Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN - ADDENDAANDSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, JANUARY 2005 - VOLUME 1: INTRODUCTION AND CROSS CUTTING ISSUES VOLUME 2: NAKAI PLATEAU ­ EMDP AND RAP VOLUME 3: DOWNSTREAM AREAS ­ EMDP, RESETTLEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION VOLUME 4: PROJECT LANDS RESETTLEMENT (ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION) PLAN Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN - ADDENDA AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION, JANUARY 2005 - Summary Table of Content VOLUME 1: INTRODUCTION AND CROSS CUTTING ISSUES Vol. 1 Chapters: 1 Introduction 2 Project Description 3 Legal and Policy Framework 4 Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure 5 Health Impact Assessment and Public Health Action Plan 6 Organisational Framework and Responsibilities 7 Institutional Capacity Building and Staff Training 8 Risk Management Framework, Monitoring and Evaluation 9 EMDP Executive Summary Appendices: A Concession Agreement B Relevant Safeguard Policies of IFIs (WB and ADB) C National Legal and Policy Documents D Legal Instruments specific to the NT2 Project (Social Component) E Gender Action Plan ­ Addendums and Edits for SDP F IAG and POE Comments on the SDP G National Public Consultation Workshop H Bibliography VOLUME 2: NAKAI PLATEAU ­ EMDP AND RAP VOL. 2 PART 1: INTRODUCTION Executive Summary 10 Geographical Framework, Description of Impacts and Entitlements 11 Baseline Data ­ Nakai Plateau VOL. 2 PART 2: ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE NAKAI PLATEAU 12 Ethnicity and Project Planning 13 EMDP Baseline Data 14 Participation 15 Mitigation Measures 16 Institutional Arrangements and Capacity 17 Monitoring and Evaluation 18 Scheduling and Financing VOL. 2 PART 3: RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN FOR THE NAKAI PLATEAU 19 Resettlement Site Selection and Land Tenure 20 Resettlement Infrastructure Development 21 Agriculture and Livestock Development 22 Irrigation System Planning 23 Forestry Management and Utilisation, Nakai Resettlement Area 24 Nakai Reservoir Fisheries Development and Management New or completely revised Chapter / Appendix Chapter partly revised ­ addendum covers selected sections 25 Livelihood Integration and Income Scenarios ­ Transition to Stability 26 Social Development and Community Strengthening 27 Consolidated Schedule of Plateau Resettlement Activities 28 Summary of Plateau/Reservoir Resettlement Budget Appendices: A Nakai Plateau Notification, Registration, Socio-economic Survey B Demonstration Farms C Pilot Village Experience D Agriculture and Livestock Development Modeling E Nakai Plateau Forestry Background Documents F Khamkerd Resettlement Village Site Planning G Sample of Family Labour and Time Profile H Process for Wealth Ranking in Villages VOLUME 3: DOWNSTREAM AREAS ­ EMDP, RESETTLEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION Vol. 3 Chapters: Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Baseline Data 3 Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements 4 Description of Environmental Impacts 5 Description of Social Impacts 6 Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas 7 Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 8 Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 9 Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Appendices: A Xe Bangfai Socio-economic Survey (2001) VOLUME 4: PROJECT LANDS ­ RESETTLEMENT (ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION) PLAN Vol. 4 Chapters: Executive Summary 1 Project Description 2 Scope of Land Acquisition and Resettlement Impacts 3 Socio-economic Information and PAP Profiles 4 Ethnic Minority Framework for Project Lands 5 Policy and Legal Framework 6 Consultations and Participation in Compensation Planning 7 Resettlement, Livelihood Restoration Strategy and Budget 8 Organizational Framework and Responsibilities 9 Implementation Schedule 10 Monitoring and Evaluation Appendices: A Formats use for Data Collection and Land Registration B Folio of Photo-Maps of L.P.A. CONSTRUCTION PHASE SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN New or completely revised Chapter / Appendix Chapter partly revised ­ addendum covers selected sections Chapter 1: Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Table of Content 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1 1.1 THE NT2 PROJECT ......................................................................................................1 1.2 PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN .........................................................................4 1.3 IMPACTS .......................................................................................................................5 1.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND DEMOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK...................................................7 1.4.1 Provinces and Districts...................................................................................................................................7 1.4.2 Zonation...........................................................................................................................................................7 1.5 ORGANISATION OF VOLUME 3.................................................................................... 10 List of Tables Table 1-1: Summary of the probable Environment and Social (Livelihood) Impacts of the NT2 Project in and along the Xe Bangfai. ............................................................................................. 8 List of Figures Figure 1-1: Project Features Map........................................................................................................................ 3 Figure 1-2: Provincial and District Administrative Boundaries and NT2 Xe Bangfai Zones................... 9 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 1: Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE NT2 PROJECT A full Project Description is provided in the SDP, Volume 1, Chapter 1, and the EAMP Chapter 2. The Nam Theun 2 (NT2) hydroelectric scheme in Khammouane, Bolikhamxay and Savannakhet Provinces in central Laos involves constructing a dam on the Nam Theun River, and the creation of a 450 square kilometre reservoir on the Nakai Plateau (See figure 1-1). Water from the reservoir will be diverted into a tunnel excavated in Phu Ark escarpment, and drop about 350 meters to the turbines located in a Powerhouse at the foot of the escarpment. Immediatly below the powerhosue, a regulating pond/dam will regulate flowss in to the into the Xe Bang Fai (XBF) river through a 27 kilometre, purpose-built downstream channel. The Project will also construct transmission lines to Thakhek and the Thai border, build or upgrade 150 km. of roads, and establish a number of rock quarries and soil deposit sites. The NT2 Project is a Build Own Operate Transfer (BOOT) scheme to be developed by the Nam Theun 2 Power Company (NTPC), a limited company registered under Lao law. Major shareholders are the Lao Government (25% equity), EDF International (35% equity), EGCO of Thailand (25% equity), and Italian- Thai Development Public Company (25% equity). NT2 will generate an estimated USD 235 million gross annual revenues from the sale of electricity to Thailand. During the 25 year concession period, GOL will receive an average of USD 80 million a year from taxes, royalties and dividends, a large proportion of which will be used for poverty alleviation programs nationwide. NT2 will also fund the management of the globally important Nakai Nam Theun Protected Area which forms the watershed area of the NT2 Project. The Nam Theun 2 Project will impound waters of the Nam Theun river ('nam' meaning river in middle and northern Lao) just below the Nakai plateau. The waters will then be diverted from the Nam Theun river basin to the Xe Bangfai river basin via a tunnel in the Phu Ark mountain. These waters will pass thru electricity generating turbines into a regulating pond at the foot of Phu Ark mountain, after which regulated flows (of about 220 cumecs on average, with maximum of up to 330 cumecs) will be released into a 27km long downstream channel which flows, via the Nam Phit, directly to the Xe Bangfai river, entering about 9.5 km upstream from Mahaxai town, and 159 km upstream from the confluence with the Mekong river. (See Volume 1, Chapter 2 for a full project description). The downstream areas whose livelihoods may be impacted by these changes in hydrological regimes and water quality are: The Nam Theun river ­ downstream of dam and upstream (watershed); The Nam Phit and Nam Kathang; The Xe Bangfai, mainstream and hinterland villages XBF The Xe Bangfai river ('Xe' meaning river in southern Lao) is 386 km long from its source on the border between Laos and Vietnam to its confluence with the Mekong river, on the border between Laos and Thailand. The total area of its watershed is about 9,562 km2, of which 4,253 km2 are above the confluence of the downstream channel and about 5,309 km2 below the confluence. A total of 89 villages are located on the section of the Xe Bangfai river (and the Xe Noy tributary) that will be affected in some way by the NT2 project, although 18 of these villages will experience backwater affects only. In addition, there are about 69 non mainstream villages (hinterland villages) in which some of the households travel to the Xe Bangfai river to catch fish or collect aquatic products. That is, in the case of the non mainstream villages, the impacts will only be on those households who may from time to time fish in the Xe Bangfai (see Chapters 2 and 5). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Nam Phit and Nam Kathang Water from the Nakai Reservoir will be let into the Xe Bangfai via mainly the Downstream Channel, which is partly embedded in Nam Phit (see Chapter 2 and Figure 2-2). A small amount of water (similar to the current, naturally flowing water) will be let through Nam Kathang as the supply of this river is cut off by the Downstream Channel. Nam Theun The area downstream the Nakai dam will be impacted by the reduced flow in the Nam Theun, since discharge will be limited to the minimum Riparian Release of 2 m3/s on the stretch between the dam and the Nam Phao tributary. There are no permanent settlements or established villages along this reach of the river, but some households (around 415) from nearby villages occasionally use this reach for their fishing activity. The area upstream of the future reservoir (the watershed) will be impacted as fish migration will be blocked by the dam. The change in the discharge regime due to the transferral of waters from the Nam Theun river has prompted various environmental and socioeconomic studies to be undertaken, as described in Chapter 2. These surveys and studies have provided valuable baseline data on which the NT2 Project has developed a program to mitigate and compensate for the predicted negative impacts that will follow the release of the NT2 waters into the XBF, to fully consult with and involve those people who may be affected and to facilitate the development of the region as a whole. This program has the following main components: (i) Incorporation of engineering design features to minimize environmental and social impacts, such as the intake channel, which will withdraw preferentially water from the oxygenated epilimnion in the dry season; the regulating pond (avoiding most variable flows into the XBF which would otherwise have resulted from the peak load operation of the powerhouse), the downstream channel (avoiding discharge into a small watercourse), the aeration weir in the downstream channel and the riverbank protection at the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai and improved dykes and water gates. (ii) The conduct of studies, and surveys in order to define current livelihood that may be impacted and predict the type of level of impacts. (iii) The mitigation in and along the XBF itself, where (a) selected sections of the riverbank will be protected against erosion, (b) village water supplies will be improved, if required, and (c) resolution of the problem of decreased dry season river crossing due to increased dry season flows and flood management. (iv) The compensation, resettlement and livelihood restoration, whereby all and any negative impacts on villagers' socio-economy - mainly in fisheries and riverbank gardens - will be compensated and livelihoods restored, although the exact method and options to be implemented will depend on the on-going consultations with affected villagers. This program will be fully coordinated with the planned Xe Bangfai development program. (v) The conduct of on-going consultations in which (a) villagers are fully informed of predicted impacts and their rights to compensation and livelihood restoration, (b) villagers are encouraged to voice their concerns and forward proposals for mitigation and compensation approaches and activities, and (c) the villagers are fully involved in pilot compensation implementation and then the monitoring of impacts. (vi) The participatory monitoring program in which villagers work with GOL and NTPC to observe and measure the environmental impacts of the Project and any resultant socio-economic impacts, and adjust the compensation and development program accordingly. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 1: Introduction Figure 1-1: Project Features Map January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.2 PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLAN This Downstream Areas Plan reflects ADB and World Bank safeguard policies on involuntary resettlement, which have the following objectives: (i) "to avoid involuntary resettlement wherever feasible; (ii) to minimize resettlement where population displacement is unavoidable by choosing alternative viable project options; and (iii) where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, to ensure that affected people receive assistance, preferably under the project, so that they will be at least as well off as they would have been in the absence of the project. The main issues which have been investigated and considered in the development of mitigation and compensation and livelihood restoration strategies and plans in relation to the probable impacts in and along the Xe Bangfai and Nam Theun rivers, as a result of the NT2 projects flows into that river, include the following: 1. A prediction now of the potential physical impacts of erosion and flooding on riverside assets and gardens, water pumps, river access and electrification, and related incomes and livelihoods, which will vary depending on the zone or location along the river; 2. A prediction now of the potential impact on fisheries and aquatic resources due to the hydrology and water quality, and related impacts on incomes and livelihoods; 3. A prediction now of the potential impacts of flooding on agricultural lands; 4. Identification of affected villages and estimation of the population of those villages; 5. An understanding of the current livelihoods and income that may be impacted and current flooding patterns; 6. Developing consensus with regard to (a) the type of compensation, resettlement and livelihood restoration options and then estimation of the cost of compensation, resettlement and livelihood restoration, and (b) the process and scheduling of the compensation, resettlement and livelihood restoration program. Based on the need to address these impacts and issues, the NT2 Project's mitigation and compensation and livelihood restoration strategy has taken the following approaches to key issues: · The delimitation of Project Affected People (PAP) and Project Affected Villages (PAVs) as being those households and persons living along the XBF mainstream, from just upstream of the junction of the downstream channel and the XBF, to the Mekong River, plus some villages along the lower reaches of the Xe Noy. For fisheries impacts, the population of PAP also includes those villagers who live somewhat distant from the XBF mainstream (hinterland villages) but who may go to the XBF to catch fish or gather aquatic products, plus Nam Theun hinterland villages (downstream the Nakai Dam) · The delimitation of zones along the Downstream Areas, based on river morphology, hydrology and distance from the downstream channel confluence, zones which may experience differential impacts as for example impact is expected to decrease in the Lower Xe Bangfai area. · Notwithstanding the fact that the NTPC is responsible only for compensating negative impacts caused by the Project, it will still be fully engaged to ensure its compensation activities are integrated with the GoLs rural development and poverty alleviation programs in the area. · The actual compensation, resettlement and livelihood restoration program will depend largely on community consensus. While the Project favours the development of direct alternatives to impacted livelihoods, such as 'fish for fish' and 'gardens for gardens', some communities may request support for some type of irrigation, generally for integrated cropping and fish farming, which as both these activities require the pumping of water, should be able to be compromised. In any case, consultations will reveal the full range of villager preferred options for compensation linked to their socio-economic development perspectives January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 1: Introduction · The NT2 Project will develop detailed compensation plans and implementation schedules prior to COD, based on the best predicted impacts. While some of the programs will be implemented fully prior to COD, and some will be implemented at pilot scale. These plans for post COD activities will be designed so that they can be scaled up or down to respond to the actual impact situation. · Definition of Compensation. Compensation in the current document is defined as resettlement and/or livelihood restoration where and when applicable. This implies that the Project aims at providing new houses where current houses will not be habitable in future (e.g. due to river bank erosion), and restoring livelihoods where these have been negatively impacted by the Project. Compensation relates to assistance to be provided to Project Affected People (PAPs) and/or Project Affected Villages (PAVs) for any negative socio-economic impact caused by the change in Xe Bangfai and Nam Theun flows and water quality due to the NT2 Project. Thus, compensation will be applicable to impacts such as · Reduction in mainstream fisheries catch; · Inability to establish dry season riverbank gardens and fields due to increased river levels and erosion; and · Difficulties in dry season crossing of the XBF river. The level of actual compensation required will be confirmed before project commissioning and actually assessed regularly after project commissioning. As a general rule, the type of compensation to be given will be identified by community review and consensus, on a household by household or village by village basis. However, it is possible to present the compensation options as having three general types, as follows: · Direct restoration or rehabilitation of impacted livelihoods, such as `fish for fish', `gardens for gardens', and the like; · Restoration of impacted livelihoods in terms of rehabilitation of incomes or protein ­ for example the development of cattle raising programs to compensate for loss in fish catch; or · The community may decide that they do not require income or food-based livelihood restoration as such, but more community development type activities. 1.3 IMPACTS Xe Bangfai The release of reservoir waters into the Xe Bangfai River will result in the river progressively modifying its geomorphology and ecosystem. Thus, the riparian population will have to adapt and modify livelihood which may be impacted by these increased water flows (an average of 220 m3/s to 330 m3/s will be added to current Xe Bangfai River flow, which is 13 m3/s on a monthly average in April and 920 on a monthly average in August) and modification of water quality. The NT2 Project will have both positive and negative impacts on: · Riverside gardens: There will be some losses of riverbank gardens because of higher water levels (+ 5 m in dry season and + 1.5 m in wet season at Mahaxai) and some erosion of the riverbanks in the upper reaches, in the early years. · Riverside assets: There may be losses of some riverside buildings due to the predicted erosion ­ due to the clear NT2 waters picking up sediment from the river banks, and to the weekly fluctuations. Erosion may be up to 20 m in some early stretches in the upper section, below downstream channel junction, although over what time frame is unknown. · Fisheries: There will be a decrease of fish catch (and aquatic product collection) in Xe Bangfai, Nam Phit and Nam Theun Downstream due to (a) modification of habitat as a result of increased dry season and some sedimentation of habitats; (b) possible effects of water quality in the early years, (c) more difficult fishing in the higher/faster waters in Xe Bangfai and (d) less water in Nam Theun Downstream. In terms of biodiversity, while there are no endemic fish species in the Xe Bangfai River, some species may be extirpated and others may flourish. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 1: Introduction · Domestic water: While poor water quality in the early years (as the reservoir eutrophication stabilises) may result in the inability to use Xe Bangfai waters for domestic uses, higher ground water will make it easier and more reliable to extract well water. In the long run, it is anticipated that reservoir waters and downstream releases will be of reasonable quality. · Irrigation: Though modified water flow may require some modification to the flexible pump-to- supply connections, the overwhelming positive benefit will be the considerably more water during dry season, allowing (a) more reliable dry season irrigation with (b) cheaper pumping cost (savings of 28% in upper section and of 15% in mid-lower sections). · Access and Transportation: Higher water will make dry season river crossing more difficult, but will improve boat navigation along the river. · Flooding of Lower Xe Bangfai: Increased discharge will lead to increased flooding in terms of area, depth and duration. Rice production will be affected negatively and fish production in the wetlands is likely to benefit. Nam Phit The impacts on the Nam Phit are due to the fact that for much of its length it will be incorporated into the downstream channel. Impacts will include; · The upstream of the Nam Phit being isolated, and thus cut off by the Channel, in terms of fish migration, although there may be backwater effect that could provide a habitat for surviving fish species. · The velocity of water, 4.0 m/s in the upstream lined section and at 2.3 m/s in the downstream unlined section, will be too high for most of fish species to maintain a habitat or migrate. A more comprehensive summary of the probable environment and social impacts of the NT2 Project in and along the Xe Bangfai are presented in Table 1-1 and presented in Chapters 4 and 5. Nam Kathang Impacts of the Project on the Nam Kathang are expected to be very limited, mostly due to the conservation of the hydrologic pattern of the river and the water quality improvement of the water released from the regulating dam through the aerating device ("hydraulic jump"). The water may however no longer be suitable for domestic use, and this impact will be compensated through the construction of open wells or tube wells. Nam Theun - Downstream Environmental impacts on the stretch of the river comprised between the Nakai Dam and the first main tributary ­ the Nam Phao ­ will be quite significant. It is assumed that most of the current fish population will disappear, due to the changes in hydrology and hence in natural habitats. However, the social impact should remain very limited in this area, since few hinterland villages use the affected stretch for fishing. Nam Theun ­ Upstream (Watershed) It is expected that migratory fish in the Nam Theun will be impacted by the Dam. However, migration is to some extent already inhibited by the Nam Theun Hinboun Dam. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND DEMOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK 1.4.1 Provinces and Districts The Xe Bangfai flows mainly through Khammouane Province in the central Lao PDR, and in its lower reaches forms the border between Khammouane and Savannakhet Provinces. In Khammouane Province, the Upper Xe Bangfai originates in Boualapha District before flowing into Mahaxai District, the first District in relation to NT2 Project impacts. Tributaries in the region flow to the Xe Bangfai from Gnommalat and Xaibouathong Districts. The river then flows through Xe Bangfai District before entering the Lower Xe Bangfai flood plain, in which it forms the southern border of Nongbok District, Khammouane Province, and the northern border of Xaybouli District, Savannakhet Province. 1.4.2 Zonation As impacts of the NT2 Project are expected to decrease progressively downstream of the Xe Bangfai and downstream channel confluence, and because of the different natural topography of the impacted areas along the Xe Bangfai, the NT2 Project has disaggregated sectors or zones of the Xe Bangfai, as follows: Upstream of Upper XBF: The area above the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai, which will experience backwater affect. Upper Xe Bangfai: The area below the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai, down to the Phu Soy range which presents a certain physical barrier. Middle Xe Bangfai: That area below the Phu Soy range until the start of the Xe Bangfai flood plan, just below the Road 13 Bridge. Lower Xe Bangfai: The natural flood plain of the Xe Bangfai, which is influenced by Mekong river backwater. Figure 1-2 illustrates the distribution of districts within which the Xe Bangfai flows, and the identification of the four zones along the Xe Bangfai in relation to the NT2 project. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 onti sed + water ) 8 - oductrnI:1 flow + + body Increa (larger e ) or apter wn, g by Ch anghc ed wno ets of ) gilln ) nt me ion drawdo drawup) - awninps osp - - - - - - Hydraulics- altin ex drawd esrgabg ay randedts hooks age pin (erosion) Bangfai. 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Figure 1-2: Provincial and District Administrative Boundaries and NT2 Xe Bangfai Zones. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 1.5 ORGANISATION OF VOLUME 3 Chapter 2 presents baseline data on demographics, ethnicity and livelihoods for PAPs in the various impact zones. Chapter 3 presents the legal and policy framework relevant to Downstream Areas as well as entitlement of PAPs. Chapter 4 describes the environmental impacts of the Project in the Downstream Areas. Chapter 5 describes the social impact of the Project. Chapter 6 presents the public consultation, participation and disclosure process implemented in and planned for the Downstream Areas. Chapter 7 holds the Ethnic Minority Development Plan in the Downstream Areas. Chapter 8 presents the mitigation, resettlement and livelihood restoration for Downstream Areas. Chapter 9 provides the monitoring, evaluation and grievance procedures. ********** * * * ********** January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 2: Baseline Data CHAPTER 2 BASELINE DATA Table of Content 2.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS....................................................................................1 2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC BASELINE ...........................................................................................2 2.2.1 Downstream Nam Theun................................................................................................................................. 2 2.2.2 Nam Phit.............................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.3 Nam Kathang...................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.4 Project Affected People along the XBF Mainstream, and Hinterland Fishers ....................................... 7 2.2.5 People Affected by Flooding in Lower Xe Bangfai ................................................................................... 15 2.3 ETHNICITY................................................................................................................18 2.3.1 Ethnic Groups in the NT2 Watershed/ NPA ............................................................................................ 18 2.3.2 Ethnic Groups Downstream of the Dam (Riparian)................................................................................. 20 2.3.3 Ethnic Groups along Nam Phit..................................................................................................................... 22 2.3.4 Ethnic Groups along Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang .................................................................................. 22 2.3.5 Ethnic Groups along Xe Bangfai .................................................................................................................. 22 2.4 HOUSEHOLD INCOME ...............................................................................................25 2.5 FLOODING OF THE LOWER XE BANGFAI...................................................................27 2.6 FISHERIES IN THE NAM THEUN DOWNSREAM AREA................................................34 2.6.1 Ranking of Fishing Location.......................................................................................................................... 34 2.6.2 Fish Catch.......................................................................................................................................................... 34 2.6.3 Aquatic Products .............................................................................................................................................. 37 2.6.4 Income................................................................................................................................................................ 38 2.7 FISHERIES ON THE NAM PHIT AND NAM KATHANG.................................................38 2.7.1 Fisheries on the Nam Phit .............................................................................................................................. 38 2.7.2 Fisheries on the Nam Kathang ...................................................................................................................... 40 2.8 FISHERIES ON THE XE BANGFAI................................................................................40 2.8.1 Ranking of Fisheries Locations...................................................................................................................... 40 2.8.2 Fishing Techniques and Gears....................................................................................................................... 41 2.8.3 Fish Consumption and Sale............................................................................................................................ 42 2.8.4 Aquaculture........................................................................................................................................................ 42 2.8.5 Current Fisheries and Aquatic Products Catch and Incomes................................................................... 43 2.8.6 Fishing Effort in the Xe Bangfai by Hinterland Village Fishers.............................................................. 46 2.9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND IRRIGATION .......................................................47 2.10 RIVER BANK GARDENS ..............................................................................................54 2.10.1 Types of River Bank Gardens........................................................................................................................ 54 2.10.2 Tenure of Gardens........................................................................................................................................... 54 2.10.3 Area of Gardens, and Gardening Households............................................................................................ 55 2.11 LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY......................................................................60 2.12 DOMESTIC WATER SOURCES .....................................................................................60 2.12.1 Nam Phit............................................................................................................................................................ 60 2.12.2 Nam Kathang.................................................................................................................................................... 61 2.12.3 Xe Bangfai.......................................................................................................................................................... 63 2.13 ASSETS ALONG THE XBF ...........................................................................................65 2.13.1 Riverside Buildings........................................................................................................................................... 65 2.13.2 Description of Temples................................................................................................................................... 66 2.13.3 Two Downstream Villages in Xe Bangfai District ..................................................................................... 66 2.14 ACCESS ACROSS THE XBF ..........................................................................................67 2.15 ELECTRIFICATION.....................................................................................................68 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.16 HEALTH STATUS........................................................................................................71 2.16.1 General Health Status...................................................................................................................................... 71 2.16.2 Diseases Endemic to the Downstream......................................................................................................... 71 2.16.3 Nutritional and Reproductive Health Problems......................................................................................... 73 2.16.4 General Health Situation................................................................................................................................. 73 2.16.5 Health Facilities In and Adjacent to the Project Area ............................................................................... 75 2.17 EDUCATION...............................................................................................................75 List of Annexes Annex 2-1: Coordinates, Elevation and Location of Right Bank, Xe Bangfai................................................77 Annex 2-2: Coordinates, Elevation and Location of Left Bank, Xe Bangfai ............................................... 108 Annex 2-3: Photos of Tributary Structures along Lower Xe Bangfai............................................................ 131 Annex 2-4: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season in Villages along Nam Phit. .................................................................................................................. 137 Annex 2-5: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season, by Village, Gnommalath District.......................................................................................................... 139 Annex 2-6: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season on the Xe Bangfai, by Village and District................................................................................................. 145 List of Tables Table 2-1: Number of Households in 21 Villages surveyed, Nam Theun Downstream Area......................2 Table 2-2: Population Data for Villages along Nam Phit / Houay Khama and other Villages using this river (mainly for fisheries) .....................................................................................................................5 Table 2-3: List of Villages along Nam Kathang and Household Numbers .....................................................7 Table 2-4: Demography of Mainstream Villages ('01) and Hinterland Fishers ('04), by District..................8 Table 2-5: Demography of Mainstream Villages (2001) and Hinterland Fishers (2004), by Zone ..............8 Table 2-6: XBF Mainstream Villages - by Zone - and their household populations, 2001 ...........................9 Table 2-7: XBF Mainstream PAP Villages - by District - and population, 2001...........................................10 Table 2-8: Hinterland Villages and their Fishers, by Zone (2004)...................................................................12 Table 2-9: Hinterland Villages and their Fishers, by District (2004) ...............................................................13 Table 2-10: Rice Field Area and Populations of Villages Affected by Flooding in Lower Xe Bangfai. ......15 Table 2-11: NPA Enclave Village Population (2001-Nakai District) and Ethnic Groups (IUCN 1998)....19 Table 2-12: Ethnic Groups and Demography in Nam Theun Downstream Area .........................................20 Table 2-13: Summary of declared Ethno-Linguistic category of both Male and Female Head of Households - Mainstream Xe Bangfai Villages, 2004.....................................................................23 Table 2-14: Sources of Income (Cash and Imputed) of Xe Bangfai Mainstream Villagers, as surveyed in 2001.........................................................................................................................................................26 Table 2-15: Features and Location of Flood Gates and other Tributary Structures, Lower Xe Bangfai....32 Table 2-16: Ranking of Importance of Waterbodies, Nam Theun Downstream Area..................................34 Table 2-17: Number of Fishers and Catch for each Water Body in the Nam Theun Downstream Area. .35 Table 2-18: Number of Households and Amount of Aquatic Animals Collected for each Water Body in the Nam Theun Downstream Area...................................................................................................36 Table 2-19: List of Villages Fishing in Nam Phit and Annual Catch of Fish, other Aquatic Animals and Aquatic Plants........................................................................................................................................39 Table 2-20: Relative Importance of Fishing Venues, Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang......................................40 Table 2-21: Estimated Catch of Fish from Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. ......................................................40 Table 2-22: Qualitative Ranking Importance of Fishing Venues.......................................................................41 Table 2-23: Monthly and Annual Catch by Gear, Location and Season...........................................................42 Table 2-24: Relative Importance of Consumption and Sale of Fish and Aquatic Products..........................42 Table 2-25: Average Household Monthly and Annual Fish Catch, by Season and Location, as Estimated from 2001 XBF Survey (Fisheries Component)..............................................................................43 Table 2-26: Average Household Fish Catch and Imputed Income from the XBF and from Non-XBF Sources, in Two Seasons, as Determined from the 2001 XBF Survey, by Zone.......................43 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 ii Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-27: Average Household Fish Catch (of mainstream villages) from XBF and from Non-XBF Sources, in Two Seasons (2001 XBF Survey, fisheries component)............................................44 Table 2-28: Number of Fishers, Frequency of Fishing and Estimated Annual Catch in Xe Bangfai by Villagers from Hinterland Villages, 2004 ..........................................................................................47 Table 2-29: Indicative Paddy Areas and Irrigation Pumps, XBF Villages, 2003 .............................................48 Table 2-30: Size of and Households Having River Garden Areas in Mahaxai, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts, 2004 (ha). .............................................................................................................55 Table 2-31: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Mahaxay District..........................................56 Table 2-32: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Xe Bangfai District......................................57 Table 2-33: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Nongbok District.........................................58 Table 2-34: Areas and Crops of Riverside Gardens by Village, Xaybouli District..........................................59 Table 2-35: Average Number of Livestock per Household................................................................................60 Table 2-36: Relative Importance (ranking points) of Dry Season Water Sources for Various Water Uses in 20 Villages of Gnommalath District along Nam Kathang.............................................................62 Table 2-37: Relative Importance (ranking points) of Wet Season Water Sources for Various Water Uses in 20 Villages of Gnommalath District along Nam Kathang.............................................................62 Table 2-38: Relative importance (ranking points) of Dry Season water sources for various water uses in 110 Villages of Gnommalath, Mahaxay, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts,. ........64 Table 2-39: Relative Importance of Wet Season water sources for various water uses in 110 Villages of Gnommalath, Mahaxay, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts, Wet Season...............64 Table 2-40: Number and Areas of Privately Owned Buildings within possible area of erosion along the Xe Bangfai..............................................................................................................................................65 Table 2-41: Number and Areas of Communally Owned Buildings within possible erosion area................66 Table 2-42: XBF Villages with Villagers Crossing the Xe Bangfai (and Xe Noy and Nam Phit) in the Dry Season.....................................................................................................................................................68 Table 2-43: Prevalent Illness in the Downstream.................................................................................................72 Table 2-44: Percentage of Children under 5 Years by Nutritional Status.........................................................74 Table 2-45: Health Facilities in Khammouane Province and Project Area Districts 2001............................75 Table 2-46: Medical Personnel in Khammouane Province and Project Area Districts 2001........................75 Table 2-47: Educational Levels................................................................................................................................76 List of Figures Figure 2-1: Riparian Area of Downstream Nakai Dam and Villages Participating in Riparian Release Study .........................................................................................................................................................4 Figure 2-2: Map of Nam Phit and Nam Kathang with Project Features and Affected Villages....................6 Figure 2-3: Location of Villages along the Xe Bangfai .......................................................................................11 Figure 2-4: Location of Hinterland Villages .........................................................................................................14 Figure 2-5: Map of Villages Subjected to Natural Flooding in Lower Xe Bangfai Area...............................28 Figure 2-6: Extent and Depth of Natural Flooding in Lower Xe Bangfai Area.............................................29 Figure 2-7: Elevation of Lower Xe Bangfai, Right Bank (Distrance from Confluence with the Mekong). .................................................................................................................................................................30 Figure 2-8: Elevation of Lower Xe Bangfai, Right Bank (Distrance from Confluence with the Mekong). .................................................................................................................................................................31 Figure 2-9: Location of Tributary Structures, Lower Xe Bangfai .....................................................................33 Figure 2-10: Amounts of Various Types of Aquatic Animals (other than Finfish) collected by Respondents in 21 Villages along Nam Theun Downstream................................................................................37 Figure 2-11: Maps of Rice Paddy Areas (Wet and Dry Season) and Irrigation Pump Locations, XBF Mainstream villages...............................................................................................................................51 Figure 2-12: Schematic Illustration of Three Types of River Bank Gardens ....................................................55 Figure 2-13: Sources of Water for Various Water Uses for the Villages along Nam Phit, Dry and Wet Season (Aggregate of Ranking Scores given to the 3 Most Frequent Sources (3, 2 and 1 points, respectively). .............................................................................................................................61 Figure 2-14: EDL Transmission Lines in the Area of the Xe Bangfai...............................................................70 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 iii Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2 BASELINE DATA 2.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS A number of studies and survey have been conducted in order to understand the current socio-economic situation of villages along the Xe Bangfai, especially aspects which are predicted to be modified or impacted due to the NT2 project. These studies and surveys also provide a baseline on which to plan mitigation and compensation strategies and activities. Such studies and surveys include: · In 1997 NTPC and GOL conducted a survey of villages along the Xe Bangfai for rice production, rice losses and 1996-97 flood levels; · In 1996 the GOL/MAF Centre for Irrigation Investigation and Design produced a report "Feasibility study on conveyance of the Nam Theun (Xe Bangfai) water to upper Xe Chumpone Plan"; · "Potential Impacts of the NT2 Project on the fish and aquatic fauna of the Nam Theun and XBF basins", Kottelat, 1996; · Fishing technologies currently used along the XBF and possible impacts on use due to NT2 Project were studied in 2001; · The 2001 socio-economic survey of XBF villages, which was undertaken in cooperation with the National Statistics Centre, the Ministry of Health and the LARREC. Survey teams interviewed 15 families per village, and inquiried into three subject matters, (i) socio-economy and incomes, (ii) fisheries and (iii) health. Summary results of this survey are provided in Appendix N; · In 2003 NTPC and GOL a study was carried out identifying the ethnicity of each female and male head of household; · A study on domestic water use was undertaken in 2003 and 2004 by NTPC and GOL in mainstream villages along Xe Bangfai. A PRA methodology was used to rank water source importance for a range of domestic water uses, providing an understanding of the water sources used in each village; · A survey was undertaken by NTPC and GOL in 2004, whereby every household was asked to recall the location, area and type of crop grown in their riverbank gardens; · In 2004 a study was undertaken in villages not on the Xe Bangfai mainstream (hinterland villages) but whose populations may be fishing in the Xe Bangfai. · "Impact of releases from NT2 Power Station on the XBF river" SMEC 2002; · SMEC has completed a supplementary hydrological study of the Lower XBF, 2004; · In 2004 NTPC and GOL undertook a survey to enumerate the number and type of fixed assets (buildings only) located within 20 m of the top of the bank of the Xe Bangfai in its upper and middle zones; · Since 2002, NTPC has retained LARReC (GOL) and an independent consultant to undertake a fisheries pre-impoundment CPUE study which will continue for some years after COD. · A riparian release study was accied out by KBR in 2004. In addition, a consultation and disclosure program was implemented in 2004 in all potentially affected villages ongoing the Xe Bangfai to obtain more qualitative data on villages socio economy, and more importantly, villager concerns about the NT2 Project and their proposals for mitigation and compensation approaches and activities. This program will be continued through the project. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC BASELINE 2.2.1 Downstream Nam Theun No permanent villages lie along the Nam Theun and no land is cultivated from below the Nakai Dam until some 50 km downstream, ie. the headpond of the Theun-Hinboun Hydroelectric Project (see Figure 2-1). However, fishers and hunters from nearby villages ("hinterland villages"), use the stretch of river before the Nam Phao confluence (12 km downstream of the dam) and after the Nam Phao confluence, although surveys and interviews indicate that the value of catches is small. It is considered that up to about 415 households of the hinterland villages go to the Nam Theun for part of their fishing activity, including collection of aquatic products. This figure is based on the results of the Riparian Release study, just completed. The study looked at hydrological and environmental impacts of the riparian release from the Nakai Dam until the confluence between the Nam Kading and the Mekong, and at social impacts (mainly on fisheries) on the stretch of the Nam Theun from the Dam Site to the Theun-Hinboun area, and in the "Hinterland", where villagers use to a certain extent the resources of the Nam Theun. The overall objective of the study is to identify and, whenever possible, quantify the impacts (mainly hydrological, environmental and fisheries) of the Project downstream of the Nakai Dam. Village and household surveys (mainly fisheries) were undertaken in villages located in the vicinity of the Nam Theun and upstream of the Theun-Hinboun dam (see Figure 2-1). The fisheries component was carried out including 172 household interviews in 21 villages to identify the current practices of fishing and collection of aquatic products in the sub-watersheds of Nam Kading, Nam Phao, Nam Ngoy, Nam Gnouang, Nam Phouan and Nam Kata. Men, women and children of households from these villages obtain fish from various combinations of fishing, fish farming and collection of fish in the rice fields. The number of households, number of households fishing and number of households fishing in the Nam Theun are presented in Table 2-1. Table 2-1: Number of Households in 21 Villages surveyed, Nam Theun Downstream Area. # HH fishing Village # HH # HH fishing in Nam Theun Keng Bid 102 51 45 Khammouane 105 95 0 Kor Phay 161 32 19 Lak 5 101 51 0 Lak 7 114 15 0 Lak 10 106 48 0 Nadeua 90 41 4 Nakham 64 29 23 Nam Phao 99 45 0 Nong Kor 72 32 32 Oudom 152 61 49 Pha Meuang 99 79 0 Phone Sy 67 8 0 Phonlom 30 15 15 Phonthong 66 30 24 Sop Phouan 45 8 0 Tha Bac 169 85 85 Thong 92 74 0 Thong Ker 131 26 7 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 2: Baseline Data # HH fishing Village # HH # HH fishing in Nam Theun Vang Kor 77 9 0 Vang Pha 92 83 0 Total # of HH 2,034 914 303 For the environmental component, transects of the riparian habitats were conducted and information was collected on the riparian vegetation and wildlife used by communities along the Nam Theun. This information is also collected during the fisheries survey. Water quality analysis was conducted at each survey site locations and the data will be inserted into a model. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 ta 4 DaeinlesaB:2rteaphC Studyes Relea ani Ripar in ing ipatict 3 Par lumeoV­ Villagesdna Plantn Dam velopmeeD kaia al N Soci­ ame ectj Pro2 wnstr Dofoa Theun Nam Are an Ripari 1:2- 2005 Figure January Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.2.2 Nam Phit Water from the Nakai Reservoir will be let into the Xe Bangfai via mainly the Downstream Channel, which is partly embedded in Nam Phit (see Chapter 2). A small amount of water (similar to the current, naturally flowing water) will be let through Nam Kathang as the supply of this river is cut off by the Downstream Channel (see Figure 2-2). Whereas the impact on Nam Phit is expected to be considerable in terms of water discharge and quality, the impacts are expected to be negligible for Nam Kathang. A survey on fisheries and domestic water use was carried out in Nam Phit area in July ­ August 2004. It identified 17 villages along Nam Phit / Houay Khama. These villages depend on Nam Phit / Houay Khama for domestic water supply, irrigation and fisheries. Other 14 villages along Nam Kathang and 5 villages along Xe Bangfai also depend on the Nam Phit / Houay Khama for fishing. For the 17 villages located along or near Nam Phit / Houay Khama the number of households is 1,372 (see Table 2-2). The total number of households in all 36 villages with people fishing in Nam Phit / Houay Khama is 2,913. Table 2-2: Population Data for Villages along Nam Phit / Houay Khama and other Villages using this river (mainly for fisheries) No. Village District Main Ethnic Groups No. of HH 1 Tham phuang + Tham Phong Gnommalath Lao, Brou and Sek 50 2 Thang beng Gnommalath Brou 43 3 Pa thoung + Phone Khene Gnommalath Sek and Tai Moey 75 4 Kaun phan Gnommalath Chalui, Lao and Katak 182 5 Tat Gnommalath Brou 130 6 Maung khai Gnommalath Brou 71 7 Phit (sikhai) Gnommalath Brou 85 8 Phone sang Gnommalath Brou 26 9 Phone thoy Gnommalath Brou 48 10 Khok Savang Gnommalath Brou (?) 41 11 Khok Mahaxai Brou 12 12 Phachoumkhong Mahaxai Lao Kaleung 58 13 Lak kao Mahaxai Phouthai, Lao and Brou 25 14 Na khok nai Mahaxai Lao & Brou 28 15 Lak jet Mahaxai Lao and Brou 144 16 Phon saat + Lak hok Mahaxai Phouthai, Kaleung and Brou 305 17 Phonkham Mahaxai Lao Kaleung 49 Total 1,372 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-2: Map of Nam Phit and Nam Kathang with Project Features and Affected Villages. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.2.3 Nam Kathang The 2001 Socio-economic survey covered apart from mainstream Xe Bangfai villages, also 23 villages along Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. Interviews with 15 randomly selected respondents were made in each village. The total population in the 23 villages was 1,632 in 2001 (see Table 2-3). Table 2-3: List of Villages along Nam Kathang and Household Numbers No. Village Main Ethnic Groups No. of HH 1 Laonnagam Brou 130 2 Keovilay Brou 104 3 Koodphadang Kaleung 55 4 Nongsaeng Lao Kaleung 64 5 Vatthat Brou 51 6 Korbong Brou 60 7 Somsanook Brou 87 8 Namixay Brou and Lao Kaleung 86 9 Gnommalath Neua Lao Kaleung, Brou, Phouthai, Tai 75 10 Gnommalath Tay Lao Kaleung, Brou 57 11 Nongping Tai Katak 104 12 Kaenglake Chalui (Brou) 96 13 Naphoxay Brou 88 14 Boungbao Lao Kaleung 46 15 Donepeuang Lao Kaleung 67 16 Houiyeanh Lao Kaleung 72 17 Thaphaa Lao Kaleung 59 18 Naveang Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 65 19 Phontoum Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 67 20 Nahay Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 40 21 Nakatang Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 64 22 Phonsaerd Lao Kaleung, Nyo, Phouthai, Tai, Brou 51 23 Phonsavang Phouthai and Lao Kaleung 44 Total 1,632 Source: 2001 Socio-economic Survey and 2003 Ethnic Survey. 