C . INA 23799 Issues and Options in Greenhouse Gas Control ESTIMATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS IN CHINA, 1990 SUBREPORT NUMBER 1 Hao Jiming, Xi Deli, Lu Yongqi, Zhou Zhongping, and He Kebin Design and Research Institute of Environmental Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing, China August 1994 FILE COPY The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the World Bank. Copyright 1994 Additional copies of this report may be obtained from The World Bank Industry and Energy Division China and Mongolia Department East Asian and Pacific Regional Office 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 OTHER SUBREPORTS IN THIS SERIES: Energy Demand in China: Overview Report, February 1995, forthcoming. Report 2. Energy Efficiency in China: Technical and Sectoral Analysis, August 1994, Report 3. Energy Efficiency in China: Case Studies and Economic Analysis, December 1994. Report 4. Alternative Energy Supply Options to Substitute for Carbon Intensive Fuels, December 1994. Report 5. Greenhouse Gas Control in the Forestry Sector, November 1994. Report 6. Greenhouse Gas Control in the Agricultural Sector, September 1994. Report 7. Valuing the Health Effects ofAir Pollution: Application to Industrial Energy Efficiency Projects in China, October 1994. Report 8. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on China, September 1994. Report 9. Residential and Commercial Energy Efficiency Opportunities: Taiyuan Case Study, September 1994, Report 10. Pre-Feasibility Study on High Efficiency Industrial Boilers, August 1994. Report 11. Foreword This report is one of eleven subreports prepared by Chinese and international experts as inputs to the United Nations Development Programme technical assistance study, China: Issues and Options in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control. Research for this subreport was managed by the Chinese National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA). It was prepared by a team from the Design and Research Institute of Environmental Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. The principal author was Hao Jiming, with assistance from Xi Deli, Lu Yongqi, Zhou Zhongping, and He Kebin. Editorial assistance for the English version was provided by Ann Shea and Todd M. Johnson. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Teragram = 1012 grams = million tons ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS C Carbon CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CH4 Methane CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Cardon dioxide GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse gases ha Hectare IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LPG Liquefied petroleum gas MCF Potential methane production NOx Oxides of nitrogen OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development t Metric ton Tg Teragram -i- CONTENT Executive Summary .................................... 1 Methane Emissions from Energy Production ................ 1 Estimating Methane Emissions from Coal Mining Activities . . . 1 Methane Emissions from the Production and Transportation of Natural Gas ................................ 3 2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption .................. 4 CO2 emitted from Fossil Fuel Consumption ............. 4 Non-CO Gases emitted from Fossil Fuel Consumption ...... 6 3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cement Production ........... 8 4 Methane Emissions from Landfills ...................... 9 5 GHG Emissions from Agricultural Production ............... 11 CH4 Emissions from Domesticated Animals ............. 11 CH4 Emissions from Animal Wastes .................. 12 CH4 Emissions from Flooded Rice Fields ............... 13 Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Fertilizer Use ............ 14 6 GHG Emissions from Biomass Burning ................... 16 GHG Emissions from Burning Agricultural Crop Wastes 16 GHG Emissions from the Combustion of Fuelwood ........ 17 GHG Emissions from the Leakage of Methane-Generating Pits and the Combustion of Biogas..................... 18 7 GHG Emissions fromForests ......................... 20 CO2Emissions by Deforestation .................... 20 CO2Absorption by ForestGrowth ................... 21 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Forest Fire .............. 22 GHG Emissions Caused by Forest Usage Conversion ....... 22 Agricultural Land Conversion and the Absorption of CO by Plants 24 Conclusions ................................. 24 - ii - 8 Present Status of GHG Emissions and Sinks ................ 25 Carbon Dioxide(CO2 .......................... 25 M ethane(CH ) ............................... 25 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) ........................... 25 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ......................... 26 OxidesofNitrogen(NOx) ........................ 26 Conclusions .................................... 27 References .................................... 28 Tables andFIgures .................................... 30 - iii - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i. This study assesses the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG) in China. It was prepared as part of a Global Environment Facility (GEF) project assessing the country's options for GHG emissions control. In this subreport, the current levels of GHG emissions and sinks in China are assessed. The results of this comprehensive investigation are expected to provide the basis for the formulation of technical and economic policies for the reduction of GHG emissions. ii. The emissions estimation methodology used in this study is based on the results of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Experts Meeting, held in Paris in February 1991 at the request of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); the results have since been adopted and distributed by IPCC. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were analyzed in detail and several methodologies to estimate these emissions were presented. The methodology adopted in this research was chosen with regard to the practical situation in China, in combination with an analysis and selection of the models provided by the OECD,, IPCC report. With prudent use of the methodology developed by IPCC for the assessment of data, the results of this study will provide estimates on emissions consistent with that being assembled in other countries. A comparable dataset would be extremely valuable during the upcoming climate negotiations. iii. Greenhouse gases include CO.2, CH4, N20, and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). Since China is one of the signatory countries of the Montreal Protocol, and CFC production will be limited gradually, this paper provides detailed calculation only on anthropogenic emissions of CO2, CH4, N20 and trace gases such as CO, and NOx. iv. There is a great deal of uncertainty related to these emissions due to a current lack of information on practical emission levels in China. Emission sources data used in these calculations come from a variety of statistical yearbooks published primarily by Chinese authorities. The emission coefficients were selected according to the data provided by the OECD/IPCC report in combination with available research results in China. v. The study has calculated the GHG emissions in China in recent years (1985-90). The results show that, by far, the largest c.urce of GHG emissions in Chi ia is CO2 emissions from energy consumption (about 81 percent). Methane accow-ted ' r approximately 14 percent of total GHG emissions on a CO-equivalent basis in 1990, w th rice fields, coal mining, ruminant animals and animal wases, and biomass burning contributing 95 percent of the total methane emissions. All other sources of emissions, including CO2 from cement manufacturing, methane from landfills, non-CO2 emissions from energy consumption (including biomass), N20 from fertilizer, and non-CO2 emissions from forests and land use changes, accounted for approximately 6 percent of China's GIG emissions in 1990. 1. METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY PRODUCTION 1.1 Greenhouse gas emissions are generated as a result of energy production, storage and distribution activities. This chapter discusses the CB4 emissions resulting from (a) coal mining; and (b) oil and natural gas systems, including preproduction, production, central processing, and venting and flaring during processing, transmission, and distribution. Estimating Methane Emissions from Coal Mining Activities 1.2 During coal formation, CH4 and other gases are generated. While the coal is being mined, the CH4 stored underground is released into the atmosphere. The quantity of such emissions are related to the depth of coal layer. The deeper the coal layer, the larger the emissions. 1.3 There are three primary sources of methane emissions during the mining cycle: (a) Underground mining emissions, including emissions from mine ventilation systems as well as any mine degasification systems in use. Globally, underground mining represents approximately 80 to 90 percent of total emissions from coal mining. (b) Surface mining emissions, which account for an estimated 10 to 20 percent of global emissions. Surface mines tend to have much lower emissions than underground mines because the coal tends to produce less gas. (c) Postmining emissions, which are those associated with coal preparation, coal storage, and transportation to consumers, or storage or final crushing of the coal prior to combustion. 1.4 Underground mining emissions are the most well understood because measurements have been made in many countries for safety reasons. There is much less certainty related to surface mining and postmining emissions. The majority of China's coal is mined underground, so the principal components of its emissions will be from underground mining and postmining activities. Many of the state-owned coal mines are deep and gassy. The former Minister of Energy in China has reported that more than 300 of the 600 state mines are considered gassy and that more than 100 mines have degasification systems in place. It is much more difficult to determine how much methane is being emitted by the nonstate-owned mines, however, which range from relatively large and deep provincial mines to small, shallow township mines. -2- 1.5 CH4 emissions have been calculated based on total coal production and an emission coefficient that describes the amount of CH4 released per ton of coal mined. That is: Total Emissions of CH4 (Tg) = CH4 Emissions Coefficient (m CH4/ton coal mined)* Coal Production(ton) *Conversion Factor (1 million ton/1.49* 9 m CH4) 1.6 The CH4 emission coefficient for underground coal mines differs significantly from that for surface coal mines. According to ICF sources (1990), average emission coefficients are 27.1 m' CH4/t coal for underground mines and 2.5 m' CH4/t coal for surface mines. 1.7 Postmining emissions are estimated separately for underground and surface mined coals, because they are dependent on the amount of gas remaining in the coal after it is removed from the mine. Based on recent work by the OECD/IPCC[1], emissions of 0.9 to 4 ml/ton were assumed for underground-mined coal and 0 to 0.2 m/ton for surface- mined coal. On average, postmining emission coefficients are 2.45 m/ton for underground-mined coals and 0.1 ml /ton for surface coals. 1.8 The weighted average emission coefficient fCH4 must be adopted: fCH4 = funderground.X + fsurface(1-X) = (27.1+2.45)X + (2.5+0.1)(l-X) = 2.6 + 26.95X in which X is the percentage of underground coal output of the total output. Since the precise percentages are not available, the authors use that of centrally administered coal mines to calculate it. The result is presented in Table 1.1[2]. 1.9 Emissions estimation must be corrected for any methane utilization. In China, approximately 5 percent of the CH4 released during coal mining was recovered by mine degasification systems. This amount of gas must be subtracted from the estimated emissions. 1.10 The estimation results for CH4 emissions from coal mining are shown in Table 1.2. As noted above, it is much more difficult to determine how much methane is being emitted from the nonstate mines, and therefore there is much more uncertainty. In this calculation, the same emission coefficients as employed for state-owned mines are adopted. Nonstate mines, however, are not likely to produce as much gas because they are not mechanized, produce low quantities of coal, and are not likely to be as deep. It is necessary to take more measurements of methane from nonstate coal mines on the emission coefficients to determine the accuracy of coal-bed methane estimates. -3- 1.11 In comparison, CH4 emissions and emission coefficients estimated by the US Environmental Protection Agency in a separate GEF project on coal-bed methane emission in China are shown in Table 1.3. Methane Emissions from the Production and Transportation of Natural Gas 1.12 Natural gas is a type of mixed gas composed mainly of CH. During the production and transportation of natural gas, leakage will result in substantive levels of CH, emissions into the air. However, there are many uncertain factors in estimating these emissions. 1.13 Based on the approach provided by OECD/IPCC, to calculate the emissions of CH4 from natural gas leakage, these steps should be followed: (a) Estimate the total quantity of natural gas leaked (an available source is the China Energy Statistical Yearbook); (b) Estimate the carbon content of the gas carbon emissions (525 grams carbon per cubic meter estimated by Marland and Rotty); (c) Multiply the gas quantity by the carbon content to determine carbon emissions; (d) Estimate the proportion of leaked carbon that is methane (default assumption is 80 percent); and (e) Calculate the total CH4 emissions from the leakage by multiplying the total carbon leaked times the proportion of the leaked carbon that is methane times 16/12 to convert carbon to the molecular weight of CH.. 1.14 The calculation formula is shown below: EM = Lx G x Co x 16/12 x 10- where: EM = CH4 emissions, Tg CH4 L = Natural gas leakage, 10 m [3] G = Carbon content of natural gas, = 525 gC/m3[1] Ca = Proportion of the leakage CR4-C, = 80% [1] 16/12 = Conversion coefficient, CH4/C 1.15 Natural gas also contains CO2, but it a is very small amount compared with other CO emission sources and is not considered here. CH4 emissions from natural gas leakage in recent years are listed in Table 1.4. -4- 2. EMISSIONS FROM FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION 2.1 Fossil fuel combustion is the main emission source of greenhouse gases in China, especially coal combustion. In this chapter, detailed calculations have been made for CO2 generated from fossil fuel consumption (for different kinds respectively). The part existing in chemical products in the form of fixed C is deleted (that which will not be oxidized by itself in 20 years). This type of product includes naphtha, lubricant oil, asphalt, light oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and natural gas feedstock. 2.2 Non-CO2 trace gases emitted during fossil fuel consumption are CO, CR, NO, N20 in this study. In this chapter the fossil fuel consumption in all sectors in China is analyzed and the emission coefficients of non-CO2 gases in fossil fuel consumption in different sectors and fuel categories are determined according to the methodology presented by OECD/IPCC. CO2 Emitted from Fossil Fuel Consumption 2.3 The amount of CO2 emitted is directly related to the amount of fuel consumed, the fraction of the fuel that is oxidized, and the carbon content of the fuel. The primary methodology for estimating CO2 emissions includes four steps that explicitly identify all of the factors necessary to assess CO emissions. Estimates are made of: (a) The apparent consumption of fossil fuels by fuel product type; (b) The average carbon emission coefficient of fuels; and the total carbon potentially released from use of the fuels; (c) The amount of carbon sequestered in products for long periods of time; and (d) The amount of carbon not oxidized during combustion. (a) Fuel Product Type 2.4 Since carbon content typically varies by fuel type, the following categories for fuel and product types are adopted and data collected for this calculation. -5- Liquid fuels: crude oil gasoline diesel oil kerosene fuel oil LPG refinery gas and other oils Solid fuels: coal coke lignite Gaseous fuels: natural gas (dry) (b) Estimate Total Potential Carbon Released 2.5 The formula for calculating CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption is shown below: TC = E(Qj x fj x Cr) x 10 where: TC=Total potential C02 emissions, Tg C Q=Fuel consumption, Tg/year [3] f= C02 emission coefficient, kg C/GJ [1] Cf= Conversion coefficient, kJ/kg [3] i=Type of fuel The values of f and Cf are listed in Table 2.1 and the calculation results for 1985 to 1990 are shown in Table 2.3 to Table 2.8, respectively. (c) Estimate Carbon Sequestered in Products 2.6 After estimating the total carbon contained in the fuels, the next step is to estimate the amount of carbon from these fuels that is sequestered in norenergy products. All fossil fuels are used for nonenergy purposes to some degree. For example, natural gas is used for ammonia production and LPG is used for a number of purposes, including the production of solvents and synthetic rubber. The suggested approach for estimating the amount of carbon sequestered in products is: SC = rPj x 7, x Oj where: SC= Total carbon sequestered, 'I g C P= Output of chemical product, £g j4] ,= C content in chemical product, (see Table 2.2), % [1] f= Fraction of fixed C in chemical product,(see Table 2.2),% [1] j=Kind of fuel -6- LPG for feedstock makes up 40 percent of the total output. Thirty-three percent of natural gas used for feedstock exists in the form of fixed carbon. The calculation results for 1985 to 1990 are shown in Tables 2.9-2.14, respectively. (d) Estimate carbon oxidized from energy uses 2.7 As described earlier, not all carbon is oxidized during the combustion of fossil fuels. The amount of carbon that falls into this category is usually a small fraction of the total carbon, and a large portion of this carbon oxidizes in the atmosphere shortly after combustion. OECD/IPCC suggests the following factors for the amount unoxidized: (1) For natural gas, less than 1 percent of the carbon is unoxidized during combustion and remains as soot in the burner, stack, or in the environment; (2) For oil, 1.5 percent +/-I percent passes through the burners and is deposited in the environment without being oxidized; (3) For coal, 1 percent +/-I percent of the carbon supplied to furnaces is discharged unoxidized, primarily in the ash. 2.8 The suggested approach by OECD/IPCC for adjusting for carbon unoxidized during combustion is used in this calculation. Carbon sequestered in products is subtracted from total carbon in the fuels to estimate net carbon emissions. These emissions are then multiplied by the fraction of carbon oxidized to determine the total amount of carbon oxidized from the combustion of the fuel. Based on the suggested factors, for any kinds of fuel, the fraction oxidized is estimated as 99 percent. 