E2924 V12 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) AJALI WATER WORKS GULLY EROSION SITE FINAL REPORT (JULY 2014) Prepared by ENUGU STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT (SPMU) NIGERIAN EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT NEWMAP HOUSE 73, COAL CITY GARDEN ESTATE, GRA, ENUGU Phone: +234 80 3341 5539 Email: enugunewmap@gmail.com Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Table of Contents … … … … … … … … … … ii List of Tables … … … … … … … … … … …v List of Figures … … … … … … … … … … … vi List of Plates … … … … … … … … … … … vii List of Boxes … … … … … … … … … … … viii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms … … … … … … … … ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY … … … … … … … … … xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION … … … … … … … …1 1.1 Project Background … … … … … … … … …1 1.2 Objectives of the ESMP … … … … … … … … …1 1.3 Rationale for ESMP … … … … … … … … … …1 1.4 Scope of ESMP … … … … … … … … … …2 1.5 Approach and Methodology … … … … … … … … …2 1.6 Structure of ESMP Report … … … … … … … … …3 CHAPTER TWO: POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK … …4 2.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … …4 2.2 Policy and Legal Framework … … … … … … … …4 2.3 Administrative Framework … … … … … … … …5 2.3.1 Federal MDAs … … … … … … … … …5 2.3.2 State MDAs … … … … … … … … …5 2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies … … … … … … … …5 2.5 International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a party … … … … … … … … … … …5 CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION … … … … … …6 3.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … …6 3.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention Site … … … … … …6 3.3 Nature of the Project … … … … … … … … …6 3.4 Project Objective … … … … … … … … … …7 3.5 Project Components … … … … … … … … …7 3.5.1 Project Components for Finger 1 … … … … … … …7 3.5.2 Project Component for Finger 2 … … … … … … …7 3.6 Project Activities … … … … … … … … … …7 3.6.1 Pre-Construction Phase … … … … … … … …7 3.6.2 Construction Phase … … … … … … … …8 3.6.2.1 Construction Raw Materials … … … … … … …8 3.6.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase … … … … … …8 CHAPTER FOUR: DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE CONDITIONS … … … …9 4.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … …9 4.2 Environmental Setting of the Study Area … … … … … … …9 4.3 Baseline Data Acquisition … … … … … … … … …9 4.3.1 Sampling Locations … … … … … … … …9 4.3.2 Quality Control … … … … … … … … … 10 4.3.3 Sampling Methodology … … … … … … … … 10 4.4 Physical Environment … … … … … … … … … 11 4.4.1 Climate/Meteorology … … … … … … … … 11 4.4.2 Air Quality and Noise Level … … … … … … … 12 4.4.3 Geology and Hydrogeology … … … … … … … 12 ii Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 4.4.4 Surface/Groundwater … … … … … … … … 13 4.4.4.1 Surface Water Hydrology and Drainage … … … … … … 13 4.4.4.2 Surface Water Quality … … … … … … … … 13 4.4.4.3 Ground Water Quality … … … … … … … … 13 4.4.5 Soil Studies … … … … … … … … … 14 4.5 Biological Environment … … … … … … … … … 14 4.5.1 Flora and Fauna … … … … … … … … … 14 4.5.2 Aquatic Ecology … … … … … … … … … 15 4.6 Waste Management … … … … … … … … … 15 4.7 Socio-economics … … … … … … … … … … 15 4.7.1 Sample Determination for Demographic Survey of the Project Area … … 15 4.7.2 Gender and Age of Respondents … … … … … … … 16 4.7.3 Marital Status and Household Size … … … … … … ….16 4.7.4 Education Livelihood and Income … … … … … … … 16 4.7.5 Occupancy Status of Dwelling … … … … … … … 16 4.7.6 Amenities and Infrastructure … … … … … … … 16 4.7.7 Source of Drinking Water and Expenditure on Water … … … … 17 4.7.8 Method of Waste Disposal … … … … … … … 17 4.7.9 Major Industries … … … … … … … … … 17 4.7.10 Religion and Culture … … … … … … … … 17 4.7.11 Land Tenure and Use … … … … … … … … 18 4.7.12 Community Administration … … … … … … … 18 4.7.13 Social organization in relation to gender participation … … … … 18 4.7.14 Existing Grievance Redress Mechanism … … … … … … 18 4.7 15 Health … … … … … … … … … … 18 CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS… … … … 19 5.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 19 5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology … … … … … … … … 19 5.2.1 Impact Identification … … … … … … … … 19 5.2.2 Impact Prediction … … … … … … … … 19 5.2.3 Impact Evaluation … … … … … … … … 19 5.3 Discussion of Significant Potential Environmental and Social Impacts … … 20 5.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts … … … … … … … 20 5.3.1.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts … … … … … 20 5.3.1.2 Potential Positive Social Impacts … … … … … … 21 5.3.2 Potential Negative Impacts … … … … … … … 21 5.3.2.1 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts … … … … … 21 5.3.2.2 Potential Negative Social Impacts … … … … … … 22 CHAPTER SIX: ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES… … … … 31 6.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … 31 6.2 Implementation Options … … … … … … … … 31 6.2.1 No Project Option … … … … … … … … 31 6.2.2 Delayed Project Option … … … … … … … … 31 6.2.3 Immediate Project Option … … … … … … … … 31 6.3 Technological Alternatives … … … … … … … … 32 6.3.1 Land Reclamation by Filling … … … … … … … 32 6.3.2 Civil Engineering Intervention … … … … … … … 32 6.3.3 Vegetation Intervention … … … … … … … … 32 6.3.4 Civil Engineering/ Vegetation … … … … … … … 32 CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN … … 33 7.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … 33 iii Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 7.2 Summary of Potential Impacts … … … … … … … … 33 7.3 Mitigation Measures … … … … … … …. …. … 33 7.4 Monitoring Program … … … … … … … … … 33 7.4.1 Monitoring and Reporting Procedure … … … … … … 38 7.4.1.1 Internal Monitoring … … … … … … … … 38 7.4.1.2 External Monitoring … … … … … … … … 38 7.4.1.3 Reporting … … … … … … … … … 38 7.4.1.4 Record Keeping … … … … … … … … … 38 7.5 Institutional Arrangements … … … … … … … … 39 7.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities … … … … … … … 39 7.5.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) … … … … … 39 7.5.1.2 State Ministry of Environment (SME) … … … … … … 39 7.5.1.3 State Project Management Unit (SPMU) … … … … … 39 7.5.1.4 The World Bank … … … … … … … … 40 7.5.1.5 Contractor … … … … … … … … … 40 7.5.2 Institutional Arrangements … … … … … … … … 46 7.5.3 Capacity Building and Training … … … … … … 46 7.5.3.1 Training of Contractor Personnel … … … … … … 46 7.6 Implementation Schedule … … … … … … … … 47 7.6.1 Contractual Measures … … … … … … … … 47 7.7 Cost Estimates … … … … … … … … … … 48 7.8 ESMP Disclosures … … … … … … … … … 48 CHAPTER EIGHT: PUBLIC CONSULTATION … … … … … … 49 8.1 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … 49 8.2 Approach for Identification and Participation of Stakeholders … … … … … 49 8.3 Summary of Public Consultation … … … … … … …… … 49 8.4 Community Concerns and Perceptions … … … … … …… … 51 8.4.1 Stakeholder Consultation … … … … … … … … 51 8.4.2 Community Perception of Impact of the Gully Erosion in the Project Area … … 51 8.4.3 Perceived Development Needs of the Community and Expectations from the Project … … … … … … … … … … 51 8.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism … … … … … … … … 51 8.6 Recommendations … … … … … … … … … … 52 REFERENCES … … … … … … … … … … … 53 ANNEXES Annex 1: Terms of Reference for the Preparation of ESMP … … … … … … 54 Annex 2: Stakeholders Attendance Sheet … …. … … … … … 56 Annex 3: Summary of Triggered World Bank Environmental and Safeguards Policies … … … … 57 Annex 4: Household Questionnaire for the ESMP of NEWMAP: Socio-Economics … … … 58 Annex 5: General Environmental management for Construction Contract … … … … 61 Annex 6: Stakeholders Attendance Sheet at Community Level … … … … … 64 iv Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 2.1: Relevant Federal / State Policies, Legislations, Regulations and Guidelines … … …4 Table 2.2: International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a Party. …5 Table 4.1: GPS Coordinates of Sampling Points in the Study Area … … … … 10 Table 4.2: Mean Monthly Climatic Conditions in the Study Area (2004-2013) … … … 11 Table 4.3: Field Meteorological Measurements … … … … … … … 11 Table 4.4: Air Quality and Noise Measurements in the Study Area … … … … 12 Table 4.5: Surface water bathymetry in the Study Area … … … … … … 13 Table 4.6: Physico-chemical Properties of Surface and Ground water in the Study Area … … 14 Table 4.7: Physico-chemical Properties of Soil from the Ajali Erosion Site … … … … 14 Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix... 20 Table 5.2: Identification of Potential Impacts of Proposed Project … … … … 23 Table 5.3: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Proposed Project … 26 Table 5.4: Summary of Significant Potential Impacts … … … … … … 30 Table 7.1: Mitigation and Enhancement Plan … … … … … … … 34 Table 7.2: Institutional Responsibilities … … … … … … … 40 Table 7.3 Monitoring Plan … … … … … … … … … 41 Table 7.4: Proposed Training Programme for the Implementation of ESMP … … … 46 Table 7.5: Tentative ESMP Implementation Schedule … … … … … … 47 Table 7.6: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP … … … … … 48 Table 8.1: Summary of Stakeholders Meeting with MDAs and Community … … … … 49 Table 8.2: Summary of Public Consultation with the Nsude (Ajali Works) Community ... … … 50 v Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 3.1: Pictorial Description of the Gully Erosion Site showing the Twin Tank Water Reservoirs … … … … … … … … … …6 Figure 3.2: Sketch showing structural components of the Reinforced Concrete Chute Channel (RCCC) and the Stilling Basin (NEST Engineering Ltd, 2012) … …7 Figure 4.1: Map of Enugu State showing Nsude in Udi LGA, Enugu State … … …9 Figure 4.2: Sampling Location in the Study Area … … … … … … … 10 Figure 4.3: Geologic and Physiographic Map of the Study Area and Its Environs … … … 12 Figure 4.4: Age Categories of Respondents … … … … … … … 16 Figure 4.5: Trend in Education and Family Size over the Project Community … … … 16 Figure 4.6: Sources of Drinking Water by Season of the Year … … … … … 17 Figure 4.7: Methods of Waste Disposal in the Community … … … … … 17 Figure 7.1: Institutional Arrangement for ESMP Implementation … … … … 46 vi Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site LIST OF PLATES PAGE Plate 4.1: Field Assistants taking Air Quality Measurements and Soil Samples at the Study Site … 11 Plate 4.2: Sections of the Vegetation in the Study Area … … … … … … 15 Plate 4.3: Illegal Dumpsite at the Ajali Gully Erosion Site … … … … … 15 Plate 4.4: Women Gathering Brewers waste … … …. …. …. …. … 15 vii Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site LIST OF BOXES PAGE Box 7.1: Roles and Responsibilities of Project Coordinator … … … … … 39 Box 7.2: Roles and Responsibilities of Environmental Safeguard Officer (ESO) … … 39 viii Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan BP Bank Policy BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBOs Community Based Organizations CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CLO Community Liaison Officer DO Dissolved Oxygen EA Environmental Assessment EC Electrical Conductivity EFCZM Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area ESFC Enugu State Forestry Commission ESMARD Enugu State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMWR Enugu State Ministry of Water Resources ESO Environmental Safeguard Officer ESTDA Enugu State Capital Territory Development Authority ESWAMA Enugu State Waste Management Authority ESWC Enugu State Water Corporation FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FMWR Federal Ministry of Water Resources GPS Global Positioning System GRA Government Reserved Area HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HSE Health Safety and Environment IEC International Electrotechnical Commission ISDS Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet ISO International Organisation for Standardization Lexp Exposure Levels LGA Local Government Area Lmax Maximum Noise Levels Lmin Minimum Noise Levels MDAs Ministries Departments and Agencies MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MFMP Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of Montreal Protocol MPN Most Probable Number NCFC Nigerian Construction and Foundation Company ND Not Detected NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NEWMAP Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NGOs Non-Governmental Organization NIHSA Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency NIMET Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIWRMC Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission NWRI National Water Resources Institute OP Operational Policy PAD Project Appraisal Document PAPs Project Affected Persons PC Project Coordinator ix Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site PIM Project Implementation Manual PMU Project Management Unit POVINAA Poverty in Africa alternative PPE Personal Protective Equipment PVC Polyvinyl Chloride RAM Risk Assessment Matrix RAP Resettlement Action Plan RBDAs River Basin Development Authorities RCCC Reinforced Concrete Chute Channel RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SLO Social Livelihood Officer SME State Ministry of Environment SON Standards Organization of Nigeria sp Species SPHM Spoil Handling Management SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SPMU State Project Management Unit TOR Terms of Reference WHO World Health Organization WMP Waste Management Plan UNITS OF MEASUREMENT % Percentage �g Microgramme cfu/ml Colony forming unit per milliliter cm Centimeter cmol/kg Centimoles per kilogram dB Decibel o C Temperature in degrees Celsius o E Degree East o N Degree North kg Kilogramme km Kilometer pH Hydrogen ion concentration ppm Parts per million mm Millimeters m/s Meter per second mg/kg Milligramme per Kilogramme mg/l Milligram per liter m Meter ds/m Decisiemens per meter kN/m Kilonewton per meter km Kilometer CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS Ca Calcium CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate Cl- Chloride CO Carbon Monoxide Cu Copper Fe Iron H2S Hydrogen Sulphide HCN Hydrogen Cyanide K Potassium x Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese Na Sodium NH3 Ammonia NO3 Nitrate NO3- Nitrate ion NOX Nitrogen Oxides Pb Lead AV.P Average Phosphorus PO43- Phosphate SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO42- Sulphates TDS Total Dissolved Solids THC Total Hydrocarbons TSS Total Soluble Solids Zn Zinc xi Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The project currently includes 7 south eastern states, namely Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi and Imo. The development objective of NEWMAP is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-watersheds. The Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site in Nsude, Udi Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State is one of the priority sites for intervention under the Enugu State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (ENUGU-NEWMAP). The rehabilitation works proposed for this site will involve medium-sized civil works which are likely to cause negative environmental and social impacts. In order to minimize these impacts an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared by the Enugu State Government. The overarching objective of the ESMP is to ensure that the environmental and social impacts likely to arise from the project activities are addressed and appropriate mitigation measures are integrated into project implementation and operation in order to protect human and environmental health. Policy, Legal & Administrative Framework The ESMP was prepared in compliance with regulations, guidelines and standards of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), Enugu State legislations on the environment, all other applicable national legislations, the World Bank environmental and social safeguard policies as well as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) to which Nigeria is a party. The relevant policy, legal and administrative framework at both national and international levels is discussed in Chapter Two of the ESMF and is summarized below. Summary of Relevant National Policy and Legal Instruments S/N Policy Instrument Year Provisions 1 National Policy on the Environment 1989 revised 1991 Describes the conceptual framework and strategies for achieving the overall goal of sustainable development in Nigeria. 2 National Erosion and Flood Control Policy 2005 Addresses the need to combat erosion in the country utilizing the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines 3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 1992 Provide guidelines for activities of developmental projects for Act No. 86 which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. 4 Land Use Act 1978 The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state modified in the Federation in the Governor of the state and requires that 1990 such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act. 5 FEPA/FMEnv EIA Procedural Guidelines 1995 Indicates the steps to be followed in the EIA process from project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the project is implemented with maximum consideration for the environment. Triggered World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies The proposed project has triggered the following policies: OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment; OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement; OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitat and OP/BP 17.50: Disclosure of Information. Details of the Bank’s Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies are presented in Annex 3. The project is categorized as a B in accordance to the provisions of the World Bank OP:4.01 on Environmental Assessment. This implies that the potential environmental and social impacts likely to arise will be minor, site-specific and manageable to a reasonable level. Project Description The proposed intervention site, the Ajali Water Works gully erosion site is located in Nsude community in Udi LGA, Enugu State within geographical co-ordinates of 6024’34� N Latitude and 07023’09� E Longitude. The gully erosion has two fingers with a confluence at a point downstream. The first finger of the gully erosion is caused by unchecked/ uncontrolled washout and overflow from a twin tank water reservoir provided in the area by Enugu State Water Corporation (ESWC) for supplying pipe-borne water to Enugu city. The second finger is primarily caused by unchecked local gutter offshoot. The two gully fingers are very active and the gully heads are rapidly approaching two public utilities. The project (intervention) will involve civil engineering works and vegetation to repair and stabilize the gullies in order to restore the integrity of the gullies to effectively channel storm/flood water to the desired watershed. The project components at both fingers of the gully include: xii Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site  Construction of Reinforced Concrete Chute Channels (RCCC) at sites with energy dissipation/stilling basins.  Construction of check-dams complete with rip-rap protection immediately beyond the end of the aprons.  Construction of Collector/inlet drainage channels before the gully head structures with adequately sized cross sections to direct discharge into the gully head structures and down to stilling basins with determinate hydraulic entry conditions. Description of Baseline Conditions Physical Environment The climate in the area is comparatively congenial with mean maximum temperature of 35.70C in the month of March and a mean minimum temperature of 20.00C in the month of December. Rainfall is heaviest during the months of April to October with mean values ranging from 139.3mm and 328.8mm and lowest in February. The wind speed is relatively constant though with slight monthly variation with the highest value of 3.4 m/s is in the month of April and the lowest in the month of November with 2.1 m/s. The air quality in the project area is fairly good as results of the ambient air quality measurement show that most air parameters are within the acceptable limits except for Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) which was slightly above permissible limits in two sampling locations. Noise levels are below the FMEnv regulatory limit. The area is underlain by friable unconsolidated poorly sorted Ajali Sandstone. The bedrocks are predominantly sandy, medium to fine grained, white to grayish and friable with little clay and siltstone bands. The sand unit is highly unconsolidated and this accounts for its susceptibility to gullying. The main surface water body in the area is the Ajali River. All the parameters measured for ground water samples were within acceptable limits except Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (2.01mg/l - 2.10mg/l) and Iron (2.0mg/l - 2.13mg/l). Results of microbial analysis indicate the presence of feacal coliform in the underground water samples. Physico-chemical results for surface water show normal values for all measured parameters except Zinc (1.59mg/l – 2.53mg/l). Microbial results indicate feacal and fungal water contamination. The soil in the area is moderately acidic with high contents of heavy metals including Zinc, Manganese, Copper and Iron which were above FMEnv limits. The soil microbial distribution showed the presence of facultative hydrocarbon degraders. Biological Environment The area is located in the southern margins of the semi tropical rainforest which has been altered by anthropogenic activities such as farming. The existing vegetation is composed of rainforest vegetation such as New bouldialaevis (Ogilisi), and Pentaclethrama crophylla (Oil bean tree) while the wildlife diversity in the study area include python (Eke), Grass cutter (Nchi) and Guinea fowl (Ogazi). Socio-economics The baseline socio-economic and health status of the project areas was obtained through questionnaires, community consultations and key informant interviews. Nsude community has an estimated population of 21,000. The survey covered a total of 67 male and 29 female respondents representing 70% and 30% respectively. The respondents are predominantly adults between 25 to 60 years. Married persons are 81.2%, while the singles constitute about 18%. The project community can be generally classified as being literate with about 90% of the sample population having the ability to read and write. Average household size in the area ranges from 3 to 8. All the respondents dwell in their private/household residences. Livelihood and Income data indicate that presently about 40% of the population are farmers, 45% traders, 10% artisans and 5% are shared into government and company employments. Amenities and infrastructure in the project area include primary and secondary schools, healthcare facilities, electricity supply and road transportation. Community members are in acute need of drinking water. About 58% of the respondents depend on rain fed water during the rainy season while 36% buy from commercial vendors all year round. Land in the project area is owned by households and community but can be acquired by government for the overriding public interest as enshrined in the Land Use Act. Grievances and civil cases are resolved by a local grievance redress system through the traditional governance structure. Malaria and Typhoid are the most common sickness that finds re- occurrence in most of the households. Summary of Impacts Impacts assessment of the project was carried out and the identified social and environmental issues associated with different project activities were characterized and evaluated to determine the level of significance. The project is expected to have highly positive environmental and social impacts. However, the intervention works will inevitably have some negative impacts that will largely be localized, short in duration, occurring within xiii Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site less sensitive environmental areas and manageable. The significant potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the project during the different phases are summarized below. Summary of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Potential Positive Impacts Potential Negative Impacts Environmental Erosion management and gully rehabilitation Deterioration of air quality Soil stabilization and regeneration Noise generation Reduction in the phenomenon of erosion in the project area Surface and ground water contamination Restoration of vegetative cover and ecosystem vegetation Loss Improved ecological balance and biodiversity conservation Ecosystem disturbance & displacement/destruction of fauna Improved microclimatic conditions Soil erosion/loss of soil quality Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity Soil contamination Reduced siltation in the Ajali River with resultant preservation of Waste generation ecosystem and aquatic life Social Availability of community land for alternative development Conflicts and crises over land resettlement and benefits Preservation of public infrastructures Traffic congestion Employment of labour; improved livelihood/welfare Disruption of public utility services Reduction of disaster risk in the project area Land dispute and communal clash Reduced mortality/morbidity Occupational/public health and safety issues Diversification of livelihood and increased productivity Analysis of Project Alternatives The project intervention was analysed in the context of both implementation options and technological alternatives. The� immediate project� option and “Civil Engineering/Vegetation “approach were considered most viable and recommended for implementation. Environmental and Social Management Plan The ESMP outlines the measures to be taken during project implementation and operation to control adverse environmental and social impacts and the actions needed. The ESMP components include recommended mitigation measures, description of monitoring program; institutional arrangement including capacity building; Implementation schedule; and Cost estimates. Mitigation Measures Feasible, practical and cost effective measures to reduce the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels have been developed. These measures are described in Table 7.1. and mainly relate to the adoption of best environmental practices in the design, construction and operations of the project. Consequently the mitigation measures will be included in the bid and contract documents for the successful enterprise to implement. Some of the key mitigation measures proposed in the ESMP include; suppression of dust emissions, proper maintenance of vehicles and machinery, fitting of exhaust mufflers/silencers, control of oil spillages, storm and flood water, installation of sediment retention basins/silt fences, proper management of spoils, selective land clearance and re-vegetation. Other measures include adoption of best engineering practices, preparation and implementation of Waste Management Plan (WMP) and site specific Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Plan to address occupational health issues. Monitoring Program In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, an environmental performance monitoring program has been designed to ensure implementation and check effectiveness of recommended mitigation measures. Internal and external monitoring will be conducted to ensure compliance with the ESMP. The detailed proposed mitigation measures and related monitoring activities are provided in the Monitoring Plan in Table 7.3. Institutional Arrangements The implementation of this ESMP requires the involvement of various institutions and stakeholders fulfilling roles to ensure sound environmental management during the life cycle of the project. The institutional arrangement as well as the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions and persons that will be involved in the implementation, monitoring and review of the ESMP are discussed in Section 7.5. They include FMEnv, SME, State Project Management Unit (SPMU), World Bank, Contractor as well as other federal and state MDAs. The Project Coordinator will be responsible for the overall implementation of the ESMP and ensuring that the environmental and social requirements are satisfied. xiv Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Capacity Building and Training Capacity building measures will be required to ensure that institutions involved in implementing the various ESMP components have the necessary knowledge and skills to fulfil their roles. The broad areas of capacity building and proposed training programme are presented in Table 7.4. The cost for capacity building is estimated at US$48,750 (N7,800,000). Implementation Schedule The activities related to environmental management and monitoring will be integrated in the overall construction schedule. The key elements of the implementation schedule are presented in Table 7.6. Cost Estimate The total cost to implement the ESMP is estimated at US$149,160 (N23,865,600). The breakdown is as shown below: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP S/N Item Responsibilities Estimated Budget Dollars Naira 1 Mitigation Contractor To be included in contract cost ENUGU-NEWMAP 9,500 1,520,000 2 Monitoring ENUGU- NEWMAP, SME, ESMANR, 90,910 14,545,600 ESWC, ESWAMA, ESML, FMEnv, NESREA, FRSC, ESTMA, Police, WB 3 Capacity Building ENUGU-NEWMAP 48,750 7,800,000 Total 149,160 23,865,600 ESMP Disclosure ESMP will be disclosed to the public through the FMEnv, SME and host LGA offices as well as the World Bank Info Shop. Public Consultation Consultation was carried out at different levels with relevant stakeholders and members of the community. These included: State MDAs, Traditional Rulers, Community Leaders, Community Association Members, Women Groups, Youths and NGOs/CBOs. Community Concerns and Perceptions Community members in the project area expressed their concern about the menace of gully erosion in the community. They reiterated that previous measures for handling erosion in the Ajali water work land had failed because of the peculiar fragile nature of soil in the area. They advised that in addition to creating embankment and drainage, NEWMAP should consider finding bio-natural measures of combating erosion (such as forestation) that will help soil stabilization in the area. They expressed their desire for rapid intervention and completion of the project, and willingness to cede the affected land area to NEWMAP for erosion control work. They also promised to cooperate with the project sponsor by providing security and any relevant information that could be required. Concerns were also raised about the activities of migrant herdsmen in the area. They requested government to prohibit cattle grazing on the community lands. They also want to be carried along at all the stages of the project and be provided employment. Recommendations The recommendations drawn from the views expressed by stakeholders include the following:  Priority should be given to local workers as this would lead to fewer public health problems at community levels.  