69785 v2 WORLD BANK STUDY - CONTRACT 7146842 GLOBAL STUDY ON RECONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC LIVE MARKETS, SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND MEAT PROCESSING FACILITIES DRAFT FINAL REPORT November 2009 Volume 2: Annexes in association with  Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annexes ANNEXES Annex A: Summary of Relevant Literature Resources Annex B: Observations and Recommendations Resulting from the LSWM Study Annex C: Technical Ratings for Technologies and Techniques Annex D: Survey Instruments for Livestock Markets from LSWM Study (Confidential) Annex E: Survey Instruments for Slaughterhouses from LSWM Study (Confidential) Annex F: Comparison of Developing Countries and High-Income Countries – Livestock Markets Annex G: Comparison of Developing Countries and High-Income Countries – Meat Plants Annex H: Basic Layouts and Minimum Sizing for Slaughterhouses Annex I: Tool for Evaluation of Livestock Markets Annex J: Tool for Evaluation of Meat Plants Annex K: Additional In-Country Survey Results (Confidential) Annex L: Excerpts from Annex I of EU Council Directive 64/433/EEC Annex M: Example of Detailed Infrastructure & Capacity Assessment Annex N: Summary and Analysis of Existing Regulations i Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A ANNEX A SUMMARY OF RELEVANT LITERATURE RESOURCES A.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A APPENDIX A – SUMMARY OF RELEVANT LITERATURE RESOURCES Ref. Description /Title Filename Comments 1 Reduction In Waste Load From A Meat 00466.pdf  Good information on liquid waste characteristics, including per head Processing Plant - Beef information  (1980s) tech options for blood collection, paunch drying etc.  (1980s) costs for blood & paunch collection /drying systems  Information on pre-treatment e.g. screens and centrifuges 2 Abattoir Development – Options and Abattoir_development_v.on_web.pdf  Excellent resource – recent text covering infrastructure issues for designs for hygienic basic and medium developing. country slaughter + waste treatment sized abattoirs  Recent cost information  Good process diagrams gathered together from other sources etc  Some same target countries as LSWM  Many similar conclusions as LSWM Study 3 Anaerobic Treatment of Slaughterhouse Anaerobic Treatment of  Technical summary of effluent treatment methods, including Waste & Wastewater Slaugterhouse Wastes.pdf technologies used in developing countries 4 Draft discussion paper on Livestock Animal wastes in developing countries  Useful summary of issues but no detail relevant to reconstruction Waste Management Issues, S. and waste management issues.doc options Cointreau, May 2007 5 Disposal of Animal Mortality and animaldispose.pdf  Brief paper examining disposal options for when rendering is not Byproducts economically viable 6 Australian meat and bonemeal – guide Australian%20MB%20%20Meal%20G  Brief summary of Australian rendering situation for feed manufacturers uide%20for%20feed.pdf 7 FAWC Report On The Welfare Of DEFRA final_response.pdf  DEFRA responses to recommendations for welfare in Farmed Animals At Slaughter Or Killing - slaughterhouses. Part 1: Red Meat Animals  Many useful ideas and recommendations for improving welfare in DEFRA Response To Recommendations slaughterhouses, covering all aspects of the process 8 Environment and food safety in peri- Environment & Food Safety in  Generally not overly helpful but does include interesting diagrams of urban Hanoi Hanoi.pdf fish pond systems etc. A.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 9 Study on the stunning/killing practices EU Stunning and Killing Report.pdf  Good resource of information on EU systems, concentrating on in slaughterhouses and their economic, slaughter welfare social and environmental consequences  Import tariffs  Stunning and slaughter techs inc. statistics  Maintenance issues  Production costs  Religious issues  Training  H&S  Survey of equipment used in EU, including benefit scaling  Statistics for welfare arrangements in EU (equipment, training etc) 10 Report on the Welfare of Farmed FAWC Animal Welfare Report UK.pdf  A comprehensive list of recommendations for the improvement to Animals at Slaughter or Killing Part 1: animal welfare in UK slaughterhouses. Red Meat Animals SEE ALSO ITEM 7 - responses  Includes design, layout, equipment, supplies, hygiene, ID, maintenance, religious issues, etc. 11 Incinerator brochure inciner8corpbrochure3.pdf  Basic sales brochure for incinerators 12 Incinerator brochure incinerator_pdf.pdf  As above 13 Manual For Slaughter of Small Manual For Slaughter of Small  Basic but useful information on good practice for developing Ruminants in Developing Countries Ruminants in Developing countries, including: Countries.doc Design, equipment, methods, transport, holding, inspection, religious slaughter, meat storage, hygiene, sanitation, waste management, vermin, waste recycling 14 Anaerobic processing of Slaughterhouse MASSE.pdf  Technical summary of effluent treatment methods, including wastewater literature review 15 Beef and beef by-products value chain nairobi beef processing and by-  Summary of slaughter waste recycling in Nairobi products report.pdf  Includes association of slaughterhouses to maximize profits/viability, value adding etc 16 Environmental audit of Nyon gara nairobi slaughterhouse.pdf  Environmental audit, including recommendations for basic upgrades slaughterhouse A.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 17 Guidelines For The Slaughter Of Animals OIE animal_welfare_2005.pdf  Excellent information on welfare issues and related practices and For Human Consumption information for slaughter houses:  Animal behaviour, humane treatment methods, slaughterhouse design/construction  Summary of acceptable methods including diagrams, tables etc  Summary of unacceptable methods  Excellent / comprehensive transport guidelines including vehicle design.  ID and tracing systems  Species specific issues 18 Meat Rendering Plants (extract from Rendering c9s05-3.pdf  Good general background on rendering unknown doc)  % composition of species  Process flow diagrams  emissions 19 Animal Rendering: Economics and Policy Rendering Economics and Policy.pdf  As above 20 Sheung Shui Slaughterhouse Sheung Shui Slaughterhouse.mht  Good description of slaughterhouse design and management, however the plant is modern and perhaps not too relevant to this study (although it replaces a number of older outdated and urbanised facilities). 21 FAO slaughterhouse cleaning info Slaughterhouse cleaning and  Guide to basic principles sanitation.mht 22 RMIF Workshop on Animal by-products Steve Woodgate RMIF1 - Animal by-  Powerpoint Presentation on by products, rendering etc. Products 2007 [Read-Only].pdf  Cost information & economics  legislation,  risk assessment,  recommendations for slaughter operations 23 USDA Animal Products Manual USDA Animal Products Manual.pdf  Guide for employees. Mainly not very useful, but has some good risk assessment information and decision matrices for imports of meat and by products etc. Also includes sample forms. 24 BSE enquiry - blood Vol_6 - 10_ Pollution control and  Talks of risks associated with blood disposal and recycling. waste management.mht Remainder of online document does offer some background and tech options regarding slaughter waste. A.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 25 USDA carcass disposal review Multiple files – folder is called  Very comprehensive review of disposal methods for carcasses. “Carcass Disposal - A comprehensive  Not slaughter waste (farm mortalities) but could be extrapolated. review Aug2004”  Includes “novel options” such as alligator feed, ocean disposal, and napalm 26 N/A DEFRA, UK - Animal Health and  Good information for UK, including laws and licensing, and on-farm Welfare - Animal Welfare - At slaughter. Slaughter  Limited information on infrastructure. 27 N/A Health of workers in factory farms  Brief summary of occupational health issues at slaughterhouses and slaughter houses - WSPA - World Farmwatch 28 N/A OIE - Terrestrial Animal Health Code -  Online version of source 17, with slight differences 2007 29 Several files Folder: “Economic Instruments”  Useful background on economic instruments etc for SWM. Not specific to slaughter wastes but some models could potentially be applied to it. 30 Several files Folder: “Ethiopia”  Some good information, statistics and prices for Ethiopia, particularly for live markets 31 Guidance on Blood Collection and Folder: “ EU”  Good technical options/ guide on blood collection Storage at Slaughterhouses File: “ bloodguidance.pdf” from 1st May 20 32 Guidance On The Treatment In Folder: “ EU”  Good information on technical options/ guide on bio-digestion / Approved Composting Or Biogas Plants File: “compost_guidance.pdf » composting Of Animal Byproducts And Catering Waste 33 Guidance Note On The Disposal Of Folder: “ EU”  Decision tree etc for disposal of animal wastes Animal By-Products And Catering Waste File: “dispguide.pdf” 34 Disposal Of Animal By-Products, Folder: “ EU”  Post BSE guidelines for safe handling, storage and disposal of meat / Including Former Foodstuffs Of Animal File: "ffguidance1774-2002.pdf” food / animal wastes Origin, From Food Outlets 35 Guidance - Handling of Hides and Skins Folder: “ EU”  As per title, but including legislation and information on intermediate at Abattoirs hides-skins.pdf plants 36 Guidance Note: Requirements For Folder: “ EU”  As above Intermediate Plants intermediateplants.pdf A.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 37 Guidance Note: Folder: “ EU”  Technical guidance on the loading and unloading of by products The Loading And Unloading Of Animal loading-unloading.pdf By-Products 38 Animal By-Products Regulation Draft Folder: “ EU”  Good insight into UK regulatory framework Guidelines For The Separation Of separation.pdf Category 1, 2 And 3 Material At Rendering Plants In The UK 39 Assessing the Value of Additional Folder: “ Livestock General”  Very detailed review of animal health tracking, modelling and Animal Health Information (and other Animal Health Information mapping systems, and their value. chapters) Collection.pdf 40 Methane Generation From Livestock Folder: “ Livestock General”  Technical summary of methane production options and costs Waste Webpage: Methane from livestock wastes.htm 41 Understanding Animal Health In Folder: “ Livestock General”  Very detailed report on animal health information systems Southeast Asia: Advances in the Understanding Animal Health in SE Collection, Management and Use of ASIA.pdf Animal Health Information 42 WB presentation Folder: “ Livestock Solids”  Basic but has a useful “slaughterhouse waste options” matrix and 17 ECSSD - Animal Wastes example prices Management in Black Sea and Danube .pdf 43 Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Folder: “ Livestock Solids”  Basic information on anaerobic slaughter waste treatment. Nice Environmental Engineering - 48 JTI - Anaerobic Treatment of simple diagrams. Presentation Animal Wastes in Sweden.ppt 44 Natural Rendering: Composting Folder: “ Livestock Solids”  Excellent guide to composting of animal mortalities (mainly farm but Livestock Mortality and Butcher Waste 53 Natural Rendering - Livestock and no reason not to apply to live markets in developing/rural areas) Butcher Waste.pdf  Including diagrams, costs etc A.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 45 IPPC Best Available Techniques in the Folder: “ Livestock Solids”  Comprehensive report on the environmental impacts of various Slaughter and Animal By-products BAT Slaughter Render.pdf technical options for modern (EU) slaughterhouses. industries.  Covers all processes separately e.g. bone processing, blood processing, glue manufacture etc.  Also covers new technologies mentioned in our ToR e.g. pressure and dry cleaning  It seems essentially to be a best practice manual for the EU – other than guiding principles it is not necessarily applicable to our study 46 2 Overview Of Meat Processing Folder: “Other”  Not directly relevant to reconstruction but could be useful as it has (Unknown Doc) 56 Overview of Meat Processing.pdf basic process diagrams, breakdown tables (carcass components, prices etc), global stats etc. 47 Powerpoint slide (flow diagram) Folder: “Other”  Not directly relevant to reconstruction but handy for reporting showing Inputs, products and wastes 77 Slaughter - Inputs, products and (already in DFR for main study) wastes figure.ppt 48 IFC guidelines Folder: “Other”  As above, not directly relevant to reconstruction but generally 94 WB - Environmental Guidelines for handy. Referred to in DFR for main study Meat Processing.pdf  Environment, H&S, etc 49 Emission Factor Documentation for AP- Folder: “Other”  Information on emissions (reduction) from modern rendering 42 EPA Meat Rendering.pdf operations Section 9.5.3 Meat Rendering Plants 50 Emission of heavy metals from animal Folder: “Residues”  Very (too?) detailed study of incinerator emissions carcass incinerators in Taiwan Emissions of heavy metals from carcass incineration Taiwan.pdf 51 Solid Waste Management (UNEP) Folder: “Solid Wastes General”  Highlights use of appropriate technology 86 UNEP - SWM Vol. 1.pdf  Good general information on SWM techniques and technologies, eg Refuse derived fuel, but could be too high tech  Storage, collection etc as well. 52 Composting and Its Applicability in Folder: “Solid Wastes General”  Review of applicability of composting to developing countries. Developing Countries 92 WB - Composting & Developing  Frequently not suitable and caution advised. Countries.pdf A.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 53 Guidelines for Livestock Marketing and 296110Guidelin1k0Marketing01public  Overview of slaughterhouse and processing issues and problems in processing 1.pdf developing world  Deals with management, waste, impacts, training, architectural and structural issues, public vs private, economy of scale, best practice  Selection criteria for bank funding 54 DEFRA Live market welfare guidelines animal welfare_defra.doc  Basic guidelines for live markets and introduction to legislation and strategy 55 Terrestrial animal health code: en_chapitre_3.7.3.htm  Handling and practices Guidelines For The Transport Of  Equipment and infrastructure; vehicles, unloading etc Animals By Land  Route planning, densities, documentation etc 56 Terrestrial animal health code: en_chapitre_3.7.5.htm  Handling and practices Guidelines For The Slaughter Of Animals  Equipment and infrastructure; lairage, race design, stunning methods etc 57 The Environmental Impact Of The Environmental impacts of slaughter  Good overview of environmental impacts of all aspects of the Animal Product Processing Industries and processing_FAO.doc slaughter and processing business. (from website)  SWM & storage, LWM, atmospheric. emissions, etc  Tables of quantities, breakdowns and ratios. 58 1979 European Convention for the EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE  Old but gives good practice guidelines/principles Protection of Animals for Slaughter PROTECTION OF ANIMALS FOR  Covers unloading, stunning, staff training etc SLAUGHTER.mht 59 Temple Grandin website text Temple Grandin website text.doc  Most of the text from TG’s website, including papers, descriptions, diagrams and photos. Obviously focuses on welfare & H&S aspects of design with less emphasis on environmental impacts, developing world realities etc. Still an excellent resource.  Transport issues: vehicle design, loading densities, loading/unloading, ramp designs  Facility issues: race design, flooring, conveyors, box design, stunning techniques (inc BSE etc issues), lighting  Specific designs for slaughter of tame beasts (freq in dev world)  Ritual slaughter is covered, including. designs  Meat quality issues (linked to welfare etc)  H&S A.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 60 Website info from UK Rendering UK Rendering Assoc info.doc  Good general summary of the modern rendering process: Association  Definitions and product categories  Process overviews  Products overviews 61 Environmental, Health and Safety Final+-+Meat+Processing.pdf  IFC Guidelines for meat processing. Guidelines for Meat Processing 62 Abattoirs Code of Good Practice - AbattoirsCodeGoodPractice 1343.pdf  Canadian document prepared by Food Protection Services Critical Design, Operational and  Provides good information on construction and operational Equipment Guidelines for Licensed procedures Abattoirs 63 Operational Guidelines for Abattoirs-draft.pdf  Good basic guidelines prepared from international sources by the Abattoirs/Slaughterhouses EPA in Guyana 64 Abattoirs - Plant Construction, AbattoirsPlantConstructEquip&Operati  Canadian document prepared by Food Protection Services Equipment and Operation Guidelines on 928.pdf  Provides good information on construction and operation 65 Effluent Guidelines for Meat and Poultry Effluent Guidelines - Meat and Poultry  Comprehensive set of documents prepared by US EPA. Products (MPP) Products (MPP).htm 66 Environmental, Health, and Safety Final+-+Poultry+ Processing.pdf  IFC Guidelines for poultry processing. Guidelines for Poultry Processing 67 1979 European Convention for the EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE  Old but gives good practice guidelines/principles Protection of Animals for Slaughter PROTECTION OF ANIMALS FOR  Covers unloading, stunning, staff training etc SLAUGHTER.mht 68 Workplace Health & Safety – Beef & gde04v1.pdf  Guidelines addressing solutions for typical hazards in beef and Smallstock Processing Guide smallstock processing 69 OIE – Terrestrial Animal Health Code http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/en_m International Code on animal health to assure the sanitary safety of code.htm international trade 70 Animal Rendering: Economics and Policy Rendering Economics and Policy.pdf  As above 71 Workplace Health and Safety in the rmw01.pdf  Recommended diagnostic process for the management of injuries in Meat Industry - Risk Management meat processing with special reference to repetitive strain injuries. Workbook and methodology for overuse injuries 72 Construction And Equipment Guidelines Constructequipexportmeat.pdf  Australian Government Guidelines for abattoir construction and For Export Meat equipment A.9 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 73 Code Of Hygienic Practice For Meat CXP_058e.pdf  International standard for good hygienic practice prepared by Codex CAC/RCP 58-2005 Alimentarius.  Covers issues including general principles of meat hygiene, presentation of animals for slaughter, establishments: design, facilities and equipment, process control, HACCP, establishments: maintenance and sanitation, personal hygiene. 74 Manual on meat inspection for http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t075  FAO manual providing general and specific disease advice for meat developing countries 6e/t0756e00.htm inspection in developing countries. 75 Good Practices For The Meat Industry http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y545  Manual of Good Practices For The Meat Industry produced by FAO. 4e/y5454e00.htm Includes guidelines on:  Good practices in primary production, animal identification practices, traceability, transport of slaughter animals, ante-mortem inspection, pre-slaughter handling, stunning and slaughter methods, post- mortem inspection, hygiene, dressing and carcass handling, establishments: design, facilities and equipment, personal hygiene, control system for processing operations. 76 Pollution Prevention and Abatement Meat Processing and Rendering  Environmental guidelines for meat processing and rendering Handbook. WORLD BANK GROUP 77 Guidance for the Slaughtering of Cattle, redmeatguidev2_0803_550888.pdf  Produced as guidelines for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Sheep and Pigs Control for the various Governments of the British Isles.  The key environmental issues addressed are water use, effluent management, waste handling, accident risk, hygiene. 78 Recommended International Code of 4.pdf  General overview of issues and topics that need to be addressed in Hygienic Practice for Processed Meat handling processed items and Poultry Products  Good list of definitions/lexicon  Some self-evident statements indicate it is a general guideline. Relevant to processing plants in a resource-heavy setting. A.10 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 79 Excerpt from FAO Guidelines for Ai407e12.pdf  Methodical treatment of hygiene issues and protocols for addressing slaughtering, meat cutting and further same processing  Classic textbook approach with helpful diagrams  Useful discussions regarding distinctions between GHP, HACCP schemes etc.  Sets out a typical HACCP plan for a processed product to discuss stop/go/correction stages. 80 Environmental, Health, and Safety Final+-+Poultry+Processing.pdf  Relates EHS (environmental, health and safety guidelines) to Guidelines for Poultry Processing potential industry scenarios e.g. HPAI, wastewater issues. (International Finance Corporation,  One of the better reference sources regarding worker safety and World Bank Group 2007) institution’s duty of care. 81 Guidance for the Slaughtering of GEHO12058BJZI-e-e.pdf  Excellent detailed consideration of environmental effects of slaughter Animals (Cattle, Sheep and Pigs) Sector and likely disposal consequences for many byproduct items. (UK Environment Agency)  Full treatment of existing disposal techniques/practices in UK/other abattoirs; examines the consequences for wastewater systems and discharges from rendering areas. 82 Guidance for the Slaughtering of GEHO12058BJZI-e-e.pdf  Excellent detailed consideration of environmental effects of slaughter Animals (Cattle, Sheep and Pigs) Sector and likely disposal consequences for many byproduct items. (UK Environment Agency)  Full treatment of existing disposal techniques/practices in UK/other abattoirs; examines the consequences for wastewater systems and discharges from rendering areas. 83 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Slaughterhousesbref-e.pdf  Authoritative reference document for Best Available Techniques in Control (EU Commission) the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-Products Industries  Excellent reference document for European standards and regulations; technical detail and quantities; costs of various energy inputs c. 2003.  Stage by stage treatment of disposal options, processes and requisite equipment for all species.  Discusses emerging techniques and provides available operational data/applicability. A.11 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex A 84 Model Code of Practice for the Welfare Livestock at Slaughtering.pdf  Considers animal welfare issues at plant level through each stage of of Animals. Livestock at Slaughtering handling prior to processing. Establishments (Australia)  Explicit treatment of stunning/bleeding out/scalding stages  Specifications/details for recommended ramp widths for trucks and handling areas. 85 Standard design for small-scale modular Small Scale Design.pdf  Standard reference for public sector projects in developing countries. slaughterhouses (FAO)  Includes designs, specifications, quantities and potential alternative energy sources for these facilities.  Published 1988. 86 Manual for the slaughter of small Slaughter Manual.pdf  Complementary to Small Scale Design.pdf. ruminants in developing countries (FAO)  Discusses relevant issues for smallstock handling including transport, religious slaughter issues, optimum plant layout for retaining carcass/by product value, chilling/refrigeration issues.  Relevance of livestock/product handling in slaughter hygiene. A.12 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B ANNEX B OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RESULTING FROM THE LSWM STUDY B.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B ANNEX B.1 LIVESTOCK MARKETS B.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.1a – Livestock Markets – Occupational Health and Safety Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A General None Identified  Lack of knowledge of general  Provision of training in basic H&S principles of H&S. principles to workers and  Lack of responsibility/action by employers. employers.  Check-ups for workers / tests for  Lack of infrastructure that prevents most likely livestock related accidents and sickness. diseases.  Poor animal handling leads to  Education on good welfare accidents. /handling techniques will prevent  Practice of high-risk activities (e.g. rising, kicking, etc. travelling with animals, handling on  Proper reinvestment of fees into dusty ground). market management and  Apparent lack of funds for infrastructure. improvements to infrastructure /  Construction / installation of basic training. infrastructure:  Lack of solid flooring, drainage etc, o Sufficient lighting leading to health problems. o Ventilation o Good flooring o Decent drainage arrangements o Other options could include on site generators (biogas fuelled), solar panels (potential for theft).  Provision of first aid training Provision of solid flooring in key areas. Clothing & None Identified  Use of sticks and goads can cause  Provision of first aid equipment. Equipment accidents.  Education on good welfare  Lack of first aid equipment or /handling techniques will prevent officer. rising, kicking, etc.  Lack of dedicated equipment (e.g.  Provision of ramps, rails etc. Basic ramps, rails, etc.) can cause options include earth, concrete, accidents. metal – permanent and temporary. Detailed options include gradients, curves, surface textures, etc.)  Training should be provided for any new equipment. Hygiene None Identified  Lack of sanitation facilities and  Provision of basic sanitation utilities. arrangements such as running  Lack of awareness of hygiene water, toilets, soap etc. Various issues such as hand and tool basic technical options could be washing. employed.  Proper reinvestment of fees. B.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.1b – Livestock Markets – Public Health Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A General None Identified  Lack of knowledge of general  Provision of leaflets etc explaining principles of H&S. H&S principles to public.  Lack of responsibility/action by  Proper reinvestment of fees. market owners /operators.  Construction /installation of basic  Lack of infrastructure that prevents infrastructure – see above. accidents and sickness (e.g.  Provision of first aid equipment. lighting, water, shade).  Provision of decent drainage.  Apparent lack of funds for arrangements (culverts, soakaway, improvements to infrastructure / storage tanks, etc.). training.  Provision of solid flooring in key  Lack of solid flooring, drainage etc, areas. leading to health problems (e.g.  Provision of rails or fenced areas zoonotic pathogens). for animal showing.  No apparent restrictions on children in the marketplace.  Public roam in amongst un-tethered animals.  No first aid equipment or officer.  Slaughter occurring in or near markets.  Sale of raw milk is common. Hygiene None Identified  Lack of sanitation facilities and  Provision of basic sanitation utilities. arrangements such as running  Restaurant stalls often in close water, toilets, soap, etc. – various proximity to animals / handling tech options exist. areas.  Provision of leaflets etc explaining  Retail markets sometimes in close hygiene principles to public. proximity to livestock markets.  Separation of food stalls/retail areas.  Proper reinvestment of fees. B.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.1c – Livestock Markets – Animal Welfare Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A National Policy  No legal framework for penalties.  Create legal framework.  No national welfare authority.  Create an Animal Welfare Unit with  No national guidelines. representatives from different  No training in animal welfare. areas of interest.  No audit mechanism of welfare  Create written national guidelines standards in food production based on OIE. systems.  Institute animal welfare training for  No animal welfare inspection veterinary staff, students. service.  Create and animal welfare  No animal welfare promotion. inspectorate to follow up on reports by vets.  No involvement of religious requirements for animal welfare.  Institute animal welfare audit in slaughterhouses, and markets that includes transportation.  Education on welfare is needed. Focus could be on the effects of poor practices and equipment on yield, quality and profits.  Active involvement of religious provisions. General 17, 54, 55,  Generally poor standard of animal  Develop relevant cost analyses of Treatment welfare observed. welfare benefits. Techniques  Noise and smell issues.  Promote linkages between welfare,  Nobody cares and officials are meat quality, and yield/profit. widely ignorant. Transport & 17, 55, 59  Poor transport conditions.  Develop written transportation Unloading /  Poor loading and unloading guidelines. Loading arrangements / practices.  Ensure standards are enforced by  Lack of vehicle cleaning facilities at trained staff. markets.  Proper loading and driving training.  Vehicle improvements to meet domestic specifications– options include dedicated vehicles, converting non-specific vehicles, etc. – even implementing single- species transport would be an improvement in many places.  Provision of ramps, rails etc. (basic options include earth, concrete, metal – permanent and temporary). Detailed options include gradients, curves, surface textures, etc.).  Sensible loading densities should be employed.  Provision of water/shade, etc., dependent on species and location. Various options exist.  Location of future facilities in non- congested areas.  Separate market access for livestock vehicles. B.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Holding/ 17, 55, 59  No written standards or guidelines  Establish National Standards. Lairage /Sale  Animals left out in heat/rain.  Written market guidelines. Conditions  Generally little provision of water,  Create rules governing owner food or bedding. practices within markets – options  Lack of rails and pens means could include obligation to provide hobbling is commonplace. feed or water, and market operators could even profit from it by selling the same.  Provision of shade - could be achieved with minimum cost.  Provision of water and communal troughs require use of decent pens and rails, hobbling is potentially no longer necessary. Lairage should be modified where possible in accordance with established welfare standards (e.g. long / rectangular allowing wall space for lying against). B.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.1d – Livestock Markets – Environmental Protection Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A General None Identified  Generally very poor standards of  Promotion of religious provisions environmental protection, (where applicable) governing mitigation, etc. responsibilities for environmental  Open defecation in market areas is protection. common, as is littering, etc.  General awareness raising.  Animal waste is generally simply  Provision of basic sanitation trodden into the ground. arrangements such as running water, toilets, soap, etc. Solid Waste 37, 51  Markets are generally not cleaned.  Provision of suitable containers for Handling / In some cases, cleaning contracts general wastes and animal wastes. Cleaning or arrangements have been made,  Provision of market cleaning but are not being adhered to. services by operators. Options  Solid wastes such as dung are include private sector SWM washed into local watercourses. companies, community  Arsenic and other residues in composting, etc. manure, as well as parasites and  Awareness raising viruses, may lead to elevated levels  Ensure satisfactory market in market areas, with impacts to cleaning, or if space exists, rotate animal and human health, and the areas used for sales and epidemiology. showing (leaving other areas “fallow”). Solid Waste 34, 37, 38, 51  Lack of dedicated and secure on  Provision of locked cage/room etc Storage site storage facilities (e.g. for fallen for special wastes, or undertake stock). alternative options e.g. rendering,  Where live markets have associated incineration, etc. slaughterhouses, issues are  Separation of live markets, considerably aggravated (i.e. slaughterhouses and retail markets slaughter wastes spilling into live for future developments. market/retail market areas). Solid Waste 8, 11, 12, 25,  If wastes are indeed removed from  Animal wastes could be removed Dispatch, 32, 33, 34, 37, live markets, there are invariably for disposal elsewhere. Treatment or 38, 40, 44, 51, problems with the procedures for  Basic on-site technical options Disposal 52, 60 doing so. include recycling dung (solid fuel,  Final disposal (off site) falls outside biogas, compost, etc.). the scope of this study, however  Land application. arrangements are usually wholly  More complex technical options inadequate. could involve the use of biogas for generation of market power, pyrolysis, gasification, etc.  Liquid Waste 8, 51  Markets generally lack any kind of  Provision of decent drainage Collection / drainage or liquid waste storage, arrangements (culverts, soakaway, Treatment / treatment or disposal system. storage tanks, etc.). Disposal  Provision of duckboards/grilles etc in worst-affected areas?  Holding tanks or basic treatment to prevent pollution of local watercourses.  Onsite treatment options include settling tanks, basic biogas production, etc. General 17, 54, 55,  Generally poor standard of animal  Develop relevant cost analyses of Treatment welfare observed. welfare benefits. Techniques  Noise and smell issues.  Promote linkages between welfare,  Nobody cares and officials are meat quality, and yield/profit. widely ignorant. B.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.1e – Livestock Markets – Disease Control (Biosecurity) Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A General None Identified  Poor governmental support and  Training / awareness raising among intervention. stallholders, workers, and the  Generally very poor standards of public. public awareness on  Increase veterinary service capacity epidemiological issues. and funding.  Minimal official influence on even  Segregate different species in basic hygiene and disease different areas. prevention.  A holistic approach to live market  Many sites not cleaned between management is needed. markets.  Mixing of species heightens dangers.  Poor management of many of the above issues in the present table (e.g. pests, fencing etc) have direct consequences to biosecurity and epidemiology. Food Safety 74, 75, 78  Generally very poor standards of  Provision of basic sanitation public awareness on food safety arrangements such as running issues. water, toilets, soap, etc.  Food is sold and prepared in close  Segregation of food areas and proximity to live animals, with no livestock areas. hand washing.  Provision of training to stall holders.  Poor hygiene practices (see above) lead to food safety issues. Screening / 39  No screening and testing at market  Options are mainly institutional, Testing entry in many locations. other than fencing, access  Documentation of above needs to restrictions, etc. be sufficient, and not open to abuse or corruption. ID / Tracking 17, 39, 41  Generally poor controls on animal  Animal tag certification options Systems movements and identification. using ear, tail, etc.  These systems are very open to  Traceability system could be abuse and corruption. implemented, however other more  Generally low standard of basic issues are very much more informatics and records on pressing. epidemiology leads to an incorrect  Elementary vehicle/journey records. picture of actual status.  Checkpoints.  Practically no traceability to farms. Cleaning None Identified  Generally no vehicle cleaning is  Vehicle cleaning options – provision Products & carried out, usually due to lack of of water, brooms, shovels, steam, Techniques facilities. disinfectants, etc.  Market cleaning generally poor:  Training/education. scavenging rife.  