2.9 The calculation results of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption in recent years are presented in Table 2.15. Non-CO2 Gases Emitted from Fossil Fuel Consumption 2.10 According to the China Energy Statistical Yearbook, the sectors associated with fuel consumption are divided into agriculture and forestry, industry (divided into 15 subsectors), construction, transportation, commercial, residential and others. The fossil fuels consumed are reported as coal, coke, crude oil, fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and natural gas. 2.11 The formula to calculate non-CO2 gas emissions is: E,= E(Q, x Cjk x fik x 1(Y where: El =Non-CO2 gases emissions, Tg Q= Fossil fuel consumption, l0' ton [31 Cr=conversion coefficient, kJ/kg (or kJ/ml) [3] -7- f=Non-C02 GHG emission coefficient, g/GJ [1] i=Kind of Non-CO2 gases k=Kind of fossil fuel n= Type of sector The values of non-CO greenhouse gas emission coefficients are first based on the data provided by OECD/IPCC[1], combined with the characteristics of fuel consumption for the different sectors, and on the assumption that there are no control measures for any emissions. Secondly, it is assumed that the use of the same coefficient for sectors with similar fuel consumption characteristics will yield representative emission factors. They are outlined in Tables 2.16-2.19. The fossil fuel consumption and non-CO GHG emissions from different sectors during 1985 to 1990 are presented in Table 2.20 to Table 2.25. 2.12 It should be pointed out that the non-CO gas emission coefficients provided by OECD/IPCC are not complete. In particular, the emission coefficient for N20 is lacking and had to be estimated in this study. Hence, it is not exact and deserves to be emphasized in later research work. - 8- 3. CO2 EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT PRODUCTION 3.1 Carbon dioxide is emitted during the production of cement. In cement kilns, CaCO from limestone, chalk, and other calcium-rich materials is heated to form CaO and CO. in the calcination process. The chemical equation is: CaCOz-> CaO+CO2 CO2 emissions from cement production are estimated by applying an emission coefficient, in tons of CO2 released per ton of cement produced, to the annual cement output. The emissions can be calculated by the following formula. EC2 = P, x f where: EC2=CO2 emissions, I0 t C02/year P,= Cement production, 10 t/year [5] f=CO2 emission coefficient, g C02/g cement 3.2 The emission coefficient is the product of the fraction of CaO used in the cement clinker and a constant reflecting the mass of CO2 released per unit of lime. It is reported by OECD/IPCC that most of the structural cement currently produced in the world is of the Portland cement type, which contains 60 to 67 percent CaO by weight; 63.5 percent is assumed as the average CaO fraction in cement[l]. Between 62 and 67 percent is generally accepted as the fractional range of CaO in Chinese cement because of limestone-ore characteristics and technology performances specific to China; 64.5 percent is assumed here[6]. The resulting CO2 emissions coefficient is: f= CaO content x 44/56 =0.645 x 44/56 =0.5068 g C02/g cement CO2 is emitted during lime production also, but in comparison to cement production the emission of CO2 is scale. The statistical data on emissions from lime production are not available, so the calculations here include emissions from cement production only. CO2 emissions from cement production in China from 1985 through 1990 are shown in Table 3.1. -9- 4. METHANE EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLS 4.1 Methane (CH4) is produced and emitted as a result of the anaerobic decomposition of the organic matter in landfills by methanogenic bacteria. Organic waste first decomposes aerobically (in the presence of oxygen) and is then attacked by anaerobic nonmethanogenic bacteria, which converts the organic material to simpler forms, e.g., cellulose, amino acids, sugars and fats. These simple substances are then broken down into gases and short-chain organic compounds (H2, C02,CH3COOH, HCOOH, and CH3OH), which form the substrates for methanogenic bacteria. The resulting biogas consists of approximately 50 percent CO2 and 50 percent CH4 by volume, although the percentage of CO may be smaller because some CO2 dissolves in landfill water. 4.2 Numerous factors affect the amount of CH produced in landfills. These factors can be divided into two general categories: management practices and physical factors. Management practices refer to the waste management type (open dumping versus sanitary landfill), the density of the refuse, and the particle size of the refuse. The physical factors include waste composition, moisture content, leachate pH, nutrients, and landfill temperature. Taking these factors into consideration, the CHK emissions from landfills are estimated based on the methodology suggested by OECD/IPCC and on the assumption that the recovery of CH4 is zero. 4.3 The simplest methodology provided by OECD/IPCC for estimating CH4 emissions from landfills is adopted here to calculate the annual emissions: The equation is: EM3 = MSW xq x DOC x 0.5 x 16/12 x 10-s x r where: EM3=Amount of CH4 emission, Tg CH4 MSW=Total municipal solid waste generated, 10 kg/year =p, x x 365 po=Population in urban area, 10,000 [7] #=MSW generation rate per capita per day, 0.5 kg/capita day q= Landfill fraction of urban refuse, 80% [1] DOC=Fraction of degradable organic carbon in MSW, 3.5% [8] r=Fraction of dissimilated DOC, % =(0.014 x t + 0.28) x 100 [9] t=Landfill temperature, *C =77% under an average temperature of 35*C [10] 0.5 =Volume fraction of CH in decomposed biogases [1] 16/12=Conversion factor for CH4/C - 10 - 4.4 In regard to the parameters in the formula, some of them require explanation. The fraction of DOC in MSW, 3.5 percent, seems low by comparison to the fraction provided by OECD/IPCC for developing countries of 15 percent. This value is related to waste composition and nutrients and has been selected carefully based on Chinese MSW properties. The urban area of population selected from the China Statistical Yearbook[7] also seems low, but excludes the population of small cities and towns which are not likely to generate waste at the same level as large cities. 4.5 Table 4.1 provides the C4 emissions of municipal solid waste landfills in China from 1985 through 1990. - 11 - 5. GHG EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 5.1 Agricultural activities contribute directly to emissions of GHG through a variety of different processes. Four emission sources are discussed in this chapter: (a) enteric fermentation in domesticated animals, (b) animal wastes, (c) rice cultivation, and (d) the use of nitrogen fertilizers. 5.2 Each of these sources is discussed in greater detail below. There are some activities related to agriculture that are not discussed here, specifically land clearing practices for agricultural purposes, savanna burning, and biomass burning. These activities are discussed in following sections. CH4 Emissions from Domesticated Animals 5.3 Methane is produced in herbivores as a by-product of enteric fermentation, a digestive process during which carbohydrates are broken down by microorganisms into simple molecules for absorption into the bloodstream. Both ruminant animals and some nonruminant animals produce CH., although ruminants are the largest source since they are able to digest cellulose due to the presence of specific microorganisms in their digestive tracts. The amount of CH that is released depends on the type, age, and weight of the animal, the quality and quantity of the feed, and the energy expenditure of the animal. 5.4 CH4 emissions from ruminants, such as cattle, camels, and sheep, and some nonruminant animals, including horses, swine, mules and donkeys, are calculated according to the following formula: EM4 = E(Ni x f) x 1W where: EM4= Amount of CH4 emissions, Tg CH4 f= CH4 emission coefficient for domesticated animals, kg CH4/head.year [1,10] Ni =Total number of domesticated animals in category, I0 heads/year [11] i=Category of domesticated animals - 12 - Emission coefficients for ruminants can be estimated by using the following formula: fi = 0.8 x (TAWi) 0.75 where TAW is the mean weight of domesticated animals, kg/head [10]. The emission coefficients for nonruminant animals are adopted from the data presented by OECD/IPCC. These values are all listed in Table 5.1. 5.5 Table 5.2 presents the population of various domesticated animals in China during the period of 1985-90 and Table 5.3 presents the CH4 emissions by the enteric fermentation process of domesticated animals during the same time period. The total emissions of methane from domesticated animals were 5.974 Tg CH4 and 6.238 Tg CH4 in 1988 and 1990, respectively. 5.6 Compared with the above figures, the results of estimating emissions by reference [13] are higher. This method subdivides cattle into four classes, each with a different emission coefficients. This results in the total emissions of methane from domesticated animals being 6.314 Tg CH4 in 1988 and 6.61 Tg CH1 in 1990. 5.7 Overall, a lack of data limits the precision with which methane emissions from animals can be estimated. To improve future estimates, the systemic collection of data on feeding and feed characteristics should be initiated. CH, Emissions from Animal Wastes 5.8 This section covers methane emissions from animal wastes. Only those wastes from animals managed by humans for the production of animal products, including food, fiber, and draft power, are included; wild animals are excluded. 5.9 Animal wastes are composed principally of organic materials. When this organic material decomposes in an anaerobic environment (without oxygen), it produces methane. Because a very large quantity of organic material is produced as animal waste annually, methane emissions from this source could be quite large. However, current thinking is that only a small portion of the waste decomposes anaerobically, meaning that only a small portion of the large potential for methane emissions is realized. The production of methane is much more significant in densely cultivated areas where anaerobic conditions are favored by piling manure. 5.10 The amount of CH4 emissions from animal wastes will depend on the waste characteristics and how the waste is managed. Most animal waste is utilized as fertilizer, but some portion is not collected, allowed to decompose freely, or used as fuel. 5.11 To estimate methane emissions from animal waste, the following general steps are required: - 13 . (a) Define categories of waste types and waste management systems. For each waste type estimate the potential methane emission rate per unit of waste. For each waste management system, estimate the extent to which the emission potential is realized. (b) Estimate the amount of waste that falls into each category. (c) Estimate methane emissions by multiplying the realized emission rates per unit of waste times the amount of waste. 5.12 The total from all the animals and waste types is the total CH4 emissions from this source. The formula is: EM5 = E(Wi x V,j x Bj x MCF x p/10') x 365 where: EMs= CH4 emissions, Tg CH4 W=Total amount of waste production, 10' kg =Nj x Pi Ni=Number of domesticated animals, 10' heads, [11,12] Pi=Amount of waste production per head, kg/head.day [1] V,=Volatile solid content of the waste, % [1] B,=CH4 emission potential, ml CH4/kgVs [1] MCF=Methane conversion factor % of Bo [1] p=Density of CH4, 0.662 kg/m' [1] i=Kind of domesticated animal The classification of animals is largely the same as in the preceding section. However, sheep are not divided into sheep and goat and the numbers for dairy cattle are not separated from cattle. In addition, poultry is considered in the calculation. 5.13 The animal waste management system used in China (13] and the percentages of potential methane production (MCF) for each management system are given in Table 5.4. Other parameters relating to methane emissions from animal waste are presented in Table 5.5. 5.14 The estimates of methane emissions from animal waste in China from 1985 to 1990 are listed in Table 5.6. CH4 Emissions from Flooded Rice Fields 5.15 The anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice fields produces methane, which escapes to the atmosphere primarily oy diffusive transport through the rice plants during the growing season. The amount of methane emitted is believed to be a function of rice species, number and duration of harvests, soil type and temperatute, irrigation practices, and fertilizer use. The emission coefficient of CH4 is different for early rice and late rice, as well as by the time of day. - 14 - 5.16 The two rice regions, which are classified by their different rice varieties, are the southern and northern regions. Double-cropped rice in which most of early rice is indica rice and most of late rice is japonica rice is planted mainly in the southern region, while one-season japonica rice is cultivated mainly in the northern region. The flooding period of the various types of rice should be adopted in accordance with the number of days from the transplanting of the seedlings to the ripening of the rice. The flooding days of various types of rice are given in Table 5.8. 5.17 The emission factor is a critical parameter in estimating the CH4 emissions and has been measured by some research organizations in China in recent years. The results of field measurements in some provinces give the factor as 0.19 g CH4/mI day for early rice (ER), 0.69 for double late rice (DL), 0.26 for intermediate rice (IR), and 0.21- 0.42 for northern single rice (SR) [14]. 5.18 The formula for calculating CH4 emissions from flooding rice fields is as follows: EM6 = E(Si x ti x f x 10') where: EM=Amount of CH4 emission, Tg CH4/year S=cultivated rice growing area in China, 10' ha/year [11,12] t=Flooding period, days [14] f=Emission factor, g CH4/m2/day [14] i=Kind of rice in different seasons 5.19 The cultivated rice growing areas in China (1985-90) are listed in Table 5.7. Table 5.9 gives the methane emission estimates of these calculations. According to the 1992 Annual Report by IPCC, the total emission of CH4 from rice fields is 60 Tg/yr. Based on these calculations, Chinese methane emissions from rice fields are less than 20 percent of total emissions worldwide. Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Fertilizer Use 5.20 Nitrous oxide (N20) is produced naturally in soil by denitrification (the reduction of nitrite or nitrate to gaseous nitrogen as N2 or as an oxide of N and nitrification (the oxidation of ammonia). Commercial nitrogen fertilizers are an additional source of nitrogen and, therefore, can increase the emissions of nitrous oxide from the soil. Based on estimates of the amount and type of fertilizers consumed and the fraction of nitrogen fertilizer released into the atmosphere as N20, estimates of annual N20 emissions due to the application of nitrogen fertilizer can be made. The amount of N20 emissions can be determined by the use of the following equation: EN, = u x r. x P. x 44/28 - 15 - where: EN= =Amount of N20 emission, 10' t N20/yr u=Fertilizer consumption, 10 t/year [11,12] r,=Nitrogen fraction in chemical fertilizers, % [15,16] P.=Emission coefficient, t N20-N/t N applied [1] 5.21 Chemical fertilizers containing nitrogen can be divided into two groups: nitrogenous fertilizers and compound fertilizers. Nitrogenous fertilizers in China are mostly ammonium carbohydrate (NH4CHO3), followed by ammonia spirit, carbamide, and ammonium sulfate, with carbamide now being used with greater frequency. In this study, nitrogen fertilizers are divided into ammonia and other N20 fertilizers to calculate N20 emissions. The nitrogen content and N20 emission coefficient for various fertilizer types are listed in Table 5.10. 