Existing and potential uses of the watercourse, of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercours- >Conservation, protection, development and economy es. The convention was adopted in 1997, although it is still of use of the water resources of the watercourse and the not fully ratified by all relevant countries. It is founded on costs of measures taken to that effect, the principles of "equitable and reasonable utilization." >The availability of alternatives, of comparable value, to Article 5 states: a particular planned or existing use. 1. Water course states shall, in their respective territories 2. In the application of Article 5, watercourse States utilize an international watercourse in an equitable and concerned shall, when the need arises, enter into consulta- reasonable manner. In particular, an international water- tions in the spirit of cooperation. course shall be used and developed by watercourse States with a view to attaining optimal and sustainable utilization 3. The weight to be given to each factor is to be deter- thereof and benefits there from, taking into account the mined by its importance in comparison with that of other interests of the watercourse States concerned, consistent relevant factors. In determining what is a reasonable and with adequate protection of the watercourse. equitable use, all relevant factors are to be considered to- gether and a conclusion reached on the basis of the whole. 2. Watercourse States shall participate in the use, devel- opment and protection of an international watercourse Article 9 states: in an equitable and reasonable manner. Such participa- tion includes both the right to utilize the watercourse and 1. Watercourse states shall on a regular basis exchange the duty to cooperate in the protection and development readily available data and information on the condition thereof, as provided in the present Convention. of the watercourse, in particular that of a hydrological, meteorological hydrogeological and ecological nature and Article 6 states: related to the water quality as well as related forecasts. 1. Utilization of an international watercourse in an equi- 2. If a watercourse state is requested by another water- table and reasonable manner within the meaning of Article course state to provide data or information that is not 5 requires taking into account all relevant factors and readily available, it shall employ its best efforts to comply circumstances including: with the request but may condition its compliance upon payment by the requesting state of the reasonable costs of >Geographic, hydrographic, hydrological, climatic, collecting and processing such data and information. ecological and other factors of a natural character, >The social and economic needs of the watercourse 3. Watercourse states shall employ their best efforts to States concerned, collect and process data and information in a manner >The population dependent on the watercourse in each which facilitates its utilization by the other watercourse watercourse State, states to which it is communicated. figure 4.1 THE TRIANGLE OF MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS 7 anagementM basin er riv ntegratedI Simply put, countries within a basin ­ or states/provinces Data collection, processing, and sharing are addressed in within a basin in one country ­have a moral right to partici- this note. Notification and evaluation are covered in Note 9. pate in the beneficial use of a shared river, and a compli- mentary obligation to cooperate, provided things are done By initially sharing general basin-wide data and in an equitable and reasonable manner. information, and then sharing more specific in- formation about proposed projects, programs, and >Equitable meaning fair, just, not favoring one more policies (known as notification procedures), the than another. basin partners will more readily develop trust and >Reasonable meaning sensible; not asking too much. respect for one another. Participation and cooperation, in turn, hinge largely on open, transparent data and information exchange. This In the case of a World Bank project, it is important for the interrelationship can be presented as a triangle of mutu- basin partners, especially countries within an international ally dependent obligations (figure 4.1). river basin, to commit to share data and information for the long term, not just while the World Bank project in under For this triangle of obligations to be effective, clear rules implementation and supervision. Too often, countries tend and responsibilities are needed for collecting, processing, to retract some of the data sharing once the project is com- and sharing data and information pertaining to all water- pleted. Incentives for data sharing agreements to remain related aspects of a basin. Rules or protocols are also effective in the long term are needed. Improved economic needed to advise on possible impacts of proposed water- conditions resulting from improved IRBM would also go a related projects and policies. long way in ensuring the continuation of data sharing. What are the Rules and Procedures for Sharing Data? 8 Some long-standing or mature river basin organizations of data. Many long-standing basin