Municipalities should provide cleaning services. Inspection None Identified  General failure on behalf of  Make responsible authorities municipalities and veterinary accountable for their services to inspect marketplaces responsibilities. and contractors at work.  Train market staff to train traders in  General lack of awareness of visible recognition of symptoms of animal signs of many illnesses. disease.  Frequent absence of action if  (UNLIKELY from several problems are identified. perspectives). B.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Pest & Vermin None Identified  Very little control of pests and  Awareness raising about throwing Control vermin was observed. scraps to pests and poor waste management leading to pests and vermin (and in some cases human scavengers).  Technical solutions include proper fencing (and even netting where appropriate, e.g. an outdoor poultry market), installation of baited traps. Segregation None Identified  All aspects of live markets seemed  Segregation of species. to be mixed, with little segregation  Segregation of live and dead. of species, food types, practices,  Segregation of cooked and raw. etc.  Segregation of areas, retail, wholesale, etc. B.9 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.1f – Livestock Markets – Product Yield, Productivity and Costs Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Yield and None Identified  Many animals were sub-standard  Promote linkages between welfare, Productivity and in ill health. meat quality, and yield/profit.  Raise awareness on feed types. Location & None Identified  Too far from meat market and  Plan sensible location for new Access farms could have quality facilities (i.e. not alongside a river, implications for meat. close to houses, industry, etc.).  Poor access causes delays of up to  Safe access, parking, etc. 6 hours for arriving livestock.  Separation of live markets and  Poor access contributes to fewer retail markets. buyers?  Space is usually the limiting factor in existing facilities, however poor management aggravates the issue. Facilities & None Identified  Many markets lacked recent  Institutional will / powers and Equipment pricing/markets information, scales inadequate legislation are the (e.g. scales) and other features of livestock issues here, not technical options. markets.  Attempts to install such equipment, in order to achieve fair sales are often sabotaged. B.10 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B ANNEX B.2 SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND MEAT PROCESSING FACILITIES B.11 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.2a – Slaughterhouses & Meat Processing – Occupational Health and Safety Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A General 27, 48, 53, 62,  Lack of worker awareness of H&S  Provision of training in basic H&S 63, 71, 79, 80 issues. principles to workers and  Lack of worker induction training. employers.  Practice of high-risk activities (e.g.  Check-ups for workers / tests for manual blood collection). most likely livestock related  Often large numbers of traders, diseases. butchers etc (i.e. not employees of  Education on good welfare facility) are on site. /handling techniques will prevent  Generally no signage to warn rising, kicking, etc. workers of dangers or remind them  Investment in basic technologies of procedures. that reduce worker risk (see below).  Proper reinvestment of fees into slaughterhouse management and infrastructure – transparency of accounts.  Installation of basic signage about key safety issues is a low cost upgrade that should be implemented in all locations.  Consider training on HACCP principles (without necessarily trying to achieve certification).  Employment of regional / facility HSE officer. Clothing and 2, 17, 48, 53,  The same clothing is worn to work,  Provision of changing rooms and Equipment 61, 71 for work and back home again (and laundry facilities. then frequently back to work the  Provision of sanitation next day). infrastructure.  Lack of even basic sanitation  Provision of basic first aid and fire facilities. fighting equipment.  Lack of basic safety equipment (first  Future designs should account for aid kits, fire fighting equipment, H&S issues. etc.).  Full training should be given for any  Poor training for new equipment or technology/ infrastructure changes. techniques causes accidents.  Training and worker health should  Basic equipment such as knife be recognised / promoted as sterilisers are absent or not financial benefit for operators. functioning.  Implementation of safety plans,  Generally no regard for worker or procedures, and inspections. own safety with respect to kicking  Provide basic equipment such as animals, cleanliness, falls, use of knives and hoists to workers. equipment, hoisting, lifting, etc.  Conduct regular equipment checks.  Lack of good equipment (e.g.  Repair or replace any faulty knives, hoists, etc.) can cause equipment. accidents.  Poorly designed equipment such as races and stunning boxes (where present) can lead to accidents). B.12 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Infrastructure 2, 9, 17, 46, 47,  Lack of infrastructure that prevents  Investment in basic infrastructure Technologies 59, 61, 71, 74 accidents and sickness. improvements, e.g.: for Improving  As a result, facilities are often dark, o Ramps (earth, concrete, metal, H&S with dangerous working conditions wood etc – detailed options such as slippery or wet floors, lack include gradients, curve, of utilities. lighting, etc.).  Lack of loading and unloading o Non-slip surfaces (rubber, facilities can cause accidents. etched, textured, etc).  Lack of sanitation facilities and o Tethering rails for booth utilities. slaughterhouses.  Lack of consideration of safety o Hand rails for workers. aspects during design. o Decent drainage from working  Lack of awareness of hygiene issues floor. such as hand and tool washing. o Wastewater screens.  Consider H&S issues when o Clear walkways. designing replacement facilities. o Functional hoists and pulleys.  Provision of basic sanitation arrangements such as running water, toilets, soap etc. Various basic technical options could be employed.  Proper reinvestment of fees into improved facilities.  Improvement to available utilities: o Provision of adequate light in working areas o More water sources o Power for ventilation, A/C. etc.  Implementation of plans, procedures, and inspections .  Repair or replace faulty equipment. B.13 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.2b – Slaughterhouses & Meat Processing – Public Health Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A General 2, 13, 48, 53  Often unrestricted access to  Repair or replace boundary walls slaughter facilities. The presence of and fences; however, the main traders, owners and so on issue is not physical security as represent s a considerable and operators and security guards allow unnecessary risk. civilians into the facilities.  With exceptions, fencing, walls and  Restrict numbers of civilians and security are inadequate for the traders permitted to enter the purpose, with poor boundary slaughterhouse. security.  As with most issues, fundamental  Little public awareness for the change in attitude and governance conditions in which their meat is is required. slaughtered and butchered.  Lack of awareness or will from governments, or lack of resources.  Power struggles, jurisdiction issues etc cause problems. Location 2, 13  The location of many  Future strategic planning should slaughterhouses is a concern due to consider the location of proximity to animals, wastewater slaughterhouses. and material, incinerator emissions,  Where space permits, new retail noise, etc. and livestock markets should not be  Often in amongst urban setting, or sited in proximity to associated with a livestock or retail slaughterhouses. market.  Slaughter facilities currently sited in proximity to livestock or retail markets could make several basic improvements to their infrastructure and processes. Process Design 46, 47, 85  Design / implementation aspects  The simplest solution is to greatly have little regard for H&S of public. reduce civilian access, however where tradition or public opinion continues to resist, retro-fitting of infrastructure that would improve H&S should be implemented.  Examples include provision of separate access for viewing areas and employees (with windows etc), footbaths on entry and exit, etc.  Higher technology could include CCTV and an entirely separate viewing room for owners  Improvements to ID and certification would also remove elements of mistrust. B.14 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.2c – Slaughterhouses & Meat Processing – Animal Welfare Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A National Policy  No national policy, regulations or  Essential these are developed guidelines. before any changes to  No formal inspection or audit of infrastructure are contemplated. facility activities with  Routine facility audit by specialists recommendations and follow-up. must be instituted to upgrade  No training for veterinarians or practices. abattoir staff.  Many countries urgently need nationwide strategic plans for the future.  Introduce audit of responsible bodies, economic instruments, private sector participation, etc.  Institute training program to meet guideline needs and audit weaknesses. General 2,7, 9, 10, 13,  Generally of a very poor standard.  Promote linkages between welfare, Treatment 17, 26, 53, 55,  Hobbling, beating, use of goads, meat quality, and yield/profit. Techniques 56, 58, 59, 84 deprivation of 5 pillars of animal  Improvements to infrastructure welfare etc. alongside training, would improve welfare and increase profitability.  Education on welfare is needed. Focus could be on the effects of poor practices and equipment on yield, quality and profits. Another option could be to raise awareness of religious provisions. Transport & 2,7, 10, 13, 17,  No national standards or guidelines.  Develop national standards and Unloading 53, 55, 56, 58,  Poor transport conditions. guidelines. 59, 84  Poor loading and unloading  Train inspectorate to these arrangements / practices. standards.  Lack of vehicle cleaning facilities at  Vehicle improvements – options slaughterhouses. include e.g.:  Lack of loading and unloading o Conversion of non-specific facilities can cause accidents, plus vehicles. stress to animals. o Implementation of single-  Unsuitable location of facilities species transport. leads to unsatisfactory travel o Dedicated vehicles desirable but conditions. not usually practical.  Mixing of animals from different  Provision of ramps, rails etc. as per origins is common. H&S section above.  specified loading densities should be employed.  Provision of water/shade, etc, dependent on species and location. Various options exist.  Location of future facilities in non- congested areas. B.15 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Holding & 2, 7, 9, 10, 13,  Lairage, if present, is often  Requires Guidelines to be Lairage 17, 55, 56, 59, inadequate. produced. 84  Unnecessary tethering is common.  Audit to standards /guidelines.  Lack of suitable infrastructure:  Provision of shade, water troughs o Flooring / bedding etc - could be achieved with o Shade/ shelter minimum cost. o Population / overcrowding  Properly designed infrastructure negates the need for tethering.  Reduce numbers in lairage (particularly for poultry). If space is an issue, consider double-decking?  Do not stack poultry cages. Race (Design) 2,7, 9, 10, 13,  Frequently, no race exists, and  Compliance with national 17, 56, 59, 84 slaughter occurs in batches (for standards. both chain and booth systems),  batch slaughter, or sequential with inevitable associated problems slaughter amongst carcasses should of welfare, hygiene, meat quality, be stopped – it contravenes all etc. codes of slaughter.  Where a race exists it is often  Simple race systems could be poorly designed or operated, or implemented whilst maintaining unused. batch ethos or identity, for owners’ peace of mind.  Modify existing races to reduce animal stress, worker injuries, efficiency, etc. (e.g. poor lighting, sharp corners, width etc.).  Group stunning should be stopped, alternatives must be developed for old slaughterhouses with no internal space for implementing a race system.  Full training should be given for any technology/ infrastructure changes. Box Design 2,7, 9, 10, 17,  Slaughter control boxes are rare  Batch slaughter should be 59, 84 and slaughter occurs in batches (for eliminated. A number of simple both chain and booth systems), technical options exist for with inevitable associated problems stunning/slaughter boxes. of welfare, hygiene, meat quality,  Full training should be given for etc. any technology/ infrastructure  Where a race exists it is often changes. poorly designed or operated, or unused. Lighting / 2,7, 9, 10, 13,  Generally little attention is paid to  Lighting and ventilation levels Ventilation, etc 17, 45, 59, 67, lighting – many places are very should be specified in national 84 dark and this can cause problems of standards and guidelines. severe stress, affecting behaviour  Attention should be given to and meat quality. making the animals feel less  Poor lighting is a major problem for stressed – provision of lighting, meat inspection. prevention of loud noises, etc.  Ventilation in enclosed lairage areas is not usually adequate. B.16 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Stunning 2,7, 9, 10, 13,  The issue of stunning is complex  National standards and guidelines Techniques 17, 26, 45, 56, however many practices observed must be prepared. 58, 59, 84 are barbaric and should be stopped  Audit of these standards must be in line with OIE international rigorously employed. standards which most countries  Pithing (the sharp insertion of a have agreed to. tool between the vertebrae) is  Stunning of animals with hammers, unacceptable regardless of the skills or rendering paraplegic is of the slaughterman. widespread.  Severing of spinal cord is  Modern techniques such as captive unacceptable as the animal remains bolt were not observed. conscious – essentially this is not  Poultry are generally not stunned in stunning, but simply rendering the informal slaughter, however some animal immobile. private companies employ electrical  Workers can be skilful with baths. Some slaughtermen were hammers but this method is observed stunning birds by using unreliable, particularly for certain the side of the hand in a chopping species. motion on the birds’ necks (Note:  Certain humane methods such as This is usually killing them). captive bolt need not be high tech  Where rotating boxes existed to and can even be portable e.g. facilitate ritual slaughter, they were compression stunners powered by frequently not employed. cartridges.  Promotion of stunning being legal in Islam providing heart is still beating.  Gassing/ electrocution generally not feasible in developing world (can be used for pigs, small ruminants and poultry with relative ease – just requires political will and enforcement.  Despite lack of space, basic races and stunning boxes could conceivably be installed.  With a basic rail system, animals could be hoisted post stun or post bleed. Slaughter & 2, 7, 9, 10, 13,  Absence of formal regulations and  Require national guidelines to meet Dressing 17, 26, 31, 59, guidelines. regulations. Techniques 67, 79, 84  Little consideration of  Needs training of inspectorate in contamination among workers. acceptable practices.  No monitoring of levels of  Needs regular audit of practices on contamination. site.  Widespread lack of enforcement.  Licensing of staff to approved  Whilst workers are generally very standards. skilled knife users, overall  Licensing of premises to grade of techniques are very basic, and structure, practices and output. often lead to contamination.  Training in good practices for staff  Worker awareness of risks is low. (e.g. sterilisation between cuts,  Cross contamination between avoidance of faecal contamination, carcasses due to proximity / etc.) and not just knife work is touching, plus for example needed in general. infrequent changing of scalding  Consider training on HACCP water. principles (without necessarily trying to achieve certification). B.17 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Slaughter &  Floor dressing is still very  Scalding water should be changed Dressing widespread. very regularly. Techniques  Even where hoists and rails are  Hoists, gambrels and pulleys should (cont) used, forequarters often touch the be installed where feasible. ground, or traders subsequently  Skinning cradles could be place on floor/ vehicle floor. considered for smaller animals.  Blowing or punching for skinning is  Static platforms could also be undesirable, but poor knife-work installed to encourage use of hoists, can lose hides’ value. where tiered levels are not feasible  Water supplies are frequently as a retro-fit. untreated ground water or river  Basic treatment and holding of water. water would be desirable.  Use of water is either negligible or excessive.  Minimal facilities for washing equipment or hands.  Minimal use of protective clothing and laundering. Other None Identified  Generally infrastructure and  Need for investment. Equipment or equipment is too old, fails to Infrastructure function properly, is not maintained Issues or is badly designed.  In most locations the throughput far exceeds original design capacity. B.18 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.2d – Slaughterhouses & Meat Processing – Environmental Protection. Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A General / 62, 63, 76, 77,  Generally very poor standards of  Promotion of religious provisions Management 79, 80, 83 environmental protection and (where applicable) governing Issues management on behalf of responsibilities for environmental operators. protection.  Poor enforcement of environmental  General awareness raising. obligations on behalf of authorities.  Consider training on e.g. HACCP  Neglect on behalf of private principles (without necessarily disposal companies. trying to achieve certification).  Open defecation around slaughter  Implementation of plans, facilities is common, as is littering, procedures, and inspections. etc.  Need for meaningful and policed legislation, and political will.  Provision of basic sanitation arrangements such as running water, toilets, soap, etc. Solid Waste 3, 5, 13, 37, 45,  In general, very poor solid waste  Awareness raising for workers, Handling 46, 48, 51, 57, handling inside facilities. officials, government and public, 76, 77, 80, 83  Lack of equipment – generally no on working practices, hygiene, protective equipment, no dedicated public health, epidemiology, etc. waste bins, etc.  Employment of regional / facility  Wastes (e.g. rumen contents) and HSE officer to perform inspections, recoverable/ recyclables (e.g. offal) raise awareness, etc (corruption is are often mixed on the slaughter an issue). floor and separated subsequently.  Provision of basic solid waste  If veterinary inspection exists, handling equipment/infrastructure, inspection seizures are seldom e.g.: treated differently to other wastes o Containers, conveyors or chutes or products. on slaughter floor (preferably  Insufficient emphasis by operators allowing for segregation of on associated dangers. waste types).  Insufficient provision of funds / will o Screens for trapping solids. on behalf of operators, ministries,  Formal procedures for post etc. mortems, waste storage, disposal, etc. Solid Waste 34, 35, 36, 37,  Poor storage arrangements(i.e.  Provision of locked cage/room etc Storage 38, 45, 51, 57 frequently no arrangements for special wastes, or undertake encourage vermin, pests and alternative options e.g. rendering, human scavenging. incineration, etc.  Lack of dedicated and secure on  Provision of basic waste holding site storage facilities (e.g. for facilities (e.g. skips) where waste is pathological waste). currently dumped to adjacent  Even where systems exist for watercourses or land, or stored in treating solid waste (e.g. dyes and central / public areas. substances such as whitewash or  Employment of regional / facility creosote) they are seldom HSE officer responsible for spot implemented. checks, with full political support.  Wastes are most often simply piled up in a public area and not disposed. B.19 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A On-Site 2, 5, 6, 11, 12,  On site disposal methods are in  Create value to waste for either Treatment / 13 18, 22, 25, general unacceptable, and usually operator or separate private Disposal 32, 33, 34, 38, consist of dumping into adjacent company – rendering, etc 40, 42, 43, 45, watercourses, land, etc.  Provision of practical alternatives to 46, 48, 51, 52,  Where facilities exist for proper dumping to adjacent watercourses 53, 57, 60, 76, disposal, they are rarely used or land, e.g.: 77, 80, 83 properly. o Biogas production – various technologies o See below (liquid) for other technologies  Employment of regional / facility HSE officer responsible for spot checks, with full political support. Solid Waste 2, 5, 6, 11, 12,  Final disposal (off site) falls outside  Technical options depend heavily Dispatch, and 13 18, 19, 22, the scope of this study, however on local conditions i.e. what is Off Site 25, 32, 33, 34, arrangements are usually wholly currently disposed of and what is Treatment or 38, 40, 42, 43, inadequate, and little in the way of currently recycled or reprocessed. Disposal 45, 46, 48, 51, controls currently exist e.g.: However, options for various 52, 53, 57, 60, o Unregulated and unmanaged “waste” items (veterinary seizures, 76, 77, 80, 83 dumpsites inedible offal, mortalities, blood, o Scavenging and grazing is hides, feathers etc) include: commonplace o Small scale rendering (for o Vehicles and loading techniques myriad uses) generally unsuitable o Knackery collection service to o Unscrupulous private transport centralised rendering (for myriad uses) o Composting o Solid fuel production Liquid Waste 1, 2, 3, 14, 31,  Facilities in general have little in the  Again, awareness raising, HSE Collection / 40, 43, 45, 46, way of grates and drainage inspections etc are needed in Treatment / 51, 53, 57, 76, channels, leaving working areas general. Disposal 77, 80, 83 dangerously slippery, and workers  In terms of technical options, pre- in close contact with pathogenic treatment on site options include: material. o Blood collection – edible and  Little in the way of blood separation non edible recycling – blood causes high BOD and pathogenic meal, rendering etc load in wastewater. o Land application  General lack of screens, or where o More complex technical options they do exist, lack of good could involve use of e.g. biogas maintenance and cleaning. (various technologies) for  In general, there is a total lack of generation of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment prior to power or even rendering. discharge.  In terms of effluent treatment, options include: o Off-site treatment at municipal facilities (of varying stages / technologies – piped or vehicle transport off site) o On site treatment options:  Small scale primary treatment.  Small-scale/ elementary facultative ponds etc (space issue).  Reed beds - would also assist with reduction of residue load (space issue). B.20 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Liquid Waste  Higher order biological treatment – Collection / aerobic lagoons, flocculation, Treatment / dewatering, etc Disposal  High order chemical treatment (cont) (presumes technical knowledge, cost of installation, cost of chemicals, maintenance, etc.). Atmospheric 48, 49, 50, 57  Poorly maintained incinerators  Replacement of old incinerators Emissions cause considerable emissions. with more efficient, less polluting  The above is aggravated by incineration systems. proximity of houses and  Replacement of old incinerators businesses. with alternative measures (see  Dust / aerosol issues due to poor above). waste management.  Note that small scale rendering,  Open burn of seizures and general biogas production etc technical wastes is common, whether on site options could have associated or at final disposal. emissions issues requiring attention.  Possibility of CDM funding? B.21 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.2e – Slaughterhouses & Meat Processing – Disease Control (Biosecurity) Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A National Policy 83  Uncoordinated activities.  Create central interdisciplinary  No comprehensive national Epidemiology Unit. strategy.  Develop national strategy using top  Poor governmental support and international specialists. intervention.  Audit existing activities (e.g. OIE  In certain cases, governments tool for the evaluation of could be responsible for Performance of Veterinary misrepresenting the true situation Services). by allowing dangerous activities to  Introduce meaningful Professional continue, failing to provide Education Program to raise human adequate resources to achieve a resource capabilities. primary responsibility of public safety, failing to report diseases in accordance with international obligations.  No comprehension of the need for national standards.  No effective monitoring process.  No collection and analysis of data with amended strategy. General None Identified  Generally very poor standards of  Increase veterinary service capacity worker and public awareness on and funding. epidemiological issues. Ill-informed  Training / awareness raising among public prefers fresh chicken stallholders, workers and public. slaughtered in appalling conditions  OIE reporting review needed. (knife from chicken litter to bleed-  Create routine audit mechanism for cut to chicken litter) over pre- veterinary service facilities and packed birds from higher-quality results. facilities without government intervention.  Develop benchmark measures.  Lack of equipment such as knife  A holistic and integrated approach sterilisers and vehicle wash-down to slaughterhouse management is areas is a considerable risk. Poor needed. training for new equipment and  HSE officer / inspections are techniques results in poor quality needed in general. results Public health and veterinary services inadequately resourced in money, staff and ability. Informal slaughter widespread and officially condoned in many countries with no inspection. Food Safety 74, 75, 78  No political will to improve national  Application of fundamental standards. principles with routine monitoring  Generally very poor standards of and benchmark values. public awareness on food safety  Address problems of ineffective issues. health and hygiene controls.  Food is sold and prepared in close  Develop food safety licences for proximity to live animals and staff founded on training slaughter operations, with no hand qualifications. washing.  Provision of basic sanitation  Poor dressing / hygiene practices arrangements such as running and techniques lead to food safety water, toilets, soap, etc. issues for meat product. B.22 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Food Safety  No effective collaboration between  Segregation of food areas and (cont) different organisations involved – livestock areas. veterinary services, municipality,  Provision of training to slaughter public health dept. men and stall holders.  Address carcass dressing issues above. Sanitation 2, 13, 53  Generally very poor or non-existent.  Develop national strategy and Facilities  No laundry facilities, allowing for standards for improved facilities. contamination of meat and of  Overhaul the mechanisms for workers’ family, etc investment.  Minimal maintenance or upgrade of  Provide basic sanitation facilities. arrangements such as running water, toilets, soap, etc. Screening / 2, 74, 75, 78  Widespread absence of veterinary  Develop written national Testing / control within production chain – regulations – only healthy animals Inspection ‘butchers’ often hold more power into slaughterhouses, those failing and have high-level support. ante-mortem should be slaughtered  Absence of meaningful and condemned. categorisation of stock prior to  Provide political and legal support slaughter – ante mortem inspection to health control measures is cursory or non-existent.  Use basic screening at  Post mortem inspections are slaughterhouses - Delay medium generally poorly conducted, and risk cases to end of slaughter, can even lead to further detain high risk (do not release contamination. back out of slaughterhouse).  Bad lighting and conditions at  (Note: refusal to slaughter can inspection point are a major encourage the informal sector – a problem. holistic approach is clearly needed).  Inspectors not aware of their  Separate emergency slaughter fundamental role – provision of facilities. meat fit for human consumption –  Consider training on e.g. HACCP and so pay no attention to faecal principles (without necessarily contamination. trying to achieve certification).  Generally no sampling or lab for  National or regional labs offering testing to establish bacteriology basic tests – legislation / parameters of meat, products enforcement obliging the testing. equipment and infrastructure (e.g.  Increase capability and powers of floors, walls, etc). No concept of veterinary services and food safety benchmark parameters. authorities.  Widespread corruption to endorse  Provide adequate conditions for profit rather than food safety. post-mortem inspections:  Inadequate support for veterinary o Good lighting inspectors. o Off-floor inspection  Absence of routine audit of o Good sterilisers and strong inspection levels by outside agency. adherence to usage between carcasses  Compensation system for diseased animals could be considered so as to discourage corruption ( Note: caution is required here since it is riddled with opportunities to increase disease spread or persuade inspectors to diagnose a condition just to get compensation). B.23 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A ID / Tracking 17, 41  No traceability from meat products  Animal tag certification options Systems to slaughterhouse, market or farm. o Ear, tail, etc.  No records of dispatch vehicles,  Traceability system could be cargo and destination are generally implemented, however other more kept. basic issues are very much more pressing. Cleaning 2, 13, 21, 23,  No national standards or guidelines.  For new facilities, design out Products & 31  Rare use of effective cleansing corners and other areas where dirt Techniques, techniques. and bacteria can accumulate. and Design  Poor design or lack of maintenance  For existing facilities, perform Issues creates areas that are difficult to review of interior infrastructure, clean and therefore harbour filling holes, caulking cracks, pathogens, etc. rendering porous or textured  Generally very poor standards of surfaces, curving edges and cleaning – both daily wash-downs corners, etc. and major wash-downs.  Pressure hoses.  Generally little knowledge of  Frequent replacement of brushes, cleaning products and methods etc. (where products are available).  Ample clean water.  Lack of funds for cleaning  Good drainage. chemicals and equipment.  Good availability of chemicals.  Cleaning is usually carried out by  Training in use of chemicals and slaughtermen and not dedicated equipment. teams.  Vehicle cleaning options – provision  Generally no vehicle cleaning is of water/brooms, shovels, carried out, usually due to lack of disinfectants, etc. (space is often facilities. an issue, however). Pest & Vermin 13  Most facilities have little in the way  Install traps and use as designed. Control of pest and vermin control.  Secure fences and walls.  Some facilities actively feed waste  Install window mesh and electrical (including pathological) to wildlife fly “zappers”. and scavengers.  Promote concern rather than apathy over presence of pests. B.24 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.2f – Slaughterhouses & Meat Processing – Food Safety Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Segregation 2  Live and dead animals are often  Raise awareness on segregation mixed, both during slaughter issues. process and during dispatch.  In new facilities, design out  Wastes and food items are often possibility for mixing of live and mixed during slaughter process and dead animals, and of edible subsequently separated. products and wastes.  Carcass dispatch often mixed  In existing booth facilities, the species. principal mitigation method is  Loosely rinsed green offal often training, regulation and good touching carcasses. management, though improving waste handling techniques will improve segregation by default. Butchery 2, 13, 62, 73,  Dressing of carcasses on the floor  Hoists, gambrels and pulleys should Techniques & 75, 79 in many cases with atrocious be installed where feasible. Equipment spread of contamination, frequently  Static platforms could also be by flooding with water. installed to encourage use of  Many 5th quarter processing hoists. operations and butchery occur in  Washing of animals prior to very poor conditions. slaughter?  Inadequate dressing skills (e.g.  Equipment such as sterilisers securing of anus / faecal should be installed and used where contamination, poor skinning). possible.  Poor meat handling practices even  Training. for those carcasses dressed on hooks.  Little sterilising of knives and other equipment.  Lack of availability of basic butchery and cleaning equipment. Product 75, 79, 86  Sub-standard handling practices.  Vehicle design options. Handling &  Vehicles and containers rarely  Dispatch arrangements. Dispatch suitable.  Stamping and certifications.  Very weak cold chain management  Packaging. - minimal temperature control.  Traceability.  Abundant examples of high-risk for consumers.  Consistent abuse of product handling safeguards. General 2, 15, 53  Consistently poor veterinary Handling inspection.  Unsuitable and usually unrefrigerated dispatch vehicles, some exposed to open air. Infrastructure 75, 79  Cold chain, if in existence, is inconsistently observed.  Design (e.g. corners etc) allow for accumulation of contaminants. B.25 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B Table B.2g – Slaughterhouses & Meat Processing – Product Yield, Productivity, and Costs Relevant Technical Options / Issue Sources from General Observations / Problems Recommendations Appendix A Location And 13, 17, 59  Often either in unsuitable urban  Proper planning of future facilities is Access locations, or unsuitable rural needed, both in terms of design locations (e.g. associated with live and location. markets and retail markets).  Better access, parking  Open access is common meaning arrangements etc would in general little control over who enters and increase profitability, and have exits slaughterhouses. beneficial effects on H&S, animal  Often located near to a river or welfare, etc. waterway for ease of disposal  Typically poor access roads for livestock delivery.  Poor dispatch arrangements. Facilities & None Identified  General lack of facilities and  Good practice all round (training, Equipment equipment affects final product equipment, maintenance, cleaning quality and value. etc) ensures better profit.  Lack of recycling means or market  Encouragement of recycling reduces profits. reprocessing (in safe ways), particularly with blood. Meat Quality 9, 10  Meat quality is often poor as a  Improvements to all aspects of result of poor husbandry/rearing, slaughter process and equipment poor transport arrangements, poor will increase profits and health handling and welfare, stressful benefits. slaughter conditions, poor butchery and poor hygiene.  Where inspection stamping exists, the system is open to abuse/forgery. Economics, 15, 18, 19, 22,  Whilst some locations saw every  Public awareness, institutional Market Forces, 29, 30, 44, 46, scrap of a beast being used, other reform. etc Value Adding, 53, 60, 70 locations were often wasteful due etc to lack of market or lack of awareness of processing possibilities.  Blood is often wasted and becomes. burden due to wide interpretation of religious guidelines. Cost / Pricing 1, 2, 9, 29, 30,  Absence of this data can preclude Information 42, 70 producers from improving their returns & contributes to the poverty characteristic of the markets. B.26 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C ANNEX C TECHNICAL RATINGS FOR TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES C.