2.2.4 Project Affected People along the XBF Mainstream, and Hinterland Fishers The potentially Project Affected People (PAP) on (or near) the Xe Bangfai mainstream includes: (a) those persons living in 70 villages along the XBF mainstream from the junction of the Downstream Channel and the XBF, to the Mekong River; and (b) villages that will experience backwater affect, including 12 villages above the confluence of the Downstream Channel and the Xe Bangfai, and 7 villages on the lower Xe Noy. Household and population data on these 89 villages (as of 2001) are summarised in Table 2-4 and Table 2-5 and detailed in Table 2-6, and location of villages indicated in Figure 2-3. The zone upstream from the Upper XBF zone contains 12 villages, with impacts associated with the backwater effect created by the additional discharge entering the XBF. The Upper XBF zone also contains 12 villages which are likely to receive the greatest impacts caused by the additional discharge. Issues here are mainly related to changes in discharge regime and consequent increases in flows and river levels, January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 2: Baseline Data erosion of the river banks, effects on land use (river bank gardens) and effects on fisheries. The Middle XBF zone contains a total of 12 villages, of which 5 - on the mainstream - will experience impacts similar to those outlined for the Upper zone, but to a probable lesser extent, while the 7 on the Xe Noy will be influenced only by backwater affect. The lower XBF zone comprises some 53 villages with likely impacts being some flooding of lower riverbank gardens and possible changes in fisheries catches. In addition, the timing and duration of flooding in this zone is likely to change somewhat, but the effect of this is expected to be largely beneficial. It is these 89 villages and their approximately 40,000 persons that are considered as the potentially affected (both positively & negatively) population along the Xe Bangfai. It should be noted that 53 (or 60 %) of these villages are in the lower XBF (its floodplain), an area where the Projects negative impacts will most likely be less. A study in 2004 in the hinterland region of the Xe Bangfai found that there are 66 villages not located on the mainstream Xe Bangfai river (hinterland villages) but whose population are using the XBF for fishing and collection of aquatic products. Details of the 3,356 persons in about 1,708 households are presented in Table 2-28 and location in Figure 2-4. A summary of all potentially project affected persons are summarized in Table 2-4 by district and Table 2-5 by zone below. Table 2-4: Demography of Mainstream Villages ('01) and Hinterland Fishers ('04), by District Mainstream Hinterland fishers only Villages HH Persons Villages HH 1 Persons 1 Mahaxai 21 1,215 6,494 8 113 211 2 XBF 16 1,503 7,867 19 637 1,128 3 Nongbok 20 1,915 10,677 18 251 411 4 Xaybouli 32 2,463 15,563 21 707 1,606 Total 89 7,096 40,601 66 1708 3,356 Table 2-5: Demography of Mainstream Villages (2001) and Hinterland Fishers (2004), by Zone Mainstream Hinterland fishers Villages HH Persons Villages HH 1 Persons 1 Upstream of DC 12 537 1,768 0 0 0 2 Upper XBF 12 852 5,509 10 132 252 3 Middle XBF 12 704 3,886 17 550 958 4 Lower XBF 53 5,003 29,438 39 1,026 2,146 Total 89 7,096 40,601 66 1,708 3,356 1Estimates only. Verification planned for October 2004. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-6: XBF Mainstream Villages - by Zone - and their household populations, 2001 No. Village Province District Total HH No. Village Province District Total HH Upstream of Upper XBF Lower XBF (cont.) 1 1 Kangyangkham Khammouane Mahaxai 28 44 8 Dongkaasinh Khammouane Nong Bok 79 2 2 Nathanedong Khammouane Mahaxai 36 45 9 Sorkbau Khammouane Nong Bok 105 3 3 Nathanethong Khammouane Mahaxai 32 46 10 Natay Khammouane Nong Bok 76 4 4 Veun Khammouane Mahaxai 33 47 11 Phak-eetou Khammouane Nong Bok 63 5 5 Nakhay Khammouane Mahaxai 51 48 12 Hatxiengdee Khammouane Nong Bok 204 6 6 Nongkok Khammouane Mahaxai 22 49 13 Dongsaanga Khammouane Nong Bok 68 7 7 Eelane Khammouane Mahaxai 59 50 14 Dongphakpheua Khammouane Nong Bok 153 8 8 Naphong Khammouane Mahaxai 56 51 15 Tanetheung Khammouane Nong Bok 148 9 9 Dangkang Khammouane Mahaxai 58 52 16 Sumnadee Khammouane Nong Bok 30 10 10 Vatthat Khammouane Mahaxai 37 53 17 Navangneua Khammouane Nong Bok 196 11 11 Somsanook Khammouane Mahaxai 45 54 18 Navangthong Khammouane Nong Bok 123 12 12 Nakea Khammouane Mahaxai 80 55 19 Hatxaifong Khammouane Nong Bok 56 Sub-total, upstream of upper XBF 537 56 20 Navangnoy Khammouane Nong Bok 69 Upper XBF 57 21 Navangtay Khammouane Nong Bok 73 13 1 Khaengsavang Khammouane Mahaxai 23 58 22 Saadeauneua Khammouane Nong Bok 130 14 2 Mahaxayneua Khammouane Mahaxai 66 59 23 Saadeautay Khammouane Nong Bok 90 15 3 Mahaxaykang Khammouane Mahaxai 99 60 24 Phonhsaoea Khammouane Nong Bok 66 16 4 Mahaxaytay Khammouane Mahaxai 146 61 25 Thamoang Khammouane Nong Bok 38 17 5 Povaneua Khammouane Mahaxai 86 62 26 Danepakse Khammouane Nong Bok 84 18 6 Povatay Khammouane Mahaxai 90 63 27 Manilad Savanakhet Saybouly 41 19 7 Phanang Khammouane Mahaxai 44 64 28 Khamsavang Savanakhet Saybouly 29 20 8 Khamfeuang Khammouane Mahaxai 88 65 29 Daangsavanh Savanakhet Saybouly 59 21 9 Pong Khammouane Mahaxai 36 66 30 Souvanxai Savanakhet Saybouly 73 22 10 Kengpair Khammouane XBF 75 67 31 Hatkhamdee Savanakhet Saybouly 38 23 11 Thakhor Khammouane XBF 49 68 32 Tonhaen Savanakhet Saybouly 175 24 12 Thahant Khammouane XBF 50 69 33 Beungse Savanakhet Saybouly 122 Sub-total, upper XBF 852 70 34 Hatsaisugneua Savanakhet Saybouly 129 Middle XBF 71 35 Hatsaisugtay Savanakhet Saybouly 105 25 1 Kengkhean Khammouane XBF 44 72 36 Thadorkham Savanakhet Saybouly 36 26 2 Kengkasee Khammouane XBF 43 73 37 Kangpa Savanakhet Saybouly 71 27 3 Veunsananh Khammouane XBF 63 74 38 Thabor Savanakhet Saybouly 57 28 4 Hatpeak Khammouane XBF 38 75 39 Kaengphosy Savanakhet Saybouly 69 29 5 Paksenoy Khammouane XBF 85 76 40 Sakong Savanakhet Saybouly 86 30 6 Thasida Khammouane XBF 32 77 41 Phakfeuaneua Savanakhet Saybouly 61 31 7 Nathane Khammouane XBF 83 78 42 Phakfeuatay Savanakhet Saybouly 63 32 8 Lao Savanakhet Saybouly 29 79 43 Somsaa-at Savanakhet Saybouly 102 33 9 Xiengkhay Savanakhet Saybouly 91 80 44 Houi-hai Savanakhet Saybouly 76 34 10 Kaengveang Savanakhet Saybouly 69 81 45 Naxiengkhane Savanakhet Saybouly 65 35 11 Dongmarfai Savanakhet Saybouly 91 82 46 Nongheuathongneu Savanakhet Saybouly 58 36 12 Pahlay Savanakhet Saybouly 36 83 47 Nongheuathongtay Savanakhet Saybouly 23 Sub-total Middle XBF 704 84 48 Thaphoxai Savanakhet Saybouly 102 Lower XBF 85 49 Thakharm Savanakhet Saybouly 97 37 1 Kuase Khammouane XBF 285 86 50 Nasang Savanakhet Saybouly 121 38 2 Dangtha Khammouane XBF 85 87 51 Bouakhay Savanakhet Saybouly 109 39 3 Naphoktha Khammouane XBF 73 88 52 Pong Savanakhet Saybouly 84 40 4 Somsa-at Khammouane XBF 43 89 53 Paksebangfai Savanakhet Saybouly 96 41 5 Yangkham Khammouane XBF 216 Sub-total Lower XBF 5,003 42 6 Hatkhamhieng Khammouane XBF 239 TOTAL 7,096 43 7 Namphou Khammouane Nong Bok 64 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-7: XBF Mainstream PAP Villages - by District - and population, 2001 No. Village Zone HH Persons No. Village Zone HH Persons Mahaxai District, Khammouane Province Nongbok (cont.) 1 1 Kangyangkham Upstream of Upper 28 124 73 9 Tanetheung Lower XBF 148 930 2 2 Nathanedong Upstream of Upper 36 201 74 10 Sumnadee Lower XBF 30 216 3 3 Nathanethong Upstream of Upper 32 165 75 11 Navangneua Lower XBF 196 700 4 4 Veun Upstream of Upper 33 150 76 12 Navangthong Lower XBF 123 462 5 5 Nakhay Upstream of Upper 51 300 77 13 Hatxaifong Lower XBF 56 337 6 6 Nongkok Upstream of Upper 22 115 78 14 Navangnoy Lower XBF 69 453 7 7 Eelane Upstream of Upper 59 258 79 15 Navangtay Lower XBF 73 402 8 8 Naphong Upstream of Upper 56 277 80 16 Saadeauneua Lower XBF 130 868 9 9 Dangkang Upstream of Upper 58 234 81 17 Saadeautay Lower XBF 90 636 10 10 Vatthat Upstream of Upper 37 230 82 18 Phonhsaoea Lower XBF 66 368 11 11 Somsanook Upstream of Upper 45 271 83 19 Thamoang Lower XBF 38 177 12 12 Nakea Upstream of Upper 80 436 84 20 Danepakse Lower XBF 84 431 13 13 Khaengsavang Upper XBF 23 134 Total, Nongbok District 1,915 10,677 14 14 Mahaxayneua Upper XBF 66 354 Xaybouli District, Savannakhet Province 15 15 Mahaxaykang Upper XBF 99 576 106 1 Lao Middle XBF 29 186 16 16 Mahaxaytay Upper XBF 146 844 107 2 Xiengkhay Middle XBF 91 521 17 17 Povaneua Upper XBF 86 476 108 3 Kaengveang Middle XBF 69 406 18 18 Povatay Upper XBF 90 506 109 4 Dongmarfai Middle XBF 91 547 19 19 Phanang Upper XBF 44 222 110 5 Pahlay Middle XBF 36 156 20 20 Khamfeuang Upper XBF 88 451 111 6 Manilad Lower XBF 41 220 21 21 Pong Upper XBF 36 170 112 7 Khamsavang Lower XBF 29 191 Total: Mahaxai District 1,215 6,494 113 8 Daangsavanh Lower XBF 59 489 Xe Bangfai District, Khammouane Province 114 9 Souvanxai Lower XBF 73 510 30 1 Kengpair Upper XBF 75 248 115 10 Hatkhamdee Lower XBF 38 241 31 2 Thakhor Upper XBF 49 261 116 11 Tonhaen Lower XBF 175 1,331 32 3 Thahant Upper XBF 50 274 117 12 Beungse Lower XBF 122 675 33 4 Kengkhean Middle XBF 44 203 118 13 Hatsaisugneua Lower XBF 129 842 34 5 Kengkasee Middle XBF 43 191 119 14 Hatsaisugtay Lower XBF 105 612 35 6 Veunsananh Middle XBF 63 307 120 15 Thadorkham Lower XBF 36 248 36 7 Hatpeak Middle XBF 38 181 121 16 Kangpa Lower XBF 71 509 37 8 Paksenoy Middle XBF 85 430 122 17 Thabor Lower XBF 57 382 38 9 Thasida Middle XBF 32 189 123 18 Kaengphosy Lower XBF 69 425 39 10 Nathane Middle XBF 83 505 124 19 Sakong Lower XBF 86 585 40 11 Kuase Lower XBF 285 1,415 125 20 Phakfeuaneua Lower XBF 61 434 41 12 Dangtha Lower XBF 85 508 126 21 Phakfeuatay Lower XBF 63 432 42 13 Naphoktha Lower XBF 73 401 127 22 Somsaa-at Lower XBF 102 592 43 14 Somsa-at Lower XBF 43 213 128 23 Houi-hai Lower XBF 76 467 44 15 Yangkham Lower XBF 216 1,209 129 24 Naxiengkhane Lower XBF 65 408 45 16 Hatkhamhieng Lower XBF 239 1,332 130 25 Nongheuathongneua Lower XBF 58 412 Total, Xe Bangfai District 1,503 7,867 131 26 Nongheuathongtay Lower XBF 23 169 Nongbok District, Khammouane Province 132 27 Thaphoxai Lower XBF 102 724 65 1 Namphou Lower XBF 64 258 133 28 Thakharm Lower XBF 97 519 66 2 Dongkaasinh Lower XBF 79 448 134 29 Nasang Lower XBF 121 763 67 3 Sorkbau Lower XBF 105 603 135 30 Bouakhay Lower XBF 109 556 68 4 Natay Lower XBF 76 518 136 31 Pong Lower XBF 84 486 69 5 Phak-eetou Lower XBF 63 374 137 32 Paksebangfai Lower XBF 96 525 70 6 Hatxiengdee Lower XBF 204 1,292 Sub-total, Xaibouly District 2,463 15,563 71 7 Dongsaanga Lower XBF 68 323 72 8 Dongphakpheua Lower XBF 153 881 TOTAL 7,096 40,601 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-3: Location of Villages along the Xe Bangfai January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-8: Hinterland Villages and their Fishers, by Zone (2004) Households Persons No. Village District Households Persons No. Village District total fishers total fishers total fishers total fishers Upper XBF Lower XBF 1 1 Khamfeuangnyai Mahaxai 92 49 371 109 28 1 Naphoktheung Xe Bangfai 85 77 513 144 2 2 Khampenyai Mahaxai 54 2 274 3 29 2 Navangkang (Tai) Nong Bok 79 22 473 29 3 3 Khampena Mahaxai 63 2 357 2 30 3 Khogsavang Nong Bok 65 2 427 2 4 4 Khampedong Mahaxai 50 14 242 19 31 4 Nakham Nong Bok 448 4 1775 5 5 5 Phonkham Mahaxai 53 6 329 9 32 5 Nongli Nong Bok 142 2 672 2 6 6 Phonsa-at Mahaxai 300 12 1475 27 33 6 Phon Nong Bok 165 2 952 2 7 7 Pachoomkong Mahaxai 56 24 290 32 34 7 Dongkhung Nong Bok 93 3 457 4 8 8 Phonkhen Mahaxai 12 4 71 10 35 8 Dongbounnoi Nong Bok 49 4 245 5 9 9 Some XeBangfai 85 17 456 38 36 9 Nongdone Nong Bok 181 76 1084 134 10 10 Tamlay XeBangfai 91 2 470 3 37 10 Dongbounyai Nong Bok 210 78 977 142 Sub-total, Upper XBF 856 132 4335 252 38 11 Sibounhoung Nong Bok 170 4 1025 5 39 12 Nongsapangthong Nong Bok 78 14 419 18 Middle XBF 40 13 Phonephieng Nong Bok 130 2 781 2 11 1 Noy Xe Bangfai 44 12 220 34 41 14 Nongpham Nong Bok 95 2 555 2 12 2 Yangnyai Xe Bangfai 204 20 1166 47 42 15 Nongsapangtha Nong Bok 108 14 592 21 13 3 Dongsavanh Xe Bangfai 35 9 198 21 43 16 Nongbok Nong Bok 202 2 898 2 14 4 Khongkengkhene Xe Bangfai 38 6 227 8 44 17 Dongpangpao Nong Bok 84 17 506 32 15 5 Nakhomkao Xe Bangfai 54 12 321 16 45 18 Nonchick Nong Bok 56 1 319 1 16 6 Deung Xe Bangfai 178 17 1256 22 46 19 Dongyang Nong Bok 16 2 93 3 17 7 Beunghuanatai Xe Bangfai 116 8 654 10 47 20 Nonenakham Xaybouli 80 31 541 60 18 8 Dongmakbah Xe Bangfai 115 8 663 16 48 21 Donggnang Xaybouli 47 19 301 45 19 9 Nongbone Xe Bangfai 139 62 979 83 49 22 Vernneua Xaybouli 159 122 1000 312 20 10 Huaylangmeu Xe Bangfai 66 14 401 18 50 23 Naoneua Xaybouli 127 124 840 315 21 11 Nakhomthong Xe Bangfai 107 17 664 22 51 24 Kangmixay Xaybouli 104 9 803 23 22 12 Beunghuanakang Xe Bangfai 37 6 216 11 52 25 Kangthong Xaybouli 104 25 813 65 23 13 Sang Xe Bangfai 149 188 1329 385 53 26 Yangkhamtai Xaybouli 100 70 708 180 24 14 Som Xe Bangfai 141 86 852 115 54 27 Dongpao Xaybouli 145 10 881 18 25 15 Beunghuananeua Xe Bangfai 56 72 325 130 55 28 Vernxai Xaybouli 126 77 789 162 26 16 Dongphang Xe Bangfai 44 4 247 5 56 29 Dongpou Xaybouli 164 56 685 106 27 17 Nathong Xaybouli 48 9 288 15 57 30 Syxiengmai Xaybouli 200 7 1204 9 Sub-total, Middle XBF 1571 550 10,006 958 58 31 Yangkhamneua Xaybouli 70 19 466 26 59 32 Naotai Xaybouli 166 2 1147 3 60 33 Vernsivilai Xaybouli 162 5 975 8 61 34 Nakhanay Xaybouli 129 35 902 68 62 35 Phontan Xaybouli 62 14 418 32 63 36 Verntai Xaybouli 157 32 936 82 64 37 Beungbouathong Xaybouli 130 17 889 30 65 38 Laodokmai Xaybouli 72 10 450 13 66 39 Kangtha Xaybouli 91 14 688 34 Sub-total, Lower XBF 4851 1026 28199 2146 Total, XBF Hinterland villages 7,278 1,708 42,540 3,356 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-9: Hinterland Villages and their Fishers, by District (2004) Households Persons Households Population No. Village Zone No. Village Zone Total Fisher Total Fishers Total Fisher Total Fishers Mahaxai District, Khammouane Province Nongbok District, Khammouane Province 1 1 Khamfeungnyai Upper XBF 92 49 371 109 28 1 Navangkang (Tai) Lower XBF 79 22 473 29 2 2 Khampenyai Upper XBF 54 2 274 3 29 2 Khogsavang Lower XBF 65 2 427 2 3 3 Khampena Upper XBF 63 2 357 2 30 3 Nakham Lower XBF 448 4 1775 5 4 4 Khampedong Upper XBF 50 14 242 19 31 4 Nongli Lower XBF 142 2 672 2 5 5 Phonkham Upper XBF 53 6 329 9 32 5 Phon Lower XBF 165 2 952 2 6 6 Phonsa-at Upper XBF 300 12 1475 27 33 6 Dongkhung Lower XBF 93 3 457 4 7 7 Pachoomkong Upper XBF 56 24 290 32 34 7 Dongbounnoi Lower XBF 49 4 245 5 8 8 Phonkhen Upper XBF 12 4 71 10 35 8 Nongdone Lower XBF 181 76 1084 134 Sub-total, Mahaxai District 680 113 3409 211 36 9 Dongbounyai Lower XBF 210 78 977 142 37 10 Sibounhoung Lower XBF 170 4 1025 5 Xe Bangfai District, Khammouane Province 38 11 Nongsapangthong Lower XBF 78 14 419 18 9 1 Some Upper XBF 85 17 456 38 39 12 Phonephieng Lower XBF 130 2 781 2 10 2 Noi Middle XBF 44 12 220 34 40 13 Nongpham Lower XBF 95 2 555 2 11 3 Yangnyai Middle XBF 204 20 1166 47 41 14 Nongsapangtha Lower XBF 108 14 592 21 12 4 Dongsavanh Middle XBF 35 9 198 21 42 15 Nongbok Lower XBF 202 2 898 2 13 5 Khogkengkhene Middle XBF 38 6 227 8 43 16 Dongpangpao Lower XBF 84 17 506 32 14 6 Nakhomkao Middle XBF 54 12 321 16 44 17 Nonchick Lower XBF 56 1 319 1 15 7 Deung Middle XBF 178 17 1256 22 45 18 Dongyang Lower XBF 16 2 93 3 16 8 Beunghuanatai Middle XBF 116 8 654 10 Sub-total, Nongbok District 2371 251 12250 411 17 9 Dongmakbah Middle XBF 115 8 663 16 Xaybouli District, Savannakhet Province 18 10 Nongbone Middle XBF 139 62 979 83 46 1 Nonenakham Lower XBF 80 31 541 60 19 11 Huaylangmeu Middle XBF 66 14 401 18 47 2 Donggnang Lower XBF 47 19 301 45 20 12 Nakhomthong Middle XBF 107 17 664 22 48 3 Vernneua Lower XBF 159 122 1000 312 21 13 Beunghuanakang Middle XBF 37 6 216 11 49 4 Naoneua Lower XBF 127 124 840 315 22 14 Sang Middle XBF 149 188 1329 385 50 5 Kangmixay Lower XBF 104 9 803 23 23 15 Som Middle XBF 141 86 852 115 51 6 Kangthong Lower XBF 104 25 813 65 24 16 Beunghuananeua Middle XBF 56 72 325 130 52 7 Yangkhamtai Lower XBF 100 70 708 180 25 17 Tamlay Upper XBF 91 2 470 3 53 8 Dongpao Lower XBF 145 10 881 18 26 18 Naphoktheung Lower XBF 85 77 513 144 54 9 Vernxai Lower XBF 126 77 789 162 27 19 Dongphang Middle XBF 44 4 247 5 55 10 Dongpou Lower XBF 164 56 685 106 Sub-total, Xe Bangfai District 1784 637 11157 1128 56 11 Syxiengmai Lower XBF 200 7 1204 9 57 12 Yangkhamneua Lower XBF 70 19 466 26 58 13 Naotai Lower XBF 166 2 1147 3 59 14 Vernsivilai Lower XBF 162 5 975 8 60 15 Nathong Middle XBF 48 9 288 15 61 16 Nakhanay Lower XBF 129 35 902 68 62 17 Phontan Lower XBF 62 14 418 32 63 18 Verntai Lower XBF 157 32 936 82 64 19 Beungbouathong Lower XBF 130 17 889 30 65 20 Laodokmai Lower XBF 72 10 450 13 66 21 Kangtha Lower XBF 91 14 688 34 Sub-total, Xaibouly District 244324 43 707 15724 1606 Total, XBF Hinterland Villages 7,278 1,708 42,540 3,356 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-4: Location of Hinterland Villages January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.2.5 People Affected by Flooding in Lower Xe Bangfai Flooding of the Lower Xe Bangfai takes place on a regular basis. Villagers in most villages experience at least every two years that a part of their village gets flooded. The villages affected by these natural floods, the areas of their rice fields and populations are presented in Table 2-10. Table 2-10: Rice Field Area and Populations of Villages Affected by Flooding in Lower Xe Bangfai. Rice field area (ha) No No Village Total wet season Dry season Flooded (??) HH no. Population Female Male Nongbok District 1 Natai 271.60 139.14 117.00 81 509 270 239 2 Phonesaoae 177.65 92.77 80.00 68 539 255 284 3 Thamouang 111.26 48.64 60.00 37 255 128 127 4 Namphou 261.00 97.20 153.00 74 483 279 204 5 Sadeuneua 299.43 184.71 105.00 151 847 487 360 6 Navangtay 223.66 155.48 60.00 156 875 421 454 7 Navangnoi 296.81 186.97 100.00 68 428 228 210 8 Navangthong 361.75 239.16 110.00 76 518 262 256 9 Navavngneua 263.28 155.12 100.00 80 476 238 238 10 Hatxaifong 401.12 122.06 157.00 66 312 144 168 11 Sumnady Un Known 30.83 54.00 38 263 126 110 12 Tanetheung 465.17 239.14 200.00 149 699 302 397 13 Dongpakpeua 446.00 221.40 200.00 168 1023 509 514 14 Donsangar 190.00 63.00 120.00 70 355 186 169 15 Hat Xiengdy 524.35 306.32 184.00 247 1245 634 611 16 Pakaeetou 240.54 135.49 90.00 69 416 217 194 17 Sokbor 332.00 120.50 200.00 96 613 315 298 18 Sadeutai 241.50 134.43 100.00 95 687 319 368 19 Dongkasin 282.22 200.00 60.00 81 503 253 250 20 Danpakxe 42.03 25.22 0.00 77 440 217 223 21 Dongsaphangpao 85.24 76.71 35.00 85 456 249 207 22 Dongngang 152.85 137.56 20.00 116 631 330 301 23 Dongkhouang 128.90 116.01 35.00 223 1107 572 535 24 Phone 122.00 109.80 35.00 169 928 465 463 25 Nongdone 187.14 164.42 75.00 177 1005 512 493 26 Nongbok 143.03 128.72 56.00 135 747 377 376 27 Sibounheuang 144.93 130.43 45.00 174 1009 492 517 28 Nongsaphangbok 160.02 104.44 31.70 80.00 102 546 281 265 29 Namkham 419.28 385.16 126.00 287 1775 875 918 30 Dongboungnai 297.85 260.06 197.00 176 984 498 486 31 Dongbounnoi 83.75 67.34 60.00 48 240 117 123 32 Nonechik 99.79 87.25 50.00 57 303 139 164 33 Khoksavang 144.98 115.98 70.00 70 489 229 266 34 Nongsaphangthong 112.75 95.84 90.00 35 Nongly 196.73 167.22 25.00 145 674 347 327 36 Nongphum 134.98 125.53 11.00 91 577 305 272 37 Phonepeang 275.50 256.21 53.50 135 777 412 365 38 1 Somsanouk 46.00 42.00 7.00 30.00 27 159 71 88 39 2 Mouangkhai 153.84 127.00 64.10 93 491 245 246 40 3 Beungtaneteung 282.03 259.46 120.00 80.00 114 652 348 304 41 4 Xiengvangthong 191.60 187.76 29.00 94 601 301 300 42 5 Songneuangtai 200.10 196.09 50.00 109 646 318 328 43 6 Songneuang 225.29 220.78 33.00 141 794 335 439 44 7 Phonetiew 78.53 76.95 25.00 43 230 125 105 45 8 Nongsaphanmouang 119.00 116.62 50.00 68 429 224 205 46 9 Khokkhong 170.00 153.02 24.00 99 463 242 221 47 10 Naongsome 210.60 189.54 38.00 159 874 461 413 48 11 Santisouk 19.50 17.55 12.00 106 405 233 172 49 12 Nongpalat 81.14 73.02 20.00 64 338 155 183 50 13 Napamane 131.27 118.14 51.00 100.00 191 963 484 479 51 14 Phonexay 102.16 95.00 10.00 69 548 222 326 52 15 Nanoi 78.11 72.64 4.00 56 344 184 160 53 16 Laokhung 39.88 38.95 8.00 43 240 104 100 54 17 Nachampa 206.32 196.02 25.00 121 690 390 300 55 18 Laona 166.37 158.05 50.00 135 703 368 335 56 19 Nalak 104.39 99.17 50.00 85 476 264 215 57 20 Pongkiew 223.04 211.88 63.00 112 672 340 332 Sub-total 11,150 8,076 2,524 1,765 6,066 34,452 17,404 17,003 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Rice field area (ha) No No Village Total wet season Dry season Flooded (??) HH no. Population Female Male Xebangfai District 1 Dangtha 163.00 157.00 90.00 86 476 260 216 2 Nathane 160.25 131.10 50.00 90 474 260 214 3 hatkhamhieng 436.72 436.72 250.00 239 1362 715 647 4 Somsaarth 95.83 52.84 30.00 34 188 97 91 5 Keangpe 46.00 38.00 0.00 80 365 191 174 6 Thakor 206.00 98.00 200.00 55 277 147 130 7 Thathath 78.67 47.67 0.00 58 248 137 111 8 Keangkhene 124.00 114.00 20.00 41 216 106 110 9 Napoktha 131.20 131.20 80.00 92 461 233 228 10 Gnangkham 407.23 403.23 180.00 230 1216 597 619 11 Keangkasi 82.00 76.00 0.00 54 270 142 128 12 Veunsanane 88.00 84.00 30.00 65 363 167 196 13 Hatpek 43.00 41.50 40.00 29 197 93 104 14 Thasida 51.26 48.96 0.00 30 197 99 98 15 Khouaxe 36.61 36.61 0.00 290 1533 779 754 16 Nongbone 275.03 273.03 76.78 145 971 477 494 17 Beunghouanatai 213.38 186.30 70.93 114 667 341 322 18 Beunghouananeua 41.10 37.10 20.00 67 327 172 135 19 Dongsavang 30.00 28.00 20.00 39 170 86 84 20 Dongmarbar 323.42 314.42 160.00 126 651 346 305 21 Sang 464.56 464.56 0.00 235 1229 628 601 22 Houaylangmer 95.91 98.41 0.00 71 393 176 217 23 Noy 139.30 139.30 0.00 74 552 236 316 24 Gnanggnai 578.52 572.52 0.00 232 1166 602 564 25 Som 349.16 349.16 0.00 143 865 451 414 26 Nakhomthong 170.42 169.42 0.00 135 614 319 295 27 Nakhomkao 158.38 152.38 0.00 60 326 155 171 28 Thamlai 125.26 121.26 0.00 98 445 252 193 29 Some 106.00 61.00 0.00 86 413 208 205 30 Naphokteung 125.50 125.50 0.00 87 425 217 208 31 Khokkengkhen 21.00 14.00 0.00 42 221 113 108 32 1 Xenoi 112.00 106.00 40.00 42 216 116 100 33 2 Beunghouana 76.48 73.48 17.00 38 219 102 117 34 3 Ting 352.40 352.40 300.00 239 1341 695 646 35 4 Nabeung 143.86 143.95 0.00 95 457 243 214 36 5 Phondeetong 92.09 92.09 0.00 42 209 99 110 37 6 Nongphang 81.63 79.63 0.00 42 214 108 106 38 7 Koktong 48.22 45.22 0.00 84 420 211 209 39 8 Sokbor 44.31 44.31 0.00 66 334 161 173 40 9 Than 33.23 27.23 0.00 85 514 270 244 41 10 Khoksavang 22.29 20.29 0.00 50 304 152 152 42 11 Khokkheemine 13.93 9.93 0.00 44 181 91 90 43 12 Khapha 41.66 38.60 0.00 65 294 157 137 44 13 Khamtear 17.16 15.16 0.00 56 269 143 126 45 14 Pongdeng 34.27 30.22 0.00 61 328 162 166 46 15 Nonkatea 63.00 58.00 0.00 64 313 145 116 47 16 Vangdeunha 15.37 13.16 0.00 41 216 104 112 48 17 Veunkhamkeio 18.80 15.80 0.00 36 196 83 113 49 18 Donesaad 11.88 8.88 0.00 21 120 53 67 50 19 Nachoi 31.00 27.00 0.00 90 474 200 214 Sub-total 6,620 6,205 1,675 - 4,488 23,897 12,097 11,664 Thakek District 1 1 DongDtai 414.76 414.76 15.00 26.00 142 704 382 322 2 2 Dongmakeak 477.67 477.67 0.00 16.00 127 869 433 396 3 3 Naphotha 294.04 294.04 0.00 16.00 114 582 317 265 4 4 Nadinejee 379.16 379.16 0.00 17.00 128 670 365 305 5 5 Mai 254.89 254.89 0.00 11.00 109 616 307 309 6 6 Donengai 120.25 120.25 11.00 13.00 93 425 215 210 7 7 Donethong 93.28 93.28 0.00 7.00 47 261 147 114 8 8 Nahea 74.71 74.71 0.00 5.00 62 304 152 436 9 9 Pakbang 195.94 195.94 0.00 3.00 176 938 502 436 10 10 Dongchok 448.00 448.00 0.00 4.50 97 516 303 281 11 11 Phonxay 421.56 421.56 0.00 4.00 107 613 332 281 12 12 Nontoum 222.26 222.26 0.00 16.00 56 319 171 148 13 13 Khokpathone 362.40 362.40 0.00 13.00 70 448 232 216 Sub-total 3,759 3,759 26 152 1,328 7,265 3,858 3,719 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Rice field area (ha) No No Village Total wet season Dry season Flooded (??) HH no. Population Female Male Xaybouli District 1 NaLao 57.50 57.50 7.00 40 231 129 102 2 XiengKhai 153.62 153.62 15.00 112 743 351 392 3 Kengveng 91.10 91.10 0.00 82 511 264 247 4 Dongmarkfai 149.02 149.02 0.00 94 617 302 315 5 Palai 27.45 27.45 0.00 40 195 106 89 6 Maniladth 34.11 34.11 0.00 76 442 210 232 7 Khamsavang 47.00 47.00 20.00 46 282 132 150 8 Dangsavanh 119.79 119.79 16.33 59 461 211 250 9 Souvanhxay 113.73 113.74 8.50 68 486 238 248 10 Hadkhamdee 225.00 225.00 4.50 47 243 123 120 11 Tonhean 356.00 232.00 150.00 203 1,352 698 654 12 Beungxe 319.70 317.00 109.00 124 784 393 391 13 Hadchaisungneua 334.00 262.04 64.64 145 801 443 358 14 Hadchaisungtai 155.00 155.00 54.72 132 712 354 358 15 Haddokkham 46.16 46.16 32.70 51 282 146 136 16 Thaboer 279.00 196.00 103.00 71 478 239 239 17 Kangpa 161.00 161.00 112.50 75 550 284 266 18 Hauyhea 217.00 217.00 58.00 88 501 259 242 19 Somsaad 239.00 239.00 53.00 113 660 232 428 20 Kengphosee 383.00 383.00 166.00 86 499 267 232 21 Sakong 130.00 70.00 83.00 99 655 305 350 22 Phakpheuaneua 196.00 166.00 84.00 68 474 245 229 23 Phakpheuatai 220.65 190.00 60.00 68 498 238 260 24 Naxiengkhan 182.00 110.00 76.00 80 456 222 234 25 Nongheuathongneua 98.20 90.20 45.72 73 478 248 230 26 Nongheuathongtai 17.45 14.25 0.00 27 179 83 96 27 Thaphoxay 198.99 178.00 4.64 103 655 311 344 28 Thakham 165.00 103.25 31.75 97 660 335 325 29 pong 39.00 31.44 16.41 88 526 255 271 30 Nasang 214.03 108.33 40.00 145 860 470 390 31 Bouakhai 136.18 114.26 62.00 125 656 331 325 32 Pakxebangfai 34.81 27.24 14.85 85 567 304 263 33 Veunneua 282.21 Tonhean Project 159 1,000 514 486 34 Veuntai 266.45 157 966 467 499 35 Veunxay 214.80 240.00 121 791 419 372 36 Veunsivilay 150.02 133 904 439 465 37 Phonthan 89.87 58 406 205 201 38 Xiengmai 397.00 Chaova 1 189 1084 559 525 39 Kangtha 204.34 Project 359.80 90 696 349 347 40 Kangthong 125.00 567.00 100 829 406 423 41 Kangmixay 95.50 98 821 402 419 42 Ngangkhamneua 216.78 216.78 0.00 67 460 233 227 43 Ngangkhamtai 184.70 184.70 0.00 95 630 329 301 44 Nakhangai 181.00 181.00 0.00 128 897 469 428 45 Laodokmai 61.60 61.60 0.00 66 431 221 210 46 Dongngang 79.30 79.30 70.00 46 298 152 146 47 Dongphou 183.13 183.13 25.00 165 911 461 450 48 Dongphao 279.63 279.63 40.90 134 881 440 441 49 Naotai 221.56 221.56 45.00 167 1167 610 557 50 Beungbouathong 196.27 196.27 0.00 128 889 450 439 51 1 Sikhay 319.00 135 814 434 380 52 2 Naoneua 204.30 204.30 65.00 127 840 435 405 Sub-total 9,093 6,805 2,339 - 5,173 33,209 16,722 16,487 Grand total 30,622 24,844 6,563 1,916 17,055 98,823 50,081 48,873 67 Mainstream villages 51 Hinterland villages 54 New villages, not covered by maintream or hinterland surveys 172 Total number of villages January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.3 ETHNICITY 2.3.1 Ethnic Groups in the NT2 Watershed/ NPA The Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP) presents a framework and strategic approach for the sustainable development of project affected communities in the NT2 Watershed/NPA. Although these enclave villagers will be impacted only indirectly by the NT2 Project, SEMFOP, through a participatory approach, aims to improve their livelihoods, standard of living and quality of life, while at the same time, helping them to shift away from activities and technologies which impact negatively on biodiversity conservation. A total of 31 enclave villages are located within the NT2 Watershed/NPA, comprising 1,092 families and nearly 6,000 people, all reliant to varying degrees on NPA forest resources. Their ethnic backgrounds can best be described according to the three main groups found in the area: · Brou (ca. 60 percent), a homogenous group of the Western Katuic language family of the Austro- asiatic language family, who are found throughout the region and exhibit a number of livelihood systems; · Vietic groups (ca. 25 percent of the population), a number of small ethno-linguistic groups belonging to the Austro-asiatic language family, formally hunter-gatherers but now sedentary; and · Upland Tai groups (ca. 15 percent) consisting of the Sek who cultivate irrigated paddy in several villages in the north of the NPA and number of sub-groups such as Tai Men and Tai Moey who have recently arrived from north-west Lao PDR. The EMDP embodies participatory methods and follows a Community Driven Development approach with the following aims: · Culturally appropriate development on the local communities' own terms. · Improved land and resource security based on customary rights. · Increased family food security. · Diversification of livelihood options. · Reduced reliance on unsustainable natural resource use and extraction in the NPA. · Increased family food security. · Diversification of livelihood options. · Gradual intensification of land use away from reliance on hunting, gathering and shifting cultivation toward more productive and sustainable livelihood systems. · Reduced reliance on unsustainable natural resource use and extraction in the NPA. · Improved social services and opportunities for education, health and alternative employment. Table 2-11 presents demographic and ethic details for all villages in NT2 Watershed / NPA. For more details on the villages in the Watershed Area, refer to the latest version of SEMFOP. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-11: NPA Enclave Village Population (2001-Nakai District) and Ethnic Groups (IUCN 1998) Household Ethno-linguistic Village Name Persons Female units Branch Ethnic Group Khet B. Teung 2,103 1,067 402 1 B. MaKa 230 115 47 Vietic Kri, Phong1 2 B. Dteung 262 134 50 Tai- Kadai Sek 3 B. Seuk 89 51 17 Katuic Brou 4 B. ThongNoi 148 76 24 Vietic Phong 2 5 B. VangLae 119 59 24 Vietic Phong 2 6 B. Phoung 145 76 28 Vietic Phong 2 7 B. Peu 107 55 17 Katuic Brou 8 B. Dtong 139 77 28 Vietic Phong 2 9 B. Vangkhouay 116 58 21 Vietic Phong 2 10 B. HuaySarn 141 70 27 11 B. Beuk 140 68 31 Tai- Kadai Sek 12 B. NaMeo 153 75 29 Tai- Kadai Sek 13 B. NaMouy 314 153 59 Tai- Kadai Sek B. Kutnae Katuic Brou Khet B. Navang 1,861 932 328 14 B. Thameuang 420 224 72 Vietic Arao, Malang, Atel 15 B. SongKone 204 102 32 Vietic Malang (Brou) 16 B. NaHao 206 103 41 Tai- Kadai TaiSin, PhuTai 17 B. Navang 310 149 52 Katuic Brou 18 B. Kajing 175 88 31 Katuic Brou 19 B. Huay Maxong 88 45 24 Katuic Brou 20 B. Fangdaeng Neua 137 69 20 Katuic Brou 21 B. Fangdaenga Tai 165 89 30 Katuic Brou 22 B. ThongXart 156 63 26 Katuic Brou Khet B. Taipaiban 1,836 916 362 23 B. Vangjang 205 96 38 Katuic (Vietic) Brou (Themarou) 24 B. Sorklek 292 144 61 Katuic Brou 25 B. Singthong 132 66 27 Katuic Brou 26 B. NaGhang 186 85 44 Katuic Brou 27 B. Thaipaiban 240 119 44 Katuic Brou 28 B. Gorbong 202 111 39 Katuic Brou B. Makmi B. Hang` 29 B. Nava 142 71 27 Katuic Brou 30 B. Makfeuang 322 168 59 Katuic Brou 31 B. Peung 115 56 23 Katuic Brou Villages Total 5,800 2,915 1,092 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.3.2 Ethnic Groups Downstream of the Dam (Riparian) An initial survey of a 21-village sample of downstream of the dam communities was undertaken as part of the Riparian Study in 2004. This was a selection of different villages downstream of the dam in order to identify issues and the extent of impacts on fisheries. Baseline data on ethnic composition for most of the Khamkeut District that is in the watershed of the Nam Theun or potential impacted is presented in Table 2-12. Further studies will narrow down the extent of impacts and which villagers are impacted. Table 2-12: Ethnic Groups and Demography in Nam Theun Downstream Area Village Name Pop/HH 1995 Pop/HH 2003-04 Main Ethnic Groups Lak Sao to Nakai (8B) Namphao 681/119 968/181 Phou Thay, Meuy, Theng, Sek, Melang (Vietic) Chengsavang 118/23 765/120 Meuy, Pouak, Khmu Nam Thi 1015/143 Meuy, Hmong, Bo Phonxai 210/34 439/74 Meuy Ko Hai 1290/220 Hmong, Meuy Phonsouk 1290/221 Hmong, Meuy Phonsi 1290/222 433/88 Meuy Phonsa at mai No Data Hmong Phonkeo No Data Vietic groups (moved recently from village site) Phonsa at No Data 1016/172 Hmong, Khmu, Vietic Groups Pakkatan 294/47 212/34 To'e (Vietic groups) Area East of Lak Sao Poung 410/63 358/45 Kouane, Meuy Bo 250/38 Meuy Houaykoe II 111/24 771/115 Meuy, Kouan, Ngo, Hmog Nadeua 84/12 506/95 Meuy, Ngo, Phou Thay, Kouan Tonsan 109/18 Bo, Ngo Khammouan 55/8 666/105 Ngo Donxat 224/37 306/51 Meuy, Bo, Sek Sopphouan 326/52 283/50 Meuy, Khmu, Men Dongbang 118/23 874/132 Ngo, Phou Thay Below the Nam Theun Phonlom 150/22 389/64 Meuy, Hmong Nakham 99/14 465/83 Meuy, Hmong Kengkang 217/31 Meuy Nongxong 401/57 558/81 Vietic, Hmong Phamuang 188/26 801/148 Hmong, Tai Senkap Na-Goy 390/53 Meuy, Hmong Nam Kata Area Nakhua 316/46 Hmong Nakhoun 44/9 Vietic Groups Nongmek 196/27 495/97 Meuy, Possibly Vietic Groups Donkhoun 73/12 Meuy Phonvilai 203/31 1036/133 Hmong, Meuy, Khmu Phon-Hong 246/36 1174/189 Meuy, Men, Hmong Phoncheng 1058/146 1006/155 Meuy, Men, Hmong, Vietic Groups January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Village Name Pop/HH 1995 Pop/HH 2003-04 Main Ethnic Groups Phaphiang No Data Hmong Phako 86/19 Meuy Vangpha 201/37 638/123 Hmong, Meuy Vangko No Data 459/77 Meuy, Bo, Phou Thay Tongkhe 307/50 846/131 Phou Thay, Bo, Meuy, Theng Nafuang 263/46 Phou Thay Nakadok 806/114 653/127 Sek, Vietic Nathon 625/80 826/102 Meuy, Theng Phonkham 309/44 Theng Nahang 492/77 Meuy, Theng Nahai 645/110 641/96 Meuy, Bo Namuang 236/39 696/107 Meuy Nasao No Data Theng Phongnot No Data Meuy South to Lak Sao Nongpong 487/88 2435/448 Meuy, Hmong, Vietic Senkhoum No Data Men Senkhoun No Data No Data Phonthong 662/92 576/97 Meuy, Hmong Vangphala No Data Meuy Nakang 91/14 Meuy Lak Sao North to the Vietnamese Border Lak 20 (north) Somsanouk 52/7 760/145 Meuy, Men, Tai Lao, Hmong, Vietic Houaykeo 308/56 1396/258 Men, Meuy, Tai Lao Hmong, Vietic Nongdong 175/32 970/170 Meuy, Theng, Phouan Oudom 249/35 861/159 Meuy, Theng Nampan 1241/152 Lao, Men Phonmen 210/38 Lao, Men Phonpheng 1820/299 1482/288 Meuy, Ngo Nakhe 172/25 Men, Meuy Lak 12 145/22 812/124 Theng, Men, Puak, Meuy Lak 10 197/30 788/112 Phou Thay, Hmong Nalia 169/35 Hmong, Theng, Bo Lak 7 300/44 758/112 Theng, Bo, Hmong Naliang No Data Phou Thay Lak 5 338/56 682/114 Phou Thay, Theng Nong-O-Kao 159/27 780/98 Theng Nasalom 269/37 Hmong, Theng Nape 187/30 1159/154 Theng and Vietnamese Thongpe 53/10 1886/243 Hmong, Meuy, Theng Naphong No Data Bo Nachia ?? Theng January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 2: Baseline Data There are a number of ethnic groups represented in Riparian communities (Bolikhamxai) that are not present in the other parts of the downstream (Khammouane and Savannakhet). These groups are present in the Nakai-Nam Theun NPA and are covered in the SEMFOP-1 since many of these villages are also classified as Peripheral Impact Zone (PIZ) villages (see Section 3). 2.3.3 Ethnic Groups along Nam Phit Table 2-2 indicates the ethnic groups of villages near the Nam Phit, and other villages whose housholds may fish in the Nam Phit. This data is based in part on the ethnic survey carried out in 2003 to supplement the data of the 2001 XBF socio-economic survey, in part collected from district sources and in part collected by anthropologists during short field visits and discussions with affected persons. In general, about 45% of the population along the Nam Katang and Nam Ngom are ethnic minorities, most belonging to the Kautic ethno-linguistic branch of the Mon Khmer group. These include the Brou (Makong or So) and the Chalui (Salui) and other smaller sub-groups. These groups speak languages that are mutually understandable and have similar cultures and belief systems. These groups have been living on the Gnommalath Plain and in surrounding areas together with the Lao Kaleung, Phou Thay, Tai Kadak, Tai Yooy and other lowland groups. All groups share a similar livelihood system based on a combination of irrigated and rain-fed paddy with limited swidden fields in surrounding upland areas for some groups. Ethnic differences to be aware of in consultations and monitoring are confined to language issues and culturally-sensitive approaches to local problems. Most Brou and other minorities are bilingual in this area but discussion groups and local-level consultations are likely to be easier in indigenous languages although information dissemination can be carried out in Lao. 2.3.4 Ethnic Groups along Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Table 2-3 indicates the ethnic groups along the Nam Katang and Nam Ngom. This data is based in part on the ethnic survey carried out in 2003 to supplement the data of the 2001 socio-economic survey, in part collected from district sources and in part collected by anthropologists through a combination of short field visits and discussions with affected persons. It is necessary, however, as part of any further detailed survey relating to impacts and possible mitigation, to include more detailed questionaires on ethnic data. In general, about 40% of the population along the Nam Katang and Nam Ngom are ethnic minorities, most belonging to the Kautic ethno-linguistic branch of the Mon Khmer group. These include the Brou (Makong or So) and the Chalui (Salui) and other smaller sub-groups. These groups speak languages that are mutually understandable and have similar cultures and belief systems. These groups have been living on the Gnommalath Plain and in surrounding areas together with the Lao Kaleung, Phou Thay, Tai Kadak, Tai Yooy and other lowland groups. All groups share a similar livelihood system based on a combination of irrigated and rain-fed paddy with limited swidden fields in surrounding upland areas for some groups. Ethnic differences to be aware of in consultations and monitoring are confined to language issues and culturally-sensitive approaches to local problems. Most Brou and other minorities are bilingual in this area but discussion groups and local-level consultations are likely to be easier in indigenous languages although information dissemination can be carried out in Lao. 2.3.5 Ethnic Groups along Xe Bangfai In contrast to the Nakai Plateau, the population along the XBF are somewhat more permanent, and, in many places, more homogeneous. The majority of villagers belong to the Tai-Lao ethnic group, including the Tai Lao, Phou Thay, and Lao Kaleung as well as a number of groups that have been assimilated into Lao culture (categorized as "Lao Assimilated" in Chapter 6). There are, however, a number of villages inhabited by ethnic minorities, mostly the Brou (or Makong), although the livelihoods are very similar to the Tai-Lao groups. Table 2-13 presents an summary of the declared ethnicity each head-of household. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 2: Baseline Data A full analysis of the ethnic dimension of villages along the Xe Bangfai is presented in Chapter 6, the XBF Ethnic Minority Development Plan, and declared ethnicity is summarised in Table 2-13 below. These communities of Brou or Makong qualify as "indigenous peoples" or ethnic minorities according to World Bank criteria as outlined in Operational Directive 4.20 because they exhibit some aspects of a distinct (although not necessarily readily discernable) social and cultural identity in comparison with the majority Tai-Lao ethnic groups. Characteristics of these ethnic group communities along the Xe Bangfai which indicate that they qualify under the World Bank policies on indigenous peoples, include: a) Language: While the ethnic minority languages in downstream areas are being replaced by Tai and Lao dialects that are mutually intelligible for lowlanders, there are still many bilingual speakers. b) Customs and Society: There are a number of customary and social institutions, and some hereditary positions of mediums (mo thiem) and ritual priests (mo phi) who perform local rituals and ceremonies, which differ from lowland rituals to some extent. Most of the ethnic groups and persons along the Xe Bangfai have coexisted for many generations, most practicing a form of "folk Buddhism" and cultivating rain-fed and more recently irrigated paddy rice. The Brou, Phou Thay and Lao groups in the lowland areas are well integrated into the national economy, especially in the Gnommalath plains, and the Upper and lower XBF, producing a surplus of rice that is sold in local markets or in Thakhek. Villages in upstream of the upper and the mid Xe Bangfai (many of which are Brou) are more isolated than the other PAVs, although even these villages a now being developed with road access, electricity (see section 30.11), and development of improved agricultural production systems. Table 2-13: Summary of declared Ethno-Linguistic category of both Male and Female Head of Households - Mainstream Xe Bangfai Villages, 2004. Phou Upland Total [HH, No Village Province District Tai Lao Thay Tai Kautuic Khmu Vietic other hHH 2001] Upstream of Upper XBF 1 1 Kangyangkham Khammouane Mahaxai 39 5 1 1 0 0 0 46 28 2 2 Nathanedong Khammouane Mahaxai 49 3 0 2 1 0 0 55 36 3 3 Nathanethong Khammouane Mahaxai 31 2 0 0 0 0 0 33 32 4 4 Veun Khammouane Mahaxai 37 1 0 0 0 0 0 38 33 5 5 Nakhay Khammouane Mahaxai 83 3 1 1 0 0 0 88 51 6 6 Nongkok Khammouane Mahaxai 36 0 0 1 0 0 0 37 22 7 7 Eelane Khammouane Mahaxai 17 1 0 80 0 0 0 98 59 8 8 Naphong Khammouane Mahaxai 1 1 1 91 0 0 0 94 56 9 9 Dangkang Khammouane Mahaxai 8 0 0 68 0 0 0 76 58 10 10 Vatthat Khammouane Mahaxai 5 0 2 67 0 0 0 74 37 11 11 Somsanook Khammouane Mahaxai 3 2 0 76 0 0 0 81 45 12 12 Nakea Khammouane Mahaxai 7 3 0 141 0 0 0 151 80 Upstream of Upper XBF total: 316 21 5 528 1 0 0 871 537 Upper XBF 13 1 Khaengsavang Khammouane Mahaxai 21 12 0 9 0 0 0 42 23 14 2 Mahaxayneua Khammouane Mahaxai 88 5 3 9 0 0 0 105 66 15 3 Mahaxaykang Khammouane Mahaxai 100 17 3 5 0 0 0 125 99 16 4 Mahaxaytay Khammouane Mahaxai 204 35 19 13 0 0 0 271 146 17 5 Povaneua Khammouane Mahaxai 155 2 2 0 0 0 0 159 86 18 6 Povatay Khammouane Mahaxai 138 16 60 12 0 0 1 227 90 19 7 Phanang Khammouane Mahaxai 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 44 20 8 Khamfeuang Khammouane Mahaxai 166 1 0 0 0 0 0 167 88 21 9 Pong Khammouane Mahaxai 8 2 2 57 0 0 0 69 36 22 10 Kengpair Khammouane XBF 108 5 1 2 0 0 0 116 75 23 11 Thakhor Khammouane XBF 67 4 1 2 0 0 0 74 49 24 12 Thahant Khammouane XBF 1 1 0 87 0 0 0 89 50 Upper XBF total: 1138 100 91 196 0 0 1 1526 852 Middle XBF January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Phou Upland Total [HH, No Village Province District Tai Lao Thay Tai Kautuic Khmu Vietic other hHH 2001] 25 1 Kengkhean Khammouane XBF 14 2 0 47 0 0 0 63 44 26 2 Kengkasee Khammouane XBF 30 15 2 39 0 0 0 86 43 27 3 Veunsananh Khammouane XBF 52 24 12 26 0 0 0 114 63 28 4 Hatpeak Khammouane XBF 3 0 0 39 0 0 0 42 38 29 5 Paksenoy Khammouane XBF 122 9 0 5 0 0 0 136 85 30 6 Thasida Khammouane XBF 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 40 32 31 7 Nathane Khammouane XBF 2 132 0 0 0 0 0 134 83 32 8 Lao Savanakhet Saybouly 1 60 0 0 0 0 0 61 29 33 9 Xiengkhay Savanakhet Saybouly 16 180 0 1 0 0 0 197 91 34 10 Kaengveang Savanakhet Saybouly 2 149 0 0 2 0 0 153 69 35 11 Dongmarfai Savanakhet Saybouly 161 2 0 1 1 0 0 165 91 36 12 Pahlay Savanakhet Saybouly 9 10 0 52 0 0 0 71 36 Middle XBF total: 412 623 14 210 3 0 0 1262 704 Lower XBF 37 1 Kuase Khammouan XBF 234 94 6 11 0 0 0 345 285 38 2 Dangtha Khammouan XBF 1 135 0 0 0 0 0 136 85 39 3 Naphoktha Khammouan XBF 152 3 1 0 0 0 0 156 73 40 4 Somsa-at Khammouan XBF 12 34 1 0 0 0 0 47 43 41 5 Yangkham Khammouan XBF 225 2 1 0 0 0 0 228 216 42 6 Hatkhamhieng Khammouan XBF 2 157 0 0 0 0 0 159 239 43 7 Namphou Khammouan Nong Bok 1 117 0 1 0 0 0 119 64 44 8 Dongkaasinh Khammouan Nong Bok 1 131 0 0 0 0 0 132 79 45 9 Sorkbau Khammouan Nong Bok 50 137 0 0 0 0 0 187 105 46 1 Natay Khammouan Nong Bok 145 0 0 0 0 0 145 76 47 10 Phak-eetou Khammouan Nong Bok 8 119 0 0 0 0 0 127 63 48 11 Hatxiengdee Khammouan Nong Bok 30 424 2 1 0 0 0 457 204 49 12 Dongsaangam Khammouan Nong Bok 56 68 6 3 0 0 0 133 68 50 13 Dongphakpheua Khammouan Nong Bok 7 102 0 0 212 0 0 321 153 51 14 Tanetheung Khammouan Nong Bok 231 82 0 0 0 0 0 313 148 52 15 Sumnadee Khammouan Nong Bok 676 351 126 9 0 0 0 1162 30 53 16 Navangneua Khammouan Nong Bok 5 253 3 1 0 0 0 262 196 54 1 Navangthong Khammouan Nong Bok 13 128 3 0 6 0 0 150 123 55 18 Hatxaifong Khammouan Nong Bok 2 112 0 0 0 0 0 114 56 56 29 Navangnoy Khammouan Nong Bok 0 132 0 0 0 0 0 132 69 57 20 Navangtay Khammouan Nong Bok 0 172 0 0 0 0 0 172 73 58 21 Saadeauneua Khammouan Nong Bok 290 0 0 0 0 0 0 290 130 59 22 Saadeautay Khammouan Nong Bok 17 8 0 3 1 0 0 29 90 60 23 Phonhsaoea Khammouan Nong Bok 15 11 1 7 121 0 0 155 66 61 24 Thamoang Khammouan Nong Bok 0 84 0 0 0 0 0 84 38 62 25 Danepakse Khammouan Nong Bok 117 16 3 1 0 0 0 137 84 63 26 Manilad Savanakhet Saybouly 120 26 0 2 0 0 0 148 41 64 2 Khamsavang Savanakhet Saybouly 94 0 0 1 0 0 0 95 29 65 28 Daangsavanh Savanakhet Saybouly 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 59 66 39 Souvanxai Savanakhet Saybouly 25 93 0 1 0 0 0 119 73 67 30 Hatkhamdee Savanakhet Saybouly 71 4 0 0 0 0 0 75 38 68 31 Tonhaen Savanakhet Saybouly 287 9 0 0 0 0 0 296 175 69 32 Beungse Savanakhet Saybouly 42 113 0 0 0 0 0 155 122 70 33 Hatsaisugneua Savanakhet Saybouly 208 1 0 0 0 0 0 209 129 71 34 Hatsaisugtay Savanakhet Saybouly 204 1 0 0 0 0 2 207 105 72 35 Thadorkham Savanakhet Saybouly 32 39 0 0 0 0 0 71 36 73 36 Kangpa Savanakhet Saybouly 36 77 1 0 1 0 0 115 71 74 3 Thabor Savanakhet Saybouly 20 77 0 0 0 0 0 97 57 75 38 Kaengphosy Savanakhet Saybouly 101 7 0 1 0 0 0 109 69 76 49 Sakong Savanakhet Saybouly 151 4 0 0 0 0 1 156 86 77 40 Phakfeuaneua Savanakhet Saybouly 101 0 2 0 0 0 0 103 61 78 41 Phakfeuatay Savanakhet Saybouly 109 0 1 0 1 0 0 111 63 79 42 Somsaa-at Savanakhet Saybouly 170 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 102 80 43 Houi-hai Savanakhet Saybouly 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 133 76 81 44 Naxiengkhane Savanakhet Saybouly 125 0 0 0 2 0 0 127 65 82 54 Nongheuathongne Savanakhet Saybouly 128 0 0 0 24 0 0 152 58 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Phou Upland Total [HH, No Village Province District Tai Lao Thay Tai Kautuic Khmu Vietic other hHH 2001] 83 4 Nongheuathongtay Savanakhet Saybouly 20 2 0 0 0 0 1 23 23 84 4 Thaphoxai Savanakhet Saybouly 171 9 0 1 0 0 0 181 102 85 48 Thakharm Savanakhet Saybouly 151 1 0 0 0 0 0 152 97 86 59 Nasang Savanakhet Saybouly 163 67 0 4 2 0 2 238 121 87 50 Bouakhay Savanakhet Saybouly 213 20 0 1 0 0 5 239 109 88 51 Pong Savanakhet Saybouly 35 112 1 2 1 0 12 163 84 89 52 Paksebangfai Savanakhet Saybouly 136 7 0 0 0 0 12 155 96 3 Lower XBF total: 4633 3686 158 50 371 0 35 8933 5003 TOTAL 6,499 4,430 268 792 375 0 36 12,400 7,096 2.4 HOUSEHOLD INCOME An estimate of annual household income for the Xe Bangfai mainstream communities was obtained during the 2001 Xe Bangfai socio economic survey in which 15 persons per village were the subject of a questionnaire (recall) based survey. A summary of the results of this survey is presented in Table 2-8, and in more detail in detailed in Annex N. The most important source of livelihood is agriculture (17 ­ 43 %), fish (13 ­ 23 %) and wages (13 ­ 32 %). The imputed income for downstream households represents from 27 % (Upper XBF) to 44 % (Middle XBF) of the total income. Off-farm sources of income appear to account for a considerable amount of income for many downstream communities. Income from shops varied from 1.8 to 5.6 % on average per household in the downstream areas and income from services from 1.4 to 8.2 %. Wages in private and public sectors and pensions accounted for 28 %. This reveals that the downstream economy in general terms appears to be more diversified in relation to sources of income. Table 2-14 shows that household incomes in 2001 are highest in the Upper XBF and lowest in the Middle XBF. The average income per year of 6,110,319 Kip in all downstream communities is more than three times that reported for the Nakai Plateau (1,868,860 Kip) in 1998. However, because of the devaluation of the Kip between 1998 and 2001, the US dollar averages show less difference: US$ 664 in the lowlands versus US$ 450 on the Plateau. Approximately two-thirds of the households in the lowland communities are poor, using the Lao PDR definition of poverty (per capita monthly income below 82,000 Kip). Those households relying solely on agricultural production, i.e. full-time farmers, have the highest incidence of poverty in the lowland communities. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 25 ataDenliseaB XBF HH )piK(e 63 07 69 69 68 27 92 94 9 480,4 732,4 298,9 101,2 462,0 329,0 683,54 41 55 23 129,2 171,0 451,8 401,47 0,31 m ,657,31 ,176,41 6,11 p/yearik 26 Total co Average In 2:re 29.8 13.5 11.6 .43 1.6 .76 .84 13.0 0.8 1.4 .81 11.1 0.6 apt Ch HH F )piK(e 7 0 1 7 0 0 6 2 3 79 r 841,77 722,71 210,07 98,865 414,17 300,65 805,32 48,216 86,469 111,25 691,07 35,831 p/yik m 1,850,08 6,216,4 XB co Average In wer Lo deyevruSltaoT )piK(e 6 00 00 00 00 05 ,329 ,8006 ,2365 ,6001 ,0005 ,6926 ,2384 ,0003 moc ,810 8,598,07 8,332,03 8,742,66 8,445,08 8,485,72 In ,471 ,20966 ,55475 ,01761 ,26923 ,01932 ,23046 ,40945 4 26.5 2.3 14.4 6.7 2.6 8.6 3.9 22.6 1.4 1.8 1.2 3.9 2001 in ) 3 3 0 2 1 4 8 6 2 1 r F HH ,96 ,44 ,29 ,37 ,21 ,19 ,68 ,56 (Kipe 105 674 315 122 400 183 667,66 244,48 250,65 ,97 ,03 892, 188 181 p/yki rveyedussa XB ageer le Av mocnI 1,236 1,057 4,672 Midd s,r yede )p 00 00 00 00 80 00 00 00 00 00 agelliV Surv (Kie 9,8 7,0 8,0 5,0 3,9 0,0 4,0 5,0 5,0 5,5 653,376 372,200 361,800 taloT mocnI 222, 18,97 121, 56,76 21,99 72,03 33,06 190, 12,00 15,16 10,12 34,01 32,58 amret 16.9 .41 10.3 12.6 0.9 .46 .94 23 0.3 .92 .94 .75 .91 3e ) 9 0 9 3 6 3 2 0 0 7 2 6 r Mains HHeg 43 (Kipe 239,83,1 108,43 797,42 978,70 66,188 493,39 376,09 479,96,2 20,688 224,00 376,95 437,91 146,84 p/yik lumoV­ XBF Bangfai eravA mocnI 7,746, Xefo Upper anlPtnem ed ) 00 00 00 0 00 05 05 eyvr Su (Kipe ,3201 cedu taloT mocnI ,56 297 023,2,62 ,000383, ,800888, 191 234 885,0,51 ,000514, 118 262,2,09 ,900091, ,965,004 595 760,0,35 468,0,09 ,000001, 105 242,1,53 Develop rod Kip Imputed) 6 0 cialoS­ % and .903 3.7 .211 2.2 0.9 4.4 .542 8.2 5.6 0.8 1.9 lf-pesd ans nsio 9,200 F ) 5 5 8 0 2 7 0 0 7 3 r (Cash XB HH (Kipe 6,96 8,10 0,60 1,05 18 57 11 ,29254 5,54 4,06 5,10 7,66 3,33 30 22 41 28 ,83304 ,16769 7284, ectjorP2 p/yki giftht calculate eun me pperU ageer Av of mocnI 1,55 1,24 5,08 bose comni =1$SUginsu Th Incofo cludin in ed ulatedc Nam ed ) 05 00 00 00 ey 5,8 2,0 ucts cal Upstream od urcesoS Surv (Kipe 22,572,603 68,473,000 13,326,000 5,435,0 36,665,000 26,888,000 50,120,000 34,000,000 4,900,0 11,540,000 pr taloT mocnI cludint 186,83 149,41 al no arese are 2-14: ldoS ldoS ldoS elifd ble de culturirgA ans Lo comni$SU of of of Ta d ural ural Fishd of of ivestockLd of Wil & tirer eg ValuelatoT tscu fei Incomed * ** *** 2005yarunaJ ock ancet onsumeC ricult od Ag Pr ValuelatoT tscu ricult od Ag Pr ValuelatoT ons se onsumeC ValuelatoT hsFi ValuelatoT onsumeC Wildl & ValuelatoT vestiL gnisa Pensions, pers Wag Le vicingreS ShopsllamS mit tsna eravAlat Re Gr To Surveye Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.5 FLOODING OF THE LOWER XE BANGFAI The region of the Xe Bangfai between the Road 13 Bridge and the Mekong River is referred to as the lower region of the Xe Bangfai. Discharge in this region will be increased by approximately 220 m3/s in average over the entire year. Under normal conditions, this area is flooded every year due to backwater effects of the Mekong and flooding in the Xe Bangfai. According to the 36-year hydrologic record obtained at Road 13 Bridge, the Xe Bangfai flooded in 31 years. Figure 2-5 shows the villages that are flooded naturally by the Xe Bangfai. A distinction is made between mainstream villages and hinterland villages on one side for which demographic data exist, and villages not yet covered by any survey in the SDP. According to the model prepared by SMEC, the flooding in the Lower Xe Bangfai will in a 1.6 Year ARI event at Mahaxay cover a total of 24,661 ha (see Figure 2-6). Around two thirds of this area (15,895 ha) is flooded with more than 1 meter. Flooding in the Lower Xe Bangfai takes place through the tributaries and for this reason flood gates have been installed in many of these. Only late in the rainy season when water levels in the Xe Bangfai reach the banks will flooding take place here. Elevations of the right and left river banks have been measured for every 20-25 metres and are presented in Figure 2-7 and Figure 2-7, respectively. The full data set (with coordinates, elevation and location) for each point measured for the 45 km from the confluence with the Mekong is presented in Annex 2-1 for the right bank and Annex 2-2 for the left bank. Many flood gates are poorly designed, i.e. they only open one way and/or in a poor state. The features, dimensions and location of the flood gates are presented in Table 2-15 and photos of each of the 22 gates and other tributary structures are depicted in Annex 2-3. A map of all tributary locations with indication of presence of gates is given in Figure 2-6. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-5: Map of Villages Subjected to Natural Flooding in Lower Xe Bangfai Area. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-6: Extent and Depth of Natural Flooding in Lower Xe Bangfai Area. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 29 ataDenliseaB 30 000 50, 2:re apt Ch 0 ,00 45 0 ,00 40 0 ,00 35 Mekong).ehth 00 ,003 ) wit m( 00 ,052 nagei Cha Confluence 3e from 000 20, lumoV­ ancert (Dis anlPtnem nkaB 000 15, Develop Right 000 cialoS­ ngfai,aB 10, ectjorP2 Xere 0 eun ,005 Th Low ofn Nam evatiolE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 2-7: 150 148 146 144 142)m( noit140 avelE 138 136 134 132 130 Figure 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 31 50,000 2:re apt Ch 45,000 0,0004 0 35,00 Mekong).ehth 30,000 wit (m) gea 25,000 ain Ch Confluence 3e m fro 20,000 lumoV­ ancert (Dis ,000 anlPtnem nkaB 15 Develop Right cialoS­ 10,000 ngfai,aB ectjorP2 Xere eun ,0005 Th Low ofn Nam 0 evatiolE 2-8: 148.000 147.000 146.000 145.000 144.000 143.000 142.000 141.000 140.000 139.000 138.000 )m(noitavelE Figure 2005yarunaJ aerA ed odloF ha0 200 ah0063 ataDenliseaB egdirB no 32 n evati m m de El 421 m241 m m m 431 451 461 m341 m 361 m241 m041 m 421 m241 m241 m 421 m2 14 m241 m141 m4 14 441 m341 m141 2:re oo W opT apt E E Ch se natdirooC tingsaE 01 E9 E4 E7 58 68 49 944 E245294 E382194 E6 86 854 E673184 E0 E0 07 21 834 814 E372484 E3 E5 41 45 794 784 E751974 E2 E4 60 35 744 954 E128094 E467484 E3 E6 82 73 834 814 E733384 00 3284 90 54 814 844 ing th or N - N5199881 N N N N N N N N N N N N N 17 N6 N1 N2 N3 N3 05 22 37 85 79 53 35 20 14 94 34 01 98 86 63 25 891 90 87 18 18 881 N7428881 63 08 77 53 881 881 71 18 881 N3808781 08 25 11 62 69 18 871 881 85 18 N2205881 69 52 02 16 87 11 881 881 871 871 871 871 e ancst FBX 0 0 m 35 40 5 0 Di mofr 002 052 053 003 002 052 002 002 003 02 001 50 30 002 001 001 001 051 001 no el el el el el el el iti nd Good abe leba abe ro Po Co Us abesU abesU nekorB el abesU oodG seU Us abesU abesU abesU t r uilB eaY 91 19 8991 8 5 5 991 991 991 1991 1 002 1002 8791 5991 7791 8 8 6 971 971 991 i.a htgneL nwod-pu .57 5.7 01 01 01 5.21 10.3 01 9 9 5.21 5.21 2.71 Bangf Xere e m-h l tota 17 07 09 02 05 1.52 41 m31 m21 92 42 92 m22 42 06 43 61 11 21 m42 21 42 urctu dt wi cefa 0 0 0 8 5.3 m4 m7 m8 7 0 6.3 22 4 4 4 4 5 5.2 0 str th Low, le eig m 4 8 10 5 21 6 5 .55 8 8 7 5 8 5 01 3 3 3 7 .53 4 8 ho H W urestcurtS d' e f'dn f'dn f'dn d' f'dn d' d' f'dn f'dn f'dn f'dn f'dn e ge ypT brid egdirb ge ge infer,te brid brid dretnoC rei,e rei,e rei,e infer,te rei,e infer,te infer,te rei,e rei,e rei,e rei,e rei,e 3e ary oncreC retcnoC retcnoC retcnoC oncreC retcnoC oncreC oncreC retcnoC retcnoC retcnoC retcnoC retcnoC gedirbtoof o ibut m- Tr Size xHxN W 2x5.1x51. 2x2x5.1 6.1x61. 3x53.x52. 4x61.x6.1 3.1x3.1 4x 5.3x .53 2x61.x6.1 2x6.1x61. 2x6.1x61. 2x6.1x61. 2x6.1x61. 6.1x61. lumoV­ otherd desi lta anlPtnem anse gni ldeiF endoo endoo W W aletM aletM lateM lateM Me lateM aletM aletM aletM aletM aletM enpo o m- N 3x Gatdo teaG Size xHx 1.6x W .61 2x61.x6.1 2x 1.6x6.1 3x6.1x61. 3x5.3x5.2 4x61.x6.1 2x61.x6.1 2x6.1x61. 2x6.1x61. 2x6.1x61. 2x6.1x61. 1x6.1x61. Develop cialoS­ Flofo desi fai onitac lidingsl,ta pingp pingp pingp bang Xe Me fla,lateM 2l,ateM gnippalf,aletM gnippalf,lateM flal,ta Me fla,lateM gnippalf,lateM gnippalf,lateM gnippalf,aletM gnippalf,aletM gnippalf,aletM ectjorP2 eun y Th Lo eg aTko gn gn gno and ng hiem eao hn h aTauehP eua ard Ph Nam Villa NongBonn Ba PhananB uo ngau ak ak mSa- DanaB Ph nh eouDa hnavaSg nS niah Ph rtKhaaH maN ouibS BorkroS anPhakiitouB Ba eeDgneiXnaB ayfoxtaH nPhonsa dan anB Ba anB arnD nPhonTa Ton Ba apgnaKnaB Ph anB anB SonaB raiHnaB uathoHgnoN g Features eni River/ e ma tcrist y g ng Di ko tcrist an kaKg cti a ya rka amh 2-15: teaG N fai KayuaH Lo Maem Sayn khSi apgnaK hnihP kea Pap riaH Th uayPhH haPyaSyauH kaaPyauH Dik bo yavyauH BorkroS KeyauH hnuoByauH bongkahPyauH ayuH ayuH ouedaSya Hu ayBanuH ayuH ayuH oungleaSya ble Hu ayuH ayuH ayuH ayuH ayuH ayuH Ta meIt ngaB ngo Distrliuob 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Xe N 10 11 21 13 Xay 14 15 61 17 18 19 20 21 22 2005yarunaJ Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-9: Location of Tributary Structures, Lower Xe Bangfai January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 33 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.6 FISHERIES IN THE NAM THEUN DOWNSREAM AREA A survey undertaken by LARReC (2004) covered approximately 9% of households (HH) (169 HH and 1,109 Project Affected Persons (PAP)) in 21 villages representing a population of 12,600 people and 1,929 HH. The 21 villages surveyed formed a sub-sample of the total population of 70 villages and were selected on the basis of their likely fishing activity and their direct use of the main stream Nam Theun. The villages were also selected on the basis of their distribution within the catchment, and aimed to establish (i) any differentiation between communities engaged in fisheries activities within the major tributaries, in relation to communities with a higher dependence on resource utilization of the Nam Theun mainstream; and (ii) the relationship between seasonal distribution and composition of fish stocks within the tributaries and the mainstream of the Nam Theun. In addition, persons interviewed were chosen specifically as the "fishers" of the village. Therefore, all estimates of the population mean fish catch from the Nam Theun should be considered as an overestimate of the true sample mean. 2.6.1 Ranking of Fishing Location A qualitative ranking of waterbodies in terms of fishery importance showed that tributaries of the Nam Theun tended to be of greater importance than the Nam Theun mainstream itself. Table 2-16 shows that approximately 40% of respondent ranked the Nam Phao and Nam Kata as the most important waterbodies. The mainstream Nam Theun ranked only seventh in terms of fishery importance with only 5.6% of respondent ranking it as the most important. Table 2-16: Ranking of Importance of Waterbodies, Nam Theun Downstream Area. Water Body % importance Nam Theun - mainstream 5.6 Nam Theun - TH Headpond 13.0 Nam Ao 0.6 Nam Phouane 5.7 Pond/Rice field 8.1 Nam Kata 19.9 Nam Phao 21.0 Nam Thin 4.1 Nam Ngoy 10.7 Huay Ping El 1.7 Nam Gnoung 2.0 Nam Phiat 2.3 Reservoir 1.2 Bought 0.5 No response 3.1 In summary, the Nam Theun mainstream is not an exclusive source of fisheries production. Fishing activity on the Nam Theun above the confluence with the Nam Phao is limited to flooding periods only. A range of habitats are exploited, from rapids and waterfalls to ponds and rice fields. Again, no one habitat appeared to be utilised exclusively. 