organizations started rely totally on the general provisions of their agreement this way. The member-states of the Murray-Darling Basin or regulations to define how data should be collected and Commission, for example, started cooperating in basin-wide shared. But with new or restructured organizations, when matters around 1900, but it was not until about 1915 that a there is likely to be a degree of suspicion among the new formal agreement was signed that included agreements on partners, it is more common for the parties to devise a how to share data and information. specific Data and Information Sharing Protocol (or Rules or Procedures). This can be an attachment or annex to the Some of the larger RBOs established many years ago with overall agreement. Then, to operationalize the protocol, a strong planning, construction, and operation roles, such as Data Directory can be developed that explains where data the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States, have are held, what the data cover, what format they are in, what developed separate extensive data networks. However, the is the quality, and who to contact. more recent approach is for the RBO to be the focal point regarding data availability and for the other organiza- How Can a Data Sharing Protocol be Created? tions in the basin to continue to collect and maintain data pertaining to their expert areas and disciplines. The data As mentioned above, the protocol is often an attachment to are then made available to all involved in planning and the basin agreement, but it can be a stand-alone document. management through the RBO. In addition, in the case of new organizations, where infor- mation sharing is a sensitive issue, data protocols are likely In this case, each state/provincial organization that collects to evolve over time as the trust grows. The protocol can and holds relevant data is referred to as the custodian of then be incrementally developed around specific projects that data. It is important that such custodians follow a set and/or needs. of practices to maintain compatibility among the various data sets held throughout the basin. The role of the custo- Unfortunately however, it is still common practice through- dians is similar to that of librarians; they are responsible for out the world for organizations to be secretive about collecting, safely storing, and making available to readers/ their data, based on the notion that data is power ­ and to users accurate and up-to-date information. release information is to relinquish that power. This leads to significant duplication of effort, as each group in a basin, The data sharing protocol should therefore include sections particularly the river basin organization itself, seeks to ob- covering at least the following: tain all the necessary data by establishing its own networks >Principles and objectives and processing and storage facilities. Many river basins in >Type of information to be exchanged developing countries have government administrations > Extent, content, and format of information, and that have limited funds and can support only skeleton data emerging priority needs monitoring networks. In such instances, the absence of >Accountability links ­ who does what, to what quality, data sharing would render a comprehensive approach to and when basin-wide management virtually impossible. But this does >Timing and method of transfer of information not mean that the basin partners cannot begin to cooper- > Responsibility for maintaining databases ­ the ate on some aspects that do not rely on large amounts custodian role 9 >Access to databases ­ classified material/limited or restricted access versus full access >Procedures for access >Requests from basin partners for additional data networks >Dispute resolution. anagementM The views and roles of the key stakeholders also need basin to be considered in defining the extent and nature of the er data. Without a clear definition of the intended use of the riv data, a "collect everything" attitude (if budgets permit) can result in very large and unsustainable information management systems. ntegratedI The discussion that follows presents two different ex- amples: the Murray-Darling Basin Commission (MDBC) in Australia, and Mekong River Commission (MRC) in Southeast Asia. The Murray-Darling Basin Commission's Role In Data Sharing The MDBC oversees water management in a basin located in a highly developed country where institutions have adequate judicial backing to fulfill their mandates, ample capacity in the natural resource sector, adequate budgets, and sufficient political will and support for the basin agreement. These conditions are seldom met in develop- ing countries. Hence the MDBC example should be viewed as a best case situation. Developing countries may be able to meet only a few aspects for data and information sharing. Nonetheless, this still is a successful start, which can improve incrementally with time. Clear statements as to how MDBC acquires data and under what circumstances it can collect data itself have always been present in the MDBC agreement. As such, it has not been necessary to prepare a specific data sharing protocol. Part V of the agreement ­ Investigations, Measurement