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C ANNEX C.1 LIVESTOCK MARKETS C.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.1 – Technical Ratings for Livestock Markets Category Technical Option / Score Utilities Economics Water Supply Electricity Market Scales Prices Onsite Piped Well And Water Rainwater River Grid Biogas Solar Diesel / History Water Treatment Tanks & Capture Water Electricity Derived Power Biodiesel Bowsers With Electricity Generators Treatment Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 5 Availability 4 4 5 5 4 5 3 3 4 3 3 Skills 4 3 4 5 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 Trainability 5 3 5 5 3 4 3 3 4 3 5 Capital Cost 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 2 2 4 2 Operation Cost 4 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 1 4 4 Operability 5 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 Maintenance 4 2 4 3 3 4 5 3 2 4 3 Reliability 5 3 4 3 3 4 4 2 4 4 4 Suitability 5 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 5 4 Health & Safety Risk 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 Health & Safety Benefit 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 Environmental Risk 4 2 4 5 3 3 3 4 3 5 5 Environmental Benefit 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 1 1 4 Welfare / Yield Benefit 4 4 4 5 4 2 3 1 2 3 4 Epidemiological Risks 4 4 3 3 3 5 4 5 5 5 4 Epidemiological Benefit 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 Livelihoods Benefit 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 5 5 Total (OVI) 78 62 75 76 61 64 62 56 58 65 68 C.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.1 – Technical Ratings for Livestock Markets (continued) Technical Option / Score Security / Biosecurity Physical Public Health Incentives Sanitation Category Interventions Installation Segregation Segregation Vehicle Baited Species Personnel Free Disease Contracting Market Sewered Cesspit Chemical Latrines of fencing of market of food stalls cleaning vermin segregation ID check on disease compensation of market rankings / latrine latrine / to Biogas and and livestock facilities traps arrivals and checks cleaning political facilities facilities biological (pens) slaughter areas departures incentives latrine facilities facilities Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 5 5 3 Availability 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 3 Skills 4 5 5 5 3 4 4 2 1 4 3 4 4 3 3 Trainability 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 Capital Cost 3 4 4 4 5 4 1 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 Operation Cost 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 4 Operability 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 3 2 4 4 4 4 3 3 Maintenance 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 Reliability 4 5 5 4 4 5 3 3 2 4 4 4 4 3 4 Suitability 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 4 4 5 4 3 3 Health & Safety 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 4 Risk Health & Safety 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 4 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 Benefit Environmental 5 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 3 3 4 Risk Environmental 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 3 4 5 5 5 4 4 Benefit Welfare / Yield 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 Benefit Epidemiological 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 3 5 4 5 2 1 2 Risks Epidemiological 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Benefit Livelihoods 4 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Benefit Total (OVI) 79 86 87 77 77 80 68 69 52 74 76 77 70 62 63 C.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.1 – Technical Ratings for Livestock Markets (continued) Technical Option / Score Waste Storage & Management Occupational Health & Safety On Site Storage On Site Solid Disposal / Treatment On Site Liquid Disposal / Treatment On Site Recycling Duckboards Drainage Market Worker Channels H&S Health Category Waste Central Central Burial Open / Incineration Screening/ Reed Anaerobic Aeration Composting Biogas Biogas Inspectors Checkups Collection Cage Skip / Pit Sedimentation Beds Facultative Tanks Production Production Drums Dumpster Burning Ponds And Use Around For Market Lighting Or Power Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 Availability 5 4 5 4 5 3 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 Skills 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 Trainability 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Capital Cost 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 3 2 4 2 2 4 4 3 4 Operation Cost 4 4 3 4 3 3 5 4 4 2 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 Operability 5 3 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 Maintenance 4 4 4 3 4 3 5 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 5 5 Reliability 4 3 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Suitability 4 2 5 1 4 3 5 4 4 3 5 3 3 4 5 5 5 Health & Safety 4 2 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 5 3 3 3 4 5 5 Risk Health & Safety 4 3 5 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 5 5 Benefit Environmental 4 3 4 2 4 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 Risk Environmental 4 3 5 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 4 5 5 Benefit Welfare / Yield 4 3 4 3 4 5 3 1 3 3 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 Benefit Epidemiological 3 2 3 2 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 Risks Epidemiological 4 3 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 4 4 5 Benefit Livelihoods 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 5 5 Benefit Total (OVI) 76 59 79 59 72 73 77 67 71 66 79 67 66 66 72 80 83 C.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.1 – Technical Ratings for Livestock Markets (continued) Category Technical Option / Score Animal Welfare Vehicle Shade / Cover Unloading Ramps Lairage Concreted Market Feed & Provision Welfare Upgrades Yards/ / Non Slip Welfare Water Of Feed & Inspector Canvas Permanent Concrete Steel Vehicle - Tethering Surfaces Inspectors Troughs Water Strung Shade Steel/Iron Borne Rails Shade Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Availability 4 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 Skills 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 Trainability 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 Capital Cost 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 2 3 4 5 3 Operation Cost 5 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 3 Operability 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Maintenance 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 Reliability 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 Suitability 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 Health & Safety 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 Risk Health & Safety 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 Benefit Environmental 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Risk Environmental 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Benefit Welfare / Yield 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 Benefit Epidemiological 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 Risks Epidemiological 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Benefit Livelihoods 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Benefit Total (OVI) 80 79 82 85 80 81 83 82 82 83 88 82 C.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C ANNEX C.2 SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND MEAT PROCESSING FACILITIES C.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.2– Technical Ratings for Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities Category Technical Option / Score Utilities Economics Water Supply Lighting Electricity Market Scales Process prices onsite improvements Piped Well And Water Rainwater River Tap General Intense Grid Biogas Solar Diesel / history (see below) Water Treatment Tanks & Capture Water With Installation Fluorescent Lighting For Electricity Derived Power Biodiesel Bowsers Treatment Lighting Inspectors Electricity Generators Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 5 5 Availability 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 4 3 4 5 Skills 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 4 4 4 1 Trainability 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 3 4 4 5 2 Capital Cost 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 2 4 4 3 Operation Cost 2 3 3 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 4 1 4 4 1 Operability 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 5 4 4 Maintenance 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 2 4 4 2 Reliability 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 5 4 3 Suitability 5 4 3 5 3 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 5 5 5 Health & Safety 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 Risk Health & Safety 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 1 1 5 Benefit Environmental 2 2 2 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 5 5 5 Risk Environmental 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 2 4 4 1 1 3 5 Benefit Welfare / Yield 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 1 2 4 5 5 Benefit Epidemiological 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 Risks Epidemiological 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 2 4 5 Benefit Livelihoods 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 Benefit Total (OVI) 71 71 72 79 73 83 82 82 64 61 56 54 71 76 71 C.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.2 – Technical Ratings for Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities (continued) TECHNICAL OPTION / SCORE Security / Biosecurity (1) Physical Category Installation Installation Segregation Segregation Vehicle Baited Species Tighter Chilled Installation Installation Working Tables For Knife Refrigerated Sealing Of Of Fencing Of Netting Of Market Of Food Cleaning Vermin Segregation Controls Despatch Of Skid Of Manual Platforms 5th Sterilisers Carcass Interior And Stalls And Facilities Traps On Vehicles Roller / Rail System (Bovine / Quarter Chillers Walls And (Pens) Slaughter Livestock Access Only Gambrel For Carcass Equine) Processing Floors Facilities /Slaughter System For Transport Areas Dressing Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Availability 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Skills 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 5 4 4 4 3 4 Trainability 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 Capital Cost 3 3 4 4 4 5 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 3 1 4 Operation Cost 5 5 5 5 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 1 4 Operability 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 4 Maintenance 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 3 2 4 Reliability 3 3 4 5 4 5 4 3 3 4 4 5 5 3 4 4 Suitability 3 3 5 5 4 5 3 2 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Health & Safety 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 5 1 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 Risk Health & Safety 3 3 5 5 4 5 3 2 2 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 Benefit Environmental 4 4 5 5 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 Risk Environmental 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Benefit Welfare / Yield 2 2 5 5 3 4 4 1 5 3 3 3 3 1 4 2 Benefit Epidemiological 5 5 5 5 2 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 Risks Epidemiological 3 3 5 5 5 5 2 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 Benefit Livelihoods 2 2 4 4 4 4 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 Benefit Total (OVI) 65 65 84 85 74 79 73 64 71 69 75 75 76 67 62 73 C.9 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.2 – Technical Ratings for Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities (continued) Technical Option / Score Security / Biosecurity (2) Hygiene Incentives Veterinary Category Worker Provision Processing Laundry Footbaths Safety Laboratory Fly Fly Disease Contracting Slaughterhouse Personnel Ante And Traceability Procedures changing Of Suitable Area Entry Service At And / On Site Screens Traps / Compensation Out Of Benchmarking ID Check Post System For For rooms Identifiable Only Via For Processing Hygiene Swabbing Killers Slaughterhouse And On Mortem Live Handling and Protective Hygiene Operator Entry Signage To Private Cleaning Performance Arrival Inspection Animals To Animals facilities Clothing & Facilities Clothing Lab Incentives Carcasses Dead On Equipment Arrival Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 2 5 Availability 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 Skills 4 5 5 4 5 4 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 Trainability 4 5 3 4 4 2 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 Capital Cost 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 Operation Cost 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 Operability 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 5 5 5 4 5 Maintenance 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Reliability 4 4 3 4 4 2 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 Suitability 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 4 4 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 Health & Safety 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 Risk Health & Safety 5 4 4 4 4 2 5 2 2 1 5 4 2 5 2 2 Benefit Environmental 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 4 Risk Environmental 2 1 1 2 1 1 5 2 4 3 5 5 2 5 1 5 Benefit Welfare / Yield 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 4 3 5 2 5 3 1 Benefit Epidemiological 3 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 2 5 5 5 Risks Epidemiological 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 4 4 3 5 5 4 5 5 5 Benefit Livelihoods 3 4 4 4 4 1 3 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 3 3 Benefit Total (OVI) 67 75 68 69 73 57 75 68 68 54 72 81 67 82 67 76 C.10 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.2 – Technical Ratings for Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities (continued) Technical Option / Score Waste Storage & Management On Site Storage On Site Solid Waste Disposal / Treatment On Site Wastewater Secondary On Site Wastewater Primary On Site Recycling Treatment Treatment Category Containers Central Central Dyeing Of Burial Open / Incineration Incineration Reed Anaerobic Aeration Static Rotating Sedimentation Composting Biogas Biogas Around Cage Skip / Pathological Pit With Energy Beds Facultative Tanks Screens Screens & Flotation Production Production Slaughter Dumpster Waste Burning Recovery Ponds Tanks And Use & Process (Poss. With For Power Floors Biogas Or Recovery) Rendering Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 Availability 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Skills 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 Trainability 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 Capital Cost 4 4 4 5 4 4 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 4 2 2 Operation Cost 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 2 4 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 Operability 4 3 4 5 3 3 4 3 4 5 2 3 3 3 5 3 3 Maintenance 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 5 1 2 2 2 4 3 3 Reliability 4 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 Suitability 4 3 4 5 1 3 3 4 4 5 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 Health & Safety 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 Risk Health & Safety 4 4 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Benefit Environmental 4 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 Risk Environmental 4 3 4 5 2 4 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Benefit Welfare / Yield 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 Benefit Epidemiological 4 3 3 5 2 3 5 5 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 Risks Epidemiological 4 3 4 5 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Benefit Livelihoods 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 Benefit Total (OVI) 74 65 68 78 55 62 65 65 63 73 52 63 61 60 77 61 65 C.11 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.2 – Technical Ratings for Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities (continued) Technical Option / Score Waste Storage & management (2) Sanitation Occupational Health & Safety Category On Site Recycling (2) Sewered Cesspit Chemical Latrines Drainage H&S Worker Signage Training Regular Latrine Latrine / To Biogas Channels Inspectors Health Programmes, Maintenance Blood Blood Blood Feather Rendering Boning Facilities Facilities Biological Checkups Reviews Etc Of Collection Dryers Rendering Rendering Pathological Waste Latrine Equipment Solid Waste Rendering Facilities Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 5 4 4 5 4 5 Availability 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 Skills 4 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 5 4 3 Trainability 4 2 2 2 3 3 5 4 3 3 4 3 2 5 3 3 Capital Cost 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 Operation Cost 4 1 2 2 2 2 4 5 3 4 5 2 1 5 2 2 Operability 5 3 3 3 4 4 5 4 3 3 4 5 3 5 3 3 Maintenance 4 2 2 2 3 3 5 4 3 3 4 5 3 5 4 2 Reliability 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 4 5 3 3 Suitability 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 2 Health & Safety 2 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 3 Risk Health & Safety 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 2 5 3 Benefit Environmental 3 3 3 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 Risk Environmental 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 3 3 Benefit Welfare / Yield 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 5 5 2 5 4 Benefit Epidemiological 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 3 Risks Epidemiological 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 3 Benefit Livelihoods 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 3 5 5 4 5 4 Benefit Total (OVI) 72 55 57 57 60 60 77 69 66 61 74 76 68 76 71 58 C.12 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.2 – Technical Ratings for Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities (continued) Technical Option / Score Animal Welfare Transport Vehicles Unloading Ramps Leadup Race Lairage Category Dedicated Temporary New Concrete Steel Vehicle- Simple Complex Canvas Strung Permanent Additional Concrete Water Welfare CCTV Single Modification Dedicated Timber Borne Race With Shade Steel/Iron Walls / Non Slip Troughs Inspector Species Of Existing Vehicles Forcing Shade Flooring Vehicles Yards Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Availability 3 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 Skills 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 Trainability 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 Capital Cost 4 4 2 4 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 Operation Cost 3 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 Operability 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 Maintenance 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 Reliability 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 2 Suitability 3 5 2 5 4 5 2 1 4 4 3 5 5 5 1 Health & Safety 5 5 5 4 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Risk Health & Safety 1 4 1 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 1 Benefit Environmental 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Risk Environmental 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 4 1 Benefit Welfare / Yield 3 4 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 Benefit Epidemiological 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 3 Risks Epidemiological 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 3 5 4 5 1 Benefit Livelihoods 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 1 Benefit Total (OVI) 61 72 58 75 74 73 73 67 77 81 73 80 77 75 48 C.13 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.2 – Technical Ratings for Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities (continued) Technical Option / Score Animal Welfare (2) Ventilation / Cooling Stunning & Slaughter Category Well Internal Water Air Single Rail Manually Rotating Lighting To Live Captive Percussion Electric Carbon Designed Rotating Sprays Conditioning Race To Transport Operated Restraint Reduce Need Bullet Bolt Stun Bolt Stun Dioxide Roof Fans Restraint Conveyor Restraint Box For Goads Gas Stun Ventilation Box Boxpen Development 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Availability 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 4 4 4 2 Skills 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 Trainability 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 Capital Cost 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 4 2 2 2 3 2 Operation Cost 4 4 3 2 5 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 Operability 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 Maintenance 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 Reliability 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 Suitability 5 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 1 3 4 3 1 Health & Safety 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 1 4 4 3 2 Risk Health & Safety 4 4 3 4 4 3 5 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 Benefit Environmental 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 Risk Environmental 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Benefit Welfare / Yield 3 3 3 3 4 2 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 2 Benefit Epidemiological 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 4 4 Risks Epidemiological 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 Benefit Livelihoods 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 3 4 4 2 Benefit Total (OVI) 75 74 60 67 73 59 75 63 74 50 59 65 60 43 C.14 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex C Table C.2 – Technical Ratings for Slaughterhouses and Meat Processing Facilities (continued) Technical Option / Score Processing Improvements Category Dressing Steriliser Electric Pneumatic Hide Viscera Viscera Splitting Electronic Inspection Carcass Cradles Handwash Hoists For Or Pullers Buggy Pan Saw Scales With Stamping/ Chilling Units Hide Hydraulic Systems Conveyors Ticketing Roller Removal Handtools Branding Evisceration Development 5 5 5 3 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 Availability 5 5 5 3 4 5 4 5 3 5 5 Skills 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 Trainability 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 Capital Cost 5 3 4 3 1 4 2 2 2 5 1 Operation Cost 5 3 4 3 2 5 2 2 4 5 2 Operability 5 5 4 4 3 5 3 3 3 5 4 Maintenance 5 3 4 3 3 5 3 2 3 5 3 Reliability 5 3 4 5 3 5 3 2 3 5 5 Suitability 5 5 5 1 1 5 1 3 4 5 4 Health & Safety 5 4 5 4 4 5 5 5 3 5 5 Risk Health & Safety 5 4 5 2 2 5 5 5 3 5 5 Benefit Environmental 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 Risk Environmental 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 Benefit Welfare / Yield 4 1 3 2 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 Benefit Epidemiological 4 4 3 3 5 4 4 4 3 5 5 Risks Epidemiological 4 5 3 3 2 4 4 4 3 5 5 Benefit Livelihoods Benefit 4 3 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 5 Total (OVI) 80 67 74 55 53 79 62 64 61 85 74 C.15 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F ANNEX F COMPARISON OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES LIVESTOCK MARKETS F.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F ANNEX F.1 OPERATIONAL ISSUES F.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Annex F.1 – Operational Issues Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Arrival / access /  No awareness of animal welfare  Low-level awareness of animal  At a minimum, codes of  Animal handling and treatment handling concepts in transport to, or welfare concepts. practice agreed by industry attitudes- LOW applicability due receival at, market areas.  No shade, sometimes no water. about animal welfare regarding to ingrained attitudes and  No shade available or water in  Sick animals often left in area. handling and transport. perceived lack of alternatives. some settings.  Access still a problem in urban  Extensive regulations exist to  Provision for shade HIGH  Absence of industry standards areas. address animal transport and APPLICABILITY. or regulations about animal handling are undertaken  Provision for sick animals HIGH  Rough handling occurs welfare or handling guidelines. properly, particularly access to APPLICABLITY. frequently.  Journeys may be long and feed, water, observance of  Provision for unloading, etc  Overcrowding and maximum travelling times. without access to adequate inappropriate tethering also HIGH APPLICABILITY. feed or water.  Shade available. common.  Congested access through  Overcrowding strongly built-up urban areas. discouraged.  Animals pushed, pulled, beaten  Purpose-built livestock carriers to alight from transport. are the norm.  Severe overcrowding on  Market sessions/hours of transport vehicles. operation are regulated.  Harsh tethering techniques on vehicles and at the market. F.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Veterinary checks  In many markets there is no  Veterinary inspection may be  Compulsory.  Provision of better vet services practical requirement for nominal.  Performed by qualified LOW APPLICABLITY in short veterinary inspections.  Level of training of veterinary veterinarian either employed by term due to lack of training,  Few facilities have full-time or staff may be basic. government department or, if budgets, inadequate resources permanent position for a  Reporting system back to by abattoir, audited by a at higher government or veterinarian. regulatory control point may be regulatory group. municipality level.  Level of training of veterinary circuitous or inadequate.  Animals checked in sales  Better provisions for sick staff is basic or sub-standard. batches to identify potential animals HIGH APPLICABILITY.  General absence of regulatory biosecurity issues which may be framework for health checks traced back to other holdings. e.g. certificates, reporting  Health certificates normally system, audits, checklist of issued for each batch. symptoms.  Sick or lame animals either  Absence of adequate shade, isolated into ‘hospital’ pen; water provisions if ‘hospital’ withheld for slaughter at end of pens exist. processing; or destroyed immediately in extreme cases.  In the last two cases, product forbidden to enter the human food chain. Holding  Open areas, animals hobbled,  Open areas, animals hobbled,  Water and shade provided.  HIGH APPLICABILITY Easily no shade, limited or no access no shade, limited access to  Single species. addressed at low cost. to water. water.  Stakeholders informed about  Market sessions to be  Segregation by market area obligations and duty of care. shortened HIGH into species.  Livestock must be removed APPLICABILITY.  Sick or malnourished animals within a relatively short period generally left in market till last. regardless of sale outcome. F.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Sale area  Sub-standard, dangerous  Sub-standard, dangerous  Structure will be subject to  LOW feasibility to address flooring with gaps, holes and flooring with gaps, holes and approval by local licensing drainage issues. broken surfaces. broken surfaces. authority.  Fencing issues HIGH  Fencing in poor condition, often  This will comprise inspection of APPLICABILITY . bamboo or similar with jagged flooring materials, security, edges. robustness of materials used.  Inadequate drainage in wet  Visitors to the yards/buyers season makes passage unsafe will be advised of biohazards and mud adheres to livestock. and worker safety/health issues. Pricing / Payment  Poor facilities for market  Session fees encourage sellers  Market facilities of a generally  LOW short term feasibility due / Fees personnel. to stay until all animals sold. good standard. to economic conditions; higher  Session fees encourage sellers  Fees often nominal, don’t  User-pays fees mean that fees may encourage informal to stay until all animals sold. encourage improvements to improvements are gradually market.  Fees generally nominal and site. undertaken. don’t encourage improvements to site. On site slaughter  Common in the case of poultry.  Observed in the case of poultry  Not permitted.  LOW APPLICABILITY public  Generally not observed with markets. sector decision makers may be other species.  May occur at informal livestock slow to change; stallholders  Very common at informal markets. reluctant to relocate. livestock markets. Despatch  Owners/agents pay per session,  Animals removed promptly  Regulations require prompt  HIGH APPLICABILITY Cut typically 3-7 days. after sale. removal regardless of outcome market session duration,  Sick, weak or underweight of sale. encourage turnaround, provide animals stay the longest.  In general removal of livestock for sick animals. within 36 hours or less. F.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Wastes  Livestock waste is left where it  In better managed settings,  Solid and liquid waste removed  LOW APPLICABILITY due to falls. yards are hosed and washed through washdown and attitudes and fuel value in  In the very poorest countries, down regularly. sanitizer. many settings. human waste pickers collect  Removal by waste pickers is  Effluent goes to sewer or ponds  Drainage and flooring issues and remove dried dung pads discouraged. for treatment. LOW APPLICABLITY due to for use as fuel.  Disposal to watercourses is a cost; new facilities would  Otherwise trammelled by rarity which instrumentalities address this. livestock and humans into the have worked to abolish. ground.  Biosecurity hazard in extreme cases. Cleaning  Minimal at best.  Improved chance of regular  Market management would  HIGH APPLICABILITY  Carrion and human scavengers cleaning and removal of organic include a written plan for Programmed cleaning and remove waste of any value. and non-organic wastes. maintenance and cleaning & maintenance could be  Other material e.g. bedding,  Operations still hindered to specific allocation of tasks. introduced. litter, is trodden into mud or some extent by limited access  Emphasis on desanitising  Requires training and distributed by wind to other to cleaning materials, chemicals ground, water troughs and coordination; provision of basic areas. and water. rails. materials, dump bins for animal  Not part of prescribed task list  In some areas boot washes will litter. for market personnel. also be in use.  Cleaning materials, chemicals  Increased emphasis on are outside consideration: minimising/eliminating physical natural elements (wind, rain, contact between buyers and runoff) prevail. livestock. Water  Limited or no access to clean  Slightly better access.  Full access to potable water  MEDIUM APPLICABILITY in running water.  Use sometimes exacerbates essential to regulatory many cases water can be put to  No concept of improving problems due to drainage compliance. site provided drainage and general sanitation standards. issues. access are addressed. F.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Drainage  Largely inadequate; adds to  Generally not much improved in  Proper drainage is compulsory.  LOW APPLICABILITY effective livestock bacterial load. these settings.  Hardstand with corrugated improvement of drainage issues  Surface of ground is eroded,  General sanitation levels ridges across a gentle slope to would often require full site uneven and slippery which compromised by poor drainage aid solid waste drainage and, remediation. promotes injury to workers and and composition of market later, cleaning. stock. flooring. Pest control  Easy access for vermin.  Easy access for vermin.  Written pest control plan and  HIGH APPLICABILITY.  Pests are part of the default  Pests are part of the default procedures including baits,  Baits etc relatively low cost in cleaning process. cleaning process. traps, etc. conjunction with better waste  Companion animals and strays  Companion animals and strays  Cleaning programme assists in management measures. also in evidence. often in evidence, sometimes deterring vermin and pests by encouraged. removing waste material. Human Sanitation  Often there is a low level of  Often there is a low level of  Market facilities must have  HIGH APPLICABILITY at understanding of the need for understanding of the need for toilets, hand washing. relatively low cost. toilets and hand washing. toilets and hand washing.  Would make significant difference to hygiene and public health. Overall  Basic operational standard is  No significant improvement  No doubt individual facilities  MEDIUM APPLICABILITY will management low and is ultimately designed over low-income countries in have deficiencies. require long term to connect buyers and sellers. most instances.  Growing pressure to comply encouragement, training and  Hygiene, worker safety and  Essentially conducted to with environmental, worker evolution towards better disease control are often acquaint buyers with sellers. safety, disease risk management system. neglected due to lack of  Hygiene, safety and disease management guidelines.  Main objective is to develop a resources, education and control take a secondary place  Animal welfare and biosecurity pro-active stance by economic reasons. in many instances due to lack issues are watchwords for the management to issues they can of resources, education and next stage of development. control. economic reasons. F.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F ANNEX F.2 INFRASTRUCTURE / EQUIPMENT ISSUES F.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Annex F.2 - Infrastructure / Equipment Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Arrival / access /  Infrastructure sub-standard.  Generally improve standard of  Purpose-built heavy grade  HIGH APPLICABILITY shade, handling  Near or total absence of facilities. loading/unloading ramps. access to water can be suitable unloading ramps, pens,  Often better facilities are  Heavy grade pens, mustering addressed in current settings. etc. compromised by poor areas.  Ramps and unloading facilities  Endangers workers and operations control and lack of  Vehicles have proper loading HIGH APPLICABILITY relatively promotes injuries to livestock. cohesive management, disease ramps. low cost and significant  Very few purpose-built livestock control risks.  Markets must have (and use) contribution to better safety carriers: most vehicles are  Poor drainage and access proper loading and unloading and welfare issues. roughly adapted and seriously issues may persist. ramps, pens, gates, water  LOW APPLICABILITY standard compromise animal welfare.  Increased awareness about troughs. of livestock vehicles will be slow  Lack of pens therefore many risks to workers and to to be addressed. animals are tethered to ground livestock from poor facilities.  HIGH APPLICABILITY truck  Lack of shade or shelter when  Greater availability of carriers washing. unloading. suitable to carry livestock.  HIGH APPLICABILITY worker  Nil or limited truck washing  Still very few controls on safety (self interest). facilities. livestock movement within market.  Infrequent shade or shelter.  Nil/limited truck washing facilities. Veterinary checks  Poor or no facilities for  Often no facilities for veterinary  Vet booth, forms, stamps,  LOW APPLICABILITY due to veterinary checks. checks. computer system. cost, technology, and  Limited or no access to wider  Limited computer access to  Online national and regional corruption. network of knowledge or wider knowledge network. disease reference databases assistance.  Very limited access to lab available.  Absence of laboratory analysis resources; better skills  Integrated and consistent equipment and low skills level. level. system of veterinary checks and responses. F.9 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Holding  Large, open areas, segregated  Some segregation into pens  Flooring quality, rails etc closely  LOW APPLICABILITY Animal by distance.  