Enugu NEWMAP should keep in view other critical erosion sites in the community.  There is need to carry the community along during project implementation.  The issues of activities of herdsmen and overgrazing to be raised to the state government.  There is need to rehabilitate the Ajali waterworks to provide portable water to the community.  Site committee to be drawn to be drawn from the community and trained to supervise, maintain and manage the project during and after intervention phase to ensure sustainability. xv Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by states and activities implemented by the Federal Government. The project currently includes 7 south eastern states, namely Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi and Imo. The development objective of NEWMAP is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-watersheds. The Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site in Nsude, Udi Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State is one of the priority sites for intervention under the Enugu State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (ENUGU-NEWMAP). The rehabilitation works proposed for this site will involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gully, as well as small works in the upper watershed where gullies form and expand. These civil works raise environmental and social safeguards concerns and have triggered the World Bank’s safeguard policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01. At the national level, the environmental and social safeguard concerns are being addressed through two instruments already prepared under the project: Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). Now that the specific intervention at the Ajali Water Works gully erosion site has been clearly identified, the Enugu State Government is required to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to translate these framework instruments into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions. An ESMP is a management tool used to ensure that undue or reasonably avoidable negative impacts of proposed projects are prevented and positive impacts are enhanced. It details the set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation of a project to eliminate negative environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. This Report presents the ESMP for the Ajali Water Works gully erosion site project to be implemented by the Government of Enugu State. 1.2 Objectives of the ESMP The overarching objective of the ESMP is to ensure that the environmental and social impacts likely to arise from the project activities are addressed and appropriate mitigation measures are integrated into project implementation and operation in order to protect human and environmental health. The specific objectives of the ESMP are to: - Comply with applicable national environmental legislations, standards and guidelines as well as the World Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies; - Achieve and demonstrate sound environmental performance based on the principle of continual improvement; - Identify potential positive and negative impacts that may arise from the implementation and operation of the project; - Proffer management actions that need to be implemented in order to mitigate the negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the project; - Propose environmental monitoring programmes that will ensure that mitigation measures are implemented and effective during project execution and timely corrective actions are taken where required; - Propose institutional arrangements, incorporating roles and responsibilities of stakeholders involved in management actions and monitoring; - Describe capacity building and training requirements for effective implementation of the ESMP; - Outline the implementation schedule and reporting procedures for the ESMP; - Communicate environmental and social expectations and requirements throughout the project life cycle; and - Ensure the allocation of sufficient resources for effective implementation. 1.3 Rationale for ESMP The proposed rehabilitation works at the Ajali water works gully erosion site is classified as a Category B project according to the World Bank’s Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment OP 4.01. The categorization is justified on the basis of the potential negative impacts of the project on the biophysical and 1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site social environment. The OP 4.01 when triggered requires that an ESMP be prepared that will ensure environmental and social sustainability of the project. 1.4 Scope of ESMP The scope of the ESMP as derived from the Terms of Reference (TOR) in Annex 1includes the following:  Brief description of project activities including engineering designs and vegetative land management measures aimed at reducing or managing runoff within the sub-watershed;  Discussion of pertinent policies, regulations and standards governing environmental quality and administration as it relates to the project i.e. Federal and State Policies, Laws, Regulations, Decrees , Acts, and Guidelines;  Discussion of World Bank safeguard policies triggered by the project;  Description of the environmental baseline conditions and socioeconomic characteristics of the project area;  Public consultation with stakeholders including affected persons within the project location;  Identification of potential impacts associated with pre-construction, construction, operational and maintenance phases;  Qualification of potential impacts, prediction and evaluation of their significance using appropriate methods;  Development of a comprehensive ESMP, including management actions and monitoring plan;  Description of institutional arrangements for carrying out mitigation and monitoring measures, including roles and responsibilities;  Description of capacity building and technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation;  Discussion of the implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project and reporting procedure; and  Provision of expected cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP. 1.5 Approach and Methodology This ESMP was prepared in accordance with the World Bank safeguard policies and the Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines and procedures. The preparation of the ESMP was guided by the ESMF for NEWMAP. The methodology essentially entailed: Literature Review/Desktop studies, Field studies, Public consultations and Preparation of ESMP Report.  Literature Review/Desktop Studies Literature review and desktop studies were undertaken to obtain information on the proposed project and ecological conditions in the project area. The documents reviewed included: ESMF, RPF, Project Implementation Manual (PIM), Project Appraisal Document (PAD) Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (ISDS), World Bank’s safeguard policies, relevant federal/state laws, regulations, policies and guidelines, proposed civil engineering designs and other relevant literature.  Field Studies Field studies were carried out with a view to gather additional information on the baseline environmental and social conditions that may potentially be affected during project implementation and operation. This involved in-situ measurements, collection of samples for laboratory analysis, questionnaire administration and oral interviews.  Public Consultations Consultations were held with stakeholders including the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and vulnerable groups within the project area. Through this process, stakeholders concerns were addressed, views and inputs as regards the likely environmental and social impacts of the project and proposed mitigation/enhancement measures were obtained. The institutional arrangement and capacity need for implementation and monitoring of the ESMP to ensure that action plans/recommendations of this ESMP are effectively carried out by the relevant stakeholders were also identified. Stakeholders from relevant State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs), community groups and leaders were consulted. These included: Enugu State Ministry of Environment (SME), Water Corporation (ESWC), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (ESMARD), Ministry of Land and Urban Development (ESMLUD), Economic Planning Commission (EPC) and representatives of 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site NGOs/CBOs such as Poverty in Africa Alternative (POVINAA) and Clement-Gloria Foundation and Nsude Town Union. Please see Annex 2 for the list of stakeholders consulted during the preparation of the ESMP. 1.6 Structure of ESMP Report The ESMP Report is structured into eight chapters as follows: Chapter One: provides a background to the project and discusses the objectives, scope, approach and methodology for the preparation of the ESMP and the structure of the Report. Chapter Two: describes the policy, legal and administrative framework for environmental and social management as well as the triggered World Bank safeguard policies. Chapter Three: provides a brief summary of the proposed project, and highlights the project objectives, components and activities of the different phases of the project. Chapter Four: presents the baseline information on the existing environmental and socio-economic characteristics of the project. Chapter Five: identifies the potential environmental and social impacts that may be associated with the project. Chapter Six: discusses project alternatives. Chapter Seven: discusses the ESMP, prescribes mitigation and enhancement measures, presents the monitoring plan and outlines the roles, responsibilities and cost of implementing the management actions and monitoring plan. Chapter Eight: discusses the public consultation process and highlights the concerns, feedback and recommendations proffered by stakeholders. 3 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER TWO: POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction The policy, legal and administrative framework at both national and international levels is adequately described in the publicly disclosed ESMF for NEWMAP. This chapter therefore presents a summary of the policy and regulatory instruments relevant to the proposed project. 2.2 Policy and Legal Framework Environmental management in Nigeria is based on the national Policy on the Environment and various environmental legislations, regulations and guidelines. The relevant regulatory instruments as discussed in Chapter Two of the ESMF document are summarized in Table 2.1 below. Table 2.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislations, Regulations & Guidelines S/N Policy Instrument Year Provisions 1 National Policy on the Environment 1989 Describes the conceptual framework and strategies for revised achieving the overall goal of sustainable development in 1991 Nigeria. 2 National Erosion and Flood Control Policy 2005 Addresses the need to combat erosion in the country utilizing the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines, developed by the WIC Environmental Committee which was set up to plan an operational platform for these issues. Legal / Regulatory Instrument Year Provisions 3 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 1992 Provide guidelines for activities of developmental projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs. 4 Land Use Act 1978 The Act vests all land comprised in the territory of each state modified in the Federation in the Governor of the state and requires that 1990 such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act. 5 Forestry Act 1994 Provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves. 6 Endangered Species Act 1985 Provides for the conservation and management of Nigeria’s wildlife and the protection of some of her endangered species in danger of extinction as a result of over-exploitation 7 FEPA/FMEnv EIA Procedural Guidelines 1995 The Procedural Guidelines indicate the steps to be followed in the EIA process from project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the project is implemented with maximum consideration for the environment. 8 National Guideline and Standard for Environmental 1991 Provide guidelines for management of pollution control Pollution Control measures 9 S.I.8 National Environmental Protection (Effluent 1991 The regulation makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to Limitation) Regulations install anti-pollution equipment, makes provision for effluent treatment and prescribes a maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed. 10 S.I.9 National Environmental Protection (Pollution 1991 Imposes restrictions on the release of toxic substances and and Abatement in Industries in Facilities Producing stipulates requirements for monitoring of pollution. It also Waste Regulations) makes it mandatory for existing industries and facilities to conduct periodic environmental audits. 11 S.I.15 National Environmental Protection 1991 Regulates the legal framework for the effective control of the (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) disposal of toxic and hazardous waste into any environment Regulations within the confines of Nigeria. 12 Urban and Regional Planning Decree No. 88 1993 Planned development of urban areas (to include and manage waste sites). 13 Workmen Compensation Act 1987 Occupational Health and Safety reviewed 2010 14 Public Health Law - Covering Public health matters 15 Enugu State Environmental Protection Regulations 2004 Focuses on the protection of the rural and urban environment in the state 16 Environmental Sanitation Edicts, Laws and - General environmental health and sanitation. Enforcing Enforcement Agencies necessary laws. 17 State Waste Management Law 2004 Ensures proper disposal and clearing of wastes 4 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 2.3 Administrative Framework 2.3.1 Federal MDAs The federal MDAs primarily responsible for regulating and monitoring environmental issues at the federal level include the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). Other federal MDAs relevant to the project include the Federal Ministry of Water Resources (FMWR) and its agencies such as River Basin development Authorities (RBDAs), National Water Resources Institute (NWRI), Nigeria Integrated Water Resources Management Commission (NIWRMC) and the Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA). The roles and responsibilities of these MDAs are discussed in Section 5.2 of the ESMF document. 2.3.2 State MDAs  Enugu State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources The Enugu State Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources established in 2004 has the responsibility for the general protection and development of the environment, conservation of biodiversity, natural resources and sustainable development of the State. The Ministry oversees the Enugu State Waste Management Authority (ESWAMA), Enugu State Capital Territory Development Authority (ESTDA) and the Enugu State Forestry Commission (ESFC). Other state MDAs relevant to the project include ESMARD, Enugu State Ministry of Water Resources (ESMWR) and its agency the ESWC. The roles and responsibilities of the State MDAs are also discussed in section 5.2 of the ESMF document. 2.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank has 10+1 Environmental and Social safeguard policies, designed to help prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process and ultimately ensuring that environmental and social issues are addressed through the project cycle of a World Bank – financed project. The Bank’s operational policies as applicable to NEWMAP are discussed in Section 2.3.1 of the ESMF document. Specifically, the proposed project has triggered the following policies: i. OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment ii. OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement iii. OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitat iv. OP/BP 17.50: Disclosure of Information Detailed description and applicability of the triggered policies is presented in Annex 3. 2.5 International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a party Some of the international Treaties and Conventions on environment to which Nigeria is a party is summarized in Table 2.2 below. Table 2.2: International Treaties and Conventions on Environment to which Nigeria is a Party S/N Treaties and Conventions Year Agreement 1. The United Nations Environmental 1972 Provide guidelines for protecting the integrity of the global Guidance Principles environment and the development system 2. Montreal Protocol on Substances that 1987 An international treaty to eliminate Ozone depleting chemical production deplete the Ozone Layer and consumption. 3. United Nations Convention on Biological 1992 Places general obligations on countries to observe sustainable use and Diversity equitably share the plants and animals of the earth 4. United Nations Framework Convention on 1994 It calls on developed countries and economies to limit her emissions of Climate Change the greenhouse gases which cause global warming 5. Convention on International Trade in 1973 Restricts the trade of fauna and flora species termed as endangered Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and species Flora 6. Convention on Conservation of Migratory 1979 Stipulates actions for the conservation and management of migratory species of Wild animals (Bonn species including habitat conservation Convention) 7. Vienna Convention for the Protection of 1985 Places general obligation on countries to make appropriate measures to the Ozone Layer protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting from human activities which tend to modify the ozone layer 5 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 Introduction This chapter provides a brief description of the proposed intervention site and project, including the nature of the project, its location, objective, components and project activities in all the phases of the project. 3.2 Description of the Proposed Intervention Site Ajali Water Works gully erosion site is located in Nsude community in Udi LGA, Enugu State. It is within geographical co-ordinates of 6024’34� N Latitude and 07023’09� E Longitude. This gully erosion has two fingers with a confluence at a point downstream. The length is about 800m long with the width varying from 15 m to 25 m and depth ranging from 6m to 15m. The length of the finger 2 gully is approximately 350m until it confluences with finger 1 gully. Its depth varies from 3m at the gully head to 6m at the confluence point. The first finger of the gully erosion is caused by unchecked/ uncontrolled washout and overflow with estimated discharge of 1.34 m3/s from a twin tank water reservoir provided in the area by Enugu State Water Corporation (ESWC) for supplying pipe-borne water to Enugu city. The second finger is primarily caused by unchecked local gutter offshoot. The catchment area for finger 2 is 0.023 km2 which generates an estimated discharge of 0.5 m3/s into the gully. The two gully fingers are very active and the gully heads are rapidly approaching two public utilities – the water storage reservoir and an important local access road in the area through which people get to the Seminary School and nearby communities in this part of Udi LGA. The pictorial description of the Ajali Waterworks gully erosion site is shown in Figure 3.1 below. Figure 3.1: Pictorial Description of the Gully Erosion Site showing the Twin Tank Water Reservoirs 3.3 Nature of the Project The project will involve civil engineering works and vegetation to repair and stabilize the gullies in order to restore the integrity of the gullies to effectively channel storm/flood water to the desired watershed. It will entail stabilisation of the gully heads using hydraulic control structures comprising of Reinforced Concrete Chute Channel (RCCC) with stilling basin otherwise known as concrete reservoir. These structures will serve to channel flood water into the gullies and control the velocity and hence the energy of the flood water. To further dissipate the energy of the flood water along the gully channels, gabions check dams, rip-raps as well as vegetation will be introduced. The gabions check dams and rip-raps will ensure that the energy of water flow along the channel is kept below the threshold of the uprooting strength of the proposed vegetation. Consequently, some of the slow moving flood water along the channel will infiltrate into the soil thereby reducing the volume of surface runoffs. 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 3.4 Project Objective The objective of the project at Ajali Waterworks gully site is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce vulnerability to soil erosion. 3.5 Project Components The project components at both gully heads are: 3.5.1 Project Components for Finger 1  Construction of 1 number RCCC of 15 m total elevation drop at site with energy dissipation/stilling basin. The RCCC is made of reinforced concrete chute with stilling basin.  Construction of 15 number check-dams of maximum drop height of 2 m complete with reno mattress and rip-rap protection immediately beyond the end of the apron.  Construction of Collector/inlet drainage channel 5 m before the finger 1 gully head structure with adequately sized cross sections to direct discharge from the circular discharge water pipe from the reservoirs into the gully head structure and down to stilling basin with determinate hydraulic entry conditions. Figure 3.2 shows the arrangement of the structural components of the project. ua = Approach speed ls = Base length of chute channel ha = Approach depth of flow lb = Length of dissipation basin u1 = Pre-hydraulic jump speed lc = Base length of Apron outlet h1 = Pre hydraulic depth of flow lo = Length of outlet channel Hw = Tail water maintenance height ht = height of hydraulic jump H = Effective drop height ut = speed of flow within the basin H’ = Physical drop height Figure 3.2: Sketch showing Structural Components of the RCCC and the Stilling Basin (NEST Engineering Ltd, 2012) 3.5.2 Project Components for Finger 2  Construction of 1 number RCCC of 3 m total elevation drop at site with energy dissipation/stilling basin. The RCCC is made of reinforced concrete chute with stilling basin.  Construction of 2 number check-dams of maximum drop height of 2 m, complete with rip-rap protection immediately beyond the end of the apron.  Construction of Collector/inlet drainage channel 2.5 m long before the finger 2 gully head structure with adequately sized cross sections to direct discharge from the roadside gutter into the gully head structure and down to stilling basin with determinate hydraulic entry conditions. 3.6 Project Activities The proposed work will be carried out in three phases namely; Pre-construction, Construction and Operational and Maintenance phases. 3.6.1 Pre-Construction Phase Prior to the commencement of the construction work at the erosion site, surveyors would mark the boundaries of the working areas around the gullies. It is estimated that the construction work will claim up to 8m of land from the edges of the gullies. Consequently, vegetation that falls within the working areas will be cleared. In addition, areas around the project site will be cleared to allow for creation of access road to the site, mobilisation of trucks, vehicles and other equipment as well as installation of camp offices and workshops. 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 3.6.2 Construction Phase The activities during construction will include: Excavation of earth at the gully heads and along gully channels as well as excavation of borrow pits, Filling and backfilling of excavated areas, Installation of gabion check dams, Concrete works consisting of construction of RCCC and the stilling basin and Planting of trees and grasses at locations in between the gabion check dams. 3.6.2.1 Construction Raw Materials  The fill material will be taken from borrow areas located less than 2 km away.  Materials for drains and filter will be extracted from the rocky zones of the region or from any official natural quarry.  Rock for gabions and rip-rap will be extracted from the granitic or calcareous rocky zones of the region or from any official natural quarry.  Wire mesh for gabion check dams will be sourced from corporate suppliers.  Cement will be sourced from local manufacturers.  Aggregates will be extracted from any official natural quarries (stone or sand). 3.6.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase Despite the durability of the construction materials and the reliability of the design, close monitoring of the facilities is necessary to ensure the integrity of the components is not compromised by natural or external factors. Some community members represented on the Site Committee will therefore need to be trained to monitor and maintain the facilities. Routine surveillance and maintenance of the facilities is necessary to address issues of siltation, deforestation and waste generation. Regular silt and waste removal will enhance the efficiency of the gabions. The planted vegetation along the channels needs to be nurtured so as to allow them to propagate as desired. 8 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER FOUR: DESCRIPTION OF BASELINE CONDITIONS 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents baseline information on the existing (pre-project) environmental and socio-economic characteristics of the project area of influence, against which likely project impacts can be measured and compared. The information provided was obtained from primary and secondary sources including field studies carried out on the 20th – 23rd March, 2014. The baseline information covers the following environmental and social components:  Physical Environment: (climate/meteorology, air quality, geology/ hydrogeology, surface/groundwater & soils)  Biological Environment: (flora & fauna, endemic/ rare & endangered species, sensitive habitats, etc.)  Socio-economic and Cultural Environment: (demographics, livelihood and income, community structures, land tenure/use, cultural properties – historical/archaeological sites, health, etc.) 4.2 Environmental Setting of the Study Area The study area is located at Nsude community in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State and lies within latitude 6024’34�N and longitude 7023’09�E. It has an undulating topography with rounded elevation of limited extent, rising up to 1,000m at Nsude Hill. Geographically, the study area is bounded to the north by the highly populated 9th Mile Corner and Enugu town to the east. Figure 4.1 shows the study area in Udi LGA, Enugu State. Insert is the map of Nigeria showing Enugu State. Figure 4.1: Map of Enugu State showing Nsude in Udi LGA, Enugu State Source: Field Cartography Mapping 4.3 Baseline Data Acquisition The baseline data acquisition took cognizance of the following: 4.3.1 Sampling Locations The sampling points were geo-referenced using Global Positioning System (GPS) Garmin model 76CSX and the map showing the study area. The overriding considerations in the selection of sampling points included ecological features, geographical location of communities/settlements within the project area and accessibility. Control points were situated in undisturbed areas outside the project area but within the same ecological zone. Table 4.1 shows the coordinates of the sampling points and the biophysical components sampled, while Figure 4.2 shows the sampling locations in the study area. 9 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Table 4.1: GPS Coordinates of Sampling Points in the Study Area Sample No. Sample Code Sample Coordinate Component Sampled STATION 1 1 AGES-01 06024’38.3�N, 007023’04.2�E Soil 2 AGES-02 06024’47.4�N, 007023’05.1�E Soil, Air & Noise 3 AGE-03 06024’36.6�N, 007023’02.7�E Soil, Air & Noise STATION 2 4 AGES-04 06024’30.1�N, 007022’56.8�E Soil, Air & Noise 5 AGES-05 06024’33.6�N, 07022’54.3�E Soil STATION 3 6 AGES-06 60 22’ 36.9�N, 70 17’ 51.4�E Upstream (Water, Air and Noise) AGES-07 60 22’ 58.7�N, 70 18’ 15.5�E Mid-stream (Water) 7 AGES-08 60 22’ 48.5�N, 70 18’ 05.4�E Downstream (Water, Air & Noise) 8 AGES-Control 060 22’ 46.8�N, 070 18’ 5.5�E Soil, Air & Noise – Control 9 AGES-09 06025’58.2�N, 07025’14.6�E Groundwater 10 AGES-10 Groundwater Source: Fieldwork 2014 Figure 4.2: Sampling Location in the Study Area 4.3.2 Quality Control Quality assurance measures were applied during the field study. Samples were collected, handled and analysed in accordance with FMEnv guidelines and international protocols. 4.3.3 Sampling Methodology  Climate & Meteorological Studies The meteorological data of the project area were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) whilst the prevailing climatic conditions were assessed in-situ.  Air Quality Studies Ambient air sampling was carried out at six different locations between the hours of 9.00am and 5.00pm. Short average times (1hr) were used with appropriate and optimum flow rates for each parameter. The air quality parameters determined were: Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S),) and Ammonia (NH3).  Noise Measurement Noise levels were measured using the precision Sound Level Meter (Bruel & Kjaer) Type 2203 with an attached octave Band Filter (B&K) Type 1613. Measurement of minimum noise levels (Lmin), maximum noise levels (Lmax) as well as noise exposure levels, (Lexp) were recorded at six sampling points between the hours of 9.00am and 4.00pm on hourly basis.  Soil Studies (Physico-chemistry & Microbiology) Surface and sub- soil samples were collected within a soil depth of 0 - 15cm and 15 - 30cm at geo-referenced locations using the Dutch Hand Auger. Soil samples for physico-chemical analyses were collected in polyethylene bags and wrapped in aluminum foil. Samples for microbial analyses were collected in sterilized 100 ml McCartney bottles and stored in a cool box. A total of (6) soil samples were collected. 10 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Plate 4.1: Field Assistants taking air quality measurements and soil samples at the study site  Surface & Ground Water Studies (Physico-chemistry & Microbiology) Water samples were collected from surface and underground water points across the project area. Clean sampling bottles and sterile 20 ml plastic containers were used to collect surface water samples at the designated geo-referenced locations. Amber bottles of 250ml capacity were used to collect water samples for heavy metals. These samples were acidified to pH of 2 in the field using concentrated nitric acid. Fast changing physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Temperature were measured in the field using the Corning M-90 Checkmate Deluxe field system. These samples were preserved by storing in ice-filled cooler boxes before transportation to the laboratory. A total of three (3) surface water samples and two (2) ground water samples were collected for laboratory analyses of various parameters.  Hydrobiology Studies Physical features of the water body in the project area including, depth profiles, width, current velocity and direction were determined. The prevailing use of the surface water was determined by physical observation and interviews.  