and The Mekong River Commission's Role in Data Sharing 10 Monitoring ­ covers all aspects of water and related data and stipulates that MDBC: The MRC agreement does not contain specific clauses or >May coordinate, carry out or cause to be carried out, articles that define how and what type of data should be surveys, investigations and studies...along the main stem exchanged or shared. Rather, there are general clauses that of the Murray River as it requires, and within the tribu- require broad participation such as "cooperation in all fields of tary streams and catchment, with the approval of the sustainable development" and "an agreement to promote, sup- particular state, port, cooperate and coordinate in development of the basin." >Must establish and maintain an effective monitoring system to continuously record flow at key sites along the The most specific clause is in regard to the duties of the main river and the tributaries, and the volume of stored Joint Committee (equivalent to a Board of Commissioners). water, to enable proper management of the annual This clause reads: "to regularly obtain, update and exchange water distribution and water accounting and recording information and data necessary to implement the MRC procedures, agreement." However, MRC found that this is not specific >Can adopt the results of any monitoring and data collec- enough to cover the quality and extent of data exchanged, tion undertaken by the member states, or can request the type and extent of processing, and the quality assurance the states to collect some particular data from the issues that have arisen within each of the four member- network that the states operate, countries. Thus the MRC Ministerial Council adopted Rules >Must regularly report to the Ministerial Council on and Procedures for Sharing Data and Information. These are the adequacy and effectiveness of the arrangements reprinted at the end of this note in the annex. adopted for data collection and monitoring, and recom- mend changes if thought necessary to achieve effective The document is brief: three pages long, with seven sections. sustainable river basin management. 1. Preamble 2. Definitions of Key Terms The MDBC agreement therefore contains the necessary 3. Objectives powers and procedures for the data that have been 4. Principles collected by any of the partners to be shared with all. 5. Data and Information Exchange and Sharing The agency that collects, processes, and stores the data 6. Implementation Arrangements also make them available electronically to all the natural a. Custodianship of MRC-information System resource organizations within the member-states and the b. Reporting MDBC. External or private organizations are required to 7. Entry into Force pay a charge to obtain basic data. This cost increases if the data must be processed or analyzed before being made This data sharing protocol is a good example for developing available. (This charge covers the cost of data transfer and river basin organizations. It is relatively simple and short, yet any data analysis and does not usually include a it covers all the attributes and details needed to ensure effec- profit margin.) tive data and information sharing among all basin partners. How Can a Data Directory be Created? 11 What data, information, and reports that are relevant to The creation of a data directory helps prevent the basin management exist within organizations in the basin? costly duplication of effort that occurs when persons are How can the data, information, and reports be accessed, unaware of what data already exist. The actual data are in what form, and at what cost? not contained in the data directory; it describes the nature of the data. This is called meta-data. This directory would An RBO may choose to maintain its own integrated database, detail what data is available, its extent and quality, the anagementM with all or most of the data sets. Alternatively, as is often the time periods and geographical coverage, who should be case, databases may be created and maintained elsewhere. contacted to obtain the data, and the like. The director is basin In both cases, the RBO and the other agencies in the basin an information access system. Eventually, it could be made er must have agreed upon access to the relevant data (through available electronically. riv the sharing protocol) and must also know where to find the various types of data (through the data directory). ntegratedI THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A DATA DIRECTORY SHOULD BE: Component Comments Data set component Nature or description of entry Data set Name of dataset Organization holding the data Location of the organization Description Short description of the database contents Theme word to easily identify database Geographic extent and map reference Currency of data Earliest date of data in the set End date of data Data set progress Status of the data when set created Frequency of changes or additions made Access Format of the stored data Format in which it can be accessed Any restrictions or legal requirements Costing information and pricing policy Data quality Comment on history and processing method, Accuracy, consistency, completeness Contact