Variable ground surfaces specified. welfare issues due to lack of  Poor ground surfaces, holes  Rails, yards may be better  Livestock stay in traceability alternative. and gaps promote injury. quality. groups.  HIGH APPLICABILITY provision  Kept separate from other mobs  Drainage often poor.  Mishandling actively of better pen facilities at many by hobbling or beating with a discouraged. current site is feasible. stick.  Adequate drainage required.  Drainage invariably a problem. Sale area  Normally same as holding area.  Some segregation into pens.  Flooring quality, rails etc closely  LOW APPLICABILITY Animal  Drainage and flooring sub-  Variable ground surfaces. specified. welfare issues due to lack of standard.  Rails, yards may be better  Livestock stay in traceability alternative.  Injuries to livestock common. quality. groups.  HIGH APPLICABILITY provision  Drainage often poor.  Mishandling actively of better pen facilities at many discouraged. current site is feasible.  Adequate drainage required. Pricing / Payment  Fees collected by municipal  Fees collected by municipal  Fees collected by relevant  LOW APPLICABILITY user-pays / Fees authority for market authority for market authority. is not a known concept; higher maintenance. maintenance.  Compliance objectives identified costs for better service is a low  Customers unlikely to accept  Customers unlikely to accept by regulatory bodies either priority for local stakeholders. higher fees in return for better higher fees in return for better directly or indirectly. services. services.  User-pays system either strongly supported or part- subsidisation by stakeholders for a period of time. On site slaughter  Common in regard to formal  Common in regard to formal  On site slaughter normally  LOW APPLICABILITY public poultry markets. poultry markets. prohibited for livestock & sector decision makers may be  Little effort made to remove  Little effort made to remove poultry markets. slow to change arrangements from poultry wholesale from poultry wholesale  Disease and hygiene risks are and move stallholders. markets. markets. clear.  Slaughter must occur at properly regulated site. F.10 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Despatch  Same unsuitable vehicles as  Range of vehicles, some  Vehicles must be fit for purpose  LOW APPLICABILITY this issue found at delivery. suitable for livestock transport. and approval inspected for will likely only be addressed livestock carriage. gradually as economic circumstances permit. Wastes  Minimal effort to remove  General disinterest in removing  Regular cleaning and  LOW APPLICABLITY until organic waste: largely removed. organic waste: largely effected maintenance programs based drainage and access issues are by natural elements. by natural elements. on running water, detergents, addressed.  Little machinery e.g. tractor,  Better availability of machinery appropriate treatment of  Provision of machinery (and bulldozer, grader for to assist remediation of site but wastewater and solid waste. driver training) will assist but remediation. similar results.  Adequate machinery to effect high capital expenditure. waste removal, spreading of  Education program needed manure, etc. about public health / hygiene. Cleaning  No site visited had guidelines  Low level of awareness of the  Written guidelines for cleaning,  HIGH APPLICABILITY Raising for cleaning the market facility. need for cleaning the market task allocation, etc. consciousness of issues will  Low or nil level of availability of facility. start to yield results; provision tools/equipment.  Low level of availability of of basic tools will assist. tools/equipment.  Introduction of simple maintenance programs. Water  Limited or no access to clean  Slightly improved access.  Mandatory to have adequate  HIGH APPLICABILITY access to running water.  Lack of appreciation that access access points for fresh water water is achievable but  Particularly apparent in poultry to water can improve throughout facility. drainage issues and flooring still markets. sanitation.  Adequate drainage an essential need to be addressed. feature. Power  In general there is access to  In general there is power to the  Power accessible to the site.  HIGH APPLICABILITY. power to one point (normally site.  Aids in site renovation, cleaning the fees office). processes. F.11 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex F Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High Income Country Practice to Low/Med Income Issue Low Income Countries Middle Income Countries Methodology Issues Drainage  Generally very poor.  Generally very poor.  Pre-requisite for site’s operation  LOW APPLICABILITY at most of  Difficult to ameliorate due to  Hardstand yard and corrugated the current sites without overcrowding. areas are standard. complete remediation.  In extreme cases undrained water collects debris and forms water ‘traps’ for humans and livestock. Pest control  Strays and rodents are normally  Weak presence of anti-stray  Pest and rodent traps are  HIGH APPLICABILITY low cost accepted as part of the market policies. routinely placed and renewed. as part of overall site environment.  In effect the strays and vermin management plant.  Minimal use of baits traps etc perform default cleaning due to costs. functions.  Low use of baits due to cost. Human Sanitation  Lack of latrines.  Generally inadequate provision  Market authorities must provide  HIGH APPLICABILITY provision  Low appreciation by customers of latrines or hand washing adequate toilets and hand of latrines is feasible and of the need for sanitation facilities. washing facilities. greatly assists public health facilities.  Low appreciation by customers effort. of the need for sanitation. Overall  Other enterprises exist in close  Other enterprises encouraged  Ancillary activities restricted to  MEDIUM TERM APPLICABILITY management proximity, disease risk and in order to increase traffic to other areas of site. within current sites some issues overcrowding result. the market. can still be addressed through  Very low level management of  Little appreciation of disease training, setting simple risk issues. risk this may entail. objective and encouragement to formalise processes. F.12 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G ANNEX G COMPARISON OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES MEAT PLANTS G.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G ANNEX G.1 OPERATIONAL ISSUES G.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Annex G.1 – Operational Issues Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Arrival / access /  Carried in unsuitable,  Better coordination of transport  Delivered in purpose-built  LOW APPLICABILITY re handling overcrowded transports. and marketings. vehicles. livestock transport method,  General chaotic conditions due  More orderly arrival.  Transport conditions are mostly dependent on economic to lack of equipment and  Handling procedures often regulated and monitored with progress. infrastructure, overcrowding. harsh. animal welfare in mind.  HIGH APPLICABILITY for  Handling procedures often  Access of security is often poor.  Personnel must receive training animal handling if proper harsh. in livestock transport and ramps, pens are available which  Poor control over access. handling. will ameliorate welfare issues.  Strict procedures for access. Veterinary checks  Cursory ante-mortem checks.  Higher incidence of veterinary  Slaughter cannot proceed  LOW APPLICABILITY Support  Many facilities have no checks but doubts about without ante-mortem check on and professional framework permanent veterinarian. thoroughness. all animals. lacking in many areas. Some  Potential for livestock owner or  Veterinary services severely  Veterinary services audited by evidence of persuasion / operator to pressure veterinary under-skilled. government department or corruption to approve animals to approve sick animals for  Vets may be under pressure to other regulatory agent. for slaughter; overall a slaughter to receive revenue. pass livestock as OK for  Animals checked in sales significant gap between country slaughter. batches to identify potential visit standards and high income  Seriously ill animals often left biosecurity issues which may be country standards which will until end of processing or left to traced back to other holdings. require time, training and die. better administration to  Checks are often inadequate;  Health certificates normally achieve. sick animals are processed with issued for each batch. cohorts.  Sick or lame animals either isolated into ‘hospital’ pen; withheld for slaughter at end of processing; or destroyed immediately in extreme cases.  In the last two cases, product forbidden to enter the human food chain.  Vets responsible for animal welfare and detecting disease. G.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Lairage  No shade or shelter.  Shade and shelter in some  Shade required ante-mortem.  HIGH APPLICABILITY  Harsh handling techniques due instances, generally absent.  Surfaces washed down & Shade/shelter at relatively low to lack of facilities. sanitised at end of processing. cost & to achieve better care  Sick animals left till last.  Written protocols: animals for sick animals. removed to veterinary care or  Introduction of some destroyed immediately. procedures will assist with cooperation of slaughtermen. Stunning  Inadequate or inhumane  Inhumane stunning methods.  Stunning methods / options  LOW APPLICABILITY Provision stunning methods e.g. spinal  Protracted delays between considered and applied. of inadequate stun methods will stab, repeated blows by stunning and slaughter.  Convention is that animal must exacerbate situation. sledgehammer.  Booth slaughter more common. be rendered unconscious  Requires better training;  Other animals witness stunning quickly and slaughtered provision of appropriate and & bleed. promptly. simple equipment.  Highly conscious of animal welfare issue.  Trained operators for equipment. Slaughter  Protracted delays between  Protracted delays between  Explicit measures to separate  HIGH APPLICABILITY stunning and slaughter. stunning and slaughter. blood from stickwater to Encourage move away from  Other livestock led through  Little meaningful control over address environmental issues. batch slaughter to more slaughter process. slaughter processes. humane process and improved  Blood flows to drain.  Blood may not be separated worker safety.  In some settings blood is from general effluent.  Feasible to install simple blood collected and undergoes further separation measures to assist. processing & value adding. G.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Evisceration /  Carcass dressing almost always  Booth dressing more common  Conducted on moving chain or  HIGH APPLICABILITY. Preparation on floor. but on-floor dressing still dressing bed surface.  Highly feasible to get carcasses  Among other carcasses at occurs.  Viscera normally inspected off the floor for both these various stages of evisceration.  Often inadequate inspection of sequentially with carcasses. steps.  Often inadequate inspection of offal material.  Condemned product removed  Measures need to be simple, offal material. off floor to non-food packing not reliant on complex areas or rendering. hydraulics & be scaled to the specific setting.  Operators need to be convinced of benefits for workers and product safety. Inspection  Inadequate inspection.  Inadequate inspection.  Inspection following set  LOW APPLICABILITY Existing  Inadequate contamination trim.  Inadequate contamination trim guidelines & methodology. system based on low skills level  Vet hygiene conditions poor- in many instances.  Microbiological tests on and need to get product knives, no rinsing.  Vet hygiene conditions poor- carcasses as part of wider through.  No access to microbiological knives, no rinsing. technical database.  Improvement requires testing.  Little or no access to concerted effort from regulators microbiological testing. re hygiene.  Little or no access to wider support network. Lighting  Generally inadequate.  Generally inadequate.  In typical settings good lighting  HIGH APPLICABILITY could be  Carcass and general hygiene  Carcass and general hygiene is a priority especially at addressed at relatively low cost. suffer. suffer. inspection stations and grading  Would have benefits for system  Lack of awareness of its effect  Affects health and safety of areas. if there is also an intention to on product safety & quality. product.  Considered a worker safety improve hygiene.  Affects worker health and  Affects worker health and issue. safety. safety. G.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Storage  Security of pathological wastes  Lack of awareness of disease  Condemned product required to  HIGH APPLICABILITY can be is low. risk from path waste material. be rendered or sent to petfood. implemented at low cost  Often dependent on integrity of  Security of pathological wastes  Serious disease risk material is provided training and skill are vet or meat inspector. is low. destroyed under strict adequate to identify and  Lack of storage encourages  Inspector may be isolated if conditions. remove disease risk material. vermin and scavengers. stance too strong. Despatch  Unhygienic conditions  Unhygienic conditions in most  Transport vehicles must meet  LOW APPLICABILITY chilled throughout. operations. inspection and licensing vans etc not feasible due to  Lack of awareness of the need  Lack of awareness of the need standards. cost. for hygienic transport of for hygienic transport of  Regular cleaning of vehicles as  Stamps, certificates etc product. product. part of inspection. misused.  Rudimentary paper trail  Rudimentary paper trail often  Certificates etc carried with  Need to raise awareness of possibly open to interference. open to interference. product. hygiene at all stages of process. Pricing / Payment  Fees may be payable direct to  Fees often payable direct to  Fees collected by central  LOW APPLICABILITY. / Fees butcher or main enterprise. butcher. enterprise.  Status quo will prevail.  Butchers often exert strong  This gives butcher more power  Butcher is one of many  Social and cultural issues very influence over process decisions over establishment and workers. difficult to overcome. and directions at the decisions that are made re establishment. processes, etc. Client Facilities  Clients encouraged to enter kill  Clients permitted to enter kill  Viewing areas & platforms in  LOW APPLICABILITY Difficult floor. floor. some facilities to minimise to overcome clients’ demands  Client hygiene not a big  Client hygiene not a big access to slaughter and to see livestock slaughtered. concern. concern. processing area.  Hand washing and protective clothing are mandatory and major features of client visits.  Clients/visitors advised of health risks pertaining to entering the plant. G.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Wastes  Typically very little waste as  In some settings, appropriate  Rendering of putrescible wastes  LOW APPLICABILITY. most components have value. scale rendering would be is integral to the slaughter  In current settings better  Retention and collection advantageous. process. wastewater provisions are methods often compromise  Lack of organic waste disposal  Plants not allowed to operate difficult to install. hygiene and safety. procedures encourages vermin without adequate measures in  Simple, small batch rendering  Wastewater treatment wholly and water pollution. place for waste disposal. may be an option for many inadequate & represents  Wastewater disposal processes centres however significant hazards to humans & closely scrutinised by regulatory capital cost. environment. agencies/licensing bodies. Cleaning  Ineffective use of water as  Ineffective use of water as  Washdown of all surfaces with  HIGH APPLICABILITY cleaning medium. cleaning medium. hot water and cleaning agents instigating the basics of a  Low understanding of the need  Low understanding of or at end of processing cleaning program will assist to clean surfaces, walls, etc. interest in the need to clean  Regular cleaning program in overall outcomes.  General absence of cleaning surfaces, walls, etc. plant’s standard operating  Main hindrance is high cost of programme beyond daily procedures chemicals and equipment. removal of slaughter residues.  Training needed to highlight  Walls and other surfaces show benefits of better hygiene. pattern of chronic filth. Water  Poor effective use of water in  Poor effective use of water in  Water usage carefully  LOW APPLICABILITY water slaughter and dressing process. slaughter and dressing process. monitored on a per head basis. meters etc not feasible as no  May in fact encourage cross  May in fact encourage cross  Measured against larger environmental or hygiene contamination. contamination. microbiological testing. management system in place.  HIGH APPLICABILITY to make appropriate hoses and fittings available, low cost plus training about optimal water usage. G.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Drainage  Older facilities characterised by  Limited interest in improving  Adequate provision for drainage  LOW APPLICABILITY would inadequate drainage. drainage from soft-fall and is inherent to plant and site require full refurbishment at  Exacerbates already poor hard-fall areas. design. most sites. hygiene.  Typically blood drains to a  Local watercourses take most separate area for of the load; organic load is processing/disposal. high.  Wastewater is screened then sent through ponds for treatment or to other disposal methods. Pest control  Generally effected by other  Generally effected by other  Baits and traps laid.  HIGH APPLICABILITY at scavengers, cats, etc. scavengers, cats, etc.  Proper control of putrescible relatively low cost as part of a  Strong presence of carrion. waste minimised. site-wide plan. Human Sanitation  Nil awareness of disease risk  Very low awareness of health  Adequate sanitation.  HIGH APPLICABILITY provision from poor sanitation practices. risks to workers and food  Strict hand washing and of latrines and encouragement  Inadequate toilet and hand safety. cleaning procedures at all of their use would strongly washing facilities.  Facilities may be higher levels. assist hygiene standards.  Very limited access to soaps, standard.  Standard element of plant  Ongoing costs of consumables towels.  Limited access to soaps, towels. budget. may be an issue. Overall  Enables plant to function at  Enables plant to function at  Increased surveillance by  MEDIUM APPLICABILITY management day-to-day level with little day-to-day level with little welfare, health and  Better outcomes will be direction over hygiene, planning direction over hygiene, planning environmental authorities mean achieved through planning, and disease control issues. and disease control issues. that management must be pro- encouragement and provision  Ingrained inability to effect  Desires for changes often active in addressing issues at of simple & appropriate change in workers’ practices undermined by lack of training day-to-day and longer-term requirements. and attitudes. and facilities. levels. G.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Investment  Often powerless to attract  Slightly more pressure to  Highly competitive sector with  SHORT TO MEDIUM TERM further investment from public compete with the private sector other participants seeking to OUTLOOK POOR. sector/government department. developments although sheer extract more value from  Ability to change system and  Management perception that size of growing domestic carcasses and by-products. upgrade outcomes is largely the public will not pay more for markets means their short-term  Continues to ‘raise the bar’ in determined by decisions improved hygiene and better viability is favourable. terms of plant operations, elsewhere re fees, acceptable processes. facilities and aspirations. standards and new facilities.  Chronic lack of investment  Particularly apparent in terms  Inability to offer return on undermines training for workers of traceability, animal welfare investment monies will hinder and other attempts to improve code of practice and wider progress and may deter new circumstances. environmental sustainability. investors. G.9 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Draft Final Report – Annex G ANNEX G.2 INFRASTRUCTURE / EQUIPMENT ISSUES G.10 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Annex G.2 - Infrastructure / Equipment Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Arrival / access /  Ill-equipped unloading areas.  Greater likelihood of purpose-  Only approved, purpose-built  LOW APPLICABILITY re handling  Absence of suitable ramps, suited vehicles. vehicles may carry livestock. livestock transport. races & pens leads to animal  Ramps more common.  Use of suitable ramps is  Provision of better ramps and maltreatment.  Maltreatment still apparent. mandatory. pens is FEASIBLE at many  Proper pens and enclosures at current locations. slaughterhouses.  Segregation of different lots for ante-mortem inspection. Veterinary checks  Low order of priority at  Inadequate facilities for  Ante-mortem veterinary checks  LOW APPLICABILITY due to slaughterhouse level. veterinary inspections. compulsory for all livestock. basic skills levels and lack of  Paucity of equipment, texts,  Lack of backup resources e.g.  Separate pens for different lots incentives from government other resources to assist vets in city or national animal health of animals. bodies. detecting and identifying departments also inadequately  Wide, integrated network of  Very limited access to wider diseases. resourced. information, records and knowledge network will persist.  Lack of backup resources e.g. precedents. city or national animal health  Robust reporting structure in departments also inadequately most instances with resourced. considerable power of resources at its disposal. G.11 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Lairage  Generally without shade.  Some shade structures.  Shade is mandatory.  HIGH APPLICABILITY at low  Bare ground is common with  Consistent attempts to improve  Segregated by species. cost shade and water issues poor or no drainage. floor standards but  Adequate drainage which can can be addressed.  Rough, uneven, slippery compromised by economic be cleaned of manure regularly.  HIGH APPLICABILITY to work surfaces, livestock are prone to restraints.  Code of practice for ante- with labourers to minimise slip and cause injury. mortem handling e.g. use of injuries and damage.  Nil or limited capacity to prods, dogs, forbidden.  Drainage a longer term issue remove dirt build-up on animals  Emphasis on calm carriage of LOW APPLICABILITY. ante-mortem. animals to slaughter.  Damage from horns due to  Treatment in lairage now a key overcrowding. element of new customer codes of practice. Stunning  Lack of restraining boxes,  Often recipients of  Slaughter team undergo  LOW APPLICABILITY unskilled labour. inappropriate and expensive training in technique and equipment and devices used in  Animals tethered to floor prior slaughter restraining devices. operation of livestock high income settings are mostly to slaughter. restraint/slaughter box. inappropriate.  Worker safety compromised.  Knocking boxes in use.  Require low-maintenance,  Use of electric stun guns simple methods and plenty of produces appropriate voltage training. for livestock category. Slaughter  Batch slaughter.  Batch or booth slaughter.  Single animal at a time.  MEDIUM APPLICABILITY  No sterilising of knives.  Little or no sterilising of knives.  Knife sterilisers in use. Sterilisers and washdown would  Floor based.  Washdown after each animal. assist if operator understood reasons for procedures. G.12 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Evisceration /  Batch slaughter.  Booth system more prevalent  Chain-focussed.  LOW APPLICABILITY current Preparation  Floor based almost entirely.  Often floor based  HACCP plans. facilities require simple low  No separation of clean from  No separation of clean from  Separate tasks for each worker. maintenance process devices dirty processes. dirty processes that require little training by  Viscera pans for each carcass. operators.  Viscera processed on floor.  Viscera processed on floor  Main aim is to prevent cross- contamination, pans will not do this without operators’ training being improved. Inspection  Poor standards of inspection  Poor standards of inspection  Government or audited  LOW APPLICABILITY. and trim. and trim. inspectors at plants.  Inspectors where present have  Inconsistent results, often weak  Inconsistent results, often weak  Closely monitored. little power over plant supervision functions from supervision functions from  Well-trained staff with access to processes. health authorities. health authorities. information on potential health  Wider government network  Lack of tools, laboratory  Lack of tools, laboratory risks. may be very weak and equipment, consumables to equipment, consumables to  Have authority to give ineffective. assist in inspection tasks. assist in inspection tasks. directions and require answers  Access to resources ultimately of management. may not assist inspector in ensuring cleaner product outcomes. Lighting  Largely inadequate.  Also very poor.  Lighting quality is monitored by  HIGH APPLICABILITY can be  Suitable systems may not be  Cost of provision generally regular audit programs. addressed at relatively low cost readily available. stops improvement.  Strong correlation seen however ineffective if vets and between good lighting and workers do not re-act to what safe working conditions and they see on carcasses and safe product outcomes. offals.  Major focal point for operations  High quality lighting at trim stations. G.13 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Storage  Limited means of disposal for  Access to rendering facilities is  Pathological wastes sent to  HIGH APPLICABILITY provided path wastes. low due to extraction of value rendering or incineration. inspectors are competent in  Their presence encourages from maximum quantity of  Inspector has access to wider detecting pathological waste vermin. materials. range of knowledge. and removal from food chain. Despatch  Poor hygiene standards in  Hygiene standards generally  Delivery vehicles must be  LOW APPLICABILITY Mainly a delivery vehicles. very poor in delivery vehicles. refrigerated. function of economic  Refrigerated vehicles not  No appreciation of the benefits  Must be inspected regularly. development. common. from clean delivery of product.  Not used for carriage of other products/goods. Pricing / Payment  Diverse structures, giving fee-  Similar arrangements which  Fees established by operator.  LOW APPLICABILITY. / Fees raising power either to the obfuscate responsibility for  User-pays approach almost  Most stakeholders very slaughterer or municipal process & site improvement. universal. sensitive re fees & see little authority.  Contributes to the expansion of direct benefit from improved services and outcomes. services. Client Facilities  Close to nil.  Negligible in terms of  Clients allowed on site provided  LOW APPLICABILITY. infrastructure. hygiene and risk management  Relatively low priority given procedures are followed. other factors. Wastes  Solid wastes often screened  Waste materials of no value left  Rendering and pet food  LOW APPLICABILITY. and further processed for where convenient. production rely on waste  Most sites clear waste that is of value.  Generally inadequate level of material. value.  Waste not generating revenue removal of inorganic waste off  Operators must keep site free  Only small scale batch left to fall. site. of inorganic waste. rendering suitable for some  Minimal provision for removal sites. of inorganic waste.  Better to emphasise overall site amenity and safety. G.14 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Cleaning  Inadequate lighting.  Inadequate lighting.  Regularly-executed cleaning  HIGH APPLICABILITY at  Lack of access to hot water.  Lack of access to hot water. programme a priority for relatively low cost.  Inadequate tools for cleaning.  Inadequate tools for cleaning. product quality and worker  Tools, chemicals and agreed safety. simple plan would assist  Nil or low usage of disinfectant,  Nil or low usage of disinfectant, sanitiser, etc. sanitiser, etc.  Essential to guarantee plant’s hygiene standards even at operation. current locations.  Chemicals are costly and often  Chemicals are costly, their role the first items sacrificed in in cleaning not appreciated.  Cleaning costs (labour and operating budget. materials) represents significant contribution to operating costs. Water  Little effective use of clean  Low effective use of clean  Water meters, pressure hoses  LOW APPLICABILITY. Too running water. running water. and other devices enable better early for these measures  In extreme cases it increases measurement of quantities without workers/managers contamination. used and effectiveness in understanding correct method improving hygiene. fur using running water.  Availability of pressure stop hoses would assist in decreasing water consumption. Drainage  Close dependence on save alls,  Also a reliance on nearby  Adequate drainage must be  LOW APPLICABILITY Without screens and nearby waterways to accept waste. installed in all departments total remediation of most sites. watercourses to accept waste  In plants there is sometimes a including sticking, slaughter,  Provision of more save- material and effluent. higher level of screening and evisceration and follow-on alls/grates would assist  Few proper drainage systems in removal of solid wastes to fuel areas. provided waste collected is plants, just grates in floor. revenue source at some other  Problems with drainage may properly disposed of. point. threaten operational status.  Closely monitored by on-plant health authorities. Pest control  Nil in most cases.  Nil in most cases.  Written procedures for placing  HIGH APPLICABILITY. At  Largely performed by other of baits, traps. relatively low cost, effective scavengers.  Daily cleaning processes provided it is part of wider mitigates incidence of pests. waste treatment program at site. G.15 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex G Typically Observed Methodology & Issues Applicability of High Income Process Stage / Typical High-Income Country Practice to Low & Middle- Issue Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Countries Methodology Income Country Issues Human Sanitation  Inadequate toilet and hand  Facilities may be higher  Adequate sanitation.  HIGH APPLICABILITY. washing facilities. standard.  Full.  Effective means of improving  Absence of hot water.  Improved access to hot water. hygiene overall if workers are  Little access to soaps, towels. encouraged to use latrines and hand washing facilities. Overall  In general enterprises are run  General income levels in the  Enterprises keep close control  MEDIUM APPLICABILITY. management on an “as needs” basis. country may be higher but on finances but in general have  Management keen to obtain  Some achieve respectable revenue levels still closely more proclivity to acquire and more resources and equipment results on “shoe string” watched by municipal/public manage assets including capital but fees structures and budgets. authorities. expense items in order to resources issue hamper this.  Tight controls on use of  Difficult to access reasonable maintain customer base and  Will largely be determined by revenues means capital budget for improvements. licensing / market access. consumers’/users’ willingness to expenditure is kept to a pay more or to governments’ minimum. commitment to introduce change. Investment  Closely monitored by municipal  Increased number of public  Capital expenditure and  LOW APPLICABILITY until authorities. facilities being relocated. infrastructure improvements stakeholders realise benefit of  Further investment at many  These still may not attract are important features of providing clean products from a sites is redundant due to public sector investment. operators' budget. safe and low risk environment. chronic overcrowding.  Low level of interest from the  Companies look to recover  Disease threat and public private sector in sharing with costs through increased health seen as low order municipal facilities. revenues from fees and product priorities while current system sales. shows minimal signs of failure.  Financial and tax arrangements assist in keeping infrastructure up to date so business remains competitive. G.16 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex H ANNEX H BASIC LAYOUTS AND MINIMUM SIZING FOR SLAUGHTERHOUSES H.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B H.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B H.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B H.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B H.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B H.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B H.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B H.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex B H.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex I ANNEX I TOOL FOR EVALUATION OF LIVESTOCK MARKETS (TEMA) I.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex I Section 1 - Physical Infrastructure Levels of Advancement Item Feature Indicators Score Description A well-located market should have easy access for vehicles and walked livestock (when needed) even at busy times with roads that are metalled to avoid dust, mud and other health problems, and traffic congestion 0 Informal market with no control of livestock  Observation Location, road 1 Formal market but with no perimeter fencing  Inspection 1.1 system  Map 2 Formal market site with unmetalled road  Satellite photograph 3 Adequate access with metalled road for market traffic 4 Good facilities for livestock, human and vehicular movement. Facilities for unloading livestock should be safe for livestock and their handlers; they should be kept clean and be well-sited and able to handle all traffic at busy times 0 No facilities for loading and unloading livestock vehicles – manual only  Observation Unloading 1 Ramps unsuitable for purpose  Ramp design 1.2 facilities 2 Ramps badly designed or maintained  Maintenance status 3 Good ramps but inadequate numbers  Ramp numbers 4 Adequate number and design of well-sited safe ramps  Livestock data Market staff should be able to hold and inspect groups and individual animals to inspect their identification and health status when they arrive at a market Facilities should exist to hold suspect animals in isolation. 0 No facilities to restrain animals for inspection on arrival  Observation Livestock Facilities to restrain groups of animals in a pen or yard but not individual  Pen design 1.3 Holding and 1 animals Inspection 2 Adequate facilities to restrain all animals for inspection at peak arrival times  Raceway 3 Adequate facilities to restrain individual animals safely  Examination crush 4 Facilities to hold animals in isolation  Isolation pens 1.4 Livestock Livestock in a market should be held separately for disease control purposes. Holding 0 No system to restrain animal in separate locations  Pens, rails or tying points system 1 Little separation of stock and frequent mixing.  Observation 2009-06-09 DFR Annex I I.