2.6.2 Fish Catch A further analysis comparing catch rates within and between villages and locations utilizing all the villages that participated in the LARReC survey has been undertaken (Table 2-17). According to the conservative estimates of the survey, villagers catch around 60,000 kg of fish per year in the Nam Theun. Other 68,000 kg are caught in the tributaries Nam Phao, Nam Phouan, Nam Thin and Nam Kata, draining into Nam Theun above the Nam Theun Hinboun Headpond, and in ponds and rice fields. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 34 ataDenliseaB eg lat 427,4 466,4 807,9 039,4 987 545 743,1 081,1 053,1 656 342 342 441 498 721,4 074,7 672,1 380,1 929,1 503,2 862, 598, 124 72 783 579 27 9 1 85 294 35 To villa/htcaC 21 19 449,1 360,1 704,7 081,6 071,7 547,5 671,5 085,6 999,1 070,2 717 620 370,4 469,4 (kg) 8,56241 132, %1.98 31 ) 4 8 4 8 5 8 8 5 0 9 5. 10- 809, 024, 391, 141, 18 18 032 620 811 72 395, 344, 387 975 25 28 801, 951, 517 916 374, 464, 296, 45 33,1 %.9 10 2:re 7,-6 sexi 13-6 /hct (kgeg - - 784 493 638 464 538 474 542 542 703 493 Ca 67 16 m 3,g villa 11, 10, 3,la uspl apt otT amon HH/hc 4 - - 10 34 52 02 71 9 65 23 5 5 11 51 25 34 4 4 5 5 18 16 71 01 2 3 20 16 89 27 2 3 29 0 10 97 96 35 45 (kg) Cat Ch 5 x )3 Mi 6-1,(3 HH/hc 39 13 4 6 23 21 5 5 4 2 61 01 76 44 84 16 67 46 54 54 (kg) Cat ataK 13 /hc ) 3 5 (kg 45 39 Cat HH nhiT 11 /hct ) 7 (kg 12 Ca HH yr nauohP 10 /hc )gk( 11 11 9 9 Cat HH ibutarT r he 7 /hct )gk( 21 14 5 1 1 - - - 38 30 4 4 23 1 1 - 22 20 2 3 8 9 Ot Ca HH aohP 3 /hc ) (kg 12 9 24 20 - - 14 13 162 165 202 163 Cat HH gn 2 6 # 95 19 51 15 48 27 27 5 61 7 27 8 11 20 9 83 shifi 615 HH 56 ) 2 2 3 5 5 3 1 5 delfi /hc (kge 11 32 809 816 912 281 29 96 75 872 132 692,1 491,1 26 215, 5.3 9 Cat villag ceir 8, nda /hc ) 0 0 0 1 5 4 7 6 3 0 0 1 0 (kg 40 27 30 25 31 26 16 15 . Cat HH earA ndoP gn 2 6 # 12 6 23 7 7 13 9 79 2 74 2 shifi 142 HH 26 ) marestnw /hct (kgeg 2 2 1 5 9 30 28 58 .40 na Ca 6 villa Mou /hct )gk( 0 0 34 32 dy ma Ca HH N boret gn 2 12 9 21 # shifi 2 HH Donue Wa ) 2 6 6 g /hct (kgeg 15 62 186 25 79 79 45 .30 an Ca 5 villa ou Gn /hc )gk( 3 1 11 23 1 5 8 8 Th m Cat HH Na ma # gnihsfi 3e 2 4 6 5 11 25 3 HH ) NehtniydoBret /hc 4 1 4 (kge 3 657,1 880,4 153 166 599,4 459,3 0.01 Cat 4 villag 14,92 Ngoy /hc ) 1 (kg 72 8 8 0 0 212 307 231 Cat HH lumoV­ Nam gn 2 4 # 23 20 15 11 73 shifi 8 HH . lat ) /hc (kgeg 68 97 165 .10 To Cat illageveht villa in anlPtnem Wahc gnidaK 4 (2x ) ing . d used Mi an rs)ehot /hct (kg 01 14 Ca HH am N 2 /hc )gk( fishsdlohe Develop Cat usoh eenbsahs HH gn ofe age earofhct cialoS­ 2 7 7 # shifi 1 HH centag ) lat /hc (kge To 5244, 4644, 864 151 23 23 2003, 7002, 5091, 0642, 336 191 511 per 40.1 the villrehtoehtr Cat 10, 2759, 5013, 3262, 6761, 9911, 6655, 8795, 855,95 foer villag guif n 3 Cadnasrehs euhT (1x ) d (kg 32 32 61 8 71 71 81 81 3 3 3 21 82 82 92 81 ager Mi an rs)ehot /hct andydobre Ca HH wat ave ma ectjorP2 N 1 /hc ) 5 9 2 (kg 77 87 8 5 - 031 78 24 95 102 17 402 17 86 93 83 34 Cat HH eachnign The.deinat # gni 2 45 19 4 23 32 49 15 24 85 7 eun shfi 302 HH 33 r.e shifign obt . es.id Th 1 5. waterbo Fifore onsaeS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS Octob-ya catiidnis Theun). ng)diaK rale M dentn am am sev Nam HH gn 4 as 51 95 32 51 15 48 40 29 45 32 61 79 15 30 85 74 26 83 91 spoer (N1gni (N2gni and2,1gni # shifi 8 8 9 usese season of ud fo gn mb 45% % HH shifi %05 90% 20% 50% 13% 45% 45% 45% 45% 45% 40% 80% 12% 50% 45% 18% 50% 80% 20% 12% 90% Wet;lripA- erbmuneht udclni udclni excl nosawsdlohesuohginhsfifo es,id es,id es,id bo bo bo casynamni HH 2 5 1 1 4 6 2 9 1 erb 90 64 99 72 99 67 30 66 45 92 77 92 morf ter ter ter ers Nu:71-2ebl shif # 10 10 16 10 11 10 15 16 13 2,034 vemoN edatulc as wafoxima wafoxima wafoxima geatnecrepno calsi omrf omrf omrf ionatmro as001 than e inf,s agll H nea 6 6 6 Vi na (kg)hc 7 nedfiedsin ers shiffo edn edn edn ay 6 6 6 Hfo lat gherhisilat diBgn ua oahP ngaue yS ongh To Ta Ke ammouhK Phr 5k 7k Ko La La 10kaL de mahk m roKgn mod M mol Phou caBa gno reKgno #la catla taibosihc taibosihc taibosihc of Na Na Na No Ou Pha Phone Phon Phont opS roKgn ahPgn Tofo Th Th Th Va Va Tot Tot % seasoyrD erbmuN Cat Cat Cat villageesehtroF % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 36 2:re apt .a latoTd eg 1 6 912 750 424 17 507 272 247 332 775 Ch Are Gran villa/htcaC ) 2728, 3508, 0744, 8814, 9933, 8304, 1314, 3532, 3086, (kg 13, 4515, 3615, 6502, 1474, 9071, 1786, 4754, 7063, 4853, 7733, 2651, 1881, 4171, 5092, 0442, 0921, 6731, 1543, 0904, 7742, 4473, 8772, 6952, 4791, 1,93 37,261 m sulp 6- 15 16 05 74 70 87 57 )g(k 581 441 173 - 37 56 18 005 731 73 71 233 90 63 79 79 45 577 38 56 74 77 76 97 2. 1,7 2,4 3,9 4,8 4,1 2,3 6,3 5,4 5,3 2,6 4,1 1,9 6,1 4,4 3,7 1,2 1,1 1,4 2,5 2,0 3,1 3,8 2,7 3,4 2,8 2,6 1,4 77 reat 136- 4,-3latoT 4,-3gno egalliv/htc 50 66 63 68 39 03 13 35 80 219 50,731 05,9121 mas 13 Ca xei m HH/hctaC 1 2 8 8 9 8 4 5 4 4 8 )g(k 29 41 25 30 41 23 55 130 51 60 29 65 30 62 45 10 10 - 43 14 20 21 64 52 34 34 24 45 37 33 18 5 8 6 4 4 8 3 3 4 4 e.gallivehtnisdl Downs Mix 13)6-,-43( HH/hct 26 39 20 24 35 20 40 24 21 22 13 - 17 10 10 17 16 12 - 23 17 28 27 20 17 ) eho (kg us ho Ca of er ce Theun Ri dlefi /hct g)k( 0 1 5 - - - 16 - 301 10 9 - 59 26 37 24 10 8 8 8 4 - - - 18 1 9 - 16 1 8 5 - - 13 - mb Ca HH dn / 89 tch g)k( 1 2 4 5 1 4 3 20 28 16 10 8 18 4 2 1 36 35 6 7 1 2 1 2 Po Ca HH Nameht ataK / 31 tch g)k( 10 9 1 1 Ca HH nihT / 11 tch g)k( 0 0 in Ca HH an dy 01 /hct g)k( nulattoethybdielpltiumdnastned Phou Ca HH Bo yr erhtO / 1 1 2 5 onpserfo tch g)k( Ca HH mber ibutarT nauo nu / tch g)k( 3 3 22 21 Water M Ca HH taloteht chae yogN / 0 1 467 tch g)k( Ca HH 3 /hct g)k( 1 0 bydedviid - - Phao ody Ca HH for bodyre HH ed # gnticell 2 44 60 161 101 114 106 90 64 99 18 38 88 59 17 66 39 21 92 115 77 81 AA 1,549 76 co Wat / llectoC tch g)k(eg 268 300 27 12 607 .40 terbawhcaeni)hsifn gnauonG 3e Ca 5 villa thar / tch g)k( 18 20 1 1 theo(stc m Ca HH odu Na pr imalsnA ting 2 lumoV­ HH - 15 - - - - - - - - 19 - - - - - - - - - - 34 ec 2 # AA coll ticauqa .eci latoT 7 7 tw / tch Ca )gk(egal 9 0702, 0962, 17,4 .03 ngticelloc . ted edsu un vil uatic anlPtnem dna coera 4 69 70 1 1 ngtia enebs ) esid Aq dingaK (2 (kg Mix )rsehot HH/hctaC of dicinstnedn hasegal ma / Develop N 2 tch g)k( spoer Ca HH of ount er HH ing 8 2 - 30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83 mb 2 # ectll AA co nueht boretawtnereffidowtgn Am usisdol cialoS­ la / g)k( 26 5 8 8 7 omfr vilrehotehtroferugifegar 135 174 207 tch ge Tot 2228, 2858, 5213, 3413, - 0131, 5941, 29 - .491 and Ca illav 26,56 aveehT. nuehT dna1( 3 1 0 8 1 8 8 6 0 3 edatluclac 21 21 15 15 10 ly rs)e )g(k - - vei ehsuoh,noitiddanI ectjorP2 oth . edinatbot Mix HH/hctaC eholds ).g m eun / Na 1 tch g)k( 91 92 63 59 2 7 Th Ca HH bertocO-y vatersnoc eun). isy Th Kadin s.laminaci uat 6 6 Ma nosawsdlohesu Hous 2 73 - - - - - - - - 45 19 - - 17 - HH 10 - 33 - 12 310 aqt 15 ecll # AA of collecting 1 asnoaseste (Nam1ginduclin,s (Nam2ginduclin,s .5dna2,1gnidul hogn shiif exc,s of costned Nam asoneS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS WS DS geat on enrc HH 4 W;lripA- bodieret 90 64 99 72 99 67 30 66 45 92 77 92 sperllaton # 102 105 161 101 114 106 152 169 131 Number 2,03 erbmevoN odbretawhcaenistcudorpcita pe aqugnit wafo onnoiat as asdeni ecll bodieretawfoxima bodieretawfoxima mixa omrf omrf from rmofin 2-18:elb age H coser es, Vill d neauo )gk( 6 6 g 6 7 an edniat edniat edniat Bi ayhP 6 6 ob ob ob 6 aue Phao yS Hfo hong Ker is is is 5k 7k Ta Keng Khamm Kor La La 10kaL Korg mo Meuana om houP roK Pha ong ong #lat tchaclat latoT shifforeb tch tch tch 100nahtrewolsilatoTfo Nad Nakham Nam Non Oud Ph honeP honlP hontP Baca opS of Th Th Th Vang Vang To To % defsinoasesyrD Num Ca Ca Ca agllviesehtroF % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2005yarunaJ Chapter 2: Baseline Data Based on the LARReC (2004) and Schouten et al (2004) reports some useful statistics on household catches and production trends emerge. There is a distinct spatial variation in the size of fish catches and the use of the Nam Theun mainstream. Villages in the Lower Nam Phao tend to have the greatest catches with an average of 142 kg/hh/yr or 12 kg/hh/month. Where as the mean annual household catches for villages in the Nam Phouang/Nam Phiat and Nam Kata catchments were slightly less at just under 100 kg/hh/yr. The mean annual household catch for villages in the Upper Nam Phao was very low at just 16 kg/hh/yr. This may reflect the fact that these villages at located on a main trade route, between Lao PDR and Vietnam, and have other opportunities to generate income. Overall fish catches by communities in the downstream Nam Theun area are significantly lower than the mean monthly catch of 27 kg reported in the Xe Bang Fai area. This probably reflects that those villages in the Nam Theun area are generally poorer, which is also indicated in the fact that 85% of fish production is utilized for subsistence purposes. In terms of dependency on the mainstream Nam Theun, predictably the villages in the Lower Nam Phao have the greatest use with an annual mean household catch of approximately 64 kg being sourced from the Nam Theun mainstream. This represents almost 45% of their total annual catch. Further up the Nam Phao catchment, in the Nam Phoang/Nam Phiat and Nam Kata zones the dependency on the mainstream Nam Theun is proportionally less. Only 10% and 6% of their annual catch respectively is being sourced from the Nam Theun. Mean annual household fish catches from the Nam Theun in these villages only amount to 9.6 kg and 2.0 kg. The majority of their fish catch is sourced from either the Nam Phao or its tributaries. Further still up the Nam Phao catchment, villages in the Upper Nam Phao zone do not use the mainstream Nam Theun which is probably a result of the distance required to travel and the difficult terrain. 2.6.3 Aquatic Products A variety of other aquatic animals are also caught either to supplement fish catches or for sale. The aquatic animals catches almost exclusively consist of frogs, snails and shrimp (see Figure 2-10). They tend to be caught by the women and children of the household and can represent a substantial input into the household. The annual amount of aquatic animal obtained from Nam Theun is estimated at 27,000 kg. Figure 2-10: Amounts of Various Types of Aquatic Animals (other than Finfish) collected by Respondents in 21 Villages along Nam Theun Downstream Village Crab Eel Frog Shrimp Snail Total Keng Bid 1.5 33.0 1,570.0 1,604.5 346.0 Distribution of Aquatic Animals Collected from Nam Theun Downstream Khammouane 55.5 368.1 1,305.9 1,729.5 0.22 0.78 and connected Water Bodies Kor Phay 22.0 1.0 199.0 222.0 76.12 269.88 Lak 5 489.0 12.0 141.0 642.0 Crab Eel Lak 7 405.0 45.0 120.0 570.0 0.1% 0.0% Lak 10 718.0 200.0 350.0 1,268.0 Frog Nadeua 201.1 130.0 470.0 801.1 26.3% Nakham 178.0 1.0 294.0 473.0 Nam Phao 78.0 62.0 398.0 538.0 Nong Kor 300.0 6.1 1,060.0 1,366.1 Oudom 19.5 6.0 82.0 107.5 Pha Meuang 109.0 33.0 316.0 458.0 Phone Sy 121.0 17.4 104.0 242.4 Phonlom 8.0 45.0 2.0 157.0 212.0 Phonthong 1.0 152.0 4.0 108.0 265.0 Shrimp Sop Phouan 101.0 178.0 539.0 818.0 Snail 9.6% Tha Bac 12.0 5.4 240.0 257.4 64.0% Thong 224.0 5.0 102.0 331.0 Thong Ker 117.0 62.5 337.0 516.5 Vang Kor 84.0 28.2 627.0 739.2 Vang Pha 142.0 106.0 184.0 432.0 Total 8.0 1.0 3,574.6 1,305.7 8,703.9 13,593.2 Note: Weights are not totals but represent the amounts collected by respondents. The figures are used to present the relative share of each aquatic animal. Only villages in the Lower Nam Phao, Nam Phouang/Phiat and Nam Kata zones utilize the mainstream Nam Theun for collection of aquatic products. Catches are extremely low, with the highest mean annual household catch of 0.5 kg being report for villages in the Nam Kata zone. Collection of aquatic products in the Nam Theun mainstream by villages from the Lower Nam Phao and Nam Phouang/Phiat is almost January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 37 Chapter 2: Baseline Data negligible. This is probably due the effort required to reach the Nam Theun therefore only the higher value fish are sought. 2.6.4 Income The range of income generated through fish and aquatic products varies considerably. The highest incomes are from HH engaged in fishing in the Nam Theun and Nam Phao, where there are a higher proportion of professional fishermen. In these rivers the average reported household income from the 90% recorded as generating income is US$70 and US$71 respectively. The lowest contribution to income comes from the Nam Ngoy and Nam Kata with US$19 and US$22 respectively. It is also the case that there is a greater household effort in the collection of aquatic animals in these locations and these are utilized to supplement household consumption. Based on 127 HH reporting some level of income from collection of fish and aquatic products, the average across all villages and river systems is US$41.2/HH/annum. Only 3% of those engaged in fish/aquatic animal collection utilise the catch for commercial purposes and for the 96% of household that utilise fish and aquatic animal production for household food security, 82% of the total catch is consumed within the household (Table [x-8]). In the 20 villages surveyed in the present study 57% of all HH generated income from a proportion of their catches, and 43% of HH utilised their catch entirely for domestic consumption. The distribution of income and consumption among HH is presented in Table [4] and the percentage contribution to household consumption is presented in Figure [7]. Generally, fishing activities were more important for income and household food supply. However, other aquatic products ranked highly as a food supply, with fewer respondents indicating these types of resources offered significant income in lieu of fishing. It is indicated that most of the aquatic products were collected from tributaries and other areas (such as rice fields, ponds) outside of the Nam Theun. 2.7 FISHERIES ON THE NAM PHIT AND NAM KATHANG 2.7.1 Fisheries on the Nam Phit The fisheries survey of 2004 identified 36 villages with people fishing in Nam Phit / Houay Khama. These villages are located along Nam Phit / Houay Khama, Nam Gnom/Nam Kathang and Xe Bangfai. The survey included interviews with key informants (usually village leaders) as well as interviews with 15 randomly selected villagers per village. In some cases where it was difficult to get hold of people, a lower number (around 10) were selected. In total, 497 villagers were interviewed regarding their fishing habits, catch, species and seasonality. According to the survey, the annual catch of fish from the Nam Phit by the above villagers is 136,000 kg representing a value of US$ 109,000 (at US$ 0.8 per kg, see Table 2-19). Villagers in Phonsaat + Lak 6, Kaun Phan, Phit and Phachoumkhong (all located along or near Nam Phit / Houay Khama) each catch more than 10,000 kg per village. Villagers also catch other aquatic animals and collect aquatic plants, estimated at 64,000 kg and 24,000 kg, respectively. Aquatic animals (other than fish) include mussels, shrimps, snails, etc. and have an average value of around US$ 0.2 per kg. The value of aquatic animals from Nam Phit is therefore US$ 12,800. The value of aquatic plants collected from Nam Phit is estimated at US$ 2,400 (at US$ 0.1 per kg). The total value of the fisheries and other aquatic products is US$ 124,000. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 38 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-19: List of Villages Fishing in Nam Phit and Annual Catch of Fish, other Aquatic Animals and Aquatic Plants. Collection of No. of Fish catch Animal catch aquatic plants No. No. Village Name Nearest river District HH (kg/village) (kg/village) (kg/village) 1 1 Tham phaung + Tham Phong Nam Phit Gnommalath 50 2,950 1,847 390 2 2 Thang beng Nam Phit Gnommalath 43 1,333 806 278 3 3 Pa thoung + Phone Khene Nam Phit Gnommalath 75 3,930 1,995 1,245 4 4 Kaun phan Nam Phit Gnommalath 182 14,475 6,055 2,415 5 5 Tat Nam Phit Gnommalath 130 4,524 3,874 1,716 6 6 Maung khai Nam Phit Gnommalath 71 2,407 1,150 376 7 7 Phit (sikhai) Nam Phit Gnommalath 85 11,911 2,913 680 8 8 Phone sang Nam Phit Gnommalath 26 775 745 331 9 9 Phone thoy Nam Phit Gnommalath 48 102 145 65 10 10 Khok Savang Nam Phit Gnommalath 41 1,339 868 461 11 11 Khok Nam Phit Mahaxai 12 1,876 224 74 12 12 Phachoumkhong Nam Phit Mahaxai 58 11,395 4,423 1,079 13 13 Lak kao Nam Phit Mahaxai 25 1,630 845 258 14 14 Na khok nai Nam Phit Mahaxai 28 205 45 7 15 15 Lak jet Nam Phit Mahaxai 144 1,320 1,450 845 16 16 Phon saat + Lak hok Nam Phit Mahaxai 305 22,631 17,233 6,588 17 17 Phonkham Nam Phit Mahaxai 49 820 889 121 Sub-total, Nam Phit villages 1,372 83,623 45,505 16,929 18 1 Thong mang Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 53 1,124 537 145 19 2 Somsanouk Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 112 2,619 1,324 273 20 3 Gnommalath Neua Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 125 747 216 55 21 4 Gnommalath Tai Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 162 5,624 3,182 1,412 22 5 Namixai Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 88 1,090 831 100 23 6 Nongping Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 107 8,235 2,651 373 24 7 Sivilai Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 55 859 300 109 25 8 Maung Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 57 1,419 621 303 26 9 Kieng lek Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 80 3,363 702 580 27 10 Phone Bok Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 81 3,191 1,328 397 28 11 Fang dieng Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 25 522 155 40 29 12 Boung bao + Naphoxay Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 79 270 244 101 30 13 Pak phoung Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 34 1,383 1,077 208 31 14 Done pauy Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Gnommalath 73 240 230 106 Sub-total, Nam Gnon / Nam Kathang villages 1,131 30,686 13,399 4,203 32 1 Dang Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 167 9,152 2,516 813 33 2 Somsanouk Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 53 3,272 240 244 34 3 Na kio Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 100 7,840 1,829 1,202 35 4 Kiengsavang Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 26 773 128 213 36 5 Mahaxai Neua Xe Bangfai Mahaxai 64 973 171 188 Sub-total, Xe Bangfai villages 410 22,009 4,884 2,659 Total Weight (kg) 2,913 136,319 63,787 23,791 Total Value (US$) 109,055 12,757 2,379 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 39 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.7.2 Fisheries on the Nam Kathang The 2001 Socio-economic survey covered apart from mainstream Xe Bangfai villages also 23 villages along Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. Interviews with 15 randomly respondents were made in each village. Data relating to fisheries is extracted below. The survey shows that Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang is the most important source of fish for nearly a third of the respondents (see Table 2-20). Hence, other sources (among these Nam Phit / Houay Khama) are more important ­ on an aggregate level. Table 2-20: Relative Importance of Fishing Venues, Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. Location First Rank Second Rank Third Rank No Response Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang 31.7 % 13.2 % 6.8 % 36.3 % Tributaries 24.9 % 19.4 % 10.6 % 20.5 % Paddy fields 13.8 % 21.5 % 31.7 % 9.3 % Other small bodies of water 17.2 % 17.5 % 28.3 % 14.1 % Back swamps and natural ponds 12.3 % 28.3 % 22.5 % 19.8 % Total 99.90% 99.90% 99.90% 100.00% This ranking is somehow supported by catch data from the same survey. The average household is catching 59 kg of fish from the Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang whereas the catch from other areas is 75 kg. For all 1,632 households in the 23 villages, the total catch from Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang is estimated at 96,000 kg (see Table 2-21). The high catch of 122,000 kg from areas outside Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang originate to a considerable extent from Nam Phit (as documented in Section 2.7.1) Table 2-21: Estimated Catch of Fish from Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang. Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Outside Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang Dry Season Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season Average catch per HH per season (kg) 28.3 30.6 24.9 50.2 Average annual catch per HH (kg) 58.9 75.0 Total annual catch (kg) 96,152 122,412 2.8 FISHERIES ON THE XE BANGFAI 150 lowland Mekong fish species are known to exist in the Xe Bangfai. Most villagers living along the banks of the Xe Bangfai are known to engage in some level of fishing activity. The 2001 survey of the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai clearly demonstrated the importance of the fisheries for household economy, household subsistence and protein intake. 2.8.1 Ranking of Fisheries Locations Rivers, streams and wetlands are seen as a community resource, which belongs to everyone, and so there are no explicit "property or exploitation rights". People go fishing wherever possible, including the XBF and its tributaries, in paddy fields, in the wetlands created by seasonal flooding and in other small bodies of water. A qualitative ranking of fishers venue importance was undertaken in the 2001 survey (see Table 2-22). This ranking showed that for 59 % of the villagers living along the XBF river, the mainstream is the primary fishing location This is more pronounced in the Upper XBF and the upstream of Upper XBF where the river is ranked first by 80 % and 75 % of the respondents, respectively. In the Middle XBF, the importance of tributaries is higher than for the XBF River (49 % and 44 %, respectively). This is due to seven of the 12 villages surveyed being located on the Xe Noy tributary. In the Lower XBF, where 60 % January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 40 Chapter 2: Baseline Data of the villages are located, the XBF river is ranked as the most important fishing venue (54 %) but back swamps and natural ponds (19 %), paddy fields (14 %) and other small water bodies (10 %) are also important. Table 2-22: Qualitative Ranking Importance of Fishing Venues Location Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upstream Total First Rank XBF River 80% 44% 54% 75% 59% XBF Tributaries 11% 49% 3% 11% 11% Paddy fields 1% 1% 14% 2% 9% Other small bodies of water 6% 5% 10% 3% 8% Back swamps and natural ponds 2% 1% 19% 9% 13% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Second Rank XBF River 14% 3% 19% 21% 16% XBF Tributaries 36% 16% 9% 26% 16% Paddy fields 9% 31% 33% 10% 26% Other small bodies of water 36% 46% 19% 15% 24% Back swamps and natural ponds 5% 3% 20% 27% 17% Total 100% 99% 100% 99% 99% Third Rank XBF River 4% 1% 13% 1% 9% XBF Tributaries 10% 4% 11% 8% 10% Paddy fields 49% 29% 26% 47% 32% Other small bodies of water 26% 45% 24% 28% 28% Back swamps and natural ponds 12% 20% 26% 16% 22% Total 101% 99% 100% 100% 101% 2.8.2 Fishing Techniques and Gears Villagers use a variety of fishing techniques, and exploit all aquatic species (not only fish, but also larvae, snakes, frogs, invertebrates, etc.). The gears with the highest catch are gillnets (especially 3-6 cm mesh size), single hook and line, and nets with handles (see Table 2-23). The XBF River accounts for 56 % of the annual average catch whereas 44 % is caught outside the XBF. However, in the wet season when it becomes more difficult to fish in the XBF River there is more fish caught outside (19 kg/HH/month) than in the River (15 kg/HH/month). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 41 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-23: Monthly and Annual Catch by Gear, Location and Season. Dry season Wet season Year XBF River - Out of XBF XBF River - Out of XBF Total (kg / HH / River (kg / (kg / HH / River (kg / (kg / HH / Gear type month) HH / month) month) HH / month) year) Scoop nets 0.9 1.4 0.5 1.0 22.9 Nets with Handles 0.8 1.2 3.4 1.4 41.2 Push net with handle 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.1 Single hook and line 1.4 0.7 2.0 3.7 46.1 Cat Fish Single Hook And Line 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.2 10.5 Long Line With Multiple Hooks 1.5 0.4 1.5 1.2 28.0 Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 5.0 Bamboo Traps 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.8 15.2 Falling Door Trap 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 3.1 Cast Net 3cm and Down 2.5 1.4 0.8 1.5 37.6 Cast Net 4cm and Up 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 7.6 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 4cm and Up 2.6 0.4 1.2 1.8 36.3 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 3-6cm 4.8 0.7 2.1 3.3 64.7 Mesh Nylon Gillnets 7cm and Up 2.0 0.1 1.0 0.6 21.5 Boat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Engine 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fish Attractant Basket 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fish Attractant With Fence 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Arrow 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 Upright basket trap 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Basket Trap 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.3 Others 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.0 8.8 Total 18 7 15 19 354 Relative share 31 % 12 % 25 % 32 % 2.8.3 Fish Consumption and Sale Fish from the XBF are being sold in markets in District centres and Thakhek. The average share of fish catch that is consumed within the household is 69 %, and varies from 45 % in Upper XBF to 84 % in Upstream of Upper XBF. Fish is an important part of the diet and a main source of protein. Table 2-24: Relative Importance of Consumption and Sale of Fish and Aquatic Products. Upstream of Upper XBF Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Total All Zones Average fish consumed: kg / HH 82 104 90 98 102 Average fish sold : kg / HH 15 127 40 26 45 Total (kg) 97 231 130 125 148 Consumption's share of total (%) 84 45 69 79 69 The relative consumption and sales data presented in Table 2-24 are derived from the socio-economic, not the fisheries component of the 2001 Xe Bangfai socio economic survey, and as such are indicative and comparative only. The absolute catch figures use in later analysis are those derived from the Fisheries component of the survey. 2.8.4 Aquaculture Aquaculture is not well developed in XBF communities. One reason might be the relative abundance of fish within the river and adjacent wetlands. Lack of infrastructure and well-developed market systems or January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 42 Chapter 2: Baseline Data transport services are other valid explanations, as well as lack of knowledge about fish culturing techniques. However, aquaculture is becoming more common in the lower Xe Bangfai zone, in part due to population pressure and in part due to availability of irrigation waters which are also used in aquaculture, which highlights the significant opportunity to develop and expand aquaculture activities within the region. 2.8.5 Current Fisheries and Aquatic Products Catch and Incomes As compensation will be related to the impact on (or losses of) fish catch and income, it is first necessary to estimate the current, or non-project affected fisheries and aquatic product catch and income. The best estimate to date of fisheries catch and imputed income is derived from the response to the detailed fisheries questionnaire of the fisheries component of the 2001 XBF socio-economic survey. In this survey, 15 persons per village were asked a range of questions on the monthly quantity of fish caught, with the full range of gear, disaggregated into: (i) catch in the wet and/or dry season; and (ii) catch in the XBF or outside the XBF (tributaries and other water bodies). The summarised results for each zone are presented in Table 2-25 and detailed per village in Table 2-27. Table 2-25: Average Household Monthly and Annual Fish Catch, by Season and Location, as Estimated from 2001 XBF Survey (Fisheries Component). Average monthly Dry season Wet season catch Average annual catch* no. kg/HH/ kg/HH/ kg/HH/ kg/HH/ kg/HH/ no. HH kg/HH/mth mth mth: mth: mth: mth: kg/HH kg/HH kg/HH Zone vills (2001) - in XBF non-XBF in XBF non-XBF in- XBF non-XBF from XBF non-XBF total Upstream 12 537 30 13 31 28 30 20 362 245 607 Upper 12 852 44 10 24 29 34 20 407 234 641 Mid 12 709 15 3 17 9 16 6 191 71 262 Lower 53 4,998 15 8 13 23 14 16 168 186 354 Average 89 7,096 20 8 16 23 18 15 214 185 399 total for all villages 2,831,304 kg On the assumption that the average return on fish and other aquatic products is US$ 0.8/kg, then the above catch figures would provide the average income as presented in Table 2-26, which includes cash and imputed income. Table 2-26: Average Household Fish Catch and Imputed Income from the XBF and from Non- XBF Sources, in Two Seasons, as Determined from the 2001 XBF Survey, by Zone Catch from XBF Catch from non XBF Total fish catch no. of no. of kg/ HH/ US$/ HH/ Total tons/ kg/ HH/ US$/ HH/ Total tons/ kg/ HH/ US$/ Total tons/ Zone village HH year year year year year year year HH/year year Upstream 12 537 362 290 194 245 196 132 607 486 326 Upper 12 852 406 325 346 234 187 200 641 513 546 Middle 12 709 191 153 135 70 56 50 262 210 186 Lower 53 4,998 168 134 840 186 149 930 354 283 1,771 Total/ av. 89 7,096 214 171 1,517 185 148 1312 399 319 2,828 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 43 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-27: Average Household Fish Catch (of mainstream villages) from XBF and from Non- XBF Sources, in Two Seasons (2001 XBF Survey, fisheries component) Catch per Household (kg) Dry season Wet season Total, No. In XBF Out of XBF In XBF Out of Total, out of Village Zone HH XBF in XBF XBF Total Upstream of Upper XBF Kangyangkham Upstream 28 173 74 151 173 323 247 570 Nakea Upstream 80 162 74 238 178 399 252 651 Nakhay Upstream 51 187 137 141 182 328 320 647 Naphong Upstream 56 118 62 257 133 374 195 570 Nathanedong Upstream 36 210 72 111 200 321 272 593 Nathanethong Upstream 32 222 87 136 186 358 272 631 Nongkok Upstream 22 131 50 78 122 209 173 382 Veun Upstream 33 234 130 159 205 394 335 729 Dangkang Upstream 58 216 50 219 176 434 226 660 Eelane Upstream 59 141 104 105 158 246 262 507 Somsanook Upstream 45 220 18 306 95 526 113 639 Vatthat Upstream 37 160 91 160 190 320 281 601 Average catch per HH in Upstream 362 245 607 Upper XBF Thakhor Upper XBF 49 312 25 106 126 418 151 569 Kengpair Upper XBF 75 722 2 113 123 834 124 959 Khaengsavang Upper XBF 23 279 37 370 73 648 110 759 Khamfeuang Upper XBF 88 298 36 148 175 446 211 657 Mahaxaykang Upper XBF 99 54 32 64 91 118 123 241 Mahaxayneua Upper XBF 66 710 95 172 123 882 218 1100 Mahaxaytay Upper XBF 146 168 128 259 413 427 541 968 Phanang Upper XBF 44 366 60 156 88 522 149 671 Pong Upper XBF 36 253 18 52 99 304 118 422 Povaneua Upper XBF 86 140 77 124 117 264 194 458 Povatay Upper XBF 90 48 73 42 206 90 279 369 Thahant Upper XBF 50 105 8 140 64 245 73 318 Average catch per HH in Upper XBF 407 234 641 Middle XBF Dongmarfai Middle XBF 91 13 19 24 54 38 73 111 Hatpeak Middle XBF 38 96 10 113 62 209 71 280 Kaengveang Middle XBF 69 64 27 83 48 147 75 222 Kengkasee Middle XBF 43 158 23 126 84 284 107 391 Kengkhean Middle XBF 44 328 41 193 113 520 154 674 Lao Middle XBF 29 46 11 85 11 131 22 153 Nathane Middle XBF 83 43 15 88 9 130 24 154 Pahlay Middle XBF 36 66 8 48 17 114 25 139 Paksenoy Middle XBF 85 146 7 143 68 290 75 364 Thasida Middle XBF 32 52 21 33 39 85 60 145 Veunsananh Middle XBF 63 168 49 136 83 304 132 436 Xiengkhay Middle XBF 91 34 11 109 43 143 54 197 Average catch per HH in Middle XBF 191 72 264 Lower XBF 1 Kuase Lower XBF 285 32 22 19 103 51 125 176 Manilad Lower XBF 41 43 3 73 3 116 6 122 Khamsavang Lower XBF 29 92 18 100 12 192 30 222 Daangsavanh Lower XBF 59 99 9 93 11 193 21 213 Souvanxai Lower XBF 73 76 10 96 23 172 34 206 Dangtha Lower XBF 85 34 60 86 158 119 218 338 Naphoktha Lower XBF 73 51 44 101 195 152 239 391 Somsa-at Lower XBF 43 240 47 299 84 539 131 670 Hatkhamdee Lower XBF 38 61 4 50 26 111 29 140 Yangkham Lower XBF 216 233 35 138 153 370 188 559 Hatkhamhieng Lower XBF 239 148 41 147 121 295 162 456 Tonhaen Lower XBF 175 113 64 143 110 256 174 430 Beungse Lower XBF 122 182 82 316 195 498 277 775 Namphou Lower XBF 64 38 65 100 122 138 188 326 Dongkaasinh Lower XBF 79 49 41 72 150 121 191 312 Hatsaisugneua Lower XBF 129 93 33 58 82 152 115 267 Hatsaisugtay Lower XBF 105 160 89 172 125 332 214 546 Sorkbau Lower XBF 105 25 16 80 46 105 62 167 Average catch per HH in Lower XBF 1 223 152 375 Lower XBF 2 Thadorkham Lower XBF 36 78 60 80 97 158 157 315 Natay Lower XBF 76 132 52 87 257 218 309 528 Kangpa Lower XBF 71 29 172 28 296 57 468 524 Thabor Lower XBF 57 87 98 138 257 225 354 579 Phak-eetou Lower XBF 63 49 28 34 96 83 124 208 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 44 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Catch per Household (kg) Dry season Wet season Total, No. In XBF Out of XBF In XBF Out of Total, out of Village Zone HH XBF in XBF XBF Total Hatxiengdee Lower XBF 204 32 86 31 242 62 328 390 Kaengphosy Lower XBF 69 97 29 41 220 138 249 387 Dongsaanga Lower XBF 68 54 41 17 50 71 90 161 Sakong Lower XBF 86 34 34 145 169 179 203 382 Tanetheung Lower XBF 148 25 30 17 129 42 160 201 Dongphakpheuang Lower XBF 153 36 36 15 121 51 157 208 Phakfeuaneua Lower XBF 61 37 80 25 297 62 377 438 Phakfeuatay Lower XBF 63 43 129 20 290 63 419 481 Sumnadee Lower XBF 30 133 28 52 79 184 107 291 Somsaa-at Lower XBF 102 152 114 96 437 249 551 800 Houi-hai Lower XBF 76 120 69 164 199 284 268 552 Navangneua Lower XBF 196 107 52 48 82 155 134 290 Navangthong Lower XBF 123 27 68 34 304 61 371 432 Hatxaifong Lower XBF 56 43 88 22 141 64 229 294 Navangnoy Lower XBF 69 153 28 69 369 222 397 619 Naxiengkhane Lower XBF 65 147 50 57 150 204 200 404 Navangtay Lower XBF 73 31 30 53 87 84 117 202 Nongheuathongneua Lower XBF 58 97 37 109 55 206 92 298 Nongheuathongtay Lower XBF 23 212 9 96 18 308 28 335 Average catch per HH in Lower XBF 2 127 254 380 Lower XBF 3 Saadeauneua Lower XBF 130 50 16 23 74 73 90 163 Saadeautay Lower XBF 90 50 25 78 101 128 126 254 Thaphoxai Lower XBF 102 44 11 48 61 91 71 163 Phonhsaoea Lower XBF 66 58 127 24 296 81 423 504 Thakharm Lower XBF 97 33 22 21 66 54 88 143 Nasang Lower XBF 121 261 1 40 86 301 87 388 Thamoang Lower XBF 38 48 74 12 115 60 189 249 Bouakhay Lower XBF 109 46 9 45 122 90 130 221 Pong Lower XBF 84 244 12 147 95 392 107 499 Paksebangfai Lower XBF 96 54 16 55 35 110 52 161 Danepakse Lower XBF 84 98 33 76 22 173 55 228 Average catch per HH in Lower XBF 3 145 115 260 Average catch per HH in Lower XBF 168 186 354 Average catch per HH in XBF 214 185 399 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 45 Chapter 2: Baseline Data If we consider the catch from the Xe Bangfai only, the average household catch is between 168 kg/HH/year (in Lower XBF) and 406 kg/HH/year (in Upper XBF), or an average value over all zones of 214 kg/HH/yr, equivalent to an income of about US$ 171/HH/year. NTPC will use these indicative XBF catch figures as the basis on which to plan the compensation strategy (except for those 7 villages on the Xe Noy, whose backwater effect may have a net positive affect on fish catch). These figures will be verified one year prior to COD (or earlier, if socio-economic and fisheries surveys are undertaken in the meantime) in order to plan the detailed compensation program. 2.8.6 Fishing Effort in the Xe Bangfai by Hinterland Village Fishers While the 2001 Xe Bangfai Survey was carried out among the villages located on the Xe Bangfai, it is recognised that villagers from other villages further away (not on the mainstream) are also benefiting from fish and aquatic life in the river. A study was therefore carried out to identify the magnitude and relative importance of fishing in Xe Bangfai by villagers from these so-called hinterland villages. The first phase of this study focused on the fishing effort among men and women and the second phase (to be carried out in October 2004) will focus on the actual catch. One hundred villages were identified as possible hosts for villagers fishing in the Xe Bangfai. As it turned out, 66 of these actually had people who go fishing in or collect aquatic products from the Xe Bangfai. Questionnaire interviews were held with key informants and separate focused group discussions with men and women were held to assess the frequency of fishing / collection of aquatic products, location of fishing and size of catch (fish and aquatic products). Of the total village population of 42,540 persons or 7,278 households in the 66 hinterland villages, about 3,356 men and women, in about 1,708 households - or 23 % of the village's households, travel to the Xe Bangfai to catch fish and collect some aquatic products (see Table 2-28). The study also analysed which location men and women prefer to fish and collect aquatic products (i.e. Xe Bangfai, tributary, natural lake / pond, rice field and flooded forest). In 45 villages, men consider that the Xe Bangfai is the most important location for fishing, whereas men in 35 villages rated this location highest for collection of aquatic products (see Table 2-28). Women in hinterland villages, in general, gave less emphasis to XBF, possibly due to distance of travelling and tougher fishing conditions in the major river. Xe Bangfai was found the most important location for fishing by women in 22 villages and for collection of aquatic products in 16 villages. From the study it can be concluded that the Xe Bangfai plays an important role as source of fish and aquatic products for many of the residents of 66 hinterland villages, even though only a minor part of the population in most villages are involved in this activity. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 46 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-28: Number of Fishers, Frequency of Fishing and Estimated Annual Catch in Xe Bangfai by Villagers from Hinterland Villages, 2004 XBF Fishers and Collecters of Aquatic Average no. of XBF ranked as most important source Total in Village Products in Village months fishing/year Fish Aquatic products No. Village District HH Persons Male Female HH1 Persons Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Upper XBF 1 1 Khamfeuang nyai Mahaxai 92 371 189 182 49 109 65 44 7 9 2 2 Khamphe nyai Mahaxai 54 274 128 146 2 3 3 0 7 0 3 3 Khamphe na Mahaxai 63 357 178 179 2 2 2 0 7 0 4 4 Khamhe dong Mahaxai 50 242 126 116 14 19 19 0 5 0 5 5 Phonkham Mahaxai 53 329 186 143 6 9 8 1 5 0 6 6 Phonsaat Mahaxai 300 1475 710 765 12 27 16 11 3 5 7 7 Pachoomkong Mahaxai 56 290 145 145 24 32 32 0 5 0 8 8 Phonkhen Xe Bangfai 12 71 39 32 4 10 5 5 12 9 9 9 Some Xe Bangfai 85 456 220 236 17 38 22 16 12 12 10 10 Thamlay Mahaxai 91 470 210 260 2 3 3 0 12 0 Sub-total, Upper XBF 856 4335 2131 2204 132 252 175 77 Middle XBF 11 1 Noy Xe Bangfai 44 220 108 112 12 34 16 18 10 12 12 2 Yang Nyai Xe Bangfai 204 1166 512 654 20 47 26 21 10 7 13 3 Dongsavanh Xe Bangfai 35 198 109 89 9 21 12 9 4 7 14 4 Khogkengkhene Xe Bangfai 38 227 110 117 6 8 8 0 10 0 15 5 Nakhomkao Xe Bangfai 54 321 166 155 12 16 16 0 3 0 16 6 Deung Xe Bangfai 178 1256 618 638 17 22 22 0 7 0 17 7 Beunghuanatai Xe Bangfai 116 654 316 338 8 10 10 0 5 0 18 8 Dongmakbah Xe Bangfai 115 663 323 340 8 16 11 5 9 2 19 9 Nongbone Xe Bangfai 139 979 508 471 62 83 83 0 11 0 20 10 Huaylangmeu Xe Bangfai 66 401 219 182 14 18 18 0 9 0 21 11 Nakhomtong Xe Bangfai 107 664 319 345 17 22 22 0 8 0 22 12 Beunghuanakang Xe Bangfai 37 216 114 102 6 11 8 3 6 3 23 13 Sang Xe Bangfai 149 1329 684 645 188 385 251 134 7 7 24 14 Som Xe Bangfai 141 852 409 443 86 115 115 0 3 0 25 15 Beunghuananeua Xe Bangfai 56 325 165 160 72 130 96 34 7 6 26 16 (Nong) Dong Phang Xe Bangfai 44 247 119 128 4 5 5 0 7 0 27 17 Nathong Xaybouli 48 288 127 161 9 15 12 3 2 4 Sub-total, Middle XBF 1571 10006 4926 5080 550 958 731 227 Lower XBF 1 28 1 Naphoktheung Xe Bangfai 85 513 247 266 77 144 102 42 11 9 29 2 Nakham Nongbok 448 1775 918 857 4 5 5 0 7 0 30 3 Phon Nongbok 165 952 471 481 2 2 2 0 4 0 31 4 Dongcoung Nongbok 93 457 210 247 3 4 4 0 6 0 32 5 Dongbounnoi Nongbok 49 245 128 117 4 5 5 0 7 0 33 6 Nongdon / NongkonkiaNongbok 181 1084 527 557 76 134 101 33 11 7 34 7 Dongbounyai Nongbok 210 977 488 489 78 142 104 38 4 2 35 8 Sibounheung Nongbok 170 1025 433 592 4 5 5 0 10 0 36 9 Phonphieng Nongbok 130 781 382 399 2 2 2 0 4 0 37 10 Nongpam Nongbok 95 555 161 394 2 2 2 0 2 0 38 11 Nongsapangtha Nongbok 108 592 311 281 14 21 19 2 8 4 39 12 Nonchick Nongbok 56 319 125 194 1 1 1 0 1 0 40 13 Kangthong Xaybouli 104 813 414 399 25 65 33 32 12 12 41 14 Veurnneua Xaybouli 159 1000 486 514 122 312 162 150 12 12 42 15 Veurnsivilai Xaybouli 162 975 531 444 5 8 7 1 9 2 43 16 Veurntai Xaybouli 157 936 469 467 32 82 43 39 12 12 44 17 Dongpao Xaybouli 145 881 441 440 10 18 13 5 6 3 45 18 Dongyang Nongbok 16 93 47 46 2 3 3 0 5 0 46 19 Nongbok Nongbok 202 898 493 405 2 2 2 0 9 0 Sub-total, Lower XBF 1 2735 14871 7282 7589 465 957 615 342 Lower XBF 2 47 1 Navangkang (Tai) Nongbok 79 473 235 238 22 29 29 0 12 0 48 2 Colksawang Nongbok 65 427 198 229 2 2 2 0 10 0 49 3 Nongsapangthong Nongbok 78 419 211 208 14 18 18 0 7 0 50 4 Donggnang Xaybouli 47 301 149 152 19 45 25 20 12 8 51 5 Naoneua Xaybouli 127 840 405 435 124 315 165 150 12 11 52 6 Kangmixay Xaybouli 104 803 393 410 9 23 12 11 6 8 53 7 Gyangkhamtai Xaybouli 100 708 342 366 70 180 93 87 9 9 54 8 Veurnxai Xaybouli 126 789 384 405 77 162 103 59 9 4 55 9 Dongpou Xaybouli 164 685 336 349 56 106 74 32 10 3 56 10 Syxiengmai Xaybouli 200 1204 540 664 7 9 9 0 10 0 57 11 Gyangkhamneua Xaybouli 70 466 228 238 19 26 25 1 7 6 58 12 Naotai Xaybouli 166 1147 571 576 2 3 3 0 3 0 59 13 Nakhanay Xaybouli 129 902 430 472 35 68 47 21 9 2 60 14 Phontan Xaybouli 62 418 206 212 14 32 18 14 9 7 61 15 Boungbaurthong Xaybouli 130 889 430 459 17 30 22 8 9 9 62 16 Laodokmai Xaybouli 72 450 215 235 10 13 13 0 2 0 Sub-total, Lower XBF 2 1719 10921 5273 5648 497 1061 658 403 Lower XBF 3 63 1 Nongli Nongbok 142 672 350 322 2 2 2 0 7 0 64 2 Dongpangpao Nongbok 84 506 239 267 17 32 22 10 3 3 65 3 Nonnakham Xaybouli 80 541 314 227 31 60 41 19 12 12 66 4 Kangtha Xaybouli 91 688 294 394 14 34 18 16 12 9 Sub-total, Lower XBF 3 397 2407 1197 1210 64 128 83 45 Sub-total, Lower XBF 4851 28199 13752 14447 1026 2146 1356 790 Total 7278 42540 20809 21731 1708 3356 2262 1094 45 22 35 16 1 Household figures are estimated. Verification to be made by October 2004 2.9 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND IRRIGATION Livelihood activities along the Xe Bangfai are traditionally based on rice production. Rice is the staple food of the area's population as well as the main crop. It is also the area's largest sector of employment, January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 47 Chapter 2: Baseline Data with 92 percent of the inhabitants having rice production as part of their livelihood systems. In the Project area there are two main types of rice production: rainfed lowland paddy and irrigated lowland. Other agricultural crops including maize, vegetables, sweet potato and tobacco have an important role in the local economy. While food security appears to be far less an issue along the Xe Bangfai, in comparison with the Nakai plateau, the key to improving the economic situation of the region lies in increasing agricultural productivity. To this end, the GoL has embarked on a major program of irrigation development along the Xe Bangfai, and currently there are only 14 of the 89 villages along the NT2 impacted stretch of the XBF do not have irrigation pumps (see Table 2-29). Most of the irrigation pumps are electric, but 14 run on diesel, which is inefficient and relatively costly. In addition, some of the diesel pumps are also in bad repair, with the result that the total irrigation potential of even currently installed pumps and systems is not fully utilized. As shown in Table 2-29, the total area of developed paddy in the 89 XBF villages is about 14,120 ha, of which 10,536 ha are used for wet season paddy, and 5,306 ha for dry season paddy, with about 3,840 used for both wet season and dry season paddy. It is estimated that an additional 2,223 ha could be irrigated if current pumps and irrigation systems are repaired and/or improved. Table 2-29: Indicative Paddy Areas and Irrigation Pumps, XBF Villages, 2003 Wet Dry Wet-dry Total Cropped Paddy Total season season season cropped area/yr area/ No. Village District Paddy paddy paddy paddy area/yr /HH HH Pump 1) Upstream XBF 1 1 Kang Yang Kham Mahaxai 22.13 21 15.0 13.7 36.0 1.5 0.9 ? 2 2 Som Sanook Mahaxai 49.5 47.1 8.0 5.5 55.1 1.2 1.1 E 3 3 Na Than Dong Mahaxai 36.3 35.0 15.0 13.7 50.0 1.7 1.2 D 4 4 Na Than Thong Mahaxai 23.9 22.7 21.1 0.0 43.8 1.8 1.0 with 5 5 5 Veun Mahaxai 55.6 53.0 20.0 17.5 73.0 2.8 2.1 D 6 6 Na Khai Mahaxai 61.4 58.3 50.0 46.9 108.3 2.2 1.3 D 7 7 Nong Kok Mahaxai 22.6 21.5 20.0 18.9 41.5 2.0 1.1 D 8 8 Elarn Mahaxai 35.2 33.4 20.0 18.2 53.4 1.0 0.7 D 9 9 Na Phong Mahaxai 66.6 63.4 23.5 20.3 86.9 1.6 1.2 E 10 10 Dangkang Mahaxai 54.1 51.4 44.7 0.0 96.0 1.8 1.0 E 11 11 Vat Thard Mahaxai 65.1 61.9 41.3 0.0 103.2 2.1 1.3 with 10 12 12 Na Kio Mahaxai 71.8 68.2 23.0 19.4 91.2 1.0 0.8 E Sub-total 564.3 536.9 301.5 174.2 838.4 1.7 1.1 Upper XBF 13 1 Keng Savang Mahaxai 40.2 38.2 10.0 8.0 48.2 2.0 1.7 E 14 2 Mahaxai Neua Mahaxai 46.4 44.1 46.4 44.1 90.5 1.5 0.8 E 15 3 Mahaxai Kang Mahaxai 29.9 28.4 0.0 0.0 28.4 0.5 0.5 N 16 4 Mahaxai Tai Mahaxai 139.2 132.2 68.0 61.0 200.2 1.4 1.0 E 17 5 Pova Neua Mahaxai 143.7 136.5 15.0 7.8 151.5 1.6 1.5 E 18 6 Pova Tai Mahaxai 90.3 85.8 35.1 31.3 120.9 1.1 0.8 E 19 7 Pha Nang Mahaxai 32.5 30.9 9.0 7.4 39.9 0.9 0.7 E 20 8 Kham Feuang Mahaxai 74.2 70.5 0.0 0.0 70.5 0.7 0.8 N 21 9 Bong Mahaxai 26.5 25.2 6.0 4.7 31.2 0.9 0.8 E 22 10 Keng Pear** XBF 46.0 38.0 0.0 0.0 38.0 0.4 0.5 D 23 11 Tha Korr XBF 206.0 98.0 200.0 92.0 298.0 4.8 3.3 D 24 12 Tha Hard** XBF 78.7 47.7 0.0 0.0 47.7 0.8 1.4 D Sub-total 953.6 775.4 389.5 256.3 1,164.9 1.4 1.1 Middle XBF 25 1 Keng Khean XBF 124.0 114.0 20.0 10.0 134.0 3.0 2.8 D 26 2 Keng Kasi** XBF 82.0 76.0 0.0 0.0 76.0 1.3 1.4 D 27 3 Veun Sananh XBF 88.0 84.0 30.0 26.0 114.0 1.4 1.1 D 28 4 Hard Pek XBF 43.0 41.5 40.0 38.5 81.5 2.1 1.1 D 29 5 Park Xe Noy XBF 112.0 106.0 40.0 34.0 146.0 1.7 1.3 D 30 6 Tha Sida** XBF 51.3 49.0 0.0 0.0 49.0 1.3 1.4 D January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 48 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Wet Dry Wet-dry Total Cropped Paddy Total season season season cropped area/yr area/ No. Village District Paddy paddy paddy paddy area/yr /HH HH Pump 1) 31 7 Na Than XBF 160.3 131.1 50.0 20.9 181.1 1.6 1.4 D 32 8 Lao Saybouly 57.5 57.5 7.0 7.0 64.5 1.6 1.4 E 33 9 Xieng Khai Saybouly 153.6 153.6 15.0 153.6 168.6 1.1 1.0 E 34 10 Keng Veang Saybouly 91.1 91.1 0.0 0.0 91.1 0.8 0.8 N 35 11 Dong Mark Fai Saybouly 149.0 149.0 0.0 0.0 149.0 1.5 1.5 N 36 12 Pah Lai Saybouly 27.5 27.5 0.0 0.0 27.5 0.6 0.6 N sub-total 1,139.2 1,080.3 202.0 466.4 1,282.3 1.5 1.3 Lower XBF 37 1 Kua Xe XBF N 38 2 Dang Tha XBF 163.0 157.0 90.0 84.0 247.0 2.1 1.4 E 39 3 Na Phork Tha XBF 131.2 131.2 80.0 80.0 211.2 2.0 1.3 E 40 4 Som Sa Ard XBF 95.8 52.8 30.0 0.0 82.8 1.8 2.0 E 41 5 Yang Kham XBF 407.2 403.2 180.0 176.0 583.2 2.5 1.8 E 42 6 Hard Khamhieng XBF 436.7 436.7 250.0 250.0 686.7 2.5 1.6 E 43 7 Nam Phou Nong Bok 261.0 97.2 153.0 10.8 250.2 2.8 3.0 E 44 8 Dong Kasinh Nong Bok 282.2 200.0 60.0 22.2 260.0 2.7 2.9 E 45 9 Sorkbau Nong Bok 332.0 120.5 200.0 11.5 320.5 3.4 3.5 E 46 10 Na Tai Nong Bok 271.6 139.1 117.0 15.6 256.1 3.4 3.6 E 47 11 Pak Etou Nong Bok 240.5 135.5 90.0 15.1 225.5 3.3 3.5 E 48 12 Hard Xiang Dii Nong Bok 524.4 306.3 184.0 34.0 490.3 2.0 2.1 E 49 13 Dong Sa Nga Nong Bok 190.0 63.0 120.0 7.0 183.0 2.5 2.6 E 50 14 Dong Pak Pheua Nong Bok 446.0 221.4 200.0 24.6 421.4 2.5 2.7 E 51 15 Tan Theung Nong Bok 465.2 239.1 200.0 26.0 439.1 3.0 3.2 E 52 16 Xamnadii Nong Bok 0.0 30.8 54.0 0.0 84.8 2.4 0.0 E 53 17 Navang Neua Nong Bok 263.3 155.1 100.0 8.2 255.1 1.8 1.8 E 54 18 Navang Thong Nong Bok 361.8 239.2 110.0 12.6 349.2 4.6 4.8 E 55 19 Hard Xay Fong Nong Bok 401.1 122.1 157.0 122.1 279.1 4.3 6.2 E 56 20 Navang Noy Nong Bok 296.8 187.0 100.0 9.8 287.0 4.1 4.2 E 57 21 Navang Tai Nong Bok 223.7 155.5 60.0 8.2 215.5 2.7 2.8 E 58 22 Sadeou Neua Nong Bok 299.4 184.7 105.0 9.7 289.7 1.9 2.0 E 59 23 Sadeou Tai Nong Bok 241.5 134.4 100.0 7.1 234.4 2.4 2.5 E 60 24 Phon Sao Ea Nong Bok 177.7 92.8 80.0 4.9 172.8 2.5 2.6 E 61 25 Tha Muoang Nong Bok 111.3 48.6 60.0 2.6 108.6 2.6 2.6 E 62 26 Dane Park Xe Nong Bok 42.0 25.2 0.0 0.0 25.2 0.3 0.6 N 63 27 Manilad Saybouly 34.1 34.1 0.0 0 34.1 0.4 0.4 N 64 28 Kham Savang Saybouly 47.0 47.0 20.0 47.0 67.0 1.0 0.7 E 65 29 Dang Savan Saybouly 119.8 119.8 16.3 119.8 136.1 1.6 1.4 E 66 30 Souvanxai Saybouly 113.7 113.7 8.5 8.5 122.2 1.2 1.1 E 67 31 Hard Khamdii Saybouly 225.0 225.0 4.5 4.5 229.5 4.2 4.1 E 68 32 Ton Haen Saybouly 356.0 232.0 150.0 150.0 382.0 1.8 1.7 E 69 33 Beung Xe Saybouly 319.7 317.0 109.0 109.0 426.0 3.3 2.4 E 70 34 Hard Xaysung Neua Saybouly 334.0 262.0 64.7 197.7 326.7 2.1 2.2 E 71 35 Hard Xaysung Tai Saybouly 155.0 155.0 54.7 54.7 209.7 1.4 1.0 E 72 36 Tha Dork Kham Saybouly 46.2 46.2 32.7 32.7 78.9 1.5 0.9 E 73 37 Kang Pa Saybouly 161.0 161.0 112.5 112.5 273.5 3.2 1.9 E 74 38 Tha Bor Saybouly 279.0 196.0 103.0 103.0 299.0 4.0 3.7 E 75 39 Keng Pho Sii Saybouly 383.0 383.0 166.0 166.0 549.0 5.7 4.0 E 76 40 Sakong Saybouly 130.0 70.0 83.0 83.0 153.0 1.1 1.0 E 77 41 Pak Feua Neua Saybouly 196.0 166.0 84.0 84.0 250.0 3.6 2.8 E 78 42 Pak Feua Tai Saybouly 220.7 190.0 60.0 130.0 250.0 3.8 3.4 E 79 43 Som Sa Art Saybouly 239.0 239.0 53.0 53.0 292.0 2.3 1.9 E 80 44 Houy Hair Saybouly 217.0 217.0 58.0 158.0 275.0 3.0 2.3 E 81 45 Na Xiengkhanh Saybouly 182.0 110.0 76.0 76.0 186.0 2.0 1.9 E 82 46 Nong Heua Thong Neua Saybouly 98.2 90.2 45.7 45.7 135.9 1.9 1.4 E 83 47 Nong Heua Thong Tai Saybouly 17.5 14.3 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.6 0.7 E 84 48 Tha Phoxai Saybouly 199.0 178.0 4.6 4.6 182.6 1.7 1.9 N 85 49 Tha Kharm Saybouly 165.0 103.3 31.8 31.8 135.0 1.5 1.8 E 86 50 Na Sang Saybouly 214.0 108.3 40.0 40.0 148.3 1.0 1.5 E January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 49 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Wet Dry Wet-dry Total Cropped Paddy Total season season season cropped area/yr area/ No. Village District Paddy paddy paddy paddy area/yr /HH HH Pump 1) 87 51 Boua Khai Saybouly 136.2 114.3 62.0 62.0 176.3 1.3 1.0 E 88 52 Pong Saybouly 39.0 31.4 16.4 16.4 47.9 0.5 0.4 E 89 53 Park Xe Bangfai Saybouly 34.8 27.2 14.9 14.9 42.1 0.5 0.4 N sub-total 11,327 8,029 4,351 2,881 12,381 2.31 2.13 GRAND TOTAL 14,120 10,536 5,306 3,840 15,842 Source : GOL District data, 2003 1) N: No pump, D: Diesel, E: Electric ** villages which have diesel pump, but do not grow dry season rice as fuel is to expensive Note: some villages do not have a pump, but grow rice in an area serviced by a pump located at another village January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 50 ataDenliseaB 51 2:re apt Ch segalliv maerts ina M F XB s,noti ca Lo mpuPnoita 3e rigrIdna) lumoV­ asoneS anlPtnem Drydna Develop cialoS­ (Wetsa Are ectjorP2 eun Th Paddye Nam Ricfo Maps 2-11: Figure 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 52 2:re apt Ch 3e lumoV­ anlPtnem Develop cialoS­ ectjorP2 eun Th Nam 2005yarunaJ Chapter 2: Baseline Data January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 53 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.10 RIVER BANK GARDENS 2.10.1 Types of River Bank Gardens About 2,415 households, or 30 % of households along the Xe Bangfai (in the 89 villages potentially impacted by the Project) grow crops and vegetables in riverbank plots during the dry season, as assessed by a recall survey in 2004 (see Table 2-30 below). There are various types of river bank gardens (see Figure 2-12), although three main types can be identified, two of which are used in future analysis of impact, as follows: (i) Gardens on the flat land on top of the riverbank. These are more or less permanent garden areas growing either tree crops - bananas, kapok for example, without irrigation, or vegetable crops in the dry season, which must be irrigated either by small pumps or by buckets hand carried from the Xe Bangfai. These are thus not actually riverbank gardens, but are sometimes mistakenly reported as 'riverbank gardens'. (ii) Riverside crop fields, usually planted either at the start or the end of the wet season before the river rises, and as the river flow is ebbing. These crops are grown on the higher slopes of the riverbank, and grown on either rainfall (as start of the rainy season) or ground moisture (end of the rainy season and start of the dry season). Crops grown include maize, tobacco, sweet potato; (iii) Riverside vegetable gardens, planted almost exclusively in the mid to late dry season and on the lower banks of the river. These gardens may be of two general types: (a) Small gardens cut into the side of the riverbank - incised garden beds - planted into moist soils but requiring watering by bucket from the river, cut into the river bank. Planted with vegetables, they are redeveloped every year, often in new locations. These gardens can be planted in the early or mid dry season, before the river has reached its lowest flow; and (b) Late dry seasons gardens, grown on the flat areas beside the slow-flowing dry season flows of the Xe Bangfai. If planted to vegetables, these gardens are also generally watered by hand. In some cases if the areas are flat and fertile, these areas may be planted to field crops such as tobacco. In areas were riverbank gardens are not particularly productive and especially where irrigation systems are well developed, villagers are changing focus away from riverbank gardens to gardens watered from the irrigation systems, and thus generally next to or in the vicinity of irrigated paddy fields. Indeed, some of the dry season paddy fields are also being planted to more extensive areas of the crops which previously would have been group on the riverbank - such as maize and tobacco. The data gathered in 2004 (Table 2-30 below) seems to confirm this trend, as in the mid and upper XBF Districts of Mahaxai and Xe Bangfai, about 45 % and 32 % of households maintain riverside vegetables and crop gardens, compared to only 25 % and 27 % of villagers growing these gardens and fields in Nongbok and Xaibouly Districts in the lower Xe Bangfai region. 2.10.2 Tenure of Gardens While the tenure of all the riverbank gardens is still being verified, tenure varies from place to place. In some cases, the same family may go back each year to the same spot on the riverbank, a form of customary or locally recognized tenure. In most cases the portion of river bank used (especially for crops) is actually in front of the non-riverbank crop land owned and used by the villager ­ that is, it is an extension of that households agricultural holding. In some cases, especially in the lower Xe Bangfai, river bank gardens or fields are taxed, and have a specific tax certificate, although this level of tenure is recognized only at the District level, and as such does not constitute a land title. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 54 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-12: Schematic Illustration of Three Types of River Bank Gardens 2.10.3 Area of Gardens, and Gardening Households The household level 'recall survey conducted in early 2004 identified a total area of riverside crop and vegetable gardens likely to be affected is 3,346,000 m2 or 335 ha Of this area, 316 ha (95 %) is crop garden, generally on the upper slopes of the riverbank, and 18 ha (5 %) are vegetable gardens generally on the lower slopes. Table 2-30 is a summary of the detailed village level riverbank garden data presented in tables 2-13 to 2-16. Table 2-30: Size of and Households Having River Garden Areas in Mahaxai, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts, 2004 (ha). Garden above River Riverside Vegetable Total (crop Bank Riverside Crop Fields Garden & vegetable) Total HH Area No. Area No. Area No. District (2004) (ha) HH % (ha) HH % (ha) HH % Area (ha) Mahaxay 1,265 41 172 13.4 103 526 41.6 4.01 45 3.6 571 Xe Bangfai 1,651 66 214 13.0 74 486 29.4 5.25 55 3.3 541 Nong Bok 2,120 16 114 5.4 41 432 20.4 4.34 100 4.7 532 Xaybouli 2,808 71 233 8.3 98 698 24.9 4.56 73 2.6 771 Total 7,844 194 733 9.3 316 2,142 27.3 18.16 273 3.5 2,415 Interpretation of this data gathered in 2004 (and presented in Table 2-30), suggests that: (a) The average size of riverside crop fields is 0.15 ha (this compares with the 2001 XBF survey which estimated that the average riverbank garden/field size was 0.16 ha/household). (b) The average size of vegetable gardens, as surveyed is 0.07 ha, or 660 m2 which appears to be too large, and could be due to either (i) recurrent overestimation by the respondents or (ii) respondents adding recurrent crops in the one season to give a seasonal cropped area, rather than a static crop garden area. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 55 ataDenliseaB s em 56 slope spo to legu lower Cr Toma pea 2:re ony es es es w es bles, apt tabl tabl tabl Co tabl Ch rall ge geta ge ge ne Ve Ve Ve Ve illi,hC ge Ve ge s,n H 12 2 2 12 5 9 2 1 45 H. Garde No tablee 2 ) 02 00 503 05 756 00 59 2.7 Veg (ma 5,9 1,4 11,800 3,700 14,7 1,5 40,0 Are rbank tato tato tato, occ tato, occ tato veri po po po po po tato bean bean bean Po of esposl sp baoT, baoT, s m m Sweet Sweet Sweet ato Sweet ato Sweet Yam Ya Ya Cro Sweet cco,a Maize, Maize cco,a potte cco,a izea izea M,o M,o potte cco,a s,n Bean Maize, ccoa cco,a bean cco,a upperno Tob, o,cca o,cca Tob, Swe, Tob, illi illi Maize Maize Tob Tob Maize Ch Maize Maize Ch ccaboT ccaboT Swe, Tob, Bea, illi,hC, occa o,cca Tob, Tob, Yam, Tob, Maize Maize Maize Maize Maize Tob Tob Maize Maize Maize Maize 5 0 HH 12 41 18 34 58 23 19 35 20 24 5 34 21 21 44 27 43 31 11 526 ctri generally No. 3 0 0 0 Disty 2 ) 20 40 50 00 00 53 3e Garden, (m 12,300 14,000 24,925 88,4 37,350 40,135 45,1 48,725 14,415 39,6 41,725 15,425 20,2 84,600 18,6 6,2 69.5 xa 120,24 143,75 110,10 106,55 ha Crop Area 1,02 lumoV­ Ma,eg ,k e e po cane , lla na , Ka Chilli, appl appl Viybs na anlPtnem ple cane nk sp eciR Sugar 'd illi, Ba Eggplant Maize,, e,zi ap Pine, , Pine, Maize ne Ch e,iz Ba Cro neac Ma, apple neac neac ssavaac neac Develop endr veriR ize,a Maize, 'mag ize, oobmaB Ma Kapok, Pine, garuS,e M Kapok, Ma, illi, Sugar Rice, Pine Sugar Ric Sugar eetwS Rice, Sugar Chilli, Ga of na,a na,a illi naa Ch cane, na,a occa onttoC,an caner cialoS­ ide top Ban Vegetables, Ban Cucumber, Ch Ban Cucumber, ce,iR Sugar Ban Tob naaB naa na,a na,a na,a na,a na,a naa na,a naa Suga Ban Maize Ban Ban Ban Ban Ban Rice Rice Ban Ban Ban on 4 2 HH 13 1 10 19 14 10 18 1 3 8 4 3 16 12 1 1 9 8 15 172 ectjorP2 Riversfo rdenaG No. eun 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Th 2 ) 80 00 00 05 56 20 00 opsrCdna 60 80 (m 16,100 42,8 1,50 19,0 57,955 22,4 9,585 31,7 4,000 13,9 25,100 45,175 12,700 50,2 00 29,200 11,000 63,9 1,03 27.8 41 Nam Area % Areas noi Total e,r ge ia g g 2-31: Villa angkya a ng euh auen amhk g g g ait ble onevat Ta Ph Mahas gsavanneaK tah Vatht thonnathaN anou ckok oukna ngay an shaevita ovhP oek nu gn Na Khamp Ve Da ongN aihk ng ng n Soms Mahaxay Na Po Ka ila tandonaN phonaN an Ph Mahaxay Rel 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ops snaeB,s sn , 57 Bea, a illi wpe Maize n s s s s Cr blea Maize Ch 2:re Garden get sna s,n Co bea blea blea blea blea apt Ve Chilli, Chilli Be Bea Chilli, legume bacco,oT m get get get get Ya Ve Ve Ve Ve Ch H 3 14 1 1 2 2 23 4 1 3 1 55 Vegetableed H No. Riversi 2 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (m 1,20 8,20 100 1,50 50,3 50 200 600 3.6 6,00 27,6 1,90 1,70 054, 52 Area no otta , , te oo te melre pot peak legume ameb am,eb am,eb ameb ea spo o Swe,o toat toat eewS Chic, aep Po Po o Yam, Yam, Yam, Yam, o o Cr cc cc Bamb,s Swe,o cc plepa Wat,oc legumea cc cc rdenaGporCedi ba ba To, To, ize ize aneBota ba To, Pine Sweet Sweet bacoT ba ba To bacoT illi, ickhC Maize Maize no Maize wpe Maize ba ba Ch ize o,ta ize,a ize,a ize o,ccaboT,ezia cco cc anebyoS,oc wpoC bean To, bean melr Co To, To, ize, m ize ize,a ize, m Ma Ma pot Ma pot M M Ma Maize, M Ma Ya Ma M Ma Ya bacco,oT bacco, bacco, bacco, bacco, ize ize ize To To Wate To Chilli, To Ma Ma Ma H 29 39 52 39 21 40 32 30 38 14 14 34 9 7 9 40 25 3 8 3 6 versiR H 48 No. ctirt 2 ) 25 700 50 00 00 50 00 00 00 0 50 00 0 0 5 51.0 Disia (m 335, 20,7 57,225 116, 31,6 ,85072 68,4 34,6 ,16025 93,3 28,3 33,2 ,80086 23,7 6,40 14,6 ,70043 22,2 4,80 3,80 1,12 744 3e Area Bangf s a,g lumoV­ Xe apple, apple, pok Pine Pine Ka treeti bles Chilli nott llage,iV s,n Fru alanG k, geta Kapok,,a Co tree tree, ya anlPtnem ops pa nolemreta enacrag k s Ve,s by Cr Phay,ana mboo,aB Beas, Chilli, illihC,k illi,hC,k Pa nanaB,e ,oobmaB,epl poaK,o illi,hC,k Gardens ide BanreviRevoba treeti treeti ngo po po treeti illi, Ric illi W,ezia mbo po Develop Ban Rice,,ana mboo,aB,ana Ma Phay,ana Fru M, ana Fru Ban Fru kopaK, Su,kopaK, na Ban na ees,rt oo apeniP, eesrttiurF, na na na na oo Ban na Rice, Ban illi,hC Ch,ana Ba,ana Ka,ana ce,iR illi,hC naaB k,opaK Ka,ana Ka,ana Ban Ban Rice, k,opaK naaB Ch,ana Ban Fruit Bamb naaB pok Ka naaB Ban naaB naaB Bamb Ban Rice, Ban naaB cialoS­ H 7 44 19 15 4 10 15 15 1 4 14 11 12 3 5 9 11 4 7 4 H. 214 ectjorP2 Riversfo Garden No eun 0 0 0 Th opsrCdna 2 ) 05 05 00 00 52 45 30 00 00 00 00 00 m( 8,025 ,819 45.4 268,969 52,1 16,5 20,3 20,2 ,75024 16,3 5,20 107, 24,8 17,1 1,600 21,4 7,100 10,5 12,0 5,400 5,700 663 Nam Area lat % Areas gnieh g To 2-32: llage Vi nheahk ias i ah y pa eas r adi h t hontmr e,rahsevti ble Ta ongboneN amhkth mahkgna sanannu ng engk athgn Ha Gn Ve Ka Kk Keng Da phoktaN kseno Pa Khou Thakho Thas hphekrtaH msaatoS naht gnuot Na thahar Sang Na khoaN Rela 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 58 ans, ,r s Bean 2:re po s s Be, mbe ,s apt Cr aneB cane pple Cucu Chilli Chilli, Ch rden Ga getableeV neaiP es,l Sugar esbl esbl esbl es,l es,l aneB,esbl esbl esbl esbl esbl esbl illi, illi, tablee Ch Cucumber, Ch Vegetab nana,aB Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta getabeV getabeV Vegeta Cucumber Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Veg 6 2 11 1 1 4 3 8 6 5 27 21 1 2 2 0 HH 10 rsideeviR No. 2 ) 0 0 0 (m 5,700 1,00 ,000 700 100 780 350 350 77. 17 1,600 1,090 2,400 2,400 1,700 4,550 5,37 43,39 Area tato tato tato to,ta tato to,ta tato Sweet Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Sweet Sweet op Cr cco,a cco,a cco,a ccoa ccoa cco,a ccoa ccoa cco,a cco,a cco,a cco,a ccoa cco,a ccoa cco,a lone ccoa en rd Tob, o Tob, Tob, Tob, Tob, Tob, Tob, Tob, Tob, Tob, Tob, es Tob, Tob, Tob, o Tob, Tob, M,o Tob, ctirt GaporCedirsev tat illi tat tat Maize Po Maize Maize Maize Maize Maize Maize Maize Maize Maize Ch Maize Maize Vegetabl Maize Maize Maize Po Maize Maize Po Maize H 37 40 0 41 0 20 1 31 15 46 31 12 39 8 12 32 13 15 26 13 H. 432 Ri No Disko 2 ) 3e 002 0 00 0 0 3 0 07 59 (ma 63.4 69,500 56,980 101,850 25,350 6,449 10,88 19,900 8,027 6,2 25,50 4,000 11,51 21,190 4,430 ,0312 ,7221 7,2 184,6 Are lumoV­ Nongb llage,iV Kapok ,ezia anlPtnem s, by k op Cr Ban occa seerttiurF, applee e,zi Pin,a epl tree illi na nanaB, apeniP, Ma,snaeB, ay Ph kopaK, kopaK, Develop na na o,g na na na Ch,ana raguS,sebltaegeV, M,occaboT, na na na na na na Gardense id Riverev Tob naaB Maize naaB naaB Man naaB naaB naaB Ban naaB naaB naaB naaB en ca naaB naaB illihC cialoS­ abo H 2 0 0 4 0 9 11 32 3 0 3 3 6 7 2 4 13 0 1 14 H. 411 ectjorP2 Riversfo Garden No eun 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Th 2 ) 26 opsrCdna 029 514 30 (m 1,90 23,000 9,200 3,60 10,0 1,25 1,60 3,90 7,15 79,250 1,00 18,275 1,8261 28.8 Nam Area % Areas ge g ea uaeh Total e,r y 2-33: Villa i iat yd ng ang ble unouae utae eskapn thong ngumas ion auon iat sinak shaevita Ta Sad Sad Da Na vanaN aeetou onesao mna ungt ongD ngav ngav ngav uohpm Pak Ph Na Na Na Nu ongphakpD foaits bork Xa Ha Soa ongD Tan Hathsiengd Thamou Rel 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB s wpeaoC,s 59 rdenaGel Crop Cowpea esbl esbl esbl getableeV es,l no 2:re tabeg illi, melre esbl esbl esbl esbl esbl esbl esbl esbl Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Ch Vegetab Wat Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta Vegeta apt Ch Veed 4 1 1 15 11 1 1 2 6 4 13 7 1 6 73 HH No. Riversi 2 ) 9 (m 480 600 200 200 550 2.6 11,150 5,000 1,000 4,900 5,450 4,200 1,625 2,000 8,284 ,63 45 Area na anseB, Beans, bean bean bean s sna be bean bean o m op Cr rdenaGpo oc oc oc oc Yam,oc oc Yam,oc Yam,oc oc oc oc Be,o Ya cca Tob bacoT bacoT bacoT bacoT bacoT bacoT bacoT bacoT bacoT bacoT bacoT ccab ans, Credi ccoa ccoa e, e, e, e, e, ccoa e, ccoa ccoa e, e, e, e e, e, To,e aiz o,ccaboT,ezi naeb Yam,oc Yam,oc oc oc oc oc Yam bacoT bacoT bacoT Be bacoT bacoT bacoT e, e e, e, e, ccoa e, e, e, ccoa e, Tob Tob Maiz Maiz Maiz Maiz Maiz Tob Maiz Tob Tob Maiz Maiz Maiz Maiz Maiz Maiz M Ma Maiz Maiz Maiz Maiz Maiz Tob Maiz Maiz Maiz Tob Maiz versiR 35 19 48 54 11 3 18 43 37 0 37 35 54 21 3 9 5 8 38 21 12 61 0 18 31 3 14 13 19 5 18 5 8 HH 69 No. t 2 ) 0 0 rict m( 20 60,330 24,195 59,480 4,990 6,750 24,650 33,830 37,050 60,330 75,050 10,625 7,000 4,015 1,820 8,750 95,000 13,900 4,456 52,744 6,800 19,800 1,250 15,900 26,700 3,180 4,550 81,900 6,607 6,7 56.5 Disliu 107,05 118,00 97 Area 3e k lumoV­ Xaybo tables Kapo Vege e,lbta ize tables na na Ma na Vege Ba llage,iV anlPtnem trees,ti cane Vege na trees,ti s s illi,hC Bank Crops by Fru,a garuS,a o ce,iR Ba,e illi,hC,s Fruit Ric e River Ric baccoT na, treeti Fru,a e treeti treeti Maize, ccoa Develop na ize,a Fru, Chilli, M Ric Fru Fru getables Banan Banan bles, Gardens naa na,a Ba illi,hC, Banan Ve, Tob, above illi na,a illi, naa naa naa naa na,a na,a na,a na,a ide Rice, Rice, Ban Ban Ch Ban Maize Ch Maize Rice Ban Rice, Ban Ban Ban Rice Ban Ban Ban Ban Rice Maize getaeV naa cialoS­ Ban Maize Garden 18 10 5 2 2 2 7 13 28 6 12 23 0 0 1 6 5 2 0 0 0 20 8 4 3 11 8 0 2 27 2 6 Riversfo HH.o 233 ectjorP2 N eun Th 2 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 opsrCdna (ma 30 56,02 78,10 7,65 20,00 35,00 3,55 71,4 40.9 25,95 161,599 14,90 27,30 56,02 1,00 4,05 3,21 27,00 13,90 9,00 21,15 3,00 73,50 9,15 2,10 25,86 6,25 21,90 707 Nam Are % uaen Total e,r Areas g ee euan iatg ait llage m 2-34: Vi ble yahkgne ay ys hongt h h zeg a ir ai shaevita gvaengn rkfaiamg kh nilat savanm vanhasg ro nneuaau ha gkhan Ta Lao Xi Khe Don Palay Ma Kha Dan anhsvuoS itaaue heung onhtaueh rma g Hardkhamd nhainoT soungyas soungyas adokkha gpn ab hopgn drAasm Beuuon Hat Hat Th Kha Th Khe Sakong Phakfe Phakf So Huay Naxien Non ngoN aphoxayhT akh ua g Rel Th Nasan Bo Pon Parkxe 2005yarunaJ Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.11 LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Table 2-35 shows that, although there is much variation, on average a household raises 2-3 head of cattle, 1 pig and some 10 chickens. Table 2-35: Average Number of Livestock per Household Upstream of Upper XBF Upstream of Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Total All Zones Livestock Total heads Total heads Total heads Avg. / HH Total heads Avg. / HH Total heads Avg. / HH Total heads Avg. / HH Buffalo 443 443 762 3.2 348 1.9 631 0.6 2,184 1.6 Cow 143 143 517 2.2 284 1.6 969 1.0 1,913 1.4 Horse 4 4 9 0.0 11 0.1 11 0.0 35 0.0 Pig 124 124 288 1.2 166 0.9 484 0.5 1,062 0.8 Goat 20 20 20 0.1 12 0.1 34 0.0 86 0.1 Duck 654 654 541 2.3 306 1.7 4,537 4.7 6,038 4.5 Chicken 1,660 1,660 3,106 12.9 1,707 9.5 8,788 9.0 15,261 11.4 Turkey 3 3 2 0.0 0 0.0 17 0.0 22 0.0 Goose 0 0 0 0.0 7 0.0 9 0.0 16 0.0 Total 3,051 3,051 5,245 21.9 2,841 15.8 15,480 15.9 26,617 19.9 Buffalo is the main source of draft power for land preparation, although power tillers are becoming more common, particularly in the larger and more prosperous villages. Cattle are a form of savings, and when needed they are sold for cash to meet household expenditure requirements. 2.12 DOMESTIC WATER SOURCES 2.12.1 Nam Phit The survey on domestic water use shows that water sources related to Nam Phit (directly or through springs, wells, irrigation or tributaries) are not the most important to villagers but nonetheless account to 29 % and 26 % in dry and wet season, respectively (see Figure 2-13)2. The most common uses of these water sources are watering livestock and gardens, bathing and washing clothes presents the relative importance of water sources for each water use in more detail. 2Percentages relate to the sum of ranking points (3 for the most important source, 2 for the second most and 1 for the third most important source) for all water uses and aggregated for all 25 villages along Nam Phit. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 60 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-13: Sources of Water for Various Water Uses for the Villages along Nam Phit, Dry and Wet Season (Aggregate of Ranking Scores given to the 3 Most Frequent Sources (3, 2 and 1 points, respectively). Dry season Source of water Tributary Well on to Nam Lake, Shallow Rain Bottled Nam Phit Water use Nam Phit Spring Nam Phit Phit pond well Deep well Tap water water water Irrigation Other Total Other 8% Spring Drinking 1 12 0 9 0 42 16 0 0 12 0 20 112 21% 7% Well on Nam Cooking 6 10 3 12 0 40 17 0 0 0 0 20 108 Irrigation Phit 1% 3% Bathing 13 9 4 12 0 38 17 0 0 0 0 25 118 Bottled water Tributary to 2% Nam Phit Dish washing 8 10 3 12 0 38 17 0 0 0 0 23 111 10% Deep well Clothes washing 12 9 3 12 0 34 14 0 0 0 0 25 109 13% Lake, pond 5% Watering garden and field 8 3 5 12 16 22 11 0 0 0 4 26 107 Watering livestock 17 6 9 12 27 12 9 0 0 0 3 27 122 Shallow well Total 65 59 27 81 43 226 101 0 0 12 7 166 787 30% Relative importance 8 7 3 10 5 30 13 0 0 2 1 21 100 Wet season Source of water Tributary Nam Phit Well on to Nam Lake, Shallow Rain Bottled Other 9% Well on Nam Water use Nam Phit Spring Nam Phit Phit pond well Deep well Tap water water water Irrigation Other Total Spring 11% Phit 3% Drinking 4% 7 9 0 7 0 54 16 3 26 8 0 17 147 Bottled water 1% Cooking 8 5 5 11 0 52 15 2 32 0 0 17 147 Tributary to Rain water Nam Phit Bathing 16 5 7 13 3 50 14 3 31 0 0 18 160 22% 10% Dish washing 13 3 5 12 0 49 14 3 32 0 0 18 149 Lake, pond 3% Clothes washing 16 3 5 15 0 49 14 3 31 0 0 19 155 Tap water 2% Watering garden and field 13 4 7 20 3 26 9 2 44 0 2 14 144 Deep well Shallow well Watering livestock 20 2 15 23 29 16 0 3 32 0 0 10 150 8% 27% Total 93 31 44 101 35 296 82 19 228 8 2 113 1052 Relative importance 9 3 4 10 3 27 8 2 22 1 0 11 100 2.12.2 Nam Kathang Villagers along Nam Kathang use the river for various domestic water uses, but they also use other water sources for theses same uses, depending on water resource availability, water resource developments, season, and personal inclination. A survey to determine the relative importance of Nam Kathang vis-à-vis other sources of water was carried out in March-April 2004. This survey was conducted at the village (not household) level by a PRA method in which focus groups of men and women ranked the importance of various water sources for a range of domestic water uses. The water sources found to be used in villages along the Nam Kathang, and the domestic purposes for which the water is used, include the following: Sources of domestic water: Domestic uses of water: · Nam Kathang - river water drinking · Nam Kathang - bank spring cooking · Nam Kathang - dug soak on rivers edge bathing · tributary (creeks) dish washing · rainwater washing clothes · shallow dug well gardening · deep bore well · lake, pond · tapped water · bottled water · irrigation water On an aggregated level, covering all water uses of drinking, cooking, bathing, dish washing, clothes washing and garden watering, the data shows that Nam Kathang is the most important water source in the dry season (55 %, see Table 2-36)3. This is particularly the case for watering gardens, clothes washing, 3 Percentages refer to the relative share for each water source of a cumulated index for all water uses. The index is a sum of index'es for each water use, within which each village has given `seeds' totalling 100 % for each water use. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 61 Chapter 2: Baseline Data bathing and dish washing, while respondents to some extent had alternative sources for cooking and drinking water (see Annex 2-5, where results are shown for each village and district). In the wet season, rain water (35 %), open wells (31 %) and the Nam Kathang (24 %) are the most important sources of water (see Table 2-37). The activities, where Nam Kathang is a more important source, are bathing, clothes washing and dish washing. Table 2-36: Relative Importance (ranking points) of Dry Season Water Sources for Various Water Uses in 20 Villages of Gnommalath District along Nam Kathang. Water use, Source dry season Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Drinking 674 234 350 6 - 544 10 - 44 116 22 2,000 Cooking 806 206 276 14 - 626 16 - 16 34 6 2,000 Bathing 1,124 92 212 48 20 404 10 - 26 - 64 2,000 Dish washing 1,090 122 134 32 20 514 20 - 28 - 40 2,000 Clothes washing 1,370 52 80 52 18 346 8 - 12 - 62 2,000 Garden 1,460 - 42 78 - 248 10 - 18 - 144 2,000 Total 6,524 706 1,094 230 58 2,682 74 - 144 150 338 12,000 Bottled water Rain water 1% Irrigation 1% 3% Deep well 1% Well 22% Nam Kathang 55% Tributary 2% NK bank well 9% NK spring 6% Note: Figures are combined index'es based on a village level matrix ranking of water sources of each water use. Table 2-37: Relative Importance (ranking points) of Wet Season Water Sources for Various Water Uses in 20 Villages of Gnommalath District along Nam Kathang. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 62 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Water use, Source wet season Nam Kathang NK spring NK bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Drinking 176 - - 192 54 874 16 - 602 86 - 2,000 Cooking 314 - - 188 16 816 38 - 584 44 - 2,000 Bathing 726 - - 172 20 512 24 - 546 - - 2,000 Dish washing 580 - - 110 - 604 32 - 674 - - 2,000 Clothes washing 712 - - 168 18 534 20 - 548 - - 2,000 Garden 270 - - 42 - 308 16 - 1,164 - - 1,800 Total 2,778 - - 872 108 3,648 146 - 4,118 130 - 11,800 Bottled water Nam Kathang 1% 24% Rain water 35% Tributary 7% Lake, pond 1% Deep well 1% Well 31% Note: Figures are combined index'es based on a village level matrix ranking of water sources of each water use. 2.12.3 Xe Bangfai Villagers along Xe Bangfai use the river for various domestic water uses, but they also use other water sources for theses same uses, depending on water resource availability, water resource developments, season, and personal inclination. A survey to determine the relative importance of Xe Bangfai vis-à-vis other sources of water was carried out in September 2003 and March-April 2004. This survey was conducted at the village (not household) level by a PRA method in which focus groups of men and women ranked the importance of various water sources for a range of domestic water uses. The water sources found to be used in villages along the Xe Bangfai, and the domestic purposes for which the water is used, include the following: Sources of domestic water: Domestic uses of water: · Xe Bangfai - river water drinking · Xe Bangfai - bank spring cooking · Xe Bangfai - dug soak on rivers edge bathing · tributary (creeks) dish washing · rainwater washing clothes · shallow dug well gardening · deep bore well · lake, pond · tapped water · bottled water · irrigation water On an aggregated level, covering all water uses of drinking, cooking, bathing, dish washing, clothes washing and garden watering, the data shows that Xe Bangfai is the most important water source in the dry season (63 %, see Table 2-38)4. This is particularly the case for clothes washing, watering gardens, 4Percentages refer to the relative share for each water source of a cumulated index for all water uses. The index is a sum of index'es for each water use, within which each village has given `seeds' totalling 100 % for each water use. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 63 Chapter 2: Baseline Data bathing, dish washing and cooking, while respondents had alternative sources of drinking water (see Annex 2-6, where results are shown for each village and district). In the wet season, rain water and the Xe Bangfai are the most important sources of water (34 % each). The activities, where Xe Bangfai is a more important source, are the same as in the dry season, i.e. washing clothes, dish washing and bathing. For detailed planning and compensation the individual situation for each village will be taken into account. The data for each village is presented in Annex 2-6. This data shows that in the dry season, the Xe Bangfai river is by far the most important source of water for all domestic uses, although for cooking and drinking some other sources are also important, mainly deep (bore) and shallow wells. In the wet season, the Xe Bangfai is still ­ just ­ the most important source for non-consumptive water uses such as bathing and washing, but for consumptive use, drinking and cooking, rainwater is the most important. Table 2-38: Relative importance (ranking points) of Dry Season water sources for various water uses in 110 Villages of Gnommalath, Mahaxay, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts,. Water use, Water source dry season XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Drinking 3,819 1,729 521 410 106 1,413 1,717 141 96 806 242 11,000 Cooking 6,255 786 397 279 31 1,270 1,245 150 78 96 414 11,000 Bathing 7,447 148 259 386 50 871 812 106 48 - 872 11,000 Dish washing 7,345 206 170 160 54 977 927 123 32 - 806 10,800 Clothes washing 8,041 64 80 100 59 732 708 215 12 - 1,002 11,000 Garden 7,530 17 42 280 213 605 241 67 18 - 1,888 10,900 All uses 40,438 2,949 1,469 1,615 512 5,869 5,651 801 284 902 5,224 65,700 Bottled water Irrigation 1% 8% Tap water 1% Deep well 9% Well 9% Lake, pond 1% XBF Tributary 63% 2% Xe bank well 2% Spring 4% Note: Figures are cumulated index'es based on a village level matrix ranking of water sources for each water use. Table 2-39: Relative Importance of Wet Season water sources for various water uses in 110 Villages of Gnommalath, Mahaxay, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli Districts, Wet Season. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 64 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Water use, Water source wet season XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Drinking 1,549 67 36 785 122 1,478 1,311 94 4,906 453 - 10,800 Cooking 2,823 - 23 889 79 1,830 1,098 67 3,906 186 - 10,900 Bathing 4,714 - 33 1,064 127 1,215 883 137 2,827 - - 11,000 Dish washing 4,606 8 40 705 94 1,332 925 84 3,206 - - 11,000 Clothes washing 5,517 - 30 874 149 1,093 705 162 2,470 - - 11,000 Garden 3,136 - - 575 512 740 320 - 4,217 - - 9,500 All uses 22,345 75 163 4,891 1,083 7,687 5,241 544 21,531 639 - 64,200 Bottled water 1% Rain water XBF 34% 34% Tap water Tributary 1% Deep well 8% 8% Lake, pond Well 2% 12% Note: Figures are cumulated index'es based on a village level matrix ranking of water sources for each water use. 2.13 ASSETS ALONG THE XBF A study of the assets along the Xe Bangfai has been carried out in July 2004 and has registered buildings and other fixed structures up to 20 m from the river edge. The survey covered the stretch from Nam Phit to Road 13 Bridge. 2.13.1 Riverside Buildings With increased erosion rates in the Upper, and possibly Middle Xe Bangfai, there is potential for loss of structures located close to the river in these zones. A survey has been carried out registering the privately owned as well as community assets along the river (see Table 2-40 and Table 2-41). In Mahaxay District, it is assumed that buildings within 20 metres from the river bank will need relocation whereas in Xe Bangfai District erosion will only have less impact and relocation of buildings within 10 metres of the bank will be necessary. Buildings in lower Xe Bangfai District, Nongbok District and Xaybouli District are not expected to be impacted. A total of 226 privately and 6 communally owned buildings in 16 villages were identified in the survey. Table 2-40: Number and Areas of Privately Owned Buildings within possible area of erosion along the Xe Bangfai. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 65 Chapter 2: Baseline Data No. of Buildings Area of buildings House Barn Shop, ware house Shop, ware No. District Village Bamboo Timber Bamboo Timber House Barn house 1 Mahaxai Kengsavang - 3 3 - - 316 39 - 2 Mahaxai Phanang - 10 4 - - 965 31 - 3 Mahaxai Khamfeuang Tha - 3 1 - - 202 15 - 4 Mahaxai Pong - 2 1 - - 118 9 - 5 Mahaxai Phova Neua 9 9 1 - 1 796 18 15 6 Mahaxai Phova Tai 2 17 - 2 2 1,385 - 228 7 Mahaxai Mahaxai Neua 5 4 - - - 400 - - 8 Mahaxai Mahaxai Kang 2 - - 3 19 40 - 1,038 9 Mahaxai Mahaxai Tai 9 23 1 1 4 1,659 36 139 Mahaxai (20 meter) Total 27 71 11 6 26 5,881 148 1,420 1 Xe Bangfai Keng Pae 3 7 7 1 - 608 346 24 2 Xe Bangfai Thakor 4 5 19 1 1 674 264 54 3 Xe Bangfai Thahard - 2 - - - 128 - - 4 Xe Bangfai Veunsananh 2 1 1 - - 162 15 - 5 Xe Bangfai Khengkenh 4 2 3 - - 257 31 - 6 Xe Bangfai Kengkasee 2 6 - - - 592 - - 7 Xe Bangfai Hatphek 2 3 9 - - 328 133 - Xe Bangfai (10 meter) Total 17 26 39 2 1 2,749 789 78 Grand total 44 97 50 8 27 8,630 937 1,498 Note: In the currently three villages (marked in bold) where river bank erosion protection is contemplated, it is estimated that 25% of the buildings along the river will enjoy the benefit of this protection and therefore not need relocation. Table 2-41: Number and Areas of Communally Owned Buildings within possible erosion area Material School / Barn / Camp / Toilet / Guest Rest Pumping Half Full Total area No. District Village house Office shade station Total Bamboo Timber Mixed brick brick m2 1 Mahaxai Phanang 1 1 1 100 5 Mahaxai Mahaxai Kang 1 1 1 16 6 Mahaxai Mahaxai Tai 2 2 2 190 Mahaxai (20 meter) Total 3 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 0 1 306 1 Xe Bangfai Keng Pae 1 1 35 2 Xe Bangfai Thakor 1 1 2 30 Xe Bangfai (10 meter) Total 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 65 Grand total 3 0 3 0 6 0 5 0 0 1 371 2.13.2 Description of Temples The Physical Cultural Resources Survey of 2004 identified Temples and spiritual sites located on the banks of the XBF. NTPC personal have also studied and listed assets that are around 20-m or less from the XBF riverbank. Five villages with riverside Temples located in Mahaxai District, Khammouane Province, have been preliminarily studied with regard to river bank protection works. The villages are located on the Upper XBF, downstream of the junction with the NT2 Downstream Channel. Immediately downstream of the junction, about 700 meters, is Ban Kheang Savang. This is a new village, created in 1989 and does not have a Temple located on the riverbank. However the village is located on the outside of a river loop and will experience a significant erosion problem. There is a pipeline fixed to the riverbank for delivering water from pontoon mounted pumps to an irrigation scheme. This will have to be relocated. About 7 km downstream of the junction is the old Mahaxai District Center. This consists of five villages, three with temples on the riverbanks, Ban Mahaxai Tai, Ban Pova Neua and Ban Pova Tai. About 15 km downstream of the junction is Ban Pha Nang and about 23 km downstream is Ban Pong. Both of these villages have Temples on the riverbank. 2.13.3 Two Downstream Villages in Xe Bangfai District January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 66 Chapter 2: Baseline Data There are two villages downstream of Ban Pong, located in Xe Bangfai District, with Temples close to the riverbank. Ban Keng Pe is located about 28-km downstream of the NT2 Downstream Channel and Ban Tha Kor is about 32-km downstream. 2.14 ACCESS ACROSS THE XBF A study was conducted in 2003 to assess how often, by what means and for what purpose do Xe Bangfai mainstream villagers cross the river (and tributaries likely to be affected by the backwater). The results of this study, presented in Table 2-42, show that in the dry season many of the villages on the Upstream, Upper and Middle Xe Bangfai zones do cross the river, often by walking, to access fields and grazing area. There is only one temporary (bamboo bridge) built, and that is in old Mahaxai town. (see photo on the front cover). Villagers in these same villages cross the river in the wet season by boats and boat taxis. In addition to the localised or village level types of crossing as presented in Table 2-42 below, there are a number of more regional level crossing, such as; · The major bridge where Road 13 (national highway) crosses the Xe Bangfai. · A bailey bridge across the Xe Bangfai near the mouth, or its confluence with the Mekong river. This bridge connects the Districts of Nongbok in Khammoune Province and Xaibouli District in Savannakhet Province. · A ferry service across the Xe Bangfai about 1 km downstream from old Mahaxai town. This ferry provides access to and from the western areas of Mahaxai Distric,t and to the District of Xaybouathong. The road goes all the way to Vilabouly District of Savannakhet, and is an important crossing for log transportation. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 67 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-42: XBF Villages with Villagers Crossing the Xe Bangfai (and Xe Noy and Nam Phit) in the Dry Season Type of access across river HHs in Permanent Temp. Large Boat Temp. Village (English) District 2001 Bridge Bridge Walking Truck Taxi Ferry Notes - reason for access Upstream Kangyangkham Mahaxai 28 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Nathanedong Mahaxai 36 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Nathanethong Mahaxai 32 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Veun Mahaxai 33 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Nakhay Mahaxai 51 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Nongkok Mahaxai 22 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Eelane Mahaxai 59 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Naphong Mahaxai 56 Feb-May Dangkang Mahaxai 58 Feb-May bamboo bridge across the Vatthat Mahaxai 37 across Nam Phit Feb-May mouth of the Nam Phit, for Somsanook Mahaxai 45 Feb-May walking, 2 wheel traffic Nakea Mahaxai 80 Feb-May Upper XBF Khaengsavang Mahaxai 23 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Mahaxayneua Mahaxai 66 Feb-May Mahaxaykang Mahaxai 99 bamboo Feb-May travel between villages, to Povaneua Mahaxai 86 bridge, Jun-Nov market and school, to District Dec-May Feb-May centre. Povatay Mahaxai 90 Feb-May Mahaxaytay Mahaxai 146 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Phanang Mahaxai 44 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Khamfeuang Mahaxai 88 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Pong Mahaxai 36 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Kengpair XBF 75 Feb-May Yes to B. Khampe Thakhor XBF 49 yes (possibly logging trucks) Thahant XBF 50 yes (possibly logging trucks) Middle XBF Kengkhean XBF 44 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Kengkasee XBF 43 Feb-May Yes to gardens, forest, logging Veunsananh XBF 63 Hatpeak XBF 38 Feb-May to gardens, forest, fields Paksenoy XBF 85 Feb-May across Xe Noy: iron buffalo, 4x4 cars, logging trucks Thasida XBF 32 Feb-May across Xe Noy Nathane XBF 83 Feb-May across Xe Noy Lao Saybouly 29 Feb-May across Xe Noy Xiengkhay Saybouly 91 Feb-May across Xe Noy Kaengveang Saybouly 69 Feb-May across Xe Noy Dongmarfai Saybouly 91 Feb-May across Xe Noy Pahlay Saybouly 36 Lower XBF Kuase XBF 285 yes - Road 13 Natay NongBok 76 yes cross to village Hatxiengdee Non Bok 204 yes cross to village Navangtay NongBok 73 yes cross to village Hatsaisoongtay Saybouly 105 yes opposite Nong Bok Paksebangfai Saybouly 96 bailey bridge- 12T 2.15 ELECTRIFICATION The provision of electricity to rural communities has been a priority of the Government of the Lao PDR for many years. The villages in and around the Xe Bangfai are also a priority due to the potential to developed irrigated agriculture based on pumping water from the Xe Bangfai river, and for this task the preferred and cheapest method is electricity powered pumps. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 68 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Thus, the area around Xe Bangfai has seen considerable development of electricity distribution networks. To assist in this process, the World Bank has supported a rural electrification project, term SPRE (Southern Provinces Rural Electrification Project). SPRE 1 started in 1999 and is due to finish in 2004. It targeted 7,000 households in Khammouane Province, many along the Xe Bangfai. The Khammouane Province components of SPRE 2, the second phase of this project, has a target to connect 5,500 to 6,540 households between 2005 to 2007, and another 7,000 households from 2008 to 2016. The rural electrification (distribution) network around the Xe Bangfai is illustrated in Figure 2-5, which also indicates the future plan for connecting more villages, with finds from SPRE 2. It can be seen that, as of 2003, many of the 89 mainstream villages are connected to electricity, while the SPRE 2 will ensure that all but possibly 4 or 5 villages are connected by the time the NT2 Project commences electricity generation. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 69 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Figure 2-14: EDL Transmission Lines in the Area of the Xe Bangfai. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 70 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.16 HEALTH STATUS [note: A detailed presentation of the current health status is provided in Chapter 5, Volume 1 of this SDP] 2.16.1 General Health Status Information was collected during the 2001 survey on the following aspects of health for the downstream communities: · Sources and characteristics of water supply and sanitation; · Availability and characteristics of bed nets; · Maternal, infant and child mortality; · Mortality from selected health problems including acute illness, malaria, anemia and iodine deficiency; · Health-seeking behaviors; · Food sources and food habits; In general, it can be stated that the health status is "fair to poor", better than on the Nakai Plateau due to the fact there are safer supplies of water, somewhat better sanitation facilities (flush toilets and pit latrines are used by approximately 20% of the population) and easier access to medical treatment. However, many of the same problems that plague downstream communities are prevalent on the Plateau and characteristic of the country as a whole. 5.2% of those questioned during the survey reported an acute illness with at least one member of the household with little variation between zones (of the XBF river). Regarding child ailments and absence from schools, an average of 6.4% of school-going children were kept home two weeks prior to the survey. One can conclude that the population suffers from ill health at a higher rate than the average for the country, significantly affecting economic and educational aspects of communities' welfare. 2.16.2 Diseases Endemic to the Downstream A health component of the 2001 survey of affected villages and the results are presented in detail in the XBF Report (Appendix N of this Volume 3) and summarised in Table 2-43 below. These XBF Survey results are based on household interviews concerning prevalent illnesses in the area. The survey along with observations and discussions with villagers as part of formal consultations and informal visits, form the basis for the health analysis. The major public health problems in the project area are similar to those found in the nearby rural communities of adjacent provinces with a similar level of development and not dissimilar from some of the problems on the Nakai Plateau, and are fairly representative of public health problems occurring in the country as a whole. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 71 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Table 2-43: Prevalent Illness in the Downstream Upstream Nam Kathang Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF of Upper Symptoms (%) (%) (%) (%) XBF (%) All Zones (%) Fever 28.8 44.4 65.9 42.6 91.3 44.6 Cough 15.9 23.5 20.0 33.1 39.1 27.3 Cough with phlegm 6.1 9.9 10.6 14.8 4.3 11.7 Cough with blood 0.0 2.5 1.2 2.6 4.3 2.0 Running nose/sneezing 8.3 32.1 16.5 12.7 47.8 15.7 Sore throat 2.3 6.2 7.1 11.4 4.3 8.3 Difficulty/pain in swallowing 0.8 1.2 3.5 4.0 13.0 3.3 Difficulty/abnormal breathing 0.0 3.7 5.9 8.7 0.0 5.9 Chest pain 8.3 13.6 9.4 9.0 0.0 9.2 Watery diarrhea 3.0 2.5 7.1 7.4 0.0 5.7 Diarrhea with blood/mucus 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.0 1.3 Shivers/chills 3.8 22.2 21.2 4.8 4.3 8.6 Body ache/body pain 18.2 33.3 22.4 22.0 34.8 23.0 Headache 30.3 48.1 43.5 33.6 60.9 36.8 Vomiting 7.6 11.1 7.1 4.5 8.7 6.3 Weakness/malaise 9.1 9.9 11.8 8.2 8.7 9.0 Rash 1.5 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.6 Stomach/abdominal 13.6 4.9 3.5 14.8 0.0 11.6 Pain in passing urine 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 Joints pain 6.1 1.2 2.4 2.1 8.7 3.0 Backache 2.3 1.2 2.4 4.2 0.0 3.1 Blood in urine/black urine 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Whooping cough 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.1 Unknown 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.1 4.3 0.9 Respondents speak in terms of symptoms and therefore it is difficult to distinguish different types of diseases. By far `fever' (khai) is given as the major symptom and this would include malaria (khai yung) and dengue fever as well as other diseases causing a raise in body temperature such as pneumonia and a range of viral and bacterial infections (average of 44.6% of all illness for all zones). This is followed by respiratory infections and diarrhoeal symptoms. This seems to indicate the pattern for the country as a whole. The communicable diseases most commonly reported by health institutions in the downstream area are diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections (ARI) and malaria. Malaria is the most potentially life-threatening of the three communicable diseases mentioned. The malaria transmission season in the river valleys probably occurs year round, although with the highest prevalence from May to early July, and again from October to early November, on account of temperature and rainfall patterns which influence mosquito breeding. Diarrhoea due to bacteriological contamination of water and food is probably more common in the hot, humid period of the year. Infections of the upper respiratory tract (coughs, colds and runny nose) and acute respiratory infections (ARI) are at their peak during the cold season in the downstream, especially among younger children. It should also be noted that the transmission season for diarrhoeal infections can be expected to be prolonged in areas where irrigation either exists now or in those areas where it will be introduced due to larger surface water areas. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 72 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Other diseases endemic to the project area are: Opisthorchiasis caused by a trematode worm and contracted by the wide-spread practice in the lowlands of eating raw fish often as conserved paste. Almost all families keep jars of fermented fish (paa daek) stored in their kitchens and this is added to a number of dishes. Large roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) which is transmitted through contaminated food, hook worm (contacted by walking barefoot), whipworm (Trichuris trichuria) and tapeworm were also reported. 2.16.3 Nutritional and Reproductive Health Problems 59.9% of households in the Downstream had safe sources of drinking water, that is piped water, public taps, tube-wells, protected dug or protected springs, or used bottled water, rain water collection or gravity fed systems. The remaining 40.1% of the population used water from rivers, ponds or unprotected dug wells. This is in sharp contrast with the Plateau dwellers who almost exclusively drank unsafe water. The percentage of households within the region with access to safe water varies from 72 % (Num Cho Ko to Pak Num Yom) to 42 % (Lower Xe Bangfai), which is higher than in other rural communities in Laos (38%). Only about 20 % of the population have some type of sanitary facility (varying from 37 % in the Upper Xe Bangfai to 7 % in the Nam Kathang/Gnom Zone) (about the same as other rural communities). 97 % of the population use bed nets to prevent malarial infection through mosquito bites (compared to rural Laos 78 %). There is some understanding of the potential health problems but the primary concern among villagers is that the water appears clear, that is without sediment. In some cases, water is boiled with various barks and leaves resembling tea was served but this is the practice only during the cold winter months. Location in relation to water sources and access to technology, rather than ethnic affiliation, determine for the most part whether households have access to safe drinking water with the Lao Kaleung villages in the Upper XBF collecting their water from rivers, ponds and streams more than any other zone. Rainwater collection was commonly used (45%) in all areas. Women are responsible for water collection for the household and the average time spent per household was in the range 5-10 minutes per trip, slightly higher than the national average. The general nutritional situation in the Downstream is fair. The stable food is glutinous rice which provides most of the calorie intake. Fish is the most important source of protein and various green leafy vegetables and fruits provide vitamins. Fruit trees are in general not found in large numbers. Riverside vegetable gardens are common along the Xe Bangfai and its tributaries. Women are usually responsible for vegetable gardens and food preparation. Improving the diet of children is perhaps the most important preventative means against disease in Southeast Asia (FAO 1995). A particular problem which relates to both health and nutrition is postpartum recovery practices called yuu fai, which means `lying by the fire'. Women are confined for a period of 7-15 days during which they drink medicinal water, usually made from boiling the bark of trees and plants, and sweat profusely. They start to eat dried food (roasted fish, chicken and frogs), rice and salt after a few days. Efforts should be made to modify the diet, by encouraging women to eat more nutritious food containing vitamins during this period, while still continuing the tradition that relates to purifying the body and re-establishing a balance of elements in it. There are midwives (mae sadam or mae kep) in all villages and in a few villages traditional healers (mau yao). The former have a limited knowledge about delivery and postnatal care but cannot deal with serious or complicated cases. Since most of these midwives are elderly, they would not be suitable to be trained as paramedics. Many healers have no apprentices and few practice on a regular basis. It seems that the introduction of medicines, even though on a limited scale, has weakened peoples' beliefs in traditional healing practices. 2.16.4 General Health Situation At the time of the interviews for the Xe Bangfai Health Survey (see Appendix N) about 7 % of the population were reported to be suffering from an illness. The most frequent symptoms of illness reported were classic signs of acute malarial episodes (fever, chills, body aches and headache). Other signs of illness included coughing (with and without blood), skin eruption and difficulty breathing. The two groups with January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 73 Chapter 2: Baseline Data the highest suspicion of malaria were the age extremes: children under five (18%) and adults over 60 (12%). However, blood analysis for the malaria parasite revealed very few positive cases. The fertility rate among the sampled population in the Lowland Communities was determined to be 5.6 children born per woman, compared to a national average of 4.9. The crude birth rate is 32.4 per 1,000, slightly lower than the national average of 34.0 per 1,000. The maternal mortality ratio was found to be 133 deaths per 100,000 live births, significantly lower than the national average of 530 per 100,000. An assessment of nutritional status was carried out using quantifiable anthropometrical indicators. Weight for age (WA) was used for malnutrition, height for age (HA) and weight for height (WH) for assessment of appropriate growth. Table 2-44: Percentage of Children under 5 Years by Nutritional Status WH-wasted HA-stunted WA-underweight By age (months) < 6 33.3 60.0 50.0 6 ­ 11 44.4 62.5 66.7 12 ­ 23 27.3 61.4 59.6 24 ­ 35 31.4 62.7 72.2 36 ­ 47 8.8 57.1 48.6 48 ­ 59 6.6 76.2 63.9 By gender Boys 24.8 63.5 63.1 Girls 14.9 61.3 68.0 Total 19.8 62.4 65.5 Compared to the national average, significantly more children are classified as wasted (20 % versus 14 %), stunted (62 % versus 44 %) and underweight (66 % versus 42 %) in the region, highlighting a critical problem and priority nutritional health need in the area. For adults over 15 years of age Body Mass Index (BMI) was used as measurement for the nutritional assessment. The majority of adults (76 %) have a BMI that correlates with normal weights, 2 % of the population are malnourished and 3 % underweight. These numbers are slightly lower when compared to national averages (74 %, 3 % and 4 %, respectively). Rice is the staple food, although fish, bamboo shoots and leafy green vegetables are also part of the diet. Fish is consumed more often in the region than the national average. Other components of the diet (leafy green vegetables, protein and iron-rich food and eggs) are consumed more rarely. Fish is most commonly cooked, but raw fish or fermented fish in the form of `padek' is also quite common. The majority of the tested population has mild anaemia (71 %), but only 1.7 % were severely anaemic (compared to 1.5 % nationally). Totally 42 % of the population in the region use salt with acceptable iodisation, compared to the national average of 72 %, putting individuals at higher risks for iodine deficiency and goiter. Overall, the health profile of families of the Xe Bangfai region appears to be poorer than that of other rural communities. The basis for this lies in a generally worse nutritional profile. Though people supplement their protein intake with fish, other sources seem to be inadequate. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 74 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 2.16.5 Health Facilities In and Adjacent to the Project Area Health facilities in and around the project area include one Provincial hospital, nine District hospitals and eighty-nine health centres in Khammouane Province serving a total population of 331,044 (LECS2 1999). Many health centres have no specific buildings from where they operate. Rather, these are operated from a health professional's home. In the three districts of Mahaxai, Gnommalat, and Nakai the populations are being served by a district level hospital in each district and Health Centres, as shown in Table 2-45. Health personnel available within the province and in four districts are outlined in Table 2-46. Although some health facilities exist, they are frequently incompletely staffed and poorly stocked with essential drugs. Most villages have a designated Village Health Volunteer (VHV), but the volunteer seldom has the necessary medicines and most need technical strengthening. Table 2-45: Health Facilities in Khammouane Province and Project Area Districts 2001 Nakai Gnommalat Mahaxai Khammouane Health Facility District District District Province General Hospital 0 0 0 1 District hospital 1 1 1 9 Health Center 5 5 4 59 Malaria Station 1 1 1 10 Total Facilities 7 7 6 79 (Khammouane Province Health Dept. 2001) Table 2-46: Medical Personnel in Khammouane Province and Project Area Districts 2001 Nakai Gnommalat Mahaxai Khammouane Title District District District Province Medical doctor 2 1 2 69 Asst. doctors 7 6 6 185 Nurse Practitioners 13 21 26 467 Asst. Dentist 0 0 1 5 Pharmacist 0 0 0 9 Dispensers 3 3 3 5 Nurse Auxiliaries 3 2 3 45 Laboratory Technician 0 0 0 5 Malaria control personnel 2 3 1 12 (Khammouane Province Health Dept. 2001) (Khamkeut District Data from 1996) 2.17 EDUCATION The education situation in communities along the Xe Bnagfai differs to some extent from that of the Nakai Plateau, and also differs with location along the Xe Bnagfai itself. This can be seen in both the level of education/literacy and in types of occupations. As in many parts of Lao PDR, some more isolated schools may not always function properly. Equipment is often lacking and the quality of education varies, with teachers having often only the minimum of qualifications and experience. As shown in Table 2-47, only 1.9 % has completed education beyond high school level, while 18.3 % have completed secondary or high school. 47.3 % have completed primary school only whilst as many as 31.6 % have not attended any schooling. The level of education in the Lower XBF is generally higher than in the rest of the XBF. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 75 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Education levels based on gender are not available, but judging from the results of surveys in other parts of Lao PDR, one can estimate that the level of illiteracy for women is significantly higher than for men. Men will also have greater opportunity for skills development. Table 2-47: Educational Levels Upstream upper Education Level Nam Kathang Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF XBF Total Average Illiterate 35.7 % 32.3 % 36.7 % 27.2 % 43.6 % 31.6 % Primary School 47.8 % 47.8 % 47.4 % 46.8 % 48.0 % 47.3 % Secondary School 8.8 % 11.5 % 7.9 % 15.9 % 5.4 % 12.4 % High School 2.3 % 3.2 % 2.2 % 5.6 % 1.2 % 4.0 % Vocational School 1.0 % 0.6 % 0.0 % 0.6 % 0.7 % 0.6 % Technical School 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.6 % 0.3 % 0.5 % University / College 0.1 % 0.3 % 0.0 % 0.2 % 0.0 % 0.2 % Higher University 0.1 % 1.7 % 0.1 % 0.7 % 0.0 % 0.6 % Not specified 4.0 % 2.2 % 5.3 % 2.3 % 0.9 % 2.8 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % ********** * * * ********** January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 76 ataDenliseaB ontip tse tse tse tse tse tse tse 77 eld eld o o o o o eld eld o o o o o o Fiy Fiy Fork Fork Fork Fork oct oct oct oct mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB Fiy Fiy denraG denraG denraG denraG denraG denraG denraG denraG denraG Fork Fork Fork oct Hole Hole Hole oct oct mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB 2:re Descri Padd Padd Padd Padd Uns Uns Uns Uns Uns Uns Uns apt Ch ) m( 916. 621. 636. 380. 690. 266. 260. 210. 175. 749. 921. 105. 324. 539. 663. 871. 279. 337. 789. 662. 498. 989. 475. 843. 634. 971. 025. 350. 877. 598. 183. 395. 783. 650. nage 693 714 732 752 771 795 820 843 863 882 901 922 941 963 978 998 1031 1061 1093 1120 1139 1157 1173 1188 1193 1199 1205 1214 1235 1261 1286 1309 1324 1343 Chai ) (m ec an st 718.15 705.02 015.81 744.91 310.91 576.32 994.42 950.22 965.91 574.91 171.91 184.02 219.91 215.22 125.51 208.02 408.23 058.03 452.23 872.62 836.81 491.81 486.51 368.51 791 337 054 325 4. 6. 5. 9. 527.12 721.52 585.42 212.32 388.51 867.81 Di ) m( no 639 600 556 672 482 473 631 513 502 486 550 551 572 584 738 768 744 773 877 921 859 884 939 763 258 333 073 097 101 884 077 041 002 975 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. El ) m( 004 966 816 379 276 510 322 974 197 283 363 413 023 952 123 212 462 391 357 140 412 117 637 638 678 525 303 894 999 727 708 788 975 880 ngi 01. 80. 62. 42. 23. 00. 75. 52. 32. 13. 94. 74. 55. 33. 18. 98. 66. 38. 08. 87. 71. 55. 42. 29. 25. 20. 16. 08. 89. 67. 46. 26. 12. 95. East 4832 4831 4831 4831 4831 4831 4830 4830 4830 4830 4829 4829 4829 4829 4829 4828 4828 4828 4828 4827 4827 4827 4827 4827 4827 4827 4827 4827 4826 4826 4826 4826 4826 4825 ) m( 19 21 09 05 99 14 66 99 24 97 14 69 93 25 90 60 40 93 24 46 41 79 73 27 69 20 98 46 70 14 57 51 82 10 ngih 73479.4 73479.5 73479.6 73479.7 73479.7 73479.9 73482.8 73485.9 73488.7 73491.3 73494.0 73496.7 73499.3 73502.4 73504.4 73506.6 73511.9 73522.5 73536.3 73552.1 73562.4 73572.4 73580.9 73589.3 73591.9 73595.4 73598.1 73603.2 73614.2 73627.2 73640.1 73651.9 73657.6 73664.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Xe 3e nk,aB ontip earA earA eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld op op Cr Cr Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy shuB shuB shuB shuB shuB shuB shuB shuB shuB shuB shuB shuB lumoV­ Descri and and Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Upl Upl Right ) m( anlPtnem of nage 000 975 134 463 049 041 761. 783. 185. 518. 104. 287. 158. 210. 620. 134. 217. 129. 163. 538. 235. 467. 600. 424. 953. 571. 807. 252. 751. 399. 995. 198. 0. 16. 34. 53. 71. 89. 107 126 144 161 193 214 234 254 275 296 317 339 360 382 420 442 458 478 496 513 540 560 570 600 620 642 Chai Develop ) Location (m ec 000 cialoS­ an 0. st 975.61 159.71 329.91 586.71 992.71 720.81 022.91 402.71 333.71 586.13 183.12 871.91 052.02 410.12 514.02 083.12 912.12 034.12 375.22 697.73 232.22 133.61 824.91 529.81 618.61 237.72 445.91 499.01 648.92 596.02 203.12 and Di nio ) m( ectjorP2 no 043 032 017 015 809 869 890 836 829 940 867 793 789 812 758 757 830 766 833 863 626 732 690 725 769 865 643 863 885 021 953 861 evatlE eun evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. Th El ) m( 931 906 090 172 201 296 294 369 180 671 974 399 546 941 164 075 460 817 673 536 216 147 425 998 734 458 561 369 585 532 958 379 Nam nates, ngi 75. 58. 42. 23. 06. 88. 70. 51. 35. 18. 87. 66. 47. 28. 07. 87. 67. 45. 25. 03. 67. 46. 31. 12. 95. 79. 53. 33. 23. 94. 73. 52. diro East 4838 4838 4838 4838 4838 4837 4837 4837 4837 4837 4836 4836 4836 4836 4836 4835 4835 4835 4835 4835 4834 4834 4834 4834 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4832 4832 4832 Co ) m( 22 97 16 43 62 76 60 15 91 50 98 06 98 33 96 42 26 10 82 78 58 17 02 42 42 92 26 73 64 58 79 93 2-1: ngih 73320.4 73324.3 73328.4 73332.9 73337.0 73341.2 73345.6 73350.1 73354.1 73358.2 73365.7 73370.9 73375.6 73380.5 73385.6 73390.6 73395.7 73401.0 73406.0 73411.4 73422.5 73430.1 73435.6 73442.3 73448.6 73454.2 73459.7 73462.6 73464.2 73468.7 73471.8 73475.0 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Annex Bangfai No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip tse tse tse tse tse 78 o o o o o o o o o o o o o eld eld o o o o o o o o o mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB Fiy Fiy ste ste For For mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB Fork Fork Fork Fork Fork oct oct oct oct oct Road Road Road 2:re Descri Padd Padd Uns Uns Uns Uns Uns apt Ch ) m( 533. 695. 200. 857. 363. 125. 789. 584. 337. 804. 386. 097. 852. 930. 868. 825. 708. 751. 725. 053. 352. 224. 452. 484. 864. 112. 203. 784. 533. 084. 081. 013. 658. 331. nage 1952 1969 1990 2008 2027 2046 2062 2089 2131 2140 2166 2185 2200 2234 2254 2269 2282 2292 2309 2344 2371 2392 2436 2457 2473 2494 2513 2530 2550 2572 2593 2632 2651 2662 Chai ) (m ec an st 996.54 162.71 505.02 657.81 506.81 762.81 664.61 795.62 753.14 467 9. 582.52 711.81 755.51 078.43 938.91 957.41 883.21 043.01 974.61 328.43 299.72 872.02 228.44 032.12 380.61 248.02 091.91 581.71 749.91 551.12 997.02 932.83 645.91 673.01 Di ) m( no 196 079 231 164 097 056 021 017 113 159 152 320 231 201 744 863 773 151 203 134 067 071 084 154 161 275 252 278 274 261 276 280 276 280 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 586 124 903 039 415 669 331 908 960 453 085 191 122 344 377 624 126 127 510 694 157 763 864 324 228 801 461 059 255 981 621 002 314 380 ngi 50. 36. 19. 03. 88. 72. 59. 36. 08. 03. 90. 81. 73. 52. 38. 28. 19. 12. 01. 77. 58. 44. 17. 06. 97. 87. 77. 67. 57. 46. 35. 13. 01. 95. East 4820 4820 4820 4820 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4815 ) m( 55 24 58 61 80 41 33 74 09 98 26 10 38 48 37 05 67 65 00 45 82 50 65 57 92 18 59 16 17 51 14 60 90 36 ngih 73908.5 73918.1 73929.5 73939.9 73950.2 73960.7 73970.0 73984.9 74015.2 74023.3 74045.5 74061.7 74075.3 74102.3 74116.8 74127.7 74137.0 74144.3 74156.7 74181.6 74201.4 74216.6 74251.7 74269.6 74283.5 74300.8 74317.0 74332.0 74348.8 74367.1 74385.0 74417.1 74432.8 74441.4 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 ontip tse tse tse tse tse tse tse 3e o o o o o eld eld o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o eld eld eld eld o mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB Fiy Fiy mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB mboaB Fork Fork Fork Fork Fork Fork Fork Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy oct oct oct oct oct oct oct mboaB lumoV­ Descri Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Uns Uns Uns Uns Uns Uns Uns ) m( anlPtnem 477. 902. 161. 957. 357. 904. 496. 155. 465. 749. 088. 974. 021. 303. 718. 820. 941. 509. 941. 570. 511. 810. 904. 916. 251. 519. 725. 079. 182. 111. 102. 402. 199. 538. nage 1357 1376 1387 1414 1428 1437 1449 1464 1476 1506 1524 1540 1558 1572 1589 1607 1624 1639 1668 1684 1700 1714 1729 1744 1755 1782 1799 1816 1837 1852 1870 1875 1889 1906 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 827.31 425.91 259.01 796.72 400.31 547 9. 592.11 659.41 310.21 284.03 339.71 886.61 047.71 282.41 415.71 102.81 121.71 568.41 432.92 629.51 941.51 299.41 094.51 012.51 335.01 268.72 206.71 354.61 103.12 929.41 991.71 300 5. 797.31 339.71 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 957 031 023 964 952 337 182 917 899 922 948 858 914 857 873 860 918 890 914 919 985 041 897 878 867 886 876 929 013 067 080 105 108 033 eun evati 140. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 562 292 087 069 657 034 350 606 885 201 383 959 954 726 178 972 267 266 326 790 362 229 688 908 672 952 523 490 731 429 084 214 420 989 Nam ngi 82. 64. 54. 27. 14. 05. 94. 79. 67. 38. 21. 04. 88. 74. 57. 40. 23. 09. 81. 67. 52. 38. 24. 10. 01. 79. 66. 54. 38. 26. 13. 09. 99. 85. East 4825 4825 4825 4825 4825 4825 4824 4824 4824 4824 4824 4824 4823 4823 4823 4823 4823 4823 4822 4822 4822 4822 4822 4822 4822 4821 4821 4821 4821 4821 4821 4821 4820 4820 ) m( 60 95 17 84 08 77 46 16 26 09 69 15 01 93 72 23 29 92 78 78 92 08 13 88 57 06 42 17 20 56 09 01 91 14 ngih 73669.8 73677.0 73680.9 73688.2 73690.9 73692.7 73695.0 73697.9 73700.3 73707.3 73711.6 73715.9 73720.2 73723.7 73728.1 73732.7 73737.0 73740.6 73749.7 73755.4 73761.2 73766.5 73772.0 73777.4 73781.2 73797.4 73808.7 73819.5 73833.4 73843.2 73855.1 73858.6 73867.6 73879.1 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB cm 79 60 ea ea l ontip a Ar Ar eld eld Di alit alit Fiy Fiy Cana eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road onit Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Cul Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd pe Residen Residen garirI apt Pi Ch ) m( 630. 112. 302. 439. 932. 773. 434. 008. 651. 227. 292. 911. 727. 758. 967. 855. 806. 044. 846. 272. 696. 579. 680. 494. 822. 460. 312. 486. 351. 202. 553. 473. 501. 078. nage 3472 3500 3527 3553 3576 3593 3607 3632 3657 3683 3709 3735 3763 3784 3795 3824 3849 3874 3902 3920 3930 3943 3970 3998 4025 4050 4065 4077 4110 4131 4145 4172 4181 4183 Chai ) (m ec an st 877.52 482.72 190.72 137.62 493.32 841.61 661.31 574.42 643.52 576.52 065.62 619.62 816.72 031.12 209.11 888.82 951.42 237.42 802.82 425.71 425.01 883.21 100.72 815.72 328.72 638.42 852.41 174.21 865.23 851.02 351.41 920.62 027 577 9. 1. Di ) m( no 369 283 207 215 328 592 277 303 276 249 282 303 216 460 056 081 085 055 978 037 051 058 191 127 236 168 182 115 205 173 086 131 315 401 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. El ) m( 149 442 637 602 237 250 333 006 480 035 824 044 246 046 117 663 005 490 662 470 908 544 367 186 948 603 713 277 601 576 538 522 349 018 ngi 47. 29. 11. 95. 82. 76. 71. 63. 57. 51. 45. 39. 32. 26. 23. 15. 07. 99. 89. 83. 79. 77. 79. 80. 79. 77. 70. 66. 51. 36. 26. 08. 01. 00. East 4812 4812 4812 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 ) m( 90 57 83 51 19 71 01 26 18 86 45 62 39 89 18 75 54 70 61 38 74 24 28 29 48 54 60 75 20 00 81 41 89 86 ngih 75109.1 75129.3 75150.1 75170.4 75190.3 75205.7 75218.6 75241.9 75266.7 75291.6 75317.0 75342.9 75369.9 75390.0 75400.9 75428.5 75452.2 75474.9 75502.0 75518.3 75528.2 75540.9 75567.9 75595.7 75623.0 75647.5 75660.6 75672.2 75701.2 75716.2 75726.6 75746.1 75752.5 75753.6 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 cm 60 3e ontip a Di Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri Cul pe Pi ) m( anlPtnem 938. 695. 652. 966. 848. 383. 114. 506. 156. 336. 251. 816. 797. 528. 917. 339. 079. 712. 232. 352. 981. 667. 976. 672. 134. 086. 763. 954. 068. 841. 448. 734. 542. 753. nage 2693 2715 2728 2735 2760 2784 2795 2809 2847 2874 2900 2927 2952 2970 2999 3025 3051 3076 3102 3124 3139 3163 3187 3212 3235 3255 3270 3288 3314 3340 3366 3392 3419 3446 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 607.13 757.12 957.21 313 7. 882.42 535.32 731.01 392.41 650.73 181.72 914.52 566.72 981.42 731.71 389.92 421.52 741.52 633.52 520.52 121.22 628.51 687.32 309.42 695.42 462.22 952.91 677.51 190.81 114.52 773.62 608.52 286.62 808.62 210.72 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 249 240 185 180 108 779 443 892 151 148 262 383 359 337 246 335 322 413 493 491 478 444 499 500 545 478 543 517 601 583 554 512 469 435 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 031 700 195 350 332 367 120 276 736 768 655 925 742 513 482 842 396 364 088 392 984 319 535 579 888 274 572 986 560 781 003 218 764 274 Nam ngi 76. 63. 55. 49. 24. 00. 90. 75. 62. 59. 57. 54. 51. 47. 37. 28. 20. 13. 06. 00. 95. 89. 86. 83. 80. 75. 69. 60. 48. 32. 15. 97. 80. 63. East 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4812 4812 4812 ) m( 44 65 95 77 72 21 97 45 96 32 44 49 08 00 98 86 66 65 09 32 24 47 20 79 30 21 33 83 84 40 98 31 71 78 ngih 74466.7 74484.1 74494.6 74498.0 74500.0 74501.4 74501.7 74502.2 74537.5 74564.6 74590.4 74617.8 74642.6 74659.9 74687.4 74711.2 74735.8 74760.4 74785.1 74806.2 74821.1 74844.1 74868.2 74892.7 74915.0 74934.2 74948.6 74964.6 74986.3 75007.9 75027.1 75046.8 75067.2 75088.4 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 80 ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri apt Ch ) m( 857. 796. 690. 251. 303. 967. 904. 574. 053. 756. 717. 780. 915. 899. 718. 341. 969. 446. 315. 996. 856. 969. 680. 928. 784. 537. 317. 454. 800. 607. 835. 943. 796. 250. nage 5074 5100 5124 5137 5151 5163 5176 5205 5230 5256 5282 5308 5334 5360 5376 5406 5432 5459 5485 5508 5532 5548 5574 5603 5630 5657 5683 5708 5723 5750 5776 5803 5830 5858 Chai ) (m ec an st 460.62 939.52 894.32 561.21 051.41 664.21 937.21 670.82 480.42 703.62 960.52 063.62 135.62 984.52 819.51 623.92 628.62 477.62 870.52 680.32 861.32 113.61 711.52 248.92 856.62 753.62 780.52 137.52 346.51 807.62 227.62 108.72 853.62 455.72 Di ) m( no 263 157 154 125 970 044 101 077 170 059 008 993 996 196 409 329 322 285 323 327 418 454 434 437 415 366 438 449 537 368 373 253 283 282 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 536 851 129 835 370 564 251 717 464 972 727 634 568 890 731 750 866 314 420 834 984 158 058 310 534 117 463 878 517 247 394 786 978 355 ngi 50. 35. 21. 16. 15. 15. 18. 20. 36. 47. 57. 68. 78. 89. 95. 07. 17. 28. 39. 48. 57. 63. 73. 85. 95. 05. 15. 24. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 81. East 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 ) m( 50 72 41 16 81 39 97 45 48 47 00 70 49 33 36 63 84 83 77 94 86 09 00 08 59 67 79 35 16 99 60 61 94 03 ngih 76455.1 76475.9 76495.8 76507.2 76521.1 76533.8 76546.4 76575.0 76593.8 76618.2 76642.0 76665.7 76689.7 76713.6 76728.2 76755.3 76779.7 76803.9 76827.5 76849.2 76871.3 76886.2 76909.9 76936.9 76961.6 76986.3 77010.2 77033.5 77047.7 77072.5 77096.9 77122.0 77146.8 77172.2 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 3e ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( anlPtnem 025. 063. 432. 433. 326. 321. 091. 726. 201. 164. 083. 676. 920. 527. 396. 086. 960. 143. 108. 580. 657. 845. 407. 498. 107. 727. 191. 442. 776. 038. 074. 374. 129. 397. nage 4185 4186 4218 4245 4273 4301 4330 4358 4389 4417 4444 4467 4493 4521 4548 4575 4602 4631 4658 4684 4698 4725 4753 4780 4808 4843 4870 4896 4922 4949 4976 5002 5029 5048 Chai Develop ) (m ec 948 038 cialoS­ an 1. 1. st 369.23 001.72 893.72 995.72 770.82 635.82 475.03 963.72 919.62 592.32 244.62 607.72 868.62 690.62 874.72 183.82 965.62 472.62 077.41 188.72 562.72 091.72 609.72 620.53 464.62 251.62 334.62 262.62 036.72 300.62 755.62 267.91 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 573 325 917 913 899 753 750 698 687 464 396 216 160 084 168 292 315 275 364 521 643 452 469 501 429 317 349 284 308 351 313 764 308 293 eun evati 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 864 227 411 751 830 927 539 174 305 024 883 343 704 826 916 485 842 353 450 991 797 714 166 669 278 790 618 316 784 993 927 502 574 936 Nam ngi 99. 98. 78. 61. 44. 25. 07. 89. 70. 52. 35. 21. 05. 88. 72. 56. 39. 21. 05. 89. 80. 64. 47. 30. 13. 92. 75. 59. 43. 27. 10. 96. 78. 66. East 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4804 4804 4804 ) m( 23 25 08 13 55 49 21 47 63 55 16 65 72 88 81 35 19 47 36 41 22 76 84 55 00 09 21 54 53 16 51 65 46 05 ngih 75755.1 75755.8 75780.8 75801.8 75823.8 75845.0 75867.6 75889.4 75913.3 75934.6 75955.5 75974.4 75995.3 76017.2 76038.8 76060.1 76082.0 76103.7 76125.2 76146.4 76157.7 76179.4 76201.2 76222.6 76244.3 76272.5 76293.4 76314.0 76334.8 76355.6 76376.9 76398.8 76418.8 76434.1 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 81 ontip eld eld eld eld eld eld eld Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd apt Ch ) m( 242. 336. 401. 818. 781. 277. 010. 222. 920. 778. 778. 138. 869. 136. 538. 868. 434. 052. 997. 070. 772. 360. 510. 059. 308. 638. 405. 508. 176. 476. 795. 061. 725. 543. nage 6597 6611 6625 6642 6663 6683 6703 6731 6756 6778 6806 6817 6827 6841 6855 6886 6910 6930 6954 6981 7005 7028 7054 7080 7105 7132 7149 7168 7188 7201 7227 7251 7265 7282 Chai ) (m ec an st 920.72 094.41 064.41 418.71 962.02 496.91 733.91 213.82 698.52 858.12 999.72 360.01 731.01 267.31 403.41 329.13 566.32 618.91 945.42 073.62 702.42 588.22 150.62 549.52 249.52 330.72 767.61 103.91 668.91 300.31 319.62 266.32 664.41 818.61 Di ) m( no 955 094 155 140 140 113 113 199 137 133 115 051 967 951 952 109 186 305 148 814 981 028 864 682 869 046 167 833 008 087 154 105 054 761 evati 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. El ) m( 870 784 076 364 605 073 700 013 276 675 673 395 088 223 054 602 727 999 010 737 451 154 465 988 400 766 763 341 074 214 566 088 565 981 ngi 01. 05. 16. 15. 24. 34. 46. 59. 71. 82. 94. 97. 00. 07. 15. 30. 44. 55. 68. 81. 95. 08. 22. 32. 42. 52. 59. 69. 77. 80. 87. 93. 97. 01. East 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4812 4812 4812 4812 4812 4812 4812 4812 4812 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4814 ) m( 30 23 23 01 74 58 02 20 69 92 84 46 67 25 46 29 97 85 53 92 62 41 44 02 38 14 83 06 49 04 09 46 23 43 ngih 77634.5 77647.9 77656.5 77673.9 77692.7 77709.6 77725.5 77750.4 77772.9 77791.8 77817.2 77827.1 77837.3 77848.9 77860.8 77888.4 77906.9 77923.0 77944.9 77967.0 77987.8 78006.1 78028.1 78051.5 78075.0 78100.2 78115.5 78132.0 78149.8 78162.8 78188.1 78210.5 78224.7 78241.1 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 3e ontip y y y y y ua ua ua ua ua Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Ho Ho Ho Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Ho Ho Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( anlPtnem 350. 418. 865. 433. 064. 910. 520. 917. 322. 468. 938. 922. 688. 285. 091. 754. 192. 865. 468. 509. 405. 531. 042. 560. 451. 275. 505. 627. 768. 707. 288. 142. 866. 322. nage 5885 5912 5940 5967 5996 6014 6030 6056 6097 6122 6135 6142 6149 6176 6203 6228 6255 6275 6286 6296 6319 6338 6352 6377 6398 6401 6407 6423 6448 6473 6499 6524 6549 6569 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 099.72 068.72 447.82 567.62 631.82 846.81 611.51 397.62 405.04 145.52 471.31 983 767 6. 6. 597.62 806.62 663.52 438.62 673.02 603.01 041.01 896.22 127.91 511.31 518.52 890.02 824 231 2. 6. 122.61 140.52 939.42 581.52 854.42 723.52 457.91 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 278 266 237 162 155 228 210 190 951 019 027 000 012 211 987 999 017 234 258 890 102 116 009 870 052 087 565 857 951 949 021 932 897 771 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 140. 138. 138. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. Th El ) m( 461 501 121 541 411 945 119 564 810 910 558 673 331 674 457 930 472 932 205 202 569 295 354 044 556 713 185 183 224 149 719 044 236 504 Nam ngi 92. 02. 13. 23. 34. 41. 47. 58. 75. 87. 95. 02. 09. 33. 57. 81. 05. 24. 34. 40. 53. 61. 69. 83. 93. 95. 99. 08. 21. 34. 48. 63. 77. 87. East 4806 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 ) m( 39 91 41 37 76 86 61 61 87 79 09 29 78 44 80 29 79 39 40 06 23 87 43 98 01 43 93 02 57 32 05 39 75 67 ngih 77197.1 77222.2 77248.5 77273.1 77299.5 77316.8 77331.1 77355.3 77392.1 77414.2 77424.5 77427.0 77427.1 77416.4 77405.0 77394.4 77383.6 77375.6 77372.8 77381.1 77399.4 77416.9 77427.9 77449.2 77467.5 77469.7 77474.3 77487.9 77509.3 77530.3 77551.7 77571.9 77593.3 77610.1 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB l l l l 82 ontip eld eld eld eld eld eld eld Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Cana Cana Cana Cana onit onit onit onit Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd garirI garirI garirI garirI denraG denraG denraG apt Ch ) m( 871. 353. 638. 210. 579. 677. 682. 141. 010. 423. 690. 918. 657. 100. 427. 072. 188. 330. 948. 826. 088. 745. 245. 104. 874. 106. 345. 503. 214. 100. 898. 190. 721. 958. nage 8082 8137 8164 8192 8221 8242 8278 8290 8291 8293 8295 8313 8339 8367 8386 8413 8427 8464 8489 8516 8571 8596 8622 8648 8675 8702 8729 8756 8784 8824 8837 8850 8868 8888 Chai ) (m ec an st 925.72 482.45 285.72 571.72 369.92 098.12 005.63 459.11 869 413 267 0. 2. 2. 228.81 739.52 443.72 327.91 645.62 116.41 142.73 618.52 878.62 262.45 657.52 500.52 859.52 770.72 232.62 239.72 158.72 711.72 886.93 798.31 292.21 530.81 237.02 Di ) m( no 474 617 592 549 514 794 852 005 217 253 937 871 896 809 847 967 916 993 065 045 154 225 288 213 269 245 161 240 437 934 846 717 840 734 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. El ) m( 407 170 122 076 335 112 681 384 140 609 765 285 234 173 757 143 416 617 335 959 776 660 474 054 561 615 530 704 704 206 270 171 243 971 ngi 81. 90. 87. 86. 87. 91. 00. 03. 04. 04. 05. 11. 18. 26. 31. 39. 43. 58. 70. 82. 03. 11. 19. 27. 35. 43. 52. 59. 68. 72. 74. 81. 86. 91. East 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 ) m( 41 90 31 96 50 25 98 81 31 52 33 62 60 43 84 40 77 01 54 69 34 04 88 92 58 07 89 14 23 92 19 61 44 86 ngih 79027.3 79081.1 79108.3 79135.8 79165.2 79186.0 79220.8 79231.8 79232.5 79234.7 79236.9 79254.1 79278.9 79305.2 79323.7 79349.3 79362.7 79396.7 79419.4 79443.2 79493.4 79518.0 79542.0 79566.6 79593.3 79618.2 79644.0 79670.2 79696.4 79736.0 79749.8 79759.8 79777.6 79797.2 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 l l l l l 3e ontip eld eld eld eld eld Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Cana Cana Cana eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld Land Land Land Land onit onit onit ner ner ner ner Fiy Land Land k k Cana Cana ner ner acrT acrT onit onit Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Land ner Fiy Fiy lumoV­ Descri Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd garirI garirI garirI Bar Bar Bar Bar Padd Bar Bar garirI garirI Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Bar Padd Padd ) m( anlPtnem 529. 544. 826. 525. 560. 076. 154. 000. 836. 704. 287. 919. 902. 798. 175. 210. 898. 397. 574. 290. 060. 171. 079. 939. 561. 118. 906. 829. 666. 544. 601. 160. 658. 946. nage 7310 7338 7367 7395 7459 7486 7497 7501 7505 7531 7557 7576 7604 7652 7680 7704 7724 7729 7733 7738 7764 7789 7818 7838 7851 7866 7878 7902 7914 7932 7977 8003 8028 8054 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 985.72 015.82 282.92 699.72 035.46 516.62 078.11 846 836 3. 4. 868.52 583.52 633.91 983.72 896.74 377.72 035.42 688.02 498 177 716 4. 4. 4. 771.52 110.52 908.82 860.02 621.21 557.41 788.21 923.32 837.11 878.71 057.54 559.52 499.52 288.62 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 804 789 746 747 765 815 977 603 828 798 879 844 851 928 882 937 956 372 370 077 807 830 696 507 221 323 647 984 696 716 437 261 289 417 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. Th El ) m( 617 182 109 305 566 429 656 025 811 760 343 428 308 093 829 899 453 355 557 461 972 798 829 035 663 252 358 875 117 154 460 056 619 923 Nam ngi 08. 16. 23. 31. 42. 40. 40. 40. 40. 39. 37. 35. 34. 29. 24. 22. 20. 19. 18. 18. 29. 33. 34. 39. 43. 46. 48. 54. 56. 60. 64. 67. 70. 77. East 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 ) m( 86 91 45 75 36 97 71 14 39 83 06 82 47 23 56 09 27 52 56 32 65 54 41 06 21 95 14 36 81 70 81 91 67 57 ngih 78268.0 78295.0 78323.3 78349.9 78413.0 78439.4 78450.5 78454.4 78459.2 78485.0 78510.6 78530.1 78558.1 78605.7 78632.7 78656.7 78677.2 78681.6 78685.7 78690.4 78713.6 78738.3 78767.2 78787.6 78799.6 78813.8 78826.4 78849.6 78861.2 78878.7 78923.6 78948.9 78974.2 78999.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 83 ontip dn dn dn ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste La La La ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste Land Land Land Land Land For For For For For For For For hgt hgt hgt For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For ner ner ner ner ner ste ste For For 2:re Descri Hi Hi Hi Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar apt Ch ) m( 2 5 8 8 7 7 7 6 0 6 9 7 0 7 7 1 8 3 5 5 3 3 6 265. 043. 617. 214. 517. 193. 856. 583. 299. 303. 005. 84 03 38 90 67 05 30 49 35 71 70 97 25 51 89 85 22 05 89 41 56 26 58 2. 5. 3. 2. 4. 4. 1. 9. 5. 5. 0. 3. 1. 6. 5. 7. 3. 0. 6. 3. 9. 3. 7. nage 9664 9687 9750 9776 9799 9866 9891 9914 9952 9976 9994 1002 1004 1006 1010 1012 1014 1018 1021 1024 1026 1029 1031 1033 1035 1038 1042 1048 1051 1053 1056 1058 1063 1065 Chai ) (m ec an st 881.63 778.22 574.36 598.52 303.32 675.66 663.52 727.22 715.73 004.42 702.71 837.82 193.22 353.81 521.93 769.12 380.91 250.73 189.83 854.52 366.02 993.42 268.32 272.71 267.52 380.92 954.14 377.55 825.62 842.62 520.62 148.62 700.34 323.42 Di ) m( no 984 022 797 598 621 315 346 388 614 872 782 498 537 585 954 255 520 756 494 584 572 562 579 494 509 396 404 414 448 516 593 636 612 600 evati 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 248 861 733 728 287 499 950 782 521 658 040 986 141 220 716 324 471 955 555 587 654 485 323 001 858 693 255 085 096 092 211 361 704 539 ngi 79. 91. 41. 54. 66. 77. 87. 95. 04. 07. 11. 99. 85. 73. 56. 52. 49. 34. 00. 74. 54. 29. 06. 89. 63. 39. 99. 44. 18. 93. 68. 43. 99. 76. East 4819 4819 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4821 4821 4821 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4819 4819 4819 4819 4818 4818 4818 4817 4817 4817 4816 4816 4816 4815 4815 ) m( 82 23 48 97 59 83 61 64 21 36 58 86 15 21 01 53 52 42 54 65 89 36 93 70 99 08 72 80 67 46 44 58 72 76 ngih 80491.5 80511.3 80550.3 80572.0 80592.1 80657.8 80681.8 80703.0 80739.7 80763.4 80780.8 80807.3 80824.1 80837.9 80873.9 80895.2 80914.3 80948.6 80965.9 80967.6 80969.3 80971.3 80972.8 80974.0 80975.6 80959.5 80946.3 80952.6 80959.6 80968.3 80976.9 80984.6 80986.3 80977.1 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 cm cm 3e 20 20 ontip eld eld Dia Dia ste ste ste Land Road Road Road Road Road Road Road For For For ner Fiy Fiy ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For For Road Road For For For For For For lumoV­ Descri culver culver Bar Padd Padd pe pe Pi Pi ) m( anlPtnem 907. 751. 776. 795. 200. 048. 970. 994. 372. 536. 188. 550. 323. 672. 136. 619. 745. 657. 438. 739. 615. 489. 262. 839. 160. 202. 136. 290. 917. 735. 707. 932. 234. 384. nage 8918 8933 8951 8964 8982 8995 9013 9037 9062 9089 9108 9130 9171 9191 9215 9235 9252 9297 9319 9337 9390 9414 9438 9453 9468 9492 9504 9512 9523 9539 9559 9584 9609 9627 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 949.92 844.41 025.81 019.31 406.71 848.21 922.81 023.42 378.42 164.72 652.81 362.22 772.04 349.02 464.32 482.02 127.71 912.44 780.12 301.81 876.25 874.32 773.32 578.51 320.41 042.42 934.11 155 8. 626.11 818.51 972.91 225.52 302.42 149.81 Di ) m( no 7 ectjorP2 975 893 803 717 08 847 068 021 312 204 100 966 165 269 230 425 332 179 244 115 050 988 122 109 150 894 170 034 585 185 329 183 225 102 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 620 841 656 577 477 543 440 005 935 869 614 371 891 693 861 399 503 367 855 511 030 858 373 324 808 770 979 813 576 584 299 417 543 742 Nam ngi 03. 10. 21. 29. 39. 50. 62. 74. 80. 87. 93. 00. 24. 39. 56. 70. 83. 04. 10. 16. 29. 34. 37. 39. 45. 56. 55. 56. 58. 62. 66. 72. 78. 82. East 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 ) m( 85 09 04 02 56 05 84 26 31 70 00 42 66 18 80 89 91 85 65 99 90 27 74 10 96 69 02 48 49 04 70 16 61 82 ngih 79824.7 79837.8 79851.7 79861.9 79876.1 79883.4 79898.2 79918.8 79942.4 79968.5 79986.4 80007.7 80040.6 80054.2 80070.5 80084.7 80096.5 80136.0 80157.0 80174.4 80225.7 80248.9 80272.5 80288.0 80300.7 80322.5 80334.5 80342.6 80354.0 80369.4 80388.8 80413.4 80437.0 80454.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB l l l l l l l l 84 ontip eld eld eld ste ste ste ste ste ste Fiy Fiy Fiy Cana Cana Cana Cana eld eld eld Fiy Fiy Fiy Cana Cana Cana Cana eld eld eld ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit Fiy Fiy Fiy Road Road Road For For For For For For For For 2:re Descri Padd Padd Padd garirI garirI garirI garirI Padd Padd Padd garirI garirI garirI garirI Padd Padd Padd apt Ch ) m( 8 7 6 1 1 8 1 1 1 3 3 9 7 2 3 2 7 8 5 0 5 3 6 8 0 8 7 8 8 0 7 1 0 1 22 19 33 08 49 61 38 09 82 34 97 05 17 48 76 21 65 44 65 38 57 31 05 56 06 17 27 30 23 85 02 59 58 22 5. 7. 2. 5. 9. 7. 7. 4. 9. 2. 3. 5. 6. 2. 8. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0. 4. 4. 5. 5. 1. 7. 3. 3. 1. 1. 1. 0. nage 1171 1177 1180 1182 1184 1187 1189 1193 1195 1198 1198 1198 1198 1201 1203 1206 1209 1209 1209 1209 1211 1214 1216 1221 1224 1230 1233 1235 1238 1240 1245 1247 1249 1251 Chai ) (m ec an st 547.55 969.16 139.52 745.22 410.42 126.82 764.91 710.63 730.52 522.22 631 086 118 1. 1. 1. 305.62 281.62 450.52 445.72 791 208 725 0. 1. 0. 194.12 739.42 743.32 511.05 492.03 118.06 100.62 030.62 930.52 612.02 177.74 564.02 988.91 642.81 Di ) m( no 789 558 536 458 599 559 677 665 677 951 443 382 939 688 711 671 974 424 459 034 209 812 834 806 808 855 942 886 990 011 812 903 654 774 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 205 278 300 231 231 556 066 029 572 861 449 006 181 528 194 696 910 243 211 644 473 659 339 125 490 729 484 424 232 961 994 192 099 362 ngi 90. 44. 26. 06. 86. 63. 47. 22. 08. 95. 94. 95. 96. 82. 67. 52. 38. 37. 36. 35. 24. 11. 98. 68. 48. 18. 12. 05. 99. 98. 81. 77. 72. 69. East 4805 4805 4805 4805 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4801 4801 4801 4801 4801 4801 ) m( 62 02 09 05 11 92 58 04 48 08 95 30 39 24 52 12 60 68 78 86 41 24 77 54 48 30 59 89 16 29 06 92 74 98 ngih 80698.6 80656.8 80640.1 80629.1 80615.1 80598.1 80586.6 80559.5 80538.3 80520.0 80518.3 80517.5 80516.5 80493.8 80472.5 80451.8 80428.5 80428.3 80428.4 80428.7 80410.7 80389.3 80369.4 80329.1 80306.5 80253.9 80228.6 80203.5 80178.4 80157.8 80113.7 80093.5 80074.0 80055.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 3e ontip eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For For For For For Road Road Road For For For For For For For For lumoV­ Descri Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd ) m( 8 8 7 9 5 7 7 5 9 4 9 1 1 0 6 7 9 8 3 9 8 0 5 6 2 7 2 8 5 8 7 8 7 1 anlPtnem 50 84 94 45 49 61 70 30 86 84 78 78 00 89 18 29 34 47 15 77 52 07 34 25 67 27 50 78 11 16 27 32 74 68 8. 3. 9. 3. 9. 4. 8. 2. 0. 7. 5. 1. 9. 5. 2. 2. 7. 2. 3. 4. 9. 7. 5. 4. 3. 7. 3. 4. 2. 9. 5. 5. 2. 9. nage 1067 1070 1072 1075 1079 1082 1084 1087 1091 1093 1097 1100 1102 1105 1108 1112 1114 1117 1122 1127 1129 1132 1135 1137 1139 1141 1144 1149 1152 1154 1157 1160 1163 1165 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 922.02 340.52 099.62 511.32 036.64 123.52 090.42 597.32 564.83 975.62 945.73 992.52 221.72 889.62 295.62 111.04 052.52 129.52 674.05 626.15 749.42 542.72 276.82 910.81 416.91 605.32 225.62 286.15 327.72 053.72 109.62 051.03 418.72 934.62 Di ) m( no 3 ectjorP2 457 506 551 557 611 622 502 586 520 573 376 612 631 515 468 438 402 494 582 492 576 603 542 562 504 514 537 540 493 45 488 485 483 497 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 278 890 359 412 888 409 030 895 061 024 106 079 538 172 691 621 534 513 671 274 907 358 948 963 463 691 136 608 209 450 283 218 883 988 Nam ngi 56. 32. 06. 84. 38. 13. 90. 66. 33. 14. 76. 51. 25. 00. 75. 35. 11. 88. 45. 99. 75. 49. 22. 05. 87. 65. 40. 91. 65. 40. 15. 86. 60. 34. East 4815 4815 4815 4814 4814 4814 4813 4813 4813 4813 4812 4812 4812 4812 4811 4811 4811 4810 4810 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4808 4808 4808 4807 4807 4807 4807 4806 4806 4806 ) m( 59 67 07 63 64 03 90 53 20 82 84 67 51 63 66 72 80 90 77 37 01 87 02 31 77 90 86 69 71 77 64 55 70 70 ngih 80971.4 80965.9 80959.0 80952.8 80944.9 80942.0 80939.2 80936.3 80917.2 80897.7 80894.3 80902.4 80910.3 80918.4 80926.4 80923.5 80915.4 80905.5 80879.0 80855.1 80847.8 80838.5 80830.0 80822.8 80815.6 80807.5 80798.3 80782.4 80773.8 80765.9 80757.5 80748.0 80740.7 80732.0 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 85 ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For Road Road Road Hole annel annel annel annel Ch Ch Ch Ch For For For For For For For For For 2:re Descri apt Ch ) m( 7 5 7 1 5 4 3 5 2 5 0 2 0 3 1 8 3 4 1 2 0 9 6 1 0 3 9 9 8 0 7 1 8 3 67 52 57 47 15 64 34 71 93 87 40 83 46 18 50 03 79 63 04 14 47 52 70 50 75 49 71 77 92 50 42 51 84 93 1. 9. 6. 3. 1. 9. 5. 5. 9. 5. 2. 8. 4. 0. 6. 5. 6. 3. 3. 2. 8. 7. 9. 0. 1. 8. 8. 9. 6. 5. 1. 6. 5. 1. nage 1319 1322 1325 1328 1330 1331 1334 1336 1340 1343 1346 1348 1351 1354 1356 1358 1362 1365 1368 1371 1373 1374 1374 1375 1375 1375 1376 1377 1379 1384 1387 1389 1392 1395 Chai ) (m ec an st 960.61 848.73 052.72 894.62 684.71 489.81 699.52 372.02 218.44 943.52 525.62 432.62 627.52 723.52 318.62 537.81 755.14 842.62 406.92 101.92 328.62 059 177 795 249 743 9. 2. 0. 1. 6. 226.01 059.11 149.71 572.84 927.52 084.52 336.92 085.62 Di ) m( no 774 245 388 247 417 232 244 126 712 817 648 677 622 511 430 119 443 429 591 380 551 288 294 348 977 716 336 073 349 023 264 334 816 432 evati 141. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 139. 138. 138. 138. 139. 141. 143. 144. 145. 145. 145. 145. 145. El ) m( 766 875 127 382 660 761 206 659 026 150 459 152 899 576 288 584 773 549 282 387 617 512 978 966 111 746 003 919 141 863 070 160 283 608 ngi 91. 58. 33. 09. 93. 76. 52. 33. 95. 74. 51. 30. 08. 87. 65. 50. 16. 94. 71. 47. 28. 25. 23. 23. 24. 21. 17. 12. 06. 79. 63. 47. 28. 11. East 4796 4796 4796 4796 4795 4795 4795 4795 4794 4794 4794 4794 4794 4793 4793 4793 4793 4792 4792 4792 4792 4792 4792 4792 4792 4792 4792 4792 4792 4791 4791 4791 4791 4791 ) m( 34 60 29 78 23 01 28 42 55 65 53 03 43 70 68 06 81 09 37 58 09 57 53 84 06 18 75 90 79 22 24 98 84 55 ngih 79605.1 79586.7 79576.1 79564.9 79557.8 79550.3 79540.0 79531.8 79509.8 79495.4 79480.7 79465.7 79451.3 79436.9 79422.2 79411.9 79387.7 79371.6 79354.2 79337.0 79318.8 79310.4 79308.7 79307.9 79306.8 79300.5 79291.2 79281.0 79265.3 79224.8 79204.7 79185.3 79162.7 79142.5 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 l l l la ea ea ea l l l l 3e ontip Ar Ar Ar ste ste Cana Cana Cana Can eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste Cana Cana Cana Cana For For onit onit onit onit alit alit alit Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy For For For For For For For Hole Hole Hole Hole For For onit onit onit onit lumoV­ Descri garirI garirI garirI garirI Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Residen Residen Residen garirI garirI garirI garirI ) m( 4 8 9 0 9 1 3 4 1 3 1 2 3 8 6 7 0 0 7 1 5 0 3 4 7 6 3 5 9 0 8 3 5 7 anlPtnem 18 72 64 26 17 68 93 31 82 19 74 56 45 26 56 80 21 44 44 00 45 42 95 12 37 66 32 00 42 90 77 46 65 71 5. 7. 2. 3. 4. 4. 0. 1. 3. 2. 9. 8. 1. 7. 2. 8. 6. 2. 8. 3. 7. 6. 3. 9. 3. 6. 3. 9. 5. 2. 1. 3. 3. 4. nage 1253 1255 1258 1258 1258 1258 1261 1266 1268 1270 1273 1275 1278 1282 1285 1287 1292 1295 1297 1300 1302 1305 1307 1308 1311 1311 1312 1312 1314 1316 1317 1317 1317 1317 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 963.42 544.22 921.42 611 919 502 0. 0. 0. 252.62 381.05 507.22 372.81 548.73 821.81 890.22 815.54 298.52 240.62 403.74 231.62 007.62 554.42 454.42 965.82 533.71 171.51 253.42 289 657 682 3. 6. 5. 424.61 471.71 878 685 192 062 8. 1. 0. 1. Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 766 778 338 431 434 336 729 929 935 956 924 857 092 791 794 729 560 707 745 012 734 745 930 882 183 900 224 166 810 870 973 180 122 696 eun evati 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 041 064 011 962 000 757 795 523 143 875 036 673 279 712 765 549 324 087 073 273 453 963 746 850 269 083 470 875 377 390 002 209 707 629 Nam ngi 64. 59. 53. 53. 53. 52. 40. 11. 98. 87. 59. 44. 25. 92. 75. 57. 19. 95. 72. 50. 28. 02. 86. 73. 52. 50. 45. 40. 27. 14. 07. 05. 05. 04. East 4801 4801 4801 4801 4801 4801 4801 4801 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4799 4799 4799 4799 4798 4798 4798 4798 4798 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 ) m( 68 19 08 29 59 11 64 27 81 65 30 80 19 33 25 83 59 69 23 78 64 94 35 88 05 14 35 14 86 40 80 84 64 76 ngih 80031.3 80009.3 79985.2 79984.6 79983.7 79983.3 79960.0 79919.0 79900.6 79885.7 79860.7 79849.6 79836.1 79805.0 79786.0 79766.5 79738.9 79727.7 79716.4 79705.4 79694.7 79681.8 79674.1 79667.3 79653.9 79651.9 79647.8 79644.3 79634.0 79623.2 79617.5 79616.4 79616.3 79615.6 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 86 ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For Road Road Road Road Road For For For For For Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri apt Ch ) m( 6 6 3 8 5 9 3 8 3 1 2 3 7 8 0 6 0 8 0 3 6 7 6 9 5 8 8 6 9 4 9 0 9 7 41 24 82 26 12 51 39 77 87 25 04 17 74 14 28 71 97 01 02 23 50 77 01 26 16 60 39 85 13 80 67 79 17 23 8. 2. 8. 6. 9. 9. 5. 1. 6. 0. 6. 5. 7. 3. 7. 8. 0. 4. 6. 6. 6. 0. 1. 1. 3. 0. 7. 3. 9. 7. 7. 4. 2. 2. nage 1465 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1475 1478 1479 1481 1483 1485 1487 1489 1490 1492 1495 1497 1498 1498 1498 1499 1499 1499 1499 1500 1502 1505 1507 1509 1511 1514 1517 1520 Chai ) (m ec an st 825.52 830.32 576.61 445 7. 858.21 394.01 873.52 385.62 095.51 378.31 791.52 131.91 574.22 401.51 131.41 436.12 254.22 048.32 001.21 213 273 271 239 253 896 442 0. 0. 4. 0. 0. 1. 7. 791.62 457.62 283.52 666.81 875.91 111.72 389.72 058.03 Di ) m( no 514 881 596 472 218 891 493 086 029 471 957 757 271 315 471 577 224 817 637 172 620 308 961 256 243 603 989 624 463 458 467 422 312 008 evati 146. 145. 145. 146. 146. 145. 145. 145. 145. 145. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 143. 143. 142. 142. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 544 563 548 580 092 413 088 359 713 203 258 035 308 264 754 041 728 259 020 917 235 752 460 947 988 593 343 928 857 326 323 969 514 345 ngi 82. 72. 64. 59. 46. 36. 12. 88. 75. 63. 39. 22. 00. 86. 72. 51. 28. 05. 94. 93. 93. 89. 89. 88. 86. 82. 64. 46. 29. 16. 01. 81. 62. 41. East 4787 4787 4787 4787 4787 4787 4787 4786 4786 4786 4786 4786 4786 4785 4785 4785 4785 4785 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4783 4783 4783 ) m( 99 14 33 60 20 85 39 75 00 08 47 66 81 30 77 47 61 97 33 02 48 07 39 09 95 93 13 07 24 68 53 56 43 29 ngih 78522.3 78500.8 78486.0 78481.3 78481.8 78485.0 78495.8 78507.0 78513.7 78519.5 78530.1 78538.2 78544.5 78539.1 78536.8 78538.5 78537.5 78535.3 78534.0 78534.0 78533.9 78533.5 78533.4 78533.4 78533.3 78539.2 78559.1 78579.0 78597.6 78610.8 78623.5 78642.5 78661.7 78683.3 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 l l l l 3e ontip ste ste ste y y y y y y ua ua ua ua ua ua ste ste ste ste ste ste ste Cana Cana Cana Cana ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho For For For For For For For onit onit onit onit For For For For For For For For For For For For For For lumoV­ Descri garirI garirI garirI garirI ) m( 2 4 2 5 1 1 4 4 1 4 7 6 1 4 4 8 4 0 1 0 8 4 4 1 3 4 4 7 3 1 6 7 8 1 anlPtnem 91 69 45 97 97 80 49 06 00 60 20 93 97 23 48 84 86 02 61 96 21 86 39 44 41 34 76 89 60 40 73 96 65 59 5. 5. 6. 3. 0. 1. 2. 4. 4. 3. 6. 2. 9. 6. 5. 5. 4. 6. 7. 7. 3. 6. 5. 1. 7. 7. 3. 8. 9. 1. 3. 5. 4. 2. nage 1397 1399 1401 1404 1405 1405 1405 1405 1406 1407 1408 1412 1414 1417 1419 1424 1428 1428 1428 1428 1431 1433 1436 1438 1441 1444 1447 1449 1451 1454 1455 1458 1460 1463 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 980.32 781.91 758.02 523.72 996 830 693 570 937 603 6. 0. 0. 1. 9. 9. 603.21 729.63 035.72 262.62 251.91 363.05 016.93 156 591 349 1. 1. 0. 258.52 646.32 529.82 047.61 973.53 931.92 420.62 132.52 706.02 798.12 335.21 231.23 691.81 933.72 Di ) m( no 0 2 ectjorP2 68 545 794 936 962 908 925 114 498 649 963 605 886 02 204 467 060 355 390 862 414 541 733 863 767 914 204 245 314 361 445 425 178 836 eun evati 145. 145. 145. 144. 142. 141. 141. 143. 144. 145. 145. 146. 146. 147. 147. 146. 147. 146. 146. 146. 147. 147. 147. 147. 148. 148. 149. 149. 149. 149. 149. 147. 147. 146. Th El ) m( 008 932 491 916 155 960 027 437 722 572 866 997 483 814 902 410 747 813 408 217 859 279 894 361 813 024 821 427 764 165 953 400 666 920 Nam ngi 96. 84. 71. 53. 49. 49. 48. 47. 41. 35. 27. 09. 98. 87. 79. 60. 46. 46. 45. 45. 36. 28. 19. 14. 97. 82. 69. 56. 46. 35. 29. 15. 06. 94. East 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4788 4788 4788 4788 4788 4788 4788 4788 4788 4787 ) m( 93 69 02 24 11 95 24 81 40 54 79 00 09 00 79 40 49 62 65 37 38 07 84 56 23 11 36 98 16 74 64 07 97 53 ngih 79123.8 79108.5 79092.5 79071.2 79065.6 79064.8 79064.3 79063.0 79055.5 79048.0 79037.9 79005.9 78981.4 78957.5 78940.0 78893.5 78856.8 78855.7 78854.2 78853.9 78830.2 78808.0 78781.0 78765.9 78734.1 78708.2 78685.3 78663.4 78645.5 78626.6 78615.9 78587.1 78570.3 78545.4 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB cm 87 ontip ang 30 M a Di Road Road Maey Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Cul Houa pe apt Pi Ch ) m( 2 5 3 1 0 4 6 6 1 9 6 3 3 5 3 3 1 4 5 3 7 9 6 8 2 2 7 8 0 1 7 7 4 2 06 91 56 90 44 78 20 40 21 32 25 94 44 01 53 45 98 48 84 46 53 66 24 28 28 02 97 17 83 27 42 16 88 91 3. 8. 3. 5. 6. 4. 7. 4. 2. 0. 8. 8. 1. 9. 6. 5. 2. 9. 7. 5. 3. 1. 9. 7. 5. 3. 0. 9. 7. 6. 4. 3. 1. 0. nage 1580 1581 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1590 1591 1593 1594 1596 1598 1600 1601 1603 1605 1607 1609 1610 1612 1614 1616 1618 1619 1621 1623 1625 1627 1629 1631 Chai ) (m ec 724 an 8. st 853.51 648.41 338.21 539.01 344 8. 423.21 199 805 118 926 7. 7. 8. 7. 688.01 500.21 571.71 519.71 920.81 528.71 503.61 360.81 618.71 075.81 132.81 577.71 041.81 994.71 740.71 955.71 201.81 652.81 441.81 156.81 740.81 717.81 028.91 Di ) m( no 408 421 439 462 514 586 684 708 694 637 544 432 307 248 211 267 276 302 347 511 519 570 557 432 420 507 529 472 536 499 417 496 513 576 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. El ) m( 025 870 520 740 180 153 509 155 244 076 206 657 092 871 862 832 765 038 308 349 947 415 104 613 741 430 389 768 766 599 702 644 224 313 ngi 48. 36. 24. 14. 06. 00. 92. 89. 86. 83. 81. 79. 78. 77. 76. 75. 74. 73. 72. 71. 70. 69. 68. 67. 66. 65. 63. 62. 61. 59. 59. 58. 57. 56. East 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 ) m( 86 45 93 52 47 36 41 68 36 49 22 48 51 92 88 81 95 80 14 09 48 37 77 88 43 47 68 38 52 12 55 78 66 63 ngih 79191.8 79201.7 79210.0 79217.3 79224.1 79230.2 79240.2 79246.5 79253.7 79261.3 79269.0 79279.5 79291.9 79309.4 79326.9 79345.8 79363.3 79379.8 79398.2 79415.8 79433.8 79451.9 79469.4 79487.4 79505.4 79523.1 79541.0 79559.2 79577.8 79596.2 79614.3 79633.0 79651.7 79670.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 3e ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( 3 6 4 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 9 8 5 7 7 3 5 5 1 0 7 2 8 3 0 0 8 7 0 2 0 5 3 8 anlPtnem 23 48 60 47 51 45 35 61 37 12 77 68 30 76 20 06 74 11 70 00 11 21 37 95 53 84 08 64 03 62 49 92 95 33 4. 7. 5. 3. 1. 0. 9. 9. 7. 5. 3. 1. 9. 6. 4. 6. 3. 4. 2. 1. 9. 7. 5. 2. 1. 9. 8. 5. 4. 6. 6. 5. 4. 4. nage 1523 1525 1527 1529 1531 1533 1534 1536 1538 1540 1542 1544 1545 1547 1549 1551 1553 1554 1556 1558 1559 1561 1563 1565 1567 1568 1570 1572 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 997.13 253.32 118.81 870.71 038.81 942.81 896.81 262.02 760.71 750.71 656.81 909.71 617.71 462.71 440.71 856.12 683.71 370.01 586.81 299.81 117.81 095.81 166.81 575.71 577.81 311.81 247.81 559.71 384.81 592.21 868 435 028 385 9. 9. 9. 9. Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 138 110 031 966 901 931 981 928 807 806 853 893 862 823 757 693 707 611 634 701 705 587 582 512 497 422 396 421 367 375 364 365 434 414 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. Th El ) m( 452 720 941 778 185 705 781 359 112 326 371 693 346 646 864 973 706 835 223 925 270 354 597 753 567 687 545 513 253 379 010 434 705 029 Nam ngi 19. 04. 90. 76. 63. 49. 36. 22. 12. 02. 93. 84. 75. 66. 57. 47. 40. 37. 32. 27. 23. 18. 13. 09. 04. 99. 94. 89. 83. 77. 73. 67. 61. 54. East 4783 4783 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 ) m( 85 06 53 71 91 07 38 73 30 74 33 48 48 29 59 47 00 99 25 02 35 37 91 10 04 22 09 79 47 27 72 97 54 58 ngih 78706.2 78723.9 78735.5 78747.4 78759.5 78772.4 78785.7 78801.0 78815.2 78830.1 78846.2 78861.8 78877.1 78892.1 78906.9 78926.3 78942.7 78952.5 78970.4 78988.1 79005.6 79023.1 79040.6 79057.7 79075.7 79093.3 79110.8 79127.5 79144.9 79156.3 79164.8 79172.4 79179.3 79185.9 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB cm mc mc 0 88 10 ontip a 52 10 Di a a Di Di ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road pe Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Cul Pil ertv Cul pe ee apt Pi St pe Pi Ch ) m( 3 2 8 4 3 4 8 1 0 0 4 2 1 7 4 1 0 3 3 5 9 2 8 3 2 1 9 0 5 2 9 7 2 2 90 91 60 42 25 44 37 56 16 86 63 47 49 07 42 39 12 85 75 09 06 70 13 37 56 47 55 61 53 69 80 83 25 92 8. 6. 6. 6. 2. 2. 1. 8. 6. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 4. 4. 4. 5. 0. 1. 1. 1. 2. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 0. 0. 8. 9. nage 1699 1701 1703 1705 1708 1710 1712 1713 1715 1717 1719 1721 1723 1725 1727 1729 1731 1735 1736 1738 1740 1742 1744 1746 1748 1750 1752 1754 1756 1758 1760 1762 1763 1764 Chai ) (m ec an st 081.91 010.81 696.91 816.91 829.52 190.02 935.81 183.71 598.71 701.91 774.91 838.91 019.02 586.91 347.91 967.91 729.91 733.14 900 4. 342.02 973.91 633.02 436.02 235.81 189.02 909.02 088.02 050.02 926.91 157.02 116.91 028.02 416.71 670.11 Di ) m( no 150 143 113 105 142 074 942 926 891 957 004 022 086 114 140 152 069 089 211 044 052 122 191 984 941 959 992 955 931 946 903 970 990 026 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 139. 139. 139. 139. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 140. El ) m( 968 632 056 771 370 395 247 801 559 150 593 033 634 245 264 221 105 894 198 901 953 087 753 927 497 838 324 035 897 703 777 607 837 858 ngi 08. 07. 05. 04. 03. 02. 02. 03. 03. 05. 06. 08. 10. 12. 14. 16. 17. 20. 20. 22. 23. 24. 26. 27. 29. 31. 34. 37. 40. 44. 47. 50. 53. 55. East 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 ) m( 53 88 14 79 83 67 01 78 59 31 59 01 03 81 34 29 09 36 25 21 58 49 17 97 91 90 17 30 83 19 30 35 86 65 ngih 80357.0 80374.9 80394.6 80414.3 80440.1 80460.3 80479.3 80496.4 80514.0 80533.7 80553.4 80573.2 80593.1 80612.5 80631.8 80651.7 80671.4 80713.0 80717.9 80738.2 80758.1 80778.7 80799.1 80817.2 80837.3 80858.1 80878.1 80897.9 80917.5 80937.4 80956.2 80976.0 80993.1 81004.6 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 3e ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( 5 1 5 2 0 9 5 5 3 3 2 5 0 1 5 3 1 2 9 0 3 7 1 6 0 2 0 0 9 2 1 6 0 1 anlPtnem 09 61 05 42 05 83 69 31 03 08 46 00 69 84 79 29 92 74 19 49 56 91 77 63 46 80 71 13 08 33 18 79 16 82 0. 9. 9. 8. 8. 7. 7. 7. 7. 6. 5. 5. 4. 5. 6. 3. 2. 1. 1. 0. 9. 8. 8. 8. 8. 7. 7. 8. 1. 1. 1. 0. 0. 9. nage 1633 1634 1636 1638 1640 1642 1644 1646 1648 1650 1652 1654 1656 1658 1660 1662 1664 1666 1668 1670 1671 1673 1675 1677 1679 1681 1683 1685 1688 1690 1692 1694 1696 1697 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 183.91 517.91 444.91 367.91 629.91 789.91 855.91 620.91 719.91 050.91 379.91 543.91 685.91 151.12 954.02 498.61 628.91 821.81 457.91 291.91 074.91 353.91 854.91 866.91 823.91 342.91 908.91 420.02 959.22 242.02 850.91 615.91 364.91 661.91 Di ) m( no 4 ectjorP2 571 480 482 495 458 478 446 419 314 316 318 406 31 397 534 564 399 375 475 445 441 424 411 414 367 365 352 348 326 243 175 150 120 111 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. Th El ) m( 871 888 457 565 983 662 270 858 946 535 523 451 738 165 161 270 330 188 884 949 185 891 667 923 782 641 900 468 600 054 335 645 107 237 Nam ngi 55. 53. 52. 51. 50. 49. 48. 46. 45. 44. 43. 42. 40. 39. 38. 37. 36. 34. 33. 31. 30. 29. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. 21. 20. 18. 16. 14. 12. 10. East 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 ) m( 11 84 95 25 19 76 92 79 62 77 19 25 69 76 83 45 48 29 41 74 90 98 01 19 11 21 00 83 72 47 08 23 99 59 ngih 79689.9 79709.3 79728.7 79748.1 79767.7 79787.4 79807.2 79826.8 79846.5 79865.5 79884.9 79904.4 79924.0 79945.1 79966.0 79982.5 80002.1 80020.9 80040.3 80059.5 80078.5 80097.8 80117.7 80137.5 80157.3 80176.6 80196.5 80216.8 80239.7 80259.9 80279.7 80299.2 80318.4 80338.0 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 89 ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri apt Ch ) m( 5 2 7 3 3 7 8 7 8 9 6 9 1 5 9 2 3 2 5 0 0 7 5 1 6 1 9 1 4 6 4 0 0 9 95 67 16 97 56 26 32 48 79 24 35 77 10 72 38 00 84 02 57 45 13 17 76 73 74 35 69 45 62 51 48 42 36 03 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 1. 0. 9. 8. 8. 9. 5. 4. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 5. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 1. 1. 0. 9. nage 1824 1826 1828 1830 1832 1834 1836 1837 1839 1841 1842 1844 1846 1848 1850 1852 1854 1856 1858 1860 1862 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1887 Chai ) (m ec an st 937.81 717.91 495.91 806.91 590.91 704.91 061.91 159.91 311.91 451.91 107.11 423.61 322.81 624.91 664.91 613.91 840.02 179.02 553.02 876.91 680.91 047.02 588.02 966.02 015.12 605.81 348.91 752.81 173.91 892.81 968.91 936.91 940.81 679.81 Di ) m( no 495 466 489 488 464 440 519 501 523 507 541 506 484 562 583 576 620 553 490 483 373 368 308 371 240 241 312 383 428 473 581 636 630 636 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. El ) m( 636 788 340 225 997 396 540 346 393 679 466 816 313 767 493 075 364 932 303 560 607 922 279 467 325 381 658 396 970 146 940 057 063 058 ngi 44. 49. 55. 60. 65. 70. 76. 81. 86. 89. 91. 93. 95. 96. 97. 97. 97. 97. 97. 97. 96. 96. 95. 95. 95. 95. 94. 94. 94. 93. 93. 92. 92. 91. East 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 ) m( 33 48 49 79 45 45 21 49 78 88 67 63 11 82 38 50 90 69 22 96 73 15 99 64 79 79 26 76 42 28 88 20 56 28 ngih 81562.3 81581.3 81600.1 81619.1 81638.0 81657.1 81675.4 81693.7 81712.4 81731.5 81742.5 81758.8 81777.1 81796.6 81816.3 81835.9 81856.7 81876.9 81897.5 81917.3 81937.0 81957.1 81977.6 81998.6 82019.6 82038.2 82057.6 82076.3 82095.5 82114.4 82134.3 82154.3 82173.2 82191.9 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 mc mc 0 ontip 52 3e 10 a a Di Di Road Road Road Road Road Road pe Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri Pil ertv Cul ee St pe Pi ) m( 6 2 8 7 4 3 4 2 4 9 4 1 1 8 2 8 7 6 1 1 6 0 1 9 5 9 9 2 0 5 4 3 1 8 anlPtnem 28 54 89 93 55 16 93 40 46 64 08 31 82 84 96 06 13 70 91 83 71 61 70 71 57 84 54 71 00 31 68 53 39 01 0. 0. 0. 0. 2. 2. 3. 5. 9. 3. 1. 9. 7. 3. 5. 0. 9. 5. 0. 4. 7. 2. 1. 0. 9. 8. 7. 6. 6. 5. 4. 4. 4. 4. nage 1767 1769 1771 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1780 1782 1783 1785 1787 1788 1790 1791 1793 1795 1796 1797 1799 1801 1803 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 364.02 256.02 356.02 039.02 617.11 609 9. 771.11 469.11 062.41 185.41 435.71 227.81 510.81 027.61 113.21 107.41 069.91 569.61 205.51 920.31 885.21 894.41 091.91 018.91 857.81 273.91 700.81 163.91 288.91 314.91 369.91 849.91 858.91 627.91 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 829 808 905 893 879 838 872 914 013 172 311 348 584 770 897 078 009 003 987 978 926 843 764 763 759 647 628 643 608 572 536 600 573 588 eun evati 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. Th El ) m( 593 846 941 268 471 055 453 665 790 591 775 305 442 409 797 421 417 978 580 019 813 721 926 699 061 114 054 855 367 549 170 381 943 625 Nam ngi 59. 62. 66. 69. 72. 74. 77. 80. 85. 90. 97. 05. 14. 21. 27. 35. 45. 54. 62. 67. 72. 77. 82. 87. 93. 98. 03. 08. 13. 18. 24. 29. 34. 39. East 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4779 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4780 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 ) m( 30 11 62 69 52 67 90 98 15 59 38 38 69 27 40 73 25 34 48 82 62 65 40 12 55 84 05 55 42 38 34 12 61 96 ngih 81024.7 81044.7 81064.7 81084.4 81095.8 81105.1 81116.5 81127.5 81140.9 81154.1 81169.9 81186.3 81202.6 81216.7 81227.3 81239.3 81255.2 81269.0 81282.4 81295.0 81307.1 81321.2 81339.5 81357.8 81375.9 81394.4 81412.5 81430.9 81449.5 81468.1 81486.8 81506.0 81525.1 81544.0 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 90 ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri apt Ch ) m( 5 3 4 7 3 5 0 2 6 6 1 7 3 8 3 5 2 6 2 8 0 9 1 1 0 5 1 7 0 7 5 1 8 5 90 85 14 33 78 95 11 79 88 23 87 60 73 24 92 18 10 05 28 15 14 09 58 03 68 70 76 35 36 76 10 50 13 78 1. 2. 4. 2. 0. 0. 9. 8. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 6. 5. 6. 2. 8. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 5. 4. 3. 2. 2. 1. 8. 6. 5. 5. 4. nage 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Chai ) (m ec 182 an 9. st 948.01 290.11 193 446 8. 8. 172.01 155.81 682.91 094.91 350.91 636.91 736.91 125.02 515.91 676.91 262.02 917.51 954.51 226.11 876.81 982.81 959.81 482.91 449.91 649.91 025.91 056.91 596.91 003.91 406.71 339.71 395.91 637.91 647.91 Di ) m( no 813 883 741 616 657 791 793 797 919 977 998 977 969 902 866 793 754 709 622 600 578 529 481 433 459 477 487 564 613 605 591 607 717 730 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. El ) m( 079 354 617 390 141 599 268 206 760 646 454 262 584 522 171 559 965 854 444 233 324 665 422 369 578 651 695 244 997 916 345 054 216 738 ngi 61. 65. 70. 76. 82. 89. 04. 20. 36. 51. 67. 83. 99. 15. 31. 49. 60. 74. 84. 01. 18. 35. 53. 70. 88. 06. 23. 41. 58. 74. 90. 08. 26. 44. East 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4783 4783 4783 4783 4783 4783 4783 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4785 4785 4785 4785 4785 4785 4786 4786 4786 4786 4786 4786 4787 4787 4787 ) m( 80 44 99 66 35 09 28 73 84 48 32 85 82 44 82 43 80 31 12 62 83 00 92 67 24 22 83 57 54 56 01 37 72 42 ngih 82825.2 82835.6 82845.5 82851.8 82857.7 82864.2 82874.6 82886.3 82897.5 82909.0 82920.7 82932.5 82944.4 82955.9 82967.5 82975.0 82986.8 82994.7 82999.9 83008.3 83016.5 83024.7 83032.8 83040.9 83049.0 83056.9 83064.6 83072.7 83080.4 83087.5 83094.6 83102.1 83109.4 83116.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 mc 0 3e ontip 10 a Di Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri Cul pe Pi ) m( 7 7 3 3 1 6 3 1 5 2 4 8 8 3 4 9 5 7 5 6 1 2 2 1 2 6 5 7 5 4 4 5 6 3 anlPtnem 08 59 33 26 03 91 57 46 91 06 98 37 52 06 13 68 34 96 44 68 87 58 44 53 69 33 35 89 06 93 75 09 84 72 9. 8. 8. 7. 6. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 2. 3. 2. 1. 9. 8. 9. 9. 1. 9. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 0. 0. 9. 9. 8. 3. 2. nage 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1944 1946 1948 1950 1951 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 048.02 510.91 735.91 930.81 769.81 884.81 658.91 888.91 454.02 146.91 922.81 394.02 150.91 534.81 071.81 555.91 656.02 622.02 478.11 241.81 184.81 711.81 860.81 089.91 160.91 644.81 019.91 542.91 168.91 869.91 820.91 341.81 751.51 877 8. Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 598 612 617 621 696 734 767 833 933 936 895 840 737 755 797 793 785 697 676 790 932 994 952 032 024 139 039 128 125 045 987 926 823 004 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. Th El ) m( 825 632 112 699 716 484 831 090 867 833 596 175 953 688 103 266 619 150 348 207 930 686 352 840 608 236 176 518 947 102 234 501 672 964 Nam ngi 91. 91. 91. 90. 90. 90. 90. 90. 89. 89. 89. 88. 88. 87. 87. 86. 86. 89. 90. 94. 99. 03. 08. 13. 17. 22. 27. 32. 37. 43. 48. 53. 57. 59. East 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4781 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 4782 ) m( 75 83 18 47 13 96 52 39 92 34 54 17 66 93 56 99 52 72 05 27 78 22 20 84 39 64 16 44 63 80 03 24 27 20 ngih 82211.9 82231.4 82251.2 82270.1 82288.9 82307.7 82327.4 82347.3 82367.7 82386.9 82405.8 82426.2 82445.3 82463.8 82481.9 82501.4 82522.1 82542.6 82554.0 82571.8 82589.4 82607.6 82625.9 82644.3 82662.9 82680.9 82699.3 82718.1 82736.6 82755.7 82774.9 82792.6 82807.8 82816.4 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 91 ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri apt Ch ) m( 3 9 1 9 7 0 4 2 8 1 1 0 2 9 3 9 9 2 9 7 2 6 4 2 9 9 3 3 0 9 9 8 3 5 59 44 48 91 35 56 12 55 66 74 92 62 83 56 44 94 41 97 16 92 44 94 71 53 16 32 00 01 94 83 27 92 88 50 1. 0. 9. 8. 8. 6. 0. 2. 6. 8. 2. 8. 7. 7. 8. 7. 7. 6. 6. 3. 8. 9. 5. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 3. 3. 4. 3. 3. 3. nage 2064 2066 2067 2069 2071 2073 2075 2076 2077 2078 2080 2081 2083 2085 2087 2089 2091 2093 2095 2097 2098 2099 2101 2103 2105 2107 2109 2111 2113 2115 2117 2119 2121 2123 Chai ) (m ec an st 961.81 856.81 032.91 438.91 438.91 204.81 564.31 428.21 116.41 073.21 180.41 699.51 212.91 737.91 874.02 506.91 470.91 554.91 197.91 759.71 515.41 504.11 768.51 819.81 637.91 160.02 674.91 010.02 927.91 899.91 440.02 649.91 955.91 622.91 Di ) m( no 591 656 772 763 822 786 824 769 720 836 891 903 803 705 790 847 880 826 832 887 943 829 808 815 831 832 762 792 868 931 948 926 890 974 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. El ) m( 886 621 268 149 240 520 945 140 799 744 264 684 822 816 128 769 891 124 685 178 959 692 968 191 074 550 973 080 564 908 674 508 824 458 ngi 52. 71. 89. 08. 28. 46. 59. 72. 85. 97. 11. 19. 33. 46. 60. 73. 87. 00. 13. 24. 32. 38. 44. 52. 59. 67. 74. 82. 89. 96. 04. 11. 19. 26. East 4792 4792 4792 4793 4793 4793 4793 4793 4793 4793 4794 4794 4794 4794 4794 4794 4794 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4796 4796 4796 4796 ) m( 93 13 90 20 65 44 64 97 55 45 81 64 15 07 70 65 64 69 49 90 81 05 13 90 25 77 30 36 19 77 61 70 08 96 ngih 83145.8 83142.1 83138.3 83134.7 83131.1 83128.6 83127.8 83128.2 83130.3 83134.0 83136.5 83150.0 83163.4 83177.9 83193.2 83207.6 83221.9 83236.3 83250.3 83264.0 83276.0 83286.3 83300.6 83317.9 83336.2 83354.8 83373.1 83391.6 83410.1 83428.5 83447.5 83465.7 83484.2 83502.3 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 3e ontip Lo Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri uayoH Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ) m( 3 1 1 3 5 0 5 0 8 8 3 2 2 4 5 6 3 7 5 5 2 5 4 9 8 8 2 9 3 7 8 4 2 2 anlPtnem 80 85 36 21 10 74 35 48 36 99 18 51 51 66 71 53 67 28 05 32 51 20 70 63 70 51 99 19 59 50 70 65 18 63 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 3. 3. 8. 1. 0. 3. 0. 8. 7. 9. 3. 6. 8. 1. 0. 8. 8. 8. 0. 9. 9. 8. 8. 7. 7. 2. 0. 3. 2. nage 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2024 2026 2027 2028 2030 2031 2032 2033 2035 2036 2037 2039 2040 2040 2041 2042 2044 2045 2047 2049 2051 2053 2055 2057 2059 2060 2062 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 019.91 048.02 510.02 852.91 892.91 635.91 614.91 125.51 888.21 630 9. 185.21 329.71 000.81 152 9. 051.21 821.31 137.31 614.11 769.21 270 187 693 9. 8. 9. 500.01 934.11 069.91 810.91 475.91 206.91 394.91 913.91 201.51 946.71 528.21 449.91 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 794 718 607 349 633 648 636 618 584 542 429 405 510 612 704 778 775 563 328 312 346 362 352 357 459 332 281 284 287 368 371 357 480 535 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. Th El ) m( 475 071 363 837 092 674 287 459 832 497 728 012 012 692 816 582 107 864 385 811 741 318 112 744 999 418 764 789 487 150 771 982 193 022 Nam ngi 62. 81. 00. 18. 37. 55. 73. 87. 00. 09. 21. 39. 57. 66. 77. 88. 97. 06. 17. 26. 34. 43. 54. 65. 82. 00. 18. 35. 53. 72. 86. 03. 15. 34. East 4787 4787 4788 4788 4788 4788 4788 4788 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4789 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4790 4791 4791 4791 4791 4791 4791 4792 4792 4792 ) m( 66 46 79 14 11 36 93 57 83 54 75 29 37 72 44 40 64 71 66 15 89 25 45 99 81 75 12 02 33 04 80 00 72 10 ngih 83123.7 83131.3 83138.4 83145.8 83153.3 83160.5 83167.6 83172.8 83176.5 83178.3 83179.5 83179.5 83179.6 83180.8 83184.7 83193.6 83202.7 83210.3 83216.7 83220.1 83221.8 83222.7 83221.1 83217.1 83209.6 83201.0 83192.8 83184.9 83177.1 83169.2 83163.6 83158.3 83154.7 83150.1 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB mc 0 cm 92 ontip 10 60 a a Di Di Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road 2:re Descri Cul Cul apt pe pe Pi Pi Ch ) m( 3 6 5 2 9 5 7 6 9 4 1 6 4 5 9 8 6 9 7 3 2 0 9 5 9 5 4 1 1 7 9 7 7 3 96 41 86 75 85 99 41 83 67 16 08 80 37 89 74 80 20 44 73 08 47 50 66 00 33 38 23 07 43 00 59 43 72 19 4. 4. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 8. 8. 0. 0. 9. 9. 8. 8. 4. 0. 4. 7. 2. 6. 8. 7. 4. 4. 3. 9. 6. 9. 2. 6. 0. 8. 4. nage 2188 2190 2192 2194 2196 2198 2200 2201 2203 2207 2209 2210 2212 2214 2216 2218 2220 2221 2222 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2230 2232 2233 2235 2236 2238 2238 2239 Chai ) (m ec an st 725.02 453.91 450.91 886.91 107.02 136.02 422.02 419.41 842.91 485.13 917.91 725.91 569.91 521.91 853.91 059.61 399.51 242.41 288.31 346.41 389.41 028.21 169 337 9. 6. 333.01 046 849 9. 5. 838.61 360.31 576.21 591.41 838.31 290 466 8. 5. Di ) m( no 359 456 477 579 537 404 326 321 363 470 451 552 568 678 681 923 073 922 886 930 061 144 154 151 306 512 584 634 674 656 504 356 468 534 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El ) m( 802 471 057 405 363 207 167 707 664 048 779 216 421 095 362 451 803 434 894 526 301 996 535 221 922 516 780 557 966 327 510 482 736 754 ngi 30. 28. 27. 27. 27. 26. 25. 23. 21. 17. 13. 10. 07. 03. 00. 97. 93. 90. 88. 87. 88. 89. 91. 93. 96. 99. 02. 09. 15. 21. 29. 36. 40. 43. East 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4795 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 ) m( 48 83 28 13 19 46 43 31 39 10 56 93 50 30 12 71 02 38 82 04 84 10 89 29 64 63 84 70 37 70 93 13 22 16 ngih 84137.4 84156.7 84176.2 84196.1 84216.2 84236.3 84256.7 84271.0 84290.7 84322.0 84341.5 84360.9 84380.2 84399.4 84419.0 84434.7 84449.7 84463.6 84476.7 84491.1 84505.4 84517.4 84526.3 84532.5 84542.3 84550.7 84556.0 84571.0 84583.0 84594.0 84606.6 84618.5 84625.5 84630.2 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 3e ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( 9 1 2 2 5 8 8 4 7 5 8 2 2 7 1 6 7 8 4 6 3 5 4 6 3 9 4 7 6 2 9 7 5 8 anlPtnem 16 65 88 88 93 67 34 68 43 49 89 16 68 85 87 10 13 92 85 50 90 25 95 96 32 42 11 97 66 47 39 38 20 23 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 2. 3. 9. 5. 4. 5. 3. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 4. 4. 4. 5. 5. 0. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. nage 2125 2127 2129 2131 2133 2135 2137 2138 2140 2141 2142 2144 2146 2148 2150 2152 2154 2156 2158 2160 2162 2164 2166 2168 2170 2172 2173 2174 2176 2178 2180 2182 2184 2186 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 664.91 482.02 231.02 999.91 054.02 743.81 670.02 336.61 754.51 058 9. 403.11 264.71 520.91 175.02 014.02 235.02 030.02 791.91 926.91 652.91 397.02 352.12 699.02 012.02 357.02 106.02 685 4. 863.41 689.91 805.91 927.91 989.91 818.91 033.02 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 996 919 912 905 015 077 080 054 055 138 118 064 063 126 170 207 203 196 217 180 195 192 067 173 169 167 327 225 309 309 296 361 397 383 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 283 091 027 882 660 591 804 626 032 054 727 959 821 039 096 803 842 270 728 298 668 867 775 874 394 840 531 044 820 360 925 725 911 522 Nam ngi 34. 42. 49. 57. 65. 72. 79. 84. 88. 89. 89. 88. 87. 84. 82. 80. 78. 76. 73. 71. 69. 67. 65. 63. 61. 58. 59. 56. 53. 49. 44. 39. 35. 32. East 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 ) m( 81 27 79 84 68 17 47 39 89 67 64 11 46 92 74 86 06 68 78 23 25 76 57 59 13 38 99 05 12 00 25 73 00 17 ngih 83520.5 83539.5 83558.2 83576.7 83595.2 83612.6 83631.9 83647.4 83662.7 83671.7 83683.1 83700.4 83719.8 83739.8 83759.7 83779.8 83799.8 83819.4 83839.2 83858.8 83879.1 83900.3 83920.9 83940.8 83961.1 83980.9 83985.4 84000.1 84019.5 84038.9 84058.3 84077.6 84097.0 84116.8 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 ataDenliseaB cm cm cm cm 93 60 60 60 60 ontip a a a a Di Di Di Di Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Cul Cul Cul Cul pe pe pe pe apt Pi Pi Pi Pi Ch ) m( 6 3 7 3 7 7 8 1 3 1 6 8 5 5 7 8 8 9 8 9 9 8 4 1 3 2 8 8 7 0 2 0 3 0 25 32 08 08 46 14 64 79 01 90 14 24 40 95 36 83 43 18 16 07 98 11 43 45 79 48 07 79 15 19 78 90 80 91 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 0. 8. 9. 0. 2. 2. 2. 2. 9. 5. 3. 5. 4. 3. 0. 0. 9. 9. 5. 8. 8. 8. 6. nage 2286 2288 2290 2292 2294 2296 2298 2300 2302 2304 2306 2308 2309 2311 2314 2316 2318 2320 2322 2326 2331 2333 2334 2336 2338 2340 2342 2343 2345 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 Chai ) (m ec an st 330.51 068.91 764.81 995.81 384.91 680.02 501.02 143.02 223.91 887.91 245.91 102.91 158.81 549.12 412.02 471.22 600.91 751.91 979.91 911.64 910.64 128.71 317.21 016.91 343.91 688.61 597.91 719.91 359.91 033.61 592.31 118.01 903 107 9. 8. Di ) m( no 081 170 197 271 225 289 258 249 239 188 235 179 342 268 291 381 247 325 207 159 112 058 189 092 099 190 067 067 070 042 044 019 041 103 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 993 524 082 002 755 522 527 918 091 849 292 233 804 230 314 988 944 452 192 281 370 631 794 934 298 115 051 248 831 661 147 288 247 057 ngi 68. 87. 06. 25. 44. 65. 85. 05. 25. 44. 64. 83. 01. 23. 43. 65. 85. 05. 25. 72. 19. 36. 48. 67. 86. 03. 23. 42. 62. 78. 91. 01. 11. 19. East 4800 4800 4801 4801 4801 4801 4801 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4804 4804 4804 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4807 4807 4807 ) m( 45 99 57 58 96 01 68 52 13 19 68 36 08 92 62 82 68 22 78 07 35 69 20 18 34 69 38 20 55 23 21 50 89 65 ngih 84679.9 84679.1 84678.6 84678.2 84677.6 84677.3 84677.1 84676.7 84676.3 84675.6 84675.5 84675.0 84674.8 84674.2 84673.8 84673.4 84673.0 84672.9 84672.4 84672.1 84671.7 84671.4 84671.3 84671.0 84670.5 84670.0 84669.7 84669.6 84669.6 84670.9 84672.0 84671.7 84671.3 84669.9 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 3e ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( 8 1 1 9 8 6 2 1 7 1 7 9 8 0 9 8 4 8 7 7 4 8 7 0 4 8 6 3 8 3 5 4 6 6 anlPtnem 69 08 24 96 61 75 91 73 79 97 98 92 12 15 22 87 89 74 79 60 03 72 91 34 09 42 74 22 71 36 07 99 23 92 9. 