Flora & Fauna Studies The study adopted the full characterization of the flora site to assess the vegetation in the study area. A 5 x 50m2 quadrant was selected randomly for the collection of full floristic and structural information. A species list defining the floristic assemblages was recorded as much as possible and unrecognized species were collected for identification in approved laboratories. Plants were examined in vivo for signs and evidence of environmentally induced stress as well as disease conditions. Information on fauna was acquired by direct/ indirect sighting of animals and interviews/discussions with natives and residents within and around the project area. 4.4 Physical Environment 4.4.1 Climate /Meteorology The project area falls within the same climatic conditions as Enugu town. The climate is comparatively congenial and particularly equable in the hilly and ecologically transitional region of Nsukka area. The ten year (2004 – 2013) monthly average climatic conditions for the study area as measured by NIMET and in situ weather parameters are shown in Tables 4.2 and 4.3. Table 4.2: Mean Monthly Climatic Conditions in the Study Area (2004 – 2013) Climatic Condition Months JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Temperature Max. 0C 33.6 35.1 35.7 33.6 32.0 30.7 29.7 29.5 30.0 31.0 32.7 33.2 Temperature Min. 0C 21.3 23.9 24.9 24.0 23.1 22.5 22.4 22.3 22.2 22.1 21.9 20.0 Rainfall (mm) 17.0 12.8 40.8 139.3 278.1 275.0 260.4 245.8 328.8 216.8 37.7 35.6 Relative Humidity (%) 54 61 69 78 82 85 86 85 87 84 73 64 Wind Speed m/s 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.6 Source: NIMET (2014) Table 4.3: Field Meteorological Measurements Parameter AGES-02 AGES-03 AGES-04 AGES-06 AGES-07 AVERAGE AGES-Control Temperature 31.5 32.2 32.2 30.2 30.1 31.2 27.4 (oC) Relative Humidity 45.5 40.5 45.1 46.5 57.5 47.0 68.5 (%) Pressure 747.1 747.1 747.3 747.3 747.1 747.2 747.3 (mmHg) Wind Speed 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 (m/s) Source: Fieldwork, 2014 11 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site  Temperature The hottest period falls within the months of November and March with mean maximum temperatures of 32.70C – 35.70C. The highest mean monthly temperature is observed in March with 35.70C while the lowest mean monthly temperature is in December with 20.00C.  Rainfall & Relative Humidity Rainfall is heaviest during the months of April to October. The month of September has the heaviest rains with a mean value of 328.8 mm and the lowest in February with a mean rainfall value of 12.8 mm. The heavy rainfall play an important role in soil erosion by carrying away the soil damaged by the agents of environmental denudation, thus destroying the soil in the study area that serves as farmlands and habitation. The mean relative humidity is highest in September with 87%, corresponding to the same month of heaviest rainfall. It is also comparatively low during the dry season with a minimum of 54% in January.  Wind Speed The wind speed is relatively constant though with slight monthly variation with the highest value of 3.4 m/s in the month of April and lowest in the month of November with 2.1 m/s. 4.4.2 Air Quality and Noise Level The air quality in the study area is fairly good as shown in the results of the ambient air quality measurement in Table 4.4. Most of the pollutant indicators were below the FMEnv regulatory limits except for SPM which was slightly above the limit in two sampling locations. The proposed project has the potential to negatively impact air quality through the release of dusts and gaseous emissions during site preparation and construction activities. The measured noise levels were all below the FMEnv regulatory limit of 90 dB (A) over an 8 hour exposure period. Table 4.4: Air Quality and Noise Measurements in the Study Area Parameter (ppm) Air Quality Measurement Stations FMEnv Limit AGES-02 AGES-03 AGES-04 AGES-06 AGES-07 AGES-Control NO2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.04 - 0.06 SO2 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.01- 0.1 H2S 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 - CO <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 3 10 NH3 3 3 1 1 2 3 0.2 Cl2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 - HCN <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 - SPM 0.29 0.28 0.25 0.21 0.18 0.29 0.25 Noise dB(A) Noise Level Measurements 34.8 33 32.7 47.1 60.8 40.7 90 Source: Fieldwork, 2014 4.4.3 Geology/Hydrogeology The study area is in the Anambra basin and is directly underlain by friable unconsolidated poorly sorted Ajali Sandstone. The bedrocks are predominantly sandy, medium to fine grained, white to grayish and friable with little clay and siltstone bands. The lateritic overburden is reddish brown and consists of silty sand. The sand unit is highly unconsolidated and this accounts for its susceptibility to gullying in the selected area as they are easily washed away by concentrated runoff from prolonged and torrential rainfall. The existence of impermeable materials in the Ajali Sandstone makes possible the accumulation of groundwater at shallow depths that constitute perched aquifer system; hence the existence of hand-dug wells in parts of the study area. Figure 4.3 shows the geologic and physiographic map of the area. Study Area 12 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Figure 4.3: Geologic and Physiographic Map of the Study Area and Its Environs 4.4.4 Surface/Groundwater 4.4.4.1 Surface Water Hydrology and Drainage The main surface water body found in the study area is the Ajali River. The part of the River flowing through the study area is known, in local parlance, as Ajali-Owa. The river is dammed and used as raw water for the Ajali Water Works. The Ajali River, together with other rivers in the State with their tributaries and sub- tributaries form a network of surface water bodies with a dendritic drainage pattern, with water sources occurring as contact springs at the valley of the Udi cuesta, joining up with other seepages to flow as streams along river valleys and extensive gully channels. The streams are mostly perennial and get dry during the late part of the dry season. Table 4.5 shows the bathymetry data for the Ajali Owa River. Table 4.5: Surface Water Bathymetry in the Study Area Location Depth (m) Width (m) Flow Velocity (m/s) Flow Direction Upstream 0.8 – 1.5 ≤ 4.0 0.5 NE –SW Midstream ≤ 4.5 NE –SW Downstream ≤ 7.5 1.2 NE-SW Source: Fieldwork, 2014 4.4.4.2 Surface Water Quality Physico-chemistry The physico-chemical properties of surface water samples are presented in Table 4.6. The results show normal values for all parameters measured except for Zinc with values of (1.59mg/l – 2.53mg/l) which were above the FMEnv acceptable limits. This may be attributed to the release of effluents from surrounding industries. Microbiology Results of microbial analysis indicate the presence of microorganisms such as Streptococcus feacalis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus Niger and Candida Tropicalis and total coliform count values of 2.7 x 103– 6.0 x 103. 4.4.4.3 Groundwater Quality Physico-chemistry The physico-chemical properties of groundwater samples are presented in Table 4.6. All parameters were within acceptable limits except Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Iron with values of 2.01mg/l - 2.10mg/l and 2.0mg/l - 2.13mg/l respectively. The elevated value of iron may be attributed to the high content of ferrous components in the local geological composition of the study area. Microbiology Results of microbial analysis indicate the presence of microorganisms with total coliform count values of 2.0 x 103 – 4.0 x 103. These included Bacillus Subtillis and Streptococcus feacalis, an indication of faecal contamination. Table 4.6: Physicochemical Properties of Surface and Ground water in the Study Area Parameters Surface Water Groundwater AGES-06 AGES-07 AGES-08 FMEnv AGES -09 AGES-10 WHO Upstream Midstream Downstream Limits Limits Temperature (oC) 27.5 27 25 <40 26 25.5 Ambient pH 5.7 6.85 6.71 6-9 6.8 7.0 6.5-8.0 EC(ds/m) 0.55 0.48 0.69 - 0.79 0.70 1 TSS(mg/l) 3.23 3.55 4.12 30 2.01 2.10 0* TDS (mg/l) 3.11 3.12 2.41 2000 3.00 3.21 600 Alkalinity (mg/l) 40.45 50.45 40.12 - 30.20 28.60 - Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 8.9 8.0 9.6 200 7.2 7.0 300 Dissolved Oxygen(mg/l) 12.4 11.25 15.0 - 4.5 2.9 7.5 BOD5(mg/l) 4.56 3.75 4.25 30 0.4 0.48 0 Chloride (mg/l) 0.72 1.03 1.93 600 0.54 0.60 250 Phosphate(mg/l) 0.009 0.0075 0.0079 5 0.0078 0.007 - Sulfate(mg/l) 0.03 0.03 0.09 500 0.08 1.2 500 Nitrate(mg/l) 0.52 0.48 0.58 20 0.56 0.49 50 THC(mg/l) 0.12 0.07 0.35 - ND ND - Oil and Grease 0.06 0.02 0.04 10 ND ND - Iron(mg/l) 3.11 5.19 2.54 20 2.00 2.13 0.3* Zinc(mg/l) 1.59 2.53 1.44 <1.0 0.94 1.86 3.0 Manganese(mg/l) 0.05 0.20 0.04 5 0.06 0.04 0.4 Copper(mg/l) 0.18 0.21 0.41 <1.0 0.00 0.00 2.0 Lead (mg/l) ND ND ND <1.0 ND ND 0.01 Source: Field Work, 2014 ND=Not Detected * = SON Limits 13 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 4.4.5 Soil Studies The soils in the study area are mainly from false bedded, thick, friable and poorly sorted sandstone origin. They are made up of shallow and stony lithosols found on the steep slopes of the cuesta and often uncultivated; ferrallistic soils, also called Red Earth or Acid Sands, found on the plateau; and hydromorphic soils of the flood plains. The soils are highly prone to erosion, arising both from physical and manmade causes. It shows in rills along roadside embankments, in sheet wash across compounds and farmlands, and in gullying, sometimes very dramatic, along definitive channels and zones. The major gullies are concentrated on the edges of the highly friable sandstones which yield easily to erosion and induce gullying even on slopes as low as 5°. Top Soil Physico-chemical Characteristics Table 4.7 shows the result of the composite physicochemical analysis of the soil in the study area. The soil in the area is predominantly sandy and moderately acidic with pH values ranging from 5.28 – 6.4. Electrical conductivity values and Phosphorus content of the soil exceeded FMEnv limits. This may be attributed to entrapment and discrete accumulation of litters or portion of deposits of livestock dung which were seen in the study area. Phosphorus is an essential element and its availability in adequate amounts in arable soil stimulates early plant growth and hastens maturity. The soil has high contents of heavy metals such as Zinc, Manganese, Copper and Iron with values above FMEnv limits. The high Iron content in the soil may be as a result of dissolution of ferrous oxide during chemical weathering of rocks. Table 4.7: Physico-chemical Properties of Soils from the Ajali Erosion Site PARAMETERS AGES-01 AGES-02 AGES-03 AGES-04 AGES-05 AGES-Control FMENV LIMITS pH 6.50 6.47 6.08 6.50 6.30 6.29 6 -9 Organic Matter [%] 0.52 0.48 0.42 0.82 0.66 0.62 Total Nitrogen (%) 0.20 0.48 0.30 0.15 0.13 0.31 AV.P (mg/kg) 12.00 11.80 12.50 10.20 11.00 11.40 1.00 Ca (cmol/ kg) 2.00 1.80 1.60 2.10 1.70 1.90 Mg (cmol/ kg) 0.80 0.72 0.92 0.88 1.20 0.96 Na (cmol/ kg) 0.66 0.58 0.71 0.82 0.75 0.70 K (cmol/ kg) 0.41 0.31 0.43 0.51 0.30 0.41 Conductivity (ds/m) 4.30 3.50 4.80 3.00 3.10 3.90 1.00 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION (%) Sand 82.00 70.00 80.00 79.00 85.00 77.50 - Silt 12.00 15.00 12.00 11.50 10.00 12.50 Clay 6.00 15.00 8.00 9.50 5.00 10.00 HEAVY METALS (mg/kg) Fe 39.00 45.20 82.60 42.50 40.90 60.80 1.50 Zn 0.85 1.03 1.36 0.90 1.10 1.11 0.01 Mn 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.19 0.22 0.23 0.20 Cu 0.26 0.30 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.10 Pb ND ND ND ND ND ND Source: Fieldwork, 2014 Soil Microbiology The soil is inhabited by a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses and protozoa. Facultative hydrocarbon degraders isolated from the study area included Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp, Bacillus and Micrococcus sp. These organisms may become useful in remediating the environment during construction work when the area may become contaminated with hydrocarbon from machines. 4.5 Biological Environment 4.5.1 Flora & Fauna The study area is located in the southern margins of the semi tropical rainforest which has been altered by anthropogenic activities such as farming. The present landscape is created by uncontrolled removal of primary vegetation cover leaving secondary vegetation growth as well as grasslands along these margins. These activities decimated important plant species and thus contributed to severe erosion due to the continuous removal of the ground vegetation cover. For example, the initial forest vegetation is made up of tropical hardwoods, including, Khaya ivornsis (Mahogany), Milicia excels (Iroko), and Triplochiton scleroxylon (Obeche). This has given way to a less dense forest largely made up of secondary growth, with species such as the Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm), Bambusa vulgaris (Bamboo) and Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) trees preserved for their economic value. In addition, the vegetation in the study area is composed of rainforest vegetation such as Khayaivorensis, New bouldialaevis (Ogilisi), Pterocarpus soy-auxii (Ora), Dacryodesedulis (Ubeigbo), Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono), Irvinigia wombolu (Ugili), Vernonia amygadalena (Onugbu), Ricinus communis (Castor oil plant), 14 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Parkia biglobosa (Osisiokpei), Spondias mombin, Ceiba pentandra, Bombax buonopozense, Pentaclethrama crophylla (Oil bean tree), Treculia africana (African breadfruit), and shrubs such as Jatropha curcas. The principal grasses in the area are mostly high grasses such as Pennisetum, Andropogon, Chloris and Hyperhania. The wildlife diversity in the study area include, python (Eke), Green snake (Nvuanyawu or Nkerechi), Viper (Nvuro or Avuani), Grass cutter (Nchi), Antelope (Ene), Monkey (Enwe), Yellow monkey (Utobo), Guinea fowl (Ogazi), Bush fowl (Okwa), Monitor lizard (Anwene), etc. Plate 4.2: Sections of the Vegetation in the Study Area 4.5.2 Aquatic Ecology The Ajali-Owa River in the study area has been greatly distorted by human and natural activities such as the water dam and gully erosion etc, which has led to the possible migration or extinction of water organisms in the river. As at the time of the study no aquatic animal species was found in the area surveyed. However information obtained during informant interview, revealed that the River is a habitat to aquatic organisms such as Crocodylus niloticus (Nile crocodile), Electrophorus electricus (Electric fish), Palaemon hastatus (Cray fish), Cardisoma armatum (Crab), etc. The dominant species of aquatic plants found in the study area are Pistiastratiotes, Nymphea lotus and Typha australis. 4.6 Waste Management Waste management practice in the study area is characterized by indiscriminate disposal of waste. The gully erosion site and its immediate environs are used as dump sites (Plate 4.3). The waste stream comprised domestic wastes and organic wastes such as human faeces, animal droppings and plant materials. In addition, Industrial wastes such as brewer’s waste from the nearby breweries at 9 th Mile was also observed around the study area. This waste was seen to be reused by the women of the area who processed it for animal feed as shown in Plate 4.4 Plate 4.3: Illegal Dumpsite at the Ajali Gully Erosion Site Plate 4.4: Women Gathering Brewers Waste 4.7 Socio-economics 4.7.1 Sample Determination for Demographic Survey of Project Area The project area has an estimated population of 21,000 (community based census 2010) and using a scientific based Decision Analyst STAT 2.0 at certain statistical information range (Max. acceptable % size of error (10%), Estimated % level (50%) Confidence level 95%) the sample population was established at 96. A stratified random sampling method was used in which villages in Nsude that have erosion menace are strata groups. Questionnaires were randomly administered to one person per household (see Annex 4). The following section shows analysis of data collected from the sample population in the community. 15 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 4.7.2 Gender and Age of Respondents The survey covered a total of 67 male and 29 female respondents representing 70% and 30% respectively. The age distribution of the respondents shows that only adults were targeted in the household survey. This is evidenced in Figure 4.4 which shows zero (0) frequency for age bracket below 20 years. Females featured in every age range between 25 years to 54 years while the presence of males was seen across age ranges between 25 to 60 years and above. 15 10 Male 5 female 0 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 44-49 50-54 55-59 60+ Figure 4.4: Age Categories of Respondents 4.7.3 Marital Status & Household Size The respondents are predominantly married persons (81.2%), while the singles constitute about 18%. Average household size in the area ranges from 3 to 8; but of most interest in the result is the positive correlation between academic level of households and the household size for the distribution. It appears from Figure 4.5 that the higher the level of education/training the lesser the number of children parents are willing to have. 60 40 Edu level frequency 20 Av Family size 0 No edu Pry Edu Sec Edu Tertiary Edu Figure 4.5: Trend in Education and Family Size over the Project Community 4.7.4 Education, Livelihood and Income Information from the survey shows that primary education is the highest attainment for the majority of the people of the project area (about 45%) followed by secondary education in which about 32% of the respondents fall in. The project community can be generally classified as being literate with about 90% of the sample population having the ability to read and write. The people of the project area are predominantly peasant farmers. However, the surge in urbanization has modified livelihood practices in the area as survey indicates that presently about 40% of the population are farmers, 45% traders, 10% artisans and 5% are shared into government and company employments. Similarly, the survey shows that majority of the people (about 78%) earn between N20,000 and N49,000 per month which indicate low income status for the project area. 4.7.5 Occupancy Status of Dwelling The survey shows that all the respondents dwell in their private/household residences. The reason for this common trend is that the project area is in semi-rural area where dwellers are all indigenes that live in their family compounds and houses. 4.7.6 Amenities and Infrastructure  Schools: There are four public primary schools and one public secondary school in the community. Other schools in Nsude include a Missionary school and one Seminary school. The road leading to the Seminary school is one of the infrastructures at risk of encroachment by the gully head at the erosion site. The public schools are in deplorable conditions and lack adequate desks for pupils and students to learn in comfort. Despite the inadequacy of educational facilities, the enrolment of girls and boys into the primary and secondary schools is encouraging in the community. 16 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site  Healthcare Facilities: There exists one functional primary health centre, chemists and a maternity centre in the community. However, a secondary healthcare facility has been constructed by the government which has not been commissioned.  Electricity: The Nsude community is connected to the national grid but often without power supply which accounts for the use of generator sets and lantern for many who cannot afford generators.  Transportation: The use of motor cycle (bike), cabs and buses are the main means of road transport. 4.7.7 Source of Drinking Water and Expenditure on Water Evidence from the survey strongly shows difficult experience for the people of the project area over water for domestic use. It was gathered that the Nsude people whose land has been engulfed by erosion had given their land to the Water Corporation in the 1970’s with high expectation that their water demand would be met. Years later, the people are still in acute need of drinking water. The survey reveals that during dry season all community members buy water from commercial vendors but during rainy season about 58% of the respondents state that they depend on rain fed while 36% of them buy from commercial vendors all year round. 100 80 60 40 Rainy Season 20 0 Dry Season Figure 4.6: Sources of Drinking Water by Season of the Year Expenditure on water in the project area varies with season. During rainy season a 50 liters or 12 gallon of water sells for N20 while the price goes for N50 or more during dry season. Depending on the household size, respondents expenditure on water consumption per month varied between N1000 to N2,500 during wet season and N4000 and N6000 during dry season. 4.7.8 Method of Waste Disposal Giving the rural nature of the project community, it was not surprising to note that an average household disposes its household waste in the surrounding bush within its environment. Open dump is practiced by about 7% of the households. Although the nature of wastes is largely domestic and bio-degradable, the poor nature of waste disposal may not be unconnected with the breeding of mosquitoes which results in high level of malaria sickness noted in the community. 100 50 0 Series1 Series1 Open dump Organized collection Bush disposal Figure 4.7: Methods of Waste Disposal in the community 4.7.9 Major Industries The major industries found within the project area are: (1) Coca-Cola bottling company located at Ngwo, about 3km from Nsude community and (2) East Chase Aluminium Company located at Ugwuto-Nsude. The presence of these companies is linked to the employment of about 10% of the working population of Nsude community. 4.7.10 Religion and Culture The project community is made up of mainly Christian worshippers with only about 2% of the respondents who claimed to be traditional worshippers. Two main cultural festivals are celebrated. They are the annual Aju festival that parades masquerade dance and the bi-annual festival called “Nkwa� which is a gallery for the celebration of progress made in the community and by the people of the community. There is however, no 17 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site interlink/effects of the project on historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artifacts, native religious or harvest sites of the affected community. 4.7.11 Land Tenure and Use Land in the project area is owned by households and community but can be acquired by government for the overriding public interest as enshrined in the Land Use Act. The land where Ajali water works is located (Ajali Erosion gully area) belongs to the Ugwuto village – Nsude. The land was ceded to/acquired by the State government in 1985 for the purpose of water works meant to serve the water need of Enugu State. There are no socio-economic activities in the planned intervention site. The intervention site used to be a community farm land prior to the gully erosion encroachment. The land owners, Ugwuto Nsude people have for long deserted farming activities in the area while the only pointer to agricultural history in the area are some cash crop trees such as cashew plants. However an ARAP has been prepared for the project to ensure land take is properly documented and land owners compensated to avoid conflicts. 4.7.12 Community Administration There are two types of administration in Nsude, namely the traditional or cultural governance structure and the community development union administration. The traditional or cultural administration commands a great influence within the community and State. The “Igwe� is the head of the traditional council and adjudicates on issues of culture, civil disputes and inter-village relations. Each of the 10 villages in Nsude has heads who are members of the Igwe palace council. On the other hand, the Nsude Development Union is the community organization responsible for day to day operation and development of the community. It is headed by an elected President General who also supervises and coordinates the local village heads of the 10 villages in Nsude. 4.7.13 Social organization in relation to gender participation Nsude community practices a culture that gives freedom to women as well as men to engage and involve in all aspects of community decision making, politics and livelihoods measures. Women are only secluded in the Aju cultural festival which has cultural origin and significance specifically for men to participate. 4.7.14 Existing Grievance Redress Mechanism In Nsude community grievances and civil cases are resolved by a local grievance redress system. The existing local system is tied to the traditional administrative authority and requires that aggrieved persons in the community report their complaints to the local village head. The village head and his executives have the responsibility to invite the parties in dispute, and/or hear the issue under summon and find a resolution. Where a matter is not satisfactorily resolved at the level of the village head, the matter is taken to the Igwe cabinet (the traditional ruler of Nsude community) who resolves the matter with the members of his cabinet. However, criminal matters are not entertained by the traditional system but referred to the appropriate government security agencies. 4.7.15 Health It was generally observed that an average household in the project area has had one or more members of their households sick in the past two years. About 83% of the respondents stated that the causes of the sicknesses were diagnosed while 17% stated that they did not know the cause of the sicknesses. The survey indicates that about 50% of the community members go to private hospital for medical attention while 18% visit general hospital which is located in a different community. Other results for where and how community people handle their medical needs are 6% for pharmacy and self-medications and 5% for native herbal and prayer houses respectively Morbidity Pattern The survey identified Malaria and Typhoid as most common sickness that find re-occurrence in most of the households. About 75% of households have suffered from malaria in the past two years. Similarly, about 65 % of households have suffered from the occurrence of typhoid fever in the same period while other diseases common to households and frequency of distribution amongst households in the past two (2) years are: dysentery (35%), high blood pressure or hypertension (15%), low blood pressure or hypotension (10%). It was however, not intended in this study to establish the root causes of this diseases. However, mitigation measures in this ESMP have taken cognizance of these baseline situations and have proffered measures that will ensure that the project is not linked to causal effect or exacerbation of the adverse conditions prevailing before the intervention. 18 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS 5.1 Introduction This chapter provides a summary of the environmental and social impacts that are likely to arise as a result of the interaction of the project activities and the components of the environment. It also describes the methods and the techniques used in assessing and analyzing the potential impacts. 5.2 Impact Assessment Methodology A combination of methods was employed in assessing the impacts and included the use of checklists, matrix, public consultation, professional experience and judgment. The potential impacts of the proposed project were assessed in three overlapping phases as follows: i. Impact Identification – to specify the impacts associated with each phase of the project and activities to be undertaken; ii. Impact Prediction – to forecast the nature, magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts; iii. Impact Evaluation – to determine the significance of the impacts. 5.2.1 Impact Identification A logical and systematic approach was used in order to capture all significant project - environment interactions and impact. The existing baseline description of the project environment and the key project activities were used to develop a checklist of potential impacts of the project on the biophysical and social environment. A linkage concept was applied whereby the following were appraised:  The source and/or the cause of the problem ( project activity/environmental aspect),  The receptor of the impact (environmental component i.e. existing ecological and socioeconomic condition of the project environment);  The way in which the effect is transmitted from the source to the receptor (pathway); and  The potential consequences (environmental impact). 5.2.2 Impact Prediction In order to further qualify the impacts of the various project activities on the environment, identified impacts were characterised based on the nature, duration and reversibility of impacts as follows:  Beneficial Impacts – these are impacts that have positive and beneficial effects.  Adverse Impacts – these are impacts that have negative and untoward effects.  Direct Impacts – these are impacts that are most obvious and are directly related to the proposed project and can be connected to the action that caused them.  Indirect Impacts – these are secondary impacts that occur later in time or further away from the impact source.  Cumulative Impacts – typically occur from the incremental impact of an action when combined with impacts from projects that have been undertaken recently or would be carried out in the near future.  Reversible Impacts – these are impacts over which the components involved have the ability to recover after the disturbances caused by the impact.  Irreversible Impacts – these are impacts whose effects are such that the environmental component cannot be returned to its original state even after adequate mitigation measures are applied.  Residual Impacts – these are impacts that their effects remain after mitigation measures have been applied.  Short Term Impacts – these are impacts that have their effects remain over a short period of time and are removed after the application of mitigation measures.  Long Term Impacts – these are impacts that have their effects remain over a long period of time, even after the application of mitigation measures. 5.2.3 Impact Evaluation The third stage in the assessment procedure involved the evaluation of the concerns, issues and impacts identified. This was based on the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM). The risk of the impacts occurring was analyzed by determining the consequence/severity of the impacts and the probability of occurrence. The severity of the consequences was determined using a Consequence Severity Table and the probability of an impact resulting from a pathway was determined with a Likelihood Ranking Table. The RAM in Table 5.1 was then used to determine the level of risk and the significances or otherwise of the impacts. The results of the impact identification, characterization and evaluation exercise are presented in Tables 5.2 and 5.3. 