information Contact details of data custodian Names of people to contact Each organization holding data would complete a question- the required level of detail needed for management 12 naire similar to the format above for each data set. If the decision making RBO is the specified custodian of the data directory, it >Configures the data on the basis of the geographical area could then develop a computerized directory containing all of the basin and its major sub-basin elements (tributary the information and establish Internet or Intranet connec- sub-basins) tions so that all persons, groups, or organizations could >Is capable of coordinating data from different archives access the data in accordance with the policies described in covering different components of the natural resource the Data and Information Sharing Protocol. base, to provide an integrated information output >Maintains consistent data quality standards and compat- The role of the basin organization should be to ensure that ibility criteria across the data network an integrated basin water resources information access >Enables electronic data transfer between all participat- system is developed that: ing organizations >Covers the whole basin >Includes rules and agreements for the exchange of infor- >Includes all water resources and related data sets to mation between data providers and other organizations. How to Move Forward in Information Management: A Few Key Questions >Are existing water-related data being collected and > Are financial resources adequate to support processes processed efficiently and shared among administrations and agreements to collect, analyze, and store data? within the basin? >Can information be readily exchanged among countries, >What type of data is recorded? Is this being done or among states/provinces within one country? If not, systematically? Do the various stakeholders know where why not? Are sharing and exchange limited by poor it is stored and how to access it? Internet access or connection? >Should sharing procedures be formalized through a spe- cific protocol or set of rules? Does a directory need to be established specifying where data are held and their extent and quality? Should this be the responsibility of a RBO or another agency? ANNEX information maintained in the MRC-IS (Information System) to the member countries through MRCS (Mekong River Commission MEKONG RIVER COMMISSION - PROCEDURES FOR DATA AND Secretariat). 13 INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND SHARING Information: data interpreted, processed and refined, and then CONTENT displayed by the competent authorities having ownership or pos- PREAMBLE session thereof, which is required for exchange and sharing for the 1. DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS purpose of the implementation of the Mekong Agreement. 2. OBJECTIVES anagementM 3. PRINCIPLES Standards: guidelines for data handling that are recognized as best 4. DATA AND INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND SHARING practice in their relevant scientific or technical disciplines, with the 5. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS objective to minimize the transaction costs of using data basin 5.1 CUSTODIANSHIP OF MRC-IS er 5.2. REPORTING 2. Objectives riv 6. ENTRY INTO FORCE The objectives of the undertakings under the present Procedures --------- are to: · Operationalize the data and information exchange among the PREAMBLE four MRC member countries; ntegratedI Recognizing the existing cooperation in data and information col- · Make available, upon request, basic data and information for lection, exchange, sharing and management through the Mekong public access as determined by the National Mekong Committees cooperation frameworks from 1957 to date; (NMC's) concerned; and · Promote understanding and cooperation among the MRC member Affirming the imperative for operationalising an effective, reliable countries in a constructive and mutually beneficial manner to and accessible data and information system for the Mekong River ensure the sustainable development of the Mekong River Basin. Commission (MRC) and its member countries to implement the AGREEMENT ON THE COOPERATION FOR THE SUSTAINABLE 3. Principles DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEKONG RIVER BASIN, signed in Chiang In conformity with the provisions of the Mekong Agreement, Rai, Thailand on 5 April 1995, hereinafter referred to as the the data and information exchange and sharing among the MRC "Mekong Agreement"; member countries should be governed by the following principles: Pursuant to the Council Resolution on the Water Utilization · Subject to the laws and regulations in their respective countries, Programme of 18th October 1999, and the Decision of the 13th in particular concerning the national defense or security, and Meeting of the Joint Committee of 8th March 2001, commercial-in-confidence and copy right protection, exchange, on a regular basis, data and information that are necessary to We hereby approve the following procedures for data and informa- implement the Mekong Agreement; tion exchange and sharing: · Data and information exchange and sharing, including the pri- oritization of information