5.22 Table 5.11 shows the amount of chemical fertilizers consumed and the results of N20 emission estimates. The estimation results show that the amount of N20 emitted from fertilizer use is 0.00187-1.898 Tg with a median of 0.033 Tg N20. Despite the uncertainty in N20 emissions from this source, the importance of nitrogen fertilizer use, relative to other anthropogenic sources of N20, may be growing. - 16 - 6. GHG EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS BURNING GHG Emissions from Burning Agricultural Crop Wastes 6.1 China is known as a large agricultural country. A large amount of crop waste is generated with its annual grain yield of more than 600 million tons. In the vast countryside areas of China much of the crop waste is used as domestic fuel and burned directly. This results in an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. The burning of crop waste in the fields is commonly practiced to return nutrients to the soil. In addition, excessive crop waste is burned even in some developed regions where the energy supply is adequate. The quantity burned in the aforementioned manner composes about 60 percent of the total crop waste.[15] 6.2 The combustion of crop waste emits C02, CIL, CO, NOx, and N20. Burning crop residues is not thought to be a net source of carbon dioxide because the carbon released into the atmosphere during burning is reabsorbed during the next growing season. However, crop residue burning is a significant source of methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide. 6.3 The amount of CO2 emissions can be calculated based upon the carbon content of the residues and the amount concerned. Emissions of CH4, N20, NOx, and CO can be estimated according to an emission ratio. Prior to the calculation of GHG emissions, the total carbon burned from crop residues should be estimated, using the following equation: Cb = 1 ix DMj x C where: Cb = Total carbon burned, 10' t carbon P = Crop production, 10' t [11,12] R = Waste/crop ratio [1] B = Waste burned, =60% [15] DM = Dry matter content [1] C = Carbon content, t C/t DM [1] i =Crop type Selected crop residue statistics are listed in Table 6.1. The data are recommended by OECD/IPCC[l]. 6.4 Once the total carbon burned is estimated, the emissions of GHGs can be calculated based on the formulas that follow: - 17 - EC3 Cb XO, x 44/12 EM, = Cbx O. x r, x 16/12 E01 = C, x , x r2x 28/12 EN,= Ct x n. x r3 x 44/28 E. = Cb x x r4x30/14 where: EC3=CO2 emissions from waste combustion, 10' t CO2 EM7 =Amount of CH4 emissions, 10' t CH4 EO =Amount of CO emissions, 10' t CO EN2 =Amount of N20 emissions, 10' t N20 E,=Amount of NOx emissions, 104 t NOx 0=Oxidation rate, =90% [1] n,=N/C of wastes, 0.01 to 0.02, adopt 0.015 when calculating [1] rl to r4=Emission ratios, referring to Table 6.2. [1) 6.5 Tables 6.3-6.8 present the 1985-90 waste generation and total carbon content from crop residue in China. Estimates of GHG emissions from burning agricultural crop wastes are presented in Table 6.9. 6.6 In this calculation, the burning of wastes from grain crops only are considered because some parameters of other crops are unavailable from OECD/IPCC. It should be realized that GHGs are emitted from burning not only wastes of grain crops but also of cash crops. In reference [15], such emissions from the burning of wastes of all crops are estimated: 0.79-1.46 Tg CH4 in 1988 and 0.88-1.64 Tg CH4 in 1990. GHG Emissions from the Combustion of Fuelwood 6.7 Wood is used as a fuel in almost all areas of China, so-called fuelwood, which can be employed in industrial wood furnaces or residential wood stoves. In some underdeveloped towns and most of the countryside and mountain areas, fuelwood is still the primary fuel source. However, there is a high degree of uncertainty in the actual amounts of fuelwood consumed. Until recently, the accepted official estimate of annual fuelwood consumption in China was 124 million tons, or 174 million me [20]. Surveys done in more recent years, conducted by the Ministry of Forestry, have revised this estimate upward to 320 million tons, which is equivalent to 450 million m'. The difference between these figures is greater than the original fuelwood consumption estimate. The amount of energy produced from the biomass is also difficult to estimate, as it varies from one type of biomass to the next. Additional research is needed in order to develop more precise consumption estimates. 6.8 Emissions from fuelwood also occur at different rates depending upon its particular use, since the technology used and the combustion conditions will vary from one - 18 - application to the next. However, there are no data on the types of technologies in which fuelwood is combusted in China. Additional research is needed to determine the range of technology types and associated combustion conditions. 6.9 In this study the estimations are based on the widely accepted fuelwood consumption estimates and emissions data recommended by OECD/IPCC. Gases emitted during fuelwood combustion are mostly CO, CO, CH4, NOx and N20. However, as with annual crops, C02 emissions from fuelwood combustion are not counted if the fuelwood comes from growing biomass. To estimate GHG emissions from fuelwood consumption, the amount of carbon combusted in fuelwood should be estimated. Twenty-seven percent is assumed to be the carbon content according to OECD/IPCC, and the amount of carbon burned is calculated as follows: Cb = Wb X where: Cb=The total carbon burned, 10' t C/yr Wb= the annual consumption of fuelwood, Tg [1,10,17] l= the carbon content, 27% [1] After estimating the total amount of carbon combusted, GHG emissions can be calculated by using the same methodology and parameters discussed in the proceeding chapter on emissions from crop wastes. Table 6.10 provides the fuelwood consumption and GHG emissions from 1985 to 1990. GHG Emissions from the Leakage of Methane-Generating Pits and the Combustion of Biogas 6.10 Biogas use is widespread in China. Most of the methane-generating pits are small with fixed vaults constructed by individual families in the countryside. Methane leakage from these pits is significant and thus an important GHG source as compared with some other countries. 6.11 Biogas is composed primarily of CH4 and C02. Emissions of the former come from leakage from the pits while the latter comes from both leakage and combustion. Their emissions can be calculated by using the following equations: EM7 = NxVx # x Dx at x L, x 16/22.4 x 10' EC4 = NxVx # x Dx (a, + a2) x (1 - LI) x 44/22.5 x 10' + EM7 x a2/11 x 44/16 where: EM7 CH4 released from pits, Tg CH4 EC4=C02 from pits leakage and biogas combustion, Tg C02 N=Number of generating pits, 10' [11] V= Mean volume of pits, =11 Im& [18] - 19 - O=Specific gas production, = 0.1-0.2 m/m.d [18] a,=Annual operation period, = 365 days a2=Volume fraction of CH4 in biogas, = 60% [18] a-L2=Volume fraction of CO in biogas, = 40% [18] LI=Leakage fraction, =15% [18] 16/22.4= Conversion factor 44/22.4= Conversion factor 44/16=Conversion factor, C02/CH4 GHG emissions from leakage and combustion from 1985 to 1990 are presented in Table 6.11. - 20 - 7. GHG EMISSIONS FROM FORESTS 7.1 Greenhouse gases are released from changes in forest areas and associated biomass burning. These land-use changes include deforestation, forest fires, and forest land conversion to cropland and other uses. Forests are also a sink for COz; they absorb CO during growth and other activities. 7.2 Four nationwide surveys on forest resources in China have been conducted; however, the first two surveys were not widely accepted. The latter two were generally accepted. The data upon which the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions is based are collected from (19]. These figures have been carefully adjusted on the basis of the fourth nationwide survey which was conducted from 1984 to 1988. 7.3 Forests in China are divided into six areas, of which Xishuangbanna and Hainan island are tropic and the remainder temperate. They are: Region Provinces 1. Northeast Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang 2. Southwest Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan 3. South Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan 4. North and Northwest Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Xizang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi 5. Xishuangbanna 6. Hainan This classification is adopted in the following discussions. The methodology for estimating GHG emissions and sinks from forests is based on those recommended by IPCC. CO2 Emissions by Deforestation 7.4 CO emissions from deforestation are calculated from the decomposition of the total biomass, the carbon permanently stored in wood product, and carbon left on the ground. EC = Ax-yx[B'2x(1-S)x,h+SxFx1/25]x44/12 where: ECI= C02 emissions by deforestation, Tg CO A=Forest area, million ha - 21 - 71= Area ratio of deforestation B2=Total biocarbon of mature forest t carbon/ha ST= Carbon permanently stored in wooden products, ST taken as 38.5% S=Soil carbon reserve, t C/ha F= Emission factor ill= CO2 conversion coefficient, V, taken as 90% 25= Soil emission period, years B'2=B2 X 73 B2=P2 x C x y2 x p where: B2=Aboveground biocarbon of mature forest t C/ha y3= Ratio of total biomass to aboveground biomass 72=Ratio of aboveground biomass to stem biomass p=Wood density, t/m3 P2=Storage of mature forest woods, m/ha C=Wood carbon content, kg C/kg biomass 7.5 According to the OECD/IPCC report, F=0.3 for tropical forests and F= 05 for temperate and cold zones[1]. Table 7.1 shows the total biocarbon forest and these data can be used as the basic information for the estimation of GHG emissions and sinks. The calculation can be carried out by following the above procedure. However, in light of the current circumstances in China, it is assumed that all areas of deforestation are reforested. As a result, the GHG emissions from deforestation are the same as those from fuelwood burning which were calculated in Chapter 6. CO2 Absorption by Forest Growth 7.6 The absorbed CO is stored as carbohydrates. The annual growth increment of biocarbon levels is equal to the net absorption by photosynthesis and respiration. EC2 = AxGQxpx y3xy2xCx44/12 where: EC2=CO2 absorption by forest growth, Tg C02/yr GQ=Average annual forest volume increment, m3/ha/yr The results are shown in Table 7.2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Forest Fire 7.7 CO2 emissions generated by forest fires can be calculated from biomass burning plus carbon emissions from soil. Non-CO emissions are calculated from the emission ratio of non-CO2 to CO2. - 22 - Cb = Axy4x B, B, =72xpxCxPI where: Cb=Total carbon burned, Tg C ,y4=Ratio of fire area to total forest area B1= Average aboveground biocarbon of forest, t C/ha P,= Forest average storage, ml/ha EC3=Cb x O, x 44/12 + A x S x Fx 44/12/25 x -f4 EMI=Cb XO, x FCH4x 16/12 EO= Cb, x 0,, x FCO x 28/12 ENI=Cb x t, x FN2O x 44/28 EX1= Cb x q, x FNO, x 30/14 where: 0,=Burning rate, 0, taken as 90% EC3= 02 emissions, Tg CO2 EM,=CH4 emissions, Tg CH4 EQ1 =CO emissions, Tg CO ENI=N20 emissions, Tg N20 EXI= NOx emissions, Tg NOx ,q,= N/C ratio, 0.01-0.02* FCH4= CH4 emission ratio, 0.007-0.013* FCO=CO emission ratio, 0.075-0.125* FN2O=N20 emission ratio, 0.005-0.009* FNOx=NOx emission ratio, 0.094-0.148* * The averages used are 0.015, 0.01, 0.1, 0.007, 0.121, respectively. The calculation results are shown in Tables 7.3 to 7.6. GHG Emissions Caused by Forest Conversion 7.8 The forests are usually cut down and burned before conversion to other uses. About 45 percent of the biomass is burned and the rest is left on the ground to decay gradually (in approximately 10 years). About 8-10 percent of the burned biomass is changed into charcoal which will take 100 or more years to decay. The remainder is oxidized and emitted as CO2. Meanwhile the oxidation of organic material in the soil also releases CO2. Assuming that no plants are regrown on converted lands, the emissions are estimated as follows: (a) Instant Emissions of GHG by Burning Cb = Ax (y5 x y6) x B'j x 0.45 El = CbXO, x 44/12 - 23 - where: E= C02 emissions by burning, Tg CO2 ,= Area ratio of forest to agriculture y6 =Area ratio of forest to other uses B'j= Average total biocarbon, t C/ha Non-CO2 GHG emissions are estimated as in emissions from forest fires in Section 3. The results are shown in Table 7.7. (b) Slow CO2 Emissions from the Biomass Left on the Ground If the emission period is assumed to be 10 years, then the following formula applies: E2 = Ax (,y5 + y6) x B' x 0.55 x 44/12/10 or Ez = Cb x 0.55/0.45 x 44/12/10 where: E2=Gradual CO2 emissions from the soil, Tg CO The results are shown in Table 7.8. (c) CO. Emissions by Soil If formula should be used the soil emission period is 25 years, then the following formula applies: E3 = AxSxFx(ys + y6)x1/25x44/12 where: E3=C02 emission, Tg CO2 The results are shown in Table 7.9. (d) CO. Absorption by Plants Regrown on Agricultural Lands E-4 = Axys x Rx 44/12 where: E4=C02 absorption, Tg CO2 R=Average total biocarbon of agricultural lands, R=5 t C/ha The results are shown in Table 7.10. - 24 - (e) Net CO, Emissions EC4 = El + E2 + E3 + E4 EC4 = 20.85 + 2.83 + 5.6 - 10.58 = 18.70 Tg CO2 Agricultural Land Conversion and the Absorption of CO. by Plants 7.9 Conversion of agricultural lands to forest lands may result in CO absorption due to an increase in both biomass carbon and soil carbon. The other effective measure to reduce CO2 emissions is the establishment of plantations and other tree planting activities. 7.10 The absorption of CO2 from the two activities can be calculated by the following equation: EC5 =[A, x (B'2 - B3) + Ax y x B']/T x 44/12 where: ECs=CO2 absorption, Tg CO2 A,=Area of agricultural lands converted to forests, mil ha B3=Original biomass of agricultural lands, B3 taken as 5 t C/ha T=Growing period of trees y7=Ratio of afforestation The results are shown in Table 7.11. Conclusions 7.11 The summary of GHG emissions from forests is listed in Tables 7.12 and 7.13. It can be concluded that forests are a sink of CO2 with a net absorption of 157.52 Tg CO2 each year, though some activities can release CO2 into the air. These are the sources of non-CO2 GHG, e.g., 0.011 Tg N20, 0.29 Tg NOx, 0.90 Tg CH4, 15.84 Tg CO. - 25 - 8. PRESENT STATUS OF GHG EMISSIONS AND SINKS 8.1 GHG emissions of recent years in China are summarized in this chapter. Because the estimations of GHG emissions from forests has been calculated only on the basis of the data from the most recent survey of forestry (1984-88), GHG absorption or emissions by forests in 1989 and 1990 are taken to be equal to those of 1988. Carbon Dioxide 8.2 Table 8.1 gives the CO2 emissions from different sources from 1985 to 1990. From the results it can be concluded that at any given time, CO2 emissions are mainly from fossil fuel consumption. To control CO emissions, it is necessary to reduce the use of fossil fuels by saving energy and improving energy efficiency. Afforestation, reforestation and forest conservation also play an important role, as forests are a net sink of CO2, absorbing approximately 26 Tg CO. each year. 8.3 From the estimation results, the increasing trend of total CO2 emissions can be calculated. During 1985-90, the total CO2 emissions increased by 5.6 percent on average. CH4 8.4 Table 8.2 gives the CH4 emissions of different sources from 1985-90. The primary sources of CH4 emissions are rice fields and coal mining: they account for about 33 and 29 percent of the total CH emissions in 1990, respectively. Only 5 percent of the emissions from coal mining are now utilized: Hence, increasing the utilization proportion could reduce CH emissions significantly over the years. 8.5 To correlate the increasing trend of CH4 emissions, the following formula may be used: y = 1.1097 x + 37.49 where x is the difference between the prediction year and criteria year (1985), and y is the CH4 emissions (Tg CH4). The total emission of C-4 increase annually by 3 percent. N20 8.6 The emission status of N20 in China during the period of 1985-90 is presented in Table 8.3. N20 is mainly generated by consumption of fossil fuels which accounts for 74.18 percent of the total N20 emissions in 1990. There are some difficulties - 26 - in estimating the emissions from the consumption of fossil fuels because 1$0 emission coefficients of many subbranches are not available. These have to be determined by making some uncertain assumptions. 8.7 Following the preceding example, the correlation for the annual increase in N20 can be expressed as follows. y =0.009 x + 0.199 CO 8.8 Table 8.4 is the summary for CO emissions in China during recent years. Although CO is not a greenhouse gas, it can have an affect on GHGs in the atmosphere. Almost every emission source is related to burning, particularly the combustion of crop waste. Changing the structure of domestic fuel, particularly crop wastes and fuelwood, may be a helpful measure for controlling CO emissions. 8.9 The correlation for the trend of CO emission is obtained as follows: y 0.93 x + 50.26 NOx 8.10 Table 8.5 gives the total NOx emissions from all sources in China in recent years. As with CO, NOx is not a GHG, but it has an influence on climate change. NO, is mainly released during the consumption of fossil fuels. NOx emissions depend on the specific combustion conditions of the technologies and fuel properties and can be reduced by adjustments to the burner technology. However, such adjustments may increase the rate of CO emissions. 