8. 7. 7. 0. 2. 0. 8. 6. 5. 6. 1. 5. 4. 7. 6. 8. 0. 9. 8. 3. 6. 1. 7. 1. 9. 5. 9. 0. 9. 8. 6. 1. 9. nage 2239 2241 2243 2244 2246 2247 2248 2248 2249 2250 2251 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2260 2261 2263 2265 2266 2268 2269 2271 2272 2274 2275 2277 2278 2280 2282 2283 2284 Chai Develop ) (m ec 505 cialoS­ an 5. st 383.81 160.91 728.01 649.21 138.21 156 819 066 174 8. 7. 8. 9. 016.11 942.41 199.31 021 9. 080.31 649 9. 016.21 854.11 049.91 810.81 427.41 694.31 189.51 423.51 753.31 334.81 318.61 477.31 495.11 645.81 712.81 919.81 242 4. 689.81 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 341 280 420 584 666 669 606 513 498 405 248 908 459 193 933 825 823 847 715 725 629 687 777 908 067 124 136 074 097 092 089 131 117 103 eun evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. Th El ) m( 233 163 215 313 904 633 855 740 074 220 635 540 459 997 876 363 513 871 771 958 572 438 868 071 056 155 144 625 098 110 852 996 328 811 Nam ngi 46. 56. 66. 72. 79. 87. 92. 99. 06. 15. 25. 40. 52. 61. 74. 84. 96. 08. 27. 45. 60. 73. 88. 04. 17. 35. 51. 64. 75. 94. 12. 30. 34. 53. East 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4796 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4797 4798 4798 4798 4798 4798 4798 4799 4799 4799 4799 4799 4799 4799 4800 4800 4800 4800 ) m( 27 56 72 92 19 57 22 84 45 99 99 43 76 09 37 21 45 04 13 49 85 65 66 79 40 18 43 84 09 70 46 03 44 96 ngih 84634.9 84650.3 84666.5 84675.5 84686.0 84695.2 84701.5 84705.8 84709.2 84712.3 84715.5 84719.2 84722.0 84723.8 84726.0 84726.1 84725.9 84725.3 84723.8 84721.9 84720.5 84718.8 84716.7 84714.2 84711.6 84707.7 84704.0 84701.0 84698.7 84694.6 84690.6 84686.3 84685.3 84681.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 ataDenliseaB cm cm cm 94 60 60 60 ontip a a a Di Di Di Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Cul Cul Cul pe pe pe apt Pi Pi Pi Ch ) m( 5 1 6 6 6 3 7 4 0 6 6 5 0 8 6 9 3 0 7 9 0 3 0 3 6 6 8 2 6 7 8 3 1 6 18 09 46 05 55 04 40 24 52 31 45 85 00 38 45 93 26 70 11 80 99 52 40 59 69 94 46 72 55 49 59 89 82 09 4. 2. 6. 8. 6. 7. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 2. 1. 8. 6. 6. 5. 5. 4. 2. 2. 2. 6. 7. 7. 6. 4. 3. 2. 1. 0. 9. 9. nage 2401 2403 2404 2405 2407 2409 2411 2413 2415 2417 2419 2421 2423 2425 2426 2428 2430 2432 2434 2436 2438 2440 2442 2444 2445 2446 2448 2450 2452 2454 2456 2458 2459 2461 Chai ) (m ec an st 240.91 906.71 375.41 590.11 500.81 487.02 364.02 836.81 276.91 796.81 140.91 400.91 145.91 387.91 068.71 483.81 324.91 437.91 417.91 692.91 181.81 533.91 877.91 193.42 103.11 250.01 522.81 253.81 834.81 941.81 101.91 295.91 928.81 275.91 Di ) m( no 136 159 221 212 094 191 178 135 094 055 040 026 101 104 965 983 975 030 001 992 984 976 967 916 087 003 049 085 187 193 192 127 113 014 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 436 325 079 844 569 204 477 565 977 655 796 560 731 295 635 230 303 387 231 797 299 184 622 453 662 192 828 229 923 440 178 497 224 573 ngi 60. 78. 92. 04. 22. 43. 63. 82. 01. 20. 39. 59. 78. 97. 14. 33. 52. 71. 91. 10. 28. 48. 68. 92. 03. 13. 30. 47. 65. 83. 00. 18. 36. 54. East 4811 4811 4811 4812 4812 4812 4812 4812 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4817 4817 4817 4817 ) m( 66 98 93 47 62 46 61 85 43 66 66 13 33 40 23 46 50 10 29 11 71 81 28 41 40 90 67 11 47 15 14 37 16 77 ngih 84486.8 84486.0 84486.0 84486.6 84487.6 84488.6 84489.8 84490.8 84492.0 84493.0 84494.0 84495.0 84496.0 84497.1 84498.2 84499.1 84499.9 84501.0 84502.1 84503.3 84504.3 84505.6 84506.8 84509.1 84511.1 84513.5 84519.1 84525.7 84532.7 84539.6 84546.6 84553.7 84560.5 84567.5 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 a a a Di mc Di Di cm ontip ertv 04 ertv ertv 60 3e Cul a a Road Bounhy 5m Di Cul Cul Di ua Road Road Road ep ep ep Pi 1. Road Road Road pe Road Road Road Pi 60cm Road 60cm Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri Ho ofll Pil Pi ee ofll ofll Cul Se St pe Se Se 2 2 2 Pi ) m( 3 9 9 1 6 4 9 2 1 4 0 7 8 5 3 1 9 1 6 3 6 3 1 5 3 0 5 7 4 3 3 2 6 anlPtnem 39 46 62 45 07 29 76 47 49 61 97 66 49 63 95 93 29 06 51 09 91 43 44 87 47 33 68 95 92 64 84 37 94 3. 0. 8. 9. 1. 0. 2. 1. 4. 6. 2. 2. 1. 9. 7. 7. 5. 9. 3. 7. 7. 8. 9. 9. 8. 7. 6. 3. 2. 0. 6. 5. 4. nage 2352 2353 2353 2354 2356 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2364 2366 2368 2368 2370 2372 2374 2375 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2384 2386 2388 2390 2392 2394 2395 2397 2399 Chai Develop ) (m ec 483 076 159 cialoS­ an 6. 7. 8. st 822.01 625.11 218.91 475.21 703 8. 019.31 123.21 356.61 697.91 831.81 137 8. 318.81 979.91 368.71 762.31 455.41 577.31 822.01 517.01 009.11 434.01 597.81 857.81 355.91 273.71 967.81 719.71 200.61 529.81 573.91 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 151 069 020 929 940 027 046 062 098 079 179 994 004 048 233 099 305 120 056 048 013 978 040 189 149 131 074 048 079 061 184 119 094 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 011 574 965 245 982 945 507 093 398 023 776 850 771 720 131 740 811 192 493 567 006 337 764 278 623 561 614 846 136 932 624 409 744 Nam ngi 26. 32. 39. 48. 58. 75. 86. 94. 04. 14. 26. 41. 55. 61. 75. 90. 03. 13. 24. 35. 45. 55. 66. 76. 95. 14. 33. 50. 69. 87. 03. 21. 41. East 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4811 4811 4811 ) m( 04 94 44 26 33 57 74 60 03 25 31 00 10 01 37 96 02 86 64 99 05 86 86 71 45 08 15 11 99 35 31 48 18 ngih 84668.9 84665.7 84661.8 84655.7 84649.4 84641.0 84635.4 84631.1 84623.5 84615.9 84605.2 84591.8 84579.3 84573.7 84561.9 84548.6 84537.3 84527.8 84518.6 84511.2 84506.8 84503.9 84501.5 84500.2 84498.7 84497.2 84495.8 84494.5 84493.2 84492.1 84491.1 84489.7 84488.5 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 ataDenliseaB cm 95 60 ontip a Di canal canal Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road onit onit Road 2:re Descri Cul gairrI gairrI pe apt Pi Ch ) m( 1 0 0 9 9 4 2 7 1 0 7 4 4 3 5 2 9 5 9 1 2 4 7 5 0 9 0 2 7 0 8 2 3 3 38 14 41 57 28 27 97 07 61 91 88 32 98 68 82 45 35 31 76 61 79 17 84 40 35 05 72 26 81 73 16 38 99 32 8. 7. 6. 5. 5. 5. 5. 7. 3. 6. 2. 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 0. 0. 0. 1. 0. 6. 7. 6. 8. 7. 3. 6. 6. 6. 5. 7. nage 2523 2525 2527 2529 2531 2533 2535 2537 2539 2540 2542 2544 2546 2548 2550 2552 2554 2556 2558 2560 2562 2564 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2572 2574 2575 2577 2579 2581 2582 Chai ) (m ec an st 736.81 759.81 270.91 169.91 710.91 985.91 697.02 105.12 534.61 299.31 977.51 437.91 660.91 699.91 142.02 627.91 908.91 955.91 454.91 842.91 181.02 382.02 673.91 557.51 945.01 709 8. 661.21 541.81 555.61 913.21 438.91 214.02 611.91 330.11 Di ) m( no 911 905 871 885 929 944 943 874 925 924 939 861 918 012 001 982 079 105 056 154 214 105 047 002 086 950 781 744 884 100 917 693 764 798 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. El ) m( 769 736 758 979 496 785 102 332 926 898 247 738 691 724 311 983 458 233 723 897 844 213 984 206 782 982 533 893 330 866 395 447 333 018 ngi 54. 73. 92. 11. 31. 51. 72. 93. 09. 22. 38. 57. 77. 96. 16. 35. 54. 74. 93. 12. 32. 52. 71. 86. 97. 05. 16. 31. 44. 53. 68. 83. 98. 06. East 4823 4823 4823 4824 4824 4824 4824 4824 4825 4825 4825 4825 4825 4825 4826 4826 4826 4826 4826 4827 4827 4827 4827 4827 4827 4828 4828 4828 4828 4828 4828 4828 4828 4829 ) m( 91 24 37 79 91 94 37 96 68 17 38 70 37 67 53 96 52 92 38 24 27 10 01 53 49 43 14 64 49 27 67 86 92 20 ngih 84707.0 84708.6 84710.2 84711.5 84713.0 84714.5 84716.2 84718.0 84719.6 84721.3 84723.4 84726.7 84730.5 84734.4 84738.8 84742.5 84746.8 84751.1 84755.1 84759.2 84763.6 84768.3 84772.7 84776.3 84778.8 84782.2 84788.4 84799.2 84809.9 84818.5 84831.0 84844.3 84857.4 84865.0 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 cm cm cm cm cm 60 60 60 60 60 3e ontip a a a a a Di Di Di Di Di Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road lumoV­ Descri Cul Cul Cul Cul Cul pe pe pe pe pe Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi ) m( 7 1 5 7 2 3 5 4 2 3 0 0 7 5 1 3 9 7 0 3 0 7 7 2 3 6 0 4 5 6 6 8 0 5 anlPtnem 69 98 79 43 77 46 15 29 68 32 30 95 57 68 18 25 34 83 15 01 05 06 75 52 81 81 63 47 28 07 33 18 90 64 5. 3. 6. 2. 1. 0. 0. 9. 8. 6. 6. 5. 5. 4. 4. 4. 9. 4. 0. 9. 8. 7. 5. 1. 0. 9. 7. 2. 1. 8. 5. 1. 5. 9. nage 2463 2465 2466 2468 2470 2472 2474 2475 2477 2479 2481 2483 2485 2487 2489 2491 2492 2494 2496 2497 2499 2501 2503 2505 2507 2508 2510 2512 2514 2515 2517 2519 2520 2521 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 601.61 284.81 814.21 642.51 335.91 691.81 692.91 139.91 388.91 641.71 977.91 649.91 627.91 108.91 496.91 072.02 096.51 489.51 313.51 863.81 037.91 017.91 689.81 765.51 291.91 004.91 814.71 844.41 811.81 791.61 260.71 852.51 712.41 745.31 Di ) m( no 2 ectjorP2 997 977 935 065 972 949 957 955 906 951 862 642 63 655 640 624 784 662 621 653 757 686 750 950 797 792 761 958 832 945 921 927 918 037 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. Th El ) m( 148 558 598 444 997 349 731 257 412 240 409 904 920 920 245 530 767 358 507 441 856 384 559 915 836 025 331 228 554 480 601 409 146 942 Nam ngi 69. 86. 98. 13. 31. 49. 69. 87. 06. 23. 41. 60. 79. 97. 15. 35. 49. 64. 79. 98. 16. 35. 53. 69. 88. 07. 25. 39. 58. 75. 92. 07. 22. 36. East 4817 4817 4817 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4821 4821 4821 4821 4821 4822 4822 4822 4822 4822 4822 4823 4823 4823 ) m( 32 59 42 94 73 96 97 99 47 84 09 88 47 60 14 54 84 08 76 55 71 31 61 78 42 85 33 66 49 21 78 79 43 71 ngih 84573.6 84580.2 84584.7 84590.3 84596.4 84600.9 84605.1 84609.8 84615.6 84621.0 84627.5 84633.9 84640.2 84646.6 84653.0 84657.6 84660.9 84664.6 84668.0 84672.2 84676.5 84679.7 84682.2 84684.2 84687.0 84689.6 84692.2 84694.3 84696.9 84699.5 84701.7 84703.2 84704.3 84705.6 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 ataDenliseaB cm cm 96 60 60 ontip a Di eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld eld a Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Di eld eld Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv ertv Fiy Fiy 2:re Descri Cul Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd Cul Padd Padd pe pe apt Pi Pi Ch ) m( 3 8 4 3 6 6 3 8 1 0 6 0 3 2 8 3 1 6 6 1 8 6 2 1 5 4 1 5 2 1 7 3 5 8 05 11 93 87 72 41 37 32 46 19 77 77 09 68 03 63 58 65 22 96 41 96 74 72 12 13 48 04 27 32 82 20 37 03 1. 0. 3. 1. 0. 0. 9. 8. 7. 6. 0. 5. 6. 2. 2. 0. 9. 8. 8. 7. 7. 6. 6. 6. 2. 0. 8. 2. 1. 0. 9. 9. 3. 2. nage 2648 2650 2652 2654 2656 2658 2659 2661 2663 2665 2667 2668 2670 2672 2674 2676 2677 2679 2681 2683 2685 2687 2689 2691 2693 2695 2696 2698 2699 2701 2702 2704 2706 2707 Chai ) (m ec an st 359.81 065.91 816.32 938.71 853.81 690.91 957.81 954.81 133.91 729.81 586.41 994.41 323.02 589.61 356.91 595.81 949.81 074.91 570.91 735.91 457.91 548.91 777.91 978.91 404.51 009.81 347.81 564.31 227 9. 048.91 506.91 376.91 172.41 663 8. Di ) m( no 885 307 964 905 806 802 802 823 844 737 784 984 761 705 705 742 639 661 712 643 613 619 559 538 535 463 488 562 591 528 582 617 610 648 evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. El ) m( 995 079 043 461 931 531 470 272 781 200 120 890 112 339 046 064 608 374 551 170 799 025 602 567 348 338 918 738 333 724 353 928 936 178 ngi 35. 38. 43. 46. 49. 52. 55. 58. 61. 64. 66. 68. 70. 71. 73. 75. 76. 78. 80. 82. 83. 85. 87. 88. 89. 90. 90. 90. 90. 89. 88. 86. 84. 82. East 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 ) m( 67 43 50 62 67 33 68 54 58 70 20 70 81 81 65 72 65 74 68 15 73 62 60 82 48 30 77 41 52 81 54 76 77 34 ngih 85342.1 85360.9 85384.3 85402.0 85420.6 85440.1 85458.8 85477.5 85496.4 85514.9 85529.4 85544.2 85564.4 85580.9 85600.2 85618.7 85637.6 85656.6 85676.1 85695.8 85715.1 85734.6 85754.3 85774.2 85789.6 85807.6 85825.9 85839.5 85848.7 85867.7 85887.2 85906.5 85920.5 85929.0 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 cm cm cm cm cm 60 60 60 60 60 3e ontip a a a a a Di Di Di Di Di Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri Cul Cul Cul Cul Cul pe pe pe pe pe Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi ) m( 4 9 6 2 2 5 9 3 7 9 8 0 0 4 1 2 5 4 6 7 6 7 7 3 4 2 1 7 3 3 6 7 2 4 anlPtnem 66 10 50 72 60 22 43 33 25 47 37 12 11 41 45 16 78 95 65 21 62 47 97 48 46 85 20 06 93 98 82 40 86 69 4. 8. 9. 8. 9. 3. 2. 2. 2. 4. 3. 3. 1. 0. 9. 9. 8. 7. 7. 7. 5. 9. 3. 2. 2. 2. 6. 6. 1. 4. 6. 5. 3. 2. nage 2585 2586 2587 2589 2591 2594 2596 2598 2600 2602 2604 2606 2608 2610 2611 2613 2615 2617 2619 2621 2623 2624 2626 2628 2630 2632 2634 2636 2638 2639 2640 2642 2644 2646 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 341.72 445.31 396.11 216.91 880.02 623.32 215.91 893.91 925.91 222.22 899.81 742.91 990.71 304.91 037.91 712.91 623.91 168.91 702.91 561.91 409.81 852.31 500.41 506.81 981.91 388.02 349.32 866.91 866.51 050.31 843.11 582.81 454.81 832.81 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 851 844 844 736 767 815 814 716 746 717 661 668 764 664 745 806 798 777 723 807 788 879 850 856 884 905 131 009 966 920 852 838 852 797 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. Th El ) m( 359 499 284 806 223 810 834 181 607 492 136 507 074 612 928 719 980 189 159 078 775 645 991 412 722 268 209 711 672 164 970 144 002 501 Nam ngi 26. 36. 45. 59. 75. 93. 07. 22. 36. 53. 67. 82. 96. 11. 25. 40. 56. 70. 85. 00. 14. 24. 33. 44. 56. 68. 82. 95. 04. 10. 15. 21. 27. 32. East 4829 4829 4829 4829 4829 4829 4830 4830 4830 4830 4830 4830 4830 4831 4831 4831 4831 4831 4831 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 ) m( 16 88 03 92 23 01 20 95 08 05 88 61 71 00 79 75 74 30 08 91 09 07 55 06 59 23 39 78 78 88 66 41 65 35 ngih 84883.5 84892.4 84900.1 84912.9 84926.8 84942.4 84955.1 84968.5 84982.1 84997.0 85009.2 85021.9 85033.6 85046.0 85058.1 85070.8 85083.3 85095.5 85108.3 85120.9 85133.2 85142.8 85154.4 85169.3 85185.2 85201.3 85219.9 85235.5 85248.5 85260.0 85270.9 85288.4 85305.9 85324.1 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 ataDenliseaB cm cm 97 60 60 5m ontip a a 1. Di Di Khey 2xt Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road erv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Cul Cul Houa Cul pe pe apt Pi Pi Box Ch ) m( 3 3 1 3 3 5 2 8 2 3 7 2 3 9 9 7 8 6 9 9 2 6 5 3 6 0 4 4 7 2 2 4 7 1 60 74 42 78 84 62 41 51 21 83 45 36 69 21 00 96 26 00 23 57 16 77 24 69 68 19 14 02 64 65 23 51 71 65 8. 9. 7. 6. 1. 4. 9. 2. 3. 8. 1. 5. 6. 3. 9. 8. 0. 6. 4. 7. 4. 6. 9. 2. 8. 4. 0. 7. 3. 0. 7. 2. 3. 0. nage 2778 2780 2783 2785 2787 2788 2790 2793 2796 2798 2801 2803 2805 2808 2810 2811 2813 2813 2814 2815 2818 2820 2821 2823 2824 2827 2830 2832 2835 2838 2840 2843 2845 2848 Chai ) (m ec an st 856.81 140.12 678.72 361.91 060.51 783.21 787.42 106.32 694.03 620.52 624.22 905.32 331.12 526.62 790.52 958 9. 301.11 738 234 5. 8. 340.31 584.62 614.22 468.21 448.31 993.51 504.52 954.52 880.62 623.62 005.72 580.62 282.52 203.12 934.62 Di ) m( no 993 913 962 030 196 024 059 043 135 099 046 283 058 368 673 936 186 363 496 434 862 484 336 198 117 154 213 287 306 271 281 331 280 435 evati 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 629 616 101 214 157 990 455 795 680 096 181 623 261 406 918 950 655 508 614 984 423 690 904 465 974 512 238 415 953 161 940 636 244 306 ngi 72. 52. 26. 07. 92. 80. 55. 32. 02. 76. 54. 30. 09. 82. 56. 47. 36. 31. 26. 20. 09. 99. 92. 84. 73. 54. 34. 14. 94. 74. 54. 33. 15. 91. East 4829 4829 4829 4829 4828 4828 4828 4828 4828 4827 4827 4827 4827 4826 4826 4826 4826 4826 4826 4826 4826 4825 4825 4825 4825 4825 4825 4825 4824 4824 4824 4824 4824 4823 ) m( 26 21 41 98 47 04 96 35 78 49 05 65 77 46 94 81 82 53 78 11 40 86 77 28 91 25 35 75 80 14 95 86 00 20 ngih 86455.9 86461.8 86469.6 86474.6 86477.9 86480.0 86483.3 86485.9 86489.2 86492.1 86494.6 86497.2 86499.2 86500.7 86502.1 86503.9 86508.0 86511.3 86517.5 86529.5 86553.6 86573.7 86584.3 86595.2 86606.7 86623.5 86640.7 86658.3 86675.7 86693.6 86711.0 86725.9 86736.8 86749.4 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 3e ontip eld eld Fiy Fiy Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri Padd Padd ) m( 6 4 4 3 1 1 1 7 5 5 0 8 0 8 0 1 3 7 1 1 4 3 7 0 5 0 8 2 8 5 5 8 4 8 anlPtnem 48 75 77 42 12 35 28 34 52 82 95 54 22 48 78 37 83 50 10 90 50 53 71 39 81 56 81 59 23 10 86 00 65 74 2. 0. 8. 7. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 2. 9. 6. 3. 9. 7. 5. 7. 6. 3. 2. 4. 0. 7. 5. 2. 5. 6. 4. 1. 8. 6. 2. 9. nage 2708 2710 2711 2713 2715 2717 2719 2721 2723 2725 2727 2728 2730 2733 2735 2738 2741 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2751 2753 2755 2757 2758 2761 2764 2767 2769 2772 2775 2776 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 449.01 268.81 020.81 649.81 698.91 230.91 930.81 066.91 178.91 300.91 124.02 598.61 672.61 268.72 292.62 591.72 462.82 674.13 595 799 603 8. 7. 8. 029.21 184.62 673.62 425.81 745.61 258.31 774.03 646.72 866.62 761.72 143.72 646.62 094.71 Di ) m( no 0 ectjorP2 665 814 788 826 732 743 738 747 731 806 744 743 789 67 786 795 873 947 969 990 997 993 041 036 986 070 078 142 080 133 164 081 013 019 eun evati 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 687 193 937 819 728 618 298 415 330 539 222 853 445 387 696 845 335 976 243 820 235 189 345 774 825 103 764 455 745 931 171 225 882 906 Nam ngi 79. 73. 66. 59. 52. 45. 38. 31. 25. 18. 13. 08. 03. 95. 87. 79. 71. 61. 58. 54. 48. 39. 19. 98. 83. 69. 57. 29. 04. 80. 55. 30. 06. 90. East 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4833 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4831 4831 4831 4831 4831 4831 4830 4830 4830 4830 4829 ) m( 28 20 16 76 47 53 29 47 87 05 96 73 27 54 77 57 56 64 70 14 80 86 20 92 38 96 75 92 58 44 52 34 11 04 ngih 85939.0 85956.1 85972.9 85990.2 86008.6 86026.5 86044.1 86061.7 86079.7 86098.1 86117.3 86133.2 86149.2 86175.3 86200.3 86226.7 86254.0 86284.1 86292.0 86298.6 86305.1 86313.5 86330.0 86346.3 86357.2 86365.9 86371.9 86384.8 86396.7 86408.0 86419.9 86431.4 86442.5 86449.5 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 ataDenliseaB cm cm cm cm cm cm cm 98 60 60 80 60 80 60 30 ontip a a a a a a a Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Road ertv Road Road ertv Road ertv Road ertv Road Road Road ertv Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road 2:re Descri Cul Cul Cul Cul Cul Cul Cul pe pe pe pe pe pe pe apt Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Ch ) m( 9 9 8 7 8 6 6 5 4 0 4 1 7 9 1 6 3 5 2 7 1 3 6 3 6 3 9 0 3 4 4 5 9 7 78 07 25 20 26 28 26 57 48 90 86 76 77 66 90 22 53 94 89 64 74 87 15 71 86 00 31 97 92 68 93 01 33 73 3. 4. 6. 1. 8. 9. 8. 3. 6. 5. 3. 3. 0. 6. 2. 2. 9. 2. 7. 1. 9. 1. 7. 2. 8. 5. 1. 7. 4. 1. 8. 8. 5. 2. nage 2917 2919 2920 2923 2924 2926 2928 2930 2932 2934 2935 2936 2937 2937 2938 2939 2940 2943 2945 2947 2947 2949 2951 2954 2956 2959 2962 2964 2967 2970 2972 2974 2977 2980 Chai ) (m ec an st 051.11 290.02 179.21 948.42 061.71 018.12 980.81 308.51 909.22 416.91 964 898 016 892 232 325 7. 9. 7. 5. 6. 9. 307.71 412.32 947.42 755.31 095 8. 131.21 283.52 557.52 153.62 137.62 316.62 650.62 953.62 761.62 250.72 081.91 324.72 397.72 Di ) m( no 978 063 160 190 455 324 196 132 117 249 273 168 218 272 177 994 858 942 392 069 445 495 144 267 360 364 395 438 512 425 488 543 517 563 evati 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El ) m( 412 657 204 747 187 404 200 596 291 099 581 708 168 214 109 465 437 699 699 588 677 234 346 741 429 255 990 782 401 242 818 333 560 758 ngi 69. 71. 73. 76. 79. 85. 94. 01. 13. 21. 25. 27. 28. 28. 25. 20. 08. 90. 70. 59. 53. 43. 22. 02. 80. 59. 38. 16. 94. 72. 49. 34. 12. 89. East 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4817 4817 4817 4817 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4815 ) m( 49 82 48 70 75 99 29 96 26 44 15 34 86 65 68 96 54 92 04 11 43 81 69 85 54 37 17 16 91 49 49 10 33 14 ngih 87166.2 87186.3 87198.4 87223.1 87239.9 87260.1 87277.1 87290.3 87310.2 87327.5 87334.8 87344.3 87351.2 87357.1 87362.8 87370.4 87383.1 87398.3 87413.3 87421.4 87426.7 87433.0 87447.4 87462.7 87478.0 87493.0 87508.3 87523.6 87538.9 87554.3 87569.9 87581.0 87596.8 87612.9 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 cm cm cm cm cm cm cm 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 3e ontip a a a a a a a Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road ertv ertv Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road ertv Road Road ertv Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri Cul Cul Cul Cul Cul Cul Cul pe pe pe pe pe pe pe Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi ) m( 7 0 8 0 0 0 2 8 5 4 6 9 7 0 2 1 0 8 6 3 7 2 2 8 7 3 9 1 6 8 9 6 5 7 anlPtnem 00 68 38 99 87 46 38 39 12 21 32 12 33 35 16 99 51 49 96 43 10 40 23 33 08 84 58 00 21 38 43 73 55 73 7. 3. 0. 9. 6. 3. 9. 6. 3. 7. 1. 3. 5. 3. 3. 5. 0. 7. 3. 9. 7. 8. 2. 5. 2. 8. 5. 9. 2. 7. 4. 8. 1. 2. nage 2850 2853 2856 2857 2860 2862 2863 2866 2869 2871 2873 2874 2875 2876 2879 2881 2883 2885 2888 2890 2892 2893 2895 2896 2899 2901 2904 2906 2909 2910 2912 2913 2915 2916 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 356.62 673.62 708.62 602.91 880.62 590.61 922.51 017.72 727.62 089.42 112.41 803.11 208.21 013 8. 812.92 828.22 519.41 988.62 468.62 467.52 674.71 295.11 831.31 106.31 749.62 756.62 746.62 412.32 215.32 172.51 050.71 298.41 818.21 183.11 Di ) m( no 5 ectjorP2 164 223 255 254 325 273 456 117 013 06 853 772 803 753 583 516 690 594 501 417 449 411 464 660 628 660 753 720 857 828 740 716 760 009 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. Th El ) m( 125 731 944 580 383 766 053 958 098 968 756 654 545 847 999 603 152 224 160 157 959 162 622 218 801 943 735 618 531 056 195 153 686 706 Nam ngi 68. 45. 21. 04. 79. 63. 49. 22. 97. 74. 61. 51. 40. 33. 09. 92. 81. 60. 40. 20. 07. 00. 91. 82. 66. 49. 32. 17. 03. 93. 83. 76. 71. 69. East 4823 4823 4823 4823 4822 4822 4822 4822 4821 4821 4821 4821 4821 4821 4821 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4820 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 ) m( 76 91 45 00 59 28 82 76 97 32 65 88 64 51 23 15 21 25 82 96 66 57 97 22 65 00 95 07 68 60 07 56 03 06 ngih 86762.0 86774.9 86787.3 86796.3 86806.8 86812.3 86819.1 86824.8 86834.0 86841.5 86846.4 86852.3 86857.8 86862.1 86880.1 86894.6 86903.9 86921.1 86937.9 86954.5 86966.8 86975.0 86985.5 86995.6 87016.5 87037.4 87058.1 87076.4 87094.3 87106.1 87119.9 87132.2 87144.2 87155.2 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 ataDenliseaB 99 1m ontip 2xt erv Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Cul Descri Box apt Ch ) m( 8 2 4 2 5 7 1 5 4 4 2 0 2 1 0 2 2 8 5 8 6 5 4 3 8 1 0 1 0 2 6 2 7 2 81 49 68 50 90 37 43 30 36 07 84 85 48 71 09 55 92 09 77 71 65 12 54 42 77 47 05 34 08 27 83 12 51 58 1. 9. 6. 3. 0. 8. 5. 2. 3. 0. 6. 3. 0. 6. 4. 9. 8. 2. 2. 9. 5. 3. 1. 8. 9. 5. 1. 7. 4. 0. 6. 3. 9. 6. nage 3073 3075 3078 3081 3084 3086 3089 3092 3095 3098 3100 3103 3106 3108 3111 3112 3114 3117 3119 3121 3124 3127 3130 3132 3135 3138 3141 3143 3146 3149 3151 3154 3156 3159 Chai ) (m ec an st 793.62 674.72 192.72 818.62 403.72 471.72 054.72 875.62 059.13 709.62 768.62 008.72 632.62 229.62 379.72 462.51 370.91 176.32 677.02 943.62 938.52 469.72 418.82 879.62 355.13 694.52 578.52 291.62 739.62 192.62 564.62 286.62 394.62 066.72 Di ) m( no 024 929 928 032 098 207 207 388 986 128 088 007 738 525 439 365 876 923 932 898 777 872 889 886 007 994 954 847 757 915 839 849 854 889 evati 143. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 142. 143. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El ) m( 242 480 033 020 253 018 607 887 919 845 702 460 019 206 411 723 484 201 709 195 924 771 285 191 647 228 390 282 155 998 120 911 732 402 ngi 95. 75. 55. 36. 16. 96. 77. 58. 36. 18. 00. 82. 63. 46. 30. 22. 14. 06. 99. 92. 85. 78. 70. 63. 54. 47. 41. 34. 27. 20. 14. 07. 00. 93. East 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4804 ) m( 56 96 93 12 85 10 29 64 89 43 65 99 94 24 88 57 32 60 01 94 62 39 09 46 68 06 68 62 45 88 43 29 01 36 ngih 88229.6 88248.5 88267.2 88285.9 88304.9 88324.3 88343.5 88362.5 88384.6 88404.0 88423.5 88443.4 88462.9 88482.7 88504.5 88517.9 88535.6 88557.2 88577.0 88602.8 88627.8 88654.3 88681.7 88707.5 88737.7 88762.5 88787.1 88812.5 88838.4 88863.7 88889.4 88914.8 88940.3 88966.4 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 3e ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( 0 0 2 9 8 9 7 0 8 0 3 6 8 9 3 8 0 9 6 9 6 0 1 4 5 5 4 8 2 9 9 3 0 5 anlPtnem 19 06 74 28 92 56 86 36 53 91 02 30 89 21 41 52 54 69 16 28 58 94 38 76 43 49 00 73 99 13 90 87 80 02 2. 0. 6. 3. 9. 5. 1. 8. 4. 0. 8. 5. 2. 0. 7. 4. 1. 8. 5. 5. 1. 2. 1. 7. 4. 0. 7. 4. 1. 8. 4. 1. 8. 5. nage 2982 2986 2988 2991 2993 2996 2999 3001 3004 3007 3009 3012 3015 3018 3020 3023 3026 3028 3031 3033 3036 3038 3041 3043 3046 3049 3051 3054 3057 3059 3062 3065 3067 3070 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 453.91 870.73 682.62 547.62 639.62 641.52 298.62 493.62 178.62 371.62 113.72 284.72 591.72 321.72 194.72 115.72 012.72 159.72 467.62 123.02 297.62 354.12 442.82 383.62 670.62 061.62 509.62 734.72 254.72 147.62 770.62 964.62 926.62 225.62 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 614 625 583 667 650 660 787 988 043 092 109 113 174 200 273 182 236 246 366 298 307 305 227 208 222 271 411 233 180 182 127 118 095 046 eun evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. Th El ) m( 545 092 969 208 658 655 738 200 681 674 677 521 693 318 784 760 539 256 658 907 851 932 921 045 837 615 320 907 027 533 864 875 149 167 Nam ngi 74. 45. 24. 04. 84. 65. 45. 26. 06. 86. 65. 45. 24. 03. 83. 63. 42. 22. 02. 87. 68. 52. 31. 11. 91. 72. 53. 32. 12. 93. 73. 53. 33. 14. East 4815 4815 4815 4815 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4813 4813 4813 4813 4813 4812 4812 4812 4812 4812 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4810 4810 4810 4810 4810 4809 4809 4809 4809 4809 ) m( 01 38 56 10 57 38 68 10 75 05 17 89 37 54 90 49 70 81 88 18 44 07 77 41 96 92 18 77 96 83 25 21 07 72 ngih 87624.9 87648.8 87666.2 87683.5 87701.1 87718.0 87735.4 87753.0 87770.0 87787.6 87805.1 87822.9 87841.1 87859.1 87877.1 87895.0 87913.0 87931.0 87948.6 87962.0 87979.5 87993.8 88012.8 88030.4 88048.3 88065.9 88083.9 88102.8 88121.2 88138.8 88156.8 88175.0 88193.4 88211.2 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 ataDenliseaB 100 ontip rkBor Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Soy Road Road 2:re Descri Huoa apt Ch ) m( 0 0 3 7 8 3 5 0 4 5 3 6 0 5 1 7 1 9 9 6 3 2 2 4 0 4 9 3 6 3 7 6 4 3 95 90 89 62 28 75 77 57 99 58 86 40 00 48 74 46 31 80 49 12 21 42 01 55 80 99 49 75 11 04 19 77 26 75 1. 4. 3. 1. 1. 3. 9. 6. 2. 9. 1. 0. 0. 8. 9. 5. 4. 4. 2. 7. 7. 9. 6. 2. 8. 3. 7. 3. 1. 2. 4. 0. 1. 1. nage 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3247 3250 3253 3255 3258 3260 3261 3261 3262 3265 3267 3268 3269 3269 3270 3271 3274 3277 3279 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3288 3290 3292 3293 Chai ) (m ec an st 890.52 950.21 993 733 661 8. 7. 9. 465.21 023.62 794.62 425.62 590.62 279.22 543.81 595 485 9. 8. 256.11 726.52 844.81 497.01 690 628 7. 4. 087.01 209.21 590.62 541.62 246.62 195.52 505.31 254 363 6. 7. 927.01 154.22 579.61 488.02 489.01 Di ) m( no 397 395 334 324 371 453 386 183 968 177 335 300 284 291 465 533 543 594 668 703 883 087 192 051 545 094 014 982 975 933 867 812 643 614 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 540 000 098 930 127 351 274 928 771 677 371 504 420 080 009 761 728 643 330 665 360 889 120 546 571 067 646 641 827 255 290 567 719 664 ngi 00. 13. 21. 29. 37. 48. 68. 88. 09. 29. 47. 62. 71. 79. 89. 15. 33. 44. 52. 56. 66. 76. 00. 22. 45. 66. 77. 82. 86. 92. 02. 08. 17. 24. East 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4805 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4806 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4807 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4808 4809 4809 4809 4809 ) m( 78 75 87 85 49 85 77 72 06 32 82 39 09 29 68 59 25 38 72 40 66 70 69 20 12 58 65 22 87 91 80 26 28 91 ngih 89383.7 89384.0 89385.8 89388.4 89392.8 89399.6 89415.9 89433.2 89450.2 89467.0 89480.9 89491.4 89495.7 89498.6 89501.4 89506.2 89508.6 89508.9 89508.3 89507.4 89503.9 89498.5 89485.2 89471.4 89457.9 89444.8 89436.9 89432.6 89426.8 89417.5 89397.5 89382.4 89364.1 89355.8 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 3e ontip Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( 4 8 4 2 5 9 3 0 2 7 3 8 3 0 2 4 0 8 2 8 3 1 8 0 6 6 1 3 2 2 8 7 3 0 anlPtnem 50 16 75 59 13 22 24 46 07 88 35 56 32 48 15 72 56 38 23 85 72 49 19 78 72 54 33 54 63 87 29 27 91 06 3. 0. 6. 3. 8. 6. 5. 1. 8. 4. 1. 6. 1. 7. 4. 1. 8. 5. 6. 9. 2. 6. 2. 7. 0. 6. 6. 1. 6. 7. 4. 2. 8. 6. nage 3162 3165 3167 3170 3172 3174 3176 3179 3181 3184 3187 3189 3192 3194 3197 3200 3202 3205 3207 3209 3211 3211 3212 3212 3215 3217 3219 3222 3224 3226 3229 3232 3234 3237 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 922.62 664.62 586.62 838.62 543.42 094.81 013.91 218.62 612.62 815.62 466.62 215.52 755.42 157.62 672.62 572.72 836.62 828.62 844.02 626.32 865.21 768 706 583 3. 5. 5. 946.22 820.52 785.91 212.52 088.52 240.12 427.62 978.72 637.62 147.72 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 783 876 810 805 807 749 741 731 619 608 844 903 778 835 863 726 692 734 680 496 563 485 255 070 859 746 713 751 742 717 619 505 511 414 eun evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 694 266 827 360 080 768 335 131 171 854 949 183 671 142 838 713 060 545 247 684 817 354 713 256 773 441 019 090 189 969 991 209 433 752 Nam ngi 86. 79. 72. 65. 56. 47. 38. 24. 08. 91. 74. 59. 44. 28. 11. 95. 79. 62. 48. 30. 19. 20. 22. 27. 50. 76. 95. 21. 45. 66. 93. 20. 47. 74. East 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4804 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4803 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4802 4803 4803 4803 4803 4804 4804 4804 ) m( 93 64 54 50 72 36 95 91 59 93 92 43 20 49 36 17 86 77 73 69 31 42 10 95 78 25 73 77 90 68 35 54 89 73 ngih 88992.4 89018.2 89043.9 89069.6 89092.4 89108.6 89125.1 89147.0 89168.3 89189.3 89210.0 89229.8 89249.4 89270.1 89291.2 89313.3 89334.5 89355.7 89371.3 89386.3 89393.5 89397.2 89402.6 89404.4 89407.4 89409.1 89408.0 89405.7 89402.7 89400.1 89396.7 89392.9 89389.5 89386.1 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 ataDenliseaB 101 ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For 2:re Descri apt Ch ) m( 7 9 7 3 8 8 4 5 0 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 1 8 2 9 6 2 8 4 2 7 6 8 2 3 9 4 3 9 24 86 11 68 92 96 98 37 79 08 39 04 52 52 27 10 84 51 92 90 10 36 36 35 39 86 59 02 57 18 91 13 87 24 4. 8. 9. 6. 4. 2. 2. 3. 9. 6. 3. 3. 8. 9. 6. 1. 7. 8. 8. 3. 8. 5. 5. 8. 7. 3. 2. 9. 9. 4. 7. 4. 9. 0. nage 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3369 3371 3373 3374 3376 3378 3380 3381 3383 3385 3388 3389 3391 3393 3395 3396 3398 3400 3402 3404 3406 3407 3409 3413 3416 3418 3421 3424 3427 Chai ) (m ec an st 394.31 622.41 248.01 567 244 7. 8. 040.81 016.02 392.02 414.61 292.61 312.71 650.91 477.51 000.12 754.61 829.42 737.61 677.02 404.02 987.41 197.41 256.71 005.02 986.22 038.91 475.61 729 8. 432.62 544.04 611.42 735.32 215.62 739.53 376.02 Di ) m( no 618 583 557 605 575 531 454 409 438 327 311 291 354 464 421 415 375 355 249 237 340 206 192 161 192 124 131 470 499 480 467 643 545 464 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 728 770 907 768 975 561 654 488 841 329 291 959 449 251 422 865 865 936 965 654 577 360 958 842 663 351 634 918 785 897 071 037 577 585 ngi 61. 75. 83. 89. 94. 08. 23. 39. 53. 65. 81. 99. 14. 35. 50. 69. 82. 98. 14. 26. 37. 52. 68. 88. 04. 18. 25. 51. 91. 14. 37. 61. 94. 13. East 4815 4815 4815 4815 4815 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4816 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4817 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4818 4819 4819 4819 4819 4819 4820 4820 4820 4820 4821 ) m( 61 38 34 29 88 86 81 23 93 37 30 27 34 44 66 32 73 38 23 73 78 68 37 84 73 19 62 63 52 36 16 84 75 32 ngih 89222.2 89228.5 89233.9 89238.4 89245.1 89257.0 89269.9 89282.1 89291.6 89301.8 89310.1 89315.6 89319.6 89325.4 89332.6 89348.2 89358.7 89371.7 89384.5 89393.6 89402.2 89411.9 89422.7 89435.0 89445.2 89454.3 89459.0 89459.5 89467.8 89476.0 89484.1 89493.1 89506.7 89514.6 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 a Di ontip ertv 3e dn dn Cul Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ep 5m La La Pi 1. Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road ght ght shuB ste ste ste For For For lumoV­ Descri ofll Hi Hi Se 2 ) m( 6 7 4 2 5 8 1 8 9 3 7 2 2 8 4 9 3 4 9 8 7 4 3 7 7 2 3 4 0 3 6 9 3 3 anlPtnem 31 46 17 45 85 98 72 18 64 76 58 87 42 22 68 91 05 55 63 65 10 11 76 09 40 40 85 91 81 22 06 60 78 85 1. 9. 1. 6. 2. 8. 5. 2. 8. 4. 1. 6. 3. 0. 6. 1. 7. 0. 6. 2. 0. 9. 6. 4. 2. 4. 4. 4. 5. 9. 8. 9. 4. 0. nage 3294 3294 3296 3298 3301 3303 3306 3309 3311 3314 3316 3317 3320 3323 3325 3327 3329 3332 3334 3337 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3350 3353 3354 3355 3358 3362 Chai Develop ) (m ec 563 151 cialoS­ an 9. 8. st 708.11 277.52 403.62 133.62 734.62 467.62 461.62 113.62 824.61 285.51 550.62 807.62 456.62 235.51 134.52 501.32 085.62 019.62 449.72 007.91 649 334 310 7. 7. 8. 995.11 451.01 061.01 895.03 414.33 842 8. 543.11 174.52 070.63 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 614 666 675 611 540 694 692 653 623 677 572 558 683 738 688 749 730 712 642 711 734 637 598 552 588 530 080 419 025 948 418 495 715 418 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 139. 144. 143. 141. 141. 141. 141. Th El ) m( 882 439 585 358 372 693 011 675 170 960 867 797 395 843 958 636 269 906 499 231 346 228 007 089 444 097 335 581 874 438 496 240 400 892 Nam ngi 32. 39. 51. 76. 03. 29. 56. 82. 09. 35. 51. 66. 92. 18. 43. 58. 82. 05. 30. 56. 82. 00. 07. 13. 20. 27. 33. 39. 57. 76. 85. 97. 20. 50. East 4809 4809 4809 4809 4810 4810 4810 4810 4811 4811 4811 4811 4811 4812 4812 4812 4812 4813 4813 4813 4813 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4814 4815 4815 ) m( 91 89 22 85 39 90 27 70 23 85 67 92 64 46 39 96 38 00 86 10 97 77 30 26 94 49 71 29 58 21 22 88 86 34 ngih 89350.3 89347.5 89346.1 89346.1 89345.9 89345.6 89345.4 89345.1 89344.4 89343.0 89340.9 89337.9 89331.5 89324.4 89317.4 89313.6 89307.1 89301.3 89294.7 89288.2 89281.0 89275.5 89272.2 89268.3 89263.1 89253.6 89244.9 89236.6 89211.7 89184.5 89183.7 89185.6 89195.8 89215.5 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 ataDenliseaB 102 ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste Land Land Land Land Land For For For For For For For For For For For For For For ner ner ner ner ner ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For 2:re Descri Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar apt Ch ) m( 1 9 0 9 4 9 8 7 5 1 3 5 8 6 1 7 8 6 2 0 9 1 0 4 7 8 3 8 3 1 1 4 8 7 83 56 04 98 70 37 75 88 62 59 02 20 98 96 16 41 21 73 26 83 24 06 66 08 28 77 67 90 03 77 73 43 62 97 5. 6. 1. 8. 8. 2. 0. 2. 4. 3. 5. 4. 4. 6. 3. 2. 2. 8. 9. 1. 0. 2. 3. 9. 2. 2. 1. 2. 9. 9. 1. 2. 1. 1. nage 3507 3509 3515 3516 3518 3522 3524 3526 3528 3530 3534 3537 3539 3541 3544 3545 3549 3552 3556 3560 3565 3567 3569 3571 3574 3576 3578 3582 3586 3589 3594 3596 3598 3600 Chai ) (m ec an st 900.92 738.02 471.45 949.71 715.91 674.33 379.81 129.22 738.12 966.81 432.14 182.92 783.02 979.12 195.62 256 9. 801.93 518.63 525.04 569.23 418.84 812.12 600.12 424.52 203.32 491.02 895.81 235.14 125.64 738.03 960.14 703.02 194.91 349.02 Di ) m( no 317 296 334 300 265 231 232 274 276 343 851 788 784 864 809 340 310 223 205 317 895 840 851 909 918 885 942 907 838 994 028 821 841 654 evati 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. El ) m( 133 059 787 257 334 668 361 429 443 511 685 664 514 324 774 103 106 920 308 519 161 512 690 753 896 515 979 537 226 633 013 540 847 502 ngi 97. 16. 70. 88. 08. 40. 58. 78. 99. 17. 56. 84. 04. 25. 50. 59. 96. 30. 65. 87. 22. 42. 62. 85. 06. 25. 42. 73. 13. 43. 80. 97. 12. 29. East 4828 4829 4829 4829 4830 4830 4830 4830 4830 4831 4831 4831 4832 4832 4832 4832 4832 4833 4833 4833 4834 4834 4834 4834 4835 4835 4835 4835 4836 4836 4836 4836 4837 4837 ) m( 48 49 02 87 54 96 09 72 67 38 77 15 13 67 89 25 38 60 52 48 39 52 62 03 35 28 70 03 09 46 41 78 77 21 ngih 89556.7 89549.9 89541.9 89541.5 89541.0 89531.9 89525.7 89518.1 89510.6 89504.1 89491.3 89482.8 89477.1 89470.5 89462.8 89460.1 89446.2 89431.6 89412.5 89388.6 89354.3 89345.9 89337.3 89327.2 89318.0 89310.0 89302.7 89275.3 89252.1 89244.3 89224.4 89212.2 89201.2 89189.3 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 peip 3e ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste onit For For For For For For For For For For garirI 30cm ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste a For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For Hole Hole For lumoV­ Descri ofll Di Se 2 ) m( 2 7 1 3 7 5 8 7 6 5 5 6 3 5 3 7 4 8 9 6 3 1 3 0 9 3 2 3 2 6 3 2 2 1 anlPtnem 88 44 35 23 92 44 31 82 54 40 05 85 32 29 36 91 93 36 83 45 22 34 55 67 23 68 26 52 65 62 64 60 66 93 2. 5. 7. 7. 2. 1. 7. 1. 5. 5. 4. 2. 4. 4. 5. 9. 4. 9. 0. 3. 3. 4. 8. 0. 2. 1. 7. 3. 4. 5. 4. 8. 1. 5. nage 3429 3431 3433 3437 3440 3443 3446 3449 3451 3453 3456 3458 3460 3462 3464 3467 3470 3472 3475 3477 3481 3483 3484 3488 3490 3492 3493 3495 3500 3502 3503 3503 3504 3504 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 633.22 565.22 904.12 882.93 694.52 518.82 873.53 509.42 718.32 859.91 651.82 800.81 467.12 972.91 068.12 555.43 016.52 434.42 471.12 616.22 768.93 118.12 212.41 117.23 569.12 444.91 579.51 262.61 128.15 974.02 017 960 060 269 9. 3. 3. 4. Di ) m( no 6 ectjorP2 457 439 415 860 886 971 939 878 882 955 928 010 980 322 331 276 237 156 129 066 169 15 248 240 169 223 311 099 259 221 318 895 044 298 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 139. 140. 143. Th El ) m( 993 721 113 790 504 266 793 356 481 679 535 353 028 727 388 492 309 710 732 975 476 445 419 210 625 819 245 747 042 598 842 600 429 629 Nam ngi 34. 55. 75. 14. 39. 67. 02. 25. 48. 66. 95. 14. 35. 55. 76. 11. 35. 60. 81. 03. 42. 62. 75. 08. 29. 48. 64. 80. 30. 49. 58. 62. 64. 68. East 4821 4821 4821 4822 4822 4822 4823 4823 4823 4823 4823 4824 4824 4824 4824 4825 4825 4825 4825 4826 4826 4826 4826 4827 4827 4827 4827 4827 4828 4828 4828 4828 4828 4828 ) m( 58 70 84 45 11 16 05 42 06 51 72 90 59 38 22 68 51 22 12 40 19 44 98 57 52 40 84 05 37 16 02 11 81 44 ngih 89523.4 89532.2 89540.8 89550.2 89554.3 89558.7 89567.6 89575.3 89582.8 89589.1 89591.0 89591.8 89592.0 89592.3 89592.6 89595.7 89599.8 89603.6 89607.0 89610.6 89603.1 89596.0 89591.2 89589.7 89590.8 89591.8 89592.8 89593.5 89580.4 89573.1 89569.9 89568.7 89567.6 89566.2 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 ataDenliseaB m 40c 103 ontip ste ste ste ste ste Dia o e ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste UY UY UY UY UY UY UY UY For For For For For Pip For For For For For mboaB For For For For For For For For For For For For For For HO HO HO HO HO HO HO HO 2:re Descri ion apt gatirrI Ch ) m( 8 1 9 2 9 0 4 3 7 7 6 1 7 2 9 6 2 1 4 4 5 6 1 7 5 4 7 8 5 2 6 6 5 6 19 29 73 34 39 92 56 86 22 18 54 23 49 50 18 02 03 42 29 58 03 48 14 16 06 79 07 58 56 40 54 31 46 86 3. 1. 9. 4. 3. 4. 6. 8. 3. 0. 3. 4. 4. 4. 0. 0. 4. 4. 9. 7. 3. 5. 8. 8. 6. 4. 5. 1. 6. 9. 0. 5. 1. 9. nage 3713 3717 3719 3722 3727 3729 3731 3733 3737 3741 3745 3747 3749 3752 3755 3757 3759 3761 3762 3768 3773 3779 3781 3783 3785 3787 3789 3790 3790 3790 3791 3791 3792 3792 Chai ) (m ec an st 726.51 093.83 448.82 603.42 057.94 521.12 644.12 299.22 363.43 961.63 358.34 685.02 267.02 005.03 687.52 837.91 006.42 389.02 872.41 290.85 451.54 451.26 655.22 026.02 898.71 729.81 283.02 511 977 837 144 770 149 402 6. 4. 2. 1. 4. 6. 8. Di ) m( no 066 094 093 112 013 000 916 020 110 276 125 057 909 962 069 873 827 964 640 845 447 826 575 487 475 254 105 666 117 322 322 403 871 387 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 143. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 137. 133. 131. 130. 130. 132. 136. 139. El ) m( 064 642 373 076 289 488 696 581 623 351 231 842 470 219 312 141 634 626 238 696 348 946 965 868 698 342 991 133 850 625 496 034 586 909 ngi 93. 31. 59. 83. 29. 49. 69. 90. 20. 56. 96. 12. 28. 52. 74. 91. 11. 28. 40. 92. 29. 71. 83. 93. 02. 12. 28. 34. 39. 41. 42. 47. 52. 59. East 4846 4847 4847 4847 4848 4848 4848 4848 4849 4849 4849 4850 4850 4850 4850 4850 4851 4851 4851 4851 4852 4852 4852 4852 4853 4853 4853 4853 4853 4853 4853 4853 4853 4853 ) m( 00 31 37 67 23 69 63 64 51 46 06 17 55 36 79 93 29 79 41 81 45 91 67 47 27 47 58 98 10 94 48 38 32 34 ngih 88683.3 88687.5 88692.1 88696.1 88712.3 88720.4 88729.1 88737.9 88754.3 88763.6 88780.4 88793.3 88806.0 88822.8 88837.1 88847.5 88860.3 88871.2 88879.8 88906.4 88932.6 88978.9 88998.2 89015.4 89030.9 89047.1 89059.6 89061.8 89063.3 89064.6 89065.0 89065.4 89068.6 89072.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 3e ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For lumoV­ Descri ) m( 1 9 5 8 7 7 8 7 0 1 2 1 9 1 4 3 8 6 8 7 9 4 1 5 6 7 8 7 5 0 6 5 2 2 anlPtnem 41 29 50 49 80 58 27 07 47 87 72 50 59 02 15 98 16 55 57 10 66 98 45 11 24 77 68 41 13 53 74 92 53 47 3. 6. 0. 2. 7. 7. 0. 3. 7. 6. 4. 9. 0. 0. 4. 0. 7. 8. 4. 6. 1. 7. 0. 7. 9. 8. 5. 3. 0. 9. 3. 7. 7. 7. nage 3602 3603 3607 3609 3610 3614 3617 3619 3623 3625 3629 3633 3636 3638 3643 3649 3651 3652 3659 3665 3668 3670 3676 3681 3683 3685 3690 3695 3698 3702 3705 3707 3709 3711 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 434.12 888.21 206.43 993.12 309.51 780.93 691.22 799.22 393.44 401.91 851.73 778.44 098.12 422.91 133.45 829.65 184.62 388.11 022.66 530.16 561.52 315.62 467.25 663.65 132.22 530.91 911.64 729.74 718.62 396.94 216.42 178.42 608.91 940.91 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 446 676 844 816 786 416 278 128 238 179 587 740 020 244 411 188 399 522 132 364 311 438 488 611 588 515 556 674 567 978 984 012 920 135 eun evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 142. Th El ) m( 016 480 517 449 631 606 704 634 246 679 619 739 918 993 299 596 150 128 552 390 387 482 364 021 775 505 555 806 635 595 256 795 470 068 Nam ngi 46. 57. 87. 07. 22. 54. 70. 86. 18. 32. 67. 06. 22. 37. 79. 26. 48. 38. 95. 50. 72. 96. 41. 94. 15. 34. 80. 22. 43. 90. 14. 38. 58. 77. East 4837 4837 4837 4838 4838 4838 4838 4838 4839 4839 4839 4840 4840 4840 4840 4841 4841 4841 4841 4842 4842 4842 4843 4843 4844 4844 4844 4845 4845 4845 4846 4846 4846 4846 ) m( 37 89 12 98 25 82 05 56 55 91 63 82 35 22 32 93 41 50 99 88 35 11 49 45 92 60 84 45 80 69 83 95 60 80 ngih 89176.7 89169.1 89154.1 89145.3 89139.7 89116.7 89100.5 89084.2 89053.6 89040.5 89026.1 89004.1 88990.3 88977.4 88943.9 88911.5 88896.4 88903.1 88868.8 88840.8 88829.1 88817.3 88790.6 88769.7 88764.3 88759.7 88750.5 88728.1 88711.4 88696.2 88693.5 88690.2 88687.9 88685.2 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 ataDenliseaB 104 ontip eld eld eld eld Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re Descri Padd Padd Padd Padd apt Ch ) m( 4 9 1 6 8 3 0 1 5 2 9 0 8 3 5 9 7 3 8 4 0 0 0 6 4 3 7 9 3 2 6 1 8 8 89 45 66 82 44 57 93 39 99 36 38 89 79 77 54 94 96 24 73 13 98 88 45 51 08 07 20 14 88 11 66 30 57 17 2. 9. 4. 3. 8. 1. 6. 3. 8. 4. 9. 8. 8. 6. 5. 1. 8. 7. 2. 8. 2. 5. 1. 6. 4. 9. 4. 0. 8. 1. 6. 2. 8. 9. nage 3884 3886 3889 3891 3893 3897 3899 3902 3904 3907 3909 3911 3913 3915 3918 3921 3923 3926 3929 3931 3934 3936 3939 3941 3944 3947 3950 3953 3955 3959 3962 3965 3967 3970 Chai ) (m ec an st 085.62 565.62 202.52 165.91 622.42 125.33 358.52 461.62 604.52 367.52 027.52 500.91 909.91 975.71 771.82 404.62 019.72 276.82 496.52 395.52 846.42 900.22 570.52 065.52 568.72 990.43 134.52 941.52 735.82 229.23 554.53 635.52 278.62 600.03 Di ) m( no 931 864 781 821 787 713 730 771 606 697 366 109 437 559 495 451 813 147 134 357 378 768 569 668 480 446 301 118 949 710 606 520 475 535 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El ) m( 722 368 120 771 926 088 651 246 172 993 143 128 186 361 459 262 500 596 688 176 863 976 392 391 605 217 104 544 608 955 865 250 723 763 ngi 05. 31. 57. 76. 00. 33. 59. 85. 11. 36. 61. 80. 00. 18. 44. 69. 94. 19. 43. 67. 90. 11. 35. 58. 83. 11. 30. 47. 66. 86. 17. 39. 61. 87. East 4862 4862 4862 4862 4863 4863 4863 4863 4864 4864 4864 4864 4865 4865 4865 4865 4865 4866 4866 4866 4866 4867 4867 4867 4867 4868 4868 4868 4868 4868 4869 4869 4869 4869 ) m( 05 88 33 67 71 00 75 31 74 22 48 32 14 87 45 70 04 16 20 24 80 98 16 26 60 94 87 32 40 60 35 81 57 27 ngih 89338.9 89338.6 89339.8 89339.8 89337.5 89336.8 89336.8 89336.5 89335.7 89332.7 89330.3 89330.6 89328.6 89324.5 89314.1 89303.7 89293.1 89281.1 89273.1 89264.1 89254.1 89245.7 89235.8 89225.6 89214.9 89194.1 89177.3 89157.8 89136.6 89111.1 89093.7 89079.6 89065.8 89049.7 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 3e ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For For For For Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ Descri ) m( 6 5 6 7 0 4 7 6 6 3 0 8 6 0 7 5 3 0 8 9 0 9 3 4 7 5 8 5 4 3 2 3 6 9 anlPtnem 72 78 91 65 93 22 43 01 83 13 21 78 61 76 57 99 95 36 19 62 98 95 50 25 27 16 70 72 44 97 86 11 70 80 8. 0. 6. 6. 5. 3. 3. 1. 0. 1. 8. 4. 5. 3. 4. 0. 2. 4. 1. 9. 4. 1. 4. 1. 2. 0. 6. 3. 1. 1. 7. 4. 9. 6. nage 3793 3795 3796 3797 3798 3800 3803 3805 3808 3810 3811 3814 3816 3818 3822 3826 3829 3832 3836 3840 3843 3846 3847 3849 3853 3856 3858 3861 3864 3867 3873 3876 3878 3881 Chai Develop ) (m ec 860 cialoS­ an 8. st 059.21 131.61 741 273 9. 9. 294.71 212.03 580.71 819.92 297.02 077.71 578.62 828.02 144.81 817.04 419.63 958.13 407.13 838.63 431.84 350.52 980.62 544.21 751.61 023.14 888.72 543.62 017.72 719.72 529.03 889.56 251.62 593.52 103.72 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 740 970 307 620 706 985 159 037 970 439 803 735 513 431 521 385 617 831 155 693 649 702 716 613 245 201 040 229 985 744 581 829 928 962 eun evati 139. 139. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. Th El ) m( 139 995 663 071 739 716 178 645 293 955 392 127 154 404 661 080 000 230 105 703 660 658 953 275 555 564 112 136 256 255 253 535 900 881 Nam ngi 65. 76. 90. 98. 05. 22. 51. 68. 98. 16. 27. 43. 57. 69. 08. 44. 74. 04. 38. 83. 07. 30. 42. 58. 98. 25. 51. 77. 04. 34. 00. 26. 52. 79. East 4853 4853 4853 4853 4854 4854 4854 4854 4854 4855 4855 4855 4855 4855 4856 4856 4856 4857 4857 4857 4858 4858 4858 4858 4858 4859 4859 4859 4860 4860 4861 4861 4861 4861 ) m( 23 12 17 31 42 42 00 46 48 97 50 08 94 80 78 32 68 88 37 91 98 07 49 59 37 90 12 42 62 27 46 27 33 02 ngih 89079.3 89084.9 89093.3 89099.2 89104.1 89108.6 89116.6 89121.9 89123.7 89132.5 89145.9 89166.8 89182.4 89196.0 89208.9 89215.4 89226.4 89235.6 89248.6 89266.8 89275.8 89288.6 89293.5 89298.0 89307.0 89314.3 89320.8 89326.5 89332.7 89338.9 89342.3 89341.2 89339.5 89339.0 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 ataDenliseaB 105 ontip k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT ste Land Land Land Land Land For ner ner ner ner ner ste ste For For 2:re Descri Bar Bar Bar Bar Bar apt Ch ) m( 4 5 7 6 6 6 9 5 5 2 2 6 9 7 3 3 5 4 6 6 6 0 2 5 1 7 6 4 2 3 7 1 7 9 69 23 31 43 06 95 49 41 06 42 33 58 47 42 85 27 88 22 86 96 57 14 21 93 52 93 89 90 26 29 63 34 88 49 1. 2. 7. 2. 6. 0. 4. 8. 4. 9. 5. 0. 5. 1. 0. 1. 6. 3. 9. 7. 2. 7. 9. 3. 9. 9. 8. 0. 9. 8. 1. 8. 2. 0. nage 4058 4060 4061 4065 4067 4070 4072 4076 4079 4081 4084 4087 4089 4092 4094 4097 4099 4102 4104 4107 4110 4112 4115 4119 4122 4125 4129 4133 4135 4137 4141 4144 4148 4151 Chai ) (m ec an st 897.32 540.02 082.51 119.53 630.32 891.42 543.32 916.34 650.52 357.52 910.52 253.52 893.42 948.52 426.91 420.03 613.52 338.62 642.62 100.82 609.42 565.42 072.23 723.43 586.53 416.03 959.83 008.23 359.82 031.91 343.33 704.63 545.43 612.72 Di ) m( no 378 210 183 329 452 353 235 430 395 507 505 500 613 650 663 743 687 716 730 691 504 308 294 309 318 322 286 370 683 554 506 476 500 642 evati 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El ) m( 460 027 608 672 390 219 554 197 651 337 075 592 637 084 899 217 101 209 045 624 504 091 093 270 441 436 885 306 022 881 855 353 060 562 ngi 64. 79. 90. 13. 28. 43. 57. 79. 92. 04. 16. 27. 36. 47. 56. 67. 80. 90. 00. 12. 26. 38. 54. 73. 93. 08. 25. 38. 49. 50. 54. 52. 56. 55. East 4876 4876 4876 4877 4877 4877 4877 4877 4877 4878 4878 4878 4878 4878 4878 4878 4878 4878 4879 4879 4879 4879 4879 4879 4879 4880 4880 4880 4880 4880 4880 4880 4880 4880 ) m( 78 82 34 93 49 84 20 67 38 15 35 85 77 13 14 50 33 15 56 28 80 59 79 33 79 08 27 97 83 77 25 90 40 38 ngih 88512.3 88499.0 88488.9 88461.8 88443.4 88424.2 88405.0 88367.1 88344.7 88322.7 88299.6 88276.7 88253.7 88230.1 88213.2 88184.7 88162.3 88138.3 88113.4 88088.0 88067.7 88046.1 88018.4 87989.2 87959.8 87933.7 87898.6 87869.3 87843.0 87824.0 87791.0 87754.3 87720.0 87692.4 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 3e ontip eld eld eld Fiy Fiy Fiy ste ste ste ste ste ste k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k Road Road Road For For For For For For acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT acrT lumoV­ Descri Padd Padd Padd ) m( 9 7 6 6 8 6 2 0 7 8 3 5 0 8 7 9 9 0 5 3 0 6 7 0 8 2 8 8 0 4 0 9 0 7 anlPtnem 27 11 72 98 48 95 78 14 98 73 93 97 99 16 07 12 45 97 56 12 29 15 84 84 70 92 00 48 97 29 52 99 01 79 4. 0. 2. 4. 0. 8. 9. 1. 1. 5. 4. 3. 9. 9. 8. 5. 6. 4. 6. 2. 9. 5. 5. 9. 8. 4. 8. 2. 2. 3. 2. 8. 1. 7. nage 3973 3976 3978 3980 3982 3982 3982 3983 3983 3986 3989 3992 3996 3999 4003 4006 4008 4013 4015 4018 4020 4023 4026 4028 4030 4035 4037 4040 4042 4045 4046 4048 4053 4055 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 100.52 838.52 609.22 260.22 503.51 468 826 358 847 8. 0. 1. 0. 751.33 194.92 042.92 015.64 178.92 909.83 052.72 330.12 511.84 595.12 557.52 168.72 866.52 691.03 994.32 867.81 214.64 087.32 480.42 482.02 324.03 225 9. 479.62 012.24 787.62 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 208 178 191 256 260 262 593 583 229 467 442 515 420 489 552 266 488 497 494 609 658 661 680 716 643 522 615 758 741 709 762 644 392 447 eun evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. Th El ) m( 796 665 007 565 518 160 177 728 895 036 567 251 411 714 578 801 016 652 985 425 141 742 087 945 437 209 786 041 644 961 404 431 713 545 Nam ngi 08. 30. 49. 68. 81. 89. 89. 90. 91. 17. 32. 53. 87. 10. 41. 66. 84. 20. 31. 45. 68. 90. 16. 37. 53. 90. 06. 24. 40. 62. 69. 92. 24. 45. East 4870 4870 4870 4870 4870 4870 4870 4870 4870 4871 4871 4871 4871 4872 4872 4872 4872 4873 4873 4873 4873 4873 4874 4874 4874 4874 4875 4875 4875 4875 4875 4875 4876 4876 ) m( 53 21 77 46 73 59 24 10 59 55 01 00 11 88 91 50 97 12 29 12 92 52 57 48 92 39 67 74 50 02 89 61 11 16 ngih 89036.4 89022.7 89010.6 88998.8 88990.8 88986.3 88985.9 88985.2 88984.7 88963.2 88938.3 88917.6 88886.6 88869.0 88846.0 88834.2 88823.4 88790.6 88772.2 88750.8 88735.6 88722.3 88706.7 88694.9 88685.1 88657.7 88640.8 88623.6 88611.3 88590.2 88584.4 88570.8 88543.9 88527.5 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 ataDenliseaB 106 ontip k k acrT acrT ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste UY UY UY UY UY ste ste Land Land Land For For For For For For For For For For For For HO HO HO HO HO For For ner ner ner ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For 2:re Descri Bar Bar Bar apt Ch ) m( 4 9 0 9 9 3 7 4 2 4 4 0 5 8 7 7 0 5 2 3 2 7 7 4 5 7 6 7 0 1 3 2 9 4 00 48 37 62 72 26 07 77 57 80 24 73 12 34 07 94 73 71 50 44 80 73 91 66 99 59 69 67 94 65 79 37 48 10 9. 6. 4. 9. 2. 7. 0. 1. 2. 6. 9. 7. 7. 5. 4. 8. 9. 3. 0. 5. 9. 9. 2. 1. 3. 1. 5. 3. 4. 4. 0. 5. 2. 9. nage 4257 4259 4264 4266 4273 4279 4282 4287 4289 4291 4293 4298 4301 4304 4306 4306 4306 4307 4308 4309 4311 4314 4317 4320 4322 4327 4329 4332 4334 4339 4342 4344 4346 4348 Chai ) (m ec an st 052.23 485.71 881.74 259.52 100.36 534.46 813.22 697.15 798.02 232.42 440.22 486.84 395.92 223.82 729.81 870 782 985 787 4. 0. 3. 6. 941.41 358.42 935.92 180.32 747.82 331.22 603.74 099.42 981.72 262.12 712.94 142.62 579.42 117.71 615.62 Di ) m( no 756 157 126 886 447 835 877 143 010 899 076 869 083 250 245 567 496 159 150 129 587 516 916 008 259 203 223 210 194 173 171 155 152 101 evati 142. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 142. 143. 142. 143. 143. 143. 139. 139. 142. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. El ) m( 777 841 605 786 674 746 633 211 288 394 622 081 150 682 910 490 989 889 699 862 901 559 430 124 915 585 578 237 062 459 424 526 739 169 ngi 34. 41. 70. 90. 34. 59. 62. 80. 90. 02. 13. 39. 56. 69. 69. 68. 67. 67. 67. 66. 70. 84. 96. 16. 31. 48. 62. 79. 92. 28. 50. 70. 84. 06. East 4886 4886 4886 4886 4887 4887 4887 4887 4887 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4888 4889 4889 4889 4889 4889 4889 4890 4890 4890 4890 4891 ) m( 19 50 39 66 33 25 70 19 89 20 62 39 93 75 47 89 09 24 36 90 47 06 50 65 86 10 11 85 73 84 08 19 44 83 ngih 86840.7 86824.4 86786.6 86771.3 86725.9 86666.5 86643.8 86595.3 86577.4 86556.2 86536.5 86495.5 86471.4 86446.5 86427.8 86423.0 86422.3 86418.3 86411.5 86396.6 86372.6 86346.6 86326.2 86305.9 86289.5 86245.1 86225.7 86203.3 86186.1 86152.6 86137.8 86123.8 86114.4 86099.3 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 3e ontip eld eld eld eld eld ste ste ste ste Land Land Land Land k For For For For ner ner ner ner Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy Fiy ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste annel annel annel annel annel For For For For For Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch For For For For For For For For For For acrT lumoV­ Descri Bar Bar Bar Bar Padd Padd Padd Padd Padd ) m( 0 6 5 8 9 7 6 2 4 1 3 6 3 3 1 1 7 5 3 7 3 7 0 2 1 8 5 9 4 0 9 6 8 2 anlPtnem 51 71 51 33 35 23 65 29 72 15 27 31 71 75 35 44 83 01 41 01 88 03 10 23 83 91 63 60 70 09 74 70 23 95 8. 5. 1. 2. 3. 6. 4. 1. 6. 1. 6. 4. 5. 0. 7. 3. 2. 6. 8. 9. 9. 2. 6. 3. 4. 4. 2. 5. 8. 2. 8. 3. 0. 6. nage 4155 4160 4165 4170 4172 4174 4176 4181 4183 4186 4188 4191 4197 4200 4202 4205 4207 4211 4213 4213 4213 4214 4215 4219 4221 4227 4229 4235 4237 4242 4244 4247 4250 4254 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 011.84 205.74 800.54 822.05 021.12 878.22 419.81 636.64 432.52 427.42 121.52 043.82 397.16 040.52 598.62 089.62 396.91 179.34 398.22 604 866 154 0. 0. 2. 063.41 132.73 599.12 087.06 717.71 973.26 095.32 386.34 659.62 956.42 532.62 714.64 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 779 662 879 826 734 710 669 541 536 717 549 398 360 345 195 360 178 774 154 131 143 400 695 839 694 825 092 243 089 244 912 998 876 802 eun evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 140. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. Th El ) m( 915 617 525 376 156 709 123 387 571 830 674 362 686 438 467 374 085 922 518 650 713 321 010 314 417 897 245 731 461 610 781 921 483 200 Nam ngi 61. 56. 55. 86. 01. 17. 31. 55. 68. 79. 89. 01. 38. 56. 76. 95. 09. 40. 55. 56. 56. 57. 62. 84. 00. 37. 51. 96. 10. 41. 60. 79. 99. 23. East 4880 4880 4880 4880 4881 4881 4881 4881 4881 4881 4881 4882 4882 4882 4882 4882 4883 4883 4883 4883 4883 4883 4883 4883 4884 4884 4884 4884 4885 4885 4885 4885 4885 4886 ) m( 46 89 05 97 48 50 52 24 30 83 08 54 87 63 18 16 67 90 78 13 03 88 95 03 43 36 45 37 48 07 26 62 09 37 ngih 87644.8 87597.8 87552.1 87511.8 87497.1 87481.1 87468.4 87428.7 87406.5 87384.6 87361.8 87336.3 87287.6 87270.4 87252.8 87234.6 87221.2 87190.9 87174.8 87174.3 87173.5 87171.4 87158.2 87128.7 87114.5 87067.2 87056.0 87011.6 86993.2 86962.8 86944.2 86928.0 86910.8 86870.5 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ataDenliseaB 107 ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste Land Land Land For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For ner ner ner 2:re Descri Bar Bar Bar apt Ch ) m( 9 7 4 3 1 2 5 8 5 4 9 0 1 4 3 4 1 7 1 7 1 7 6 0 9 87 20 17 66 49 21 61 92 30 71 20 99 71 18 76 40 88 57 58 92 81 58 90 93 28 9. 7. 9. 9. 2. 1. 6. 4. 9. 9. 0. 5. 7. 4. 9. 1. 6. 4. 2. 9. 2. 4. 9. 0. 9. nage 4429 4431 4433 4435 4438 4441 4443 4448 4450 4452 4456 4458 4460 4466 4468 4475 4476 4481 4486 4487 4493 4498 4499 4502 4503 Chai ) (m ec an st 742.66 328.71 968.12 489.02 828.22 720.82 403.52 313.84 377.42 408.02 495.03 781.52 721.12 473.65 579.52 641.16 477.51 696.74 004.84 345.71 884.25 776.15 319.51 024.12 359.81 Di ) m( no 301 257 406 261 243 229 265 188 266 251 301 361 394 830 673 053 802 263 698 683 164 132 118 141 186 evati 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 141. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. El ) m( 466 663 140 000 533 895 696 936 236 149 359 848 853 936 125 365 982 843 841 789 090 146 366 450 966 ngi 25. 36. 50. 63. 77. 95. 11. 49. 70. 87. 13. 35. 54. 96. 13. 51. 60. 86. 96. 92. 90. 77. 70. 61. 52. East 4898 4898 4898 4898 4898 4898 4899 4899 4899 4899 4900 4900 4900 4900 4901 4901 4901 4901 4901 4901 4901 4901 4901 4901 4901 ) m( 51 64 78 26 78 66 32 36 34 75 77 01 81 88 59 75 33 64 57 04 05 75 13 21 72 ngih 86199.1 86212.7 86229.9 86245.8 86263.5 86285.7 86305.4 86335.2 86347.7 86358.5 86374.4 86388.0 86399.3 86436.7 86456.0 86504.5 86517.3 86557.2 86604.2 86621.3 86674.1 86724.3 86738.0 86756.7 86773.0 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 3e ontip ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For For lumoV­ Descri ) m( 2 1 1 2 0 0 8 8 3 0 4 1 5 9 8 3 6 8 7 0 8 3 1 9 0 7 anlPtnem 46 59 63 10 57 61 96 90 87 19 06 94 23 49 15 89 02 18 95 36 45 38 94 22 06 13 0. 7. 1. 9. 8. 4. 9. 6. 2. 9. 5. 6. 9. 7. 6. 0. 6. 7. 5. 2. 8. 4. 1. 6. 2. 