needs should be based on an efficient, 1. Definition of Key Terms equitable, reciprocal and cost effective manner. · The data and information contained in the MRC-Information For the purpose of the present Procedures, the following terms System that is maintained by MRCS (hereinafter referred to as shall mean, unless otherwise stated: "the MRC-IS), should be relevant, timely and accurate, and exist in established usable formats for MRC and its member countries Data: representations of facts, in a formalized manner, suitable for through an appropriate network and communication system. communication, interpretation or processing. · Any additional and unavailable data and information that is required from time to time to facilitate MRC activities, programs Data and information exchange: reciprocal transfer of data and and projects will be agreed by the MRC Joint Committee, includ- information among the member countries. ing procedures and cost sharing arrangements for collecting the minimum necessary data at the lowest feasible cost in a timely Data and information sharing: provision of full access to data and and equitable manner. 14 4. Data and Information Exchange and Sharing: The MRC Secretariat shall be responsible, as custodian, for the Each NMC and MRCS shall cooperate with one another in the following: following: (a) Obtaining and updating of required data and information; (b) Managing of this on behalf of the Mekong River Commission 1. Supporting and promoting the implementation of the present (MRC); Procedures; (c) Ensuring proper access to, and maintenance and quality of the 2. Providing data and information to the MRCS, as appropriate and data and information that meet the required standards; where applicable subject to the following requirements: (d) Providing a recognized contact point for the distribution, · Major groups/types of data and information required for imple- transfer and sharing of the data and information; mentation of MRC program/activities and Mekong Agreement, (e) Estimating and collecting cost incurred according to Section 4; inter alia: and · Water Resources; (f) Preparing the MRC guidelines on custodianship and manage- · Topography; ment to be adopted by the MRC Joint Committee. · Natural resources; · Agriculture; The obligations and responsibilities of users, on the use of the · Navigation and Transport; data and information shall be elaborated in the MRC guidelines on · Flood management and mitigation; custodianship and management of MRC-IS. · Infrastructure; · Urbanization/Industrialization; 5.2 Reporting · Environment/Ecology; · Administrative boundaries; and Reports will be made annually by the MRCS to the MRC Joint · Socio-economy; Committee and Council respectively as to the overall effectiveness · Tourism. of the present Procedures, the status of the MRC-IS and the suit- ability of the technical guidelines and standards for ensuring the Standards to be determined by the MRCS and approved by the protection and integrity of the data, information and systems and Joint Committee, including but not limited to: its accessibility and quality, as well as the remedial and rectify- · the format, standardization, classification, and acceptable level of ing measures taken, and recommendations for further guidance data quality; and direction, including modification and amendments of the · Delivery schedules; and Procedures and related guidelines, if any. · Modalities for exchange and sharing. 6. Entry into Force 3. Endeavoring to provide, on a case-by-case basis, historical data required for the implementation of the Mekong Agreement. The present Procedures shall take effect among the member coun- tries on the date of the signature by the MRC Council members. Cost for collecting additional data and information other than those required for the implementation of the MRC projects, pro- grams, and not available shall be borne by any requesting party. Channel of communication shall be made through MRCS. 5. Implementation Arrangements The MRC Joint Committee shall oversee the effective imple- mentation of the present Procedures as required by the Mekong Agreement. 5.1 Custodianship of MRC-IS Abbreviations and Acronyms 15 BDP Basin Development Plan OMVS Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Senegal BET Beneficial Evapo-transpiration (ET) RBO River basin organization CU Consumptive Use SMART goals Goal that are S (Specific), M (Measurable), A (Achievable), DSF Decision Support Framework R (Realistic), and T (Time-based) ERS Environmental Resources Study SW Surface water ET Evapo-transpiration SWOT analysis Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, anagementM GW Groundwater and Threats IRBM Integrated river basin management TBWRC Tarim Basin Water Resources Commission basin KRA Key Result Areas TQM Total Quality Management er LWMP Land and Water Management Plans WSC Water supply corporation riv MDBC Murray-Darling Basin Commission WUA Water user association MRC Mekong River Commission WUP Water Utilization Program NBET Non-beneficial Evapo-transpiration (ET) ntegratedI O&M Operation and maintenance References WEB SITES Groundwater GW-MATE: Groundwater Management Advisory Team Briefing Note Water Resources Management