19 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix Probability Attributes Certain Impacts that can reasonably be expected to occur during the project Likely Impacts that are likely to occur during the project Possible Impacts that might occur sometime during the project Unlikely Impacts that can reasonably be expected NOT to occur during the project Rare Impacts that are unlikely to occur except in exceptional circumstances Severity Attributes Negligible No detectable environmental and socio-economic impact Marginal Minimum environmental and socio-economic impact. Localised reversible habitat loss or minimal long term effects on habitat species or media/ public health and safety Critical Significant environmental and socio-economic harm. Significant widespread and persistent changes in species, habitat and media (e.g. widespread habitat degradation/public health and safety) Catastrophic Detrimental environmental and socio-economic impact. Loss of a significant portion of a valued species or effective ecosystem function on a landscape scale/ injury and death is possible Severity Probability Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic Certain Likely Possible Unlikely Rare Impact Rating Low  Low Risk: No response plans will be needed for these risks. Medium  Medium Risk: Actions may be required to control acceptable risk. High  High Risk: Adequate action and management attention are required to control risk. There is need for Extreme some response planning for these risks.  Extreme Risk: Significant additional action and high priority management attention will be required to control risk. There is need for an in-depth response plans for these risks 5.3 Discussion of Significant Potential Environmental and Social Impacts The project is expected to have highly positive environmental and social impacts for all the people residing in the project area as it provides incentives for improved environmental management and livelihoods. However, the intervention works will inevitably have some negative impacts on the biophysical and social environment, particularly during the pre-construction, construction and maintenance phases. The negative impacts will largely be localized in spatial extent, short in duration, occurring within less sensitive environmental areas and are manageable through the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures. Most of these negative impacts can be avoided by sound design, good construction practices, effective maintenance and adequate supervision and enforcement during construction and operational phases of the project. This section contains a summary of the significant potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the project in “without mitigation� scenario. 5.3.1 Potential Positive Impacts The significant potential positive environmental and social impacts are summarised below. 5.3.1.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts The potential positive environmental impacts of the project include:  Erosion management and gully rehabilitation  Soil stabilization and regeneration  Reduction in the phenomenon of erosion in the project area  Restoration of vegetative cover and ecosystem  Improved ecological balance and biodiversity conservation  Improved microclimatic conditions due to increased vegetation cover for carbon sequestration  Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion  Reduced siltation in the Ajali River with resultant preservation of ecosystem and aquatic life  Reduced risks of floods due to reduced siltation. 20 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 5.3.1.2 Potential Positive Social Impacts The potential positive social impacts include but not limited to:  Availability of community land for alternative development  Preservation of infrastructures (water storage reservoirs and access road)  Employment of labour and development of personal skills  Improved livelihood/welfare  Reduction of disaster risk in the project area  Increase in household savings and welfare  Reduced mortality/morbidity  Diversification of livelihood and increased productivity 5.3.2 Potential Negative Impacts The significant potential negative environmental and social impacts are summarised below. 5.3.2.1 Potential Negative Environmental Impacts  Impact on Air Quality Air Quality Deterioration During pre-construction and construction periods, deterioration of local ambient air quality can arise as a result of dust emissions from activities such as site clearing, excavation, filling and concrete works as well as gaseous emissions from vehicles and operating machinery.  Noise and Vibration Noise and vibrations are inevitable nuisance to the public during a project of this nature. During pre- construction and construction activities, noise and vibration will arise mostly from equipment used for site clearing and civil engineering works. The noise will have an impact mostly on construction workers and residents living within 100 meters from the construction sites.  Impact on Water Surface and Ground Water Contamination Contamination of surface water can arise from sediment runoffs from exposed soil and spoils/stockpile during clearing and excavation as well as from waste water during concrete works. These discharges into the surface water body in the project area can have adverse attendant effects on water quality and aquatic life. This impact is however likely to be more pronounced if the project is implemented during the rainy season. Contamination of ground water can also occur from spillages and leakages of fuel and oils from project activities during the construction.  Impact on Flora and Fauna Vegetation Loss Loss of vegetation will inevitably arise from site clearing during the preconstruction phase. Vegetation will be cleared to allow for mobilization of equipment and machinery to site as well as installation of camp offices and workshops. Loss of vegetation will occur in areas around the gully where excavation activities will take place. Ecosystem Disturbance & Displacement/Destruction of Fauna Site clearing activities will alter the flora and fauna species of the project site. The clearing of trees and related flora will reduce the protection and shelter they afford to the fauna including the wildlife of the area. This will lead to the displacement of fauna away from the site as well as increasing their exploitation tendencies through hunting.  Impact on Soil Soil Erosion and Loss of Soil Quality Removal of vegetation and exposure of soil as a result of site clearing and excavation activities may further expose soil to the risk of erosion and loss of quality. Soil erosion can also occur from improper abandonment of borrow pits. Excavation in active areas of the gully can lead to slope instability and probable occurrence of landslides. Soil Contamination Fuel spills and leakages from vehicles, machinery and storage facilities on site may lead to soil contamination. 21 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Waste Generation Waste generation is inevitable throughout the preconstruction and construction phases of the project. The largest amount of waste is expected to come from the clearance of vegetation cover and will include grasses, tree trunks and branches. Other wastes will be generated from construction activities and operations of the site offices. These will comprise construction wastes such as equipment casings, electrical wastes, metal scraps, waste oils as well as sewer and sewage from base camps. These wastes if not properly managed could lead to significant deterioration of soil quality and possible contamination. 5.3.2.2 Potential Negative Social Impacts Conflicts and Crises over Land Resettlement and Benefits An integrated approach to sustainable erosion control measures being considered for this project presupposes the possibility for land acquisition. This may cause resentment, conflicts and crises due to poor process of implementation of resettlement. However, a critical consideration of the engineering design of the proposed work suggests that land acquisition will be insignificant and largely temporal. Also, the site of intervention is a community land used for farming prior to the erosion menace. Public consultation evidence underpinned field visit evidence that the entire site stretch is void of human settlement, farms and economic activities and that the project community is prepared to forgo some portion of their land necessary for erosion control. This however doesn’t rule out the likelihood of this negative impact occurring. Traffic Congestion Increased traffic congestion may arise from road obstructions and diversion as well as from movement of workers and materials to and from site. Disruption of Public Utility Services Damage to existing underground public utility cables and pipes that traverse the corridor of the project during excavation works could disrupt water supply and shut down other public utilities in the project area. This may pose economic and social difficulty to the members of the public. Land Dispute and Communal Clash Land dispute and communal clash may arise during the operational phase following the reclamation of degraded land. Several factors may result to this, one of which is the ambition of members of the community to own farm/use the reclaimed land. Gender Impacts The project activities will not pose specific impacts to women in the community however, adverse impacts will emanate from “a do nothing scenario�. This is a derived impact that stems from land devastation, loss of soil nutrients and depletion of land for farming. The female farmers are the worst hit by low farm productivity and low income due to their feminine disadvantage. The tide will however change after the proposed intervention. Occupational Health and Safety Respiratory problems such as respiratory tract infection, cough and Rhinorrhea may occur as a result of exposure to dust particulates from site clearing and excavation activities during preconstruction and construction phases of the project. Vehicular exhaust emission might also be a source of air pollution capable of triggering respiratory conditions. Construction workers are however more at risk of exposure to air pollutants. The nearest settlement to the site is about 1.3 – 1.5 km away and as such community members will be less predisposed to exposures from the construction site. Accidents and injuries may also result from use and operation of equipment and machines. Public Health and Safety Interactions amongst male and female staff and between them and the community members may lead to unprotected sex which has the likelihood to attract sexual infections such as HIV/AIDS and other STDs. To protect public health and prevent a surge in STDs and other communicable diseases, priority should be given to local workers thereby limiting the number of foreign workers to the bearest minimum. Increased risk of falls, and injuries and drowning of humans, especially children could occur in improperly abandoned borrow pits. The health and safety of the general public may also be threatened from accidental discharges of construction materials such as stone and sand during transportation. During the operational phase of the project there may be a potential risk of falls from unprotected stabilized gully sides. The significant potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts of the project during the different phases are summarized in Table 5.4. 22 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Table 5.2: Identification of Potential Impacts of Proposed Project Project Activity Source of Impact/ Environmental Environmental/Social Causative Pathway Potential Impact Aspect Media PRE- CONSTRUCTION PHASE Land Acquisition Land take Land Use  Land acquisition may cause conflicts and crises if there is no adequate plan in place to  Conflicts and Crises over land address resettlement issues. resettlement and benefits Land Use  Land take will restrict the use of land for grazing activities.  Restriction on land available for grazing activities Mobilization of Equipment to Site Dusts and vehicular emissions Air  Release of dusts and emissions from vehicles transporting equipment to site will deteriorate  Local Air Quality Deterioration Noise emissions local air quality  Noise and Vibration Vibrations  Movement of heavy duty vehicles transporting equipment could generate noise and vibration. Movement of heavy duty vehicles Traffic disruptions Fauna  Noise and vibration from vehicles and equipment could scare away animals and lead to  Displacement of fauna displacement of fauna around the project site Soil  Use and stationary positioning of heavy duty equipment can result in soil compaction,  Soil Erosion drainage problems and predisposition to erosion Community Infrastructure  Movement of heavy equipment to site could result in increased road traffic disruptions and  Traffic Congestion congestion. Public Health & Safety  Traffic disruptions could increase the risk of road traffic accidents and injuries  Road Traffic Accidents and Injuries Occupational Health &  Respiratory and eye related problems could occur amongst workers exposed to dusts and  Respiratory and Eye related Problems Safety gaseous emissions  Occupational Accidents and Injuries  Use of equipment could also put operators at risk of accidents and injuries Site Clearing Clearing of Land Air  Land clearing will lead to generation of dust particles from exposed soil with resultant  Air Quality Deterioration Dusts and gaseous emissions deterioration in air quality. Gaseous emissions from equipment and machineries used in  Noise and Vibration Use of machineries and equipment clearing could also contribute to poor air quality Oil spills  Use of machineries and motorized equipment will generate noise and vibration Sediment runoffs Flora and Fauna  Land clearing will lead to removal of vegetal cover and disturbance/destruction of flora &  Loss of Vegetation Waste generation fauna habitat with resultant destruction/displacement of fauna  Disturbance /Destruction of flora and Employment of labour fauna habitat (Ecosystem)  Destruction/Displacement of fauna Soil  Land clearing will expose top soil and increase predisposition to erosion,  Soil Erosion  Removal of top soil during the process of clearing and grubbing could also affect the quality  Loss of Soil Quality of soil  Soil Contamination  Spillages of oil and other petroleum products from leakages and/or improper handling during  Waste Generation maintenance of vehicles and equipment could contaminate the soil  Land clearing will generate vegetal and soil waste Water  Land clearing will expose soils to runoffs and siltation of surface water bodies resulting in  Surface Water Contamination reduced water quality and potential use  Reduced Water Quality and Potential  Oil spills could also contaminate surface and underground water Use Livelihood  Site clearing activities may involve employment of local labour  Employment of Labour  Land clearing and associated noise of heavy equipment will disturb wildlife and may affect  Loss of Income the economy of hunters in the community Occupational Health &  Exposure to dusts and gaseous emissions could give rise to respiratory and eye related  Respiratory and Eye related Problems Safety problems  Noise and Vibration related health  Continuous exposure to noise could adversely affect the health and quality of life of workers problems  Exposure of workers to poisonous plants, insects and wild animals during site clearing could  Health Problems – allergic skin lead to health problems e.g. allergic skin diseases, stings and snake bites. diseases, stings, snake bites Installation of Equipment and Dust and gaseous emissions Air  Construction of site structures could lead to generation of cement dust particles and harmful  Air Quality Deterioration Structures (site offices, utilities, Noise emissions gaseous emissions from equipment and machineries resulting in deterioration of air quality  Noise and Vibration workshops, etc.) Vibration  Use of machineries and motorized equipment will generate noise and vibration 23 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Project Activity Source of Impact/ Environmental Environmental/Social Causative Pathway Potential Impact Aspect Media Oil spills Soil  Spillages of oil and other petroleum products as a result of leakages and/or improper handling  Soil Contamination Waste generation during maintenance of vehicles and equipment could contaminate the soil  Waste generation Use of equipment and machineries  Generation of construction waste Water  Spills of oil and other petroleum products could result in contamination of surface and  Water Pollution ground water through runoffs and seepages. Occupational Health &  Exposure to dusts and gaseous emissions could cause respiratory and eye problems  Respiratory and Eye problems Safety  Use of equipment and machineries could put operators at risk of accidents and injuries as  Occupational accidents and injuries well as noise related health problems  Noise related health problems CONSTRUCTION PHASE Excavation , Borrowing, Filling, Back Excavation for embankment, Air  Excavation, borrowing, filling, backfilling and compaction activities will generate dust  Local Air Quality Deterioration filling and Compaction concrete chutes and trenches particulates.  Noise and Vibration Dust and Noise emissions  Slope instability and landslides could arise from excavation in active gully areas Surface runoffs  The use of machineries as well the movement of vehicles will generate noise and vibration. Soil  Increased predisposition to soil erosion from exposure of soil surfaces to rain and wind with  Gullying and Erosion resultant increased sedimentation and runoff from loose top soil.  Slope Instability  Slope instability and landslides could arise from excavation in active areas of the gully  Changes in Soil Composition and  Exposure of surface soil to erosion will alter the soil properties including loss of valuable top Quality soils  Generation of Spoils  Alteration of soil composition as a result of filling could lead to changes in soil quality  Generation of spoils Water  Surface runoff from spoils into surface water bodies could result in pollution and damage to  Water Pollution aquatic ecosystem Community Infrastructure  Excavation works may damage existing underground services like communication and  Damage to Public Utility Cables and electrical cables, water pipes and other service lines which may lead to disruption of services. Pipes  Disruption of Public Utility Services Livelihood  The project activities will attract more people to the area and create opportunities for  Improved Livelihood & Welfare temporal services and employment. Public Health & Safety  Improper abandonment of borrow pits will expose inhabitants and animals to risk of falls,  Falls, Injuries and Drowning of injuries and drowning in excavated pits that have become water reservoirs humans and animals Occupational Health &  Use of equipment and machineries could put operators and other workers at risk of  Occupational Accidents and Injuries Safety accidents and injuries as well as noise related health problems  Noise related health problems Civil Engineering Works Concrete and Cement Works Air  Construction activities including use of machineries and equipment will generate cement  Local Air Quality Deterioration Installation of Gabions and Rip dusts, toxic fume as well as noise and vibration  Noise and Vibration Raps Soil  Spills of oil and other petroleum products from leakages and/or improper handling during  Soil Contamination and Loss of Soil maintenance of vehicles and equipment could contaminate the soil. Quality  Generation of construction wastes such as cement bags, metal scraps, etc.  Waste Generation Water  Spills of oil and other petroleum products could result in contamination of surface and  Contamination of Groundwater ground water through runoffs and seepages Public Health and Safety  HIV/AIDS and other STDs may arise from interactions within the workforce and members of  HIV/AIDs and other STDs the host community Occupational Health and  Exposure of workers to physical and chemical hazards such as cement, noise, vibration.  Occupational Diseases (respiratory, Safety  Use of equipment and machineries could put operators at risk of accidents and injuries skin and noise related diseases.  Occupational Accidents and Injuries Transportation of Construction Vehicular movements Community Infrastructure  Transportation from borrow pit location to the intervention site may cause public  Public Disturbances Materials (soil from borrow pits and Mobilization of materials and disturbance, traffic congestion and threat to public safety  Traffic Congestion stones) human to and from site Public Health & Safety  Accidental discharge/spill of sand and stones may have contact with the public and cause  Accidents and Injuries injury Operations of Site Office, Land  Generation of waste materials such as used storage containers, scraps, and office wastes.  Waste Generation Workshops, Storage Facilities Water  Spills and leakages of oil and other petroleum products may occur from storage tanks and  Groundwater Contamination result in seepage into ground water. 24 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Project Activity Source of Impact/ Environmental Environmental/Social Causative Pathway Potential Impact Aspect Media Occupational Health &  Activities carried out in site office and workshops including maintenance works could create  Occupational Accidents and Injuries Safety serious hazards to workers which predisposes them to injuries and accident Vegetation Planting of trees shrubs and Air  The planted vegetation for erosion control will also provide carbon sequestration  Improved microclimatic conditions grasses Land  Planting of trees, shrubs and grasses will propagate vegetal cover  Propagation of Vegetal Cover  Restoration of Flora Habitat  Ecological Balance and Biodiversity Conservation  Soil Stabilization and Regeneration Livelihood  Temporary employment of locals for vegetation activities  Improved Livelihood and welfare OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE Maintenance of Erosion Control Routine maintenance Soil and Land  De-silting of erosion control structures will generate waste materials and run offs  Waste Generation Structures De-silting of drainage Community Infrastructure  Sustainability of water service provision will result from slope stabilization  Improved Welfare  Reduction in public spending on replacement and rehabilitation of infrastructure Livelihood  Training of locals as maintenance officers  Creation of Employment Occupational Health &  Falling / tripping during routine maintenance activity  Occupational Accidents and Injuries Safety Watershed Land Management Land ownership Population/ Demographics  There may be influx of people in the area to take advantage of the reclaimed land, which may  Land Dispute and Communal Clash result to intra-communal clash Soil  Gully erosion may reoccur at rehabilitated area if there is damage to the erosion control  Soil Erosion infrastructure probably as a result of uncontrolled outflow from the adjacent water storage tanks.  Civil engineering works and vegetation will stabilize slopes, reduce vulnerability to erosion  Reduced vulnerability to erosion and prevent landslides  Prevention of Landslides  Soil stabilization will lead to reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity Public Health and Safety  Risk of falls and injuries from unprotected stabilized gully site.  Accidents and Injuries Livelihood  Spending reduction on domestic water demand which may result in increased availability of  Increased Household Savings and water and reduced morbidity and mortality from water related disease Welfare  The reclaimed land will create landmass for alternative developments (housing, farms, etc.)  Reduced Mortality/Morbidity from water related diseases  Diversification of Livelihood and Increased Productivity 25 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Table 5.3: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts of Proposed Project Project Activity Potential Impact Impact Qualification Risk Impact Category Irreversible Cumulative Probability Short term Long term Reversible Beneficial Residual Adverse Severity Indirect Direct Pre-Construction Phase Land Acquisition Conflicts and crises over land resettlement and benefits X X X X X POSSIBLE CATASTROPHIC EXTREME Restriction on land available for grazing activities X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Mobilization of Equipment to Air quality deterioration from release of dusts and emissions from vehicles transporting Site equipment to site X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Noise and vibration from movement of heavy duty vehicles X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Displacement of fauna from the scare of noise and vibration emanating from vehicles X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Increased predisposition to soil erosion as a result of soil compaction from stationary positioning of heavy duty equipment X X X X X UNLIKELY MARGINAL LOW Traffic congestion and increased risk of road traffic accidents and injuries as a result of movement of heavy equipment X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Respiratory and eye related problems amongst site workers from exposure to dusts and X X X X UNLIKELY MARGINAL LOW gaseous emissions Occupational accidents and injuries from the use of machineries and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE CATASTROPHIC HIGH Site Clearing Air quality deterioration from release of dusts and gaseous emissions from exposed soil surfaces and vehicles X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Vegetation loss from land clearing X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH Disturbance/Destruction of flora and fauna habitat and displacement /destruction of fauna X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH due to site clearing Exposure of soil to erosion and loss of quality from devegetation X X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Soil contamination from spillages of oil and other petroleum products from leakages and/or improper handling during maintenance of vehicles and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Generation of vegetal wastes from devegetation and site clearing activities X X X X CERTAIN NEGLIGIBLE HIGH Surface water contamination as a result of sediment runoffs from exposed soils X X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Contamination of ground and surface water from spillages of oil and other petroleum products as a result of leakages and/or improper handling during maintenance of vehicles X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW and equipment Employment of local labour for site clearing X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Loss of income for hunters due to migration of wildlife as a result of disturbance during X X X X UNLIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW site clearing Respiratory and eye related problems from exposures to chemical hazards such as dusts and gaseous emissions emanating from land clearing activities and vehicles. X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM 26 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Project Activity Potential Impact Impact Qualification Risk Impact Category Irreversible Cumulative Probability Short term Long term Reversible Beneficial Residual Adverse Severity Indirect Direct Noise and vibration related health problems from exposures to physical hazards such as noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Health problems such as allergic skin diseases, stings , snake bites, etc. from exposures to biological hazards such as poisonous plants, insects and wild animals X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Installation of Equipment and Air quality deterioration from release of cement dusts, and toxic fumes from equipment Structures (Site offices, and machineries used during building and welding of site structures X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Utilities, Workshops, etc.) Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment during construction of site structures X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Soil contamination from spillages of oil and other petroleum products as a result of leakages and/or improper handling during maintenance of vehicles and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Generation of construction wastes X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH Contamination of surface and underground water from spills of oil and other petroleum products as a result of runoffs and seepages. X X X X UNLIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW Risk of respiratory and eye related problems from exposures to cement dusts and toxic fumes equipment and machineries used during building and welding of site structures X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Risk of noise and vibration related health problems from exposures to noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Construction Phase Excavation , Burrowing, Air Quality deterioration from dusts generated during excavation , burrowing, filling, X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Filling, Back filling and backfilling and compaction activities Compaction Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and vehicles during excavation, X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH burrowing, backfilling and compaction activities Gullying and soil erosion from the exposure of soil to rain and wind X X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Slope instability and landslides arising from excavation in active areas of the gully X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH Changes in soil composition and quality as a result of filling excavated areas with soil of X X X X UNLIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW different properties. Generation of spoils X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Predisposition of soil to erosion resulting from improper abandonment of burrow pit X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH Water pollution due to sedimentation and siltation from runoff from spoils X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Disruption of public utility services from damage to existing underground public utility X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM cables and pipes during excavation works Falls, Injuries and drowning of humans and animals in improperly abandoned burrow pits X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL EXTREME Risk of occupational accidents and injuries from the use of machineries and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE CRITICAL HIGH 27 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Project Activity Potential Impact Impact Qualification Risk Impact Category Irreversible Cumulative Probability Short term Long term Reversible Beneficial Residual Adverse Severity Indirect Direct Risk of noise and vibration related health problems from exposures to noise and vibration X X X X UNLIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW from the use of machineries and motorized equipment Civil Engineering Works Deterioration of air quality from release of cement dusts and toxic fumes during X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW - Concrete and Cement construction of concrete structures Works Noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH - Installation of Gabions and Rip Raps Soil contamination and loss of soil quality from waste water and spills of oil and other X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM petroleum products from leakages and/improper handling. Waste generation from cement and concrete works such as cement bags and metal scraps X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH etc. Contamination of surface and underground water from waste water and spillages of oil X X X X UNLIKELY MARGINAL LOW and other petroleum products through leakages and/improper handling. Employment of local labour for construction activities resulting in improved livelihood X X X X LIKELY NEGLIGIBLE MEDIUM and welfare HIV/AIDS and other STDs arising from the interactions amongst the workforce and the X X X X X POSSIBLE CRITICAL HIGH host community. Risk of respiratory and eye related problems from exposures to chemical hazards such as X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM cement dusts and toxic fumes emanating from cement and concrete works Risk of noise and vibration related health problems from exposures to physical hazards X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM such as noise and vibration from the use of machineries and motorized equipment Occupational accidents and injuries from the use of machineries and equipment X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Transportation of Construction Traffic congestion as a result of increased vehicular movement to the site during X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Materials (soil from burrow construction pits and stones) Injuries from accidental discharge of sand and stones during transportation to site X X X X UNLIKELY CRITICAL MEDIUM Operations of site office, Waste generation from site office and maintenance activities such as used containers, X X X X CERTAIN MARGINAL HIGH workshops and storage facilities scraps and office waste Underground water pollution from spillages and leakages from oil storage tanks. X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Risk of occupational accidents and injuries from activities carried out in site offices and X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM workshop including maintenance works. Vegetation Improved micro climatic conditions as a result of carbon sequestration from vegetation X X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH Propagation of vegetal cover, restoration of flora habitat, ecological balance and X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH conservation, soil stabilization and regeneration as result of vegetation Employment of locals for vegetation activities resulting in improved livelihood and welfare X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Occupational Injuries X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Operation and Maintenance Phase Maintenance of Erosion Waste generation from de-silting and other maintenance works X X X X LIKELY NEGLIGIBLE LOW Control Structures X X X X LIKELY MARGINAL HIGH Improved welfare due to sustainability of water service as a result of erosion control X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM Reduction in public spending on replacement and rehabilitation of infrastructure 28 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Project Activity Potential Impact Impact Qualification Risk Impact Category Irreversible Cumulative Probability Short term Long term Reversible Beneficial Residual Adverse Severity Indirect Direct Creation of employment by training locals as maintenance officers X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH Occupational accidents and injuries as a result of falling and tripping during routine X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL HIGH maintenance Watershed Land Management Land dispute and communal clash due to influx of people in the area to take advantage of X X X X X POSSIBLE CRITICAL HIGH the reclaimed land Reoccurrence of soil erosion due to damage to erosion control structures as a result of X X X X POSSIBLE CRITICAL HIGH uncontrolled outflow from the water storage reservoirs Prevention of landslides as a result of slope stabilization due to gully erosion control X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH Reduced vulnerability to soil erosion X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity as a result of soil stabilization X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH Increase in household savings and welfare as a result of spending reduction on domestic X X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM water demand Reduced mortality/morbidity from water related diseases X X X X POSSIBLE NEGLIGIBLE LOW Diversification of livelihood and increased productivity due to availability of reclaimed X X X X POSSIBLE MARGINAL MEDIUM land for housing, farming etc. Falls of humans and animals from unprotected stabilized gully sides X X X X LIKELY CRITICAL HIGH 29 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Table 5.4: Summary of Significant Potential Impacts Project Phase Significant Potential Impacts Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Environment Social Environment Social Pre-Construction  Employment of local labour  Air quality deterioration from release of dusts and  Conflicts and crises over land for site clearing gaseous emissions resettlement and benefits  Noise and Vibration from the use of machineries and  Traffic congestion and increased motorized equipment risk of road traffic accidents and  Vegetation loss from land clearing injuries  Disturbance and destruction of flora and fauna habitat  Risk of occupational accidents, and displacement/destruction of fauna due to site injuries and .diseases clearing  Exposure of soil to erosion and loss of quality from devegetation  Generation of vegetal wastes, other cleared materials and construction wastes  Surface water contamination as a result of sediment run off from exposed soils Construction  Improved  Employment of local labour  Air quality deterioration  Damage to existing underground microclimatic for construction and  Noise and Vibration public utility cables and pipes and conditions as a result of vegetation activities  Gullying and soil erosion from exposure of soil to disruption of services carbon sequestration rain and wind  Health and safety risks associated from vegetation  Slope instability and landslides arising from with falls and drowning in  Propagation of vegetal excavation in active areas improperly abandoned borrow cover  Predisposition of soil to erosion resulting from pits  Restoration of flora improper abandonment of borrow pit  Risk of occupational accidents, habitat  Water pollution due to sedimentation and siltation injuries and diseases  Ecological balance and from runoff from spoils  HIV/AIDS and other STDs conservation  Soil contamination and loss of soil quality arising from the interactions  Soil stabilization and  Generation of spoils and other construction wastes amongst the workforce and the regeneration  Underground water pollution from spillages & host community leakages from oil storage tanks.  Injuries from accidental discharge of construction materials during transportation to site Operation/  Reduced vulnerability  Increased in household  Reoccurrence of gully erosion as a result of  Land dispute and communal clash Maintenance to soil erosion savings as a result of spending uncontrolled outflow from water storage reservoirs  Occupational accidents and  Prevention of landslides reduction on domestic water injuries  Reduced loss of demand  Risk of falls from unprotected agricultural land and  Reduced mortality and stabilised gully sides productivity morbidity from water related diseases  Diversification of livelihood and increased productivity due to availability of reclaimed land for housing, farming, etc.  Reduction in public spending on replacement and rehabilitation of infrastructure  Creation of employment 30 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER SIX: ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 6.1 Introduction This chapter describes the various project alternatives that were considered for the rehabilitation of the Ajali Water Works gully erosion site. The erosion control intervention was analysed in the context of both implementation options and technological alternatives. The analysis of the various alternatives is presented below. 6.2 Implementation Options 6.2.1 No Project Option The “no project� option assumes that the status quo remains and that the proposed project shall not be executed. Given that this is an active erosion site, a “no project� scenario is very likely to cause detrimental impacts on the environment and the people of the area. The gully is rapidly spreading, and with the imminence of rainy season, there is the possibility of the erosion caving in on to the two public utilities – the water storage reservoirs and the local access road through which people get to the Seminary school and community. The gully spread is just less than 10 meters from the fence wall of the water storage reservoirs. Similarly, the access road is about 89 meters from the gully head of the first finger at the Ajali Water Works and about 10.5 meters away from the gully head of the second finger. Aside the imminent disaster to the water storage tanks and access road, it is anticipated that without rapid intervention, the menace of erosion in the area will have a huge detrimental consequences on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment of the area. Some of the future adverse scenarios of “no project� option are articulated as follows:  Land depletion and degradation  Loss of ecosystem and degradation of microclimatic condition of the area  Fragmentation of community ties  Restriction to land based livelihoods  Limitation to movement and socio-economic activities among communities due to the impasse of the erosion cave in on road  Disruption to water supply to Enugu city  Low productivity and income  Possible outbreak of diseases due to poor hygiene resulting from disruption of access to water supply In view of the above, the “no project� option is not considered a viable option and therefore is rejected. 6.2.2 Delayed Project Option This option implies that the proposed project will be delayed until a much later date. The “delayed project� option will worsen the existing condition of the site as it will allow further encroachment of the gullies into new terrains. This delay may also result in unnecessary increase in the cost of eventual intervention works. Further encroachment will in addition lead to loss of more land, and possible significant infrastructural damage and other consequences enumerated above for the “no project� option alternative. For these untoward consequences, this option is also rejected. 6.2.3 Immediate Project Option This option means the project will go ahead with the proposed rehabilitation works at the Ajali Water Works gully erosion site. The “immediate project� option will:  Arrest and prevent further encroachment of the gullies into new terrains;  Restore degraded land to productive uses and diverse socio-economic activities that will further boost the livelihood of the people in the area;  Restore the ecosystem and improve the micro climatic conditions of the area;  Preserve threatened infrastructures i.e. the water storage reservoirs and access road;  Enhance the sustenance and efficiency of the Water Works dam and access to both dam and the Seminary;  Allay the fears and anxiety of people living in the project area; and  Develop and establish measures to prevent gully formation. This option is therefore considered the most viable and recommended for implementation. Immediate intervention will prevent further environmental degradation and preserve the source of livelihood of the local communities. The Ajali Water Works erosion site should therefore be a priority, given the proximity of the 31 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site rapidly encroaching gully head to the water storage reservoirs, which are the transit/pump stations for the only water supply line to the Enugu. This option will also serve to save other facilities such as land and local access road, all of which are currently under threat. 6.3 Technological Alternatives 6.3.1 Land Reclamation by Filling This option implies that the land will be reclaimed by filling the gullies with lateritic materials. This method will involve the use of large quantities of lateritic materials to be borrowed from excavated pits in the area. The gully is about 800m long and its width ranges between 15m – 25m. It also has a second finger which is about 350m to the confluence point. It is estimated that more than 100,000 tonnes of laterite materials would be required to completely fill and compact the gullies. This option will leave at its wake borrow pits that will be predisposed to erosion. This option is unsustainable and therefore rejected. 6.3.2 Civil Engineering Intervention This option implies that civil engineering measures will be employed to stabilize the gully. This method will stabilize the gully heads and the gully channels; however, the speed of flood water will still be significantly high enough to wash away the top soil from downstream watershed. In addition, due to the nature of the soil in the area, the concrete structures are likely to collapse. Previous experience suggests that works of this nature do not last for more than two seasons before the structure will collapse due to lack of soil stability. This option was therefore considered not viable for the intervention. 6.3.3 Vegetation Intervention This option implies that bioengineering measures will be employed to stabilize the gully. With the adoption of this option, the trees and grasses planted will help stabilize the soil but the channels might still be prone to erosion due to the loose nature of soil in the area. The energy of the flood water might uproot the planted vegetation before propagation and expose the channel to erosion attack. In addition, if the gully head is not properly stabilized, the gully will continue to encroach new terrains and consequently destroy the nearby public utilities. Here again the short term nature of the intervention makes this option not viable for intervention. 6.3.4 Civil Engineering/Vegetation This approach combines civil engineering works with vegetation. The gully heads will be stabilized with concrete structure while the gully channels will be rehabilitated by planting trees and grasses. The concrete structure will effectively conduct flood water into gullies and also help dissipate its energy significantly to prevent erosion. The vegetation, once propagated will help stabilize and regenerate the soil. This approach is cost effective and its durability is assured and is therefore recommended. 32 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the Environmental and Social Management Plan and outlines the measures to be taken during project implementation and operation to control adverse environmental and social impacts and the actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP includes the following components:  Summary of the potential impacts of the proposed project;  Description of the recommended mitigation measures;  Description of monitoring program;  Institutional arrangement (responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring) including recommendations for strengthening existing institutional capacity;  Implementation schedule and reporting procedures;  Cost estimates and sources of funds. 7.2 Summary of Potential Impacts The significant potential environmental and social impacts for which mitigation is required have been identified in Chapter Five and summarized in Table 5.4. 7.3 Mitigation Measures Feasible, practical and cost effective measures to reduce the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels have been developed. Measures to enhance beneficial impacts have also been proposed. The mitigation measures are based on recommended good practice, regulatory requirements and contributions received from relevant stakeholders. The primary objectives of the mitigation measures are:  Avoidance – To avoid project activities that could result in adverse impacts and certain types of resources considered to be environmentally sensitive  Prevention – To consider measures aimed at impeding the occurrence of negative environmental impacts and/or preventing such an occurrence having harmful environmental and social impacts.  Minimization – To limit or reduce the degree, extent magnitude or duration of adverse impacts.  Compensation – To consider measures aimed to remedy or compensate for unavoidable residual impacts. The mitigation measures mainly relate to the adoption of best environmental practices in the design, construction and operations of the project as well as technical civil engineering measures. All the mitigation measures will be included in the bid documents for the successful enterprise to implement. The potential impacts of the projects and their mitigation and enhancement measures are indicated in Table 7.1. The Table outlines the corresponding mitigation/enhancement measures for potential environmental and social impacts that are envisaged to occur during project activities. 7.4 Monitoring Program Monitoring is a tool to ensure adherence to agreed actions, to assess compliance, and to provide enhanced data for refined risk management purposes. Environmental monitoring during project implementation provides information about key environmental aspects of the project and the effectiveness of mitigation measures, which enables proper evaluation of the success of the mitigation and allows for any additional corrective action to be taken when needed. Specifically, the objectives for instituting a monitoring program are to: - Ensure implementation and check effectiveness of recommended mitigation measures; - Demonstrate that project activities are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures and existing regulations procedure; and - Provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level. In order to effectively and efficiently implement this ESMP, an environmental performance monitoring program has been designed to attain the above objectives. The monitoring program provides specific description and technical details of monitoring measures, including the parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions. It also includes monitoring and reporting procedures to (i) ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures, and (ii) furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation. Detailed proposed mitigation measures and related monitoring activities are provided in the Monitoring Plan in Table 7.3. 33 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Table 7.1: Mitigation and Enhancement Plan S/ Project Activity Significant Impact Enhancement/Mitigation Measures Institutional Estimated Cost $ N Responsibilities (N)/Comments A PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 1 Land Acquisition Social Impact Conflicts and crises over land resettlement and  Prepare and implement as necessary an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan ( ARAP) before mobilizing to site; Ensure full PC-NEWMAP ARAP already benefits involvement of community during preparation and implementation. World Bank developed 2 Mobilization of Social Impact Equipment to Site Traffic congestion and increased risk of road  Develop and implement a Traffic Management Plan (TMP). Traffic control measures to include: strict enforcement of speed Contractor Part of construction traffic accidents and injuries as a result of limits, use of appropriate road safety signages and signalers and minimization of movement at peak hours of the day. costs movement of heavy equipment  Training of drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety.  Ensure submission of TMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor. PC-NEWMAP OHS Impact Occupational accidents and injuries from the use  Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Provision of Contractor Part of construction of machineries and equipment PPE to workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid costs onsite. 3 Site Clearing Impact on Air Quality Air quality deterioration from release of dusts  Suppress dust emissions by appropriate methods such as spraying water on soil Contractor Part of construction and gaseous emissions from exposed soil  Maintain vehicles in good working condition. costs surfaces and vehicles  Ensure exhaust fumes from vehicles conform to applicable National standards and specifications. Noise and Vibration Noise and vibration from the use of machineries  Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels Contractor Part of construction and motorized equipment  Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation. costs  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines.  Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and enforce usage. Impact on Flora and Fauna Vegetation loss from land clearing  Undertake selective clearance, limiting clearing strictly to necessary areas so as to minimize the destruction of flora and fauna Contractor Part of construction Disturbance/Destruction of flora and fauna and thus prevent ecological damages. costs habitat (ecosystem) and displacement/  Re vegetate areas likely to be impacted with indigenous plant species immediately. destruction of fauna due to site clearing Impact on Soil and Land Exposure of soil to erosion and loss of quality  Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the extent possible. Contractor Part of construction from devegetation  Protect all vegetation not required to be removed against damage. costs  Re vegetate exposed soil quickly. Generation of vegetal wastes and other cleared  Prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy principles of avoid- Contractor Part of construction materials from devegetation and site clearing reduce- reuse- recycle- disposal. The Plan should: costs activities - Identify requirements for waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling; - Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes (especially cleared vegetation, timber, rubbles.).  Ensure submission of WMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor PC-NEWMAP Impact on Water Surface water contamination as a result of  Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to Contractor Part of construction sediment run off from exposed soils surface water. costs Social Impact Employment of local labour for site clearing  Maximize employment of local labour by ensuring the submission of statement of intent to employ local labour as a condition Contractor in the procurement document for the contractor. OHS Impact Risk of occupational diseases e.g respiratory  Implement site specific HSE plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Provision of PPE to Contractor Part of construction eye disorders, noise related problems, stings and workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid onsite. costs bites as a result of exposures to hazards. 4 Installation of Noise and Vibration Equipment and Noise and vibration from the use of machineries  Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels. Contractor Part of construction Structures (site and motorized equipment during construction of  Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation. costs offices, utilities, site structures  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines. 34 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site workshops, etc.)  Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and enforce usage. Impact on Soil and Land Generation of construction wastes  Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy principles of avoid-reduce- reuse- Contractor Part of construction recycle- disposal. The Plan should: costs - Identify requirements for waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling; - Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete, demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, sanitary wastes, metals, etc.). OHS Impact Risk of occupational diseases such as noise  Implement site specific the HSE and Noise control plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Contractor Part of construction related problems to excessive noise Provision of PPE to workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of costs First Aid onsite. B CONSTRUCTION PHASE 1 Excavation , Impact on Air Quality Borrowing, Filling, Air quality deterioration from dusts generated  Suppress dust emissions by appropriate methods such as spraying water on soil especially in windy conditions. Contractor Part of construction Back filling and during excavation , borrowing, filling,  Ensure workers use particulate respirators during soil excavation and other tasks that will generate dust. costs Compaction backfilling and compaction activities  Minimize stockpile height and cover to avoid dust/particulate emissions.  Excavate in batches to minimize dust emissions.  Carry out backfilling and compaction quickly to prevent dusts from exposed loose soil. Noise and Vibration Noise and vibration from the use of heavy duty  Maintain vehicles adequately to reduce their noise levels and fit with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation. Contractor Part of construction vehicles during excavation, borrowing,  Avoid unnecessary idling of vehicles when not in use. costs backfilling and compaction activities  Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and enforce usage. Impact on Soil and Land Gullying and soil erosion from exposure of soil  Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the extent possible. Contractor Part of construction to rain and wind  Protect all vegetation not required to be removed against damage. costs Slope instability and landslides arising from  Apply best engineering practices to minimize soil structure damage and adhere strictly to design specifications. excavation in active areas of the gully  Work on exposed areas and re vegetate quickly.  Control off-site storm and flood water before it reaches areas being excavated to prevent run-off of sediment. This can be achieved by construction of temporary drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or screens.  Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to surface water. Generation of Spoils  Reuse excavated materials immediately as fill, or stockpile for later use or dispose off Contractor Part of construction  Ensure stockpile and disposal areas are stable and protected against erosion and not interfere with run off or subsequent costs construction activities. Stockpile to be covered and stored in a sealed and bonded area in order to divert storm water away.  As part of the WMP, prepare and implement Spoil Handling Management (SHM) Sub-Plan that will identify how spoil will be handled, stockpiled, reused and disposed. Predisposition of soil to erosion resulting from  Develop and implement Site Reclamation Plan to ensure that site is rehabilitated and restored to a safe and stable state. Contractor Part of construction improper abandonment of borrow pit costs Impact on Water Water pollution due to sedimentation and  Control off-site storm and flood water before it reaches areas being excavated to prevent run-off of sediment. This can be Contractor Part of construction siltation from runoff from spoils and stockpiles achieved by construction of temporary drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or screens. costs  Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to surface water.  Implement Spoil Handling Management Sub-Plan. Social Impact Damage to existing underground public utility  Use utility survey maps to identify existing underground facilities before excavation works to prevent damages and disruption Contractor Part of construction cables and pipes during excavation works and of services. costs disruption of services  Where a need for shut down of service is necessary, it should be as temporal as possible to avoid significant adverse effect on the people. Public Health and Safety Health and safety risks associated with falls,  Implement Site Reclamation Plan. Contractor Part of construction Injuries and drowning of humans especially  Take appropriate measures to ensure borrow pits are secured where borrow pit is likely to pose significant risk after costs children and animals in poorly abandoned rehabilitation e.g. stock proof fencing in concert with signages. borrow pits Risk of occupational accidents and injuries from  Implement site specific HSE plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Provision of PPE to Contractor Part of construction the use of machineries and equipment workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid onsite. costs 35 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 2 Civil Engineering Noise and Vibration Works Noise and vibration from the use of machineries  Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to reduce their noise levels. Contractor Part of construction - Concrete and and motorized equipment  Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation. costs Cement Works  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines.  Provide ear plugs/muffs and anti-vibration hand gloves to workers and enforce usage. - Installation of Impact on Soil and Land Gabions and Rip Raps Soil contamination and loss of soil quality from  Implement WMP including measures to control oil spillages. Contractor Part of construction waste water and spills of oil and other petroleum  Proper maintenance of equipment to avoid oil spillages. costs products from leakages and/improper handling.  Refueling and maintenance of vehicles should conform to best practices to ensure there are no spillages or leakages. Waste generation from cement and concrete  Prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy principles of avoid- Contractor Part of construction works such as cement bags and metal scraps etc. reduce- reuse- recycle- disposal. The Plan will: costs - Identify requirements for waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling; - Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete, demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, metals, etc.).  Ensure submission of WMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor Social Impact Employment of local labour for construction  Maximize employment of local labour by ensuring the submission of statement of intent to employ local labour as a condition Contractor activities resulting in improved livelihood and in the procurement document for the contractor. PC-NEWMAP welfare OHS Impact HIV/AIDS and other STDs arising from the  Provide education, guidance and counseling on HIV/AIDS and other STDs for workers. Contractor Part of construction interactions amongst the workforce and the host  Provide condoms to construction staff. costs community. Risk of occupational accidents and diseases such  Implement site specific HSE plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Provision of PPE to Contractor Part of construction as noise related problems, respiratory and eye workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid onsite. costs disorders from exposure to health and safety hazards. 