3. nage 4351 4353 4356 4358 4364 4367 4369 4372 4375 4377 4380 4382 4387 4390 4392 4397 4399 4401 4403 4408 4410 4413 4416 4418 4421 4423 Chai Develop ) (m ec cialoS­ an st 358.12 129.72 040.42 471.72 468.95 040.62 358.52 940.62 965.52 317.62 874.52 877.12 294.25 264.82 659.81 734.44 133.52 162.12 769.81 403.64 098.62 924.52 558.72 288.42 831.52 077.12 Di ) m( ectjorP2 no 235 199 409 488 021 025 094 068 062 079 062 035 125 284 134 111 139 234 293 076 300 287 307 316 356 275 eun evati 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. Th El ) m( 784 198 676 153 691 256 704 398 273 860 354 608 541 400 744 988 436 103 009 597 663 773 106 280 508 899 Nam ngi 24. 46. 66. 89. 44. 69. 94. 20. 46. 72. 97. 18. 71. 99. 17. 58. 80. 99. 15. 54. 75. 96. 18. 38. 58. 75. East 4891 4891 4891 4891 4892 4892 4892 4893 4893 4893 4893 4894 4894 4894 4895 4895 4895 4895 4896 4896 4896 4896 4897 4897 4897 4897 ) m( 27 37 73 26 60 74 99 84 31 38 55 29 31 36 30 16 20 88 66 29 43 29 13 02 88 57 ngih 86087.2 86071.8 86058.2 86042.7 86019.7 86014.2 86009.1 86003.6 85998.7 85993.3 85988.1 85983.7 85983.8 85988.4 85991.3 86008.2 86020.8 86030.7 86039.5 86064.9 86080.9 86096.1 86112.4 86127.0 86142.2 86154.5 Nort 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 No. 2005yarunaJ 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 ataDenliseaB mc mc ontip 03 06 108 Dia Dia scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re De epiP Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road epiP Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road apt eelst eelst Ch ) m( 513 064 092 942 669 079 219 541 947 285 917 634 232 054 786 417 580 565 884 979 974 310 658 405 891 381 352 617 599 226 092 141 009 889 689 841 130 721 nage 755. 781. 806. 834. 856. 884. 913. 941. 968. 995. 1021. 1049. 1077. 1104. 1126. 1154. 1182. 1209. 1237. 1269. 1299. 1328. 1354. 1381. 1409. 1436. 1462. 1490. 1519. 1548. 1578. 1607. 1634. 1662. 1689. 1717. 1755. 1782. Chai ) m( cen 243. 055. 803. 086. 672. 941. 014. 233. 641. 734. 262. 672. 760. 182. 273. 063. 317. 499. 932. 508. 500. 534. 834. 675. 649. 949. 097. 527. 198. 663. 587. 906. 786. 088. 980. 216. 829. 159. sta 23 26 24 28 22 27 29 27 27 26 26 27 27 27 22 28 27 27 27 32 29 28 26 26 27 26 26 28 29 28 29 28 27 28 26 27 37 27 Di ) m( on 465 432 433 400 408 342 348 482 208 089 080 135 998 856 862 954 190 299 192 213 332 356 385 399 413 557 735 781 953 999 915 004 385 162 204 034 260 208 evati 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 138. 138. 138. 138. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. El (m) 472 048 097 478 506 897 493 694 066 246 028 592 081 849 130 846 939 986 369 969 637 519 037 397 177 883 566 868 611 076 196 520 585 071 694 259 442 429 gni astE 483422. 483397. 483374. 483348. 483327. 483301. 483274. 483248. 483223. 483198. 483173. 483148. 483122. 483096. 483076. 483049. 483023. 482997. 482971. 482940. 482912. 482885. 482860. 482835. 482809. 482784. 482759. 482732. 482705. 482677. 482649. 482622. 482595. 482569. 482543. 482517. 482485. 482462. (m) ng 30.369 39.391 48.435 59.388 67.431 78.009 87.435 95.911 07.988 17.509 26.086 36.728 46.043 56.419 63.922 73.632 82.917 90.963 01.757 11.733 20.286 30.050 39.140 48.537 57.882 67.085 75.414 85.271 94.424 02.319 11.914 20.609 28.984 38.432 46.836 56.227 75.279 90.779 hi Nort 18738 18738 18738 18738 18738 18738 18738 18738 18739 18739 18739 18739 18739 18739 18739 18739 18739 18739 18740 18740 18740 18740 18740 18740 18740 18740 18740 18740 18740 18741 18741 18741 18741 18741 18741 18741 18741 18741 No. 83 93 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 06 16 26 36 46 56 66 76 86 96 07 17 27 37 47 57 la la ia analC Can Can analC 3e ontip y y y y y y y onit onit Bangf ua ua ua ua ua ua ua scri Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road gairrI gairrI Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Xe De of onitagrirIfo onitagrirIfo of lumoV­ m Ber omttoB omttoB m Ber Bank,t ) m( anlPtnem 0 1 1 1 3 6 5 7 8 Lef nage 00 07 57 40 47 98 97 68 54 782 531 776 128 047 494 121 851 560 209 350 355 274 640 621 259 328 497 106 851 040 809 948 039 246 451 214 081 of 0. 13. 14. 16. 27. 37. 44. 69. 98. 128. 144. 149. 180. 205. 232. 255. 278. 302. 328. 354. 355. 357. 359. 394. 418. 443. 468. 494. 520. 545. 570. 597. 622. 658. 683. 708. 732. Chai Develop tiona ) m( cen 000 071. 500 830 072. 513. 989 712. 861. 730. 875. 524 135. 892. 745. 663. 073. 871. 864. 115. 500 892 637 098. 763. 907. 917. 861. 575. 819. 976. 914. 009. 721. 521. 276. 687. cialoS­ Locd 0. sta 13 1. 1. 11 10 6. 24 28 29 15 5. 31 24 26 22 23 23 26 25 1. 1. 1. 35 24 24 24 25 25 24 25 26 25 35 24 25 23 Di ann ) m( ectjorP2 on 331 471 507 251 338 042 229 370 378 468 501 890 800 891 881 972 860 915 821 192 334 379 129 823 642 561 540 535 507 464 588 644 514 737 712 684 617 eun evatiolE evati 138. 129. 129. 131. 137. 138. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 140. 139. 139. 140. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. El Th (m) 342 612 727 569 679 325 955 680 224 149 581 756 380 209 810 330 046 334 844 581 657 080 874 130 981 442 802 094 128 439 619 770 250 998 209 365 415 Nam nates, gni diro astE 484142. 484129. 484127. 484125. 484114. 484104. 484097. 484073. 484044. 484014. 483999. 483993. 483964. 483940. 483916. 483895. 483873. 483851. 483826. 483803. 483801. 483800. 483798. 483765. 483741. 483717. 483693. 483668. 483643. 483619. 483594. 483569. 483545. 483511. 483488. 483465. 483443. Co (m) 2-2: ng 13.638 15.232 15.415 15.638 16.989 18.271 19.124 22.138 25.658 29.284 31.221 31.894 41.437 50.664 60.579 68.981 77.534 86.383 96.342 05.653 06.209 06.910 07.517 18.069 24.854 31.678 38.505 45.590 52.597 59.397 66.514 73.888 80.740 94.106 02.666 12.260 21.051 hi Nort 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18736 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18737 18738 18738 18738 Annex No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 02 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92 03 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB cm 0 ontip 10 109 a Di scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re De Culvert e apt Pip Ch ) m( 050 337 296 332 359 250 396 860 903 782 055 119 272 044 899 157 088 860 386 444 708 569 983 213 201 421 060 281 431 136 340 628 607 441 866 567 640 416 nage 2939. 2967. 2995. 3028. 3054. 3082. 3109. 3138. 3164. 3192. 3219. 3246. 3274. 3319. 3346. 3372. 3399. 3428. 3454. 3481. 3508. 3536. 3564. 3611. 3638. 3665. 3692. 3719. 3748. 3776. 3804. 3831. 3858. 3886. 3913. 3943. 3972. 3999. Chai ) m( cen 733. 728. 896. 603. 702. 090. 614. 447. 304. 888. 227. 406. 316. 177. 585. 727. 092. 279. 551. 806. 426. 086. 442. 922. 800. 022. 864. 122. 015. 470. 421. 828. 898. 383. 542. 070. 308. 577. sta 28 28 27 32 26 27 27 28 26 27 27 27 27 45 27 25 27 28 26 26 27 28 27 46 26 27 26 27 29 28 27 27 26 27 27 30 28 27 Di ) m( on 612 698 961 719 870 598 342 430 310 394 498 526 680 096 238 157 347 664 648 676 759 860 942 853 926 881 710 564 637 977 850 979 010 090 098 112 082 769 evati 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. El (m) 283 078 321 591 164 802 304 493 542 063 745 035 429 817 911 361 787 927 004 453 509 587 642 567 970 585 603 986 290 639 523 578 770 188 573 125 937 645 gni astE 481727. 481714. 481703. 481689. 481677. 481664. 481652. 481641. 481630. 481619. 481607. 481595. 481582. 481559. 481544. 481529. 481513. 481496. 481482. 481467. 481451. 481436. 481422. 481401. 481391. 481381. 481373. 481363. 481354. 481343. 481334. 481324. 481316. 481307. 481298. 481288. 481278. 481270. (m) ng 67.243 93.098 18.434 47.891 71.872 95.565 20.507 46.707 70.557 96.206 20.776 45.380 69.637 08.425 31.181 52.043 74.362 96.970 19.283 41.463 64.160 87.783 11.085 53.288 77.877 03.159 28.742 54.085 81.441 08.072 33.754 59.912 85.337 11.445 37.311 65.724 92.311 18.632 hi Nort 18750 18750 18751 18751 18751 18751 18752 18752 18752 18752 18753 18753 18753 18754 18754 18754 18754 18754 18755 18755 18755 18755 18756 18756 18756 18757 18757 18757 18757 18758 18758 18758 18758 18759 18759 18759 18759 18760 No. 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 291 301 311 321 331 341 351 361 371 381 391 401 411 421 431 441 451 461 471 481 491 501 511 3e ontip scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road De lumoV­ ) m( anlPtnem 075 253 618 375 551 270 222 333 818 862 968 620 707 182 961 048 669 555 537 296 712 464 301 013 733 936 693 933 524 815 807 412 044 300 287 542 204 722 nage 1809. 1837. 1864. 1892. 1944. 1978. 2000. 2028. 2056. 2085. 2112. 2141. 2169. 2198. 2227. 2255. 2283. 2311. 2339. 2365. 2393. 2438. 2466. 2493. 2520. 2548. 2576. 2604. 2633. 2661. 2715. 2742. 2769. 2797. 2824. 2853. 2881. 2910. Chai Develop ) m( cen 335. 818. 537. 676. 617. 872. 195. 112. 548. 405. 610. 166. 708. 448. 977. 608. 162. 589. 198. 876. 643. 174. 684. 171. 072. 321. 676. 024. 059. 128. 199. 461. 163. 626. 699. 526. 166. 851. cialoS­ sta 27 27 27 27 51 33 22 28 28 28 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 27 28 25 27 45 27 27 27 28 27 28 29 28 54 26 27 27 27 28 28 28 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 084 054 926 003 633 676 613 629 749 991 138 205 194 079 975 047 111 488 236 185 029 883 833 705 673 642 700 731 768 829 751 724 723 673 632 547 610 602 evati 140. 140. 139. 140. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 140. 140. 140. 140. 139. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. 139. eun El Th (m) 937 091 911 618 719 430 417 348 317 853 920 869 245 618 014 045 066 281 379 419 442 990 647 110 267 506 003 974 029 262 035 825 951 553 974 556 951 036 Nam gni astE 482441. 482420. 482399. 482377. 482340. 482317. 482301. 482281. 482260. 482240. 482221. 482200. 482180. 482160. 482142. 482121. 482100. 482081. 482061. 482043. 482025. 481996. 481977. 481959. 481940. 481921. 481903. 481884. 481865. 481848. 481821. 481810. 481799. 481787. 481775. 481763. 481752. 481739. (m) ng 08.098 25.522 43.430 61.065 97.169 21.143 37.220 57.069 76.295 96.115 15.867 35.592 55.728 76.286 98.623 18.162 37.039 56.578 77.238 95.831 16.192 50.706 71.448 91.110 11.074 32.006 52.724 73.504 95.835 17.715 64.868 88.970 13.631 38.591 63.623 89.575 15.305 41.263 hi Nort 18742 18742 18742 18742 18742 18743 18743 18743 18743 18743 18744 18744 18744 18744 18744 18745 18745 18745 18745 18745 18746 18746 18746 18746 18747 18747 18747 18747 18747 18748 18748 18748 18749 18749 18749 18749 18750 18750 No. 67 77 87 97 08 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 98 09 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99 001 011 021 031 041 051 061 071 081 091 101 111 121 131 2005yarunaJ y 50 ataDenliseaB a analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC ouaH( analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC 110 ontip onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit m 2 noit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit Ditrev onit onit scri gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI 2xt Hae) gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI Cul cm gairrI gairrI 2:re De of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of Pipe of of m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m Culver m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m ofl m m apt Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Box Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Sel Ber Ber Ch 2 ) m( 149 104 314 818 782 500 620 615 944 273 089 927 580 861 848 192 815 368 632 772 745 382 913 031 991 993 459 991 777 135 379 436 051 543 536 589 788 054 nage 5042. 5070. 5097. 5124. 5152. 5180. 5209. 5236. 5264. 5292. 5319. 5347. 5375. 5403. 5429. 5453. 5486. 5515. 5543. 5569. 5609. 5638. 5667. 5695. 5723. 5750. 5771. 5783. 5801. 5825. 5847. 5867. 5908. 5935. 5961. 5973. 5999. 6026. Chai ) m( cen 247. 496. 021. 450. 397. 772. 012. 500. 933. 833. 581. 884. 266. 128. 698. 334. 362. 255. 427. 014. 297. 664. 152. 712. 096. 201. 546. 254. 578. 736. 424. 706. 462. 249. 299. 305. 920. 527. sta 31 27 27 27 27 27 29 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 26 23 33 29 27 26 40 28 29 27 28 27 21 11 18 23 22 19 40 27 26 12 25 26 Di ) m( on 352 342 247 367 308 307 316 328 312 427 333 187 135 095 127 094 454 308 356 489 441 540 317 257 198 281 478 519 609 258 596 621 618 472 378 831 960 851 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El (m) 454 695 926 950 678 217 931 460 988 435 793 390 247 937 844 495 967 044 565 731 554 761 912 125 985 505 725 505 706 253 364 576 807 739 857 680 982 634 gni astE 481426. 481429. 481431. 481435. 481437. 481440. 481443. 481446. 481448. 481451. 481454. 481457. 481459. 481462. 481465. 481466. 481469. 481478. 481484. 481491. 481492. 481493. 481493. 481493. 481493. 481493. 481496. 481501. 481511. 481525. 481537. 481547. 481564. 481575. 481586. 481592. 481605. 481618. (m) ng 36.051 63.370 90.308 17.546 44.802 72.427 01.333 28.684 56.471 84.178 11.613 39.370 66.503 94.463 21.026 44.336 77.540 05.499 32.228 57.386 97.663 26.318 55.470 83.181 11.277 38.478 59.810 69.904 85.483 04.897 23.770 40.618 7.278 02.123 26.096 37.210 59.498 82.528 hi Nort 18770 18770 18770 18771 18771 18771 18772 18772 18772 18772 18773 18773 18773 18773 18774 18774 18774 18775 18775 18775 18775 18776 18776 18776 18777 18777 18777 18777 18777 18778 18778 18778 187787 18779 18779 18779 18779 18779 No. 901 911 921 931 941 951 961 971 981 991 002 012 022 032 042 052 062 072 082 092 102 112 122 132 142 152 162 172 182 192 202 212 222 232 242 252 262 272 analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC 3e ontip onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI De of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of lumoV­ m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber ) m( anlPtnem 448 024 502 752 706 495 745 811 409 865 909 464 079 573 699 880 931 272 737 086 197 884 331 328 874 165 149 368 689 625 256 018 744 904 418 328 555 676 nage 4026. 4043. 4077. 4097. 4123. 4150. 4177. 4204. 4230. 4257. 4297. 4317. 4343. 4369. 4394. 4421. 4441. 4476. 4502. 4529. 4556. 4584. 4612. 4638. 4664. 4691. 4717. 4744. 4771. 4798. 4824. 4851. 4879. 4907. 4935. 4963. 4991. 5011. Chai Develop ) m( cen 203. 558. 849. 025. 395. 879. 025. 607. 758. 646. 404. 457. 461. 450. 612. 119. 105. 033. 546. 835. 111. 769. 645. 699. 655. 029. 398. 922. 132. 594. 064. 176. 672. 016. 351. 991. 723. 112. cialoS­ sta 27 16 33 20 26 26 27 26 26 26 40 19 26 25 25 26 20 35 26 26 27 27 27 26 25 27 26 26 27 26 26 27 27 28 28 27 27 20 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 570 119 370 618 669 695 847 476 235 920 690 780 807 903 990 108 115 129 142 145 055 945 793 850 889 964 875 760 769 888 742 812 928 885 865 070 227 407 evati 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 548 980 069 314 058 068 235 689 698 662 345 788 865 546 638 390 123 259 555 984 338 943 229 921 884 525 427 750 654 087 992 993 601 021 530 436 467 507 Nam gni astE 481261. 481256. 481251. 481251. 481250. 481248. 481247. 481247. 481246. 481247. 481248. 481250. 481254. 481257. 481260. 481264. 481266. 481273. 481281. 481288. 481295. 481303. 481310. 481318. 481325. 481332. 481339. 481347. 481354. 481361. 481369. 481376. 481383. 481391. 481399. 481406. 481414. 481419. (m) ng 44.403 59.928 93.516 13.535 39.923 66.727 93.722 20.325 47.061 73.704 14.088 33.403 59.603 84.867 10.277 36.203 56.179 90.375 15.801 41.722 67.822 94.542 21.142 46.832 71.428 97.517 22.917 48.821 74.928 00.516 25.450 51.682 78.516 05.383 32.596 59.538 86.051 05.530 hi Nort 18760 18760 18760 18761 18761 18761 18761 18762 18762 18762 18763 18763 18763 18763 18764 18764 18764 18764 18765 18765 18765 18765 18766 18766 18766 18766 18767 18767 18767 18768 18768 18768 18768 18769 18769 18769 18769 18770 No. 521 531 541 551 561 571 581 591 601 611 621 631 641 651 661 671 681 691 701 711 721 731 741 751 761 771 781 791 801 811 821 831 841 851 861 871 881 891 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC 111 ontip onit onit onit onit onit noit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit noit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit noit onit onit scri gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI 2:re De of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m apt Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ch ) m( 907 937 621 488 588 012 226 699 049 478 725 463 320 041 688 867 249 714 849 284 321 847 754 136 658 326 144 712 938 913 448 971 929 867 734 689 648 820 nage 7133. 7162. 7191. 7220. 7248. 7279. 7305. 7331. 7358. 7385. 7413. 7441. 7469. 7509. 7535. 7562. 7590. 7618. 7645. 7661. 7676. 7685. 7699. 7709. 7719. 7730. 7741. 7753. 7771. 7789. 7821. 7848. 7874. 7901. 7928. 7954. 7980. 8007. Chai ) m( cen 440. 003. 369. 686. 010. 343. 422. 347. 935. 942. 726. 773. 686. 072. 764. 918. 138. 547. 513. 444. 704. 652 691. 138. 252. 767. 782. 857. 622. 499. 452. 353. 795. 794. 687. 495. 896. 218. sta 28 29 28 29 28 30 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 40 26 26 28 27 27 15 14 9. 13 10 10 10 10 11 18 17 32 26 26 26 26 26 25 26 Di ) m( on 559 504 478 565 562 591 631 611 593 647 580 536 526 468 531 502 340 387 356 389 425 407 374 377 379 463 450 476 411 377 410 416 351 371 384 410 408 425 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El (m) 846 120 208 475 083 625 030 455 972 067 031 458 138 356 642 628 459 448 646 529 846 867 488 945 582 586 019 126 312 605 654 544 119 043 247 268 584 833 gni astE 482040. 482039. 482037. 482036. 482036. 482036. 482037. 482037. 482038. 482039. 482041. 482042. 482045. 482050. 482054. 482057. 482061. 482065. 482069. 482071. 482074. 482077. 482083. 482090. 482098. 482107. 482117. 482129. 482148. 482165. 482196. 482221. 482246. 482272. 482297. 482322. 482347. 482372. (m) ng 84.181 13.135 41.479 71.138 99.147 29.489 55.906 82.248 09.173 36.078 63.769 91.487 19.014 58.795 85.311 11.988 39.828 67.098 94.344 09.618 24.066 33.206 45.482 53.050 59.858 65.109 68.477 70.333 70.015 67.589 57.687 49.320 40.956 32.406 24.281 15.802 07.813 99.678 hi Nort 18789 18790 18790 18790 18790 18791 18791 18791 18792 18792 18792 18792 18793 18793 18793 18794 18794 18794 18794 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18794 No. 662 672 682 692 702 712 722 732 742 752 762 772 782 792 802 812 822 832 842 852 862 872 882 892 902 912 922 932 942 952 962 972 982 992 003 013 023 033 analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC analC 3e ontip onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit onit scri gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI De of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of lumoV­ m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber ) m( anlPtnem 490 662 725 233 538 071 070 683 608 226 385 291 363 516 950 298 056 699 614 445 751 947 741 484 320 336 261 384 322 475 540 643 771 461 082 125 380 503 nage 6053. 6081. 6097. 6131. 6158. 6186. 6213. 6241. 6267. 6294. 6339. 6367. 6394. 6420. 6447. 6473. 6500. 6527. 6555. 6582. 6610. 6637. 6665. 6693. 6736. 6748. 6776. 6803. 6830. 6876. 6903. 6930. 6958. 6986. 7013. 7048. 7077. 7105. Chai Develop ) m( cen 644. 217. 305. 752. 529. 255. 900. 361. 492. 763. 915. 591. 207. 315. 445. 734. 776. 363. 492. 083. 631. 619. 380. 274. 584. 601. 493. 312. 794. 314. 508. 310. 813. 969. 062. 304. 526. 312. cialoS­ sta 26 28 16 33 27 27 26 28 26 26 44 27 27 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 42 12 27 27 26 46 26 27 27 27 27 35 28 28 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 807 793 767 801 872 964 952 988 936 845 762 768 700 750 719 781 737 662 641 594 576 688 656 661 726 644 652 569 609 662 622 591 662 675 557 588 547 535 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 618 911 640 398 226 369 016 903 702 734 452 465 978 890 372 684 261 719 563 600 878 775 782 486 370 843 016 509 604 635 124 532 650 333 471 736 844 709 Nam gni astE 481631. 481646. 481654. 481668. 481680. 481691. 481703. 481715. 481727. 481739. 481761. 481775. 481788. 481802. 481815. 481828. 481842. 481855. 481869. 481883. 481896. 481910. 481924. 481938. 481960. 481966. 481980. 481993. 482007. 482024. 482028. 482032. 482036. 482040. 482044. 482044. 482043. 482041. (m) ng 05.558 29.867 44.145 74.491 99.371 24.166 48.406 74.200 97.879 21.698 60.983 84.579 08.284 31.054 53.998 77.228 00.259 23.861 47.875 71.235 95.158 19.145 42.850 67.200 04.023 14.909 38.441 62.268 85.407 28.448 54.675 81.714 09.264 36.905 63.697 98.997 27.498 55.770 hi Nort 18780 18780 18780 18780 18780 18781 18781 18781 18781 18782 18782 18782 18783 18783 18783 18783 18784 18784 18784 18784 18784 18785 18785 18785 18786 18786 18786 18786 18786 18787 18787 18787 18788 18788 18788 18788 18789 18789 No. 282 292 302 312 322 332 342 352 362 372 382 392 402 412 422 432 442 452 462 472 482 492 502 512 522 532 542 552 562 572 582 592 602 612 622 632 642 652 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB cm ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD mc Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 05 Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 50 a Dike Dike Dike 112 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol a Di rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont pe Cont kcarT rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol Di rol rol rol Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont ertv Cont Cont Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Pi d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Cul Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo eel apt St Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo pe Floo Floo Floo Pi Ch ) m( 588 085 344 140 183 033 095 980 174 017 371 767 912 453 097 824 722 873 298 564 038 032 195 622 861 298 656 637 154 511 107 261 936 593 798 135 661 073 nage 8925. 8946. 8979. 9005. 9030. 9047. 9079. 9106. 9133. 9156. 9180. 9209. 9227. 9257. 9277. 9302. 9327. 9358. 9377. 9390. 9415. 9430. 9451. 9483. 9510. 9526. 9555. 9579. 9596. 9629. 9645. 9665. 9680. 9708. 9719. 9741. 9759. 9786. Chai ) m( cen 936. 650. 926. 580. 304. 985. 206. 589. 319. 284. 436. 640. 514. 055. 363. 773. 790. 115. 442. 627. 347. 400. 316. 744. 924. 643. 836. 098. 652. 736. 559. 417. 567. 666. 521. 634. 653. 141. sta 26 20 32 25 25 16 32 26 27 23 23 29 17 30 20 24 24 31 19 12 25 14 21 31 26 16 28 24 16 32 16 19 15 27 11 21 17 27 Di ) m( on 644 583 641 671 740 815 959 999 763 747 834 848 940 871 031 875 713 006 918 015 697 777 644 649 597 735 626 655 692 762 758 686 748 787 835 834 158 869 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 142. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. El (m) 275 296 448 231 905 015 931 799 902 626 448 200 359 837 580 409 238 148 127 591 257 386 089 600 105 371 380 847 937 714 320 767 772 537 695 204 249 448 gni astE 482958. 482968. 482986. 483001. 483015. 483025. 483046. 483061. 483078. 483092. 483106. 483121. 483125. 483132. 483135. 483136. 483139. 483145. 483147. 483148. 483146. 483146. 483144. 483140. 483135. 483133. 483122. 483109. 483100. 483082. 483074. 483061. 483051. 483029. 483019. 483000. 482984. 482962. (m) ng 09.713 27.723 55.152 76.375 97.136 10.930 35.609 57.005 78.920 97.240 15.897 41.926 58.737 88.001 08.237 32.939 57.561 88.093 07.442 20.061 45.367 59.768 81.013 12.384 38.921 55.394 82.008 02.758 16.773 43.901 58.149 73.209 84.702 02.084 07.470 17.536 25.991 41.773 hi Nort 18800 18800 18800 18800 18800 18801 18801 18801 18801 18801 18802 18802 18802 18802 18803 18803 18803 18803 18804 18804 18804 18804 18804 18805 18805 18805 18805 18806 18806 18806 18806 18806 18806 18807 18807 18807 18807 18807 No. 423 433 443 453 463 473 483 493 503 513 523 533 543 553 563 573 583 593 603 613 623 633 643 653 663 673 683 693 703 713 723 733 743 753 763 773 783 793 m analC analC analC analC analC analC analC 2x2 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e onit onit onit onit onit onit onit rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol lvert scri gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI gairrI Road Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cux apak)Py rolCont rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De of of of of of of of d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Bo d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ m m m m m m m Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber oflleS ouaH( dFloo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo 2 ) m( anlPtnem 885 691 123 675 908 165 851 263 523 516 757 146 851 699 407 000 347 930 139 085 438 411 519 900 739 928 955 801 776 695 297 393 775 386 962 264 635 229 nage 8033. 8065. 8087. 8114. 8141. 8169. 8191. 8209. 8242. 8269. 8296. 8324. 8348. 8359. 8376. 8392. 8413. 8436. 8453. 8472. 8500. 8516. 8535. 8555. 8584. 8601. 8615. 8637. 8669. 8691. 8713. 8732. 8764. 8790. 8818. 8845. 8871. 8898. Chai Develop ) m( cen 506. 581. 143. 255. 324. 626. 668. 142. 025. 299. 124. 839. 570. 784. 771. 261. 734. 359. 820. 594. 336. 298. 811. 139. 883. 919. 703. 585. 497. 891. 161. 610. 238. 062. 658. 130. 137. 359. cialoS­ sta 26 31 22 27 27 27 21 18 33 27 27 27 23 11 16 15 21 22 17 18 28 15 19 19 29 16 13 21 32 21 22 18 32 26 27 27 26 27 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 400 484 483 295 363 324 328 368 325 318 251 150 134 204 191 260 228 154 172 421 403 362 337 366 247 152 986 725 765 771 645 648 567 481 581 484 551 706 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 275 335 126 715 284 566 901 679 344 578 540 634 555 775 647 751 734 971 544 750 019 535 204 095 365 322 869 472 828 834 494 674 352 438 201 390 163 284 Nam gni astE 482397. 482427. 482448. 482474. 482500. 482526. 482547. 482559. 482570. 482582. 482595. 482607. 482618. 482625. 482636. 482648. 482665. 482684. 482698. 482713. 482732. 482741. 482750. 482758. 482770. 482778. 482787. 482806. 482828. 482841. 482854. 482864. 482881. 482893. 482907. 482920. 482932. 482945. (m) ng 91.292 81.444 74.663 66.357 57.528 48.849 41.931 29.052 60.375 84.684 08.911 33.832 54.629 64.092 76.587 86.721 99.878 12.098 22.789 34.277 54.521 67.137 84.853 02.198 29.554 44.621 54.246 65.755 89.072 06.974 24.945 40.628 68.162 90.971 15.233 39.089 62.164 86.176 hi Nort 18794 18794 18794 18794 18794 18794 18794 18794 18794 18794 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18796 18796 18796 18796 18796 18796 18797 18797 18797 18797 18797 18797 18798 18798 18798 18798 18798 18799 18799 18799 18799 No. 043 053 063 073 083 093 103 113 123 133 143 153 163 173 183 193 203 213 223 233 243 253 263 273 283 293 303 313 323 333 343 353 363 373 383 393 403 413 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB cm ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 50 a Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 113 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol Di rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont ertv Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Cul Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Flood Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo pe Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo apt Pi Ch ) m( 9 4 1 5 5 7 6 4 9 6 3 0 5 9 9 9 5 8 0 1 7 2 0 3 6 2 7 7 46 84 94 55 97 45 70 27 02 61 70 69 77 63 46 25 21 73 62 10 23 47 83 09 95 04 38 02 1403 0 4 9 5 3 5 7 9 5 17 48 22 11 99 91 83 45 13 nage 10664. 10690. 10706. 10724. 10746. 10771. 10795. 10821. 10849. 10868. 10901. 10927. 10953. 10979. 11006. 11033. 11059. 11081. 11116. 11142. 11168. 11193. 11219. 11246. 11272. 11300. 11343. 11368. Chai 11393. 11417. 11442. 11468. 11489. 11517. 11532. 11550. 11570. 11596. ) m( 117 cen 420. 375. 097. 614. 420. 482. 248. 568. 755. 586. 088. 986. 086. 863. 831. 789. 956. 523. 882. 482. 136. 235. 358. 263. 863. 086. 345. 640. 403 868. 314. 745. 886. 878. 922. 922. 623. 676. sta 12 26 16 17 22 24 24 25 27 19 33 25 26 25 26 26 25 22 34 25 26 25 26 26 26 27 43 24 27 23 25 25 20 28 14 17 19 25 Di 25. ) m( on 052 919 831 973 219 045 046 249 868 986 922 898 861 820 746 836 784 606 704 683 758 845 852 985 927 855 751 978 864 080 023 891 872 884 920 050 022 976 evati 142. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. El (m) 994 255 105 526 883 389 839 636 370 864 513 430 864 411 706 543 995 231 281 821 184 914 883 794 199 912 791 676 674 527 424 427 029 641 067 559 349 433 gni astE 482450. 482424. 482408. 482391. 482370. 482346. 482323. 482299. 482274. 482255. 482224. 482200. 482175. 482151. 482125. 482100. 482075. 482054. 482020. 481995. 481969. 481944. 481918. 481892. 481865. 481839. 481796. 481771. 481746. 481722. 481697. 481671. 481650. 481622. 481607. 481589. 481570. 481545. (m) ng 56.624 61.206 62.833 67.939 75.047 82.081 89.893 97.784 08.445 14.728 25.928 35.116 43.913 52.645 61.080 69.840 77.643 84.432 92.250 97.445 01.834 05.765 09.422 13.723 17.744 22.708 27.194 29.702 31.635 34.339 33.888 35.420 36.799 33.966 30.271 27.806 32.627 34.717 hi Nort 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 No. 184 194 204 214 224 234 244 254 264 274 284 294 304 314 324 334 344 354 364 374 384 394 404 414 424 434 444 454 464 474 484 494 504 514 524 534 544 554 5.1 5x ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol 1.trev e) Ka Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Culx Houay( Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Bo d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ofll m Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Se 2 ) m( 7 2 8 7 4 6 0 8 9 5 2 5 7 2 1 1 4 4 1 1 0 3 6 7 9 9 anlPtnem 547 012 172 792 962 160 938 276 330 125 330 986 35 87 28 69 51 66 85 43 89 87 40 77 69 12 24 23 53 88 73 30 93 25 90 14 89 04 nage 9813. 9840. 9854. 9878. 9894. 9915. 9924. 9941. 9954. 9966. 9982. 9989. 10001. 10009. 10024. 10046. 10072. 10094. 10116. 10132. 10160. 10186. 10267. 10327. 10343. 10364. 10421. 10442. 10462. 10473. 10494. 10529. 10545. 10569. 10592. 10608. 10633. 10652. Chai Develop ) m( cen 448. 446. 016. 062. 017. 720. 878 733. 406. 479. 521. 665 659. 516 415. 409. 818. 152. 183. 588. 461. 976. 526. 374. 922. 425. 119. 990. 303. 350. 847. 571. 629. 323. 654. 241. 752. 149. cialoS­ sta 27 26 14 24 16 20 9. 16 12 12 15 7. 11 8. 14 22 25 22 22 15 28 25 80 60 15 20 57 20 20 11 20 34 16 23 23 15 25 18 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 877 816 874 170 155 571 559 689 691 629 804 821 816 579 809 787 655 517 733 756 953 747 737 977 001 881 812 876 752 602 835 836 868 741 021 032 906 919 evati 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 724 544 237 236 071 430 400 515 087 214 955 423 980 878 544 119 523 822 509 949 345 033 140 925 912 122 950 927 983 446 702 229 371 608 221 271 245 971 Nam gni astE 482942. 482922. 482911. 482896. 482888. 482882. 482885. 482896. 482906. 482916. 482927. 482932. 482934. 482928. 482919. 482904. 482888. 482874. 482855. 482840. 482812. 482787. 482709. 482768. 482753. 482733. 482676. 482655. 482636. 482625. 482607. 482573. 482558. 482536. 482516. 482503. 482479. 482462. (m) ng 60.168 77.451 86.468 05.202 18.767 38.580 47.991 60.136 67.261 75.096 85.868 91.886 03.412 10.147 21.047 38.096 57.905 75.014 87.506 91.901 91.643 85.466 66.619 76.389 71.987 68.240 68.707 74.033 80.041 83.670 93.518 02.630 07.859 17.411 28.789 36.752 47.050 52.451 hi Nort 18807 18807 18807 18808 18808 18808 18808 18808 18808 18808 18808 18808 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 No. 803 813 823 833 843 853 863 873 883 893 903 913 923 933 943 953 963 973 983 993 004 014 024 034 044 054 064 074 084 094 104 114 124 134 144 154 164 174 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB cm ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD 0 Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 10 Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 114 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol a Di rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Culvert Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo e Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo apt Pip Ch ) m( 4 0 9 9 6 9 6 6 2 9 8 4 2 6 1 5 1 9 9 3 0 0 8 0 1 7 5 9 2 4 9 4 0 6 0 2 0 9 32 46 97 01 26 65 56 23 60 58 78 04 53 75 93 23 11 19 59 37 43 88 17 16 45 21 57 70 00 94 70 48 08 51 55 91 01 55 nage 12523. 12548. 12575. 12601. 12627. 12653. 12688. 12705. 12730. 12758. 12780. 12816. 12841. 12866. 12892. 12919. 12945. 12971. 12985. 13021. 13048. 13068. 13114. 13137. 13162. 13188. 13214. 13238. 13255. 13279. 13316. 13339. 13365. 13391. 13407. 13440. 13469. 13497. Chai ) m( cen 292. 135. 520. 040. 247. 392. 907. 670. 365. 987. 199. 256. 488. 224. 175. 304. 876. 088. 400. 774. 057. 449. 298. 982. 292. 766. 358. 134. 293. 942. 765. 776. 595. 436. 034. 362. 098. 549. sta 25 25 27 25 26 26 34 16 25 27 22 35 25 25 26 26 25 26 14 35 27 20 45 22 25 25 26 24 16 24 36 22 25 26 16 33 28 28 Di ) m( on 182 168 090 280 220 393 429 359 258 306 403 525 356 289 235 428 443 373 370 323 450 346 410 496 470 484 346 455 149 265 284 126 196 944 855 950 026 115 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. El (m) 874 897 900 084 617 664 939 210 459 785 928 560 243 426 586 434 813 268 218 752 161 594 341 038 816 794 878 300 564 748 822 540 860 663 802 905 004 886 gni astE 480689. 480667. 480643. 480621. 480597. 480574. 480544. 480531. 480510. 480489. 480471. 480445. 480425. 480405. 480385. 480364. 480343. 480322. 480311. 480285. 480265. 480251. 480219. 480201. 480183. 480165. 480146. 480129. 480115. 480096. 480071. 480056. 480039. 480021. 480011. 479991. 479976. 479961. (m) ng 27.545 14.857 02.720 90.195 78.804 66.399 47.694 38.601 23.099 05.023 91.605 68.740 52.607 36.832 19.927 04.377 89.344 73.279 63.993 40.011 21.964 06.743 75.010 59.916 42.274 24.038 05.355 89.120 80.108 63.470 37.075 20.139 00.976 81.357 68.892 41.961 18.323 93.856 hi Nort 18810 18810 18810 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18809 18808 18808 18808 18808 18808 18808 18807 18807 18807 18807 18807 18807 18806 18806 18806 18806 18806 18805 18805 18805 18805 18805 18805 18804 18804 18804 18804 18803 No. 944 954 964 974 984 994 005 015 025 035 045 055 065 075 085 095 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265 275 285 295 305 315 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol inhhPy rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Houa Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ) m( 3 9 6 3 1 6 6 0 2 6 7 2 3 2 7 7 2 7 2 9 2 4 5 4 2 8 4 4 8 9 2 5 2 0 1 1 3 2 anlPtnem 02 16 23 58 71 28 78 47 77 23 56 47 55 27 42 15 16 84 33 34 53 87 28 14 42 07 09 62 43 27 54 54 07 12 00 42 60 03 nage 11617. 11644. 11669. 11693. 11719. 11745. 11762. 11787. 11802. 11819. 11834. 11853. 11870. 11885. 11900. 11917. 11927. 11952. 11976. 12014. 12041. 12068. 12095. 12122. 12149. 12177. 12177. 12203. 12230. 12265. 12290. 12316. 12342. 12367. 12394. 12437. 12459. 12498. Chai Develop ) m( cen 888. 146. 067. 347. 128. 575. 500. 684. 303. 464. 332. 904. 081. 719. 155. 730. 005. 685. 485. 017. 184. 341. 411. 860. 278. 656. 016 529. 814. 842. 262. 003. 527. 048. 881. 420. 182. 430. cialoS­ sta 20 27 25 24 26 25 17 24 15 16 15 18 17 14 15 16 10 25 23 38 27 27 26 26 27 27 0. 26 26 34 25 26 25 25 26 43 22 38 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 990 058 951 907 953 074 080 025 988 886 610 976 997 011 040 014 313 114 164 135 101 982 993 122 125 147 142 178 125 225 292 208 193 265 285 477 302 344 evati 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. eun El Th (m) 935 408 106 421 119 930 700 507 784 622 809 368 417 690 292 257 369 282 813 803 199 433 495 895 230 242 382 476 326 542 379 546 421 333 615 993 026 018 Nam gni astE 481524. 481497. 481473. 481450. 481424. 481400. 481383. 481358. 481343. 481327. 481311. 481295. 481286. 481280. 481274. 481264. 481257. 481234. 481211. 481174. 481147. 481121. 481095. 481069. 481043. 481016. 481016. 480990. 480964. 480931. 480906. 480881. 480857. 480833. 480807. 480766. 480745. 480710. (m) ng 37.114 41.714 48.135 54.623 61.410 67.587 71.643 75.865 76.835 73.991 72.763 62.926 48.468 35.348 21.364 07.595 00.246 90.364 84.929 76.199 69.974 63.548 57.876 50.981 44.793 37.961 37.954 30.961 24.463 14.471 07.622 01.544 94.418 86.638 78.996 65.175 57.461 41.160 hi Nort 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18812 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18811 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 18810 No. 564 574 584 594 604 614 624 634 644 654 664 674 684 694 704 714 724 734 744 754 764 774 784 794 804 814 824 834 844 854 864 874 884 894 904 914 924 934 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 115 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Flood Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo apt Ch ) m( 2 8 9 3 1 5 0 8 1 8 3 9 7 2 5 0 5 4 0 2 9 6 8 4 9 3 9 3 6 0 2 6 9 3 6 7 5 4 76 65 28 21 98 42 17 99 66 55 52 61 56 46 79 52 94 86 30 66 74 85 61 43 77 77 34 94 02 36 10 61 63 87 31 55 12 09 nage 14585. 14612. 14637. 14666. 14694. 14725. 14752. 14778. 14806. 14834. 14858. 14897. 14924. 14952. 14980. 15008. 15036. 15065. 15095. 15123. 15172. 15201. 15228. 15251. 15265. 15283. 15306. 15330. 15357. 15383. 15410. 15448. 15474. 15481. 15507. 15530. 15546. 15574. Chai ) m( cen 296. 896. 631. 924. 768. 444. 745. 828. 663. 897. 965. 096. 948. 894. 333. 725. 425. 919. 435. 362. 087. 108. 761. 817. 345. 994. 576. 593. 083. 334. 742. 515. 023. 234 443. 240. 568. 969. sta 26 26 24 28 28 30 26 26 27 27 23 39 26 27 28 27 28 28 29 28 49 29 26 22 14 17 22 24 26 26 26 38 26 7. 25 23 15 27 Di ) m( on 200 055 101 105 052 001 051 978 827 970 735 569 778 831 818 852 017 025 217 131 998 992 018 979 124 336 155 922 033 128 125 108 980 830 822 936 983 011 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 143. 141. 142. 142. 142. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. El (m) 811 767 908 375 031 614 202 923 507 329 934 201 164 765 185 034 760 086 675 973 530 527 637 300 362 204 998 554 902 431 536 733 181 662 390 314 959 646 gni astE 479221. 479201. 479180. 479156. 479133. 479108. 479086. 479063. 479039. 479016. 478998. 478976. 478965. 478954. 478941. 478925. 478910. 478897. 478885. 478872. 478852. 478839. 478828. 478823. 478821. 478812. 478797. 478776. 478754. 478733. 478713. 478686. 478666. 478661. 478646. 478631. 478619. 478596. (m) ng 60.152 41.529 28.473 12.867 96.180 78.302 63.449 49.356 34.993 18.943 03.635 71.574 46.842 21.141 95.996 73.435 49.496 23.403 96.543 71.424 26.752 00.371 75.970 53.885 39.653 23.967 06.679 94.638 80.890 65.197 46.886 19.698 03.361 97.995 77.611 59.536 48.972 33.547 hi Nort 18796 18796 18796 18796 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18795 18794 18794 18794 18793 18793 18793 18793 18792 18792 18792 18792 18791 18791 18791 18791 18791 18790 18790 18790 18790 18790 18790 18789 18789 18789 18789 18789 No. 705 715 725 735 745 755 765 775 785 795 805 815 825 835 845 855 865 875 885 895 905 915 925 935 945 955 965 975 985 995 006 016 026 036 046 056 066 076 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ) m( 5 4 3 0 5 1 1 9 2 3 7 9 9 6 5 7 3 6 3 3 8 9 4 3 3 6 0 9 8 2 1 2 5 7 2 4 1 6 anlPtnem 70 11 03 85 65 51 56 14 89 95 98 23 07 48 75 73 61 60 60 70 01 56 17 24 19 92 63 65 48 34 86 56 42 99 85 33 86 46 nage 13527. 13590. 13613. 13639. 13666. 13695. 13723. 13753. 13782. 13810. 13838. 13885. 13911. 13937. 13962. 13988. 13995. 14028. 14058. 14089. 14117. 14145. 14174. 14201. 14228. 14255. 14305. 14329. 14352. 14367. 14387. 14406. 14433. 14444. 14483. 14506. 14532. 14559. Chai Develop ) m( cen 146. 409. 919. 817. 805. 856. 050. 588. 743. 061. 034. 252. 839. 407. 269. 982. 876 993. 997. 100. 315. 551. 605. 069. 950. 733. 704. 029. 830. 854. 518. 701. 863. 572. 854. 482. 527. 605. cialoS­ sta 30 62 22 26 26 28 28 29 29 28 28 46 25 26 25 25 6. 32 29 31 27 28 28 27 26 27 49 24 22 14 20 18 26 11 38 22 26 26 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 104 996 602 139 143 126 013 985 005 962 925 031 969 946 101 977 938 128 010 886 836 805 863 939 937 100 907 962 789 777 086 259 781 834 735 927 892 149 evati 142. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 142. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. eun El Th (m) 778 846 827 597 505 454 759 811 395 405 002 158 291 966 867 374 683 120 889 560 611 666 102 648 483 150 162 758 004 479 357 887 161 464 311 598 826 454 Nam gni astE 479944. 479916. 479911. 479903. 479894. 479882. 479870. 479859. 479847. 479834. 479817. 479782. 479763. 479742. 479721. 479700. 479694. 479666. 479639. 479613. 479589. 479564. 479540. 479516. 479493. 479469. 479426. 479405. 479386. 479372. 479352. 479334. 479311. 479302. 479281. 479269. 479255. 479239. (m) ng 68.833 13.155 90.766 65.178 40.004 13.810 88.212 61.077 33.706 08.838 86.809 55.875 39.138 22.410 08.222 93.415 90.183 73.316 58.396 42.844 29.610 14.943 00.105 86.405 73.239 59.935 34.661 21.870 09.957 03.661 00.127 94.870 82.171 74.506 42.020 22.567 00.146 79.070 hi Nort 18803 18803 18802 18802 18802 18802 18801 18801 18801 18801 18800 18800 18800 18800 18800 18799 18799 18799 18799 18799 18799 18799 18799 18798 18798 18798 18798 18798 18798 18798 18798 18797 18797 18797 18797 18797 18797 18796 No. 325 335 345 355 365 375 385 395 405 415 425 435 445 455 465 475 485 495 505 515 525 535 545 555 565 575 585 595 605 615 625 635 645 655 665 675 685 695 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 116 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo apt Ch ) m( 4 6 3 9 9 7 2 8 7 6 1 0 9 2 8 8 4 2 3 2 1 8 5 3 1 0 1 4 8 1 1 5 8 0 7 1 1 6 36 10 59 77 83 66 89 52 71 04 36 91 30 90 21 99 81 93 64 32 41 36 94 75 18 93 00 72 51 15 39 17 47 56 05 85 94 77 nage 16584. 16609. 16629. 16653. 16673. 16692. 16725. 16751. 16771. 16794. 16821. 16849. 16873. 16899. 16924. 16949. 16977. 17009. 17025. 17050. 17073. 17105. 17128. 17155. 17182. 17207. 17234. 17259. 17303. 17323. 17345. 17373. 17396. 17420. 17447. 17474. 17504. 17535. Chai ) m( cen 415. 741. 488. 185. 060. 828. 225. 635. 190. 329. 315. 549. 398. 593. 316. 781. 816. 118. 710. 680. 088. 958. 576. 808. 428. 748. 072. 723. 794. 634. 239. 784. 303. 082. 496. 794. 090. 835. sta 21 24 20 24 20 18 33 25 20 22 27 28 23 26 24 25 27 32 15 24 23 31 23 26 26 25 26 25 43 19 22 27 23 24 26 27 30 30 Di ) m( on 012 963 020 039 138 169 178 079 146 159 299 329 412 462 500 442 549 524 597 707 643 469 588 525 501 499 613 296 460 542 376 317 304 287 145 228 221 069 evati 142. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El (m) 384 425 972 317 114 086 076 742 411 960 580 485 095 246 322 601 945 100 189 089 695 267 132 716 325 648 053 512 185 326 016 152 105 101 636 028 600 562 gni astE 478312. 478312. 478313. 478313. 478313. 478314. 478311. 478307. 478303. 478299. 478294. 478289. 478285. 478280. 478276. 478272. 478267. 478254. 478249. 478247. 478245. 478242. 478240. 478238. 478236. 478233. 478231. 478228. 478226. 478234. 478236. 478238. 478241. 478244. 478247. 478251. 478256. 478259. (m) ng 69.150 93.891 14.365 38.546 58.604 77.394 10.483 35.750 55.512 77.472 04.317 32.508 55.555 81.696 05.612 31.069 58.507 87.612 02.780 27.378 50.347 82.178 05.620 32.384 58.725 84.335 10.281 35.822 79.581 97.460 19.612 47.349 70.419 94.360 20.617 48.101 77.888 08.557 hi Nort 18797 18797 18798 18798 18798 18798 18799 18799 18799 18799 18800 18800 18800 18800 18801 18801 18801 18801 18802 18802 18802 18802 18803 18803 18803 18803 18804 18804 18804 18804 18805 18805 18805 18805 18806 18806 18806 18807 No. 466 476 486 496 506 516 526 536 546 556 566 576 586 596 606 616 626 636 646 656 666 676 686 696 706 716 726 736 746 756 766 776 786 796 806 816 826 836 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ) m( 2 7 5 8 4 1 2 3 9 5 1 0 1 8 2 7 6 4 3 6 1 5 1 4 1 1 5 9 6 3 6 3 0 4 5 1 4 0 anlPtnem 98 00 11 19 35 21 31 03 28 36 57 16 24 78 95 84 95 18 97 62 59 15 84 69 75 70 34 85 81 36 79 25 06 49 92 81 22 95 nage 15600. 15632. 15670. 15711. 15735. 15771. 15799. 15829. 15858. 15888. 15911. 15947. 15970. 15995. 16018. 16043. 16066. 16077. 16095. 16120. 16144. 16188. 16208. 16220. 16246. 16270. 16293. 16319. 16343. 16365. 16402. 16425. 16446. 16470. 16492. 16519. 16542. 16562. Chai Develop ) m( cen 888. 025. 109. 083. 156. 857. 100. 721. 257. 076. 206. 590. 081. 547. 164. 895. 109. 228. 790. 652. 966. 563. 686. 853. 058. 950. 644. 514. 957. 546. 433. 457. 807. 434. 431. 886. 413. 726. cialoS­ sta 26 31 38 41 24 35 28 29 29 30 23 35 23 25 23 24 23 10 18 24 23 43 20 11 26 23 22 26 23 21 37 22 20 24 22 26 22 20 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 027 867 921 957 107 228 306 114 220 237 001 215 209 128 218 426 408 403 389 226 180 005 915 619 712 897 929 836 545 698 004 923 850 939 947 037 727 921 evati 142. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 653 653 312 644 519 826 641 866 691 766 216 061 993 937 578 161 932 837 057 886 582 663 549 857 488 283 120 883 743 529 754 049 430 894 335 533 275 164 Nam gni astE 478571. 478540. 478503. 478465. 478443. 478417. 478403. 478388. 478374. 478358. 478347. 478335. 478328. 478320. 478313. 478306. 478299. 478297. 478301. 478307. 478315. 478316. 478316. 478316. 478315. 478315. 478315. 478314. 478317. 478319. 478319. 478316. 478315. 478313. 478314. 478313. 478312. 478311. (m) ng 24.440 25.678 34.242 50.410 61.396 85.803 09.863 35.819 61.220 86.998 07.401 40.718 62.802 87.191 09.292 32.953 55.031 65.147 83.523 07.438 30.177 73.727 94.404 06.256 32.297 56.241 78.883 05.389 29.160 50.551 87.982 10.291 31.015 55.399 77.806 04.666 27.064 47.760 hi Nort 18789 18789 18789 18789 18789 18789 18790 18790 18790 18790 18791 18791 18791 18791 18792 18792 18792 18792 18792 18793 18793 18793 18793 18794 18794 18794 18794 18795 18795 18795 18795 18796 18796 18796 18796 18797 18797 18797 No. 086 096 106 116 126 136 146 156 166 176 186 196 206 216 226 236 246 256 266 276 286 296 306 316 326 336 346 356 366 376 386 396 406 416 426 436 446 456 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike analC Dike 117 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol onit rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont gairrI Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d of d Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo m Floo apt Ber Ch ) m( 6 2 5 7 5 4 8 2 2 6 7 9 1 6 7 2 8 4 6 9 6 4 3 8 5 0 5 8 4 4 7 6 0 7 5 1 0 0 39 73 01 52 70 59 43 72 08 48 85 08 84 98 38 29 03 77 24 80 59 70 19 79 32 46 76 83 75 17 71 72 11 34 42 35 05 60 nage 18569. 18595. 18634. 18663. 18702. 18722. 18733. 18766. 18789. 18818. 18837. 18866. 18890. 18924. 18950. 18965. 19017. 19044. 19067. 19081. 19093. 19123. 19146. 19179. 19211. 19235. 19286. 19304. 19323. 19343. 19375. 19408. 19432. 19464. 19497. 19517. 19547. 19568. Chai ) m( cen 036. 336. 283. 513. 178. 889. 844. 284. 360. 403. 371. 232. 752. 145. 401. 905. 746. 736. 471. 563. 787. 108. 489. 606. 526. 135. 306. 073. 916. 420. 543. 009. 384. 237. 079. 926. 699. 550. sta 16 26 38 29 39 19 10 33 22 29 19 28 24 34 25 14 51 27 22 14 11 30 22 33 31 24 51 18 18 19 32 33 23 32 33 19 29 21 Di ) m( on 885 815 789 874 086 095 992 890 845 675 789 190 858 548 331 160 198 336 343 671 552 671 715 667 674 768 816 729 712 689 630 508 471 495 494 465 961 580 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. El (m) 628 428 616 339 114 045 856 592 528 182 662 447 360 858 641 891 099 634 046 797 917 174 374 018 263 444 980 610 404 052 527 723 638 251 218 440 981 459 gni astE 478547. 478554. 478570. 478582. 478597. 478599. 478601. 478613. 478621. 478636. 478646. 478659. 478670. 478683. 478694. 478700. 478716. 478721. 478728. 478733. 478735. 478731. 478734. 478740. 478745. 478750. 478760. 478760. 478759. 478760. 478763. 478772. 478779. 478789. 478796. 478810. 478815. 478834. (m) ng 84.586 09.980 44.842 71.682 08.086 27.865 38.487 69.695 90.338 15.993 32.554 57.361 79.872 11.083 34.311 47.944 96.914 24.274 45.580 59.193 70.808 00.596 22.881 55.878 87.078 10.664 61.054 79.126 98.032 17.437 49.786 81.649 03.801 34.679 66.849 1.756 11.004 19.634 hi Nort 18816 18817 18817 18817 18818 18818 18818 18818 18818 18819 18819 18819 18819 18820 18820 18820 18820 18821 18821 18821 18821 18822 18822 18822 18822 18823 18823 18823 18823 18824 18824 18824 18825 18825 18825 188258 18826 18826 No. 227 237 247 257 267 277 287 297 307 317 327 337 347 357 367 377 387 397 407 417 427 437 447 457 467 477 487 497 507 517 527 537 547 557 567 577 587 597 cm ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 50 a Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol Di rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont ertv Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Cul Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo pe Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Pi ) m( 9 4 1 4 4 7 8 5 3 3 3 8 0 7 1 2 1 5 1 0 7 5 0 5 0 6 9 8 9 9 0 8 5 1 0 0 1 0 anlPtnem 51 13 84 91 90 37 96 17 06 84 42 30 68 00 17 90 72 83 05 69 13 52 58 03 85 97 55 14 28 69 32 84 40 57 98 61 28 36 nage 17566. 17594. 17621. 17646. 17680. 17713. 17740. 17767. 17786. 17820. 17852. 17883. 17923. 17956. 17988. 18025. 18053. 18086. 18114. 18137. 18162. 18179. 18202. 18227. 18254. 18272. 18290. 18322. 18343. 18364. 18380. 18419. 18443. 18468. 18496. 18520. 18532. 18553. Chai Develop ) m( cen 743. 615. 706. 073. 990. 473. 591. 207. 888. 780. 580. 885. 372. 327. 164. 731. 819. 114. 216. 639. 446. 388. 055. 455. 815. 126. 583. 590. 140. 411. 621. 528. 557. 166. 409. 629. 671. 079. cialoS­ sta 30 27 27 25 33 32 27 26 18 34 31 30 40 32 32 37 27 33 27 23 24 17 23 24 27 18 17 31 21 21 15 39 23 25 28 23 11 21 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 079 042 075 118 190 925 994 069 010 303 353 241 305 264 370 362 258 351 461 430 192 551 373 252 293 148 220 097 079 117 096 057 095 051 949 968 851 902 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 729 235 990 311 390 191 231 988 931 136 683 565 747 267 116 072 559 284 071 401 655 654 707 402 201 337 467 285 922 843 810 771 601 702 009 246 407 584 Nam gni astE 478262. 478266. 478271. 478274. 478279. 478284. 478288. 478291. 478294. 478297. 478301. 478305. 478312. 478319. 478327. 478336. 478344. 478363. 478380. 478394. 478406. 478411. 478416. 478422. 478429. 478436. 478441. 478447. 478451. 478454. 478458. 478473. 478484. 478496. 478508. 478519. 478525. 478539. (m) ng 39.075 66.461 93.787 18.676 52.310 84.383 11.682 37.616 56.364 90.975 22.331 52.931 92.653 24.223 55.406 92.144 18.552 46.035 67.541 86.565 07.618 24.301 46.738 70.573 97.524 13.974 30.826 61.883 82.685 03.871 19.049 55.581 76.420 98.481 23.929 44.984 54.924 70.928 hi Nort 18807 18807 18807 18808 18808 18808 18809 18809 18809 18809 18810 18810 18810 18811 18811 18811 18812 18812 18812 18812 18813 18813 18813 18813 18813 18814 18814 18814 18814 18815 18815 18815 18815 18815 18816 18816 18816 18816 No. 846 856 866 876 886 896 906 916 926 936 946 956 966 976 986 996 007 017 027 037 047 057 067 077 087 097 107 117 127 137 147 157 167 177 187 197 207 217 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike analC analC Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 118 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol onit onit rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont gairrI gairrI Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d of of d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo m m Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo apt Ber Ber Ch ) m( 3 7 5 2 0 9 2 4 4 7 5 5 2 8 9 8 2 1 8 9 0 0 4 8 6 5 1 0 5 8 3 6 9 4 0 3 3 6 58 52 32 96 25 06 98 18 02 78 51 54 08 41 43 20 28 10 97 23 98 52 58 36 99 18 34 07 90 67 13 71 02 98 05 13 50 70 nage 20600. 20622. 20641. 20655. 20680. 20695. 20715. 20758. 20778. 20796. 20834. 20851. 20869. 20885. 20910. 20925. 20946. 20966. 20994. 21017. 21036. 21041. 21074. 21099. 21118. 21142. 21162. 21197. 21216. 21234. 21251. 21280. 21318. 21337. 21370. 21442. 21466. 21488. Chai ) m( cen 735. 944. 798. 637. 288. 819. 913. 202. 840. 762. 728. 030. 537. 337. 020. 769. 074. 819. 877. 261. 741. 539 065. 784. 628. 189. 156. 728. 835. 773. 455. 583. 313. 955. 066. 083. 370. 203. sta 15 21 18 14 24 14 20 42 19 18 37 17 17 16 25 14 21 19 28 22 19 4. 33 24 19 23 20 34 19 17 16 29 37 19 32 72 24 22 Di ) m( on 661 601 711 429 623 605 803 652 629 594 580 525 369 537 591 587 592 598 531 544 214 302 577 677 730 685 588 782 679 697 840 648 659 576 605 734 557 769 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El (m) 471 494 922 838 565 616 151 258 799 302 187 691 155 094 762 918 029 888 600 439 599 385 640 335 638 626 988 901 006 412 582 246 875 000 534 550 154 660 gni astE 479716. 479728. 479741. 479749. 479754. 479761. 479771. 479795. 479805. 479814. 479836. 479847. 479856. 479858. 479865. 479866. 479870. 479877. 479898. 479903. 479908. 479912. 479926. 479931. 479934. 479938. 479941. 479947. 479944. 479944. 479949. 479959. 479959. 479960. 479963. 479971. 479973. 479977. (m) ng 75.456 93.628 07.355 19.205 43.039 56.044 74.698 08.909 25.955 42.805 73.099 86.544 01.384 17.610 41.670 56.351 77.040 95.586 16.249 37.719 56.812 59.605 89.777 13.949 33.293 56.169 76.063 10.386 30.052 47.821 63.493 91.200 28.513 48.464 80.344 52.025 76.280 98.181 hi Nort 18830 18830 18831 18831 18831 18831 18831 18832 18832 18832 18832 18832 18833 18833 18833 18833 18833 18833 18834 18834 18834 18834 18834 18835 18835 18835 18835 18836 18836 18836 18836 18836 18837 18837 18837 18838 18838 18838 No. 987 997 008 018 028 038 048 058 068 078 088 098 108 118 128 138 148 158 168 178 188 198 208 218 228 238 248 258 268 278 288 298 308 318 328 338 348 358 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol Land Land Land Land Land Land rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont De d d d enrraB enrraB enrraB enrraB enrraB enrraB Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ) m( 5 2 5 9 1 8 3 3 9 7 5 1 2 8 8 1 3 8 6 4 7 2 0 1 2 4 6 9 8 9 3 0 9 3 9 0 4 8 anlPtnem 10 43 14 16 00 29 58 75 64 61 10 66 29 35 11 35 36 31 38 07 82 19 92 27 53 83 48 85 49 57 81 04 39 31 28 00 03 84 nage 19595. 19621. 19646. 19679. 19702. 19728. 19751. 19770. 19791. 19830. 19851. 19878. 19904. 19935. 19957. 19984. 20026. 20049. 20075. 20107. 20139. 20179. 20203. 20228. 20239. 20267. 20294. 20328. 20358. 20382. 20430. 20450. 20469. 20488. 20504. 20530. 20553. 20584. Chai Develop ) m( cen 505. 327. 714. 024. 833. 296. 285. 170. 896. 968. 488. 556. 631. 066. 760. 234. 012. 955. 068. 687. 753. 364. 729. 351. 260. 302. 651. 373. 639. 081. 234. 227. 359. 914. 976. 711. 034. 813. cialoS­ sta 26 26 24 33 22 26 23 19 20 38 20 27 25 31 21 27 42 22 26 31 32 39 24 24 11 28 26 34 29 24 48 19 19 18 15 25 23 31 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 699 614 544 584 535 503 659 712 679 732 611 572 591 654 722 562 572 680 547 625 535 519 568 380 460 573 619 697 662 693 553 685 654 599 708 712 692 733 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 816 106 277 164 659 505 669 417 532 009 702 146 469 109 967 106 982 400 847 946 661 401 501 227 063 113 730 698 833 519 542 860 177 577 291 366 315 054 Nam gni astE 478859. 478884. 478907. 478939. 478961. 478987. 479009. 479028. 479049. 479087. 479108. 479135. 479160. 479190. 479211. 479237. 479276. 479297. 479320. 479349. 479380. 479417. 479441. 479464. 479474. 479496. 479517. 479541. 479563. 479580. 479613. 479625. 479637. 479651. 479661. 479676. 479689. 479705. (m) ng 29.155 37.618 46.357 55.650 59.238 65.314 71.615 75.490 79.477 84.469 86.669 90.075 93.977 02.180 08.284 16.961 33.339 43.172 53.934 66.906 78.917 92.424 98.344 04.453 10.364 28.164 44.874 68.680 89.066 05.536 41.355 56.511 71.180 83.854 96.792 17.301 36.387 63.958 hi Nort 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18826 18827 18827 18827 18827 18827 18827 18827 18827 18827 18827 18828 18828 18828 18828 18828 18828 18829 18829 18829 18829 18829 18829 18830 18830 18830 No. 607 617 627 637 647 657 667 677 687 697 707 717 727 737 747 757 767 777 787 797 807 817 827 837 847 857 867 877 887 897 907 917 927 937 947 957 967 977 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 119 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont kcarT kcarT rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo apt Ch ) m( 8 5 0 5 1 0 1 9 1 4 8 2 0 7 1 9 6 7 0 0 7 5 4 3 8 3 9 2 0 2 6 3 9 2 3 6 3 9 93 71 95 68 06 16 59 67 96 78 67 81 30 17 96 84 17 11 03 92 50 72 45 24 04 25 99 86 39 64 34 50 25 62 24 57 51 25 nage 22201. 22230. 22252. 22277. 22317. 22338. 22351. 22364. 22375. 22409. 22442. 22474. 22504. 22514. 22539. 22574. 22587. 22622. 22657. 22686. 22688. 22690. 22691. 22721. 22751. 22782. 22809. 22844. 22886. 22918. 22949. 22959. 22987. 23020. 23044. 23077. 23105. 23141. Chai ) m( cen 761. 777. 234. 735. 376. 099. 431. 087. 282. 823. 894. 135. 488. 878 783. 888. 327. 941. 913. 890. 587 218 729 789. 805. 205. 747. 863. 528. 252. 704. 157. 757. 362. 621. 333. 937. 746. sta 21 28 22 24 39 21 13 13 11 33 32 32 29 9. 25 34 12 34 34 29 1. 2. 0. 29 29 31 27 34 41 32 30 10 27 33 23 33 27 35 Di ) m( on 733 716 720 675 647 595 514 560 512 566 462 648 636 632 683 709 734 784 809 696 458 376 635 685 776 758 716 701 600 643 616 539 590 704 789 749 777 855 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El (m) 571 426 027 084 616 908 961 802 264 432 349 438 360 828 985 195 777 075 028 559 833 315 761 133 603 981 008 128 231 838 539 697 588 350 224 903 830 476 gni astE 480020. 480048. 480070. 480093. 480129. 480149. 480163. 480176. 480187. 480221. 480253. 480285. 480315. 480324. 480350. 480384. 480396. 480429. 480461. 480488. 480490. 480492. 480493. 480522. 480551. 480582. 480608. 480641. 480681. 480711. 480740. 480750. 480777. 480811. 480834. 480867. 480895. 480930. (m) ng 55.429 59.522 56.748 46.935 31.566 25.569 23.741 24.006 25.759 25.126 21.484 17.683 13.525 14.321 16.183 24.339 25.641 13.409 00.144 87.649 86.956 86.406 86.067 79.868 73.186 68.421 60.531 49.324 35.936 26.238 16.358 13.749 07.699 04.183 00.866 95.950 92.266 88.662 hi Nort 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18842 18842 18842 No. 748 758 768 778 788 798 808 818 828 838 848 858 868 878 888 898 908 918 928 938 948 958 968 978 988 998 009 019 029 039 049 059 069 079 089 099 109 119 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dikelort Dikelort Dikelort Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol Con Con Con rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol d d d scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d d Floofo Floofo Floofo d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo eak eak eak Br Br Br ) m( 0 1 5 3 0 4 4 3 6 8 7 9 5 8 9 4 4 6 1 8 4 2 6 0 9 9 1 2 2 8 7 5 0 3 5 3 5 8 anlPtnem 35 90 58 79 23 46 62 11 19 14 44 34 08 36 32 12 07 90 44 51 50 72 72 69 44 42 47 19 70 85 98 44 49 35 27 33 06 17 nage 21505. 