8.11 The correlation for the trend in NOx emissions is obtained as follows: y = 0.635 x + 8.81 - 27 - CONCLUSIONS 1. The total emissions of GHGs in China were 2,938 Tg CO2 equivalent (801 Tg C) in 1990; CO2 accounted for approximately 84 percent of this figure and the emissions of CH4 for about 14 percent. It is most important to control both CO2 and CH. emissions in China. The summary emissions from all GHG sources from 1985 to 1990 are listed in Table 8.6. 2. The emission of GHGs in China increased by about 4.4 percent each year from 1985 to 1990. This emission increase is approximately the same as the increase in the rate of energy consumption over the period. Fossil fuel use is the single greatest source for these emissions in China. 3. The sources of the GHG emissions that are the most difficult to estimate are agriculture, forestry, land use and landfills. Even though initial estimates of methane emissions from animals, animal wastes, rice fields, forests, fertilizer use, and landfills have been made, the authors have the least amount of confidence in these figures since there was no Chinese emission coefficient. 4. The primary GHG emitted during energy production is methane, which is released during natural gas production and transmission as well as coal production. Estimates of methane emissions from coal mining are based on both the OECD/IPCC methodology and an ongoing GEF project on coal-bed methane being carried out by the US EPA and the Chinese Ministry of Coal. However, the emission factors used are those of other countries. There are many town-owned coal mines in China which emit much less methane as compared with state-owned mines, however, there is no data available to illustrate this point. Further research is recommended to achieve more precise estimations. - 28 - REFERENCES 1. OECD/OCDE, Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emission and Sinks, OECD Experts Meeting, August 1991, prepared for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2. Yearbook of Chinese Coal Industry, 1989-90, Chinese Statistics Press (in Chinese). 3. China Energy Statistical Yearbook, 1989, 1991, Chinese Statistics Press (in Chinese). 4. Yearbook of the Petrochemical Industry Company of China, 1991, Chinese Statistics Press (in Chinese). 5. Yearbook of Chinese Industrial Economy, 1986-90, Chinese Statistics Press (in Chinese). 6. Technology Principles of Cement, Eds. Luoyang Building Materials Industry College & Shandong Building Materials College, Chinese Building Materials Press, 1981 (in Chinese). 7. Statistical Yearbook of China, 1991, Chinese Statistics Press (in Chinese). 8. Zhu Yongti, "Study of Mathematical Modelling on Effects of Global Climate Change by GHG," Shanghai Environmental Science, Vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 33-36 (in Chinese). 9. Analysis for Greenhouse Emissions of China, Systematical Analysis Lab., Nuclear Energy Institute, Tsinghua University (in Chinese). 10. Yearbook of Chinese Agriculture, 1986-90, Chinese Statistic Press (in Chinese). 11. Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Countryside, 1991, Chinese Statistic Press (in Chinese). 12. 85-913-04-05 Program, AEPI. Agro-Environmental Protection, 1993 12(2):52-56. Methane Emission from Domesticated Animal and Waste in China (in Chinese). 13. 85-913-04-05 Program, AEPI. Agro-Environmental Protection, 1993 12(2):49-61. Estimation of Emission from Domesticated Animal and Waste in China (in Chinese). - 29 - 14. 85-913-04-05 Program, AEPI. Agro-Environmental Protection, 1993 12(2):57-61. Methane Emission from Domesticated Animal and Waste in China (in Chinese). 15. Handbook of Modern Agronomist, 1988, Beijing Press (in Chinese) 17, Handbook of Agriculture Technological Economy, Agriculture Press, 1984 (in Chinese). 16. Handbook of Comprehensive Energy Program, Tran. Liu Xingzhong, Energy Press (in Chinese). 17. Xu Deying, Background about China's Forests and Calculation Method, 1988. - 30 - TABLES Table 1.1: THE PERCENTAGE OF UNDERGROUND COAL MINE OurrUr To TOTAL OUTrur (x) AND THE EMISSION COEFFICIENT OF CH4 Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 X (%) 92.9 92.5 92.5 91.3 90.6 90.0fa fCH4 (m CH4/t 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.2 27.0 26.81a coal) La Data are evaluated values. Table 1.2: CH. EMISSIONS DURING COAL MINING IN RECENT YEARS Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Total output 8.72 8.94 9.28 9.80 10.54 10.80 of coal(10' t) CH4 emission 15.34 15.67 16.27 16.99 18.14 18.45 (Tg CH) - 31 - Table 1.3: CI4 EMsiSONS FROM CoAL MINING IN CHINA, 1990 (billion cubic meters) Ventilation Degasification Postmining Total Systems Systems Operations Recovery Emissions Bcm Mt 5.5 0.43 2.36 0.41 7.88 5.29 Source: Wang Hanchen, Modem Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, NEPA. Table 1.4: CHINA's CII, EMIssioNS FROM COAL MINING IN 1990 (Estimated by US EPA) Emission Factors Emission Quantity Emission Source m3 CH4/t Coal 106 M3 CIL Low Case High Case Underground Mines State 23 10,434 10,434 Big nonstate 5.8 1,179 4,715 Small nonstate 1 369 369 Surface Mines 0.3-2 13 86 Postmining 922 4,105 Underground 0.9-4 Surface 0-0.2 Less Utilization 270 270 Total Emissions 1264 1943 - 32 - Table 1.5: NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE AND RELATED CH, EMLssiONS, 1985-90 Year Total output Leakage Leakage franction CH4 emissions (10' m3) (10' mI) (%) (Tg CH4) 1985 129.3 2.7 2.08 0.1512 1986 137.6 4.1 3.00 0.2296 1987 138.9 2.8 2.02 0.1568 1988 142.6 2.7 1.89 0.1512 1989 150.5 2.7 1.79 0.1512 1990 153.0 3.2 2.09 0.1792 Table 2.1: CO2 EMsSION COEF2CIETS AND THE CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS FOR FoSSIL FULS Fuel kind f (kg C/GJ) Cf(J/kg) Crude oil 20.0 41,816 Gasoline 18.9 43,070 Diesel 20.2 42,652 Kerosene 19.5 43,070 Fuel oil 21.1 41,816 LPG 17.2 50,179 Coal 25.8 20,908 Natural gas 15.3 38,9311A 1a Units of the data are kJ/ml. Source: CO2 emission coefficient f based on Reference 1, and conversion coefficient Cf based China Energy Statistical Yearbook, 1991, Chinese Statistic Press. - 33 - Table 2.2: THE VALUES OF COEFFICIENTS IN ESTMATION OF CARBON SEQUESTERED IN PRODUCIS Product/ Naphtha Lubricant Bitumen Light Gas as LPG as fuel oil feedstock feedstock (%) 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 15.3 85.0 (% 80.0 50.0 100.0 75.0 33.0 80.0 Note: Unit of natural gas on energy basis is 15.3 kg C/GJ. Source: Reference 1. Table 2.3: ESTEMATING TOTAL CARBON IN FOSSIL FUELS FOR 1985 Consumption Conversion Emission Total carbon (Tg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C) (kJ/kg) (kgC/GJ) Crude 6.912 41,816 20.0 5.78 Gasoline 13.963 43,070 18.9 11.37 Diesel 19.394 42,652 20.2 16.71 Kerosene 3.855 43,070 19.5 3.24 Fuel oil 28.374 41,816 21.1 25.03 LPG 1.557 50,179 17.2 1.34 Refinery gas 2.181 45,998 20.0 2.01 Other oil 12.029 28,089 20.0 6.76 Coal 816.03 20,908 25.8 440.19 Natural gas 129.3 38,931 15.3 7.70 lTal 520L13 Notes: (1) For crude oil the consumption includes usage for power plants, heat, and other final consumption. (2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are 10' m' and kJ/m, respectively. - 34 - Table 2.4: ESTIMATING TOTAL CARBON IN FOSSIL FUELS FOR 1986 Consumption Conversion Emission Total carbon (Tg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C) (kJ/kg) (kgC/GJ) Crude 7.186 41,816 20.0 6.01 Gasoline 15.002 43,070 18.9 12.21 Diesel 21.167 42,652 20.2 18.24 Kerosene 3.856 43,070 19.5 3.24 Fuel oil 30.082 41,816 21.1 26.54 LPG 2.005 50,179 17.2 1.73 Refinery gas 2.406 45,998 20.0 2.21 Other oil 11.720 28,089 20.0 6.58 Coal 860.151 20,908 25.8 463.99 Natural gas 137.6 38,931 15.3 8.20 IQW a489.5 Notes: (1) For crude oil the consumption includes usage for power plants, heat, and other terminal consumption. (2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are 101 m' and kJ/m', respectively. - 35 - Table 2.5: ESIMAT[NG TOTAL CARBON IN FOSSIL FUELS FOR 1987 Consumption Conversion Emission Total carbon (Tg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C) (kJ/kg) (kgC/GJ) Crude 6.846 41,816 20.0 5.73 Gasoline 16.243 43,070 18.9 13.22 Diesel 23.140 42,652 20.2 19.94 Kerosene 3.819 43,070 19.5 3.21 Fuel oil 31.209 41,816 21.1 27.54 LPG 2.134 50,179 17.2 1.84 Refinery gas 2.527 45,998 20.0 2.32 Other oil 13.221 28,089 20.0 7.43 Coal 927.99 20,908 25.8 500.58 Natural gas 138.9 38,931 15.3 8.27 Notes: (1) For crude oil the consumption includes usage for power plants, heat, and other terminal consumption. (2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are 10' m' and kJ/m', respectively. - 36 - Table 2.6: ESMITNG TOTAL CARBON IN FOSSL FUELS FoR 1988 Consumption Conversion Emission Total carbon (Tg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C) (kY/kg) (kgC/GJ) Crude 7.000 41,816 20.0 5.85 Gasoline 17.899 43,070 18.9 14.57 Diesel 25.752 42,652 20.2 22.19 Kerosene 3.582 43,070 19.5 3.01 Fuel oil 32.380 41,816 21.1 28.57 LPG 2.309 50,179 17.2 1.99 Refinery gas 2.588 45,998 20.0 2.38 Other oil 14.719 28,089 20.0 8.27 Coal 993.539 20,908 25.8 535.94 Natural gas 143.6 38,931 15.3 8.55 ITal 63.32 Notes: (1) For crude oil the consumption includes usage for power plants, heat, and other terminal consumption. (2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are 10' m' and kJ/m', respectively. - 37 - Table 2.7: ESTEMATING TOTAL CARBON IN FOSSIL FUELS IOR 1989 Consumption Conversion Emission Total carbon (Tg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C) (kJ/kg) (kgC/GJ) Crude 6.966 41,816 20.0 5.83 Gasoline 18.536 43,070 18.9 15.09 Diesel 27.480 42,652 20.2 23.68 Kerosene 3.608 43,070 19.5 3.03 Fuel oil 33.906 41,816 21.1 29.92 LPG 2.515 50,179 17.2 2.17 Refinery gas 2.701 45,998 20.0 2.48 Other oil 15.636 28,089 20.0 8.78 Coal 1,034.27 20,908 25.8 557.91 Natural gas 150.3 38,931 15.3 8.95 Ita 614 Notes: (1) For crude oil the consumption includes usage for power plants, heat, and other terminal consumption. (2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are 10' m3 and kJ/m3, respectively. - 38 - Table 2.8: EsT1MATING TOTAL CARBON IN FOSSIL FUELS FOR 1990 Consumption Conversion Emission Total carbon (Tg) coefficient coefficient (Tg C) (kJ/kg) (kgC/GJ) Crude 5.478 41,816 20.0 4.58 Gasoline 18.995 43,070 18.9 15.46 Diesel 26.917 42,652 20.2 23.19 Kerosene 3.509 43,070 19.5 2.95 Fuel oil 33.678 41,816 21.1 29.72 LPG 2.542 50,179 17.2 2.19 Refinery gas 2.795 45,998 20.0 2.57 Other oil 15.451 28,089 20.0 8.68 Coal 1,055.23 20,908 25.8 569.22 Natural gas 152.5 38,931 15.3 9.08 Notes: (1) For crude oil the consumption includes usage for power plants, heat, and other terminal consumption. (2) For natural gas, the units of consumption and conversion coefficient are 10' m' and kJ/m', respectively. - 39 - Table 2.9: ESTIMATING CARBON SEQUESTERED IN PRODUCS IN 1985 Carbon Carbon Potential Product Output content sequestered emissions (10, t) (%) (%) (Tg C) Naphtha 1,636.0 85.0 80.0 1.11 Lubricants 1,581.7 85.0 50.0 0.67 Bitumen 2,381.7 85.0 100.0 2.02 Crude light oil 3,282.2 85.0 75.0 2.09 Natural gas as 504.00 15.3 33.0 2.54 feedstock LPG as feedstock 622.8 85.0 80.0 0.42 Note: For natural gas, the unit of output is PJ and carbon content on an energy basis in kg C/Gigajoule. Table 2.10: ESTIMATING CARBON SEQUESTERED N ftoDUCs IN 1986 Carbon Carbon Potential Product Output content sequestered emissions (103 t) (%) (%) (Tg C) Naphtha 1,197.1 85.0 80.0 0.81 Lubricants 1,643.6 85.0 50.0 0.0 Bitumen 2,566.4 85.0 100.0 2.18 Crude light oil 3,540.1 S5.0 75.0 2.20 Natural gas as 536.35 15.3 33.0 2.71 feedstock LPG as feedstock 802.0 85.0 80.0 0.55 Note: For natural gas, the unit of output is PJ and carbon content on an energy basis in kg C/Gigajoule. - 40 - Table 2.11: ESTIMATING CARBON SEQUESTERED IN PRODUCS IN 1987 Carbon Carbon Potential Product Output content sequestered emissions (10t) (%) (%) (Tg C) Naphtha 1,128.9 85.0 80.0 0.77 Lubricants 1,790.4 85.0 50.0 0.76 Bitumen 2,648.8 85.0 100.0 2.25 Crude light oil 5,557.0 85.0 75.0 3.54 Natural gas as 541.72 15.3 33.0 2.74 feedstock LPG as feedstock 853.6 85.0 80.0 0.58 TIa IQA Note: For natural gas, the unit of output is PJ and carbon content on an energy basis in kg C/Gigajoule. Table 2.12: ESIumATING CARBON SEQUEgrERED IN PRoDucrs IN 1988 Carbon Carbon Potential Product Output content sequestered emissions (103 t) (%) (%) (Tg C) Naphtha 1,092.8 85.0 80.0 0.74 Lubricants 1,831.7 85.0 50.0 0.78 Bitumen 2,719.0 85.0 100.0 2.31 Crude light oil 5,954.9 85.0 75.0 3.80 Natural gas as 559.74 15.3 33.0 2.83 feedstock LPG as feedstock 923.6 85.0 80.0 0.63 Note: For natural gas, the unit of output is PJ and carbon content on an energy basis in kg C/Gigajoule. -41- Table 2.13: ESTIMATING CARBON SEQUESTERED IN PRODu IN 1989 Carbon Carbon Potential Product Output content sequestered emissions (103 t) (%) (%) (Tg C) Naphtha 949.2 85.0 80.0 0.645 Lubricants 1,814.1 85.0 50.0 0.771 Bitumen 2,626.1 85.0 100.0 2.232 Crude light oil 6,629.4 85.0 75.0 4.226 Natural gas as 585.85 15.3 33.0 2.958 feedstock LPG as feedstock 1,006.0 85.0 80.0 0.684 19141 I=1 Note: For natural gas, the unit of output is PJ and carbon content on an energy basis in kg C/Gigajoule. Table 2.14: ESTIMATING CARBON SEQUESTERED IN PRODuCiS IN 1990 Carbon Carbon Potential Product Output content sequestered emissions (103 t) (% (% (Tg C) Naphtha 536.4 85.0 80.0 0.36 Lubricants 1,690.8 85.0 50.0 0.72 Bitumen 2,733.0 85.0 100.0 2.31 Crude light oil 7,310.9 85.0 75.0 4.66 Natural gas as 594.43 15.3 33.0 3.00 feedstock LPG as feedstock 1,016.8 85.0 80.0 0.69 Intal 7126 Note: For natural gas, the unit of output is PJ and carbon content on an energy basis in kg C/Gigajoule. - 42 - Table 2.15: CARBON OX[DIZED DURING COMUSTroN oF FossL FUEL (1985-90) Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Total Carbon (Tg C) 520.13 548.95 590.08 631.32 657.84 667.64 Carbon seq. (Tg C) 8.85 9.15 10.64 11.09 11.52 11.76 Net emission (Tg C) 511.28 539.80 579.44 620.23 646.32 655.88 Fraction oxidized (%) 99 99 99 99 99 99 Carbon oxidized (Tg C) 506.17 534.40 573.65 614.03 639.86 649.32 CO2 Emission (Tg C0) 1,855.95 1,959.47 2,103.37 2,251.43 2,346.14 2,380.84 - 43 - Table 2.16: CO EMISSIONS COEFFICIENT OF DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANcHES (g/GJ) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasolins Kerasae Diesel NaUral oil ga Agriculture & forestry 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Industry Coal mining 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Oil & natural gas 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Food 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Textiles 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Paper 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Electric power & heating 14.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 19.00 Oil refining 93.00 211.00 0.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Coal processing 0.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Chemicals 179.00 211.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 11.00 Pharmaceuticals 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Synthetic fibers 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Building materials 79.00 211.00 79.00 79.00 79.00 79.00 79.00 83.00 Ferrous metal processing 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Nonferrous metal processing 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Mechanical & electronic products 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Construction 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Transportation 121.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 8.86* 15.00 0.51* 0A4 Commercial 195.00 211.00 17.00 17.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 9.60 Residential 3,580.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 Others 93.00 211.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 17.00 Nose: Units of data with * are g/MJ. Table 2.17: CH4 EMISSIoNS COEFFICIENT OF DIFFERENT FOSSIL FuEs FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES (g/GJ) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Karosene Diesel Natural oil gas Agriculture & forestry 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Industry Coal mining 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Oil & natural gas 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Food 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Textiles 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Paper 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Electric power & heating 0.60 1.00 0.70 0.70 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.10 Oil refining 2.40 1.00 0.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Coal processing 0.00 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Chemicals 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 Pharmaceuticals 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Synthetic fibers 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Building materials 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 Ferrous metal procesaing 1.00 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Nonferous metal processing 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Mechanical & electronic products 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Construction 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Transportation 0.70 1.00 2.90 2.90 0.030 2.90 0.010 0-W Commercial 10.00 1.00 1.60 1.