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex I Levels of Advancement Item Feature Indicators Score Description 2 Sub-division of livestock is not complete Separate pens or rails for livestock in individuals or groups from the same 3 source Well-designed pens and raceways that allow safe movement of animals 4 and people Livestock should be protected from excessive prevailing weather – e.g. hot sun or, cold winds or rain 0 No protection for livestock from prevailing weather extremes  Observation Weather 1 Partial protection from prevailing weather but not for all animals  Shades, walls, buildings, etc 1.5 Protection 2 Protection from weather part of year but unsuitable year-round  Weather data 3 All animals have some suitable protection but not well-maintained  Maintenance data 4 Well-designed and maintained shelter suitable for prevailing weather Depending on the length of stay in a market and the prevailing weather, livestock should be provided with water and/or food 0 No facilities for provision of water or food  Observation Water and 1 Facilities available but inadequately maintained for effective use  Water troughs 1.6 Feed 2 Drinking facilities available but no permanent access by all stock  3 Communal drinking facilities with permanent access by all stock  4 Separate water and food supply to each pen  Individual bowls or nipples, nets or feed troughs Market place flooring should be suitable for safe and hygienic livestock handling all year round, allow cleaning and prevent run-off to cause environmental pollution 0 Waste management problems and no special flooring  Observation Ground 1 No waste management capability  Presence of waste 1.7 Surface and Modified flooring and some attempt to solve waste management and  Environmental assessment Drainage 2 drainage problems Waste management problems not fully corrected by modified flooring and 3 drainage 4 Purpose–built flooring with effective drainage and waste storage facilities  Site-plans and inspections 2009-06-09 DFR Annex I I.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex I Levels of Advancement Item Feature Indicators Score Description Ancillary Infrastructure Market place flooring should be suitable for safe and hygienic livestock handling all year round, allow cleaning and prevent run-off to cause environmental pollution 1.8 Market Office 0 No market office  Site -plan 1 Market office with inadequate facilities to function effectively  Observation 2 Market office is fully functional  Inspection All markets should have adequate hygienic toilet and washroom facilities for staff and patrons Public Toilet 0 No toilets  Site -plan 1.9 Facilities 1 Toilets are inadequate in number and quality for hygienic use  Observation 2 Hygienic toilets and hand-wash facilities are used  Inspection All markets should provide livestock weigh scales 0 No weigh-scales  Site -plan 1.10 Weigh Scales 1 Weigh scales not operative  Observation 2 Weigh-scales operative and used  Inspection All markets should have facilities for cleaning and disinfecting trucks and disposal of waste 0 No truck cleansing capability  Site -plan 1.11 Truck Wash 1 Truck cleansing capability inadequate  Observation 2 Truck cleaning capability adequate with strong waste control  Inspection 2009-06-09 DFR Annex I I.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex I Section 2 - Organisational Infrastructure Levels of Advancement Item Feature Indicators Score Description Regardless of its size, a market should have a well-defined management structure which ensures strong application of national regulations to allow application of disease control protocols that safeguard livestock and human health and welfare, maintenance and cleanliness 0 No co-ordinated market management structure  Management structure Management  Observation 1 Management is unstructured and results in poor running and upkeep 2.1 Structure and  Records Policy Structured management but no written policy, weak organization and poor 2  Written policy control of practices, including animal welfare Market is run efficiently and maintained in good condition but has no  Financial records 3 regular financial inputs 4 Management is effective in all aspects, including financial status  Reports All livestock should be inspected on arrival and movement details of source and identifications should be collected; any animals requiring testing or treatment should be handled according to written policy instructions 0 No inspection of livestock on entry  Observation 1 Cursory inspection with no data recorded  Records Livestock 2.2 2 Some inspection of stock but incomplete protocols  Written protocols Inspection 3 Complete status recording with ability to isolate or treat clinical cases  Inspection of facilities + market place activity Accurate livestock identification and health status recording of all animals  Data collection 4 with ability to collect samples or apply vaccination as necessary  Laboratory results All staff should be trained in practical skills to ensure the health and welfare of livestock and people at the market 0 No staff training program.  Staff list Staff Training 1 Only some staff trained but not all  Details of training programs 2.3 and Audit 2 Staff training program covers all staff  Course details and curricula 3 Trained staff ensure good practice by animal owners and traders  Results of training 4 Routine program to audit staff proficiency.  Audit reports 2009-06-09 DFR Annex I I.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex I Levels of Advancement Item Feature Indicators Score Description All markets should be inspected by an independent inspectorate on a continual basis to ensure that all regulations are being correctly applied and both animal and human welfare are protected. 0 No independent market inspections  Written details of inspection program Market 2.4 Inspection 1 Irregular inspections  Inspection reports Service 2 Inspection reports do not relate to observed status  Observation 3 Inspection reports and recommendations are followed  Written records of improvements 4 Efficient reporting system and prompt action to correct weaknesses  Market reports 2009-06-09 DFR Annex I I.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J ANNEX J TOOL FOR EVALUATION OF MEAT PLANTS (TEMP) J.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Section 1 – Vital Criteria Components of Vital Criteria 1.1 Meat Hygiene 1.2 Waste Management 1.3 Animal Welfare 1.4 Occupational Health and Safety Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators The vital criteria identify the essential nature of each component of the production process and the sustainability of each There are no written National Standards and Inspection  Written plant protocols 0 Procedures to deliver edible livestock products fit for human  Written national standards consumption.  Visual inspection of system covering all products The majority of edible livestock products that leave the Meat Hygiene 1 premises are not inspected fit for human consumption in  Results of inspections and bacteriological testing accordance with national standards The prime requirement is Meat production is accompanied by effective routine  Quality Assurance protocols and results of 1.1 to ensure that only edible 2 laboratory analyses inspections livestock products which are fit for human All edible livestock products are subject to effective  Cold chain resources and management 3 consumption leave the inspection processes in accordance with national standards  Results of cold chain inspections facility There is an effective and well-regulated system to ensure that all edible livestock products are fit for human  Details of inspection procedures and protocols 4 consumption and leave the facility in a controlled cold-chain system in accordance with national and international  Audit results standards. Waste Management  Inspection  Suitable cleaning of hands and equipment 1.2 0 There is no effective control of pathogenic waste The safe removal of inside the slaughterhouse waste products, including  Records of pathogenic waste disposal J.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J pathogenic waste, from  Written protocols and records the meat plant without The majority of waste is not removed hygienically to 1  Equipment cleaning causing environmental suitable locations for further processing hazards or spreading  Environmental assessment disease should be a The majority of waste is removed hygienically to suitable  Biosecurity standards prime concern. 2 locations for further processing  Details of waste handling training There are monitored procedures in place to control the  Lists of waste handling, personnel and 3 movement of all livestock waste to environmentally safe inspectors locations  Inspection procedures and results All waste products are subjected to effectively audited  National environmental standards 4 processing that meets written national requirements and  Audit procedures avoids environmental pollution  Auditor qualifications  Written animal welfare standards 0 There is no written animal welfare policy with standards  Job descriptions 1 There is no inspection to meet written animal welfare  Documentation covering inspection procedures, requirements protocols and reports Animal Welfare All relevant staff have been trained to meet animal welfare  Details of training programs. 2 The welfare of all animals standards  Staff attendance lists 1.3 to the point of death is The slaughterhouse has animal welfare standard that are an essential moral and 3  Documentation of welfare breakdowns and effectively monitored and correction procedures that are health component of the correction policy implemented implemented slaughter process.  Organisational chart The slaughterhouse is regularly audited by trained  Timetable of audit and Audit reports 4 inspectors from a regulated national animal welfare authority that is supported by effective legislation  Legislation  Details of prosecutions Occupational Health and There is no documented OHS policy covering the plant and 1.4 0  Written policy and standards Safety its staff  Written organisational structure The health and safety of OHS in the plant is generally an inactive component of plant  Documentation of OHS officers, section or all workers in the plant 1 management committee from all sources of  Reports of OHS activities J.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J danger and risk should The plant is actively concerned about OHS and implements  Documentation of hazard reports and be a major concern of 2 correctional measures for all hazards identified corrections plant management  Records of training programmes, syllabus The plant implements specific OHS inspections and risk  Documentation of staff vaccinations, 3 analysis, providing routine training and preventive measures to protect staff  Documentation of risk analyses  Observations  National legislation OHS is controlled by national legislation and the plant is 4  Audit programmes regularly audited by officials to ensure compliance  Audit reports J.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Section 2 – Physical, Human and Financial Resources Components of Physical, Human and Financial Resources 2.1 Physical Plant Structure 2.2 Staff 2.3 Plant Management 2.4 Product Management 2.5 Training and Continuing Education 2.6 Funding 2.7 Maintenance, Refurbishment and Development Physical Plant 2.1 Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators Structure Essential structures and equipment throughout the slaughterhouse, all properly maintained, are necessary for the production of edible livestock products fit for human consumption At least one of the ten components fails to meet Grade 1 0 Results of components 2.1.a – 2.1.j standard Overall Status of 1 All components meet Grade 1 standards 2.1 Physical Plant 2 All components meet Grade 2 standards Structure 3 All components meet Grade 3 standards 4 All components meet Grade 4 standards Critical requirements =  unloading ramp Lairage All Critical Facilities for humane housing and handling of  water troughs 2.1.a 0 livestock prior to slaughter in this location are not provided  fencing for all live animals  suitable ground surfaces  protection from weather J.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Critical requirements = unloading ramp, water All Critical Facilities for humane housing and handling of 1 troughs, fencing, suitable ground surfaces, livestock prior to slaughter in this location are provided protection from weather, Identification of badly designed or maintained pens, Facilities for humane housing and handling of livestock prior gateways, passages, fences, flooring and lighting 2 to slaughter allow compliance with OIE standards can cause lead to bad welfare, e.g. slipping, poor drainage, etc. Design, location and access to isolation facilities for Facilities allow compliance with OIE standards with adequate 3 stock unsuitable for slaughter or needing delayed isolation and withholding facilities. slaughter. Facilities for humane housing and handling of livestock prior Records of welfare observations and maintenance 4 to slaughter allow compliance with OIE standards and there is work an active programme to monitor and correct problems. 0 Slaughter area is not separate from dressing area  Design means live animals will routinely move among carcases. 1 There are suitable facilities for delivering animals and  Presence of suitable race and slaughter control Slaughter Area restraining them one at a time for slaughter unit 2.1.b including site of Working is maintained in good condition and carcases are  Bleeding rail, slaughter and blood 2 kept off the ground for bleeding  Dry landing grate, drainage areas 3 Bleeding area is well-drained and blood collected separately  Blood tank 4 Facilities are well lit and enable cleansing of staff and  Light level at least 220 lux (or national equipment standard) Dressing Area  Poor design means cross-contamination of No clear separation of ‘dirty’ and ‘clean’ sections of 2.1.c 0 edible product is inevitable processing  Poor drainage  Design allows separation of clean and dirty 1 Clear separation of ‘dirty’ and ‘clean’ sections of processing, areas  line production systems Clear separation of ‘dirty’ and ‘clean’ sections of processing  Height of rail 2 but inadequate facilities to keep all edible product off the  Edible by-products allowed onto floor during floor processing J.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J  Adequate suitable facilities to handle edible by- Clear separation of ‘dirty’ and ‘clean’ sections of processing products in hygienic manner with all edible product clear of the floor in well-lit 3  Hand-wash facilities, knife sterilisers, hot-water, environment but inadequate facilities to clean staff, use of water equipment and building  Light level at least 220 lux *in all working areas Clear separation of ‘dirty’ and ‘clean’ sections of processing  Efficient working of all facilities with all edible product clear of the floor and adequate 4  Temperature of equipment sterilisers at least facilities for cleaning staff, equipment and building and environment control 82oC, or national standard**  Inspection needed for all edible items sold - carcases, offals, heads and limbs 0 No access to all parts of every animal for inspection  Raised platforms for large carcases  Access all round every carcase Hand-washing and equipment cleansing is available at every  Soap and hot water conveniently available Meat Inspection Areas 1 Temperature of equipment cleansing meets inspection point for all edible livestock products national standards 2.1.d for formal veterinary Suitable containers for pathological waste are used at all 2  Observation inspection inspection points and there is a lockable detention facility  At least 600 lux* (or national standard) at every Adequate lighting at every inspection point for all edible 3 inspection point (including offal, etc) livestock products  Measurements All hand-washing and equipment sterilising equipment is 4  Observation delivered by foot-, leg- or motion operated mechanisms.  Inspection 2.1.e Chiller / Freezer Areas 0 Temperature-controlled environments are not present  Measurements  Inspection Temperature-controlled environments are not well- 1  Measurements maintained  Records  Inspection Temperature-controlled environment has no condensation 2  Measurements issues  Records J.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J  Inspection Temperature controlled environments constantly monitored 3  Measurements by routinely-calibrated thermographs  Records  Inspection Temperature controlled environments served by chilled and  Measurements 4 sealed loading bays  Records  Records of calibrating authority status 0 No permanent source of water on-site  Visual inspection (main source is bowser brought-in when needed) 1 Permanent source of water on site  Bore, mains supply, header tanks, Water Adequate source of potable water for activities and storage  Measurement of reservoir volume 2 for at least one day’s consumption on site  Records 2.1.f refers to water used to  National water standards wash carcases and staff On-site water and reservoir tested infrequently as potable to 3  Testing protocols hands, etc national standards  Laboratory certification and “calibration’  Testing protocols 4 On-site water tested as potable in regular programme  Records  Laboratory certification and “calibration’ Waste Disposal  Waste dumped outside plant perimeter,  Expectant animals and birds 2.1.g 0 Uncontrolled discharge of waste into environment includes both solid and  Strong smell liquid  Examination of plant discharges and run-off  Inspection of dumping site,  Inspection of plant, waste bins and Most solid and liquid waste is removed from site into surroundings 1 uncontrolled locations and the plant remains dirty  Inspection of transport vehicles  Design of drainage system  Presence of liquid waste filtration J.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J  Inspection of dumping site,  Inspection of plant, waste bins and Most solid waste is removed to a secure site; filtered liquid surroundings 2 waste is discharged into on-site sewerage system for treatment either on- or off-site; plant is clean  Inspection of transport vehicles  Design of liquid waste filtration and drainage systems  Incinerator  Records All pathogenic material is destroyed safely; most solid waste  Inedible stain 3 is removed to secure site; on-site treatment of liquid waste is  Stained pathogenic material unregulated and variable  Chemicals  Sampling procedures  Staff knowledge and skill  Records  Inspection of recycling plants and transportation There is sanitary solid waste disposal with re-cycling of most  Chemicals 4 inedible by-product and on-site production of water treated to regulated standards  Sampling protocols  Staff knowledge and skill  Laboratory certification  Adequate number of flush-toilets 0 No hygienic toilet with hand-wash facilities  Hot-water, soap Amenities 1 Hygienic toilet but no changing facilities  Adequate toilets with hand-wash facilities  Changing rooms – hot-water, showers, staff includes toilets Hygienic toilet and changing facilities with other clean staff lockers 2.1.h 2 washrooms, changing rooms  Staff lounging outside on ground in work- facilities and canteen / clothes with equipment rest areas, etc Well-maintained amenities and provision of clean protective  Clean protective clothing 3 clothing  Laundry protocols 4 Hygienic entry between amenities and work areas 2.1.i Perimeter and Outside 0 Incomplete perimeter security fencing  Visual inspection J.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Areas Complete perimeter security fence but weak separation of 1 livestock, edible products and waste includes movement of Complete perimeter security fence with good plant design but unauthorised people and 2 generally dirty and unhygienic animals into 3 Generally clean and hygienic but roads are not sealed slaughterhouse areas 4 Clean and hygienic with sealed roads and paths 0 Poor state of repair and with no workshop and stores  Visual inspection Poor state of repair and with poorly equipped workshop and  Well-maintained stores 1 Workshop and Stores stores  Records 2.1.j Workshop well-equipped for all areas of work but significant 2 for resident engineering maintenance required around the plant staff Well-equipped workshop with some maintenance to be 3 completed 4 Well-equipped workshop in well-maintained plant 2.2 Staff Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators The staff working in the slaughterhouse must be qualified and trained to perform the correct job; their performance must be adequately monitored to ensure that they are working to the correct standard at all times. At least one of the five components fails to meet Grade 1 0 Results of components 2.2.a – 2.2.e standard 1 All components meet Grade 1 standards 2.2 Staff 2 All components meet Grade 2 standards 3 All components meet Grade 3 standards 4 All components meet Grade 4 standards  Staff list and organisational chart The majority of veterinary and other professional positions 2.2.a Professional Staff 0  Documentation of job descriptions are not occupied by appropriately qualified personnel  Documentation of staff qualifications The majority of veterinary and other professional positions  Database of decisions 1 are occupied by appropriately qualified personnel  Documented decision-making procedures Some of the veterinary and professional staff have specialist 2  Documentation of specialist expertise certification in a relevant discipline J.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J There is a systematic approach to defining job descriptions 3  Documented selection criteria and selection and formal appointment procedures for veterinarians and process other professionals 4 There are effective management procedures for performance  Documentation of performance requirements, assessment of veterinarians and other professionals assessment mechanisms and results  Staff list and organisational chart The majority of technical positions are not occupied by 0  Documentation of job descriptions personnel holding technical qualifications  Documentation of staff qualifications The majority of technical positions are occupied by personnel  Database of skills 1 holding technical qualifications  Curricula of courses 2.2.b Technical Staff  Documented selection criteria and process There are effective management procedures for formal 2 appointment of technical staff  Documentation of appointments The majority of technical positions are effectively supervised 3  Documentation supporting active supervision on a regular basis 4 There are effective management procedures for performance  Documentation of performance requirements, assessment of technical staff assessment mechanisms and results The veterinarians’ knowledge, practices and attitudes are of Competency of 2.2.c 0 low or variable standard and do not deliver rudimentary  On-site assessment Veterinary Staff hygiene during meat production The veterinarians’ knowledge, practices and attitudes are of  Interviews 1 low or variable standard but generally allow rudimentary hygiene during meat production  Inspection The veterinarians’ knowledge, practices and attitudes are of a  Written standards 2 uniform standard that usually deliver good hygiene during meat production  Written guidelines  Documentation of hygiene status and The veterinarians’ knowledge, practices and attitudes are of a mechanism for analysing results and effecting 3 uniform standard that usually delivers edible livestock change products that comply with national standards  Number of veterinarians holding specialist qualifications J.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J The veterinarians’ knowledge, practices and attitudes are  Records of training, meetings and visits 4 subject to regular updating, international harmonisation and  Documentation of evaluation mechanism and evaluation results The majority of technical staff have no formal entry-level 0  Documentation of staff skills training  Records of staff training 1 Few technical staff receive training relevant to their duties  Curriculum of training courses Competency of 2.2.d 2 Most technical staff receive training relevant to their duties Technical Staff All technical staff receive formal training relevant to their 3 duties 4 The application and skill of technical staff is of a uniform  Documentation of evaluation mechanisms and standard and subject to regular evaluation results 0 No structured career pathway for any category of staff 1 Career advancement based only on informal evaluation  Documentation covering job progression and requirements Professional Career  Curriculum of courses 2.2.e 2 Career advancement based on formal qualifications Structure  Documentation of qualifications 3 National training policy with formal selection processes  Documentation of national selection processes Structured national development policy which includes  Documentation of national development policy 4 advanced overseas training to international standards  Lists of international training courses and visits 2.3 Plant Management Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators High standards of plant management are needed to ensure successful production of hygienic product in the complex environment that must meet all national standards and be financially viable. At least one of the five components fails to meet Grade 1 0 Results of components 2.3.a – 2.3.e standard 1 All components meet Grade 1 standards 2.3 Plant Management 2 All components meet Grade 2 standards 3 All components meet Grade 3 standards 4 All components meet Grade 4 standards J.9 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J 0 There is no formal management organisational structure  Documented organisational structure Some aspects of plant activity are incorporated into a loose 1  Documented chains of command management organisational structure All aspects of plant activity are incorporated into a structured 2  Records of management meetings and decisions management organisational structure Management 2.3.a There is a well-defined management organisational structure Structure 3  List of responsibilities with well-defined responsibilities  Documented assessment mechanisms There are effective management procedures for performance 4  Results of assessments assessment of all management and professionals, including veterinarians  Documentation of evaluating and acting on assessment results 0 No senior management staff possess formal management  List of management staff, qualifications and qualifications documentation The majority of senior management staff do not have 1 relevant formal management qualifications The majority of senior management staff has specialist Competency of 2  Curricula of courses 2.3.b qualifications in Management or Meat Production Management All senior management staff have specialist qualifications in 3 Management or Meat Production The majority of senior management receive regular updating,  Documentation of attendance 4 international harmonisation or evaluation of their  Documentation of evaluation mechanisms and management skills results  Working accountancy system 2.3.c Accounting System 0 There is no effective accountancy on-site of plant activities  Documentation on current status of budget There is an accounting system on-site but it does not use 1  Documentation covering expenses data from all costs and sources of income The accounting system uses reliable data from all fixed and 2  Records of expenses and incomes variable costs and sources of income The management of the plant is able to use its accounting 3  Documentation on which decisions are made system to make decisions on plant performance J.10 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J There is a complete financial accountancy with transparent 4  Financial reports auditing and reporting of all plant activities There is no risk analysis or HACCP-based program active in 0 the meat plant 1 A Risk Analysis and HACCP team has been formed.  List of HACCP team composition There is a risk analysis or HACCP-based program covering 2  Documentation of HACCP program some activities in the meat plant 2.3.d Risk Analysis / HACCP All aspects of hygienic meat production are covered in a 3  Records comprehensive risk-based HACCP-based control program All aspects of hygienic meat production are covered in a 4 comprehensive risk-based HACCP-based control program as  Documentation of national activities part of a national strategy The majority of practices are performed without  Inspection 0 measurements or recording  Presence of equipment Most practices are performed with measurements and 1  Records and data records The majority of practices are performed with measurements 2.3.e Production Data 2 and records data, includes financial, for routine analysis and  Analysis of data reporting 3 A fully comprehensive system of recording and analysis is the  Documentation of analysis, interpretation and basis for continued development and improvements financial results There is a regular and fully comprehensive audit of the data 4  Complete report and recording system by an approved external auditor 2.4 Product Management Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators All edible livestock products should be correctly handled at all times to ensure they are fit for human consumption and the responsibility of ensuring this is achieved rests on the management of the plant through the appointed inspectors At least one of the four components fails to meet Grade 1 2.4 Product Management 0 Results of components 2.4.a – 2.4.f standard 1 All components meet Grade 1 standards 2 All components meet Grade 2 standards 3 All components meet Grade 3 standards J.11 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J 4 All components meet Grade 4 standards Animal welfare is weak and lairage staff have received no  Staff lists 0 formal training in their jobs  Details of training courses 1 Staff have been trained in their work but problems remain  Identifiable welfare problems Animals are handled quietly and move easily through the Lairage 2  2.4.a lairage All animals are well-looked after and handled in accordance 3  Written guidelines with national welfare and meat production guidelines An efficient and monitored lairage mechanism identifies and  Lairage records, 4 rests animals prior to slaughter, with special consideration for sick or injured stock  Inspection results 0 Most animals slaughtered without adequate restraint  Use of slaughter control box  Written national standards Some animals slaughtered in compliance with written national 1  Observation of slaughter techniques standards but in poorly–lit and dirty environments  Slaughter records All animals slaughtered humanely in compliance with national  Licensed slaughtermen 2.4.b Slaughter 2 standards in clean area  Training syllabus Routine monitoring and recording of slaughter process to 3 ensure meat hygiene, animal welfare and standards  Records of monitoring program compliance All animals slaughtered in compliance with audited national 4  Audit records standards for hygiene and welfare The majority of carcases are visibly contaminated, touch the 2.4.c Carcase Handling 0  Inspection and counting floor, wall or other structure during processing Few carcases are visibly contaminated but some carcases 1 touch the floor, wall or other structure during processing Few carcases are visibly contaminated and no carcase 2 touches the wall, floor or other structure during processing 3 Less than 25% of carcases rest against another carcases J.12 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J No carcase touches floor, wall, other structure or another 4 carcase during processing without trimming the contamination There is little attempt to handle the majority of edible 0  Inspection products hygienically during processing There is some attempt to handle the majority of edible 1 products hygienically during processing but gross  Presence of suitable equipment contamination of heads and red offals still occurs There is some attempt to handle the majority of edible products hygienically during processing and all heads and red 2 Handling Offals and offals are kept separate on racks after removal from the 2.4.d other Edible Products carcase The majority of edible products are handled hygienically during processing with all heads and red offals kept separate 3 on racks after removal from the carcase and handled hygienically All edible products are handled off the ground and in suitable 4 racks or containers to minimize contamination during  Results of routine bacteriological investigations processing Monitoring of Edible There is no Quality Assurance program of routine 2.4.e 0  Written QA program Livestock Products in measurement of health status in the plant the plant  Inspection and results  Documentation supporting the ability of There is a Quality Assurance program of routine laboratories and equipment to perform 1 measurement of health status of all carcases before they accurately leave the plant but not other edible products  Documentation of actions in the event of failure to meet standards There is a Quality Assurance program of routine  Documentation of inspection procedures 2 measurement of health status of all edible livestock product before it leaves the plant  Results The Quality Assurance program ensures that national 3  Documentation of national standards standards are met at all times J.13 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J The Quality Assurance program ensures that specific  Documentation of International standards 4 international standards are met  Results of independent audits There is no effective control over product after it leaves the 0  Observation meat plant The majority of edible livestock product leaves the plant in  Necessary equipment, including trucks 1 refrigerated transport  Written inspection protocols The majority of edible livestock product leaves the plant in Monitoring of Edible 2 refrigerated transport and is correctly handled to remain fit  Results of routine inspections 2.4.f Livestock Products for human consumption after despatch All edible livestock products leave the plant in refrigerated 3 transport and are correctly handled to remain fit for human  Documentation of QA results consumption All edible meat products leave the plant in refrigerated 4 transport and are correctly handled to remain fit for human  Recorded data for truck and shops consumption to point of sale Training and 2.5 Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators Continuing Education All staff must work with up-to-date knowledge. This requires both a source of training relevant to each particular job and ongoing monitoring to identify those individuals with weak knowledge or skills who require added training or refresher courses. At least one of the three components fails to meet Grade 1 0 Results of components 2.5.a – 2.5.c standard Training and 1 All components meet Grade 1 standards 2.5 Continuing Education 2 All components meet Grade 2 standards 3 All components meet Grade 3 standards 4 All components meet Grade 4 standards Professional and There is no continuing professional, veterinary or technical  Staff records 2.5.a 0 Technical Staff education (CE)  Curricula of courses There is access to CE (internal or external programmes) on  Records of CE courses 1 an irregular basis that does not take into account local needs  Attendance records J.14 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J There is access to CE (internal or external programmes) that 2 is reviewed annually and updated as necessary but it is  Historical records of courses and curricula implemented for less than 50% of relevant personnel There is access to CE (internal or external programmes) that  Timetable of courses 3 is reviewed annually and updated as necessary and it is implemented for more than 50% of relevant personnel  Documentation of course evaluation team There is up-to-date CE in a structured annual programme for 4  Staff CE records all relevant personnel 0 The majority of lay staff have no formal entry-level training  Staff records  Curricula of training programs Lay staff 1 All lay staff receive standard basic training in food hygiene  Attendance records 2.5.b Less than 50% lay staff receive formal training relevant to - this applies to both 2  Documentation of staff duties their duties skilled and unskilled labour 3 All lay staff receive formal training relevant to their duties 4 The training of lay staff is of a uniform standard and subject  Documentation of course evaluation and to regular evaluation and updating development teams 0 There is no system of licensing for any worker  Documentation of jobs requiring specialist skills (e.g. slaughterman or livestock driver) There is a licensing system for some specialist staff but  Written accreditation procedures 1 licenses are issued without formal training or accreditation  List of licensed individuals There is a licensing system to all specialist staff but licenses Licensing system for 2 2.5.c are issued without formal training or accreditation specialist staff  Written details of training courses and Licenses are only issued after formal training and 3 accreditation procedures accreditation  List of accredited staff Licenses to specialist workers are re-issued with audit and 4  Results of audits and re-accreditations annual re-accreditation 2.6 Funding Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators Adequate funding for day-to-day costs and maintenance plus an ability to plan for the future are essential requirement for a slaughterhouse where high standards of food production must be maintained at all times J.15 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Funding for the processing plant is neither stable nor clearly  General operating budget for last 5 years 0 defined but depends on resources provided irregularly  Legislation and regulations concerning budget Funding for the processing plant is clearly defined and 1 regular but is inadequate for basic operations and  Budget details maintenance Funding for the processing plant is clearly defined and 2 regular, adequate for basic operations and maintenance but  Details of expenditure constraints inadequate for refurbishment 2.6 Funding  Documented budgetary sources 3 Funding for refurbishment is on a case-by-case basis  Written criteria for approval of extra-funding  Written approval process for additional funds  Evidence of adequacy of budget on all expenses Funding for all aspects of plant activity is adequate, provided  Documented procedures for raising revenue and 4 under full transparency and allows for full technical financial governance independence.  