3 Transportation of Public Health and Safety Construction Injuries from accidental discharge of sand and  Implement the Traffic Management Plan (TMP). Contractor Part of construction Materials (soil from stones during transportation to site  Train drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety. costs borrow pits and  Cover trucks and vehicles conveying sand, stones, etc. stones)  Ensure submission of TMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor PC-NEWMAP 4 Operations of site Impact on Soil and Land office, workshops Waste generation from site office and  Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy principles of avoid-reduce- reuse- Contractor Part of construction and storage facilities maintenance activities such as used containers, recycle- disposal. The Plan will: costs scraps and office waste - Identify requirements for waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling; - Provide details of requirements for handling, stockpiling, disposal of wastes (especially oils, grease, lubricants, sanitary wastes, metals, etc.).  Ensure submission of WMP is a condition in the procurement document for the contractor PC-NEWMAP Impact on Water Underground water pollution from spillages and  Implement measures to control oil spillages that will be included in construction contracts including guidelines for the proper Contractor Part of construction leakages from oil storage tanks. storage and siting of hazardous materials such as oil, grease, fuel. costs  Refueling, maintenance as well as storage of diesel and oil should conform to best practices to ensure there are no spillages or leakages. Specifically; - Fuel storage tanks should be leak-proof and checked daily. The tanks should be installed in a bounded area and should be replaced in cases of leakage; - Procedures for storage, handling of hazardous wastes and raw materials (e.g. batteries, chemicals, fuels) should be prepared as part of the Contractors Waste Management Plan; - Implementation of such procedures should be adequately enforced and monitored; - Oils should be stored in their original drums and kept on top of an impermeable surface preferably in the contractors store room. OHS Impact Risk of occupational accidents and injuries from  Implement site specific HSE plan for workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and instruction; Provision of PPE to Contractor Part of construction activities carried out in site offices and workers; Emergency contingency plans; Education of workers; Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid onsite. costs workshop including maintenance works. 5 Vegetation Impact on Air Quality 36 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Improved microclimatic conditions as a result Contractor Part of construction of carbon sequestration from vegetation  Nurture vegetation and prevent deforestation activities such as over grazing. costs Impact on Flora and Fauna  Use vegetal waste as compost to aid rapid vegetal propagation. Propagation of vegetal cover in gully base. Impact on Soil Soil stabilization and regeneration as result of  Nurture vegetation and prevent deforestation activities such as over grazing. Contractor Part of construction vegetation costs Social Impact Employment of local labour for vegetation  Maximize employment of local labour by ensuring the submission of statement of intent to employ local labour as a condition Contractor Part of construction activities resulting in improved livelihood and in the procurement document for the contractor. PC-NEWMAP costs welfare  Target women, poor and vulnerable groups within the community for employment.  Train employed locals to acquire skills that will be useful after the completion of the project. C OPERRATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE 1 Maintenance of Social Impact Erosion Control Improved welfare due to sustainability of water  Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities. PC-NEWMAP Part of routine Structures service as a result of erosion control SME maintenance costs Reduction in public spending on replacement and rehabilitation of infrastructure Creation of employment by training locals as  Maximize employment of local labour for maintenance activities by enhancing their skills through appropriate training. Contractor Part of construction maintenance officers costs OHS Impact Occupational accidents and injuries as a result of  Develop and implement HSE Manual. PC-NEWMAP $9,500.00 falling and tripping during routine maintenance  Implement HSE training for maintenance workers and provide appropriate PPEs. (N1,520,000) 2 Watershed Land Soil and Land Impact Management Reoccurrence of gully erosion due to damage to  Ensure contingency plan is in place to address emergency situation at the water storage reservoirs. Enugu State Part of ESWC erosion control structures as a result of  Establish safeguards and guarantees that include overflow trigger and control mechanism, programmed operation and Water operational costs uncontrolled outflow from the twin water tanks Maintenance Manual complete with associated manpower. Corporation (ESWC) Reduced vulnerability to soil erosion  Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities. PC-NEWMAP Part of routine Prevention of landslides as a result of slope SME maintenance costs stabilization due to civil engineering works and vegetation Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity as a result of soil stabilization Social and Public Health Impact Land dispute and communal clash due to influx  Implement existing administration and land ownership system in place in the community Enugu State of people in the area to take advantage of the Ministry of Lands reclaimed land & Urban Development, Nsude Community Head Increase in household savings and welfare as a  Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities PC-NEWMAP result of spending reduction on domestic water SME demand Reduced mortality/morbidity from water related  Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities PC-NEWMAP diseases SME Diversification of livelihood and increased  Ensure proper maintenance of erosion control facilities PC-NEWMAP productivity due to availability of reclaimed land SME for housing, farming etc. Risk of falls from unprotected stabilized gully  Cordon off gully sides (especially at the deepest and widest areas) from animals and community members to prevent Contractor Part of construction sides accidental falls. cost  Install warning signs in English and 3 major Nigeria languages in strategic locations to alert people to the hazard of unprotected gully sides  Create awareness amongst local communities Total Estimated Costs $9,500.00 (N1,520,000) 37 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 7.4.1 Monitoring and Reporting Procedure The environmental monitoring activities will be based on direct/indirect indicators of emissions, effluents, and resource use applicable to the project. Monitoring frequency will be sufficient to provide representative data for the parameter being monitored. Monitoring data will be analyzed and reviewed at regular intervals and compared with the operating standards for necessary corrective actions. For effective monitoring, the following measures will be taken: - Monitoring will be conducted by trained Environmental Officers and other relevant personnel; - Measuring equipment will be accurately calibrated; - Quality control of sampling undertaken will be ensured; - Accredited laboratories will be used; - Certified methods of testing will be employed and where legal specifications exist for testing and sampling methods, these will be taken into account. 7.4.1.1 Internal Monitoring Internal monitoring will be carried out at two levels. The first level of monitoring will be carried out by the Contractor on an ongoing basis as specified in the monitoring plan. The second level of monitoring will be carried out by the SPMU. Enugu-NEWMAP will need supervision and monitoring of its own in order to ensure that the mitigation measures and actions specified in the monitoring plan and as bound by the contract is satisfactorily implemented. This will be the main duties of the Environmental Safeguard Officer (ESO) described in Box 6.2. Monitoring by the ESO will be done by checking regular monitoring reports to be provided by the Contractor and by carrying out regular site visits. 7.4.1.2 External Monitoring External monitoring and supervision will be done by SME, FMEnv, World Bank and other relevant agencies as may be required. These institutions will check reports received periodically from the SPMU and carry out inspections and/or audits on their own. Using the monitoring indicators each party will seek to measure the project’s progress, in a manner that highlights the various objectives in line with national and international environmental and social requirements. 7.4.1.3 Reporting Reporting is essential. The following monitoring reports will be required for this project:  Monthly Progress and Monitoring Report: to be prepared by the Contractor's EO or Environmental representative, providing relevant information on all monitoring activities, and on any specific events, as the case may be. These reports are to be made available to the SPMU and the FMEnv/SME at their request.  Quarterly Reports: to be prepared by the Contractor, summarizing all observations of the period. Reports will also be made available to the SPMU and FMEnv/SME accordingly.  Quarterly Report by SPMU: based on the Contractor's reports and on own activities, for the FMEnv and World Bank. The quarterly monitoring report will contain the following aspects of the ESMP implementation: a. Brief introduction to activities b. Objectives and scope of monitoring c. Monitoring parameters d. Field observations and analysis e. Percentage of safeguard compliance f. Non-compliance issues, gaps and weaknesses g. Recommendations for corrective measures h. Data, analysis results and pictures  Additional Reports according to specific conditions. Most importantly, separate reports will have to be prepared in the case of incidents irrespective of whether or not these give rise to “accidents� involving actual injury, fatality, serious environmental impact or other serious damage. The procedure for investigating and reporting these incidents is described in Annex 5. 7.4.1.4 Record Keeping Records provide evidence of the ongoing mitigation and monitoring activities and effectiveness of the ESMP. They are required to track performance and other data necessary to achieve and demonstrate compliance with the ESMP. Records to be kept will include amongst others: 38 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site - Complaint records; - Training records; - Inspection, maintenance and calibration records; - Monitoring data and audit results; - Pertinent contractor and supplier records; - Identified problems and corrective actions taken; - Incident reports; and - Significant communications with regulators. The effective control of these records is essential to the successful implementation of this ESMP. Procedures for the identification, collection, indexing, filing, storage, maintenance, retrieval and retention of records will therefore be established, implemented and maintained. 7.5 Institutional Arrangement The successful implementation of this ESMP depends on the commitment and capacity of various institutions and stakeholders to implement the ESMP effectively. Thus, the arrangement as well as the roles and responsibilities of the institutions and persons that will be involved in the implementation, monitoring and review of the ESMP are discussed below. 7.5.1 Roles and Responsibilities 7.5.1.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) For this ESMP, the FMEnv through the EIA Department and relevant agencies will play the role of lead environmental regulator, overseeing compliance requirements, granting consent and also monitoring or providing supervisory oversight for the project. Specifically, FMEnv will: - Receive comments (require revisions where necessary), provide approval and needed clearance for the ESMP and other environmental clearance in collaboration with the SME; - Review Monitoring Reports from SME; - Ensure that corrective actions are taken for significant environmental and social impacts; - Undertake periodic site visits to inspect and verify the nature and extent of impacts and the success or lack of, of the mitigation measures. 7.5.1.2 State Ministry of Environment (SME) The SME will be the environmental compliance overseer at the state level. In addition to other statutory functions, will ensure that all project activities comply with the State environmental laws and requirements and perform regular compliance monitoring and periodic inspection of all the stages of the project. 7.5.1.3 State Project Management Unit (SPMU) The SPMU represented by the Project Coordinator (PC) is responsible for the implementation of the ESMP and ensuring that environmental and social requirements are satisfied. He is to be assisted by the Environment and Social Safeguard officers in the Unit. Their roles and responsibilities are described in Box 7.1and 7.2 Box 7.1: Roles and Responsibilities of Project Coordinator The Project Coordinator has the overall responsibility for managing the Contractor and ensuring that the environmental and social requirements are met and the ESMP fully implemented. He will:  Liaise with the FMEnv and World Bank with respect to the preparation and implementation of the ESMP;  Ensure the integration of the required environmental and social measures and obligations in the tender documents and contracts;  Monitor implementation of these measures and take adequate steps in case of non-compliance;  Compile and prepare periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank. Box 7.2: Roles and Responsibilities of Environmental Safeguard Officer (ESO) The ESO will provide feedback to the PC regarding all environmental matters and will be in charge of carrying out the necessary supervision, control and monitoring work. He will also ensure that the Contractor adhere to the General Environmental Conditions for Construction Contract (Annex 6). Responsibilities for the ESO include the following:  Review all EA / SA Documents prepared by consultants and ensure adequacy under the World Bank Safeguard policies including the OP4.01.  Ensure that the project design and specifications adequately reflect the recommendations of the ESMP  Co-ordinate application, follow up processing and obtain requisite clearances required for the project, if required.  Prepare compliance reports with statutory requirements.  Develop, organize and deliver training programmes for the PIU staff, the contractors and others involved in the project implementation, in collaboration with the PMU.  Review and approve the Contractor’s Implementation Plan for the environmental measures, as per the ESMP and any other supplem entary environmental studies that may need to be carried out by the PIU.  Liaise with the Contractor on implementation of the ESMP / ARAP.  Liaise with various Central and State Government agencies on environmental, resettlement and other regulatory matters. 39 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site  Continuously interact with the NGOs and Community groups that would be involved in the project.  Establish dialogue with the affected communities and ensure that the environmental concerns and suggestions are incorporated and implemented in the project.  Review the performance of the project through an assessment of the periodic environmental monitoring reports; provide a summary of the same to the Project Coordinator, and initiate necessary follow-up actions Provide support and assistance to the Government Agencies and the World Bank to supervise the implementation. 7.5.1.4 The World Bank The World Bank performs the following roles:  Ensures that its safeguard policies are complied with;  Recommend additional measures for strengthening the ESMP and implementation performance;  Responsible for the final review and clearance of the ESMP;  Ensures that environmental safeguards are taken care of during World Bank supervision mission. 7.5.1.5 Contractor The Contractor will appoint an Environmental Officer, Site Engineer or Independent Consultant that will be responsible for onsite implementation of the ESMP and coordination of the environmental activities of the contractor. The responsibilities of the Contractor’s Environmental Representative include the following:  Formulation of detailed environmental management plans;  Ensure that all site staff including all subcontractors comply with the ESMP  Supervision of implementation of all the measures and preparation of required Monitoring Reports;  Regular inspection of site to ensure adherence to management actions of the ESMP;  Preparation of work plans for environmental management in line with the ESMP;  Provide inputs into the regular environmental report to be prepared by ESO;  Maintain records of environmental incidents as well as corrective and preventive actions taken;  Ensure any changes during construction process that may have a significant environmental and social impact are communicated to ESO in time and managed accordingly;  Ensure ESO is sufficiently informed on Contractor’s monitoring results. Annex 5 gives detailed general environmental management conditions during civil works while the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions in the implementation of this ESMP are outlined in Table 7.2. Table 7.2: Institutional Responsibilities S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities 1. Federal Ministry of Implementing authority, has the mandate to: Environment  Co-ordinate all policies, programmes and actions of NEWMAP across the States  Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programmes  Cooperate through a Steering Committee that provides guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities;  Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the projects 2. Federal Ministry of  Lead role - provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of draft ESMP report (in liaison with State Ministry of Environment), Environment/EIA Department receiving comments from stakeholders, public hearing of the project proposals, and convening a technical decision-making panel, Project and NESREA categorization for EA, Applicable standards, Environmental and social liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation process and criteria 3. State Ministry of Environment  Environmental compliance overseer at the State level  Lead role - provision of advice on screening, scoping, review of draft ESMP report (in liaison with Federal Ministry of Environment)  Site assessment and monitoring of ESMP implementation 4. State Government MDAs  Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of Land Acquisition and compensation and other resettlement issues, (Ministry of Land and Urban  Other MDAs come in as and when relevant areas or resources under their jurisdiction or management are likely to be affected by or Development, etc., implicated projects.  They participate in the EA processes and in project decision-making that helps prevent or minimize impacts and to mitigate them. These institutions may also be required, issue a consent or approval for an aspect of a project; allow an area to be included in a project; or allow impact to a certain extent or impose restrictions or conditions, monitoring responsibility or supervisory oversight 5. World Bank  Assess implementation  Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management plan and implementation performance. 6. Service Provider/ Contractor  Compliance to BOQ specification in procurement of material and construction 7. Site Engineers/Supervisors  Provide oversight function during construction and decommissioning 8. Local Government  Provide oversight function across subproject in LGAs for ESMP compliance  Liaising with the PMU to verify adequacy of resettlement location and provide approval for such sites, providing additional resettlement area if the designated locations are not adequate, provide necessary infrastructures in relocated areas, engage and encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed project, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups. 9. Local Community  Promote environmental awareness  Assist and Liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision of approval for such sites  Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/ encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups. 10. CDA  Ensure Community participation by mobilizing, sensitizing community members; 11. NGOs/CSOs  Assisting in their respective ways to ensure effective response actions, Conducting scientific researches alongside government groups to evolve and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, Organizing, coordinating and ensuring safe use of volunteers in a response action, and actually identifying where these volunteers can best render services effectively & Providing wide support assistance helpful in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, Project impacts and mitigation measure, Awareness campaigns 12. Others/General Public  Identify issues that could derail the project and support project impacts and mitigation measures, Awareness campaigns 40 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Table 7.3 Monitoring Plan S/ Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of N Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring Monitoring Implementation Supervision Dollars (Naira)* A PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE Land Acquisition  Prepare and implement as necessary ARAP before  ARAP Document  Sighting Host Once (Before Project Coordinator Enugu State Ministry of 1 Conflicts and crises over mobilizing to site Community commencement (PC)-NEWMAP Lands and Urban -- land resettlement and (Nsude) of project) Development (ESML) benefits  Ensure full involvement of community during  Minutes of meting/  Interview Social Liaison preparation and implementation Report of Officer (SLO) - World Bank (WB) implementation with NEWMAP signatures showing community Community Liaison participation Officer (CLO) Mobilization of Equipment to  Develop and implement a Traffic Management Plan  TMP Submitted  Sighting Along Daily Contractor Environmental 6,875.00 Site (TMP). Traffic control measures to include: strict  Traffic flow  Visual transport Safeguard Officer (1,100,000) 2 Traffic congestion and enforcement of speed limits, use of appropriate road  Safety signages & Observation corridor (ESO)-NEWMAP (For monitoring increased risk of road safety signages and signalers and minimization of signalers installed at (Imezi-Owa Police relevant traffic accidents and movement at peak hours of the day. strategic locations Road) Federal Road Safety parameters related injuries as a result of  Ensure submission of TMP is a condition in the  No of Complaints from Corps (FRSC) to Pre- movement of heavy procurement document for the contractor residents and other road  Complaint Enugu State Transport Construction equipment users Register Management Agency Activities)  No of Road Traffic (ESTMA)  Train drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety Accidents (RTA)  Police/FRSC  No of Drivers Trained Report Construction Once  Interviews/ Site Training Records 3 Occupational accidents  Prepare and implement site specific HSE plan for  HSE Plan Submitted  Sighting Construction Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP 6,250.00 and injuries from the use workers addressing issues including; HSE rules and  Workers using PPE  Routine/ Site (1,000,000) of machineries and instruction; Provision of PPE to workers; Emergency  First Aid Provision Unannounced (For monitoring equipment contingency plans; Education of workers;  No of accidents and Inspection SME, FMEnv, relevant Incident/accident reporting; Provision of First Aid injuries NESREA parameters related onsite  HSE Statistics {First  HSE Report to Pre- Aid Cases (FAC), Lost Construction Time Injuries (LTI), etc} Activities Site Clearing  Suppress dust emissions by appropriate methods such  Suspended Particulates  In-Situ Construction Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP 15,785.00 4 Air quality deterioration as spraying water on soil (TSP, PM10, or Measurement Site and (2,525,000) from release of dusts and smaller), SO2, NOx, CO, surrounding SME (Air Quality gaseous emissions from  Maintain vehicles in good working condition THC area FMEnv Measurement exposed soil surfaces and  Ensure exhaust fumes from vehicles conform to  Vehicle Exhaust NESREA (State) Equipment vehicles applicable National standards and specifications Measurements WB  Records of maintenance for all machineries and  Sighting equipment 5 Noise and vibration from  Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to  Noise Levels (Not to  In-Situ Construction Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP 6,250.00 the use of machineries and reduce their noise levels exceed 90dB(A) Measurement Site (high (1,000,000) motorized equipment  Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust  No of Complaints  Sighting activity areas) SME (Noise Level mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation  Records of Equipment  Complaint and to some FMEnv Monitoring  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion Maintenance Register extent transport NESREA equipment) engines corridor 6 Vegetation loss from land  Limit clearing strictly to necessary areas so as to  Clearly Defined  Visual Construction Once during site Contractor ESO-NEWMAP clearing minimize the destruction of flora and fauna. Boundaries Observation Site clearing and 1,250.00 7 Disturbance/Destruction  Re vegetate areas likely to be impacted with  % of Vegetal Density  Visual Estimate quarterly Enugu State Min. of (200,000) of flora and fauna habitat indigenous plant species immediately Loss/Vegetal cover of Cover afterwards Agriculture and Rural (ecosystem) and  Diversity of indigenous  Framed Development displacement/destruction and exotic plant species Quadrants (ESMARD) 41 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site S/ Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of N Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring Monitoring Implementation Supervision Dollars (Naira)* of fauna due to site clearing 8 Exposure of soil to  Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the extent  % of Vegetal Loss  Visual Estimate Project area Once during site Contractor ESO-NEWMAP erosion and loss of possible  Ratio of where clearing and quality from devegetation  Protect all vegetation not required to be removed Natural/Cultivated vegetation was quarterly ESMARD Refer to A7 against damage Cover cleared afterwards  Re vegetate exposed soil quickly 9 Generation of vegetal  Prepare and Implement Waste Management Plan  WMP Submitted  Sighting Construction Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP 1,250.00 wastes and other cleared (WMP), using the waste minimization hierarchy  Contractor’s  Visual Site Enugu State Waste (200,000) materials from principles of avoid-reduce- reuse- recycle- disposal. Compliance to WMP Observation Management Agency devegetation and site  Ensure proper handling, stockpiling and disposal of  Waste Handling and  Waste Tracking (ESWAMA) clearing activities wastes (e.g cleared vegetation, timber, rubbles, etc.) Disposal of Wastes Report 10 Surface water  Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other  Surface Water Quality  In- Discharge Once during Pre- Contractor ESO-NEWMAP 6,250.00 contamination as a result similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run- (pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, Situ/Laboratory point, mid- Construction SME (1,000,000) of sediment run off from offs of sediment/silt to surface water COD, Turbidity, THC, Measurements stream & FMEnv (Water Quality exposed soils Heavy Metals) downstream of NESREA Kits and Ajali River WB Laboratory Tests) 11 Risk of occupational  Implement site specific HSE plan  Contractors Compliance  Routine Construction Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP diseases such as (See A3)  Workers Using PPE Inspection Site respiratory and eye  HSE Statistics (FAC, SME Refer to A3 disorder, noise related LTI, etc) FMENV problems, stings and bites  HSE Reports as a result of exposures to occupational hazards. Installation of Equipment and  Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to  Noise Levels (Not to  In-Situ Construction Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to A5 Site Structures reduce their noise levels exceed 90dB(A) Measurement Site (high SME 12 Noise and vibration from  Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust activity areas) FMEnv the use of machineries and mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation  Records of Equipment  Sighting and to some NESREA motorized equipment  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion Maintenance extent transport during construction of site engines corridor structures 13 Generation of  Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP)  Contractors Compliance  Visual Construction Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to A9 construction wastes  Promote waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and to WMP Observation Site ESWAMA recycling as applicable  Ensure proper handling, and disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil, concrete, oils, grease,  Waste Handling and  Waste Tracking lubricants, metals, etc.) Disposal Report 14 Risk of noise related  Implement site specific HSE Plan and Noise Control  No of workers using  Routine Construction Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to A3 problems amongst plan for workers to include use of hearing protective hearing protective Inspection Site workers from exposure to devices (See A3) devices (ear plugs) excessive noise.  