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 1.20 Residential 2.40 1.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 Others 2.40 1.00 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 1.40 Note: Units of data with * are g/MJ. - 44 - Table 2.18: NO, EMISSIONS COEFFICmET OF DIFERmENT FOSSL Fus FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES (g/GJ) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Nutural oil ga Agriculture A forestry 329.00 0.00 201.00 201.00 161.00 68.00 68.00 67.00 Industry Coal mining 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Oil & natural gas 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Food 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Textiles 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Paper 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 mectic power & heating 157.00 0.00 201.00 201.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 267.00 Ol refining 329.00 0.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Coal processing 0.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Chemicals 226.00 0.00 168.00 168.00 168.00 168.00 168.00 64.00 Pharmaceuticals 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Synthetic fibers 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Building materials 527.00 0.00 527.00 527.00 527.00 527.00 527.00 1,111.00 Ferrous metal processing 329.00 527.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Nonferrous meal processing 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Mechanical & electronic products 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Construction 329.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 161.00 67.00 Transportation 326.00 0.00 161.00 161.00 0.41* 161.00 1.01* 128* Comunercial 236.00 0.00 186.00 155.00 64.00 64.00 64.00 48.00 Residential 179.00 0.00 51.00 S1.00 51.00 51.00 51.00 47.00 Others 329.00 0.00 201.00 201.00 68.00 65.00 68.00 267.00 Ae: Units of data with * ae g/M1. Table 2.19: N20 EMISSION COEFFICIMENT OF DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUS FOR DIFEmr BRANCHES (g/GJ) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Keroens Diesel Natural oil Ba Agriculture A forestry 0.80 0.00 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Industry Coal mining 0.80 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Oil & natural gas 0.80 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Food 0.80 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Textiles 0 30 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Paper 0.10 0. O 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Electic power & beating 0.90 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Oil refining 0.80 0.80 0.00 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Coal proceseing 0.00 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Chemicals 0.80 0.80 46.50 46.30 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Pharmaceuticals 0.80 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Synthetic fibers 0.80 0.80 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Building materials 0.80 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Forrous metal processing 0.10 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Nonferrous meal processing 0.30 0.30 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Mechanical A electronic products 0.80 0.80 46.50 46.05 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Construction 0.80 0.00 46.50 46.50 13.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Transportation 0.80 0.00 46.50 46.50 0.0090 15.70 0.019* 2.40 Commercial 59.10 0.00 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Residential 0.80 0.00 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 whora 0.10 0.00 46.50 46.50 15.70 15.70 15.70 2.40 Now: Units of data with ars g/M. - 45 - Table 2.20a: FUEL CONSUMMION FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1985 (Mt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural oil oil gss / Agriculture & forestry 22.086 0.208 0.008 0.031 1.223 0.033 6.292 0.00 Industry Coal mining 54.951 0.150 0.000 0.000 0.259 0.018 0.159 0.20 Oil & natural gas 0.916 0.049 7.524 0.482 0.312 0.004 0.281 34.20 Food 24.490 0.12 0.019 0.152 0.287 0.005 0.324 0.30 Textiles 18.676 0.071 0.059 0.300 0.214 0.008 0.240 0.40 Paper 12.509 0.009 0.027 0.317 0.074 0.001 0.056 0.30 Electric power & heating 166.193 0.031 3.408 9.536 0.090 0.001 1.299 5.80 Oil refining 0.437 0.041 70.196 2.526 0.079 0.011 0.072 5.30 Coal processing 32.152 0.141 0.000 0.599 0.027 0.000 0.009 0.00 Chemcals 51.895 7.219 9.886 4.027 0.473 0.015 1.500 41.40 Pharmaceuticals 3.679 0.003 0.013 0.145 0.042 0.001 0.008 0.40 Synthetic fibers 3.154 0.100 2.076 1.045 0.011 0.002 0.010 1.80 Building materials 86.137 0.935 0.160 2.502 0.449 0.017 0.591 1.80 Ferrous metal processing 65.478 32.372 0.202 3.080 0.184 0.004 0.173 5.2) Nonferrous metal processing 6.414 0.731 0.196 0.311 0.060 0.002 0.067 0.00 Mechanical & electronic products 27.476 2.601 0.084 0.957 0.922 0.089 0.798 5.9) Construction 5.319 0.078 0.740 0.189 0.730 0.013 1.250 14.10 Transportation 23.071 0.057 0.443 1.441 4.774 0.562 4.544 0.1W) Commercial 7.382 0.027 0.001 0.031 0.234 0.001 0.109 0.00 Residential 136.244 0.230 0.000 0.000 0.106 1.216 0.013 4.30 Others 15.795 0.020 0.004 0.060 2.333 1.829 0.740 0.50 D[W 816 46.897 95.095 28M7 3.9 I .M 19.3 I 'Te unit is 100 million ns. Table 2.20b: CO EMISSIoNs FROM DIFFEREqT FOSSIL FUEIS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1985 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasolins Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 42.94 1.25 0.01 0.02 0.79 0.02 4.03 0.00 49.06 Industry Coal mining 106.85 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.10 0,01 109.04 Oil & natural gas 1.78 0.29 4.72 0.30 0.20 0.00 0.18 2.-6 ;."3 Food 47.62 0.74 0.01 0.10 0.19 u.00 0.21 0.02 46.89 Textiles 36.31 0.43 0.04 0.19 0.14 0.01 0.15 0.03 37.30 Paper 24.32 0.05 0.02 0.20 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.02 24.'0 Electric power & heating 48.65 0.19 2.14 5.93 0.06 0.00 0.83 0.43 58.28 Oil refining 0.85 0.25 0.00 1.51 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.35 3.14 Coal processing 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.38 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.0 1.26 Chemicals 194.22 43.31 6.61 2.69 0.33 0.01 1.02 1.77 249.96 Pharmaceuticals 7.19 0.02 0.01 0.09 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.03 7.16 Synthetic fibers 6.13 0.60 1.30 0.66 0.01 0.00 001 C 12 4 X3 Building materials 142.28 5.61 0.53 3.27 1.53 0.06 1.99 v 58 1- 5 Ferrous metal processing 127.32 194.23 0.13 1.93 0.12 0.00 0.11 0.34 324 18 Nonferrous metal processing 12.47 4.39 0.12 0.20 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 17.26 Mechanical & electronic products 53 43 15.61 0.05 0.60 0.60 0.06 0.51 0.39 71.25 Construction 10.34 0.47 0.05 0.12 0.47 0.01 0.80 0.93 13.19 Transportation 58.37 0.34 0.03 0.90 1,121.76 0.36 98.34 1.37 1,981.97 Commercial 30.10 0.16 0.00 0.02 0.16 0.00 0.07 0.00 30.51 Residential 11,694.96 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.79 0.01 0 17 11,697.38 Others 30.71 0.12 0.00 0.04 1.54 1.18 0.47 0.03 34.09 Total 7 271.19 15.77 24.27 1L82.33 2.51 109.48 J8 14937.24 - 46 - Table 2.20c: CH EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1985 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Karosene Diesel Natural Total oil as Agiculture & forestry 1,108 6 1 4 153 4 778 0 2,054 Industry Coal mning 2,757 4 0 0 32 2 20 1 2,316 Oi & asral gas 46 1 912 58 39 0 35 186 1,277 Food 1,229 3 2 18 36 1 40 2 1,331 Textiles 937 2 7 36 27 1 30 2 1,042 Paper 628 0 3 38 9 0 7 2 687 Blectric power & heatig 2,085 1 100 279 0 0 2 2 2,469 Oil refiniag 22 1 0 306 10 1 9 29 378 Col proceasing 0 4 0 73 3 0 1 0 81 Chemicals 1,085 205 413 168 20 1 64 177 2,133 Pharmaceuticals 186 0 2 18 5 0 1 2 214 Synthetic fibers 158 3 252 127 1 0 1 10 552 Building materials 1,801 27 7 105 19 1 25 8 1,993 Ferous metal processing 1,369 920 24 374 23 0 21 105 2,336 Nonferrous metal processing 322 21 24 38 7 0 8 0 420 Mechanical & electronic products 1,379 74 10 116 115 11 99 119 1,923 Construction 267 2 90 23 91 2 155 285 915 Transportation 338 2 54 175 6,168 70 1,938 1,962 10,707 Comercial 1,543 1 0 2 6 0 3 0 1,555 Residential 7,840 7 0 0 23 262 4 17 8,153 Others 793 1 0 7 298 228 92 3 1,422 I12W 25.393 L28 1.901 1.965 7.095 584 44.I ~958 Table 2.20d: NO, EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELs FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1985 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Keroene Diese! Natural Total oil gas Agriculture &forestry 151.9 0.0 0.1 0.3 8.5 0.1 18.2 0.0 179.1 Induatry Coal mining 378.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 1.1 0.1 381.1 Oil & natura ass 6.3 0.0 50.7 3.2 2.2 0.0 1.9 8.9 73.2 Food 168.5 0.0 0.1 1.0 2.0 0.0 2.2 0.1 173.9 Textiles 128.5 0.0 0.4 2.0 1.5 0.1 1.6 0.1 134.2 Paper 86.0 0.0 0.2 2.1 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.1 19.3 Electric powei & beating 2,977.9 0.0 28.6 80.2 0.3 0.0 3.8 6.0 3,096.8 Oil refimrS 3.0 0.0 0.0 21.2 0.5 0.1 0.5 1.4 26.7 Coal processing 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 5.3 Chenaca4s 245.2 0.0 69.5 28.3 3.4 0.1 10.7 10.3 367.5 Pbarmaccuuals 25.4 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 27.2 Synthetic fiberv 21.7 0.0 17.4 8.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 48.6 building materials 949.1 0.0 3.5 55.1 10.2 0.4 13.3 7.8 1,039.4 Ferrous metal processing 450.4 485.1 1.4 20.7 1.3 0.0 1.2 1.4 961.5 Nonferrous metal processing 44.1 0.0 1.3 2.1 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 48.4 Mechanical & electronic products 189.0 0.0 0.6 6.4 6.4 0.6 5.5 1.5 210.0 Constmction 36.6 0.0 5.0 1.3 5.1 0.1 8.6 3.7 60.4 Transportation 157.3 0.0 3.0 9.7 14.3 3.9 195.7 4.0 457.9 Comnercial 36.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 37.5 Residential 584.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.7 0.0 0.1 583.4 Others 101.6 0.0 0.0 0.5 7.0 5.4 2.1 0.5 124.1 2w6,748.6 DJU JJU 249. 6.1 Di MU2 Ej 9,130. - 47 - Table 2.20e: N0 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUEs FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1985 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Karosea Diesel Natural Total oil Bs Agriculture & forestry 369 0 16 60 827 22 4,213 0 5,507 ndustry Coal mining 919 3 0 0 175 12 106 2 1,217 Oil & natural gas 15 1 14,630 937 211 3 188 320 16,305 Food 410 3 37 296 194 3 217 3 1,163 Textiles 312 2 115 583 145 5 161 4 1,327 Paper 209 0 52 616 50 1 37 3 968 Electric power & heating 2,780 1 6,627 18,542 61 1 870 54 28,936 Oil refining 7 1 0 4,912 53 7 49 50 5,078 Coal processing 0 3 0 1,165 18 0 6 0 1,192 Chemicals 868 164 19,223 7,830 320 10 1,004 337 29,36 Pharmaceuticals 62 0 25 282 28 1 5 4 407 Synthetic fibers 53 2 4,037 2,032 7 1 7 17 6,156 Building materials 1,441 21 311 4,865 304 11 396 17 7,366 Ferrous metal processing 1,095 736 393 5,989 124 3 116 49 3,505 Nonferrous metal processing 107 17 381 605 41 1 45 0 1,197 Mechanical & electronic products 460 59 163 1,861 623 60 534 55 3,815 Construction 89 0 1,439 367 494 9 317 132 3,367 Transportation 306 0 861 2,802 185 380 368 7 4,989 Commercial 9,122 0 2 60 158 1 "3 0 9,416 Residential 2,613 0 0 0 72 322 12 40 3,559 Others 264 0 3 117 1,611 1,237 496 5 3,738 Iota 21.581 LWJ 48.320 53921 5.701 Z. 9J73 1.149 144014 Table 2.21a: FUEL CONSUMPrION FOR DuEREWT BRANcHES IN 1986 (Mt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural oil oil ga Agriculture & forestry 22.969 0.498 0.006 0.013 1.424 0.023 6.713 0.00 Industry Coal mining 57.695 0.185 0.000 0.000 0.314 0.017 0.172 0.01 Oil & natural gas 0.961 0.005 6.379 C.510 0.266 0 05 6,406 33.50 Food 26.042 0.173 0.016 0.133 G.340 0.)03 0,290 0.40 Textiles 19.682 0.090 0.021 u.283 0.205 0.)00 0.258 0.10 Paper 13.481 0.012 0.028 0.284 0.85 0.105 0.064 0.30 Electric power & heating 180.504 0.025 3.112 9.269 0.087 0.300 0.767 7.60 Oil refining 0.440 0.047 77.415 2.836 0.040 0.001 0.048 10.70 Coal processing 35.525 0.129 0.000 0.664 0.022 0.101 0.013 0.00 Chemicals 56.211 6.903 10.576 4.353 0.446 0.021 1.445 42. 0 Pharmaceuticals 4.085 0.002 0.005 0.131 0,043 0.101 0.014 0, 40 Synthetic fibers 3.522 0.115 2.304 0,955 0.015 0.301 0.011 3 10 Budding materials 91.717 1.205 0.147 2.882 0.493 0.028 0.770 2 00 Ferrous metal processing 70.528 36.916 0.138 3.926 0.191 0.105 0,208 6.(-0 Nonferrous metal processing 6.812 0.807 0.223 0.410 0 086 0.004 0,059 010 Mechanical & electronic products 28.170 3.148 0,042 0,944 0.957 0.079 0,824 4.80 Construction 4.983 0.110 0 565 0.153 0.793 0.018 1501 1420 Transportation 22.950 0,)66 ^,603 1.730 5.15 0.'30 5.908 i 00 Commercial 7.790 0.094 0,001 0 119 0.308 0^10 C !60 0 10 Residential 158.217 0.339 0.000 0 000 0.113 1.344 0.021 6.50 Others 16.728 0.017 0.001 0.048 2.715 1.726 0.612 0.50 /a 'Te units are 100 million cubic meters. - 48 - Table 2.21b: CO EMIssIONS FROM DwERENT FoSSIL FuEs FOR DIFFERENT BRANCES IN 1986 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Toal oil gas Agriculture & forestry 44.66 2.99 0.00 0.01 0.92 0.01 4.29 0.00 52.38 Industry Coal mining 112.18 1.11 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.01 0.11 0.00 113.61 Oil & natural gas 1.87 0.03 4.31 0.32 0.17 0.00 0.26 2.22 9.13 Food 50.64 1.04 0.01 0.08 0.22 0.00 0.19 0.03 52.21 Textiles 37.75 0.54 0.01 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.17 0.02 38.80 Paper 25.86 0.07 0.02 0.18 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.02 26.24 Electric power & heating 52.84 0.15 1.95 5.81 0.06 0.00 0.49 0.56 61.86 Oil refining 0.86 0.28 0.00 1.79 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.71 3.70 Coal processing 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.42 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.21 Chemicals 210.37 41.42 7.07 2.91 0.31 0.01 0.99 1.33 264.91 Pharmaceuticals 7.94 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.03 8.10 Synthetic fibers 6.85 0.69 1.45 0.60 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.22 9.83 Building materials 151.49 7.23 0.49 9.52 1.68 0.10 2.59 0.65 173.75 Ferrous metal processing 137.14 220.39 0.09 2.46 0.12 0.00 0.13 0.44 361.27 Nonferrous metal processing 13.25 4.84 0.14 0.26 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.02 18.63 Mechanical & electronic products 54.77 18.89 0.03 0.59 0.62 0.05 0.53 0.32 75.80 Constaruction 9.69 0.66 0.35 0.10 0.51 0.01 0.96 0.94 13.22 Transportation 58.06 0.40 0.38 1.09 1,940.44 0.34 126.34 1.71 2,128.76 Commercial 31.76 0.56 0.00 0.01 0.21 0.01 0.11 0.00 32.66 Residenlial 11,842.64 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.87 0.01 0.25 11,845.87 Others 32.53 0.10 0.00 0.03 1.75 1.12 0.39 0.03 35.95 11112,383.15 304.7 16.30 26.26 1.947.60 2.53 137.2 10.00 15,2.26 Table 2.21c: CH4 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFERENT BRANCHES IN 1986 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Disel Natural ToWal oil gs Agriculture A forestry 1,153 14 1 2 178 3 830 0 2,181 Industry Coal ming 2,895 5 0 0 39 2 21 0 2,962 Oil & natural gae 48 0 834 62 33 1 50 133 1,211 Food 1,307 5 2 16 42 0 36 2 1,410 Textiles 988 3 3 34 26 0 32 2 1,083 Paper 676 0 3 34 11 1 8 2 735 Electsc pov,er A heating 2,264 1 91 271 0 0 1 3 2,631 Oil refunng 22 1 0 344 5 0 6 58 436 Coal processms 0 4 0 31 3 0 2 0 90 Chemicals 1,175 196 442 182 19 1 62 183 2,260 Pharmaceatfais 205 0 1 16 5 0 2 2 231 Synthetic fiberv 177 3 279 116 2 0 I 18 596 Building mateana 1,918 34 6 121 21 1 33 11 2,145 Perous metal procesa.ng 1,475 1,047 17 476 24 1 26 36 3,102 Nonferrous ma processing 342 23 27 50 11 1 11 2 467 Mechanical & electronic products 1,414 90 5 114 120 10 102 26 1,881 Construction 250 3 69 19 99 2 186 77 705 Transpotmtion 336 2 73 210 6,570 66 2,4T7 2,180 11,914 Commurercial 1,629 3 0 1 8 0 4 0 1,645 ReMdenial 7,939 10 0 0 24 289 4 25 8,291 Others 339 0 0 6 339 216 76 3 1,479 T2L705Z LI I .63 Li 7.57 ;L4 LM2 LML 47.460 - 49.- Table 2.21d: NOX EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1986 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel NatuIral Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 158.00 0.00 0.05 0.11 9.87 0.07 19.47 0.00 137.57 Industry Coal mining 396.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 0.12 1.13 0.00 400.35 Oil & natural gas 6.61 0.00 46.31 3.43 1.84 0.03 2.79 3.74 69.75 Food 179.14 0.00 0.11 0.90 2.36 0.02 1.99 0.10 134.62 Textiles 135.39 0.00 0.14 1.91 1.42 0.00 1.77 0.08 140.77 Paper 92.73 0.00 0.19 1.91 0.59 0.03 0.44 0.08 95.9^ Electric power & heating 3,234.30 0.00 21.16 77.91 0.25 0.00 2.22 7.90 3,343.74 Oil refining 3.03 0.00 0.00 19.09 0.28 0.01 0.33 2.79 25.53 Coal processing 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.47 0.15 0.01 0.09 0.00 4.72 Chemicals 265.61 0.00 74.30 30.58 3.23 0.15 10.43 10.66 394.96 Pharmaceuticals 20.10 0.00 0.03 0.88 0.30 0.01 0.10 0.10 21.52 Synthetic fibers 24.23 0.00 15.51 6.43 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.86 47.22 Building materials 1,010.59 0.00 2.34 63.51 11.19 0.64 17.31 8.65 1,114.23 Ferrous metal processing 485.14 551.70 0.93 26.43 1.32 0.03 1.43 1.72 1,068.70 Nonferrous metal processing 46.86 0.00 1.50 2.76 0.60 0.03 0.61 0.08 52.44 Mechanical & electronic products 193.77 0.00 0.28 6.36 6.64 0.55 5.66 1.25 214.51 Construction 34.28 0.00 3.80 1.03 5.50 0.12 10.31 3.70 53.74 Transportation 157.87 0.00 4.06 11.65 89.79 3.68 250.20 4.93 522.23 Commercial 38.44 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.85 0.03 0.44 0.00 39.89 Residential 592.