Documented outcomes of audits on governance and transparency Maintenance, 2.7 Refurbishment and Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators Development The robust nature of slaughterhouse activity plus the generally increasing demand for greater throughput requires that maintenance and development of abattoirs must be a constant activity to enable the plant to provide hygienic food production The plant is in a poor state of repair and shows significant  Inspection 0 evidence of long-term underinvestment in maintenance and development  Records of maintenance and refurbishment The plant is in a poor state of repair but some evidence of Structural 1  Documentation of financial investment recent refurbishment Maintenance, 2.7. The plant is in a reasonable state of repair with some Refurbishment and 2 evidence of recent refurbishment Development The plant is in excellent repair but with significant limitations 3  Specialist reports to further refurbishment 4 The plant is maintained in an excellent state of repair and  Documentation of long-term strategy and with no major limitations to refurbishment financial support for maintenance J.16 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Section 3 – Capability and Application Components of Capability and Application 3.1 Statutory Instruments and Standards 3.2 Sustainable National Policy 3.3 Technical Independence 3.4 Laboratory Support 3.5 Traceability 3.6 Transparency Statutory Instruments and Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators Standards Meat Hygiene requires that National Legislation must be supported by written standards and an efficient management system to provide ad effective program to monitor the standards achieved. At least one of the three components fails to meet Grade 1 0 Results of components 3.1.a – 3.1.c standard Statutory Instruments 1 All components meet Grade 1 standards 3.1 and Standards 2 All components meet Grade 2 standards 3 All components meet Grade 3 standards 4 All components meet Grade 4 standards 3.1.a Legal Instruments and Statutory Instruments and regulations for hygienic meat  Written documentation 0 Standards production do not exist  List of regulations Rudimentary regulations exist but are not supported by  Contents of documents 1 written standards Written standards exist but compliance is not required by all  Presence of documents in slaughterhouses 2 plants producing edible livestock products  Inspection procedures and protocols J.17 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Written standards exist and compliance is required by the  Results of compliance inspections and audits 3 majority of plants producing edible livestock products Written standards exist and compliance is required by all  Central registry of compliant plants 4 plants producing edible livestock products Management, implementation and coordination of legislation  Written protocols 0 and standards are generally not undertaken in conformity with  Written organisational structure international standards  Staff lists Management, implementation and coordination of legislation  Inspection 1 and standards are generally undertaken in conformity with international standards only for export purpose Management, implementation and coordination of legislation  Documented inspection protocols and results Management, and standards are generally undertaken in conformity with Implementation and 2 3.1.b international standards only for export purpose and those Coordination of Public products being distributed throughout the national market Health and Food safety Management, implementation and coordination of legislation  Details of cold-chain monitoring program and standards are generally undertaken in conformity with 3 international standards for export purpose and those products distributed through national and local markets Management, implementation and coordination of legislation  Details of communicated results from and standards are generally undertaken in conformity with stakeholders in the inspection process 4 international standards at all levels of distribution, including direct sales. There are no written guidelines on public health and food  Documents 3.1.c Guidelines 0 safety  Lists of documents prepared Some written guidelines exist but are not distributed among 1  Distribution lists all regulatory staff  Contents of guidelines and relevance All regulatory staff are provided with all relevant written  On-site availability of guidelines 2 guidelines Written guidelines are supplied to all sectors of the meat  Inspection 3 production chain J.18 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J There is regular review and updating of written guidelines  Documented history of different editions, 4 supplied to all sectors of the meat production chain  Reports of review panel discussions Sustainable National 3.2 Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators Policy National policy should ensure that every aspect of its policy is sustainable both in terms of its basic requirements, environmental impact and the efforts of relevant staff 0 One of the two components does not meet Grade 1 standard  Results of components 3.2.a – 3.2.b 1 Both component meet Grade 1 standards Sustainable National 3.2 2 Both components meet Grade 2 standards Policy 3 Both components meet Grade 3 standards 4 Both components meet Grade 4 standards The national policy for hygienic meat production is 0  Written national policy unstructured or incomplete  Organisational chart 1 There is little or no activity toward advancing national policy  Written strategy  Records of policy committee meetings National Policy for There is a clear structure to national policy and a strategy for 3.2.a Hygienic Meat 2  Documentation of progress progress Production A co-ordinated national policy for hygienic meat production is 3 actively progressing towards defined and measurable  Timetable and milestones objectives A co-ordinated national policy for hygienic meat production is  Documentation supporting progress towards 4 actively progressing, meeting targets and shows measured widespread supply of hygiene meat fit for benefits human consumption Sustainability of There is no formal evaluation of National Policy for hygienic 3.2.b 0  Written evaluation strategy National Policies meat production Evaluation of the National Policy for hygienic meat production 1  Results of evaluations is routinely carried out Substantial changes to the organisation structure and/or 2  Historical documentation of organisation leadership occur frequently (e.g. annually) resulting in lack of structure, leadership and national policy sustainability of policies J.19 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Substantial changes to the organisation structure and/or 3 leadership occur less frequently (e.g. biennially) resulting in lack of sustainability of policies The National Policy and organisational structure of meat 4 production generally remain stable and are only modified as a  Documentation of decision-making processes result of thorough evaluation processes Technical Independence Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators The capability of a facility to demonstrate that all actions and decisions are based on scientific decisions. Staff should be able to carry out their duties and ensure production of hygienic meat and edible products fit for human consumption with autonomy and free from commercial, financial, hierarchical and political influences that might affect technical decisions in a manner contrary to the provisions of legal obligations. Technical decisions on meat hygiene are generally not based 0  Observation on scientific considerations alone Technical decisions take into account scientific evidence but 1 are routinely modified to conform to non-scientific  Documentation of decision-making processes considerations Technical decisions take into account scientific evidence but 3.3 Technical decisions 2  Records of decisions which contravene scientific are subject to review and possible modification based on correctness non-scientific considerations There is a formal review process for disputed technical 3  Documentation of review process decisions All technical decisions are made and implemented in full 4  Transparent records of all data on which accordance with all national legal obligations, including OIE decisions are based and WTO SPS Laboratory Support Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators The availability of laboratory support for diagnostic, monitoring and surveillance activities related to hygienic meat production 0 Either components fails to meet Grade 1 standard Results of components 3.4.a – 3.4.b 1 Both components meet Grade 1 standards 3.4 Laboratory Support 2 Both components meet Grade 2 standards 3 Both components meet Grade 3 standards 4 Both components meet Grade 4 standards J.20 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J There is no laboratory investigation of levels of pathogen 0  Inspection contamination 1 Occasional samples are collected for investigation  Laboratory results A pathogen screening program covers some aspects of public 2  Testing protocols health risk 3.4.a Bacterial Contamination The screening program is linked to an active program for  Documented activity and results 3 hygiene improvement  Improvements The screening program is constantly monitored in an  Documented procedure effective structured program to maintain hygiene from all  List of committee personnel 4 risks and meets international standards from an accredited  Documented testing protocols and procedures laboratory  Accreditation certificates and audit programs 0 There is no chemical residue testing  Laboratory results 1 Residue testing is occasionally performed  Testing protocols 2 Residue testing is frequently performed  Results analyses 3.4.b Residue Testing Effective residue testing is routinely performed on selected 3  Testing procedures carcases Chemical residue testing is carried out on a statistically  Slaughterhouse data 4 significant sample size as part of a national monitoring program in an accredited laboratory  Accreditation certificates and audit programs Traceability Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators To reduce the risk of disease spread, it is important to have the ability to trace –  individual animals back along their movement pathways to their source  parts of a carcase back to a specific animal 0 Either component fails to meet Grade 1 standard Results of components 3.5.a – 3.5.b 1 Both components meet Grade 1 standards 3.5 Traceability 2 Both components meet Grade 2 standards 3 Both components meet Grade 3 standards 4 Both components meet Grade 4 standards J.21 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J  Written description of tracing program There is no formal method of tracing animals back to the 0  Records and documents property of origin  Lairage records 1 Some animals are identified by a permanent mechanism that  Test the system with animals identified in the allows them to be traced to their property of origin abattoir The majority of animals are identified with a permanent 3.5a Livestock 2  Records of properties of origins, and their mechanism that allows them to be traced to their property of livestock movements origin A well-regulated livestock identification system allows all 3  Market and haulier records movements of some animals to be tracked A well-regulated livestock identification system allows all 4 movements of ever animal to be tracked right back to their  Checks on ability to defraud the system property of origin When any part of an animal is removed from a carcase it is  Observation 0 not possible to identify its source in the event of condemnation  Written traceability protocols There is no formal method of tracing any carcase or edible 1  Checks on site Carcases and other product back to a particular animal in the slaughterhouse 3.5.b Edible Livestock There is a loose mechanism to identify some parts of a 2  Discussion with veterinary and other staff Products carcase with a specific animal There is a formal mechanism to link some parts of a carcase 3  Records of checks and rejected material. back to a specific carcase There is an accurate system in place to trace all parts of a 4  Inspection of the system carcase to a particular animal Transparency Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators The capability of a slaughterhouse to demonstrate that all activities and decisions are based on scientific decisions and that all financial activities are legitimately recorded as supported by inspections, reports and audits. 3.6 Transparency 0 Any one component fails to meet Grade 1 standard Results of components 3.6.a – 3.6.c 1 All components meet Grade 1 standards 2 All components meet Grade 2 standards 3 All components meet Grade 3 standards J.22 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J 4 All components meet Grade 4 standards There are no regular inspections visits to the plant from a  Timetable of inspection visits 0 panel of specialists  Composition of inspection team There are infrequent inspection visits from a panel of 1  Results of inspections specialists Regular inspection visits are made using a standard protocol 2  Written Protocol 3.6.a Plant Inspections and written report A formal process exists to analyse the reports of regular  Structure of analysis committee 3 plant inspections, develop recommendations and activate  Documentation of recommendations and improvements improvement activity Legal power exists to stop production in plants which  Documentation identifying legal authority 4 consistently fail to meet national standards  Records of productivity stoppages 0 There are no written intermediate and annual reports of  Intermediate and Annual Reports for recent slaughterhouse activities years The annual report does not contain data on all aspects of 1  Examination of reports slaughterhouse activity The annual report contains incomplete data on all aspects of 3.6.b Reports 2  Cross-checking within data archives slaughterhouse activity A full annual report is produced which contains complete 3  Collected data figures and financial data The annual report is released to all stakeholders and there is  Documentation of analysis procedure 4 a formal policy for its analysis  Circulation list for reports  Audit protocols 3.6.c Audits 0 There is no annual audit of slaughterhouse activities  Program of audits The annual audit does not include all technical and financial 1  Audit reports over recent years aspects of plant activity Annual audit is carried out by a panel from within the same 2  Documentation of audit panels organisation that performs routine inspections 3 Annual audit is performed by an external agency  Details of auditors J.23 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Annual audit is performed by an external agency accredited 4  Documentation supporting ISO credentials of to ISO specifications in compliance with international auditors standards and its results are formally reported J.24 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J Section 4 – Interaction with Stakeholders Component Parts of Interaction with Stakeholders 4.1 System Co-ordination 4.2 Consultation with Stakeholders 4.3 Participation of producers and other stakeholders in joint programmes 4.4 Public Awareness Levels of Advancement Suggested Indicators Many different groups of people are involved in converting animals into edible livestock products - from the farmer through to the consumer. When different parts of the production, distribution and waste management system are under the control of separate organisations there must be a coherent strategy and close working relationship to ensure all components of the chain are working effectively and the public is well-informed.  Organisational charts There is no integrated control of the meat production, 0  Records of committee meetings for the last few distribution, retail and waste disposal years Some parts of the system are controlled within a co- 1  Observation ordinated program All parts of the system are under the control of a single co-  Documentation identifying strategy 2 ordinating organisation but strategy is limited and ineffective 4.1 System Co-ordination in producing hygienic meat for sale and controlling waste  Staff lists All parts of the system are under the control of a single co-  Laboratory results 3 ordinating organisation in which the majority of activities are  Inspection results effective.  Details of monitoring programs Meat production, distribution and retail and waste disposal  Audit reports 4 are tightly controlled in a well-regulated and audited mechanism  Auditor accreditation details  Lists of stakeholders and industry representative Consultation with 4.2 0 There is no mechanism for consultation with stakeholders bodies Stakeholders  Structural charts J.25 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J  Records of meetings, workshops and Consultation with stakeholders is not on a regular basis and correspondence 1 the majority of stakeholders are not represented, even by industry representative bodies, at stakeholder meetings  Procedures for consulting with stakeholders  Details of industry body membership and status 2 There are regular workshops and meetings with stakeholders  Structure, content and timetable of workshops and meetings  Decision–making process 3 There is no formal structure to effect change with input from  Reports on management of feedback from different stakeholders consultation  Details of contact points  Documentation of change mechanisms  Written progress reports Consultation with all stakeholders is regular and contains a  Meeting reports 4 well-developed communication plan that actively circulates  Examples of stakeholder input up-to-date information on a regular basis  Consumer hot-line  Documentation of communications and response through contact points There are no joint programmes - producers and other  Examples of programmes 0 stakeholders are only expected to comply and not actively participate in programmes  Timetable Joint programmes that exist are mostly nominal and 1  Documented results of programmes ineffective  Organizational chart Participation of producers There is a specific mechanism for design and management of 4.3 and other stakeholders in  Committee structures 2 joint-programmes with support for active stakeholder joint programmes participation  Decision–making process and reports  Evidence of active dialogue Joint programmes are a permanent feature of the meat 3  Documented outcomes production system, specifically targeted to effect change Active joint programmes involve all stakeholders with  Legislative framework for joint-programmes 4 effective monitoring, assessment and development  Audit reports J.26 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex J There is no formal programme to create public awareness of 0  Documentation covering awareness campaigns public health issues Public awareness programmes are ineffective and only cover 1  Organizational structures a minority of local public health concerns Public awareness programmes penetrate to the majority of  Timetables of activities 2 4.4 Public Awareness consumers  Details of campaigns Active public awareness campaigns are planned and 3 delivered by a co-ordinated team with adequate resources  Examples of current campaigns and up-to-date information. Consumer protection and advisory groups are well-  Audit reports 4 established and there is formal audit of activities  Auditor credentials  and ** = EU standards for lighting and water temperature although others could be specified in national standards J.27 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex L ANNEX L EXCERPTS FROM ANNEX I OF EU COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 64/433/EEC L.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex L [Excerpts from ANNEX I of the European Union Council Directive of 26 June 1964 on health problems affecting intra-Community trade in fresh meat (64/433/EEC)] CHAPTER I Conditions for the approval of slaughterhouses 1. Slaughterhouses must have: (a) adequate lairage for lodging the animals; (b) slaughter rooms large enough for work to be carried out satisfactorily and which have a special place for slaughtering pigs; (c) a room for emptying and cleansing stomachs and intestines; (d) rooms for dressing guts and tripe; (e) separate rooms for the storage of fat and for the storage of hides, horns and hooves; (f) lockable premises reserved respectively for the accommodation of sick or suspect animals, the slaughter of such animals, the storage of detained meat and the storage of seized meat; (g) sufficiently large chilling or refrigerating rooms; (h) an adequately equipped lockable room for the exclusive use of the veterinary service ; a room suitably equipped for carrying out a trichinoscopic test when such test is compulsory; (i) changing rooms, wash basins, showers and flush lavatories ; the latter shall not open directly on to the work rooms ; the wash basins must have hot and cold running water, materials for cleansing and disinfecting the hands and disposable hand towels ; the wash basins must be near the lavatories; (j) facilities enabling the veterinary inspections provided for in this Directive to be carried out efficiently at any time; (k) means of controlling access to and exit from the slaughter house; (l) an adequate separation between the clean and the contaminated parts of the building; (m) in rooms where work on meat is undertaken: - waterproof flooring which is easy to clean and disinfect, rot proof, slightly sloping and having a suitable drainage system for draining liquids to drains fitted with traps and gratings; - smooth walls with light, coloured, washable coating or paint up to a height of at least 3 metres, with rounded angles and corners; (n) adequate ventilation and steam extraction in rooms where work on meat is undertaken; (o) in the same rooms, adequate natural or artificial lighting which does not distort colours; (p) an adequate supply, under pressure, of drinking water only; (q) an adequate supply of hot water; (r) a waste water disposal system which meets hygiene requirements; (s) in the work rooms, adequate equipment for cleansing and disinfecting hands and tools; (t) equipment such that, after stunning, dressing can be carried out as far as possible on the suspended animal ; where flaying is carried out on metal cradles, these must be of non-corrodible materials and high enough for the carcase not to touch the floor; (u) an overhead system of rails for the later handling of the meat; (v) equipment for protection against insects and rodents: L.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex L (w) instruments and working equipment, in particular paunch tanks, of non-corrodible material and easy to cleanse and disinfect; (x) a place specially equipped for dung; (y) a place and adequate equipment for cleansing and disinfecting vehicles. CHAPTER III Hygiene of staff, premises and equipment in slaughterhouses and cutting plants 3. Absolute cleanliness shall be required of staff, premises and equipment: (a) Staff must in particular wear clean working clothes and headgear with, where necessary, a neck shield. Persons who have been in contact with sick animals or infected meat must immediately afterwards carefully wash their hands and arms with hot water and then disinfect them. Smoking shall be forbidden in work rooms and store rooms. (b) Dogs, cats and farmyard animals must not enter slaughterhouses and cutting plants. Rodents, insects and other vermin must be systematically destroyed. (c) Equipment and instruments used for working on meat shall be kept clean and in a good state of repair. They shall be carefully cleansed and disinfected several times during the working day, at the end of the day's work and before being re-used when they have been contaminated, particularly by diseased germs. 4. Premises, instruments and working equipment must not be used for purposes other than working on meat. Instruments for meat cutting must be used solely for this purpose. 5. Meat must not come into contact with the ground. 6. The use of detergents, disinfectants and pesticides must not affect the health of the meat. 7. Persons likely to contaminate meat shall be prohibited from working on it and handling it, in particular persons: (a) suffering from or suspected of suffering from typhoid fever, paratyphus A and B, infectious enteritis (salmonellosis), dysentery, infectious hepatitis, scarlet fever or carriers of agents of these diseases; (b) suffering from or suspected of suffering from contagious tuberculosis; (c) suffering from or suspected of suffering from a contagious skin disease; (d) exercising at the same time an activity which might cause microbes to be transmitted to meat; (e) wearing a bandage on the hands, except for a sticking plaster protecting a fresh and non- infected finger wound. 8. A medical certificate shall be required from any person working on meat. It shall attest that there is no impediment to such employment ; it shall be renewed annually and each time the official veterinarian so requests; it shall be kept at the disposal of the latter. CHAPTER IV Ante mortem health inspection 9. Animals must undergo ante mortem inspection on the day of their arrival at the slaughterhouse. The inspection must be repeated immediately before slaughter if the animal has been in the lairage for more than twenty-four hours. 10. The official veterinarian must make the ante mortem inspection in accordance with professional rules and under suitable lighting. L.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex L 11. The inspection must determine: (a) whether the animals are suffering from a disease which can be transmitted to humans and animals or whether they show symptoms or are in a general condition such as to indicate that the disease may occur; (b) whether they show symptoms of a disease or a disorder of their general condition which is likely to make the meat unfit for human consumption; (c) whether they are tired or agitated. 12. Animals may not be slaughtered for intra-Community trade in fresh meat: (a) which show any of the conditions listed in paragraph 11 (a) and (b); (b) which have not been rested for an adequate period of time which, for tired or agitated animals, must not be less than twenty-four hours; (c) in which any form of tuberculosis has been found or which react positively to tuberculin and are thus found to be suffering from tuberculosis. CHAPTER V Slaughter and cutting hygiene 13. Slaughter animals brought into slaughter premises must be slaughtered immediately. 14. Bleeding must be complete ; blood intended for human consumption must be collected in absolutely clean containers. It must not be stirred by hand and only with instruments which meet hygiene requirements. 15. Immediate and complete skinning shall be compulsory, except for pigs. When not skinned, pigs shall have their bristles removed immediately. 16. Evisceration must be carried out immediately and completed not later than half an hour after bleeding. The lungs, heart, liver, spleen and mediastinum may either be detached or left attached to the carcase by their natural connections. If detached, they must be numbered or identified in some way to enable them to be recognised as belonging to a given carcase ; this shall also apply to the head, tongue, digestive tract and any other part of the animal required for inspection. The above-mentioned parts must remain near the carcase until the inspection is complete. For all species the kidneys must remain attached to the carcase by their natural connections but be removed from their fatty covering. 17. Cleansing of meat by wiping with a cloth, and inflation, are prohibited. 18. Carcases of solipeds, pigs and bovine animals except calves must be submitted for inspection split lengthwise into half carcases down the spinal column. In the case of pigs and solipeds, the head shall also be split lengthwise. If the inspection so necessitates the official veterinarian may require any carcase to be split lengthwise. 19. Cutting up the carcase or removal or treatment or any part of the slaughtered animal before the inspection has been completed is prohibited. 20. Detained or seized meat, stomachs, intestines, hides, skins, horns and hooves must be removed as soon as possible to special premises. 21. If the blood of several animals is collected in the same container, the entire contents shall be excluded from intra-Community trade if the meat of one of the animals in the consignment has been declared unfit for human consumption. 22. Cutting into pieces smaller than half carcases or quarters shall be allowed only in cutting plants. L.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex L CHAPTER VI Post mortem health inspection 23. All parts of the animal, including blood, must be inspected immediately after slaughter. 24. The post mortem inspection must include: (a) visual inspection of the slaughtered animal; (b) palpation of certain organs, in particular the lungs, liver, spleen, uterus, udder and tongue; (c) incisions of organs and of lymph nodes; (d) investigation of anomalies in consistency, colour, smell and, where appropriate, taste; (e) where necessary, laboratory waste. L.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M ANNEX M EXAMPLE OF DETAILED INFRASTRUCTURE & CAPACITY ASSESSMENT – MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY 1 M.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Two general municipal facility layouts in Middle Income Country 1 exist:  The satellite towns that serve cities all have livestock markets, retail markets and slaughterhouses located on the same site. The specific layouts and infrastructure vary according to location, and are described below for the facilities. Overall site layouts are discussed in Section 5.4 examining capacity and possibilities for expansion.  The cities have stand-alone slaughter facilities, generally confined on 3 sides by urban development and adjacent to the coast on the forth side for convenient discharge of effluent. Satellite Town 1 The slaughterhouse at Satellite Town 1 is of a very basic layout, consisting of one slaughter hall, and an adjoining yard. The yard and hall are walled in order to restrict access, but security is poor. Inside the walls the facility consists of a slaughterhall, a concrete slab for fifth quarter processing, a small store area, a waste dumping area (not constructed – just an open “corner”), and some food stalls. No lairage exists, and animals are led in directly from the market, or are tethered outside the facility compound. The courtyard area is filthy and crowded, with no segregation whatsoever between workers, waste, live animals, carcasses, and fifth quarter items. Figure i shows the overall layout of the slaughterhouse compound, and Figures ii-v show the details of design, construction, and maintenance of the facility. Food sellers Waste Pile Processing area Slaughter hall Store Lairage Figure 1: Satellite Town 1 Slaughterhouse Schematic No washblock or toilet facilities exist within the slaughterhouse boundaries, or indeed within the whole market area; staff therefore openly defecate in close proximity to the slaughterhouse, without proper handwashing facilities. The layout of the slaughterhall itself is also very basic; although the team were prevented from photographing the interior, it was observed. The hall consists of one room, with three access doors (two of which were in use) through which all workers, animals, carcasses and waste pass. It is possible that these doors were designed with a sole purpose in mind, so as to aide some form of segregation or product flow, however this is not observed, and the doors are used for all purposes. The interior of the hall contains rows of static booth slaughter hooks, divided into cattle and sheep areas, suspended from steel girders. There are no raceways, rails, vessels, or any other such equipment; simply the shell of the building plus the suspension hooks. In terms of interior construction, the hall is floored with standard concrete with no anti slip coatings. The walls are a patchwork of bare render and whitewashed render, with no tiling or special coatings. Several containers of water were dispersed throughout the hall, but no taps were seen. The floor contained some sunken drainage channels covered with grates, however these were full of solids. The majority of solid and liquid waste was barrowed or swept out to the pile directly outside the door (see figure v). M.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M The facility is constructed of steel girders, reinforced concrete framework, and rendered brick infill. Ventilation is provided in the form of gaps between bricks (see figure ii) and ventilation windows along the top of the walls below the roofline. There is no air condition system present on site. Ventilation Poorly constructed walls with suspected vermin holes Figure 2: Exterior of Satellite Town 1 Slaughterhouse Lighting is entirely inadequate and consists of standard fluorescent tube lights attached to the ceiling. These have poor output, cannot be moved and appeared to be poorly maintained. At the time of the visit they were not switched on. No spotlights or moveable lights existed, and the light levels could not be controlled or filtered. The slaughter area is removed from the main asphalt road, and access is through the market area, which is clearly not ideal, particularly during wet weather. There is no parking area on site, and no unloading ramps or despatch hatches. The approach to the facility is shown in Figure iv. M.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Unsuitable vehicles / no ramps Free access Poorly maintained Litter & makeshift tethers Figure 3: “Lairage” outside Satellite Town 1 Slaughterhouse Figure 4: Access and approach to Satellite Town 1 Slaughterhouse As is evident from the above, Whilst the simple design of the slaughterhall is acceptable for some settings, the facility is badly designed in terms of layout, access, security, waste and hygiene. Aggravating the already bad situation are the misuse of the few amenities and design processes that do exist, as well as the wholesale failure to maintain or improve any aspect of the external or internal arrangements; even basic cleaning is badly performed and swabs and samples for analysis are not taken from the internal walls nor meat product. M.