Workers with noise related problems  HSE Report Sub-Total 43,910 (7,025,000) B CONSTRUCTION PHASE Excavation , Borrowing,  Suppress dust emissions by appropriate methods such  Suspended  In-Situ Construction Daily (during Contractor ESO-NEWMAP 9,375.00 Filling, Back filling and as spraying water on soil especially in windy Particulates (TSP, Measurement Site, area of high activity SME (1,500,000) Compaction conditions PM10, or smaller), high activity period and FMEnv (For monitoring 1 Air quality deterioration  Minimize stockpile height and cover to avoid SO2, NOx, CO, THC and weekly thereafter) NESREA relevant dust/particulate emissions surrounding WB parameters related from dusts generated during excavation ,  Excavate in batches to minimize dust emissions to these activities) borrowing, filling,  Carry out backfilling and compaction quickly to 42 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site S/ Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of N Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring Monitoring Implementation Supervision Dollars (Naira)* backfilling and prevent dusts from exposed loose soil compaction activities 2 Noise and vibration from  Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to  Noise Levels (Not to  In-Situ Construction Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP SME Refer to B1 the use of heavy duty reduce their noise levels exceed 90dB(A) Measurement Site (high FMEnv vehicles during  Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust  No of Complaints  Complaint register activity areas) NESREA excavation, borrowing, mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation  Records of Equipment  Visual Observation backfilling and  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion Maintenance compaction activities engines 3 Gullying and soil erosion  Avoid removal of vegetation and trees to the extent  % of Vegetal Loss  Visual Estimate/ Excavated Once during Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B1 from exposure of soil to possible  Compliance with Observation Area project activity SME rain and wind  Protect all vegetation not required to be removed Design Specification and quarterly FMEnv against damage afterwards NESREA 4 Slope instability and landslides arising from  Apply best engineering practices to minimize soil  Ratio excavation in active areas structure damage and adhere strictly to design Natural/Cultivated of the gully specifications Cover  Work on exposed areas and re vegetate quickly  Evidence of drainage  Control off-site storm & flood water before it reaches channels, retention areas being excavated to prevent run-off of sediment. basins, silt fences etc This can be achieved by construction of temporary drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or screens  Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run- offs of sediment/silt to surface water 5 Generation of Spoils  Reuse excavated materials immediately as fill, or  Spoil Handling  Visual Observation Construction Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B1 stockpile for later use or dispose off appropriately Management Sub- Site  Ensure stockpile and disposal areas are stable and Plan Submitted ESWAMA 625 .00 protected against erosion and not interfere with run off  Contractors (100,000) or subsequent construction activities. Stockpile to be compliance covered and stored in a sealed and bonded area in order to prevent run-off  As part of the WMP, prepare and implement Spoil Handling Management (SHM) Sub-Plan that will identify how spoil will be handled, stockpiled, reused and disposed 6 Predisposition of soil to  Develop and implement Site Reclamation Plan to  Site Reclamation Plan  Sighting At the worksite Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B1 erosion resulting from ensure that site is rehabilitated and restored to a safe Submitted and material SME improper abandonment of and stable state  Contractor’s  Visual Observation borrow area FMEnv borrow pit Compliance NESREA 7 Water pollution due to  Control off-site storm and flood water before it reaches  Surface Water Quality  In-Situ/ Laboratory Discharge Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B1 sedimentation and areas being excavated to prevent run-off of sediment. (pH, TDS, TSS, Measurements point, mid- SME 3,750.00 siltation from runoff from This can be achieved by construction of temporary BOD, COD, stream and FMEnv (600,000) spoils drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or Turbidity, THC, downstream of NESREA (Water Quality screens heavy metals) Ajali River WB Laboratory Tests)  Install sediment retention basins, silt fences or other  Contactor’s  Visual Observation Construction similar devices at strategic locations to prevent run- Compliance to SHM Site offs of sediment/silt to surface water Sub-Plan (see B5)  Implement SHM Sub-Plan 8 Damage to existing  Use utility survey maps to identify existing  Complaints to Utility  Complaints Register Construction Daily during Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B1 underground public utility underground facilities before excavation works to Service Providers  Visual Observation Site (excavated excavation cables and pipes during prevent damages and disruption of services areas) Enugu State Water excavation works and  Where a need for shut down of service is necessary, it Corporation disruption of services should be as temporal as possible to avoid significant (ESWC) 43 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site S/ Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of N Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring Monitoring Implementation Supervision Dollars (Naira)* adverse effect on the people 9 Health and safety risks  Implement Site Reclamation Plan  Contractor’s  Visual Inspection Construction Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B1 associated with falls,  Take appropriate measures to ensure borrow pits are Compliance Site and SME injuries & drowning of secured where borrow pit is likely to pose significant  Warning Signages  Incident Reports material FMEnv humans/ animals in risk after rehabilitation e.g. stock proof fencing in  No of Incidents borrow area NESREA improperly abandoned concert with signages borrow pits 10 Risk of occupational  Implement site specific HSE plan (see A3)  HSE Statistics (FAC,  HSE Reports Construction Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B1 accidents and injuries LTI, etc) Site from the use of  # Accidents/Injuries machineries & equipment  Workers using PPEs  Routine Inspection Civil Engineering /Cement  Maintain equipment and machineries adequately to  Noise Levels (Not to  In-Situ Construction Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP 12,500.00 Works reduce their noise levels exceed 90dB(A) Measurement Site (high SME (2,000,000) 11 Noise and vibration from  Fit machineries and motorized equipment with exhaust  No of Complaints  Complaint Register activity areas) FMEnv (For monitoring the use of machineries and mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation  Records of Equipment  Visual Observation and to some NESREA relevant motorized equipment  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion Maintenance extent transport parameters related engines corridor to Civil Engineering Works) 12 Soil contamination and  Implement WMP including measures to control oil  Soil Quality Test  In situ / Laboratory Soil Quality Monthly Contractor 1,250.00 loss of soil quality from spillages. (Biological, Measurement Sample Points (200,000) waste water and spills of  Proper maintenance of equipment to avoid oil Chemical and (Soil Quality oil and other petroleum spillages. Physical Properties Laboratory Test) products from leakages  Refueling and maintenance of vehicles should conform such as Nitrate, pH, and/improper handling. to best practices to ensure there are no spillages or Heavy Metals)  Visual Observation Construction ESO-NEWMAP leakages.  Contractor’s  Spot Check Site Daily SME Refer to B11 Compliance FMEnv  Evidence of leakages NESREA of oil and fuels WB 13 Waste generation from  Implement the Waste Management Plan (WMP)  Contractors  Visual Observation Construction Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B11 cement and concrete  Promote avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling; Compliance Site works such as cement  Enhance proper handling and disposal of wastes ESWAMA 1,250 .00 bags and metal scraps etc. (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete, (200,000) demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, metals,  Waste Handling, and  Waste Tracking etc.) Disposal Report 14 HIV/AIDS and other  Provide education , guidance and counseling on  No of workers  Interview Construction Once (before start CLO ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B11 STDs arising from HIV/AIDS and other STDs for workers educated on IV/AIDS Site of construction) interactions amongst the  Provide condoms to construction staff & other STDs workforce and the host community. 15 Risk of occupational  Implement site specific HSE plan (see A3)  Contractors  Routine Inspection Construction Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B11 accidents and diseases compliance Site SME such as noise related  Workers using PPE  HSE Reports FMEnv problems, respiratory and  HSE statistics (FAC, NESREA (State) eye disorders from LTI, etc) exposure to health and safety hazards. Transportation of  Implement the Traffic Management Plan (see A2)  Contractor’s  Visual Along Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B11 Construction Materials  Train drivers on haulage safety and pedestrian safety Compliance to TMP Observation transport 44 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site S/ Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of N Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring Monitoring Implementation Supervision Dollars (Naira)* 16 Injuries from accidental  Cover trucks vehicles conveying sand, stones, etc.  Complaints from  Complaint corridor FRSC 9,375.00 discharge of sand and residents and other Register ESTMA (1,500,000) stones during road users  Police/FRSC Police (For monitoring transportation to site  No of Road Traffic Report relevant Accidents (RTA)  Interviews/ Construction Once (during parameters related  No of Drivers Trained Training Records Site construction) to this activity Operations of Site  Implement the Waste Management Plan  Contractors  Visual Observation Construction Daily Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Installations  Promote waste avoidance; reduction; reuse and Compliance Site, base 4,375.00 17 Waste generation from recycling; camp, ESWAMA (700,000) site office & maintenance  Ensure proper handling and disposal of wastes workshops and activities such as used (especially oils, grease, lubricants, sanitary wastes,  Waste Tracking storage areas containers, scraps and metals, etc.)  Waste Handling and Report office waste Disposal 18 Underground water  Implement measures to control oil spillages &  Written Spills &Leaks  Visual Observation Storage Area Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B11 pollution from spillages procedures for storage handling of hazardous wastes Response Procedures SME and leakages from oil and raw materials (e.g. batteries, chemicals, fuels).  Evidence of bond FMEnv storage tanks.  Ensure refueling, maintenance as well as storage of around storage tanks NESREA diesel and oil conforms to best practices to ensure  Visual Signs of WB 4,500.00 there are no spillages or leakages leakages of oils/ fuels  Spot Check (720,000)  Ensure fuel storage tanks are leak-proof and checked  Underground Water (for Ground Water daily. The tanks should be installed in a bonded area Quality (pH, TDS, Quality and should be replaced in cases of leakage; TSS, BOD, COD,  Lab Measurement Laboratory Test)  Store oils in original drums and kept on top of Turbidity, THC, Water Quality Monthly impermeable surface preferably in contractors store Heavy Metals) Sampling Point 19 Risk of occupational  Implement site specific HSE plan (see A3)  Contractors  Routine Inspection Site Offices Weekly Contractor ESO-NEWMAP Refer to B17 accidents and injuries Compliance and Workshops from activities carried out  Workers using PPE  HSE Reports in site offices and  HSE Statistics (FAC, workshop including LTI, etc) maintenance works Sub-Total 47,000 (7,520,000) C OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE Maintenance of Erosion  Develop and implement HSE Manual  HSE Manual  Sighting Project Site Monthly PC-NEWMAP SME - Control Structures Submitted 1 Occupational accidents  HSE statistics  HSE Reports and injuries as a result of  Contractors falling and tripping during  Train maintenance and other workers on HSE Compliance  Routine Inspection routine maintenance  Training Records  Provision of PPE to workers  Workers using PPE Watershed Land Management  Ensure contingency plan is in place to address  Implementation of  Sighting Ajali Water Annually ESWC PC-NEWMAP - 2 Reoccurrence of gully emergency situation at the twin water reservoirs Contingency Plan Works erosion due to damage to erosion control structures  Ensure routine maintenance of the twin water  Maintenance  Visual Observation as a result of uncontrolled reservoirs Records/Logs outflow from water tanks  Use of automatic water tank level controller 3 Land dispute /communal  Implement existing administration and land ownership Host As required CLO ES ML - clash due to influx of system in place in the community community Nsude Community people to take advantage (Nsude) Head of reclaimed land Grand Total Cost of Monitoring 90,910.00 (14,545,600)  Conversion Rate = 1:160 45 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 7.5.2 Institutional Arrangements The proposed institutional arrangement for the ESMP implementation is shown in Figure 7.1 Funding Arrangement Enugu State Govt World Bank and Other Financing Agencies  Monitoring & supervision FMEnv  SME Reporting  SPMU (PC, ESO, SLO) Reporting External Monitoring Reporting  Contractor (Environmental Officer/ Site Engineer/ Independent Consultant) Figure 7.1: Institutional Arrangement for ESMP Implementation 7.5.3 Capacity Building and Training Training is essential for ensuring that the ESMP provisions are implemented efficiently and effectively. Based on the assessment of the institutional capacities of the different agencies that will be involved in the implementation of the ESMP, the following broad areas of capacity building have been identified and recommended for the SPMU and other agencies for effective implementation of the ESMP.  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);  Environmental and Social Management Plan;  Environmental Monitoring and Audit;  Pollution Control Management;  Environmental Reporting;  Constriction HSE. The type of trainings proposed to be organized during the project period and estimated cost is given in Table 7.4. The costs estimates are based on the assumption that the training program will be held in Enugu; resource persons are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants will come from institutions at the federal and state levels. 7.5.3.1 Training of Contractor Personnel The Contractor will be required to provide sufficient training to his workforce in order to ensure they are fully aware of the relevant aspects of the ESMP and are able to fulfill their roles and functions. This training will be a requirement of contract for the Contractor. Specific training should be provided for workers that have specific tasks associated with the implementation of the ESMP. Training should include:  Training on General Environmental Awareness to foster the implementation of environmentally sound practices.  Induction Courses  Refresher Courses  Daily Tool Box Talks. Table 7.4: Proposed Training Programme for the Implementation of ESMP Estimated Budget $ Capacity Building Activity Proposed Topics Target Audience Duration (N) Module 1:  Overview of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Relevant staff of FMEnv (EA, 8 days 30,000 Training on Environmental and Process EFCZM), Officers of SPMU, SME, (4,800,000) Social Management Plan  Overview of Anticipated Impacts of Project ESWAMA, and other relevant Implementation  Environmental Pollution & Control MDAs LGA departments, NGOs,  Environmental and Social Management Plan CBOs.  Environmental Performance Monitoring – Monitoring Mitigation Measures in ESMP  Environmental Reporting Module 2:  Introduction to Construction HSE Relevant staff of FMEnv (EA, 5 days 18,750 Training on Construction HSE  Overview of Health and Safety Hazards in Construction EFCZM), Officers of SPMU, SME, (3,000,000)  Incidents: Causation, Investigation & Reporting ESWAMA, and other relevant  Excavation Safety MDAs LGA departments, NGOs,  Construction Site Inspection CBOs.  Personal Protective Equipment $48,750 13 days TOTAL (N7,800,000) 46 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 7.6 Implementation Schedule The activities related to environmental management and monitoring have to be integrated in the overall construction schedule. The main steps are shown in Table 7.5. As discussed, most of the environmental management actions are standard or "good housekeeping" measures applicable to construction projects. These have to be observed throughout the construction activities and are shown as one overall activity. The key elements of the implementation schedule presented in Table 7.5 include the following: - Inclusion of environmental and social requirements in bid documents and contract; - Review and approval of Contractor’s ESMP; - Preparation and submission of construction schedule; - Implementation of mitigation and enhancement measures; - Environmental Auditing; and - Monitoring and reporting of ESMP implementation. Table 7.5: Tentative ESMP Implementation Schedule S/N Activity Responsibility Pre-Construction Construction Operation & Maintenance Environmental & Social Management 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 Clearance and formal disclosure of ESMP NEWMAP 2 Inclusion of Environmental & Social Requirements in NEWMAP Bid Documents 3 Inclusion of ESMP in Contract Documents NEWMAP 4 Review and Approval of Contractor’s ESMP FMEnv SME 5 Implementation of ARAP NEWMAP 6 Environmental/ ESMP Trainings Contractor/ HSE Consultant 7 Implementation of Mitigation Measures Contractor 8 Supervising ESMP Implementation NEWMAP 9 Environmental Auditing FMEnv, SME 10 Monitoring and Reporting on ESMP Implementation Contractor, NEWMAP SME, FMEnv Construction 1 Competitive Bidding for Contract Contractor 2 Contract Awarded and Signed NEWMAP 3 Preparation and Submission of Construction Schedule Contractor 4 Contractor Mobilizes to Site* Contractor 5 Finalizing Site Layout Plan of Construction Contractor 6 Site Clearing Contractor 7 Installation of Equipment and Site Structures Contractor 8 Excavation , Borrowing, Filling, Backfilling and Contractor Compaction 9 Civil Engineering /Cement Works Contractor 10 Transportation of Construction Materials Contractor 11 Operations of Site Installations Contractor 12 Vegetation Contractor 13 Maintenance of Erosion Control Structures Contractor * Construction cannot begin until ARAP is implemented 7.6.1 Contractual Measures It has been mentioned that most of the mitigation measures, since they are to be implemented during the construction period, will be the obligation of the Contractor. For this it is important that the measures as described in this ESMP be included in the tender documents, with appropriate flexibility to adjust these measures to site circumstances, and that the potential contractor will have to prepare their proposals taking into account these measures. To ensure compliance, the requirements will be translated into a suite of environmental specifications that are written in the same language style and format as the rest of the contract document, thereby ensuring that the environmental and social controls integrate seamlessly into the tender document and are presented in a familiar form to the Contractor. This approach will ensure that that obligations are clearly communicated to contractors and that submitted tenders have taken into account and budgeted for the environmental and social requirements specified in the ESMP. It will also have to be stated clearly in the tender documents, that non-inclusion of these measures in the proposal will lead to a disqualification of the proponent. Likewise, the contract with the successful bidder should contain these environmental management measures as firm conditions to be complied with 47 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 7.7 Cost Estimates To effectively implement the mitigation and monitoring measures recommended in this ESMP, necessary provision will have to be made. The cost of these measures have been estimated and included in the ESMP. The estimated costs include the environmental management costs other than the good engineering practices, cost of capacity building, cost of environmental monitoring and cost of mitigation by Enugu-NEWMAP. The cost of mitigation by the Contractor will be included in the contract as part of the implementation cost by the Contractor. The total estimated cost for the ESMP implementation and monitoring is US$149,160 (N23,865,600). Details of cost estimations are given in Table 7.6. Table 7.6: Estimated Budget for the Implementation of ESMP S/N Item Responsibilities Estimated Budget Dollars Naira 1 Mitigation Contractor To be included in contract cost ENUGU-NEWMAP 9,500 1,520,000 2 Monitoring ENUGU- NEWMAP, SME, ESMANR, 90,910 14,545,600 ESWC, ESWAMA, ESML, FMEnv, NESREA, FRSC, ESTMA, Police, WB 3 Capacity Building ENUGU-NEWMAP 48,750 7,800,000 Total 149,160 23,865,600 7.8 ESMP Disclosures After review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and host LGA offices as well as the World Bank Info Shop. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities; impacts anticipated and proposed environmental management actions. 48 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site CHAPTER EIGHT: PUBLIC CONSULTATION 8.1 Introduction Public consultation is a germane instrument for assuring social inclusion and sustainable development in public projects. As a requirement by both World Bank and the Federal Ministry of Environment for development project such as this, public consultation began at the early stage of the project during the preparation of the ESMF and RPF and shall be a continuum throughout the entire project cycle. During this assignment, public consultation was helpful not only in the identification and participation of the relevant stakeholders and community but also in ensuring that they assume ownership and drive the smooth conduct of the ESMP preparation by making suggestions and volunteering information on the history of gully erosion in the community, nature of social/community organization and women participation, perceptions about the project, envisaged impacts and mitigations, expectations from the project, community needs, stakeholder and community commitment and responsibilities towards project successful implementation. 8.2 Approach for Identification and Participation of Stakeholders The existing documents prepared by NEWMAP such as the PAD, PIM, ESMF and RPF clearly stated the stakeholders to be identified in the project stakeholders including the MDAs at the Steering Technical Committee. The ESMF and RPF expressly underpinned the need to constitute a site committee and of the essence of working in collaboration with community association and NGOs. Therefore, with facilitation support from NEWMAP-PMU stakeholders identified and consulted included: Participating State MDAs, Traditional Rulers, Community Leaders, Community Association Members, Women Groups, Youths and NGOs/CBOs. Consultation was carried out through meetings held at two – levels, viz;  At Stakeholder Level: The forum was used to engage the various MDAs on the project, shared thoughts on their participations and capacity to implement their tasks. It helped to evaluate capacity strengths and weaknesses with a view to ensuring that gaps are filled within the context of NEWMAP project implementation and supervision responsibilities. Participants comprised of representatives from the SME, ESMLUD, ESWC, ESMARD and POVINAA NGO. The attendance sheet is attached as Annex 2.  At Community Level: The essence of the community consultation which was held in the project community was amongst other things to accord the people of the area the right due them as primary beneficiaries of the project. It served as a platform to identify the various social strata in the community, elicit information, questions and concerns relevant to the project, ascertain the nature of impacts of the project from the community perspective and livelihood based issues that might be supported by the present project or other future development projects. Participants at the community meeting comprised of the traditional ruler, community leaders, women, youths, site committee members and community association members. The attendance sheet is attached as Annex 6. 8.3 Summary of Public Consultation The proceedings of the consultations took the following form: - Introduction of project to stakeholders and community members. - Sensitization on environmental and social safeguards. - Entertainment of questions and comments from stakeholders. - Addressing concerns raised by stakeholders. Tables 8.1 and 8.2 present summary of the proceedings and outcome of the two fora: Table 8.1: Summary of Stakeholders Meeting with MDAs and Community Venue of Meeting Enugu NEWMAP office, NO. 73, Coal City Garden Estate, GRA Date of Meeting March 14, 2014 Participation Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Land & Urban Development, Enugu State Water Corporation, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, ESEPC, POVINAA NGO, NEWMAP PMU, Consultants, Ameke Ngwo Community and Nsude Community Introduction The Project Coordinator NEWMAP gave an overview of the agenda and led the introduction of Consultants and stakeholders present at the meeting. The Consultant explained the objectives of the project and the World Bank and Federal Government policies on environmental and social safeguards as it relates to the project. They admonished stakeholders to ask questions, express their concerns, perceptions about the project and inputs they would want project sponsors to factor in for project implementation. The importance of having desk officers from the MDAs was reiterated by the consultant and was corroborated by the representative of the Permanent. Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, who said that bureaucracy, could disrupt the pace or success of the project if specifications for persons needed as desk officers for the project is not given. 49 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Questions and Concerns 1. Engr. Calistus and Christian Ukwuani from Ngwo community asked about the choice of the sites at Ajali in Nsude and Ngwo in Ameke for remediation since they are not the only sites threatened by the erosion. They advocated for site inspections to be carried out to unravel more threatening sites. 2. They observed that the cattle rearers have over time been a continuous menace, vandalising the pipelines carrying effluents from the Coca-Cola Bottling Company in order to provide drinking water for their cattle 3. Concern was also raised about overgrazing by the herdsmen in the farms and green areas that had been reserved to check erosion. It was mentioned that the influx of cattle and the rearers from the neighbouring Benue and Nassarawa States as a result of the deadly clashes between the herdsmen and farmers had increased the number of erosion sites. 4. Representative of the Water Corporation said that Nsude is not enjoying water supply from the Corporation because of the threats their facilities are under. He said that the effluents from Coca-Cola is washing off the sand fast, exposing their underground pipes and fast approaching the twin tanks, making distribution of water to other parts of Enugu impossible. He also said that efforts in the past to repair the pipes with concrete conveyance method and PVC have proved abortive because of the soil structure which is loose. 5. The Consultant asked the representative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources about species to be planted since the engineering and vegetation must go hand in hand during this Project. He further suggested that non-edible (non- graze able) species be planted in order to check the problem of overgrazing. 6. He also asked the representative of the State Water Corporation about what contingency plans are in place in the advent of another emergency. 7. The LAP consultant asked the representative of the Ministry of Environment if there is a State law to ensure compliance with pollution abatement by industries. How questions and concerns The concerns and questions were addressed in the following manner: were resolved 1. Inventory of erosion threatened sites in the State are known. The number of sites for intervention is constrained by funding. The two sites approved for intervention are big active sites and therefore accorded high priority. 2 & 3. The issues of activities of herdsmen and overgrazing will be brought to the fore of government to enforce existing laws on overgrazing and vandalization of public facilities. Community members should be watch wards by reporting cases to government through their community heads. 4. A multiple-approach response to gully erosion check including cutting & filling, bio-engineering and gabion construction have been developed to ensure sustainability of the project The Project Coordinator responded by assuring the stakeholders that the World Bank is a very reputable organisation that does not compromise on standards and is very familiar with jobs of this nature having handled similar jobs in Brazil, etc., and that issues of soil stabilisation will be taken into consideration while undertaking any intervention. 5. The representative of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources admitted the need to plant species such as chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver grass) but also stated that there are edicts concerning overgrazing and grazing limits and that there was a need for a meeting between the Ministry and the cattle rearers in order to educate them on those laws. 6. Emergency shut-down and repairs are carried out by the Water Corporation immediately in the advent of emergencies. 