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 2.95 0.05 1.19 596.57 Others 115.07 0.00 0.01 0.40 7.95 5.06 1.78 0.52 130.79 IW I1i1 1122 =19.3 2£941 146.66 ILU 22I 34 " .IL4.27 Table 2.21e: N20 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1986 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 384 0 12 25 963 16 4,495 0 5,895 Industry Coal mining 965 4 0 0 212 11 115 0 1,307 Oil & natural gas 16 0 13,376 992 180 3 272 313 15,152 Food 436 4 31 259 230 2 194 4 1,160 Textiles 329 2 41 550 139 0 173 3 1,237 Paper 225 0 54 552 57 3 43 3 937 Electric power & heating 3,019 1 6,051 18,023 59 0 514 71 27,731 Oil refining 7 1 0 5,514 27 1 32 100 5,682 Coal processing 594 3 0 1,291 15 1 9 0 1,913 Chemicals 940 157 20,564 8,464 302 14 974 400 31,815 Pharmaceuticals 68 0 10 255 29 1 9 4 376 Synthetic fibers 59 3 4,480 1,857 10 1 7 31 6,448 Building materials 1,334 27 286 5,604 333 19 515 19 8,337 Ferrous metal processing 1,180 337 263 7,634 129 3 139 62 10,252 Nonferrous metal processing 114 18 434 797 5 3 60 3 1,487 Mechanical & electronic products 471 72 82 1,836 647 53 552 45 3,753 Construction 83 0 1,099 297 536 12 1,005 133 3,165 Transportation 384 0 1,172 3,364 197 358 471 9 5,955 Commercial 9,626 0 2 37 208 7 107 0 9,937 Residenial 2,646 0 0 0 76 909 14 61 3,706 Others 280 0 2 93 1,836 1,167 410 5 3,793 Ioal 23d36 1129 47964 57 444 6 .243 2Li 1JJ.1 L2 15-100 - 50 - Table 2.22a: FUEL CONSuMPITON FaR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1987 (Mt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Keroesne Dim Natural oil oil gasg Agriculture & forestry 22.867 0.480 0.007 0.040 1.463 0.028 7.297 0.00 Industry Coal mining 63.112 0.242 0.000 0.000 0.359 0.022 0.134 0.50 Oil & natural gas 0.880 0.003 7.913 0.810 0.275 0.010 0.461 39.10 Food 29.066 0.226 0.020 0.132 0.376 0.004 0.286 0.40 Textiles 20.962 0.278 0.011 0.260 0.239 0.008 0.245 0.30 Paper 14.480 0.014 0.014 0.235 0.099 0.003 0.061 0.20 Electric power & heating 202.199 0.024 2.831 9.280 0.108 0.003 0.910 4.10 Oil refining 0.551 0.047 79.960 3.014 0.042 0.002 0.060 11.10 Cost processing 39.379 0.403 0.000 0.719 0.028 0.001 0.015 0.60 Chemicals 64.891 7.653 11.580 4.655 0.506 0.023 1.533 44.30 Pharmaceuticals 4.917 0.017 0.008 0.153 0.050 0.002 0.020 0.40 Synthetic fibers 3.883 0.146 2.438 0.825 0.021 0.001 0.019 4.10 Building materials 98.834 1.298 0.153 2.913 0.530 0.028 0.780 2.10 Ferrous metal processing 74.042 39.828 0.108 3.775 0.221 0.004 0.261 7.20 Nonferrous metal processing 6.696 0.852 0.221 0.436 0.074 0.003 0.091 0.30 Mechanical & electronic products 30.139 3.248 0.043 0.966 1.010 0.081 0.836 4.20 Construction 4.534 0.117 0.988 0.453 0.882 0.017 1.549 8.60 Transportation 22.415 0.049 0.502 1.761 5.325 0.677 6.500 0.50 Commercial 3.251 0.090 0.004 0.022 0.342 0.013 0.217 0.00 Residential 164.862 0.329 0.000 0.000 0.146 1.278 0.029 7.70 Others 17.312 0.020 0.034 0.071 3.031 1.576 0.781 1.30 LW 2222 RM 106.85 S 102M 121 LL12 23.M ILn /j The units are 100 million cubic metae. Table 2.22b: CO EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELs FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1986 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gAM Agriculture & forestry 44.46 2.88 0.00 0.03 0.95 0.02 4.67 0.00 53.01 Industry Coal mining 122.72 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.01 0.12 0.03 12436 Oil & natural gas 1.71 0.02 4.96 0.51 0.18 0.01 0.29 2.59 10.21 Food 36.52 1.36 0.01 0.08 0.24 0.00 0.13 0.03 53.42 Textiles 40.76 0.47 0.01 0.16 0.15 0.01 0.16 0.02 41.74 Paper 23.16 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.06 0.00 0.04 0.01 21.51 Ejectric power & beating 59.19 0.14 1.78 5.82 0.07 0.00 0.58 0.30 67.88 Oil refining 1.07 0.23 0.00 1.89 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.73 4.04 Coal processing 0.00 2.42 0.00 0.45 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.04 2.94 Chemicals 242.86 45.92 7.75 3.11 0.35 0.02 1.05 1.90 302.96 Pharma-euticals 9.56 0.10 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.03 9.84 Synthetic fibers 7.55 0.83 1.53 0.52 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.27 10.77 Building materials 163.25 7.79 0.51 9.62 1.80 0.10 2.63 0.68 186.38 Ferrous metal processing 143.97 238.96 0.07 2.37 0.14 0.00 0.17 0.43 386.16 Nonferrous metal processing 12.82 5.11 0.14 0.27 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.02 18.47 Mochanical & electronic products 58.60 19.49 0.03 0.61 0.65 0.05 0.53 0.28 80.24 Construction 3.82 0.70 0.62 0.28 0.57 0.01 0.99 0.57 12.56 Transportation 56.71 0.29 0.31 1.10 2,032.02 0.44 141.39 0.86 2,233.12 Commercial 33.64 0.54 0.00 0.02 0.24 0.01 0.15 0.00 34.60 Reasidential 12,340.02 1.97 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.83 0.02 0.30 12,343.23 Others 33.66 0.12 0.02 0.04 1.96 1.02 0.50 0.09 37.41 13,46.0 2U 17.7 JLU 2.039.84 LU1,071 - 51 - Table 2.22c: CH. EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1987 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Karosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 1,147 14 1 5 183 3 903 0 2,256 Industry Coal mining 3,167 7 0 0 45 3 23 3 3,248 Oil & natural gas 44 0 960 98 34 1 57 213 1,407 Food 1,459 6 2 16 47 0 35 2 1,567 Textiles 1,052 2 1 32 30 1 30 2 1,150 Paper 727 0 2 28 12 0 8 1 775 EUectric power & heating 2,537 1 83 272 0 0 1 2 2,896 Oil refining 28 1 0 365 5 0 7 60 466 Coal processing 0 11 0 87 3 0 2 3 106 Chemicals 1,357 211 484 195 22 1 65 190 2,532 Pharmaceuticals 247 0 1 19 6 0 2 2 277 Synthetic fibers 195 4 296 100 3 0 2 22 622 Building materials 2,066 37 6 122 23 1 33 9 2,297 Ferrous metal processing 1,556 1,133 13 458 28 0 32 39 3,259 Nonferrous metal processing 331 24 27 53 9 0 11 2 457 Mechanical & electronic products 1,512 92 5 117 126 10 103 23 1,988 Construction 228 3 120 55 110 2 192 47 757 Transportation 328 1 61 214 6,880 85 2,772 1,090 11,431 Commercial 1,725 3 0 1 9 0 6 0 1,744 Residential 8,273 9 0 0 31 275 6 300 8,894 Others 869 1 4 9 379 197 97 7 1,563 uT-W U8 4 6 . 2.246 7.985 579 A.L7 2.2 2 Table 2.22d: NO, EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FuEs FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1987 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 157.30 0.00 0.06 0.34 10.14 0.08 21.16 0.00 189.03 Industry Coal mining 434.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.49 0.15 1.26 0.13 431.16 Oil & natural gas 6.05 0.00 53.27 5.45 1.91 0.07 3.17 10.20 10.12 Food 199.94 0.00 0.13 0.89 2.61 0.03 1.96 0.10 205.66 Textiles 144.19 0.00 0.07 1.75 1.66 0.06 1.68 0.03 149.49 Paper 99.60 0.00 0.09 1.58 0.69 0.02 0.42 0.05 102.45 Electric power & heating 3,623.03 0.00 23.79 78.00 0.32 0.01 2.64 4.26 3,732.05 Oil refining 3.79 0.00 0.00 20.29 0.29 0.01 0.41 2.90 27.69 Coal processing 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.14 0.19 0.01 0.10 0.42 5.56 Chemicals 306.62 0.00 81.35 32.70 3.55 0.16 4.15 11.04 439.60 Pharmaceuticals 33.82 0.00 0.05 1.03 0.35 0.01 0.06 0.10 35.42 Synthetic fibers 26.71 0.00 16.41 5.55 0.15 0.01 0.05 1.07 49.95 Building materials 1,089.00 0.00 3.37 64.19 12.03 0.64 36.96 9.08 1,215.27 Ferrous metal processing 509.32 596.83 0.73 25.41 1.53 0.03 0.75 1.88 1,136.48 Nonferrous metal processing 45.37 0.00 1.49 2.94 0.51 0.02 0.26 0.03 50.67 Mechanical & electronic products 207.32 0.00 0.29 6.50 7.00 0.56 2.39 1.10 225.16 Construction 31.19 0.00 6.65 3.05 6.12 0.12 4.43 2.24 53.80 Transportation 152.78 0.00 3.31 11.86 91.29 4.69 280.01 2.49 546.50 Commercial 40.71 0.00 0.03 0.14 0.94 0.04 0.59 0.00 42.45 Residential 617.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 2.81 0.06 1.41 621.60 Others 119.08 0.00 0.29 0.60 8.88 4.62 2.27 1.35 137.09 Inal 72846.9 592-8 121L9 3Ja1 1" .1 J kL EAl 9421 4id2b - 52 - Table 2.22e: NzO EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1987 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 382 0 14 78 989 19 4,386 0 6,368 Industry Coal mining 1,056 6 0 0 243 is 123 5 1,448 Oil & natural gas 15 0 15,386 1,575 136 7 309 365 17,343 Food 486 S 39 257 254 3 192 4 1,240 Textiles 351 2 21 506 162 6 164 3 1,215 Paper 242 0 27 457 67 2 41 2 838 Electric power & heating 3,382 1 5,505 13,044 73 2 609 38 27,654 Oil refining 9 1 0 5,861 28 1 40 104 6,044 Coal processing 659 9 0 1,398 19 1 10 6 2,112 Chemicals 1,085 174 22,517 9,051 342 16 1,027 414 34,626 Pharmaceuticals 82 0 16 297 34 1 13 4 447 Synthetic fibers 65 3 4,741 1,604 14 1 13 33 6,479 Building materials 1,653 30 297 5,664 358 19 522 20 8,563 Ferrous metal proceasing 1,233 906 210 7,340 149 3 175 67 10,031 Nooferrous metal processing 110 19 430 848 50 2 61 3 1,523 Mechanical & electronic products 504 74 84 1,373 633 55 560 39 3,377 Consuction 76 0 1,921 881 596 11 1,037 80 4,602 Transponation 375 0 976 3,424 200 453 527 5 5,965 Commercial 10,195 0 8 43 231 9 145 0 10,631 Re.dential 2,753 0 0 0 99 864 19 72 3,312 Others 290 0 66 138 2,050 1,066 523 12 4,145 IZ a 2& 1 2 59344 6.27 2UR 19,9 . 121 1 Table 2.23a: FUEL CONSUMPTION FoR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1988 (Mt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline KaroseA Diesel Natural oil oil gas A Agriculture & forestry 23.775 0.591 0.010 0.043 1.536 0.029 7.672 0.00 Industry Coal mining 62.565 0.341 0.000 0.001 0.365 0.018 0.233 0.60 Oil & natural gas 1.047 0.004 9.067 0.829 0.350 0.003 0.495 40.00 Food 31.129 0.199 0.001 0.113 0.406 0.009 0.305 0.40 Textiles 22.737 0.112 0.022 0.193 0.281 0.012 0.350 0.30 Paper 15.808 0.003 0.012 0.199 0.112 0.003 0.070 0.20 Electric power & heating 228.940 0.026 2.448 9.845 0.112 0.001 2.066 2.90 Oil refining 0.813 0.009 84.538 3.199 0.055 0.001 0.190 9.70 Coal processing 40.898 0.503 0.000 0.327 0.025 0.000 0.014 0.10 Chemicals 69.736 8.128 11.591 5.009 0.588 0.025 0.661 45.60 Pharmaceuticals 5.035 0.010 0.002 0.211 0.057 0.002 0.021 0.40 Synthetic fibers 3.962 0.152 2.467 0.971 0.036 0.002 0.026 3.70 Building materials 104.999 1.436 0.284 3.035 0.589 0.025 0.815 2.20 Ferrous metal processing 77.278 41.373 0.257 4.059 0.232 0.005 0.245 7.20 Nonferrous metal procesing 7.401 1.045 0.001 0.447 0.087 0.004 0.090 0.40 Mechanical & electronic products 31.413 3.657 0.102 0.963 1.146 0.081 1.031 3.50 Construction 4.452 0.058 0.644 0.269 0.871 0.012 1.424 7.60 Transportation 22.594 0.043 0.493 1.83 5.654 0.636 6.900 1.10 Commercial 9.323 0.062 0.002 0.026 0.453 0.019 0.319 0.10 Res:dential 175.253 0.318 0.000 0.000 0.163 1.203 0.059 15.30 ihers 19.070 0.019 0.001 0.034 3.612 1.406 1.782 0.50 IOW2 2 &221 111912 I2Mq 2 14. J The units an 100 million cubic metars. - 53 - Table 2.23b: CO EMIssIONS FROM DEFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1988 (Mt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Karoasee Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 45.805 3.546 0.006 0.027 0.992 0.019 4.901 0.000 55.303 Industry Coal mining 120.538 2.046 0.000 0.001 0.236 0.012 0.149 0.040 123.022 Oil & natural gas 2.017 0.024 5.687 0.520 0.226 0.002 0.317 2.647 11.440 Food 59.973 1.194 0.001 0.071 0.262 0.006 0.195 0.026 61.72 Textiles 43.805 0.672 0.014 0.121 0.186 0.008 0.224 0.0.0 45.050 Paper 30.456 0.018 0.008 0.125 0.072 0.002 0.045 0.013 30.739 Electric power & heating 67.013 0.156 1.535 6.175 0.072 0.001 1,322 0.215 76.489 Oil refining 1.566 0.054 0.000 2.007 0.036 0.001 0.122 0.642 4.428 Coal processing 0.000 3.018 0.000 0.205 0.016 0.000 0.009 0.007 3.255 Chemicals 260.989 48.766 7.755 3.351 0.405 0.017 0.451 1.953 323.687 Pharmaceuticals 9.790 0.060 0.001 0.132 0.037 0.001 0.013 0.026 10.060 Synthetic fibers 7.704 0.912 1.547 0.609 0.023 0.001 0.017 0.245 11.058 Building materials 17.343 8.616 0.938 10.026 2.004 0.085 2.746 0.711 42.469 Ferrous metal processing 150.262 248.259 0.161 2.546 0.150 0.003 0.156 0.477 402.014 Nonferrous metal processing 14.390 6.270 0.001 0.280 0.056 0.003 0.058 0.026 21.084 Mechanical & electronic products 61.080 21.941 0.064 0.604 0.740 0.052 0.660 0.232 85.373 Construction 8.657 0.348 0.404 0.169 0.563 0.008 0.911 0.503 11.561 Transportation 57.160 0.258 0.309 1.153 2,157.567 0.443 150.092 1.882 2,368.564 Commercial 38.010 0.372 0.001 0.018 0.316 0.013 0.213 0.004 38.932 Residential 13,117.799 1.908 0.000 0.000 0.105 0.777 0.033 0.596 13,121.223 Others 37.081 0.114 0.001 0.021 2.334 0.908 1.140 0.033 41.632 Tota 14,151.441 348.552 1433 28.161 j,16399 2.6 163.791 10.21 16.889.436 Table 2.23c: CH4 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FULmS FoR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1988 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil 9a Agriculture & forestry 1,193 17 I 5 192 4 949 0 2,361 Industry Coal mining 3,139 10 0 0 46 2 29 3 3,229 Oil & natural gas 53 0 1,099 101 44 0 01 21 1, 76 Food 1,562 7 0 14 51 1 I8 2 1,675 Textiles 1,141 3 3 23 36 1 43 2 1,-52 Paper 793 0 1 24 14 0 9 1 P42 Electric power & heating 2,72 1 72 238 0 0 3 1 3,^37 Oil refining 41 0 0 38 7 0 24 53 513 Col processing 0 14 0 40 3 0 2 1 "0 Chemicals 1,458 231 485 209 25 1 28 195 2,(12 Pharmaceuticals 253 0 0 26 7 0 3 2 291 Synthetic fibers 199 4 299 118 4 0 3 ?0 f47 Building materials 2,195 41 12 127 25 1 35 9 2,445 Ferrous metal processing 1,616 1,177 31 492 29 1 30 39 3/15 Nonferrous metal processing 371 30 0 54 11 0 11 2 -9 Mechanical & electronic products 1,576 104 12 117 243 10 28 19 2 i)9 Construction .23 2 73 33 109 1 ''6 41 M3 Transportation 331 1 60 223 7,306 16 2,943 2,393 1.3348 Commercial 1,949 2 0 2 12 0 8 0 1,973 Residential 8,794 9 0 0 35 259 13 60 9,70 Others 957 1 0 4 451 176 220 3 1,812 JIgW 30.716 1.654 2.153 228 LM 34 1 LQL9 53.29 - 54 - Table 2.23d: NOx EMIIssoNs FRom DIFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIERIENT BRANCHES IN 1988 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & foresty 163.5 0.0 0.1 0.4 10.3 0.1 22.3 0.0 196.7 Industy Coal mining 430.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.1 1.6 0.2 434.8 Oil & ahural gas 7.2 0.0 61.0 5.6 2.4 0.0 3.4 104 90.0 Food 214.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.7 0.1 2.1 0.1 219.9 Textiles 156.4 0.0 0.1 1.3 1.9 0.1 2.4 0.1 162.3 Paper 101.7 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.1 111.5 Electric power A heating 4,102.2 0.0 20.6 82.7 0.3 0.0 6.0 3.0 4,214.8 Oil refining 5.6 0.0 0.0 21.5 0.4 0.0 1.3 2.5 31.3 Coal processing 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.5 Chemicals 329.5 0.0 81.4 35.2 4.1 0.2 4.7 11.4 466.5 Pharmaceuticals 34.6 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 36.7 Synthetic fibers 27.3 0.0 16.6 6.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 1.0 51.8 Building materials 1,156.9 0.0 6.3 66.9 13.0 0.6 18.3 9.5 1,271.5 Ferrous metal processing 531.6 620.1 1.7 27.3 1.6 0.0 1.7 1.9 1,185.9 Nonferrous metal processing 50.9 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.1 55.2 Mechanical & electroeic products 216.1 0.0 0.7 6.5 7.7 0.5 7.1 0.9 239.5 Construction 36.6 0.0 4.3 1.3 5.9 0.1 9.3 2.0 60.5 Transportation 134.0 0.0 3.3 12.4 99.3 4.6 297.2 5.5 576.3 Commenial 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 0.1 0.9 0.0 48.5 Residential 655.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.6 0.1 2.8 661.8 Others 131.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 10.3 4.0 5.2 0.1 151.1 I9seI 8,58 0 196.3 27. 