Series. Sectors and themes including: The overall structure of the series is as follows: Coastal and marine management Notes 1 and 2 ­ Broad introduction to the scope of groundwater manage- Dams and reservoirs ment and groundwater system characterization Groundwater Notes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 ­ Essential components of management practice Irrigation and drainage for major aquifers with large groundwater storage under stress from in- River basin management tensive water-supply development for irrigated agriculture and/or urban Transboundary water management water-supply Water and environment Note 8 ­ The protection of potable groundwater supplies Water economics Notes 9, 10, and 15 ­ Planning national and regional action for groundwa- Water supply and sanitation ter resource management Watershed management Notes 13 and 14 ­ Management of smaller-scale water supply development Information and access to the respective Web sites can be found at: in the rural environment http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/ardext.nsf/18ByDocName/Sector- The remainder of the series (Notes 11,12,16, and 17) deals with a number of sandThemes specific topics that pose a special challenge. http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/ardext.nsf/18ByDocName/Sector- Dams sandThemesGroundwaterBriefingNotesSeries Benefit Sharing from Dam Projects, November 2002 http://www-esd.worldbank.org/documents/bnwpp/2/FinalReportBenefit- The Murray-Darling Basin Sharing.pdf Murray-Darling Basin Initiative http://www.mdbc.gov.au/ Good Dams and Bad Dams: Environmental Criteria for Site Selection of Hydroelectric Projects The Living Murray Initiative http://essd.worldbank.org/essdint.nsf/90ByDocName/WorldBankS http:/www.thelivingmurray.mdbc.gov.au/ afeguardPolicies404NaturalHabitatsGoodDamsandBadDamsEnvi ronmentalCriteriaforSiteSelectionofHydroelectricProjects/$FILE/ Heartlands Initiative Good+and+Bad+Dams+final.pdf http://www.ciw.csiro.au/heartlands/partners/index.html Toolkits OTHER SOURCES 16 Benchmarking, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation for Multi-Sector Proj- ects, Gender, Hygiene and Sanitation, Private Sector Participation, Small Barrow, C. J. 1998. "River Basin Development Planning and Management: Towns A Critical Review." World Development 26 (1): 171­86. http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/toolkits.html Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence, and M. A. Salman Salman. 1999. "Inter- Global Water Partnership IWRM Toolbox national Watercourses: Enhancing Cooperation and Managing Conflict." http://gwpforum.netmasters05.netmasters.nl/en/index.html Technical Paper 414F, World Bank, Washington, DC. Water Demand Management Bruning, Stephen D., and John A. Ledingham. 2000. Public Relations as Building Awareness and Overcoming Obstacles to Water Demand Manage- Relationship Management: A Relational Approach to the Study and Prac- ment, Guideline for River Basin and Catchment Management Organiza- tice of Public Relations. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. tions, IUCN http://www.gwpforum.org/gwp/library/River_basin_management_guide- Chenoweth, J. L. 1999. "Effective Multi-Jurisdictional River Basin Manage- line_26Oct2004.pdf ment: Data Collection and Exchange in the Murray-Darling and Mekong River Basins." Water International 14 (4): 368­76. Water Resources and Environment Technical Notes The overall structure of the series is as follows: Chenoweth, J. L., H. M. Malano, and J. F. Bird. 2001. "Integrated River A. Environmental Issues and Lessons Basin Management in the Multi-jurisdictional River Basins: The Case of B. Institutional and Regulatory Issues the Mekong River Basin." International Journal of Water Resources Devel- C. Environmental Flow Assessment opment 17 (3): 365­77. D. Water Quality Management E. Irrigation and Drainage Crano, William D., and Gary W. Silnow. 1987. Planning, Implementing and F. Water Conservation and Demand Management Evaluating Targeted Communication Programs, A Manual for Business G. Waterbody Management Communicators. New York: Quorum Books. H. Selected Topics http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/ardext.nsf/18ByDocName/Sector- Creech, Bill. 1995. The 5 Pillars of TQM: How to Make Total Quality sandThemesWaterandEnvironmentWaterResourcesandEnvironmentTech- Management Work for You. New York: Plume Books. nicalNotes Dinar, Ariel, and D. Marc Kiljour. 1995. "Are Stable Agreements for Water Supply and Sanitation Sharing International River Waters Now Possible?" Policy Research http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/water/index.html Working Paper 1474, World Bank, Agriculture and Natural Resources Department, Agricultural Policies Division, Washington, DC. Dinar, Ariel, and Donna Lee. 1995. "Review of Integrated Approaches to River Basin Planning, Development and Management." Policy Research anagementM basin er riv ntegratedI Copyright © 2006 THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved First printing February 2006 Please check the upcoming WBI training events. www.worldbank.org/wbi/water Integrated Management W O R L D B A N K I N S T I T U T E Promoting knowledge and learning for a better world