7. The drafted laws available were yet to be passed into law by the Enugu State House of Assembly. The Ministry of Environment currently depends on existing Federal laws. Commitment and a. The representative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources promised that his Ministry will recommend and recommendations encourage planting soil stabilizing plant species and that these species could be given to farmers to be spread along erosion prone sites. He also stressed that the Forestry division of the Ministry works hand in hand with the Ministry of Environment. b. Other MDAs present promised to be responsive to their functions to NEWMAP c. The Consultants informed the stakeholders that further awareness on ESMP& LAP including training will be recommended for effective project implementation. d. It was informed that their inputs are highly regarded and will be mainstreamed into the Reports, while stating that the Reports (ESMP/LAP) will be disclosed/displayed in the public domain for their view and comments. Table 8.2: Summary of Public Consultation with the Nsude (Ajali Works) Community Meeting Date 15th March, 2014 Meeting Venue Primary Health Centre Field, Nsude Attendance The meeting was attended by the traditional ruler, Community leaders, Women , Youths, Site Committee Members, Community Association Members and the Consultant Preamble The President General of Nsude Development Union welcomed the participants and thanked them for responding to the call for the community forum. He said that the meeting was a continuation of the stakeholder’s meeting held in Enugu involving stakeholder MDAs, Enugu NEWMAP and the host communities of the erosion devastating communities, particularly those from sites selected for intervention. He informed the community of the outcome of the meeting held in Enugu, stating that the Nsude community made a presentation in the meeting which informed the need for the Consultant’s planned visit to have a closer meeting with the community. He asked the community to receive the consultant in their midst and use the opportunity to interact with him on issues that affect them. The Consultant told the community that the State government in partnership with international funding partners is concerned with the plight of the community who has experienced gully erosion that had ravaged the area and depleted the available land. The essence of the intervention is to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce long term erosion vulnerability in the area. Although the planned intervention does not involve displacement of persons, or significant land take, the project sponsors are mindful of the impact of expropriation and wants to ensure that where land take is required the right process that recognizes the right of land owners and users is followed. Overview of Ajalli site land An elder of the community, Chief (Hon) E. O. Nweze stated that the Ajali erosion site is located in Ugwuto Nsude and that the ownership and effect of Ajali water work is sited in a community land ceded to government in 1974 for Ajali water work project. He regretted that project on socio-cultural despite ceding their land in expectation of portable water from government, the community still suffers from acute lack of ordinance of the community portable water while facing gully erosion devastation caused by poor management of washout water from the storage reservoir. There is however, no effect of the project on any historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artifacts, native religious sites of the Nsude community. Perception of community Many speakers from the community stated their delight for the planned intervention and hoped that this is not another dream about the project chase promise based on their previous experiences. Concerns and questions raised 1. Members of the community were surprised that only the Ajali site was listed for intervention in Nsude living out other sites which are also of high priority to them. They want NEWMAP to come to their aid in other erosion threatened sites in 50 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site the community 2. They observed that the cattle rearers have over time been a continuous menace, vandalising the pipelines carrying effluents from the Coca-Cola Bottling Company in order to provide drinking water for their cattle 3. The community complained about lack of drinking water and the high cost of buying water for domestic use. They want the abandoned reservoir in Amagu Nsude to be put to use. 4. They stated that government had made many unfulfilled promises in the past about solving erosion problems in the area, and wanted to be assured that it will not be like the previous promises. 5. They want all issues discussed to be documented and copied to them. 6. The community wants their youths and women to be assisted by the project through employment and other livelihood support programs. How concerns were addressed 1. The community was informed that the number of sites for intervention is constrained by funding. The two sites approved for intervention in the State are big active sites and therefore accorded high priority. They were however, asked to bring an imagery of the concerned sites for presentation to the government for their consideration in future interventions. 2. The issue of activities of herdsmen and overgrazing will be brought to the fore of government for appropriate rapid intervention; 3. As concerning lack of drinking water, it is envisaged that the present intervention will be followed with rehabilitation of the water work since the gully erosion incidence is the key set back 4. The community was informed that World Bank is an organisation that does not compromise on standards and its reputation hence, will not identify with unfulfilled project promises 5. The Consultant assured them that the entire Reports will be disclosed at strategic places including within their domain for their assessment, 6. The NEWMAP informed the community that their youth and women will be given consideration for job engagement during construction Commitment of the The community promised to be part of the project implementation by undertaking the following: community to project  Providing security for the contractor personnel and equipment, sustainability  Ensuring compliance with the prohibition of disposal of solid waste into the drain ways  Providing information at any point about the community that may aid the consultants/contractors in carrying out their works. 8.4 Community Concerns and Perceptions 8.4.1 Community Perception of Project Intervention The community reiterated that previous measures for handling erosion in the Ajali water work land had failed because of the peculiar fragile nature of the area. As a result of the fragile nature of the soil any little run-off creates gully. They advised that in addition to creating embankment and drainage, NEWMAP should consider finding bio-natural measures of combating erosion (such as a forestation) that will help soil stabilization of the area. The community also frowned at the activities of migrant herdsmen in the area, whose grazing activities are also linked to soil fragmentation. The herdsmen according to them sometimes break public water conveyance pipes to provide drinking water to their cattle. They want the government to take a strong stand/policy that will prohibit cattle grazing in the community lands. 8.4.2 Community Perception of Impact of the Gully Erosion in the Project Area The impacts enumerated by members of the community attributed to the gully erosion include:  Devastation of community farm land;  Depletion of land and alteration of land use;  Destruction of public utility such as water conveyance pipes and its attendant untold water hardship;  Threat to live and community fragmentation  Leaching of soil nutrients and low productivity of crops  Increase in cost of leasing of land for farming and other purposes 8.4.3 Perceived Development Needs of the Community and Expectations from the Project Community members expressed their expectations from the project as follows:  The abandoned water reservoir at Amagu-Nsude should be rehabilitated and made functional;  Supply of sand to the contractor;  Employment/empowerment of youths and women in the area. Future expectations of the community from NEWMAP/government of the State in respect of development are:  Construction of the 25km stretch Native Authority road from Owa to Enugu Ngwo;  Erosion control at Ekpe Okpulor Nsude, Amagu and Umuaka Nsude.  Renovation of public primary schools in the area 8.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism Although public consultation is embarked upon to ensure social sustainability and to eliminate crises, it is not inconceivable to expect complaints or grievances related to this project. As a proactive measure, a grievance address mechanism has been addressed in the ESMF of the project. 51 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 8.6 Recommendations The following recommendations were drawn from the views expressed by stakeholders. a. Priority should be given to local workers during the implementation phase. This would likely lead to fewer social/public health problems at the community levels. b. Enugu NEWMAP should keep in view the critical erosion sites threatening the community with a view to considering them for intervention in the possible additional financing of the project. In the meantime State government should be informed about these inventoried critical sites for its action. c. There is need to continue to carry the community along during project implementation and to mobilize them to provide community security for personnel working on site. d. The issue of activities of herdsmen and overgrazing should be brought to the fore of the State government for appropriate rapid intervention. e. There is need to rehabilitate the Ajali water works to provide potable water to the people of the project area to mitigate the sufferings of the people in the area of water need, especially women. This will also improve hygiene and reduce potential public health crises. f. Site committee members should be drawn from the community and trained on how to supervise, maintain and manage the project during and after the intervention phase to ensure sustainability even beyond the project cycle. 52 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site REFERENCES  African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 7(9), pp. 891-898, September 2013  David Smith and Clive Careen (2008). Managing the Environment the ISO 14001 Way  Enugu State Government (2012): Enugu State Government Mandates, Structure, Organization and Functions of Public Service  EPA (2010): Guideline for Stockpile Management: Waste and waste derived products for recycling and reuse  FEPA (1991): S.I.15 - National Environmental Protection Management of Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation  FEPA (1991): Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria  FMEnv (2005): National Erosion and Flood Control Policy.  James C. Nwafor (2006): Environmental Impact Assessment for sustainable development - The Nigeria perspective  Lochner, P. (2005): Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No ENV-S-C 2005- 053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town.  Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project (2011) – Environmental and Social Management Framework  Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project (2011) – Resettlement Policy Framework  UNEP (2002): Environmental Impact Assessment, Training Resource Manual  World Bank (1999 ): Environmental Management Plan , OP 4.01 - Annex C  World Bank (1996): Environmental Performance Monitoring and Supervision Update No 14  World Bank (1999): Environmental Performance Indicators  World Bank (2009): Little Green Data Book 53 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site ANNEX 1 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE PREPARATION OF ESMP 1.0 Background 2.0 Objective and Scope of the Consultancy The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Ajali Water Works sub-project in Enugu State intervention sites. The consultant will work in close collaboration with the engineering design consultants and NEWMAP State Project Management Unit’s (SPMU) safeguard team, and with other actors as directed by the SPMU. In that respect the sequencing of the technical/feasibility studies and the ESMP will be critical. The consultant will have to receive the draft technical/feasibility studies in order to take into account the technical variants of the proposed activities and also in return inform the technical design consultants of any major constraint that may arise due to the social and environmental situation on the ground. In this intervention site, the consultant will visit the full sub-watershed as delimited in the given gully stabilization design. These sub-watersheds are an average of four square kilometres in southern Nigeria. The consultant will take into account the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing runoff that would be carried out within the sub-watershed. The consultant will assess natural resources and infrastructure potentially affected during project implementation and operation and selects the management strategies needed to ensure that environmental risks are appropriately mitigated. 3.0 Tasks of the Consultant (a) Describe the existing status of the sub-watershed and gullies; (b) Identify the environmental and social issues/risks associated with the existing conditions; (c) Select and measure appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); (d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; (e) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; (f) Identify monitoring objectives and specifies the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above (in a-e); (g) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; (h) Define technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; (i) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and (j) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. (k) The consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the environmental assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at National, State, LGA and Community levels. 4.0 Other Issues to be addressed in the ESMP The following socio-economic issues shall be addressed in the ESMP:  A summary of the impacted communities for the project: location, access, population (number, demographic and social characteristics); economy (employment rate, income distribution); services (types, capacity, and adequacy) and housing. Concern is the ability to provide work force, service new development and absorb and adjust to growth (worker/family).  A summary of the views of the population including vulnerable groups, determined through thoroughly documented discussions with local communities. These meetings and discussions must be documented and should show how issues and problems raised are or will be resolved.  Cultural: Summarize the possible effects of the project on historical/archaeological sites, heritage/artifacts, native religious or harvest sites of the affected communities and identification or development of mechanisms for handling chance findings. 54 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site  Information will be gathered from field surveys and secondary data sources (interviews, structured questionnaires, in- depth interviews and focus group discussions). 5.0 Outline and Substance of the ESMP Report The ESMP Report shall be presented in a concise format containing all studies, processes, analyses, tests and recommendations for the proposed intervention. The report shall focus on the findings, conclusions and any recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used. The ESMP report will include the following topics, organized in a suggested outline that can be adjusted for local needs: Cover page Table of contents List of acronyms and their definitions Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction  Description of the proposed intervention  Rationale for ESMP  Map Chapter 2: Institutional and Legal Framework for Environmental Management  Discussion of the World Bank safeguard policies triggered by NEWMAP and the proposed activity  Summary of relevant local and federal policy, legal, regulatory, and administrative frameworks Chapter 3: Biophysical Environment  Description of the area of influence and environmental baseline conditions Chapter 4: Socio-Economic Characteristics and Consultation with Stakeholders  Analysis of existing livelihoods opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures – at watershed, community, household, and individual levels  Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area  Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons  Other topics as relevant Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Adverse Impacts and Analysis of Alternatives  Methods and techniques used in assessing and analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project  Discussion of alternatives to the current project and reasons for their rejection, including short description of likely future scenario without intervention;  Discussion of the potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed project Chapter 6: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), including:  Discussion of the proposed mitigation measures  Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities  Capacity building plan  Public consultation plan  Description of grievance redress mechanism(in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities  Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project  Costs of implementing the ESMP Chapter 7: Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion Annex 1: List of Persons Met Annex 2: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies Annex 3 : General Environnemental management conditions for the contracts, civil Works/ Constructions Annex 4: References Annex5: Summary of the database of information collected for ESMP Annex6: Maps Annex7: Photos 55 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site ANNEX 2 STAKEHOLDERS ATTENDANCE SHEET 56 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site ANNEX 3 SUMMARY OF TRIGGERED WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES  Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). This policy requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects/investments proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of ESMP process. Proposed projects are classified into one of four categories (A, B, C, and FI) depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. The Ajali Water Works gully erosion site rehabilitation project is classified as ‘Category B� according to the World Bank categorization and as “Category II� according to the Nigeria EIA re quirement, implying that the potential environmental and social impacts will be minor, site specific and manageable to a reasonable level. This ESMP has been prepared in response to OP 4.01.  Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. For the proposed project, land will need to be acquired during civil works. Precisely, about 8m of land is expected to be taken from the edge of the gully (this land would have otherwise been claimed by the gully if left unrepaired). An ARAP is therefore expected to be prepared as a stand-alone document in order to plan and define management procedures for resettlement.  Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. This policy seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society. OP 4.04 is triggered because the project will be implemented near natural habitats and as such necessary measures to minimize any adverse environmental and social impacts will have to be considered. However, the project is not going to be implemented in a critical natural habitat nor will it involve significant conversion or degradation of natural habitat. It is noteworthy to state that the natural habitat has been modified largely by farming, grazing and deforestation. Ultimately, the proposed project will help restore the natural habitats through the prevention of continual degradation from erosion.  Disclosure of Information (OP 17.50). This policy requires that all safeguards policy documents prepared for projects funded by the Bank be disclosed to the public at two levels: (1) In-Country disclosure at domains accessible to stakeholders, (2) At World Bank infoshop. 57 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site ANNEX 4 HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE ESMP OF NEWMAP: SOCIO-ECONOMICS Brief Introduction of the intervention Section A : Household Composition Please report the household composition. Please note: A “household� includes all members of a common decision making unit (usually within one residence) that are sharing the same household resources. These include dependents who are away from home. PID* Name of hh member above 15 Age Relationship to Gender Level of Primary Number of years old household head1 1=male education2 Activity3 years in 2=female school 1 2 3 4 5 6 * PID = Personal identification number 1 Relationship to head: 1=head, 2=spouse, 3=child, 4=siblings, 5=other family member, 6=non-family member, 99=others 2 Level of education: 1=no formal education, 2= adult literacy training, 3=some primary education, 4=completed primary education, 5=some secondary education (incl. junior secondary school), 6=completed secondary education, 7=post-secondary education, 8=Koranic education, 99=others 3 Primary activity: 1=crop production, 2=livestock production, 3= fisheries, 4=forest production and/or harvesting 5=Agricultural Trading business 6=Non-Agricultural Trading business 7 = Transportation business 8 = Agricultural processing 9 = Formal private employment 10= Construction 11 = Mining/quarrying 12 = Public sector employment/ 13 = Domestic duties 14 = student In school (any type), 15=Retired, 16= unemployed, 17=handcraft, 18=artisans (incl. mechanics), 19=traditional medical practitioners 99=Others (specify A 2. Children below 16 years Total Female Male 1. Household members 0 - 5 years old 2. Household members 6 -10 years old 3. Household members 10-15 years old 12. How much do you spend on food on average every day in your household ----------------------------- 13. How much did your household spend on food in the last seven days ------------------------ Section B : Sources of income and livelihood 1. What is your regular source of income --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 2. How much did you earn in the last one month ---------------------------------------------------------- 3. If you are in a wage employment, how much do you receive monthly -------------------------------- 4. Did you receive any financial or in-kind support from relatives, friends or charitable organizations in the last 12 months? Yes=1, No = 2 _________ 5. 2. If yes, complete the following table. If no, proceed to other sources of income Source of financial support 1. Total amount (cash) received in the 2. Value of in-kind support received in the last 12 months (Naira) last 12 months (Naira) 1. Relatives & family members away from home 2. friends 3. charitable organizations from outside this community 4. Mutual support groups (local) 5. other sources financial support (specify) Other sources of income (This excludes wage and salary employment, including agricultural employment on others farms) Non-farm activities 6. Did you engage in non-farm income activities in the last 12 months? Yes = 1, No = 2 _______ 7. If yes, How much did you realize -------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Do you have access to credit facilities? Yes = 1, No = 2 9. What are your sources of credit facilities? 1 Relatives, friends & family members-------- (2) Microfinance Banks -------------------------- (3) Commercial Banks ---------------------------- (4) Cooperative association ------------------- 10. Number and value of household non-productive assets (NB Value is seeking for the estimated value of the assets in their prevailing state as at time of the survey) Number Present Value (Naira) 1 House (main house) 2 Others buildings (i.e. others huts, kitchen) 3 Furniture 4 Furnishings e.g, mat, mattress 5 Household Appliances e.g Kettle, Flat iron, etc 6 Electronic Equipment e.g., Radio, Cassette, TV 8. Non-commercial vehicle (e.g. saloon car) 9. Satellite dishes 10. Others household assets 58 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Land access & holding (hectares) in the last 12 months 1. Area irrigated 2. Rainfed area 3. Land under non-agricultural uses 1 Total land owned (ha) 2. Total Value of the land owned (Naira) 3 Total land rented in (ha) 4.Total land rented out (ha) 5 Rental rate (Naira/ha per season) 6 Total land borrowed in (ha) 7 Total land under cultivation (ha) Section C: Availability of Amenities Especially Portable Water 1) How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in this community? Please use the most applicable of the phrases provided: Amenities Non-existent Existent but inadequate Adequate but unreliable Adequate and Reliable Roads to your locality Roads within your locality Schools in the locality Public health institutions Portable water Public electricity Communication facilities (postal service, telephone) Public recreation facilities 2. What are the major sources of water available to your household? i. River …………………… vi. Borehole_ (commercial)__________ ii. Pond ……………………… vii. Borehole (private)_______ iii Rain water …………………….. viii. Commercial tanker________ iv Public pipe-borne water …………ix. Water Vendor v Mono pump ………………………x. Well water_________ xi Package water xii Others (specify) 3. What is the primary source of electricity/light to your town/community? i. Hurricane lamp iv. State Government Utilities board ii. Private generators v. Company/Companies operating in your community iii. Community generators vi. NEPA (National grid) 4. What is the main fuel used for cooking? i. Firewood v. Electricity ii. Charcoal vi. Crop residue/ saw dust iii. Kerosene/oil vii. Animal wastes iv. Gas viii. Others (specify) 5. Indicate the types of educational infrastructure in your locality/community Types Exists (yes/no) Near from my house Private/public In good (yes/no) condition (yes/no) Nursery Primary Secondary Islamic school Technical/Vocational Adult Education Centre School for handicapped Teacher training College of Education Tertiary Institutions 6. Indicate types/ of health care institutions in your community Types Exists (yes/no) Near from Medical personnel Drugs in stock most my house always available times (yes/no) (yes/no) (yes/no) Hospital (public) Hospital ((private) Maternity Dispensary Health center Private clinic Patent medicine store Pharmacy (chemist) Traditional healing home 59 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 7. What is the occupancy status of the dwelling used? (i) Owns the dwelling ------------ (ii) Rents the dwelling------------ (iii) Pays nominal/subsidized rent ------------ (iv) Uses without paying rent---------------- -- (v) Nomadic or temporary dwelling ---------------- 8. What type of document do you have to back your occupancy status? (i) Certificate of occupancy Leasehold---------- (ii) Freehold----------- (iii) Tenancy agreement------------- (iv) Receipt for payment----------------- (v) None----------------- SECTION D: GULLY /EROSION AND IMPACTS 1 Are you concerned about the menace of gully/erosion in Ajalli site? Yes …………… No……………… 2. If yes does it pose a threat to your source of livelihood? Yes…… No………. 3 Are you worried about any/or all of the following due to the gully spread? (tick as applicable) a. depletion of land for agriculture and housing b. sub-merging and destruction of houses c. destruction of public utility facilities such as water pipelines d. leaching and low agricultural productivity 4. Do you think that the proposed erosion control work will affect the archeological/cultural property and right of your household or community? Yes……… No…………. 6. Is your land/farm located within the Ajalli erosion site? Yes……..No……….. 7. Is any portion of your land or house endangered by gully erosion in any other part of the community? Yes…………No……… 8. Aside the Ajalli erosion site are there other erosion site also critical in your community? Yes…. No ……… 9. If yes can you state the name of the site (s) a. …………………………………………………………….. b………………………………………………………………. 10. How do you suggest that the erosion problem in this community can be arrested? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. Do you have any expectation from this project/contractor during implementation? Yes….No ……… 12. If yes, please list your expectations ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 60 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site ANNEX 5 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS General 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. (e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc.(i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. Worksite/Campsite Waste Management 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. Material Excavation and Deposit 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 61 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of the general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. Blasting 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s pr emises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. Repair of Private Property 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private prop erty, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. 62 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site Contractor’s Environment, Health and Safety Management Plan (EHS-MP) 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:  For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate EHS management, and as an operational manual for his staff.  For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the EHS aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s EHS performance. 55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:  a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;  a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;  a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and  the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. EHS Reporting 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor EHS report is portrayed below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:  EHS management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;  Problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);  Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;  Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects; and  Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant EHS incidents be done “as soon as practicable�. Such incident reporting sh all therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keep his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. A sample format for an incident notification is shown below. Details of EHS performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client. Training of Contractor’s Personnel 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:  EHS in general (working procedures);  emergency procedures; and  social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). Cost of Compliance 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions� in the Bill of Quantities covers this cost. No oth er payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable EHS impact. 3. Example Format: EHS Report Contract: Period of reporting: EHS management actions/measures: Summarize EHS management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), EHS training, specific design and work measures taken, etc. EHS incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to EHS aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports. EHS compliance: Report on compliance with Contract EHS conditions, including any cases of non-compliance. Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to EHS aspects. Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to EHS management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor Representative 4. Example Format: EHS Incident Notification EHS Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer Originators Reference No:......................................................................................................... Date of Incident:................................................................. Time:........................ Location of incident:................................................................................................................... Name of Person(s) involved:....................................................................................................... Employing Company:.................................................................................................................... Type of Incident:............................................................................................................................ Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual) Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation Signature (Name, Title, Date):..................................................................................................... Contractor Representative 63 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ajali Water Works Gully Erosion Site ANNEX 6 STAKEHOLDERS ATTENDANCE SHEET AT COMMUNITY LEVEL 64