166.8 D-a1 LMf1 5.7 1029A. Table 2.23e: N2O EMIssioNs FRom DIFERENr FOSSIL FUEIS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1988 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gu Agriculture forestry 398 0 19 84 1,039 20 5.137 0 6,697 InduKry Coal mining 1,046 8 0 2 247 12 156 6 1,477 Oil & astural gas 18 0 17,630 1,612 237 2 331 374 20,204 Food 521 5 2 220 275 6 204 4 1,237 Textiles 380 3 43 175 195 8 234 3 1,241 Paper 264 0 23 387 76 2 47 2 301 .ectric power & beating 3,829 1 4,760 19,143 76 1 1,333 27 29,220 Oil refining 14 0 0 6,220 37 1 127 91 6,490 Coal processing 0 11 0 636 17 0 9 1 674 Chemicals 1,166 185 22,538 9,740 398 17 443 426 34,913 Pharmaceuticals 84 0 4 410 39 1 14 4 554 Syathetic fibers 66 3 4,797 1,888 24 1 17 35 6,831 building materials 1,756 33 552 5,901 398 17 546 21 9,224 Ferrous metal processing 1,293 941 500 7.892 157 3 164 67 11,017 Nonferrous metal processing 124 24 2 869 59 3 60 4 1,145 Mechanical & electronic products 525 83 198 1,872 775 55 690 33 4,231 Construction 74 0 1,252 523 589 8 954 71 3,471 Transportation 378 0 959 3,574 219 464 559 10 6,163 Commercial 11,520 0 4 51 312 13 214 1 12,115 Residenial 2,931 0 0 0 111 813 40 143 4,038 Others 319 0 2 66 2,453 951 1,193 5 4,994 2WI 26.706 1.297 a= 61.465 7738 2393 1.53WL 166,739 - 55 - Table 2.24a: FuEL CONSUMPTION FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1989 (Mt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural oil oil gas 8 Agriculture & forestry 21.805 0.535 0.008 0.046 1.342 0.038 8.258 0.0 Industry Coal mining 69.965 0.398 0.000 0.001 0.365 0.019 0.266 0.8 Oil & natural gas 1.211 0.007 9.954 0.731 0.362 0.002 0.570 33.5 Food 33.208 0.209 0.025 0.108 0.426 0.005 0.391 0.3 Textiles 23.703 0.116 0.020 0.201 0.294 0.009 0.371 0.2 Paper 16.435 0.027 0.014 0.204 0.106 0.002 0.079 0.2 Electric power & heating 249.039 0.026 1.858 9.308 0.124 0.001 2.347 3.6 Oil refining 2.487 0.022 87.616 4.516 0.057 0.002 0.141 3.7 Coal processing 45.489 0.493 0.000 0.361 0.030 0.001 0.018 0.1 Chemicals 73.928 8.926 12.421 5.449 0.555 0.030 0.497 47.3 Pharmaceuticals 5.523 0.006 0.005 0.126 0.061 0.001 0.02 0.3 Synthetic fibers 4.380 0.176 2.690 1.015 0.038 0.002 0.026 3.3 Building materials 106.698 1.768 0.231 3.170 0.537 0.0M5 0.794 2.4 Ferrous metal processing 79.927 43.406 0.168 4.200 0.264 0.005 0.284 7.3 Nonferrous metal processing 7.559 1.156 0.015 0.617 0.090 0.005 0.104 0.4 Mechanical & electronic products 30.386 3.691 0.047 0.872 1.048 0.073 0.919 3,5 Construction 4.525 0.091 0.508 0.316 0.955 0.015 1.469 14 0 Transportation 22.841 0.046 0.455 1.998 5.919 0.722 7.210 0.7 Commercial 10.244 0.087 0.006 0.029 0.482 0.009 0.380 0.0 Residential 170.433 0.318 0.000 0.000 0.114 1.283 0.012 16.8 Others 18.778 0.041 0.012 0.127 4.191 1.322 2.190 1.0 /a The units am 100 million cubic meters. Table 2.24b: CO EMIsSIoNs FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1989 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Keroseas Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 42.399 3.210 0.005 0.029 0.867 0.025 5.283 0.000 51.318 Industry Coal mining 136.049 2.388 0.000 0.001 0.236 0.012 0.170 0.053 138.909 Oil & natural gas 2-355 0.042 6.244 0.456 0.234 0.001 0.365 2.541 12.24 Food 64.571 1.254 0.016 0.068 0.275 0.003 0.250 0.020 66.457 Textiles 46.089 0.696 0.013 0,126 0.183 0.006 0.237 0.013 47.363 Paper 31.957 0.162 0.009 0.066 0.068 0.001 0.051 0.013 32.327 EJectric power & heating 72.897 0.156 1.165 0.078 0.080 0.001 1.502 0.266 76.145 Oil refining 4.839 0.132 0.000 0.036 0.037 0.001 0.095 0.576 5.716 Coal processing 0.000 2.958 0.000 0.019 0.019 0.001 0.012 0.007 3.016 Chemicals 276.678 53.554 8.310 3.646 0.382 0.021 0.339 2.026 344.956 Pharmaceuticals 10.741 0.036 0.003 0.079 0.039 0.001 0.018 0.020 10.937 Synthetic fibers 3.517 1.056 1.687 0.637 0.025 0.001 0.017 0.218 12.158 Building materials 176.237 10.607 0.763 10.472 1.827 0.085 2.675 0.776 20z.442 Ferrous metal processing 151.525 260.427 0.105 2.634 0.171 0.003 0.182 0.433 415.530 Nonferrous metal processing 14.698 6.936 0.009 0.387 OS 0.003 0.067 0.026 12.1%4 Mechanical & electronic products 59.084 22.145 0.029 0.547 0.677 0.047 0.588 0.232 93.349 Construction 8.799 0.546 0.319 0.198 0.617 C.010 0.940 0.927 12.256 Transportation 57.785 0.276 0.285 1.253 2,258.692 0 466 156.836 1.199 2,476.792 Conunercial 41.765 0.522 0.004 0.021 0.332 0.006 0.259 0.000 42.909 Residential 12,757.019 1.873 0.000 0.000 0.074 C.829 0.008 0.654 12,760.462 Others 36.513 0.246 0.008 0.080 2.708 0.854 1.401 0.066 41.576 Total 14000.521 369.227 U420 836 2,267.601 2.377 171.295 10 123 16.860.95 - 56 - Table 2.24c: CH4 EMISSroNs FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FoR DIFtERENT BRANCHES IN 1989 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas AgiikuAe & forestry 1,094 15 1 6 168 5 1,021 0 2,310 Industry Coal mining 3,511 11 0 0 46 2 33 4 3,607 Oil & nstural gas 61 0 1,207 87 45 0 71 210 1,681 Pood 1,666 6 3 13 53 1 43 2 1,792 Textiles 1,189 3 2 24 35 1 46 1 1,301 Paper 825 1 2 25 13 0 10 1 877 Blectric power & heating 3.124 1 54 272 0 0 3 1 3,455 Oil relining 125 1 0 547 7 0 18 47 745 Coal processing 0 14 0 44 4 0 2 1 65 Chemicals 1,546 254 519 228 24 1 21 203 2,796 Phamnaccuticals 277 0 1 15 8 0 3 2 306 Synthetic fibers 220 5 326 123 5 0 3 is 700 Building materials 2,231 50 10 133 23 1 34 10 2,492 Ferrous metal processing 1,629 1,234 20 509 33 1 35 40 3,501 Nonferrous metal processing 379 33 2 75 11 1 13 2 516 Mechanical & electronic products 1,525 105 6 106 131 9 114 19 2,015 Construction 227 3 62 38 119 2 182 76 709 Transportation 334 1 55 242 7,648 90 3,075 1,526 12,971 Commercial 2,142 2 0 2 12 0 10 0 2,168 Residential 8,552 9 0 0 25 276 3 65 8,930 Others 942 1 1 15 523 165 271 5 1,923 I21a 31122 L2A2 2a71 2.504 ! l M L&Mk 211 IfM Table 2.24d: NOr EMIssioNs FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUES FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1989 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 149.99 0.00 0.07 0.37 9.31 0.11 23.95 0.00 183.80 Industry Coal mining 481.29 0.00 0.00 0.01 2.53 0.13 1.13 0.21 486.00 Oil & natural gas 8.33 0.00 67.01 4.92 2.51 0.01 3.91 10.04 96.73 Food 228.43 0.00 0.17 0.73 2.95 0.03 2.68 0.08 253.07 Textiles 163.05 0.00 0.13 1.35 1.97 0.06 2.55 0.05 169.16 Paper 113.05 0.00 0.09 1.37 0.74 0.01 0.54 0.05 115.85 Eiectric power & beatinc 4,462.32 0.00 15.62 78.23 0.36 0.00 6.81 3.74 4,567.08 Oil refining 17.11 0.00 0.00 30.40 0.40 0.01 1.02 2.27 51.21 Coal processing 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.43 0.21 0.01 0.12 0.03 2.80 Chemicals 349.33 0.00 87.26 38.28 4.01 0.22 3.56 11.79 494.45 Pharnaceuticals 37.99 0.00 0.03 0.85 0.42 0.01 0.19 0.08 39.57 S'-rhetic fibers 30.13 0.00 18.11 6.83 0.26 0.01 0.18 0.86 56.33 Blding materials 1,175.65 0.00 5.09 69.86 12.19 0.57 17.85 10.38 1,291.59 PeruMas metal processing 536.04 650.45 1.41 35.30 1.83 0.03 1.95 1.90 1,228.91 Non errous metal proceasing 52.00 0.00 0.13 5.19 0.62 0.03 0.71 0.10 58.73 Mecha*cal & ectronic products 209.02 0.00 0.40 7.33 7.27 0.51 6.31 0.91 231.75 Conajcti< a 31.13 0.00 4.27 2.66 6.62 0.10 10.09 3.65 58.52 Tmnmp r.ajon 155.68 0.00 3.82 16.79 104.52 5.01 310.60 3.49 599.91 Coummerc 50.55 0.00 0.05 0.19 1.33 0.02 1.04 0.00 53.18 Residential 637.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 2.12 0.03 3.07 644.02 Others 129.17 0.00 0.10 1.07 12.27 3.87 6.35 1.04 153.87 Iat 901111. Aj 203.76 104. 172.2 13.58 4Q22 53.74 1118.64 - 57 - Table 2.24e: N.0 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1989 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 365 0 16 89 907 26 5,530 0 6,933 Industry Coal mining 1,170 9 0 2 247 13 178 3 1,622 Oil & natural gas 20 0 19,355 1,421 245 1 382 123 21,547 Food 555 5 49 210 288 3 262 1 1,373 Texiles 396 3 39 391 192 6 248 1 1,276 Pape 275 1 27 397 72 1 53 1 327 Electric power & heating 4,166 1 3,613 18,099 84 1 1,512 11 27,487 Oil refining 42 1 0 8,781 39 1 99 23 8,991 Coal processing 761 11 0 702 20 1 12 0 1,507 Chemicals 1,237 203 24,152 10,595 375 20 333 152 37,067 Pharmaceuticals 92 0 10 245 41 1 19 1 409 Synthetic fibers 73 4 5,231 1,974 26 1 17 11 7,337 Building materials 1,785 40 449 6,164 363 17 532 3 9,358 Ferrous metal processing 1,303 987 327 8,167 179 3 190 23 11,179 Nonferrous metal processing 126 26 29 1,200 61 3 70 1 1,516 Mechanical & electronic products 508 84 91 1,696 709 49 615 11 3,765 Construction 76 0 988 614 646 10 984 45 3,363 Transportation 382 0 885 3,885 229 488 584 2 6,455 Commercial 12,658 0 12 56 326 6 254 0 13,312 Residential 2,851 0 0 0 77 868 8 54 3,358 Others 314 0 23 247 2,834 894 1,467 3 5,782 otl 2LS L121 129& §4t9= 7.960 2Wt L 2 4 172.2 Table 2.25a: FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTIONS FOR DIFFERENT BRANcES IN 1990 (Mt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural oil oil gas a Agriculture & forestry 20.952 0.601 0.002 0.029 1.459 0.031 8.815 0.0 Industry Coal mining 78.562 0.379 0.000 0.001 0.395 0.027 0.279 0.7 Oil & natural gas 1.321 0.004 10.679 1.344 0.394 0.004 0.636 35.9 Food 33.247 0.226 0.018 0.119 0.471 0.003 0.371 0.3 Textiles 23.594 0.107 0.024 0.216 0.301 0.007 0.321 0.2 Paper 16.397 0.025 0.012 0.211 0.115 0.002 0.081 0.2 Eleuic power & heating 270.591 0.012 1.440 8.162 0.137 0.001 1.331 2.8 Oil refining 2.976 0.011 86.038 4.342 0.053 0.001 0.133 9.9 Coal processing 45.042 0.766 0.000 0.334 0.033 0.000 0.031 0.1 Chemicals 72.411 9.462 14.453 5.476 0.577 0.020 0.687 48.5 Pharmaceuticals 5.480 0.031 0.005 0.119 0.065 0.002 0.032 0.3 Synthetic fibers 4.476 0.146 3.448 1.202 0.034 0.003 0.024 3.5 Building materials 99.628 1.822 0.189 3.114 0.542 0.022 0.846 2.6 Ferrous metal processing 80.899 48.097 0.165 4.326 0.284 0.004 0.315 9.5 Nonferrous metal processing 8.145 1.120 0.001 0.615 0.096 0.003 0.109 0.3 Mechanical & electronic products 29.326 3.754 0.052 0.823 1.034 0.073 0.147 3.7 Construction 4.376 0.052 0.552 0.473 0.395 0.013 1.330 10.6 Tranportation 21.609 0.041 0.521 2.032 6.201 0.934 7.094 1.9 Commercial 10.583 0.077 0.003 0.016 0.460 0.006 0.225 0.0 Residential 166.997 0.269 0.000 0.000 0.180 1.046 0.002 18.6 Others 19.804 0.019 0.006 0.161 3.907 1.273 2.170 1.2 LOWd JA 62292.142 117.622 2. 122 o 212 152.1 & The units are 100 million cubic meters. - 58 - Table 2.25b: CO EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FUElS FOR DIFFERENT BRANCHES IN 1990 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas AgricultUre & forastry 40.740 3.606 0.001 0.018 0.943 0.020 5.640 0.000 50.968 Industry Coal mining 152.769 2.274 0.000 0.001 0.255 0.017 0.178 0.046 155.540 Oil & natural gas 2.569 0.024 6.698 0.837 0.255 0.003 0.407 2.376 13.169 Food 64.646 1.356 0.011 0.075 0.304 0.002 0.237 0.020 66.651 Textiles 45.877 0.642 0.015 0.135 0.194 0.005 0.205 0.013 47.086 Paper 31.883 0.150 0.007 0.132 0.074 0.001 0.052 0.013 32.312 Electric power & hesting 79.205 0.072 0.903 5.119 0.089 0.001 0.856 0.207 86.452 Oil refining 5.787 0.066 0.000 2.723 0.034 0.001 0.085 0.655 9.351 Coal processing 0.000 4.596 0.000 0.209 0.021 0.000 0.020 0.006 4.851 Chemicals 271.000 56.770 9.670 3.664 0.398 0.014 0.469 3.210 345.195 Pharmaceuticals 10.656 0.186 0.003 0.075 0.042 0.001 0.020 0.020 11.003 Synthetic fibers 8.703 0.876 2.162 0.754 0.022 0.002 0.015 0.232 12.766 Building materials 164.559 10.932 0.624 10.287 1.844 0.075 2.851 0.840 192.012 Ferrous metal processing 157.304 288.572 0.103 2.713 0.183 0.003 0.202 0.629 449.709 Nonferrous metal processing 15.337 6.720 0.001 0.386 0.062 0.002 0.070 0.020 23.098 Mechanical & electronic products 57.023 22.523 0.032 0.516 0.700 0.047 0.542 0.245 81.628 Construction 8.509 0.312 0.346 0.297 0.578 0.008 0.851 0.702 11.603 Transportation 54.668 0.246 0.327 1.306 2,366.302 0.603 154.312 0.325 2,578.089 Commercial 43.148 0.462 0.002 0.011 0.317 0.004 0.154 0.000 44.098 Residential 12,499.832 1.614 0.000 0.000 0.116 0.676 0.001 0.724 12,502.963 Others 38.508 0.114 0.004 0.101 2.524 0.822 1.383 0.079 43.540 I[a 13.753.223 40211L1 222 2090 2 2175252 2M9 168.555 1. 16,762.085 Table 2.25c: CH4 EMIssIONs FROM DIFFEREm FOSSIL FUELS FoR DIFFERENT BRANCHES iN 1990 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 1,051 17 0 4 182 4 1,090 0 2,348 Industry Coal mining 3,942 11 0 0 49 3 35 4 4,044 Oil & natural gas 663 0 1,334 163 49 0 79 196 2,414 Food 1,668 6 2 14 59 0 46 2 1,779 Textiles 1,184 3 3 26 38 1 40 1 1,296 Paper 323 1 1 26 14 0 10 1 876 Electric power & heating 3,395 0 43 239 0 0 2 1 3,630 Oil refining 149 0 0 524 7 0 16 54 750 Coal processing 0 22 0 41 4 0 4 1 72 Chemicals 1,514 269 622 229 25 1 29 208 2,897 Pharmaceuticalm 275 1 1 14 8 0 4 2 305 Synthetic fibers 225 4 431 146 4 0 3 19 332 Building materials 2.033 54 8 130 23 1 36 11 2,346 Ferrous metal processing 1,691 1,367 21 525 35 0 39 52 3,730 Nonferrous metal processing 409 32 0 75 12 0 13 2 305 Mechanical & electronic products 1,472 107 6 100 135 9 105 20 1,954 Construction 220 1 69 57 112 2 165 58 684 Transportation 316 1 65 252 8,012 117 3,025 4,142 12,202 Commercial 2,213 2 0 1 12 0 6 0 2,234 Residential 3,380 8 0 0 39 225 0 72 3,724 'Xers 994 1 1 20 483 159 268 7 1,933 I9d 2&L7 L222 L2 LI 2UZ L .12I 2f - 59 - Table 2.25d: NO, EMISSIONs FROM DIFFERENT FOSSL FUELs FOR DIFERENT BRANCHES IN 1990 (kt) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 144.128 0.000 0.017 0.244 10.117 0.091 25.566 0.000 180.163 Industry Coal mining 540.427 0.000 0.000 0.007 2.739 0.187 1.916 0.183 545.459 Oil & natural gas 9.087 0.000 71.895 9.048 2.732 0.028 4.367 9.364 106.521 Food 228.706 0.000 0.121 0.801 3.266 0.021 2.548 0.078 235.541 Textiles 162.303 0.000 0.162 1.454 2.087 0.049 2.204 0.052 168.311 Paper 112.794 0.000 0.081 1.421 0.797 0.014 0.556 0.052 115.715 Electric power & heating 4,848.491 0.000 12.103 68.602 0.401 0.003 3.881 2.910 4,936.391 Oil sefining 20.471 0.000 0.000 29-232 0.368 0.007 0.913 2.582 53.573 Coal processing 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.249 0.229 0.000 0.213 0.026 2.717 Chemicals 342.157 0.000 101.534 38.469 4.175 0.145 4.923 12.084 503.487 Pharmaceuticals 37.695 0.000 0.034 0.801 0.451 0.014 0.220 0.078 39.293 Sythetic fibers 30.789 0.000 23.213 8.092 0.236 0.021 0.165 0.913 63.429 Building materials 1,097.752 0.000 4.165 68.623 12.302 0.499 19.016 11.245 1,213.602 Ferrous metal processing 556.483 720.745 1.111 29.124 1.969 0.028 2.163 2.473 1,314.101 Nonferrous metal processing 56.027 0.000 0.007 4.140 0.666 0.021 0.748 0.078 61.687 Mechanical & electronic products 201.726 0.000 0.350 5.541 7.517 0.506 5.316 0.965 222.457 Construction 30.101 0.000 3.716 3.184 6.206 0.090 9.133 2.765 55.195 Transportation 147.287 0.000 3.508 14.016 109.501 6.477 305.599 9.468 595.856 Commercial 52.219 0.000 0.023 0.104 1.263 0.017 0.614 0.000 54.245 Residential 624.992 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.395 2.298 0.004 3.403 631.092 Others 136.226 0.000 0.050 1.353 11.443 3.721 6.294 1.247 160.341 Ia 9,379.861 720.745 222.089 286.505 178.865 .24 396.859 221 II29.139 Table 2.25e: N20 EMissioNs FROM DIFFERENT FOSSIL FEELS FOR DIFFERENT BRANcEs IN 1990 (t) Coal Coke Crude Fuel Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Natural Total oil gas Agriculture & forestry 350 0 4 56 987 21 5,903 0 7,321 Industry Coal mining 1,314 9 0 2 267 13 137 7 1,303 Oil & natural gas 22 0 20,765 2,613 266 3 426 335 24,431 Food 556 5 35 231 318 2 248 3 1,399 Textiles 395 2 47 420 204 5 215 2 1,289 Paper 274 1 23 410 78 1 54 2 344 Electric power & heating 4,526 0 2,800 15,171 93 1 896 26 24,212 Oil refining 50 0 0 8,443 36 1 89 93 3,711 Coal processing 0 18 0 649 22 0 21 1 711 Chemicals 1,211 215 28,103 10,648 390 14 460 453 41,494 Pharmaceuticals 92 1 10 231 44 1 21 3 403 Synthetic fibers 75 3 6,704 2,337 23 2 16 33 9,194 Building materials 1,666 41 368 6,055 367 15 567 24 9,103 Ferrous metal processing 1,353 1,094 321 8,412 192 3 211 89 11,674 Nonferrous metal processing 136 25 2 1,195 65 2 73 3 1,502 Mechanical & electronic products 491 85 101 1,600 733 49 567 35 3,661 Construction 73 0 1,073 920 605 9 891 99 4,391 Transportation 361 0 1,013 4,048 0 632 1 18 6,097 Commercial 13,077 0 6 31 311 4 151 0 13,530 Residential 2,793 0 0 0 122 707 1 174 3,797 Others 331 0 12 313 2,642 361 1,453 11 5,623 12Wj 29.148 L§01 6138 6448 7.764 2I~ ILJU~ " .1$1240 -60- Table 3.1: CO2 EMISSIONS FRoM CEMEN PRODUCTION, 1985-90 Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cement production 14,595 16,606 18,625 21,014 21,029 20,971 (10' t) CO2 emissions 73.97 84.16 94.39 106.50 106.57 106.28 (Tg CO2) Source: Cement production is based on China Statistical Yearbook, 1991, Chinese Statistical Press. Table 4.1: CH, EMIssioNS FROM LANDFIu.S IN CHINA, 1985-1990 Year Urban Population MSW Generation CH4 Emissions (10') (10' t) (Tg CH4) 1985 25,094 4,579.66 0.659 1986 26,366 4,811.80 0.692 1987 27,674 5,050.51 0.725 1988 28,661 5,230.63 0.752 1989 29,540 5,391.05 0.775 1990 30,191 5,509.86 0.792 Source: The population of city and town is based on China Statistical Yearbook, 1992, Chinese Statistical Press. - 61 - Table 5.1: CH4 EMIssioN COEFFICIENTS: ENTERIC FERMENTATION Sheep and Animals Cattle Camel Goats Horse Swine Mule Donkey TAW (kg) 155 387 25 156 50 100 150 Coefficient (kg CH4/ TAW.yr) 35.14 69.8 8.94 18.0 1.0 10'0 10.0 Table 5.2: DOMESICATED ANIMAL POPULATION IN CHINA (in millions) Animals 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cattle 86.82 91.667 94.651 97.948 100.752 102.884 Camel 0.53 0.504 0.475 0.472 0.475 0.463 Sheep and goat 155.88 166.22 180.34 201.52 211.64 210.02 Horse 11.081 10.988 10.691 10.540 10.294 10.174 Swine 331.40 337.19 327.73 342.22 352.81 362.40 Mule 4.972 5.113 5.248 5.366 5.391 5.494 Donkey 10.415 10.689 10.846 11.052 11.136 11.198 Source: The population data are based on the China Statistical Yearbook, 1992. The population of cattle includes that of cattle, buffalos, and yak. - 62- Table 5.3: MrHANE EMIssioNs FROM DOMESTICATED ANIM& (in Tg CH4/yr) Animals 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cattle 3.053 3.221 3.326 3.442 3.540 3.615 Camel 0.037 0.035 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.032 Sheep and goat 1.393 1.486 1.612 1.802 1.892 1.878 Horse 0.199 0.198 0.192 0.190 0.185 0.183 Swine 0.331 0.337 0.328 0.342 0.353 0.362 Mule 0.050 0.051 0.052 0.054 0.054 0.055 Donkey 0.104 0.107 0.108 0.111 0.111 0.112 IDWa L1&2 5AlK L.M. 1,24 .Ml LM3. Table 5.4: THE ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND PERCENTAGE OF POTENTIAL METHANE PRODUCIION (MCF) Dairy MCF Systems (%) Cattle cattle Poultry Sheep Swine Others (%of Bo) Araerobic lagoon - 6 1 - 1 - 90 Liquid system - 4 2 - 38 - 15 Daily spread 16 21 - - 1 - 5 Solid storage and drylot 14 - - - 53 95 10 Pasture & paddock 29 24 44 83 - - 10 Burned for fuel 40 46 1 - 7 5 5 Other - - 52 17 - - 5 MCF (% of Bo) 7.1 11.8 8.25 9.15 12.3 9.75 Notes: (1) Other systems include deep pit stacking, litter, and other. (2) Otter animals include goat, horse, mule, donkey, and camel. (3) MCF of each system is based on Reference 1. - 63 - Table 5.5: PARAMETERS RELATING TO CH4 EMISSIoNs FROM ANIMAL WASTES P VS Bo MCF TM Animal (kg/TWA.day) (%) (M3 CH4/kg VS) (%) (kg CH4/TAW.yr) Cattle a 12.5 15 0.10 7.1 3.217 Dairy cattle 15.6 15 0.14 11.8 6.672 Camel 18.4 16 0.21 9.75 14 57 Sheep 1.6 23 0.13 9.75 1.127 Goat 1.8 27 0.13 9.75 1.448 Horse 18.4 20 0.26 9.75 22.54 Swine 4.1 10 0.29 12.3 3.534 Mule 18.4 20 0.26 9.75 22.54 Donkey 12.2 20 0.26 9.75 14.95 Poultry 0.12 19 0.26 8.25 0.1182 La Except dairy cattle. Table 5.6: CH. EMISSIONS FROM ANIMAL WASTES, 1985-90 (Tg CH4/year) Animal 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cattle La 0.279 0.295 0.304 0.315 0.324 f.231 Dairy cattle 