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Foodstuff processing alongside waste sweeping and washdown Free access including minors Dirt floor Figure 5: Inside the Satellite Town 1 Slaughterhouse Compound The layout of the livestock market is quite simple, and is clearly the result of an ad hoc market area becoming semi-formalised. The market consists simply of a partially walled open area adjacent to the asphalt road. Inside the semi-walled market, a circular sale area has been created by the setting up of temporary and semi-permanent tents and stalls in a circular pattern, principally offering refreshments to those attending the market. Other than the greatly deteriorated walling of the market, there has clearly been no formal attempt to design the area, or adapt the layout or facilities to present needs. No thought or action has taken place on behalf of the market managers to provide any form of logical layout in the form of infrastructure such as scales, weighbridges, access roads, pens, rails, water troughs etc. and as such there are few controls on the market, resulting in disorder. Figure vi shows the layout of the livestock market, and Figure vii shows the total lack of organisation and infrastructure on the ground in the market. M.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Access to S/H Road Market area Poor site access Stalls Wall Figure 6: Layout of Satellite Town 1 Livestock Market Vehicles amongst Hobbled animals amongst traders traders with no shade feed or water Faeces/litter strewn freely Solution to lack of pens and rails Figure 7: Satellite Town 1 Livestock Market M.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Satellite Town 2 Sharing many similarities with the facility described above, the slaughterhouse at Satellite Town 2 is of a very basic layout, consisting of one basic slaughter hall in the corner of the marketplace, with no facility wall other than those of the hall itself. Some aspects present at Satellite Town 2 are an improvement over Satellite Town 1 whereas other aspects of the infrastructure and operation are even less satisfactory. Adjacent to the slaughterhall are a number of permanent buildings constructed in the same style and period that serve as butchery stalls and processing units, and in between these booths and the slaughterhall are a number of temporary butcher stalls. None of these buildings have any kind of running water, lighting or other facilities. Post-slaughter processing occurs in the open fronted processing booth units adjacent to the slaughterhouse (see Figure ix). In this manner the processing is at least separated from the majority of the slaughter waste product, which is ejected at the rear of the slaughterhall into an area of open access, where it is left to fester. The waste was observed to contain maggots, indicating that it is not regularly collected, and also represents a worry in terms of generating many flies in close proximity to the facility. No lairage exists on site, no washblock or toilet facilities exist within the slaughterhouse area, or indeed within the whole market area; staff therefore openly defecate in close proximity to the slaughterhouse, without proper handwashing facilities (see Figure xiv). Figure viii shows the overall layout of the slaughterhouse compound, and Figures ix-xii show the details of design, construction, and maintenance of the facility. Processing stalls Food stalls Knife sharpener Permanent Temporary butcher butcher stalls stalls Slaughter hall Waste Dump Figure 8: Satellite Town 2 Slaughterhouse Schematic The facility is constructed of reinforced concrete framework, and rendered brick infill. Ventilation and some light is provided in the form of high level glassless windows along the top of the walls below the roofline. There is no air condition system present on site. The layout of the slaughterhall itself is very basic; although the team were prevented from photographing the interior during operations, it was observed, plus a visit was paid when the facility was closed. The hall consists of one room, with four access doors. Two of the doors were in use, one was used solely for ejecting waste, and the forth was locked, though not securely. The interior of the hall contains rows of static booth slaughter hooks, divided into cattle and sheep areas, suspended from steel girders. There are no raceways, rails, vessels, or any other such equipment; simply the shell of the building plus the suspension hooks. In terms of interior construction, the hall is floored with large smooth (and presumably slippery) flooring tiles and the walls are tiled with standard white tiles. No water or containers were observed, and no taps were seen. The floor contained some sunken drainage channels covered with grates, however these were M.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M broken and represented a serious safety and animal welfare risk. Figure ix shows the exterior construction of the slaughter hall and processing units. Processing booths Main structure is Butcher stalls sound Door broken and unsecure Waste & scavenging dog Free access to minors Evidence of blood, faeces etc Figure 9: Satellite Town 2 Slaughter Hall Exterior Construction and State of Repair Lighting is entirely inadequate and consists of standard fluorescent tube lights attached to the ceiling. These cannot be moved and appeared to be poorly maintained. At the time of the visit, during slaughter operations, they were not switched on, reputedly due to a lack of connection to the electricity grid, and a lack of on-site generation facilities. No spotlights or moveable lights existed, and the light levels could not be controlled or filtered. The poor lighting, along with the appalling working practices and lack of equipment, can be seen in Figure x. Figure xi shows the interior design, state of repair, and most noticeably, the appalling cleanliness levels, especially when considering that the photograph was taken following the weekly washdown. There is clearly no kind of checklist, standards or inspection in place, and the apathy towards the situation is nothing short of gobsmacking; even with no comprehension of hygiene, microbiological and epidemiological issues, anyone can tell that the environs are simply not acceptable for the preparation of food destined for human consumption. Were the facility properly maintained, and cleaned, a few minor modifications (such as to the lighting, waste storage, and process flow), the actual infrastructure could be deemed acceptable, but in its present state, it is clearly very worrying. The slaughter area is removed from the main asphalt road, and access is through the market area, which is clearly not ideal, particularly during wet weather. There is no official parking area on site, and no unloading ramps or despatch hatches. M.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Poor light levels Cattle hooks Slippery floor Figure 10: Town 2 Slaughter Hall Interior Construction, State of Repair and Working Practices Light and ventilation Sheep hooks Dangerous broken grate Structurally sound but appalling hygiene levels Solids Sharp corners remaining accumulate filth Figure 11: Town 2 Slaughter Hall Cleaning M.9 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Figure 12: Unacceptable slaughter waste storage/disposal in public area of Town 2 market In addition to the poor infrastructure arrangements in place for dealing with the slaughter solid wastes, the broken drainage channels inside the slaughterhouse drain the blood and other slaughter liquids (and solids held in suspension) out of the slaughterhouse and down through the market (see Figure xiii). Clearly the drains are either poorly designed to lead to no proper drain or disposal arrangement, or the originally designated disposal method is not used to being blocked with fats, hair and other solids. Whatever the cause may be, this infrastructure failure clearly needs urgent attention. Surrounding the municipal slaughter facility are a number of poultry slaughterers/vendors. These stalls deserve a mention at this juncture, because whilst all poultry slaughtering is carried out privately in Middle Income Country 1, and hence outside the present terms of reference, these stalls should still fall under the responsibility of the municipal authorities as well as the ministries. The official poultry processing law only applies to facilities handling in excess of 500 birds, however the state of the chicken vending stalls in all markets in Middle Income Country 1 was a worry. Operators generally have a makeshift stall, filthy equipment, no facilities, no training, and so forth. Live birds are kept in close proximity to both prepared carcasses and slaughter waste. The considerable risks that these represent should be a concern for the authorities, who should consider the provision of booths much like those used for 5th quarter processing. Figure xiii show examples of the poor conditions under which poultry is slaughtered. Although the cones in Figure xiv are clearly in a terrible state, the fact that they are stored at the back of the slaughter hall in amongst human excrement reveals two key conclusions; firstly the need for a proper sanitary block is quite obvious, and immediate action should be taken in this regard, and secondly, that the education and awareness of these workers must surely be approaching non- existent. M.10 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Blood from main slaughterhouse Foetid Waste on scalding floor/table filthy water Live birds and knives on floor just out of shot Figure 13: Lack of Infrastructure at Poultry Vendor in Satellite Town 2 Market Figure 14: Poultry Cones Amongst Human Excrement At Satellite Town 2, the livestock market is in a separate area to the slaughterhouse and retail market, which represents a minor improvement over the layout of facilities at Satellite Town 1. The market area is M.11 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M a rectangular walled area of bare ground on the opposite side of the road to the other facilities. As with Satellite Town 1, the layout of the livestock market is quite simple, and is clearly the result of an ad hoc market area becoming semi-formalised. The market consists simply of a walled open area with temporary and semi-permanent tents and stalls running down one side, principally offering refreshments to those attending the market. Other than the greatly deteriorated walling of the market, there has clearly been no formal attempt to design the area, or adapt the layout or facilities to present needs. No thought or action has taken place on behalf of the market managers to provide any logical layout in the form of infrastructure such as scales, weighbridges, access roads, pens, rails, water troughs, shade etc. and as such there are few controls on the market, resulting in disorder. The failure to provide waste bins and sanitary facilities results in huge amounts of solid waste and animal and human faeces being strewn around the market place; solid wastes such as plastic bags are very dangerous to animals if ingested, and likewise the faeces are dangerous to both humans and animals alike. Figure xv below shows the layout and quality of the livestock market. Houses bordering Main market market sale area Refreshment tents Lack of any infrastructure leads to littering, faeces, animals loose etc Figure 15: Livestock market at Satellite Town 2 M.12 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Satellite Town 3 Satellite Town 3’s slaughter hall layout was very similar to other facilities visited, however at this location two halls exist; one for cattle and one for sheep and goats. This is presumably due to the far higher number of animals that the facility processes (see table i), and the total working area is accordingly an order of magnitude higher than the other two facilities (areas are also in table i). The halls are both the same size and shape, and face each other across a small concrete-floored courtyard, which has open access. See Figure xvi for a schematic of the layout. Both halls have a small external yard accessible only from the slaughterhall, where fifth quarter items are processed. This design prevents access from casual passers-by, and to some degree separates the processing from the waste materials, although most of the work is carried out on the dirty concrete floors (see Figure xix). The exteriors and interiors of Satellite Town 3’s slaughter halls are almost identical to that of Satellite Town 2 in terms of design, construction, and materials, and it is assumed that the two facilities were constructed at the same period and according to the same model (though to different scales). The two facilities, however, are dramatically different in terms of the state of maintenance, repair, and cleanliness; Satellite Town 3’s slaughter halls are well maintained and painted on the exterior, and the interior, whilst far from perfect, is greatly improved over Satellite Town 2 and clearly shows that maintenance works and comparatively good cleaning regimes have taken place. In order to fully appreciate the difference between these two similar facilities, compare Figure x & xi above with Figures xviii below. Offal Market Bovine Ovine Slaughter hall Slaughter hall Yard Guard Yard Waste Dump Figure 16: Satellite Town 3 Slaughterhouse Schematic M.13 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Access unguarded Exterior in good general condition Dirt floor and dung/waste trodden in Despatch method unsuitable, and in public area Food stalls alongside hall Allows ventilation & light but also flies Evidence of poor cleaning & dispatch Figure 17: Satellite Town 3 Slaughterhouse Buildings and Courtyard, Viewed from both Ends M.14 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Natural light only Tiling clean (but reasonable level) Open access for humans, flies, etc No containers for solids Slippery floor Rails well maintained & good general order Figure 18: Sheep Slaughter Hall at Satellite Town 3 M.15 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Bird droppings. Low walls allow other vermin access Workbenches inadequate, no water Offal dressed on filthy, faeces covered floor Free access & many people handling No artificial lighting carcasses Carcasses off floor as hoists are adjustable Slippery floor & Poorly maintained drainage Figure 19: Cattle Slaughter Hall at Satellite Town 3 Ventilation is provided in the form of open windows along the top of the walls below the roofline. There is no air condition system present on site. In common with Satellite Town 2, Light is provided by the same M.16 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M large windows (roughly 0.5 m x 2 m) that provide the ventilation, and whilst the interior levels were reasonable at the time of visit, conditions are no doubt too dark earlier in the morning. No moveable inspection lamps or spotlights existed; indeed no lighting of any sort was observed on site, nor any power or water sources. As noted above, levels of cleanliness in both slaughterhalls were well below international standards, but were comparatively good against the other facilities visited. In the bovine slaughterhall, adjustable hoists allowed the carcasses to be raised off the floor following slaughter, however it was noted that when quartering and jointing the carcasses, they did frequently fall to the ground. The standard of maintenance was above that of other facilities, however grates over the drains were loose, and missing tiles, loose render etc was observed. Despite the slaughterhalls being better kept than others, the complete lack of sanitary facilities and waste related infrastructure was a more serious concern than at other locations, mainly due to the waste being dumped openly and adjacent to the retail and live poultry market areas. The slaughterhouses have no restrictions on access, despite the presence of a guard and guard house; the gates remained open and the concrete courtyard acted as a thoroughfare between the poultry market and the offal/retail market. No acceptable arrival and despatch arrangements exist, with farmers, traders, butchers and recyclers all using the same gates, No controls are placed on the vehicle types that arrive at the gates of the slaughterhouse (see Figure xvii). Unusually a large steel framed open sided building is provided on site and is used mainly by offal dealers for retail to the public (see Figure xx). Small concrete stalls were set out inside the market, and structure and stalls were both in good structural condition, however the interior of the market was very poorly maintained and clean. Figure 20: Offal market building at Satellite Town 3 As with the other livestock markets visited, the facilities suffered from a complete lack of facilities, infrastructure and oversight, other than for the collection of fees. The market consists of an open patch of land that is semi-walled, and surrounded by the usual temporary food stalls. Animals are unloaded from M.17 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M unsuitable vehicles without any ramps, and are either hobbled or paraded around the market area. No infrastructure exists for facilitating sale, reducing accidents, eliminating disease or making the sale process less distressing for the animals. There is no flooring, no pens, no shade, water troughs (those in Figure xxii are empty and are in fact for sale), rails, or anything else. Animals defecate on the ground and this is not collected but is trodden in, along with other market waste. Small culverts have been dug around the market, and these would offer some protection during rain, however they are clearly inadequate (see figure xxi). The market was more notable than others for the large amount of litter, particularly along the edges where the wind blew it against the walls, where human faeces were also observed in abundance. There is clearly no frequent cleaning or waste removal at this location. Figure 21: Satellite Town 3 had the best drainage of all livestock markets visited M.18 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M No order to sale area, with large numbers of people Unsuitable vehicles have access to all areas Non segregated Animals by food stalls Animals restrained without food, water or shade Figure 22: Problems caused by lack of infrastructure at livestock markets Satellite Town 3 M.19 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Retail market area Potential space available for redesign or expansion Slaughter halls Uncollected waste & Human Faeces Unsuitable vehicles All animals Some animals in restrained. No water shade others not Figure 23: Problems caused by lack of infrastructure at livestock markets Satellite Town 3 M.20 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M City 1 The slaughterhouse as City 2 was located in amongst other housing and commerce, and was not associated with a retail or live market. Despite this, and that fact that the site was designed as a slaughter facility rather than slaughterhalls being constructed at a traditional slaughter site, infrastructure related issues were little better than at the satellite town facilities. All areas of the facility were old, dilapidated, ill-maintained, and with outdated design. The layout of the facility is shown in Figure xxiv, and immediately discernable is the potential for improvement to the layout were the site to be updated, as at present there is some open space in the central courtyard area, although some fifth quarter processing was occurring on the floor in these areas. The slaughterhalls and process areas are distributed along the edges of the site, with a small office next to the main gate. The individual rooms were small in size, as was the lairage area, which was freshly cleaned, but upon examination of the waste pads, it was clear that this had just been performed for the first time in months. There was some shade for the lairage, however no water troughs were observed. The construction of the facility was in brick, with rough concrete floors that would aid animal grip. The superstructure was in acceptable condition, failure to repair crumbling render, to replace missing or broken tiles, as well as the failure to perform deep cleaning and general maintenance meant that the facility appeared dirty, shabby and tired, with many nooks and crannies available for harbouring disease and vermin. No security was observed on the gates, and a huge number of people were moving around freely. The facility did benefit from a loading and unloading bay (visible in xxv) complete with a ramp of a suitable angle. It is clearly not ideal to despatch meat product through the same opening as live animals arrive, however this still represents an improvement over other locations. Main gate Delivery / Despatch Liquid waste discharge Lairage Solid waste container Slaughter halls 50 m Figure 24: Layout of City 1 Municipal Slaughterhouse Lighting was inadequate throughout the facility, however the presence of functioning lights is an improvement over the satellite towns, which in general are not equipped with illumination. M.21 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Bovine carcasses had been inspected and were hanging with head, hide and pluck still attached to the carcass, feet on the ground beneath the carcass. Because of the height of the fixed hooks, the head, feet and pluck were resting on the ground. The facility was not equipped with either air conditioning or hot water, but there were several taps at which cold water was freely available. Cleaning appeared to be with the use of physical force and cold water only with infrequent use of soaps and hot water due to the visible accumulation of fatty detritus. Solid wastes are not stored onsite and are swept up from the floor and barrowed directly to the container shown in Figure xxv. This container is in a public area outside the slaughter facility, and the whole area is strewn with evidence of fresh and old slaughter wastes. The small amount of material in the container suggests either regular collection, or a high number of scavengers. Liquid waste passes under the road and flows directly out to sea at the foot of the cliffs alongside the slaughterhouse. Figure 25: Solid Waste Disposal Arrangements at City 1 Municipal Slaughterhouse There was no incinerator on site, condemned material was reportedly “denatured” by applying a chemical – no name or chemical was available – and then it was removed with other waste to the dump site. Workers left the slaughterhouse in soiled clothes as no laundry facilities existed onsite. Unlike the satellite town facilities, a small toilet and handwashing block existed, however it was in an appalling state. M.22 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M City 2 The slaughterhouse at City 2 was the first facility visited that had been designed as a slaughterhouse in the modern sense. Whilst it is by no means state of the art (see below for detailed descriptions of the infrastructure), it has some of the infrastructure and equipment of a modern facility. The slaughterhouse also has a process flow, whereby live animals are segregated from meat product, and arrive on the opposite side of the facility to the despatch of products (see Figure xxvi below). It was encouraging to visit a facility that had some resemblance to a modern line, but the buildings were overall rather tired and need of attention, in particular on the interior. The facility is well managed by the local chief veterinary officer, however despite showing signs of promise, for example additional lighting in some areas, it also fell short in others, for example other locations remained dark. Figure xxvi shows the general layout and location of the slaughterhouse. Coast Commercial Area Incinerator Paunch compost Killing and Admin drying Live entrance Offal Dressing Lairage Residential Dispatch Area Cold Store Main Gates Figure 26: Layout and location of City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse The majority of the facility was constructed at the same time, with only small additions having been made since original construction. The buildings are for the most part made of concrete and brick; reinforced and supported where necessary by iron bars and steels. Most of the roofing is flat, constructed with corrugated iron, cement, and in places possibly asbestos. The overall exterior condition is generally good considering its age, however signs of deterioration are evident. M.23 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Clean, dry Structure in overall artificial surfaces good condition Old and unsuitable dispatch vehicles Figure 27: Exterior and despatch of City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse M.24 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M The interior construction differs according to process area:  The lairage is part dirt floored, and part concrete floored, with a small scattering of straw. It is partially constructed of concrete and rendered brick, with the remainder an open sided flat-roofed structure, plus an all-concrete area for larger cattle.  All outside surfaces except the lairage area are paved with either concrete or asphalt, and are fitted with drains.  The slaughter and dressing halls are finished with a combination of smooth cement rendering and standard white tiling, with some floor tiles in places. Walls above 2 metres, and ceilings, are generally rendered and whitewashed.  The coldstore is finished with large marble-style floor tiles and white wall tiling.  Offal preparation areas are constructed and finished almost entirely of concrete and cement rendering, though some areas are tiled on floor and walls.  Ample parking and turning space exists within the despatch yard, and the gates are well guarded and secured. Figure 28: Exterior and main gates of City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse In terms of major integrated equipment, the facility has the following items:  The cattle slaughter halls, preparation areas, cold store and despatch are all equipped with an integrated rail system for easy movement of beef carcasses. The system is manually operated, and is not height-adjustable. It is too low for whole beef carcasses, which inevitably drag along thee floor. 20 dressing hooks and gambrels exist for the cattle preparation.  Ovine slaughter occurs on stationary hooks according to the “booth” principle, with hundreds of hooks available. M.25 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M  A coldstore for beef carcasses.  Various metal structure for aiding beef slaughter and preparation, e.g. lifts. These are ageing and many are no longer functional.  Concrete sinks and workbenches are provided in the offal processing rooms, as are racks of steel hooks.  A despatch area of a height suitable for certain vehicles but not others; the zone is all one height.  An incinerator; this is old and decrepit and due to poor combustion and complaints from local residents is only used during the evenings.  A composting area, though this is poorly managed.  A dedicated waste storage area. Room is comparatively well lit Rail system for moving carcasses Hooks fixed and not high enough Drainage channel Floor slippery Figure 29: Interior of beef hall: City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse The slaughterhouse has the following arrangements for utilities and services:  Lighting: This is variable from area to area; some are acceptably lit, with both strip lights and variable spot lighting; others are far too dark, with no artificial light and insufficient natural light, particularly during early morning shifts.  Ventilation: Air conditioning is only available in the admin block; other areas are generally ventilated via open windows and vents that run horizontally below the ceiling line.  Sanitary facilities: Only available for management, and even those provided for the management are extremely poorly maintained and cleaned.  Drainage: Although the end-point of all onsite drainage is the public sewers, and within several hundred metres, the sea, on-site drainage arrangements are in general good; most rooms have sunken drains, angled floors, or are bordered with drainage channels. The main problem appears to be that considerable levels of solids bock the drains, and encourage vermin. A private company M.26 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M that holds the contract with the municipality for sewer and stormwater system also cleans the drains within the plant each Thursday.  As mentioned, sanitary facilities are poor; there are also no canteen facilities, and no laundry facility available.  Cleaning: So called “major cleans” occur each Tuesday and Friday. No chemicals are usually available, however hot water is available, in some areas under high pressure.  Pests: Rat baiting carried out using bait stations. Figure 30: Lairage at City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse Although the overall facility condition is good considering that it is over 50 years old, the quality of the interior of the facility is variable depending on area; some places are better maintained and cleaned than others. Likewise, some areas are better lit than others, and some are better ventilated than others. In summary, the major infrastructure-related issues identified are:  General age of facility means keeping up with maintenance is demanding  Design of facility is good in some areas but lacking in others; in particular hygiene related infrastructure.  Fifth quarter processing is somewhat neglected in comparison to other areas of the process  Waste management infrastructure is poor. Figures xxxi-ii show further detail on the state of the interior of the facility. M.27 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Insufficient lighting Ventilation but not fly or vermin-proof Structure in good condition Unsuitable surfaces Lack of deep cleaning Unsuitable surfaces Figure 31: Interior, City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse M.28 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Lighting and rail for dispatch Carcasses hanging outside & against wall Generally very clean Slippery floor Figure 32: Exterior, City 2 Municipal Slaughterhouse City 3 The slaughterhouse at City 3 is omitted from the present report, as in common with those facilities in Middle Income Country 2, the slaughterhouse is privately run. The municipality in City 3 does have some form of control over the facility, however the exact nature of the arrangement was never fully understood, but is expected to be purely financial. In addition to the situation described above, City 3’s facility is a modern mechanised chain facility, presently running at under half capacity, with no immediate concerns with respect to infrastructure or loading. It is not, however, without it problems, most of which are associated with misuse or mistrust of equipment. A summary of the non-infrastructure related issues, most of which relate to the working practices mentioned above, is available in the LSWM report. CAPACITY ASSESSMENT The assessment of market and slaughterhouse capacities is based on three issues:  Current operational capacities and the ability to increase the throughput using the present design and facilities;  Possibilities for re-working of existing layouts and infrastructure so as to increase capacities of facilities that are presently operating at their maximum; and  Examination of available land around the facilities, as well as the suitability of the existing location, if expansion is possible. As described in Chapter 5 of the main report, two general municipal facility layouts in Middle Income Country 1 exist: M.29 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M  The satellite towns that serve cities all have livestock markets, retail markets and slaughterhouses located on the same site. These sites are generally poorly maintained and served.  The cities have older slaughter facilities, often confined by urban development. Figures xxxiii-xxxvi show the Google-earth imagery of the sites visited by the survey team, and the on- site infrastructure and adjacent lands are also clearly visible. Whilst space is often a premium within the slaughterhalls, the sites themselves are generally located in areas that could allow for expansion on at least one side. Alternatives to expansion of land are translocation of the entire facility to a more suitable site, or the removal of an element of the activities (e.g. retail market) to elsewhere. There are no livestock markets within the boundaries of the cities; all markets are in satellite towns, and as such possibilities for expansion do exist. It should, however, be noted that better usage of the space immediately available could be achieved with some basic re-organisation and infrastructure. Slaughter numbers are provided in table i; on the busiest days the slaughter halls are generally deemed to be running over-capacity and are dangerously crowded. Technical options will be examined during the next phase of study, but in addition to those involving infrastructure changes potential measures could include mitigation without changes to infrastructure, such as:  Introduction of a second shift on busier days.  Installation of on or off-site chillers so that some of the slaughters from the busier days are distributed amongst quieter days (though presumably the busier days are linked to market days, meaning this option may not be so attractive).  