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.017 C.018 Camel 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 C.007 Sheep 0.106 0.111 0.116 0.125 0.128 0.127 Goat 0.089 0.097 0.112 0.132 0.142 0.141 Horse 0.250 0.248 0.241 0.238 0.232 0.229 Swine 1.171 1.192 1.158 1.29 1.243 1.281 Donkey 0.156 0.160 0.162 0.165 1.166 ;.167 Mule 0.112 0.115 0.118 0.121 0.122 0.124 Poultry 0.253 0.234 0.258 0.289 0.266 0.278 =2A 2.471 2da iry 2cattl La Except dairy cattle. -64- Table 5.7: RICE GROWING CULTIVATED AREA IN CHINA (1,000 ha) Early Intermediate Double Single Year rice rice late rice rice Total (ER) (IR) (DL) (SR) 1985 9,575 10,528 9,707 2,261 32,071 1986 9,543 10,533 9,797 2,393 32,266 1987 9,370 10,528 9,768 2,527 32,192 1988 9,220 10,678 9,558 2,532 31,988 1989 9,365 10,888 9,776 2,672 32,701 1990 9,418 10,984 9,839 2,824 33,065 Source: China Agricultural Yearbook, Agricultural Publishing House, 1986, 1987, and 1991. Table 5.8: FLOODING DAYS OF VARIous TYPES OF RICE Region and type Growing days Emission factors (g CH/day/m) The southern rice region Early rice 80-90 0.19 Intermediate rice 100-110 0.26 Double late rice 90-100 0.69 The northern rice region Single rice 95-110 0.21-0.42 - 65 - Table 5.9: METHANE EMISSIONs nom RICE FIELDS IN CHINA (Tg CR4) ER IR DL SR Total Average 1985 low 1.455 2.737 6.028 0.451 10.671 high 1.637 3.011 6.698 1.045 12.391 11.531 1986 low 1.451 2.738 6.048 0.477 10.750 high 1.632 3.012 6.760 1.106 12.510 11.630 1987 low 1.424 2.737 6.066 0.504 10.731 high 1.602 3.011 6.740 1.167 12.520 11.626 1988 low 1.401 2.776 5.936 0.505 10.618 high 1.577 3.054 6.595 1.170 12.396 11.507 1989 low 1.423 2.831 6.071 0.533 10.858 high 1.601 3.114 6.745 1.234 12.694 11.776 1990 low 1.432 2.856 6.110 0.564 10.961 high 1.610 3.141 6.789 1.305 12.845 11.903 Table 5.10: FERTIIZER-DERIVED N2O EMISSIONS BY FERTuZER TYPE Fertilizer type % N20-N produced % N20-N produced (median) (range) Ammonia, aqua 1.63 0.86-6.84 Other nitrogen fertilizer 0.11 0.001-6.84 Complex fertilizer 0.11 0.001-6.84 - 66 - Table 5.11: NrIROUS OXME EMISSION FROM NITROGEN FERTILIZER UsE, 1985-90 (1,000 tonnes N20) Ammonia, Other nitrogen Compound Total emissions Year aqua fertilizers fertilizers of N20 1985 Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 201 11,848 656 N20 emission Median 5.15 20.48 1.13 26.76 Low 2.72 0.19 0.01 2.92 High 21.60 1,273.49 66.80 1,361.8 1986 Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 189 12,937 661 N20 emission Median 4.84 22.36 1.14 28.34 Low 2.55 0.20 0.01 2.76 High 20.31 1,390.54 71.05 1,481.90 1987 Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 169 13,099 881 N20 emission Median 4.33 22.64 1.30 28.27 Low 2.28 0.21 0.01 2.50 High 18.17 1,407.96 81.04 1,507.17 1988 Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 176 13,995 881 N20 emission Median 4.51 24.19 1.52 30.22 Low 2.37 0.22 0.01 2.60 High 18.92 1,504.26 94.69 1,317.87 1989 Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 174 15,187 1,014 N,O emission Median 4.46 26.25 1.75 32.46 Low 2.35 0.24 0.02 2.61 High 18.70 1,632.39 108.99 1,760.08 1990 Amount consumed (1,000 tons N) 118 16,266 1,275 N,O emission Median 3.02 28.12 2.20 33.34 Low 1.59 0.26 0.02 1.87 High 12.68 1,748.36 137.04 1,898.08 - 67 - Table 6.1: SELECTED CROP RESIDUE STATISTICS Crops Waste generation/ Content of dry Carbon content in crop yield material (%) dry material (%) Rice 1.4 78--88 41.44 Wheat 1.3 78--88 48.53 Yams 0.4 30--60 42.26 Maize 1.0 30--50 47.09 Beets 0.3 10--20 40.72 Chinese sorghum 1.4 -40 -45 Cereal 1.4 -83 -45 Soybeans 2.1 45 -45 Peanuts 1.0 -60 -45 Other grains 1.0 -62 -45 Note: Carbon content of straw = content of dry materials x carbon content in dry material; average of the content of dry material used. Table 6.2: EMIssioN RATIOS FOR BIOMASS BURNING CALCULATIONS Compound Ratios Average values CH4 0.007--0.013 0.010 CO 0.075--0.125 0.100 N20 0.005--0.009 0.007 NO, 0.094--0.148 0.121 Notes: Ratios for carbon compounds, i.e., CH4 and CO, are mass of carbon compound released (in units of C) relative to mass of CO released from burning (in units of C); those for nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios of emission relative to the nitrogen content of the fuel. Average values are used for calculating. Source: Crutzen and Andreae, 1990. - 68 - Table 6.3: WASTE GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENT FROM CROP RESIDUE (1985) Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content (million tons) (million tons) (million ton-C) Rice 168.569 235.997 48.703 Wheat 85.805 111.547 26.958 Yams 26.036 10.414 1.188 Maize 63.826 63.826 7.213 Beets 8.919 2.676 0.098 Chinese Sorghum 5.610 7.854 0.848 Cereal 5.977 8.368 1.875 Soybeans 10.500 22.050 2.679 Peanuts 6.664 6.664 1.080 Other grains 12.786 12.786 2.140 Iw 2J.82 Table 6.4: WASTE GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENT FROM CROP RESIDUE (1986) Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content (million tons) (million tons) (million ton-C) Rice 172.224 241.114 49.759 Wheat 90.040 117.052 28.289 Yams 25.337 10.135 1.156 Maize 70.856 70.856 8.008 Beets 8.306 2.492 0.091 Chinese Sorghum 5.384 7.538 0.814 Cereal 4.540 6.356 1.424 Soybeans 11.614 24.389 2.963 Peanuts 5.882 5.882 0.953 Other grains 11.517 11.517 1.928 TDW 95,385 - 69 - Table 6.5: WASTE GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENT FROM CRoP RESIDuE (1987) Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content (million tons) (million tons) (million ton-C) Rice 174.262 243.967 50.348 Wheat 85.902 111.673 26.989 Yams 28.205 11.282 1.287 Maize 79.241 79.241 8.956 Beets 8.140 2.442 0.089 Chinese Sorghum 5.426 7.596 0.820 Cereal 4.357 6.100 1.367 Soybeans 12.465 26.177 3.180 Peanuts 6.171 6.171 1.000 Other grains 13.119 13.119 2.196 Iotal 96232 Table 6.6: WASTE GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENT FROM CROP RESIDUE (1988) Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content (million tons) (million tons) (million ton-C) Rice 169.107 236.750 48.?58 Wheat 85.432 111.062 26.,s41 Yams 26.965 10.286 1.231 Maize 77.351 77.351 8.742 Beets 12.810 3.843 0.141 Chinese Sorghum 5.594 7.832 S.&46 Cereal 4.412 6.177 1.384 Soybeans 11.650 24.465 2.972 Peanuts 5.693 5.693 0.922 Other grains 13.575 13.575 2.272 lotal 2429 -70 - Table 6.7: WAST GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENr FROM CRop RESuE (1989) Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content (million tons) (million tons) (million ton-C) Rice 180.130 252.182 52.043 Wheat 90.807 118.049 28.530 Yams 27.304 10.922 1.246 Maize 78.928 78.928 8.920 Beets 9.243 2.773 0.102 Chinese Sorghum 4.435 6.209 0.671 Cereal 3.753 5.254 1.177 Soybeans 10.227 21.477 2.609 Peanuts 5.363 5.363 0.869 Other grains 11.965 11.965 2.003 IIal 921 Table 6.8: WASME GENERATION AND TOTAL CARBON CONTENw FnOM CROP RESDUE (1990) Crop type Crop yield Waste generation Carbon content (million tons) (million tons) (million ton-C) Rice 189.331 265.063 54.701 Wheat 98.229 127.698 30.862 Yams 27.432 10.973 1.252 Maize 96.819 96.819 10.942 Beets 14.525 4.358 0.160 Chinese Sorghum 5.675 7.945 0.858 Cereal 4.575 6.405 1.435 Soybeans 11.000 23.100 2.807 Peanuts 6.368 6.368 1.032 Other grains 13.181 13.181 2.206 I 106.255 - 71- Table 6.9: GHG EMISSIONS FROM BURNING OF AGRICULTURAL CROP WASTE, 1985-90 (in million tons) 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Carbon burned 92.782 95.385 96.232 94.209 98.170 106.255 CH4 emission low 0.779 0.801 0.808 0.791 0.825 0.893 high 1.447 1.488 1.501 1.470 1.531 1.658 CO emission low 14.613 15.023 15.156 14.838 15.462 16.735 high 24.355 25.039 25.261 24.730 25.770 27.892 N20 emission low 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.008 0.008 high 0.026 0.027 0.027 0.027 0.028 0 030 NO. emission low 0.187 0.192 0.194 0.190 0.198 0.214 high 0.588 0.605 0.610 0.600 0.623 0.674 Table 6.10: GHG EMISSIONS FROM FUELWOOD COMBUSITON Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Fuelwood combustion (Tg) 200 2051& 210 223L& 236/a 251 Total carbon burned (Tg C) 54 55.35 56.70 60.21 63.72 67.77 CO2 emissions (Tg CO2) 178.20 182.66 187.11 198.69 210.28 223.(4 CH4 emissions (Tg CH) 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.81 N20 emissions (Tg N20) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 CO emission (Tg CO) 11.34 11.62 11.91 12.64 13.38 14.23 NO, emission (Tg NO) 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.26 I& Values are estimated. - 72 - Table 6.11: GHG EMIssiONS FROM BIOGAS LEAKAGE AND COMBUSTION Total number of Gas Year generating pits production CO2 emissions CH4 emissions (10') (10 m3/year) (Tg COiyear) (Tg CH/year) 1985 375.2 2,260 4.04 0.145 1986 357.8 2,155 3.85 0.139 1987 347.5 2,093 3.74 0.135 1988 324.0 1,951 3.49 0.125 1989 326.9 1,969 3.52 0.127 1990 338.1 2,036 3.64 0.131 Table 7.1: TOTAL BiOcARBON OF GROWN-UP WOODS Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ratio of total biomass to aboveground biomass 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.24 Ratio of ground biomass to stem biomass 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.18 Wood density, t/m3 0.44 0.51 0.38 0.4 0.58 0.6 Storage of grown-up woods, m/ha 146.4 215.5 105.4 163.3 210.4 222.0 Wood carbon content, kg C/kg biomass 0.55 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.52 0.52 Total biocarbon of grown-up woods, t C/ha 42.87 89.16 29.99 56.04 124.38 101.35 - 73 - Table 7.2: CO. ABsoRPTON BY FOREs GRowTH Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.20 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87 Forest annual average increase, m/ha/yr 2.2 3.03 3.58 1.65 3.03 3.58 CO2 absorption by forest growth, Tg CO2/yr 84.28 92.85 153.44 43.77 3.74 5.21 Note: Subtotal 383.29 Tg CO2 = 104.56 Tg C02-C. Table 7.3: AGE PROFILE AND AVERAGE STORAGE OF CHINA'S FoRESTS (m3/ha) Forest age Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Young, % 34.8 31.9 50.3 31.8 36.3 42.4 Storage 35.4 36.3 17.6 30.5 50.1 33.4 Middle-age, % 34.9 24.3 34.7 36.9 25.2 44.3 Storage 80.3 87.2 58.9 79.0 104.9 142.6 Prematured, % 9.5 11.9 7.5 12.8 12.8 5.6 Storage 120.4 128.2 81.7 106.9 117.4 203.7 Mature, % 16.2 18.7 5.4 12.3 15.1 7.4 Storage 146.4 215.5 105.4 163.3 210.4 222.0 Overmatured, % 4.7 13.2 2.0 6.2 10.6 0.4 Storage 169.9 304.1 119.1 253.3 341.8 620.0 Average storage 83.5 128.5 43.5 88.3 127.6 107.7 - 74 - Table 74: AvERAGE ABOVEGROUND BIOCARBON OF FOREST Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average storage (ml/ha) 83.5 128.5 43.5 88.3 127.6 107.7 Average aboveground bio- carbon of forest, t C/ha 22.23 44.30 10.31 25.25 53.88 39.65 Ratio of total biomass to aboveground biomass 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.24 Total biomass, tC/ha 24.45 53.16 12.37 30.30 75.43 49.17 Table 7.5: CO, EMiSSION BY FOREST FIRE Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87 Ratio of fire area to total forest area 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Total burned carbon, 104 t C 39.66 44.74 21.18 26.61 1.54 1.72 Average ground biocarbon of forest, t C/ha 22.23 44.30 10.31 25.25 53.88 39.65 CO2 emission, 10' t CO2 151.16 154.83 84.5 99.79 5.26 5.94 Note: Emissions subtotal = 501.48 10' t CO2 = 5.01 Tg CO2. Table 7.6: NON-CO, EmissION BY FOREST FIRE Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Total burned carbon, 10' tC 39.66 44.74 21.18 26.61 1.54 1.72 CH, emissions, 10' t CH4 0.48 0.54 0.25 0.32 0.02 0.02 1.63 CO emissions, 10' t CO 8.33 9.40 4.45 5.59 0.32 0.36 28.45 N20 emissions, 10' t N20 0.0065 0.0074 0.0035 0.0044 0.0003 0.0003 0.022 NO. emissions, 10't NO. 0.15 0.17 0.08 0.10 0.006 0.007 0.51 - 75 - Table 7.7: INSTANT GHG EMIssioNs BY BURNING (104 t) Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Total biomass t C/ha 24.45 53.16 12.37 30.30 75.43 49.17 Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87 Area ratio of forest to agriculture 0.324 0.3 0.9 0.13 0.49 0.18 Area ratio of forest to other usages 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 Sum of ratio 0.424 0.35 1.0 0.18 0.59 0.23 Total burned carbon, 10 ttC 166.45 169.13 228.67 51.74 11.42 4.43 CO2 emissions (10' t C02) 549.29 558.13 754.61 170.74 37.69 14.62 2,085.08 CH. emissions (10' t CH) 2.0 2.03 2.74 0.62 0.14 0.05 7.58 CO emissions (10 t CO) 34.95 35.52 48.02 10.87 2.4 0.93 132.69 N,O emissions (10W t N2O) 0.027 0.028 0.038 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.105 NO. emissions (10W t NO) 0.65 0.66 0.89 0.20 0.04 0.02 2.46 Table 7.8: SLOW CO2 EMISSION (104 t C) Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total burned carbon 166.45 169.13 228.67 51.74 11.42 4.43 CO2 emissions 74.59 75.80 102.48 23.19 5.12 1.99 Note: Total: 2.83 Tg CO2. - 76 - Table 7.9: CO. EMIssioNs BY SoIL Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Forest area, million ha 35.6& 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87 Sum of ratio 0.424 0.35 1.00 0.18 0.59 0.23 CO emission, Tg CO2 1.72 0.50 2.92 0.43 0.02 0.01 Note: Total: 5.60 Tg CO2. Table 7.10: ABSORPrON BY FARMLAND REGROWTH Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87 Area ratio of forest to agriculture 0.324 0.3 0.9 0.13 0.49 0.18 CO2 absorption, Tg CO 2.11 1.11 6.78 0.50 0.05 0.03 Note: Total: 10.58 Tg CO. Table 7.11: CO2 ABSORPrION THROUGH LAND CONvERsION Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Forest area, million ha 35.68 20.2 41.08 21.08 0.57 0.87 Ratio of afforestation 1.83 2.46 5.36 2.31 3.58 13.64 Converted area of agricul- tural lands to forests, million ha 0.125 0.097 0.426 0.087 0 0 Rotation period, year 60 30 30 60 30 30 CO2 absorption, Tg CO2 2.00 6.41 9.37 1.94 0.31 1.47 Note: Total: 21.5 Tg CO2. - 77 - Table 7.12: CO, EMISsioNs BY FORESTY IN 1990 (Tg CO2) Conversion Conversion Sources Fuelwood Growth Fire (1) IA (2) at Total Emissions 223.64 -383.29 5.01 18.70 -21.50 -157.44 La Conversion (1): conversion to other lands from forest. Conversion (2): conversion to forest from other lands. Note: "-" means absorption. Table 7.13: NON-CO2, EMssioNS BY FORESTy IN 1990 (10' t) Source CH4 CO N20 NOX Deforestation 81.00 1,423.00 1.00 26.()1 Forest fire 1.63 28.45 0.0224 0.51 Conversion (1) 7.58 132.69 0.105 2.46 Total, Tg 0.90 15.84 0.011 0.29 Table 7.14: CO2 EMISSION BY FALUNG LEAVES Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Wood carbon content, kg C/kg biomass 0.55 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.52 0.52 Amount of falling leaves and branches, t/yr 4 4.5 4.5 2 11 11 CO emission, Tg CO2yr 8.07 8.58 8.58 4.03 20.97 20.97 71.2 Note: Total: 71.2 Tg CO2. -78- Table 8.1: CO. EMIssioNS IN CHINA DuRING 1985-90 (Tg CO) Year Emissions Total Total Fossil fuel Cement Biogas Emissions Emissions combustion production burning (Tg COO (Tg C) 1985 1,856 74 4 1,934 527 1986 1,959 84 4 2,047 558 1987 2,103 94 4 2,201 600 1988 2,251 107 3 2,361 644 1989 2,346 107 4 2,457 670 1990 2,381 106 4 2,491 679 Table 8.2: CH, EMISSIoNS IN CHINA DURING 1985-90 (Tg CH4) Sources 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Coal Mining (IPCC method.) 15.34 15.67 16.27 16.99 18.14 18.45 10.67/ Leakage of Natural Gas 0.15 0.23 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.18 Combustion of Fossil Fuels 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 Landfills 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.79 Domesticated Animals 5.17 5.44 5.65 5.97 6.17 6.24 Animal Wastes 2.44 2.47 2.49 2.62 2.65 2.70 Rice Fields 11.53 11.63 11.63 11.51 11.78 11.90 Burning of Crop Wastes 1.11 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.18 1.28 Biogas Digesters 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 Fuelwood and Forests 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 2.22 IQaL M1 22&a 40.42 41.52 A2 36.17/a / Average using IPCC methodology and estimate by Wang Hanchen, NEPA, of 5.29 for 1990. -79- Table 8.3: N2O EMISSIONS IN CmNA DURING 1985-90 (Tg N20) Fossil fuel Fertilizer Crop wastes Fuelwood Year combustion use burning and burning Total 1985 0.144 0.027 0.017 0.011 0.199 1986 0.150 0.028 0.017 0.011 0.206 1987 0.160 0.028 0.018 0.011 0.217 1988 0.167 0.030 0.017 0.011 0.225 1989 0.175 0.032 0.018 0.011 0.236 1990 0.181 0.033 0.019 0.011 0.244 Table 8.4: CO EMISSIONS IN CHINA DURING 1985-90 (Tg CO) Fossil fuel Crop wastes Fuelwood and Year combustion burning forest activities Total 1985 14.94 19.48 15.84 50.26 1986 15.32 20.03 15.84 51.19 1987 16.05 20.21 15.84 52.10 1988 16.89 19.78 15.84 52.51 1989 16.86 20.62 15.84 53.32 1990 16.76 22.31 15.84 54.91 Table 8.5: NOX EMISSIONS IN CHINA DURING 1985-90 (Tg NO) Fossil fuel Crop wastes Fuelwood and Year combustion burning forest activities Total 1985 8.13 0.39 0.29 8.81 1986 8.71 0.40 0.29 9.40 1987 9.48 0.40 0.29 10.17 1988 10.27 0.40 0.29 10.96 1989 10.82 0.41 0.29 11.52 1990 11.26 0.44 0.29 11.99 - 80 - Table 8.6: TOTAL EMISSioNS OF GHG IN CHINA (Tg CO2 Equiv.) CO2 CH4 N20 CO NO, Total C02 Equiv. CO2 Equiv. Ratio 1 11 290 N/A N/A 1985 Emissions 1,908 37.49 0.199 50.26 8.81 CO2 Equiv. 1,908 407 58 2,373 (647 Mt C) 1986 Emissions 2,021 38.36 0.206 51.19 9.40 CO2 Equiv. 2,021 422 60 2,503 (683 Mt C) 1987 Emissions 2,175 39.17 0.217 52.10 10.17 CO2 Equiv. 2,175 431 63 2,669 (728 Mt C) 1988 Emissions 2,335 40.20 0.225 52.51 10.96 CO2 Equiv. 2,335 442 65 2,842 (775 Mt C) 1989 Emissions 2,431 41.93 0.236 53.32 11.52 CO2 Equiv. 2,431 461 68 2,960 (807 Mt C) 1990 Emissions 2,465 36.17 0.26 54.91 11.99 CO2 Equiv. 2,465 398/a 75 2,938 (801 Mt C) /a Note: an average value for coal-bed methane emissions has been used for 1990, which reduces total methane emissions for 1990 relative to previous years.