The former of the options above might require further equipment to be installed on site (such as generators, and lighting), and is to some extend also controlled by the timings of the market, so these options are perhaps not as attractive considering the dependence on the market. Satellite Towns The satellite town slaughter halls were all cramped and running over-capacity at the times of visit, on a market day. It is interesting to note that the maximum area to kill number ratio for the three facilities is remarkably similar, despite the differing sizes of the facilities, and this number reveals that at peak slaughter times, the facilities must genuinely be at the maximum capacity that is possible. Unless as noted above, a method is provided for removing the weekly peaks and troughs in kill numbers that are associated with the presence of the market, the only realistic route to improving capacity / alleviating the overcrowding is expansion, or relocation of some or all of the elements of the site. These complexes are located on the edges of town, and are generally partially bordered by residential areas. Much of the sites consist of retail market, adjoined by the slaughterhall(s) and livemarkets. There is generally a small amount of space on-site that would be available for reworking facilities or adding extensions, however due to the poor access and configuration arrangements of these facilities it would probably be more beneficial to consider one of the following options:  Relocation of slaughter facilities away from the retail and livemarkets  Relocation of retail markets away from slaughter and live markets  Expansion of overall site, keeping all three facilities on site but allowing for expansion  Replacement of slaughterhouse with one “central” facility serving all satellite towns City 1 The facilities at City 1 are more typical of urban facilities encountered in the LSWM study. This slaughterhouse was tightly hemmed in by both commercial and residential areas, causing impacts on local inhabitants and offering very poor opportunities for expansion of the site. The ratio of maximum kill numbers to floor area at this facility was more or less exactly that of the satellite towns, which is very revealing indeed and agrees with the observation that the facility was indeed struggling to cope with the present kill numbers. Internally, the facility had several minor process M.30 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M improvements over the satellite towns that may have slightly improved overcrowding issues, but these were not deemed to have a major effect on the overcrowding. Unlike the satellite towns described above, City 1’s facility has little opportunity for expansion, and long term solution should involve relocation to a new site away from the present urban setting. City 2 Facilities at City 2 were a less crowded than elsewhere, as is revealed by the ratio of maximum kill numbers to floor area and the economies of scale of the site also assisted in the alleviation of overcrowding. Furthermore, the uni-directional process flow, and additional equipment further improve the potential for the site to adapt to overloading (essentially, with the improved process and equipment, the facility should be able to operate under higher ratios than the booth slaughter facilities). As with the satellite City 1, City 2’s facility has little opportunity for external expansion, however there is some space on site available for reconfiguring the site in order to increase capacity. It should, however, be noted that the cost of reconfiguration could be more than that of relocation (particularly when considering the potential value of the land in the present urban setting), plus, at this location the principal concern is not the capacity of the facility but its age, utilities and so forth. City 3 As noted above, the City 3 facility is not presently considered a true municipal facility, however in the interests of completeness, it should be mentioned that the facility is presently running at under half the design capacity. The ratio of kills to floor are at this facility is on average 4 times that of the other facilities visited in Middle Income country 2. Moreover, the infrastructure is on a very large plot of land, and numerous options would exist for onsite reconfiguration or expansion. M.31 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Main market Main town Slaughterhouse Live market Town Expansion Zones Flat “Empty” Zone Escarpment Figure 33: Middle Income Country 1; Satellite Town 1 Facilities M.32 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Potential room for site expansion Retail Market Livestock Butcher Stalls Market Slaughterhouse Figure 34: Middle Income Country 1; Satellite Town 2 Facilities M.33 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Waste pile Potential room for site expansion Cattle (r) and sheep (l) killing halls Live market Covered Offal market Retail Market Figure 35: Middle Income Country 1; Satellite Town 3 Facilities M.34 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Slaughterhouse Slaughterhouse 1 2 Slaughterhouse 3 Figure 36: Middle Income Country 1; City Slaughter Facilities M.35 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex M Table i: Summary of Estimated Current and Maximum Capacities for Middle Income Country 1 Slaughter Facilities Current daily Min & Max1 Estimated current Estimated maximum Total Total Possibility Max Possibility Min Max weekly average weekly capacity2 floor site for re- area for Facility area area working to kill expansion Bovine Ovine Other Bovine Ovine Other Bovine Ovine Other Bovine Ovine Other (m2) (m2) site ratio3 of site Satellite 10 60 0 25 90 0 68 315 0 150 540 0 228 1,300 Possible 2.53 Possible Town 1 Satellite 5 40 0 25 120 0 108 530 0 150 720 0 204 NA Possible 1.70 Possible Town 2 Possible – Satellite 3 10 0 60 600 3 145 900 15 360 3,600 25 1,500 4,500 minor 2.50 Possible Town 3 changes City 1 5 25 0 75 380 0 90 450 0 450 2,280 0 959 1,450 No 2.52 None Yes, but due No, but due City 2 100 400 3 200 1,200 8 1,500 4,800 20 2,400 7,200 30 4,000 26,000 to be 3.33 to be moved. moved. Not Not City 3 350 1,300 - 450 1,600 - 2,450 10,500 192 7,000 25,000 400 22,125 85,000 necessary 13.8 necessary but possible but possible 1 Excludes Fridays, other than for city 3 2  Assumes despatch remains constant, with no requirement for further coldstore  3  Floor area divided by maximum ovine kill figure– note that this figure is a very rough indicator only  M.36 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N ANNEX N SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF EXISTING REGULATIONS N.1 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N Country 1 The Government in Country 1 has promulgated an Ordinance on Food Hygiene and Safety (Order No.20/2003/L- August 7, 2003). The function of this order is to protect human lives and health; maintain and develop the local race; and to enhance the efficiency of the State management over food hygiene and safety. The general provisions include:  Food hygiene and safety must be assured in the process of food production and business and food poisoning and diseases transmitted via food must be prevented and overcome.  Organizations, households, and individuals, as well as foreign organizations and individuals that are engaged in food production and business in the territory, must abide by the provisions of this Ordinance and other relevant provisions of law.  Organizations, households, and individuals producing and/or trading in food must be accountable for the hygiene and safety of the food they produce and/or trade in.  The State shall work out policies and measures to ensure food hygiene and safety with a view to protecting human lives and health and shall encourage the application of advanced quality control system in order to ensure food hygiene and safety.  Consumers shall have the right to be informed of food hygiene and safety; to select and use proper food; have the responsibility to observe food hygiene and safety; protect themselves in the use of food; fully comply with the guidance on food poisoning and diseases transmitted via food; complain about, denounce and detect acts of violating the legislation on food hygiene and safety in order to protect the health of their own and of the community. In addition the following acts are strictly forbidden:  Cultivating, rearing, harvesting, fishing and catching, preliminarily processing, processing, packaging, preserving, transporting or trading in food in contravention of law provisions.  Producing or trading in the following: o Stale, rotten, degenerated, contaminated food which may cause harm to human lives and health; o Food containing toxins or contaminated with toxins; o Food infected with pathogenic parasites, pathogenic micro-organisms or micro-organisms beyond the prescribed limits; o Meat or products of meat, which have not gone through veterinary inspection or have been inspected but fail to meet the requirements; o Cattle, poultry, aquatic resources, which die of diseases, poisoning or unclear causes; products processed from cattle, poultry and/or aquatic resources, which die of diseases, poisoning or unclear causes; o Food contaminated due to packing, containers which get dirty, broken or torn in the course of transportation; and o Food with expired use duration. In the current situation, the principal mechanism employed in Country 1 to address the safety aspects of meat products is the Inspection Certificate for Animal Transport. This Certificate is issued at the farm location and attests to the health status of the animal. This document (or a document prepared as a consequence of this Certificate) follows the meat product through the supply chain to the retailer. Meat supplied and processed in compliance with the system is also marked with an official government stamp so that it is easily recognisable at the retail level. It appears that only cursory inspection of the live animal or the derived meat products occurs after the animal has received the Transport Certificate and it leaves the farm property. Implementation of basic hygiene procedures, as described in documents such as the Codex Alimentarius Code of Hygienic Practice for Meat, include attention to the following principles.  Meat must be safe and suitable for human consumption and all interested parties including government, industry and consumers have a role in achieving this outcome.  The competent authority should have the legal power to set and enforce regulatory meat hygiene requirements, and have final responsibility for verifying that regulatory meat hygiene N.2 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N requirements are met.  Meat hygiene programmes should have as their primary goal the protection of public health.  The principles of food safety risk analysis should be incorporated wherever possible.  Meat hygiene requirements should control hazards to the greatest extent practicable throughout the entire food chain.  The establishment operator should apply Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles.  The competent authority should define the role of those personnel involved in meat hygiene activities including the specific role of the veterinary inspector.  The range of activities involved in meat hygiene should be carried out by personnel with the appropriate training, knowledge, skills and ability.  The competent authority should verify that the establishment operator has adequate systems in place to trace and withdraw meat from the food chain. In practice, none of these principles are currently being observed and considerable human health risk is being incurred with product contamination and cross-contamination, lack of microbiological control, and the absence of procedures to protect the product from environmental contamination during processing and transport. Other relevant laws include: Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP on Solid Waste Management. The Decree provides for solid waste management and for rights and obligations of entities engaged in solid waste related activities. Within the Decree it is stated that carcasses fall under the group of wastes that should be “processed or buried”. Order No. 12/2007/L-CTN on the promulgation of the Law on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases. This Law provides for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, for border quarantine measures and for measures to combat epidemics. The classification of infectious diseases is specified in the text. The Law, among other matters, provides for: the sanitation for clean water supply and of water sources for daily-life use; the sanitation in the raising, transportation, slaughter and cull of cattle and poultry and other animals; the use of vaccines and medical bio-products for disease prevention; the control of entry into and exit from epidemic zones of articles, animals, plants, food and other commodities capable of transmitting the epidemic disease; and conditions for assuring prevention and control of infectious diseases. Law on Environmental Protection. 29 November 2005. This Law provides for activities, policies, measures and resources for environmental protection, and for rights and obligations of organizations and individuals in environmental protection. The Law is a comprehensive document that sets out the requirements Environmental Assessment, provides rulings on conservation, responsibilities for environmental protection, waste management, and incident handling and penalties. Most pertinent to the present study are two articles relating to wastes from livestock-related operations: Facilities are responsible for “managing solid wastes discharged from husbandry according to waste management regulations, not dispersing them into the environment” and “managing carcasses of animals that died from epidemics according to regulations on hazardous waste management, hygiene and disease prevention”. Decision No. 28/QD-TTg approving the National Scheme on control of micro-organism contamination and chemical residues in foodstuffs in the period from 2003 to 2010. The Decree provides for prevention and control of potential contamination with micro-organisms and chemical residues in. It requires testing of foodstuffs against hygiene and safety standards, the evaluation of the presence and usage of fertilizers, food additives and other possibly contaminating substances; training and regular updating of personnel involved in the activities of farming, breeding, slaughtering, and identification of the authorities and agencies responsible. The law is rather brief but does decree that the Ministry of Industry is responsible for initiating Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and HACCP systems in small and medium sized foodstuff establishments. N.3 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N The Ministry of Health is responsible for “control of micro-organism contamination and chemical residues in fresh foodstuffs, raw-material foodstuffs, foodstuff additives, functional foodstuffs, high-risk foodstuffs and import foodstuffs; home-made foodstuffs as well as in post-processing foodstuffs, for domestic consumption and export”. Legislation also exists governing animal movements and quarantine; however it only requires that movements involving large consignments of animals be certified. Therefore, only carriers with large numbers of animals are stopped and inspected, and typically involve motor vehicles only (not motorcycles). Summary Assessment Examination of the relevant acts and legislation reveals a relatively comprehensive and effective legal framework for the management of animal and human health in Country 1. However, it is concluded that whilst Country 1 has many legal instruments in place to control the slaughtering and meat processing sector, in practice there is very little implementation or compliance. On the positive side, a system of livestock movement permits that flow through with the animals carcass to retail has been implemented in the sector, in particular to monitor and control poultry movement resulting from the Country’s recent difficulties with avian influenza. As with all countries visited, it is difficult to obtain all relevant decrees and laws, however a tentative summary of the likely situation with regards to legislation is provided in Table 4.1. It is recommended that subsequent study is directed towards a full legal review of the sector. The legal review should also attempt to assess the degree of implementation and monitoring of compliance that occurs. Table 4.1 – Summary of Legislative Coverage for Country 1 Perceived Level of Legislation Area of Concern None Good Acceptable Weak None exist Found Municipal livestock markets  Municipal slaughterhouses  Meat processing facilities  Animal epidemiology  Animal Welfare  Human Health / Hygiene  Animal feeds and the use of  antimicrobials and metals Waste management  N.4 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N Country 2 The “Local Government Ordinance, 2001” in Country 2 is an important piece of legislation with respect to the operation of slaughterhouses. The Functions and powers of the Municipal Administrations (MAs) are detailed in this piece of legislation and the following legal responsibilities of the MAs have a direct relevance to the issues of the present study:  To provide, manage, operate, maintain, and improve the municipal infrastructure and services, including slaughterhouses.  To administer the “Slaughter of animals and maintenance of slaughterhouses” by-laws.  To be permitted to charge rents and fees as it thinks fit for the occupation or use of any public slaughterhouse or for the right to slaughter animals in any public slaughter-house.  To control slaughtering so that no place in a local area other than a public slaughterhouse shall be used as a slaughterhouse, unless such place has been licensed as a market or slaughterhouse.  To establish by-laws for all or any of the following matters: o The operating days and hours for private markets and private slaughterhouses; o The regulation of the design, ventilation and drainage of such markets and slaughterhouses, and the material to be used in the construction thereof; o The maintenance and cleaning of markets and slaughter-houses, including the supply of pure water and latrines; o The manner in which animals may be stalled at a slaughter-house; o The manner in which animals may be slaughtered; o The disposal or destruction of animals offered for slaughter which are, from disease or any other cause, unfit for human consumption; and o The destruction of carcasses which from disease or any other cause are found after slaughter to be unfit for human consumption. Other relevant local laws include:  Local Animals Slaughter Control Act, 1963 (W.P. Act III of 1963)  Local Goats (Restriction) Ordinance, 1959 (Ordinance No. XLII of 1959)  West Country Goats (Restriction) Ordinance, 1959.  Local animals compound feed and feed stuff ordinance 2002 (Pb. Ord LXVIII Of 2002). The above laws are generally rather old and thus are somewhat out of date. Notwithstanding that fact, they do have some interesting provisions, including:  Power to regulate slaughter of goats: Government may in such manner as may be prescribed regulate the slaughter of goats including the proportion of the goats to the sheep that may be slaughtered in a slaughter-house on any day.  No person shall slaughter an animal: o unless such animal has been approved as hereinafter provided, for slaughter; o except in a slaughter-house and during the hours prescribed therefore o on Tuesday and Wednesday or on such other day or days as Government may by notification in the official Gazette, specify in this behalf: o Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply to the slaughter of any animal by a Muslim on the day of Eid-ul-Azha and the two succeeding days; or which on account of illness, injury or other cause is likely to die before it can be presented to the officer-in- charge of slaughter-house.  No person shall, directly or indirectly: o sell, keep, store, transport, offer or expose for sale, or hawk any meat or carcass of any animal which has not been slaughtered in a slaughter-house and does not bear the stamp or mark of the slaughter-house prescribed by the local authority in this behalf; or o sell or cause to be sold any meat at a place other than that set apart or approved for this purpose by the local authority. N.5 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N  No person shall, in contravention of any provision of this Ordinance or the rules framed thereunder, directly or indirectly, prepare, manufacture, keep or store for sale, or sell or offer to sell any compound feed or feed stuff: o which is adulterated; or o which is misbranded.  No person shall refuse the Inspector from collecting compound feed and feed stuff for the purpose of sub section (1) in such quantity and from such packing as he may direct.  Confiscation and disposal: The Feed Inspection Officer or an authorized officer shall, in case of manufacture or sale of compound feed or feed stuff without licence or involvement in the practice of misbranding, confiscate such manufactured stuff and machinery and disposed them in the manner as may be prescribed. In addition to the above local regulations, several National laws apply to the livestock processing sector, including:  Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE And EIA) Regulations, 2000. This law determines the facilities for which IEE and EIA must be carried out prior to construction, and includes under Schedule 1 the conduct of EIA on inter alia the following two facility types: o Food processing industries including sugar mills, beverages, milk and dairy products, with total cost of x.100 million and above; and o Waste disposal and/or storage of hazardous or toxic wastes (including landfill sites, incineration of hospital toxic waste).  Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (No. XI of 1890). Summary Assessment A basic assessment of the perceived level of legislation for Country 2 is included in Table 4.2. This shows that whilst legislation is generally rather weak, it does have some interesting provisions regarding slaughterhouse management and good environmental laws. Table 4.2 – Summary of Legislative Coverage for Country 2 Perceived Level of Legislation Area of Concern None Good Acceptable Weak None exist Found Municipal livestock markets  Municipal slaughterhouses  Meat processing facilities  Animal epidemiology  Animal Welfare  Human Health /hygiene  Animal feeds and the use of  antimicrobials and metals Waste management  N.6 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N Country 3 The Federal Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for trans-boundary diseases and international legislation whilst the City Municipality has its own Urban Agriculture Department, with responsibility for animal health in the city and each of the seven states within the country now has its own agriculture department. There is very little contact between the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Health on zoonoses and waste control, or other areas where there should be overlap of responsibility. The overriding response from those interviewed is that there is an inefficient mechanism in Country 3 with inadequate service and training, shortage of manpower, and equipment. However, analysis of the responses actually indicates a more severe problem: lack of robust regulations. Authorities involved are the City Municipality through its Urban Agriculture and Code Enforcement Departments. However, there have been few regulations compiled as required under Ministerial Proclamation and as a result there is no standardisation of work. Compounding this is the vast extent to which home slaughter of sheep and goats (possibly up to 95%) and cattle (80%) reportedly occurs, exemplified by the fact that all vets asked, slaughtered their own animals at home and that the raw beef (a local delicacy) for weddings at International Hotels had been slaughtered at home and carried no health inspection marks. The formal slaughterhouse system is inadequate for the city, but large numbers of animals are slaughtered informally. Most of these seem to pass through the formal market system, especially the cattle. There currently appears little desire by the authorities to control the informal sector, as there are insufficient slaughter facilities or available funds to cater for this and strong cultural beliefs promote home slaughter. This is a major problem for the city and there is inadequate legislation to empower activity as well as the undoubted influence of butchers who gain much from the informal slaughter business. The few relevant laws that were uncovered by the Study team include:  Animal Diseases Prevention and Control Proclamation (No. 267 of 2002). o Providing basic frameworks for the notifications to be given upon outbreak of animal diseases, responsibilities and powers of animal health officers,  Animal, Animal Products and By-products Marketing Development Authority Establishment Proclamation (No. 117/1998). o initiate policies, laws and regulations that can promote the country’s animal, animal products and by-products marketing  Quality and Standards Authority of Low Income Country 3 Establishment Proclamation (No. 102/1998). o Establishing the QSA and setting out its jurisdictions and processes Summary Assessment A basic assessment of the perceived level of legislation for Country 3 is included in Table 4.3. It can be seen from the table that the overall situation is very weak and significant work is required to improve the situation. However, this situation could be more beneficial than if a large volume of complex legislation existed; since it may be easier to introduce new ‘appropriate’ legislation rather than trying to amend existing laws. N.7 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N Table 3 – Summary of Legislative Coverage for Country 3 Perceived Level of Legislation Area of Concern None Good Acceptable Weak None exist Found Municipal livestock markets  Municipal slaughterhouses  Meat processing facilities  Animal epidemiology  Animal Welfare  Human Health /hygiene  Animal feeds and the use of  antimicrobials and metals Waste management  N.8 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N Country 4 All poultry slaughterhouses in Country 4 are privately owned and operated, and as such are not directly relevant to this Study. In the interests of completeness, however, it should be noted that the country has just introduced a new poultry law (No. 49-99). This law sets out numerous standards that must be adhered to with respect to operations, such as stocking densities, feeds, transport, slaughter techniques, hygiene standards etc.; however, the law applies only to producers raising more than 500 birds and for industrial processors. The large facilities have recently been forced into upgrading so as to meet the conditions of the law, whereas the smaller operations have not, meaning that there currently exists a considerable difference in hygiene, welfare, and waste management practice standards between the two levels of operation. Responsibilities for different areas of regulation and legislation are indicated in Table 4.4. Despite the widespread lack of adherence to the legislation, Country 4 was notable for its large compendium of legislation, the most important of which are listed below:  Municipal slaughterhouses: o Arrêté du ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des pêches maritimes n° 448-06 du 8 mars 2006 fixant les exigences sanitaires et hygiéniques de conception, d'équipement et de fonctionnement auxquelles doivent répondre les abattoirs avicoles. o Arrêté du ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des pêches maritimes n° 448-06 du 8 mars 2006 fixant les exigences sanitaires et hygiéniques de conception, d'équipement et de fonctionnement auxquelles doivent répondre les abattoirs avicoles. o Décret 1er ministre 1993 (re slaughter of pregnant females) o Arête 1er ministre 1996 o Slaughterhouse laws 1914 and 1970 o Veterinary Inspection 1974 Table 4 – Summary of Legal Responsibilities for Country 4 Item Responsible Authority Regulation and management of waste management facilities Local Municipality (under MoI) (collection, storage, transport, and disposal) Regulation and management of water supply, sewerage and Local Municipality (under MoI) plus urban drainage systems Water Secretariat Regulation and management of municipal live markets Local Municipality (under MoI) Regulation and management of municipal slaughterhouses Local Municipality (under MoI) Ministry of Agriculture provides vet inspectors at no charge Regulation and management of meat processing facilities Local Municipality (under MoI) Regulation and management of animal feeds Local Municipality provides licences Regulation and management of animal epidemiology Ministry of Agriculture Despite the widespread lack of adherence to the legislation, Country 4 was notable for its large compendium of legislation, the most important of which are listed below:  Municipal slaughterhouses: o Arrêté du ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des pêches maritimes n° 448-06 du 8 mars 2006 fixant les exigences sanitaires et hygiéniques de conception, d'équipement et de fonctionnement auxquelles doivent répondre les abattoirs avicoles. o Arrêté du ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des pêches maritimes n° 448-06 du 8 mars 2006 fixant les exigences sanitaires et hygiéniques de conception, N.9 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N d'équipement et de fonctionnement auxquelles doivent répondre les abattoirs avicoles. o Décret 1er ministre 1993 (re slaughter of pregnant females) o Arête 1er ministre 1996 o Slaughterhouse laws 1914 and 1970 o Veterinary Inspection 1974  Meat processing facilities: o Arrêté du ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des pêches maritimes n° 447-06 du 8 mars 2006 fixant les exigences sanitaires et hygiéniques de conception, d'équipement et de fonctionnement auxquelles doivent répondre les établissements de découpe, de transformation, de congélation et de conditionnement des viandes de volailles. o Arrêté du ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des pêches maritimes n° 449-06 du 8 mars 2006 fixant les exigences sanitaires, hygiéniques et d'équipement pour la commercialisation des viandes de volailles. o Décret nº 2-99-89 relatif au contrôle des produits de charcuterie.  Animal epidemiology: o Arrêté du ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des pêches maritimes n° 1044-06 du 10 mai 2006 relatif aux mesures complémentaires et spéciales pour lutter contre l'influenza aviaire. o Arrêté du Ministre de l'agriculture et de la reforme agraire nº 208-77 prescrivant les mesures à prendre contre la fièvre aphteuse, modifié par l'arrêté nº 1308/87 du 12 octobre 1987. o Arrêté viziriel du 21 juin 1924 relatif à la protection de l'homme et des animaux contre la fièvre de Malte. o Arrêté du ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des pêches maritimes n° 2130-05 du 15 décembre 2005 fixant la liste des maladies contagieuses des volailles et les mesures spéciales de lutte contre ces maladies. o Arrêté du Ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des eaux et des forêts nº 1410-01 fixant la conduite à tenir en matière de cysticercose bovine. o Arrêté du Ministre de l'agriculture, du développement rural et des eaux et des forêts nº 1409-01 fixant la conduite à tenir en matière de tuberculose.  Animal feeds and the use of antimicrobials and metals: o nº 2-63-253 portant interdiction de l'emploi des substances arsenicales, antimoniales ou oestrogènes pour l'alimentation et l'élevage de certains animaux.  Environment and waste management: o Loi 12-03 relative aux études d’impact sur l’environnement o Décret n° 2-05-1326 du 29 joumada II 1427 (25 juillet 2006) relatif aux eaux à usage alimentaire o Law 28-00 relative to waste management and elimination of wastes Summary Assessment A basic assessment of the perceived level of legislation for Country 3 is included in Table 4.5. There is very little in the way of good ‘appropriate’ legislation and inspection and enforcement. Food safety is the responsibility of veterinarians within the Ministry for Agriculture instead of a being a dedicated food safety unit staffed by food technologists and healthcare professionals. N.10 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N Table 5 – Summary of Legislative Coverage for Country 4 Perceived Level of Legislation Area of Concern None Good Acceptable Weak None exist Found Municipal livestock markets  Municipal slaughterhouses  Meat processing facilities  Animal epidemiology  Animal Welfare  Human Health /hygiene  Animal feeds and the use of  antimicrobials and metals Waste management  Other relevant laws  N.11 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N Country 5 Country 5 is characterised by an extremely confusing system of governance, whereby considerable gaps and overlaps exist between agencies and the agencies themselves are unsure as to their precise responsibilities. The primary reason for the present situation is understood to be earlier devolution. The inadequacies of the present situation have at least been acknowledged, and cooperation programmes are underway to promote inter-agency collaboration. The result of the above problems is that whilst a body of reasonable legislation exists, responsibilities for enforcement, licensing and so forth remains unclear, and as a result little implementation occurs. The main agencies involved in the waste management, livestock marketing and processing sectors are:  Ministry of Public Health (MoPH)  Ministry of Environment (MoE)  Ministry of Agrarian Health (MoAH)  Institute of Natural Resources (INR)  City Municipalities Table 6 – Responsibilities of Authorities in Country 5 Area of Responsibility Responsible Authorities Regulation and management of waste management facilities MoPH, MoE, INR, municipalities (collection, storage, transport, and disposal) Regulation and management of water supply, sewerage and INR, MoAH, MoPH, municipal urban drainage systems companies Regulation and management of municipal live markets MoPH, INR, MoAH, municipalities Regulation and management of municipal slaughterhouses INR, MoAH, municipalities Regulation and management of meat processing facilities MoPH, INR Regulation and management of animal feeds (and meat wastes MoAH recycling) Regulation and management of animal epidemiology MoAH With similarities to Country 4, Country 5 also as a large compendium of legislation, the most relevant of which are listed below:  Municipal slaughterhouses: o Reglamento Tecnologico de Carnes No. 022-95-AG o Reglamento Sanitario para el Acopio y Beneficio de Aves para Consumo Nº 019-2003-AG o Decreto Supremo Nº 077/85/AG - Reglamento de regulación de beneficio de ganado bovino hembra.  Meat processing facilities: o Reglamento Tecnologico de Carnes No. 022-95-AG o Reglamento Sanitario para el Acopio y Beneficio de Aves para Consumo Nº 019-2003-AG o Resolución Nº 093/06/AG/ - Modifica la Resolución Nº 089/06/AG/, que reconoce como equivalente el sistema de inspección de carnes y aves de los Estados Unidos.  Animal epidemiology: o Reglamento Tecnologico de Carnes No. 022-95-AG o Resolución Nº 014/07/AG/ - Suspende importación de rumiantes, ganado porcino y sus derivados susceptibles a la fiebre aftosa procedentes del Reino Unido. o Resolución Nº 246/07/AG/ - Plan de alerta sanitaria nacional ante la inminencia de riesgo de diseminación de la enfermedad de Newcastle. N.12 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N o Resolución Nº 469/07/AG/ - Norma para el internamiento de productos veterinarios y alimentos para animales. o Resolución Nº 010/07/AG/ - Disposiciones para la vacunación antiaftosa de bovinos en diversas zonas geográficas. o Resolución Nº 004/07/AG/ - Suspende la importación de aves y sus productos procedentes de Hungría por reaparición de la influenza aviar. o Decreto Supremo Nº 003/07/AG - Reglamento para la prevención y control de ántrax. o Resolución Nº 071/06/AG/ - Normas para la prevención y control de Ántrax en áreas epizoóticas, enzoóticas y esporádicas del país. o Resolución Nº 220/02/AG/ - Reconoce provincias libres de Brucelosis bovina. o Resolución Nº 219/02/AG/ - Reconoce provincias libres de Tuberculosis bovina.  Animal / meat transport: o Reglamento Tecnologico de Carnes No. 022-95-AG o Reglamento Sanitario para el Acopio y Beneficio de Aves para Consumo Nº 019-2003-AG  Animal feeds and the use of antimicrobials and metals: o Resolución Nº 469/07/AG/ - Norma para el internamiento de productos veterinarios y alimentos para animales.  Solid Waste Law: o Nº 27.314 - Ley general de residuos sólidos. Slaughterhouses, in accordance with the 1995 law, are charged with employing veterinarians to undertake meat inspection (ante and post-mortem) at private cost. MoAH are in turn charged with inspecting and auditing the conduct of these private meat inspection and hygiene services. A series of forms that identify animals procured for slaughter, animals rejected as unfit for human consumption, components rejected as unfit for human consumption and the fate of carcasses is required to be completed as part of the inspection services of the slaughterhouse veterinarian. This data are provided to MoAH for audit and inclusion into SIGSA. No training of slaughterhouse meat inspection veterinarians is undertaken by MoAH; all required skills are assumed to have been obtained by the veterinarian in the undergraduate veterinary course. This vacuum of responsibility has at least been recognised in part and the various parties have recently begun to work together to harmonise activity, effectiveness and coverage. MoPH is coordinating the development of Unified Food Safety and Environmental Laws. The slaughter sector in Country 5 should theoretically be guided by the slaughterhouse law - Reglamento Tecnológico de Carnes Decreto Supremo Nº 22-95-AG, which stipulates, inter alia, that:  All animals accepted by slaughterhouses must be accompanied by the necessary certifications;  All animals and carcasses must be inspected by a qualified veterinarian;  None other than slaughterhouse staff may enter any part of the slaughterhouse that contains animals or meat prior to inspection;  All slaughterhouse wastes should be properly treated or metabolised;  Certain diseases (listed – e.g. TB), when discovered during inspection, must be reported in all cases to the government; and  All animal or meat transport vehicles must be approved by the MoAH, and disinfected upon arrival or departure. N.13 Nippon Koei in association with Reconstruction of Live Markets and Meat Processing Facilities ProAnd Associates Australia Final Report – Annex N Table 7 – Summary of Legislative Coverage for Country 5 Perceived Level of Legislation Area of Concern None Good Acceptable Weak None exist Found Municipal livestock markets  Municipal slaughterhouses  Meat processing facilities  Animal epidemiology  Animal Welfare  Human Health / Hygiene  Animal feeds and the use of  antimicrobials and metals Waste management  Other relevant laws  Summary Assessment Table 4.7 shows that the legislation already in place for Country 5 is generally of a high standard, with the exception of that for animal welfare and livestock markets. As with many developing countries, although the legislation can be comprehensive the real problem is that of allocation of responsibilities, implementation, funding, and policing. N.14