21528. 21539. 21555. 21569. 21572. 21574. 21594. 21613. 21657. 21658. 21660. 21662. 21663. 21690. 21720. 21750. 21778. 21787. 21795. 21809. 21822. 21829. 21851. 21871. 21885. 21910. 21943. 21959. 21999. 22011. 22050. 22067. 22096. 22112. 22136. 22150. 22180. Chai Develop ) m( cen 644. 551. 684. 208. 437. 234 160 489. 083. 953. 299 902 736 283 961. 796. 950. 832. 535 077 986. 217. 004 964. 759. 979. 043. 721. 510. 156. 129. 458. 045. 864. 921. 059. 732. 112. cialoS­ sta 16 23 10 16 13 3. 2. 19 19 43 1. 1. 1. 1. 26 29 29 28 8. 8. 13 13 7. 21 19 13 25 32 16 40 12 38 17 28 15 24 13 30 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 655 585 715 509 409 838 511 492 508 475 959 864 926 505 532 564 550 409 459 575 614 687 665 377 314 292 385 296 374 422 831 356 345 527 642 697 687 773 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 340 572 331 926 703 555 947 088 403 536 843 202 465 461 254 951 847 349 165 743 551 404 018 354 145 792 402 994 475 435 707 339 257 324 562 133 470 718 Nam gni astE 479981. 479983. 479982. 479980. 479978. 479977. 479977. 479968. 479961. 479978. 479978. 479978. 479977. 479977. 479965. 479955. 479945. 479934. 479933. 479934. 479937. 479937. 479935. 479936. 479936. 479936. 479933. 479928. 479921. 479908. 479907. 479914. 479920. 479936. 479944. 479960. 479972. 479999. (m) ng 14.345 37.790 48.415 64.559 77.794 80.923 83.070 00.364 17.925 77.526 78.796 80.691 82.291 83.510 07.790 35.774 64.207 90.919 99.335 07.367 21.074 34.288 41.098 63.053 82.812 96.789 21.647 54.023 68.998 06.990 19.094 56.879 72.909 97.125 10.992 28.908 36.040 47.555 hi Nort 18839 18839 18839 18839 18839 18839 18839 18840 18840 18839 18839 18839 18839 18839 18840 18840 18840 18840 18840 18841 18841 18841 18841 18841 18841 18841 18842 18842 18842 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18844 18844 18844 18844 No. 368 378 388 398 408 418 428 438 448 458 468 478 488 498 508 518 528 538 548 558 568 578 588 598 608 618 628 638 648 658 668 678 688 698 708 718 728 738 2005yarunaJ la l ataDenliseaB Can Cana Dikelor Dike 120 ontip scri 2:re De onitagrirIfo ion nt rolt Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike gatirrI Co do Con rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol d Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Flofo Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d apt omttoB ehtfo m mot Floofo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Ch Ber End Bot ) m( 1 2 2 8 9 7 7 4 3 7 6 9 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 6 2 0 9 0 6 2 0 1 2 4 2 5 3 9 9 0 5 1 35 08 85 32 66 61 66 76 30 49 23 30 66 66 08 10 87 43 50 03 16 62 05 11 49 95 13 37 72 46 60 83 41 23 34 76 05 77 nage 24307. 24308. 24308. 24310. 24330. 24331. 24334. 24335. 24353. 24354. 24366. 24367. 24372. 24373. 24376. 24377. 24393. 24423. 24424. 24429. 24433. 24449. 24462. 24463. 24467. 24468. 24512. 24541. 24594. 24595. 24602. 24603. 24630. 24631. 24633. 24633. 24640. 24641. Chai ) m( cen 982 731 770 476 341. 947 050 097 540. 193 739. 073 356 999 420 016 770. 562. 069 533 127 457. 440. 050 387 455 178. 241. 350. 742 138 234 577. 826 110 411 294 716 1. 0. 0. 1. sta 20 0. 3. 1. 17 1. 11 1. 5. 0. 2. 1. 16 29 1. 4. 4. 16 12 1. 4. 1. 43 29 53 0. 7. 1. 26 0. 2. 0. 6. 1. Di ) m( on 370 402 445 027 876 217 260 874 760 111 248 692 696 298 242 579 547 549 127 080 481 508 526 993 668 551 245 256 115 613 628 173 950 865 944 312 444 594 evati 140. 141. 141. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. El (m) 132 219 506 021 401 240 549 279 733 445 125 285 893 383 105 013 818 202 831 354 665 637 497 717 341 715 564 776 089 456 717 040 035 162 263 956 549 155 gni astE 482073. 482073. 482074. 482076. 482096. 482097. 482099. 482100. 482117. 482118. 482129. 482130. 482135. 482136. 482138. 482139. 482154. 482181. 482182. 482186. 482189. 482203. 482215. 482216. 482221. 482222. 482265. 482294. 482347. 482348. 482355. 482357. 482383. 482384. 482386. 482386. 482392. 482394. (m) ng 50.650 50.463 50.709 50.978 47.482 47.139 46.293 45.788 39.690 39.460 35.274 34.930 32.681 32.367 31.300 30.661 24.457 11.034 10.568 08.998 06.310 97.985 94.657 94.417 93.955 93.729 88.703 87.606 84.045 83.955 84.363 84.323 82.279 81.863 81.916 82.099 82.757 82.043 hi Nort 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 No. 509 519 529 539 549 559 569 579 589 599 609 619 629 639 649 659 669 679 689 699 709 719 729 739 749 759 769 779 789 799 809 819 829 839 849 859 869 879 l Dike Dikelor la Cana Can ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike rolt nt 3e ion rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol Co Con d do gatirrI scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floofo Flofo ehtfo onitagrirIfo lumoV­ mot m End Bot Ber omttoB ) m( 3 5 6 4 1 3 0 5 7 3 3 8 4 3 2 1 5 1 2 7 5 3 2 9 5 5 5 8 6 6 6 8 4 6 5 6 8 9 anlPtnem 72 89 08 42 95 99 17 08 19 50 33 59 13 54 19 09 20 97 98 24 27 39 52 18 70 55 60 05 71 25 06 43 02 11 84 88 81 36 nage 23154. 23194. 23202. 23225. 23250. 23281. 23318. 23347. 23370. 23396. 23420. 23447. 23483. 23510. 23546. 23583. 23611. 23636. 23672. 23712. 23747. 23794. 23830. 23872. 23933. 23978. 24025. 24053. 24081. 24122. 24165. 24208. 24246. 24278. 24301. 24302. 24303. 24305. Chai Develop ) m( cen 465. 171. 191 339. 527. 042. 177. 916. 111. 306. 831. 265. 536. 409. 649. 899. 113. 766. 012. 264. 029. 117. 129. 667. 516. 850. 050. 453. 658. 540. 810. 372. 586. 091. 729. 041 932 551 cialoS­ sta 13 40 7. 23 25 31 36 28 23 26 23 27 35 27 35 36 28 25 36 39 35 47 36 41 61 44 47 27 28 40 42 43 37 32 23 1. 0. 1. Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 837 737 665 671 652 739 752 725 692 760 583 576 704 779 746 778 835 831 861 913 919 008 002 851 809 717 866 753 819 757 704 954 988 879 825 319 281 355 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. eun El Th (m) 599 524 081 088 239 598 756 495 374 127 833 107 076 317 668 457 418 705 951 107 223 705 122 172 586 374 484 546 752 077 393 586 431 312 539 899 169 503 Nam gni astE 480943. 480983. 480989. 481010. 481033. 481062. 481097. 481125. 481148. 481174. 481198. 481224. 481258. 481284. 481319. 481356. 481384. 481410. 481446. 481484. 481519. 481565. 481601. 481642. 481702. 481746. 481792. 481819. 481848. 481888. 481931. 481974. 482012. 482044. 482067. 482068. 482069. 482071. (m) ng 86.639 79.290 74.849 66.258 55.426 44.189 34.358 26.668 23.463 24.741 27.492 34.584 45.252 53.546 59.574 60.798 59.790 61.156 66.418 74.056 79.442 88.450 94.364 01.760 13.210 22.951 32.789 36.465 37.908 40.858 44.765 46.911 49.660 50.165 50.755 50.654 50.563 49.973 hi Nort 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 No. 129 139 149 159 169 179 189 199 209 219 229 239 249 259 269 279 289 299 309 319 329 339 349 359 369 379 389 399 409 419 429 439 449 459 469 479 489 499 2005yarunaJ l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ataDenliseaB Dike Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana ontip Dike Dike Dike rolt 121 pe ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion rol rol rol Pi Con d gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI scri Cont Cont Cont noit Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road angpaKya Road 2:re De d d d Floo Floo Floo Floofo gairrI Huo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo apt m m m m m m m m m m m m m m Ch End Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber ) m( 5 3 6 3 6 2 3 7 0 7 9 6 6 1 3 8 6 4 6 3 5 2 0 6 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 5 7 5 4 4 93 24 98 02 45 14 51 31 60 22 99 61 09 42 34 88 50 05 16 90 78 14 66 43 14 85 90 55 00 70 74 89 16 23 16 34 65 56 nage 25080. 25122. 25147. 25150. 25157. 25184. 25203. 25257. 25291. 25344. 25390. 25446. 25495. 25542. 25575. 25590. 25612. 25640. 25654. 25684. 25712. 25725. 25739. 25755. 25769. 25824. 25869. 25893. 25912. 25924. 25942. 25963. 25984. 26022. 26069. 26120. 26175. 26205. Chai ) m( cen 196 308. 743. 037 433 686. 372. 803. 283. 627. 773. 617. 480. 325. 922. 545. 618. 548. 112. 737. 882. 357. 517. 777. 708. 710. 049. 650. 450. 700. 040. 150. 269. 073. 932. 178. 309. 910. 3. sta 41 25 2. 7. 26 19 53 34 52 46 55 48 47 32 15 21 27 14 30 27 12 14 15 13 55 45 23 18 12 18 21 20 38 46 51 55 29 Di ) m( on 768 912 882 511 564 609 505 534 548 403 421 285 352 398 519 522 493 489 450 439 509 628 698 539 403 724 674 573 565 632 642 657 766 810 773 956 812 780 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. El (m) 575 351 552 701 510 841 130 750 230 100 693 200 076 310 110 058 421 007 639 867 817 587 965 107 810 007 315 366 852 053 786 403 214 707 091 127 930 377 gni astE 482812. 482849. 482872. 482874. 482881. 482905. 482923. 482973. 483005. 483055. 483100. 483155. 483202. 483249. 483281. 483295. 483315. 483336. 483346. 483368. 483390. 483397. 483402. 483404. 483404. 483390. 483382. 483381. 483385. 483389. 483398. 483411. 483426. 483455. 483494. 483535. 483581. 483606. (m) ng 76.852 96.045 07.365 08.061 10.872 22.262 29.837 49.549 61.985 78.445 89.853 00.178 09.436 18.631 26.447 31.223 40.887 58.038 67.725 89.369 06.506 16.704 30.392 46.026 59.720 13.799 58.101 81.734 99.819 11.865 27.280 44.221 57.764 82.016 09.085 38.890 70.509 85.903 hi Nort 18843 18843 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18844 18845 18845 18845 18845 18845 18845 18845 18845 18845 18846 18846 18846 18846 18846 18847 18847 18847 18847 18848 18848 18848 18848 18848 18849 18849 18849 18849 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 No. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Road Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Road Road Road Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Road Road De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ) m( 6 4 8 0 3 9 2 2 4 3 6 9 3 6 0 8 2 8 3 7 9 5 6 8 8 2 4 4 4 5 2 1 3 5 9 3 8 9 anlPtnem 02 99 84 66 23 06 39 96 37 72 82 48 36 49 48 98 19 37 29 53 18 23 13 02 29 45 55 60 73 02 67 76 20 54 10 84 30 73 nage 24646. 24648. 24680. 24682. 24685. 24687. 24715. 24780. 24783. 24785. 24788. 24818. 24821. 24823. 24825. 24860. 24875. 24877. 24879. 24881. 24900. 24919. 24921. 24923. 24925. 24950. 24979. 24981. 24983. 24986. 25014. 25045. 25049. 25056. 25059. 25070. 25073. 25077. Chai Develop ) m( cen 255 968 853. 812 574 835 324. 570. 413 349 103 663. 874 133 985 508. 204. 186 915 244 652. 046. 901 892 269 154. 102. 050 130 291 647. 089. 442 342 564 734. 464 431 cialoS­ 4. 2. sta 31 1. 2. 1. 28 65 2. 2. 3. 29 2. 2. 1. 35 14 2. 1. 2. 18 19 1. 1. 2. 25 29 2. 2. 2. 28 31 3. 7. 2. 11 2. 4. Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 723 486 325 740 821 270 310 844 150 112 831 929 310 254 878 941 866 312 217 941 146 962 391 368 065 459 502 064 048 597 608 629 174 226 502 836 255 170 evati 140. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 141. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 140. 141. 140. 140. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. eun El Th (m) 206 865 623 681 407 745 738 084 857 271 192 387 185 206 995 306 487 119 687 209 179 654 112 369 010 110 231 700 129 477 182 154 635 281 253 726 398 647 Nam gni astE 482398. 482401. 482433. 482435. 482437. 482439. 482467. 482533. 482535. 482538. 482541. 482570. 482573. 482575. 482577. 482612. 482626. 482628. 482630. 482632. 482650. 482668. 482670. 482671. 482674. 482697. 482723. 482725. 482726. 482728. 482754. 482781. 482784. 482791. 482793. 482803. 482805. 482809. (m) ng 83.164 83.049 80.827 80.972 81.064 81.000 79.826 77.701 78.117 78.294 78.548 81.471 82.200 82.558 82.719 88.516 90.074 90.385 90.856 91.491 96.389 03.796 04.547 05.326 06.266 16.427 29.278 29.918 30.988 32.360 45.470 60.532 61.923 65.211 66.532 72.067 73.240 75.297 hi Nort 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18842 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 18843 No. 889 899 909 919 929 939 949 959 969 979 989 999 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2005yarunaJ l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ataDenliseaB Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana g 122 ontip ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike ion ion ion ion ion ion gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI scri 2:re De ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo dgeirB dgeirB Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont leunaSy Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Houa ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo apt m m m m m m m m Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo m m m m m m Ch Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber ) m( 0 9 5 9 6 9 1 9 7 6 6 3 6 9 4 1 4 2 2 3 4 8 2 8 5 9 4 3 7 3 7 4 6 1 2 8 2 4 05 75 36 18 65 63 39 38 89 04 83 23 18 73 50 22 70 40 86 79 16 09 43 19 02 66 97 76 52 76 15 13 29 61 15 27 19 02 nage 27371. 27383. 27407. 27436. 27473. 27518. 27565. 27597. 27606. 27614. 27616. 27650. 27691. 27723. 27767. 27814. 27852. 27886. 27925. 27944. 27954. 27958. 27964. 27971. 27986. 27996. 28003. 28021. 28053. 28075. 28084. 28089. 28101. 28116. 28145. 28174. 28203. 28234. Chai ) m( cen 433 709. 607. 824. 467. 983. 752. 998. 508 149 790 397. 953. 553. 764. 717. 483. 699. 459. 932. 371 934 333 767 826. 644. 306 789. 764. 235. 395 977 162. 315. 541. 126. 914. 832. 9. sta 12 23 28 37 44 46 31 9. 7. 2. 33 40 32 43 46 38 33 39 18 9. 3. 6. 6. 14 10 7. 17 31 22 8. 4. 12 15 28 29 28 30 Di ) m( on 274 288 279 466 496 491 369 135 346 011 072 804 812 081 054 009 059 153 363 126 231 362 194 283 467 462 365 514 521 742 642 600 022 088 367 337 342 333 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El (m) 106 730 796 242 212 455 047 512 648 281 193 689 830 488 813 817 403 801 153 983 768 991 711 697 984 810 308 194 260 675 099 193 630 134 042 972 376 580 gni astE 484007. 484020. 484043. 484072. 484109. 484153. 484199. 484231. 484238. 484238. 484237. 484238. 484253. 484264. 484280. 484296. 484310. 484322. 484337. 484347. 484350. 484349. 484345. 484339. 484325. 484315. 484307. 484291. 484267. 484250. 484242. 484238. 484227. 484212. 484184. 484155. 484126. 484096. (m) ng 71.060 73.548 73.417 69.415 63.501 55.829 48.404 43.052 48.747 55.859 58.529 91.885 30.329 60.682 01.597 45.341 81.356 12.906 49.347 65.370 74.072 77.631 82.518 86.594 90.614 92.797 93.690 00.554 20.900 35.851 39.289 41.213 45.820 50.283 54.624 58.185 62.011 65.956 hi Nort 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18859 18859 18860 18860 18860 18861 18861 18861 18861 18861 18861 18861 18861 18861 18861 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 No. 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 l l l l l l l nal Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Ca Cana ontip ion ion ion ion ion ion oni 3e ion gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI Land Land Land Land Land Land Land ste ste ste ste ste ste ste ste gatirrI scri De ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo eht For For For For For For For For Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road lumoV­ m m m m m m offo enrraB enrraB enrraB enrraB enrraB enrraB enrraB ehtfo m Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber ndE Ber ) m( 4 2 5 1 2 1 2 5 9 7 6 1 1 2 6 2 1 3 9 4 8 2 3 8 1 7 7 7 3 8 6 1 4 1 1 1 4 7 anlPtnem 82 80 68 57 18 28 05 76 18 38 44 16 72 88 26 10 54 74 84 56 47 22 32 84 73 75 73 63 56 46 70 20 32 01 41 24 82 61 nage 26227. 26261. 26306. 26353. 26392. 26429. 26458. 26471. 26494. 26512. 26532. 26549. 26582. 26624. 26673. 26702. 26727. 26766. 26796. 26828. 26855. 26888. 26928. 26956. 26999. 27050. 27074. 27091. 27123. 27158. 27194. 27235. 27280. 27311. 27331. 27342. 27350. 27361. Chai Develop ) m( cen 260. 978. 883. 886. 611. 099. 771. 712. 425. 197. 060. 715. 560. 161. 384. 836. 438. 203. 106. 715. 913. 744. 101. 525. 883. 026. 980. 900. 926. 905. 238. 495. 123. 688. 400. 829. 583 793. cialoS­ sta 22 33 44 46 38 37 28 13 22 18 20 16 33 42 48 28 25 39 30 31 26 32 40 28 42 51 23 16 31 34 36 40 45 30 20 10 8. 10 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 748 793 737 844 836 785 718 101 921 920 001 951 208 170 227 082 181 246 132 212 105 181 391 247 277 168 250 127 257 305 181 269 169 255 231 350 748 005 evati 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 140. 140. 141. 140. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. eun El Th (m) 462 182 928 694 678 117 959 557 363 119 833 292 747 421 571 015 465 821 851 789 542 853 533 885 835 734 192 865 382 124 915 455 057 945 214 691 665 852 Nam gni astE 483627. 483660. 483702. 483748. 483785. 483821. 483848. 483858. 483863. 483857. 483851. 483854. 483875. 483901. 483933. 483952. 483969. 483991. 484006. 484021. 484035. 484051. 484065. 484062. 484062. 484063. 484061. 484056. 484047. 484037. 484026. 484013. 483996. 483987. 483984. 483985. 483990. 483999. (m) ng 94.557 02.762 16.669 27.671 37.273 46.842 55.972 65.605 87.556 04.926 23.894 40.365 66.095 99.771 36.048 57.434 76.317 09.009 35.110 62.613 86.024 14.519 52.109 80.499 23.383 74.401 98.275 14.528 45.054 78.547 13.132 51.468 93.331 22.635 42.787 53.590 60.264 66.626 hi Nort 18849 18850 18850 18850 18850 18850 18850 18850 18850 18851 18851 18851 18851 18851 18852 18852 18852 18853 18853 18853 18853 18854 18854 18854 18855 18855 18855 18856 18856 18856 18857 18857 18857 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 No. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 123 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Cont 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo apt Ch ) m( 2 8 2 3 8 1 5 5 9 4 4 7 7 3 9 1 5 7 1 1 2 1 4 6 8 7 4 8 5 8 5 1 7 2 1 4 7 2 59 84 42 51 96 41 24 03 42 16 80 42 67 83 09 29 46 68 90 21 66 71 97 64 66 51 31 11 33 14 00 94 75 57 38 26 81 45 nage 29195. 29239. 29260. 29301. 29334. 29360. 29362. 29366. 29368. 29412. 29454. 29487. 29509. 29559. 29562. 29564. 29568. 29613. 29641. 29677. 29706. 29751. 29784. 29828. 29870. 29915. 29961. 30002. 30044. 30097. 30131. 30158. 30161. 30164. 30166. 30208. 30250. 30276. Chai ) m( cen 391. 256. 574. 091. 455. 443. 834 790 394 734. 641. 622. 250. 156. 266 192 175 221. 214. 310. 451. 049. 263. 672. 022. 849. 796. 804. 217. 813. 857. 936. 816 814 809 883. 553. 635. sta 37 44 20 41 33 25 1. 3. 2. 43 42 32 22 50 2. 2. 4. 45 28 35 29 45 33 43 42 44 45 40 42 52 33 27 2. 2. 1. 41 42 25 Di ) m( on 947 827 780 842 592 628 121 169 664 785 710 637 671 626 986 012 712 195 766 720 806 640 798 860 765 507 568 599 751 754 513 728 126 156 540 590 543 439 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 142. 142. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El (m) 252 533 700 542 626 862 598 478 559 777 210 547 001 657 015 623 961 808 140 361 199 515 463 803 006 980 780 066 784 387 680 597 221 305 860 766 496 420 gni astE 483264. 483233. 483216. 483183. 483155. 483136. 483134. 483131. 483129. 483093. 483057. 483029. 483009. 482960. 482958. 482956. 482952. 482907. 482881. 482847. 482818. 482776. 482744. 482703. 482663. 482622. 482580. 482542. 482507. 482464. 482437. 482413. 482411. 482408. 482407. 482371. 482336. 482317. (m) ng 09.563 41.272 52.433 77.163 96.082 12.572 13.724 16.024 17.492 42.065 63.680 81.590 89.864 03.255 03.364 03.841 04.108 13.112 21.730 31.683 40.119 55.429 63.753 78.886 92.428 09.429 27.639 43.791 67.206 98.231 17.741 33.140 34.129 35.224 36.313 58.682 82.846 99.360 hi Nort 18866 18866 18866 18866 18866 18867 18867 18867 18867 18867 18867 18867 18867 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18869 18869 18869 18869 18869 18870 18870 18870 18870 18870 18870 18870 18870 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 No. 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 l l l l l l l l l l l l l Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana ontip ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri De ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ m m m m m m m m m m m m m Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber ) m( 1 4 3 7 8 7 4 5 1 1 3 1 3 4 2 5 0 7 7 1 3 2 3 2 9 1 7 5 8 2 5 0 6 2 0 0 1 2 anlPtnem 28 75 54 52 83 10 21 22 03 01 01 95 15 67 43 61 50 52 74 67 75 28 27 43 64 11 32 52 95 87 30 89 02 79 29 83 62 20 nage 28272. 28306. 28326. 28343. 28385. 28417. 28454. 28476. 28503. 28532. 28551. 28568. 28581. 28581. 28603. 28619. 28646. 28669. 28703. 28743. 28780. 28807. 28849. 28880. 28915. 28932. 28977. 29002. 29031. 29034. 29041. 29042. 29064. 29111. 29151. 29152. 29156. 29158. Chai Develop ) m( cen 257. 473. 790. 984. 312. 269. 107. 011. 806. 980. 002. 937. 202. 521 758. 184. 885. 027. 221. 924. 081. 529. 991. 158. 217. 462. 216. 197. 434. 914 433 584 136. 766. 498. 540 791 581 cialoS­ sta 38 34 19 16 42 31 37 22 26 28 19 17 12 0. 21 16 26 23 34 39 37 26 41 31 35 16 45 25 29 2. 6. 1. 21 47 39 1. 3. 1. Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 182 274 354 326 294 296 367 310 301 455 507 451 417 716 976 938 613 708 889 936 802 800 648 559 651 715 750 812 943 065 097 884 847 914 896 246 284 832 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. eun El Th (m) 222 402 879 001 666 159 063 379 561 702 922 608 949 155 837 193 536 750 586 646 967 092 521 390 583 670 477 245 387 930 519 806 779 209 654 062 344 671 Nam gni astE 484058. 484024. 484004. 483988. 483948. 483918. 483883. 483861. 483835. 483806. 483787. 483769. 483757. 483757. 483736. 483722. 483700. 483682. 483654. 483623. 483593. 483572. 483537. 483513. 483487. 483475. 483437. 483416. 483392. 483390. 483384. 483383. 483365. 483326. 483295. 483294. 483291. 483290. (m) ng 71.614 77.409 81.986 80.177 64.841 55.215 44.778 39.502 38.328 40.645 41.608 45.835 48.682 48.477 55.080 62.339 78.257 91.862 12.340 37.505 59.480 74.902 98.016 17.749 41.848 52.800 78.328 91.911 09.248 10.470 14.336 15.282 26.830 54.328 78.217 79.105 81.689 82.635 hi Nort 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18862 18863 18863 18863 18863 18863 18864 18864 18864 18864 18864 18865 18865 18865 18865 18865 18865 18865 18865 18865 18865 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 No. 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike keiD Dike Dike Dike 124 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo apt Ch ) m( 4 6 6 8 6 0 4 4 7 2 9 0 0 5 8 6 4 5 6 2 5 4 8 7 3 3 9 2 8 2 2 6 1 2 6 4 2 1 49 56 27 71 02 80 41 48 12 80 80 89 28 20 94 80 10 50 10 11 12 54 14 90 99 45 44 10 49 28 04 28 52 34 26 93 59 00 nage 31609. 31633. 31667. 31676. 31709. 31744. 31774. 31798. 31852. 31885. 31923. 31964. 32004. 32041. 32074. 32099. 32128. 32147. 32175. 32208. 32210. 32212. 32215. 32246. 32278. 32304. 32319. 32350. 32387. 32416. 32422. 32446. 32458. 32473. 32501. 32538. 32582. 32586. Chai ) m( cen 594. 072. 711. 441 308. 774. 614. 070. 643. 675. 007. 081. 390. 925. 742. 858. 298. 401. 600. 006. 013 419 604 760. 085. 460. 996. 653. 396. 784. 760 245. 235. 820. 924. 668. 658. 409 sta 31 24 33 9. 32 35 29 24 53 33 38 41 39 36 33 24 28 19 27 33 2. 2. 2. 31 32 25 14 30 37 28 5. 24 12 14 27 37 43 3. Di ) m( on 742 853 697 700 756 990 009 156 053 983 689 896 071 789 825 850 931 844 765 740 432 364 851 759 573 763 668 840 098 993 000 698 801 108 121 691 010 247 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 142. 143. 142. 142. 143. 143. 142. 143. 142. El (m) 862 865 475 352 896 730 524 570 699 339 973 660 682 831 952 506 817 181 645 680 005 513 973 744 742 306 924 554 228 653 134 246 259 705 260 309 614 446 gni astE 482260. 482250. 482235. 482230. 482204. 482178. 482156. 482140. 482105. 482086. 482060. 482032. 482003. 481973. 481945. 481925. 481903. 481891. 481872. 481849. 481847. 481845. 481843. 481823. 481802. 481782. 481770. 481746. 481716. 481696. 481694. 481696. 481701. 481711. 481733. 481755. 481786. 481789. (m) ng 75.857 97.888 28.058 35.864 55.643 79.546 99.783 17.406 58.825 86.604 13.813 43.563 70.437 91.847 10.842 26.073 44.033 58.731 79.165 02.346 03.608 04.719 06.440 31.173 55.257 71.454 80.260 99.281 22.093 42.342 47.762 71.905 82.932 94.184 12.056 41.961 73.169 71.948 hi Nort 18883 18883 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18885 18885 18885 18886 18886 18886 18886 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18889 18889 18889 18889 18889 18889 18890 18890 18890 18890 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 No. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Road Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ) m( 6 0 5 9 1 3 1 4 5 7 3 3 1 0 7 9 3 8 7 3 3 1 2 1 8 0 9 4 1 2 0 7 2 6 9 7 6 0 anlPtnem 71 90 41 80 04 39 98 78 89 74 48 30 71 73 84 48 45 88 18 17 82 07 15 88 36 75 25 98 16 20 95 38 27 81 64 83 19 90 nage 30309. 30340. 30388. 30425. 30464. 30493. 30532. 30562. 30605. 30636. 30678. 30757. 30802. 30839. 30871. 30915. 30974. 31023. 31065. 31100. 31132. 31151. 31151. 31190. 31219. 31236. 31267. 31303. 31336. 31340. 31342. 31346. 31377. 31420. 31445. 31481. 31539. 31577. Chai Develop ) m( cen 264. 183. 515. 395. 232. 352. 588. 803. 111. 852. 736. 820. 408. 020. 117. 642. 964. 435. 299. 986. 650. 248. 081 729. 486. 382. 509. 725. 178. 041 748 437 885. 543. 833. 188. 359. 704. cialoS­ sta 33 31 47 37 38 29 39 29 43 30 41 78 45 37 32 43 58 49 41 34 32 18 0. 39 28 17 30 36 32 4. 2. 3. 30 43 24 36 57 38 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 382 424 714 679 721 700 714 610 452 465 340 349 570 613 569 375 623 670 801 773 739 634 634 775 952 975 068 058 983 385 338 734 870 813 794 811 730 846 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. eun El Th (m) 846 822 869 365 916 326 664 548 652 862 531 627 735 523 490 359 558 471 266 433 235 873 684 876 027 293 020 249 745 615 751 809 129 621 580 508 551 687 Nam gni astE 482296. 482278. 482256. 482247. 482240. 482239. 482247. 482251. 482261. 482267. 482279. 482291. 482292. 482297. 482302. 482311. 482324. 482337. 482349. 482359. 482368. 482373. 482373. 482380. 482382. 482378. 482365. 482352. 482344. 482343. 482343. 482341. 482332. 482321. 482315. 482303. 482284. 482270. (m) ng 25.667 50.842 93.317 29.498 67.112 96.445 35.250 64.729 06.800 37.058 77.071 54.876 00.277 36.987 68.759 11.266 68.797 16.680 56.048 89.658 20.991 38.579 38.572 77.639 06.054 22.877 50.322 85.003 16.079 19.991 22.711 25.934 55.458 97.386 21.458 55.866 09.738 46.053 hi Nort 18871 18871 18871 18872 18872 18872 18873 18873 18874 18874 18874 18875 18876 18876 18876 18877 18877 18878 18878 18878 18879 18879 18879 18879 18880 18880 18880 18880 18881 18881 18881 18881 18881 18881 18882 18882 18883 18883 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 No. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 2005yarunaJ l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l la l l l l l ataDenliseaB Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Can Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana 125 ontip ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Road Road Road gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI 2:re De ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont d d d d d d d apt m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Ch Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber ) m( 6 0 5 8 7 4 9 9 2 3 5 5 0 8 2 6 7 2 7 4 2 6 4 8 2 1 0 4 1 8 2 6 1 6 2 3 9 4 95 05 25 83 75 78 12 03 62 92 12 65 20 87 85 44 49 06 30 14 70 58 95 99 36 17 04 13 15 61 03 97 49 24 39 41 57 66 nage 33936. 33947. 33967. 33978. 34014. 34038. 34063. 34088. 34151. 34194. 34231. 34231. 34276. 34320. 34356. 34381. 34397. 34426. 34464. 34496. 34529. 34556. 34580. 34618. 34660. 34698. 34736. 34776. 34815. 34854. 34898. 34909. 34966. 35008. 35048. 35048. 35087. 35127. Chai ) m( cen 650 094. 206. 583. 919. 027. 345. 910. 583. 301. 203. 529 545. 678. 974. 594. 051. 565. 245. 836. 558. 884. 368. 044. 365. 808. 869. 094. 017. 467. 413. 944. 516. 755. 145. 021 167. 084. 4. sta 10 20 11 35 24 24 24 63 43 36 0. 44 44 35 24 16 28 38 31 33 26 24 38 41 37 37 40 39 39 43 11 56 41 40 0. 39 40 Di ) m( on 371 479 233 917 960 320 634 591 642 734 784 780 734 735 471 443 495 609 485 407 470 369 404 367 360 245 321 384 420 402 420 441 011 035 063 040 033 189 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. El (m) 522 802 701 642 066 488 094 349 130 059 240 045 567 443 517 167 717 724 027 389 242 399 414 659 735 823 539 698 379 112 465 675 356 420 506 306 807 853 gni astE 483089. 483097. 483108. 483113. 483125. 483132. 483148. 483165. 483229. 483267. 483301. 483300. 483341. 483382. 483413. 483433. 483444. 483462. 483485. 483505. 483530. 483551. 483574. 483609. 483648. 483684. 483719. 483757. 483794. 483832. 483872. 483861. 483914. 483954. 483991. 483991. 484028. 484066. (m) ng 26.302 20.183 03.163 92.761 59.029 36.119 17.397 99.694 91.709 72.673 58.051 58.153 41.342 22.668 05.127 90.765 79.126 56.707 26.325 01.748 78.589 62.739 53.387 39.771 24.922 12.792 99.799 86.763 74.590 61.614 45.557 50.261 30.824 17.019 02.971 02.979 90.572 76.695 hi Nort 18892 18892 18892 18891 18891 18891 18891 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18889 18889 18889 18889 18889 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18886 18886 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 No. 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 l l l l l l l l l l l la l l l l l l l l la l l l l l l Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Can Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Can Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana Cana ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion ion rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol scri Road gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI gatirrI Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d d d ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo ehtfo lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Flood Floo Floo Floo Floo m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber Ber ) m( 0 3 3 6 9 4 9 0 9 4 6 9 9 1 8 4 4 2 7 0 2 6 6 4 0 9 0 4 1 1 4 0 6 8 2 8 2 7 anlPtnem 34 15 96 69 55 92 69 67 56 20 83 83 63 34 83 87 37 77 27 35 88 21 92 84 01 31 54 68 45 15 40 27 83 54 68 08 19 30 nage 32588. 32591. 32606. 32618. 32636. 32648. 32674. 32716. 32756. 32809. 32843. 32898. 32920. 32966. 33048. 33089. 33130. 33176. 33226. 33277. 33324. 33358. 33402. 33433. 33486. 33508. 33549. 33591. 33634. 33680. 33722. 33762. 33798. 33832. 33870. 33906. 33912. 33932. Chai Develop ) m( cen 339 813 810. 732. 863. 365. 776. 970. 899. 635. 632. 004. 800. 701. 498. 035. 500. 397. 505. 073. 532. 334. 710. 918. 166. 309. 221. 143. 767. 700. 253. 867. 566. 711. 134. 406. 104 115. cialoS­ 2. 2. sta 15 11 17 12 25 41 39 52 34 55 21 45 82 41 40 46 49 51 47 33 44 30 52 22 41 42 42 45 42 39 36 33 38 35 6. 20 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 197 869 115 268 762 743 719 235 146 236 910 001 953 923 021 721 652 682 714 665 912 808 808 821 819 673 862 873 887 829 895 902 888 812 056 206 208 938 evati 142. 142. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 142. 143. 142. 142. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 142. eun El Th (m) 256 843 791 398 096 247 758 937 266 765 717 734 283 673 937 814 264 072 661 606 937 530 535 034 283 306 518 568 895 761 503 701 696 952 595 706 627 434 Nam gni astE 481791. 481794. 481810. 481821. 481839. 481851. 481874. 481906. 481939. 481983. 482014. 482066. 482087. 482132. 482213. 482254. 482294. 482340. 482389. 482439. 482486. 482520. 482564. 482595. 482647. 482669. 482710. 482752. 482795. 482841. 482883. 482923. 482959. 482993. 483030. 483063. 483069. 483085. (m) ng 70.705 70.157 70.855 72.156 70.334 72.809 84.141 11.394 34.063 63.025 78.067 96.837 03.187 10.937 24.192 29.519 36.203 43.744 51.080 58.747 64.892 67.116 71.449 73.505 78.504 79.074 79.275 75.863 74.154 70.940 68.372 66.437 64.233 61.827 53.730 41.190 41.567 28.967 hi Nort 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18891 18891 18891 18891 18891 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 18892 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 No. 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 40cm ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dia 126 rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol pe scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re De d d d d d d d d d d d PilletS Road Road Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ofll apt Se Ch 3 ) m( 1 1 1 3 1 7 6 7 5 5 4 7 2 0 4 1 4 8 4 8 8 7 1 7 0 0 5 6 8 3 6 4 3 6 5 8 7 0 64 45 51 88 33 35 58 12 24 14 11 09 06 40 49 62 10 17 02 70 75 01 96 07 81 32 59 15 87 83 65 76 02 16 43 90 61 79 nage 36476. 36514. 36560. 36604. 36650. 36695. 36740. 36787. 36831. 36878. 36923. 36952. 36988. 37018. 37046. 37067. 37108. 37134. 37161. 37187. 37206. 37221. 37243. 37268. 37292. 37317. 37342. 37366. 37386. 37430. 37456. 37481. 37505. 37529. 37553. 37569. 37604. 37630. Chai ) m( cen 551. 810. 060. 372. 448. 026. 229. 541. 117. 900. 969. 984. 965. 338. 094. 126. 483. 074. 846. 684. 050. 259. 944. 116. 732. 511. 275. 562. 721. 956. 822. 108. 260. 142. 269. 473. 709. 174. sta 46 37 46 44 45 45 45 46 44 46 44 28 35 30 28 21 40 26 26 26 19 14 22 24 24 24 25 23 20 43 25 25 23 24 24 16 34 26 Di ) m( on 180 460 409 462 393 398 479 485 471 458 470 670 672 869 933 876 082 075 116 228 339 213 232 206 294 254 132 291 279 363 344 396 331 407 499 559 435 494 evati 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El (m) 033 620 705 536 028 923 261 219 697 686 581 337 883 597 938 947 000 101 446 465 650 198 524 969 250 150 919 453 529 558 174 083 090 543 908 470 128 649 gni astE 485300. 485330. 485366. 485401. 485437. 485473. 485509. 485545. 485580. 485617. 485657. 485679. 485707. 485730. 485751. 485767. 485801. 485824. 485847. 485870. 485887. 485899. 485922. 485945. 485970. 485994. 486018. 486042. 486062. 486106. 486132. 486157. 486180. 486203. 486226. 486243. 486275. 486299. (m) ng 55.292 78.616 06.700 33.866 61.412 88.992 16.718 45.218 72.272 01.222 22.735 40.912 63.906 83.249 01.759 15.669 38.827 50.900 63.818 77.511 87.001 93.377 97.138 02.364 08.216 13.245 17.118 20.237 22.412 20.259 16.601 13.314 08.243 02.091 96.169 92.961 81.507 71.420 hi Nort 18886 18886 18887 18887 18887 18887 18888 18888 18888 18889 18889 18889 18889 18889 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18891 18891 18891 18891 18891 18891 18891 18891 18891 18891 18891 18890 18890 18890 18890 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 No. 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 ontip Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike d d Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike Dike 3e rol rol rol rol rol rol rol Roa Roa rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol rol of of scri Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont Cont De d d d d d d d dgeE dgeE d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d lumoV­ Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Flood Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo Flood Floo Floo Floo Floo Floo ) m( 2 6 1 6 0 4 8 4 0 0 8 2 8 3 3 4 6 0 9 8 0 9 9 0 0 0 7 9 2 0 9 0 6 1 0 5 4 0 anlPtnem 79 97 29 42 76 25 36 72 11 80 10 08 68 94 19 15 43 65 71 56 64 90 07 47 68 98 95 70 66 56 29 56 89 81 44 02 90 09 nage 35167. 35205. 35245. 35284. 35320. 35353. 35372. 35373. 35379. 35380. 35417. 35453. 35483. 35515. 35566. 35584. 35597. 35609. 35626. 35642. 35663. 35684. 35724. 35781. 35826. 35872. 35918. 35962. 36004. 36051. 36156. 36166. 36182. 36224. 36288. 36332. 36381. 36430. Chai Develop ) m( cen 129. 184. 315. 135. 334. 494. 114. 356 385 691 308. 973. 607. 255. 250. 961. 283. 214. 069. 848. 072. 269. 170. 391. 210. 299. 977. 752. 953. 898. 738 cialoS­ 1. 5. 1. 4. 261. 336. 915. 629. 585. 879. 186. sta 40 38 39 39 36 32 19 36 35 30 32 50 17 13 12 17 15 21 21 39 57 45 46 45 43 41 46 10 10 16 41 63 43 49 48 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 262 197 263 502 343 410 498 816 812 418 214 008 127 080 421 355 292 202 222 217 865 924 954 112 116 116 175 216 110 167 123 048 138 314 133 118 050 102 evati 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 142. 142. 142. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. eun El Th (m) 513 009 195 969 502 368 075 876 126 648 922 075 843 775 712 344 391 043 723 132 852 475 177 950 932 925 565 043 532 511 238 125 519 492 001 220 452 722 Nam gni astE 484104. 484139. 484174. 484208. 484240. 484268. 484285. 484286. 484291. 484292. 484324. 484355. 484382. 484409. 484456. 484472. 484485. 484497. 484514. 484530. 484551. 484572. 484611. 484669. 484714. 484760. 484806. 484850. 484892. 484939. 485043. 485053. 485067. 485101. 485151. 485186. 485225. 485263. (m) ng 63.700 49.761 31.127 12.612 94.081 78.632 69.281 68.612 66.434 65.298 47.116 29.238 14.595 97.248 78.682 70.848 66.974 65.883 65.756 66.234 66.467 65.940 65.882 64.655 63.598 63.368 62.284 61.688 61.101 60.871 64.576 67.956 75.597 01.055 40.596 66.676 97.489 27.083 hi Nort 18886 18886 18886 18886 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18885 18885 18885 18885 18886 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 No. 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 127 ontip scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re De apt Ch ) m( 6 9 5 8 1 0 1 9 2 5 7 5 4 1 6 9 1 2 4 7 7 5 5 8 5 6 4 3 6 6 1 9 2 4 4 3 7 3 98 53 69 90 74 53 16 76 13 12 01 33 24 26 86 23 86 41 45 00 88 78 88 85 42 87 73 77 07 37 77 40 92 08 03 84 32 13 nage 38471. 38496. 38520. 38544. 38568. 38593. 38611. 38645. 38666. 38691. 38719. 38743. 38768. 38794. 38819. 38843. 38868. 38894. 38920. 38944. 38974. 39003. 39027. 39051. 39077. 39101. 39128. 39154. 39176. 39210. 39236. 39266. 39289. 39315. 39339. 39364. 39394. 39419. Chai ) m( cen 058. 553. 156. 214. 833. 788. 631. 608. 363. 994. 891. 318. 909. 018. 604. 373. 622. 551. 042. 554. 880. 898. 099. 973. 567. 451. 858. 039. 303. 300. 395. 638. 513. 162. 950. 809. 484. 806. sta 17 24 24 24 23 24 17 34 20 24 27 24 24 26 25 23 25 25 26 23 30 28 24 23 25 24 26 26 21 34 26 29 23 25 23 25 29 24 Di ) m( on 513 570 482 476 440 365 287 374 442 254 273 268 331 257 211 121 146 145 093 090 335 344 245 295 390 419 419 455 463 513 400 369 379 433 403 412 405 435 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El (m) 055 124 436 175 892 968 124 057 936 673 385 753 446 469 387 444 958 712 432 921 026 379 643 142 163 484 770 417 448 170 569 525 764 504 869 279 837 678 gni astE 487005. 487028. 487050. 487072. 487094. 487116. 487132. 487160. 487177. 487199. 487223. 487244. 487265. 487287. 487309. 487329. 487349. 487369. 487390. 487409. 487431. 487450. 487464. 487476. 487488. 487499. 487511. 487521. 487529. 487541. 487555. 487557. 487564. 487571. 487577. 487584. 487592. 487598. (m) ng 96.048 87.212 77.761 67.377 57.681 47.515 39.141 19.211 07.982 95.537 81.619 69.082 56.117 42.718 29.276 16.707 01.271 84.615 69.177 55.188 33.943 12.465 92.453 71.614 49.092 27.322 03.112 79.357 59.656 27.226 05.466 75.871 53.401 29.224 06.183 81.325 52.907 28.859 hi Nort 18886 18886 18886 18886 18886 18886 18886 18886 18886 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18885 18884 18884 18884 18884 18884 18883 18883 18883 18883 18883 18882 18882 18882 18882 18881 18881 18881 18881 18880 18880 18880 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 No. 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 3e ontip scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road De lumoV­ ) m( 5 8 2 3 8 1 6 0 0 8 2 2 4 4 6 3 7 0 2 5 6 6 6 2 9 0 1 9 8 0 2 4 2 1 0 4 8 8 anlPtnem 35 69 76 97 42 03 16 90 82 90 43 77 41 80 49 33 02 15 74 99 95 39 52 49 14 29 79 60 07 67 14 05 26 13 32 74 13 92 nage 37656. 37682. 37708. 37736. 37764. 37791. 37818. 37843. 37870. 37897. 37950. 37986. 38010. 38034. 38060. 38085. 38108. 38114. 38123. 38130. 38144. 38152. 38162. 38172. 38196. 38217. 38245. 38258. 38274. 38300. 38323. 38348. 38373. 38397. 38418. 38423. 38447. 38454. Chai Develop ) m( cen 564. 344. 064. 211. 455. 604. 134. 734. 920. 088. 524. 340. 643. 390. 692. 837. 694. 123 592 253 961. 440 130. 967 657. 141. 501. 818. 469. 591. 472. 912. 209. 869. 189. 424 394. 790 cialoS­ sta 25 26 26 28 27 26 27 25 26 27 52 36 23 24 25 24 22 6. 9. 7. 13 7. 10 9. 23 21 28 12 15 26 22 24 25 23 21 5. 23 7. Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 484 308 205 085 297 449 404 327 428 377 459 459 395 481 511 453 370 386 379 338 298 324 270 266 258 144 155 151 170 148 160 223 215 266 321 477 459 461 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. eun El Th (m) 086 097 044 594 307 203 278 828 937 596 319 887 649 384 507 743 834 453 859 386 874 283 018 790 978 896 488 557 349 979 160 963 364 732 875 908 352 317 Nam gni astE 486323. 486347. 486371. 486397. 486422. 486447. 486471. 486494. 486518. 486542. 486587. 486619. 486640. 486661. 486683. 486705. 486723. 486727. 486734. 486737. 486737. 486737. 486741. 486751. 486772. 486791. 486803. 486809. 486821. 486845. 486865. 486888. 486912. 486935. 486955. 486960. 486981. 486988. (m) ng 61.701 51.063 40.206 29.391 18.659 08.506 96.860 85.426 73.058 60.244 33.614 16.131 05.616 92.362 79.624 67.405 53.727 48.976 43.178 36.427 22.467 15.029 05.940 02.297 93.153 83.469 57.692 46.316 36.778 25.460 13.490 04.892 97.303 90.364 84.337 85.477 97.026 99.146 hi Nort 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18890 18889 18889 18889 18889 18889 18889 18889 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18888 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18887 18886 18886 18886 18886 18886 18886 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 No. 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 128 ontip scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re De apt Ch ) m( 2 3 1 9 6 5 4 6 3 6 2 7 9 9 5 4 0 9 3 0 4 3 7 7 8 9 7 0 8 3 4 0 0 5 5 8 1 5 35 42 72 43 93 93 15 15 17 41 52 35 53 40 20 55 62 75 13 96 53 87 02 53 91 46 14 84 81 15 09 42 98 43 76 42 33 30 nage 40460. 40483. 40509. 40535. 40561. 40586. 40615. 40642. 40666. 40686. 40706. 40721. 40743. 40768. 40791. 40815. 40839. 40863. 40890. 40914. 40942. 40965. 40984. 41003. 41027. 41052. 41077. 41099. 41125. 41147. 41169. 41183. 41196. 41221. 41252. 41285. 41315. 41346. Chai ) m( cen 378. 071. 298. 719. 497. 999. 219. 002. 017. 243. 106. 835. 182. 870. 796. 349. 066. 139. 373. 827. 574. 339. 154. 511. 380. 551. 678. 694. 978. 335. 941. 326. 560. 455. 330. 663. 902. 974. sta 31 23 26 25 26 24 28 27 24 20 20 14 22 24 22 24 24 24 26 24 27 23 18 19 24 24 24 22 25 21 21 14 13 24 31 32 29 30 Di ) m( on 137 255 219 263 364 354 335 307 176 250 353 364 360 384 400 189 024 954 071 101 038 843 722 865 954 096 246 263 263 309 377 491 522 413 330 281 314 334 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. El (m) 111 338 006 184 536 152 638 405 461 476 031 277 275 933 352 012 067 503 119 674 257 380 860 227 434 389 961 947 247 585 335 714 580 335 113 930 104 093 gni astE 488063. 488074. 488087. 488100. 488112. 488124. 488136. 488149. 488161. 488170. 488181. 488189. 488203. 488219. 488234. 488250. 488265. 488281. 488297. 488313. 488330. 488346. 488357. 488368. 488380. 488389. 488399. 488408. 488421. 488432. 488443. 488450. 488457. 488469. 488486. 488503. 488519. 488536. (m) ng 17.212 97.340 74.350 52.053 28.550 06.385 81.159 57.318 36.291 18.417 01.244 89.173 71.806 52.654 35.352 16.968 98.563 80.179 59.653 40.304 18.798 01.186 86.781 71.119 49.741 27.100 04.225 83.661 61.130 42.750 23.751 11.218 99.365 78.332 51.872 23.850 98.792 72.834 hi Nort 18871 18870 18870 18870 18870 18870 18869 18869 18869 18869 18869 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18867 18867 18867 18867 18867 18867 18866 18866 18866 18866 18866 18865 18865 18865 18865 18865 18864 18864 18864 18864 18863 18863 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 No. 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 3e ontip scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road De lumoV­ ) m( 6 9 9 8 7 7 3 3 8 2 5 4 8 9 1 4 2 1 3 2 9 1 7 5 6 5 3 7 7 0 3 9 2 9 1 1 8 3 anlPtnem 01 39 31 34 80 37 92 43 46 42 13 41 89 70 87 08 43 53 15 34 15 99 51 01 27 00 37 67 81 74 21 59 95 33 67 84 43 97 nage 39448. 39485. 39514. 39538. 39564. 39586. 39628. 39653. 39679. 39703. 39730. 39753. 39775. 39806. 39830. 39861. 39888. 39919. 39950. 39976. 40005. 40031. 40056. 40090. 40113. 40142. 40170. 40194. 40222. 40243. 40259. 40280. 40305. 40331. 40359. 40380. 40405. 40428. Chai Develop ) m( cen 884. 382. 920. 029. 460. 570. 546. 510. 035. 954. 713. 280. 484. 811. 162. 213. 348. 099. 622. 189. 816. 832. 526. 498. 261. 729. 369. 303. 141. 922. 473. 387. 353. 387. 331. 171. 597. 535. cialoS­ sta 28 37 28 24 26 21 42 24 26 23 26 23 22 30 24 30 27 31 30 26 28 26 24 33 23 28 28 24 28 20 15 21 25 25 28 21 24 23 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 359 172 362 379 362 352 364 444 461 386 468 537 528 458 470 564 471 512 586 640 655 247 297 831 775 599 496 525 531 584 627 917 986 063 105 192 212 253 evati 142. 143. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 141. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. eun El Th (m) 670 409 945 457 178 798 618 802 150 792 772 154 551 568 465 280 828 872 955 967 973 800 426 813 952 802 125 746 091 497 873 809 563 963 953 481 676 156 Nam gni astE 487606. 487615. 487623. 487630. 487638. 487645. 487660. 487669. 487678. 487686. 487695. 487703. 487711. 487721. 487730. 487741. 487750. 487762. 487772. 487781. 487792. 487802. 487812. 487834. 487851. 487873. 487894. 487912. 487933. 487947. 487958. 487971. 487986. 487999. 488013. 488024. 488036. 488048. (m) ng 00.887 64.832 36.943 14.003 88.805 68.424 28.603 05.584 81.059 58.575 33.423 11.613 90.503 61.610 39.065 10.728 85.217 56.286 27.450 02.930 76.135 51.111 28.976 03.489 87.521 69.028 50.214 34.064 14.717 99.770 88.535 72.023 51.140 29.358 04.726 86.490 65.317 45.041 hi Nort 18880 18879 18879 18879 18878 18878 18878 18878 18877 18877 18877 18877 18876 18876 18876 18876 18875 18875 18875 18875 18874 18874 18874 18874 18873 18873 18873 18873 18873 18872 18872 18872 18872 18872 18872 18871 18871 18871 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 No. 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB 129 ontip scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re De apt Ch ) m( 8 5 0 2 4 9 9 8 4 7 4 4 1 2 1 0 9 7 5 3 8 3 9 1 5 7 2 9 7 7 2 6 9 7 3 8 7 9 29 44 34 24 76 01 93 83 17 50 19 92 88 70 19 61 96 86 92 42 33 13 16 64 19 60 70 96 57 61 20 83 27 59 70 87 55 96 nage 42417. 42437. 42459. 42482. 42502. 42526. 42546. 42572. 42596. 42620. 42643. 42694. 42734. 42784. 42834. 42880. 42930. 42976. 43023. 43075. 43134. 43185. 43244. 43272. 43300. 43327. 43355. 43382. 43412. 43440. 43469. 43497. 43527. 43556. 43585. 43614. 43642. 43669. Chai ) m( cen 212. 147. 895. 902. 522. 255. 919. 899. 337. 332. 688. 729. 957. 821. 489. 419. 359. 898. 059. 497. 915. 796. 036. 472. 554. 412. 095. 267. 607. 040. 585. 634. 443. 318. 105. 175. 679. 412. sta 23 20 21 22 20 23 20 25 23 24 22 51 39 49 49 46 50 45 47 51 58 50 59 28 27 27 28 27 29 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 27 27 Di ) m( on 750 731 768 723 667 607 569 355 233 031 957 161 262 293 367 261 116 105 940 857 314 846 261 049 953 812 611 503 477 487 784 205 671 898 967 180 580 664 evati 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 145. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 145. 145. 145. 144. 144. 144. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 144. 144. 144. 144. 145. 145. 145. El (m) 083 084 582 980 895 927 566 784 707 490 367 898 856 419 164 868 632 199 156 490 234 293 321 678 838 167 799 996 792 319 556 295 652 291 294 488 838 196 gni astE 488903. 488923. 488945. 488968. 488988. 489011. 489032. 489058. 489081. 489106. 489128. 489177. 489215. 489262. 489309. 489352. 489400. 489442. 489486. 489535. 489590. 489638. 489694. 489720. 489746. 489772. 489798. 489824. 489852. 489878. 489905. 489932. 489960. 489988. 490015. 490042. 490068. 490094. (m) ng 50.256 48.876 47.467 45.800 44.657 43.098 41.582 39.587 38.139 36.535 36.772 52.891 65.856 81.635 98.643 14.923 31.996 48.939 66.407 83.904 04.020 20.909 40.178 49.970 59.045 68.218 78.195 87.251 98.019 06.732 16.877 26.761 36.641 45.758 55.851 65.818 75.217 84.654 hi Nort 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18856 18856 18856 18856 18856 18857 18857 18857 18857 18857 18857 18857 18857 18857 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 18858 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 No. 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 m 1 3e ontip 1xt scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Culver De lumoV­ Box ) m( 7 0 2 2 8 9 7 3 1 0 5 2 2 0 2 7 7 8 6 3 7 0 5 6 5 0 7 0 0 0 6 0 5 7 3 1 7 6 anlPtnem 49 16 06 05 62 14 03 63 12 62 97 49 61 26 79 14 92 65 01 45 64 04 99 92 24 58 81 27 08 10 15 63 73 11 37 68 54 08 nage 41378. 41411. 41446. 41486. 41519. 41549. 41587. 41619. 41652. 41697. 41718. 41736. 41761. 41789. 41820. 41851. 41882. 41913. 41941. 41966. 42000. 42024. 42046. 42071. 42103. 42129. 42154. 42178. 42193. 42223. 42246. 42270. 42293. 42315. 42339. 42358. 42376. 42394. Chai Develop ) m( cen 193. 662. 902. 990. 576. 521. 888. 596. 488. 499. 355. 516. 120. 648. 532. 355. 780. 731. 358. 437. 194. 392. 956. 931. 319. 335. 237. 453. 810. 020. 056. 475. 104. 382. 256. 308. 866. 540. cialoS­ sta 32 32 34 39 33 29 37 32 32 45 21 17 25 27 31 30 31 30 27 25 34 23 22 24 31 26 25 23 14 30 23 24 23 21 24 19 17 17 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 366 270 104 175 280 535 736 768 797 794 038 227 438 558 861 140 972 531 801 995 236 257 261 244 099 846 682 613 724 812 890 988 982 045 191 364 569 679 evati 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 142. 143. 144. 143. 143. 143. 144. 144. 145. 145. 145. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. 145. 145. 145. 145. 145. 145. 145. 145. 146. 146. 146. 146. 146. eun El Th (m) 909 748 309 032 329 503 657 305 965 708 978 839 562 256 548 734 467 908 487 836 122 740 588 234 509 261 633 421 013 723 204 098 019 832 345 847 216 261 Nam gni astE 488553. 488571. 488590. 488613. 488631. 488648. 488669. 488692. 488701. 488718. 488722. 488723. 488722. 488719. 488718. 488718. 488719. 488720. 488721. 488722. 488725. 488725. 488724. 488724. 488721. 488719. 488716. 488715. 488712. 488709. 488732. 488756. 488779. 488801. 488825. 488844. 488862. 488880. (m) ng 45.931 18.600 89.359 56.146 28.279 03.744 72.489 49.160 17.962 75.869 54.898 37.415 12.354 84.831 53.309 22.956 91.202 60.492 33.147 07.728 73.627 50.235 27.280 02.353 71.132 44.949 19.864 96.442 81.908 52.031 52.623 54.663 55.449 55.493 55.042 53.538 52.528 51.425 hi Nort 18863 18863 18862 18862 18862 18862 18861 18861 18861 18860 18860 18860 18860 18859 18859 18859 18858 18858 18858 18858 18857 18857 18857 18857 18856 18856 18856 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 18855 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 No. 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 2005yarunaJ ataDenliseaB ontip iahk 130 Siy scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road 2:re De Houa apt Ch ) m( 6 4 3 4 9 7 5 0 0 4 6 1 0 2 8 0 5 7 4 80 49 46 35 06 85 33 15 15 30 68 91 66 09 82 95 53 04 16 nage 44495. 44521. 44565. 44593. 44618. 44635. 44652. 44688. 44708. 44733. 44767. 44786. 44804. 44815. 44831. 44859. 44890. 44913. 44933. Chai ) m( cen 328. 688. 969. 891. 715. 787. 478. 815. 000. 155. 382. 225. 749. 432. 736. 122. 585. 512. 117. sta 48 25 43 27 24 17 16 35 20 25 34 19 17 10 16 28 30 22 20 Di ) m( on 722 765 836 920 027 022 187 339 342 292 633 588 432 523 272 104 068 011 958 evati 143. 143. 143. 143. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 144. 143. El (m) 666 949 917 106 249 116 032 038 706 789 342 269 724 485 085 466 207 815 945 gni astE 490426. 490430. 490436. 490440. 490435. 490431. 490423. 490408. 490402. 490393. 490380. 490372. 490365. 490359. 490347. 490326. 490304. 490288. 490274. (m) ng 92.903 18.223 61.809 89.437 13.704 30.960 45.132 77.924 96.961 20.566 52.081 69.863 85.971 94.558 06.182 25.040 46.364 62.058 76.518 hi Nort 18865 18866 18866 18866 18867 18867 18867 18867 18867 18868 18868 18868 18868 18868 18869 18869 18869 18869 18869 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 No. 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 3e ontip scri Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road Road De lumoV­ ) m( 1 1 5 3 1 2 0 3 4 6 6 6 1 9 5 9 2 8 3 2 8 anlPtnem 79 19 81 28 90 12 49 49 70 11 73 58 77 74 74 57 71 10 97 57 47 nage 43698. 43727. 43755. 43782. 43799. 43829. 43875. 43921. 43966. 44018. 44060. 44102. 44138. 44173. 44214. 44245. 44282. 44321. 44367. 44410. 44447. Chai Develop ) m( cen 822. 400. 624. 468. 617. 222. 367. 003. 211. 412. 620. 850. 185. 977. 996. 834. 132. 397. 864. 599. 906. cialoS­ sta 28 28 28 26 17 29 46 46 45 51 42 41 36 34 40 30 37 38 46 42 36 Di ) m( ectjorP2 on 427 280 167 262 319 346 828 965 896 863 768 808 800 737 661 635 685 760 683 747 841 evati 145. 145. 145. 145. 145. 144. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. 143. eun El Th (m) 757 764 056 393 689 122 004 964 938 023 499 142 993 256 108 777 700 713 752 179 822 Nam gni astE 490121. 490148. 490175. 490200. 490215. 490231. 490246. 490259. 490272. 490287. 490299. 490312. 490323. 490333. 490345. 490354. 490366. 490377. 490391. 490403. 490414. (m) ng 94.311 03.986 13.119 22.542 30.672 55.602 99.412 43.512 86.692 36.044 76.744 16.756 51.170 84.619 23.762 53.264 88.638 25.334 70.088 10.767 46.189 hi Nort 18858 18859 18859 18859 18859 18859 18859 18860 18860 18861 18861 18862 18862 18862 18863 18863 18863 18864 18864 18865 18865 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 No. 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 2005yarunaJ Chapter 2: Baseline Data Annex 2-3: Photos of Tributary Structures along Lower Xe Bangfai. 1. Houay Kang at Ban Nong Bon 2. Houay Phok at Ban Naphokta 3. Houay Sayphay at Ban Dan January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 131 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 4. Houay Paka at Ban Hartkhamhieng 5. Houay Vay at Ban Namphu 6. Sorkbor at Ban Sibounhouang 7. Houay Ke at Ban Sorkbor January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 132 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 8. Houay Bounh at Ban Phakeetou 9. Houay Pakbong at Ban Sadeou 10. Houay Lo at Ban Xiengdee 11. Houay Memang at Ban Hatxayfong January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 133 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 12. Houay Sadeou at Ban Phonsaoea 13. Houay Bangkak at Ban Danh 14. Houay Sayna at Ban Dangsavanh 15. Houay Sikhay at Ban Tonhain January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 134 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 16. Houay Saleoung at Ban Phontanh 17. Houay Kangpa at Ban Kangpa 18. Houay Phinh at Ban Phakpheuatai 19. Houay Kea at Ban Phakpeua January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 135 Chapter 2: Baseline Data 20. Houay Papark at Ban Somsa-ard 21. Houay Hair at Ban Hair 22. Houay Thamhieng at Ban Nonghouathong January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 136 ithP maN m maN to ti % Ph 11 d 7 Na t ary Data nolle 3% toy Phi pon 13 10% maN butirT 15% W butarirT nolle ti Ph 5% Lake, ngi W 8% ithP Spr ll seline m we gnir 11% 3% w Sp Na ti llew Ba:2ret lloahS 33% Ph w m 7% s:ldefi Na lloahS 21% d Other 21% an Chap llew Other 24% llew eepD 14% end no gar gati 4% eepD 10% Irri ngi erta Bathing: W ithP maN maN Phit. ithP maN nolle 3% toy ti Ph 11% maN toy ti W ratubi ma Ph 11% gnri nolle 3% ar Tr utbirT gnri 8% Sp W 9% SptihP llew tihP N 11% llew w Nam w 6% Nam lloahS 36% lloahS 31% ongla hertO 19% llew hertO 23% 16% Deep ng:hisaw llew 13% Deep ing: es Villages tho Cook Cl inn ithP maN ti Seasote oty ti maN 3% toy ti Ph 7% to ti Ph ar Ph m 8% ll nolle ar Ph 11% gn maNnolle 5% W Spri arytub 10% ngi butirT Nam Na we gnri W butirT w 9% llew ti Tri Ph d Spr 11% W lloahS Sp w 37% tihP lloahS 34% 14% pon Nam 23% ti 7% Ph Nam Lake, m 1% and Na hertO 21% llew re Dry hertO 18% r lew :k 15% Deep oct Oth 22% llew teaw no l w 14% wel 10% gatii 2% in 7% ng:i dettloB eepD 3 11% ng:his vesli ep Irr lloahS De wa ngi ink hs tera Dr Di W Uses lume ter latoT 112 801 811 111 901 701 221 787 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Vo­ Wasu 02 02 52 32 52 62 72 her 18% 19% 21% 21% 23% 24% 22% 166 Ot rioaVrfo season.y 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 7 onit 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 2% Plantnem dr,t ga rriI d Phi ttle Bo retaw 12 12 11% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 Develop Nam n ret 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% urces ) Rai wa ong Soreta al tively retaw 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% cialoS­ pecser apT 9000 Wfo ageslliv 1, retaw ectj of llew 16 70001 70001 70001 40001 10001 14% 16% 14% 15% 13% 10% 7% 101 e and Deep 25 ni 2,3(sec ourcS w Pro2 lloa llew 42 04 83 83 43 22 21 38% 37% 32% 34% 31% 21% 10% 226 Sh ours 0 0 0 0 0 e, 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 61 72 43 15% 22% rtance uses Lak pond Theun teraw equentrf 9 ary 21 21 21 21 21 21 81 it 8% 3 11% 10% 11% 11% 11% 10% top butirT maN Ph maN to Impo 0 3 4 3 3 5 9 vei ousriav the to nolle tihP 0% 3% 3% 3% 3% 5% 7% 27 m W Na 9 9 6 for Relat teraw givenserocs 21 01 9% 8% 01 59 ngripS 11% 9% 8% 3% 5% ing tihP 1 6 1% 6% 31 8 7% 21 83 71 65 11% 11% 7% 14% 2-4: of ankr amN of ces n e e e e gni e e garden e e egate anc seaso gni anc gin anc shaw gnihsaw anc anc anc kc anc Annex Sour ggrA( usreta ngikn veita hes delif port veita port th veita port Dry W Dri Rel mi Cook Rel mi Ba Rel mi shiD veita port ot veita port ngrieta veita port ngrieta tose veita port lat Rel mi Cl Rel mi W and Rel mi W liv Rel mi To 2005yarunaJ maN toy t 8 13 Phi 8% ti Data ithP pond Ph 5% ti m butarirT e, 2% maNnolle otyra Ph dnop Lak W Na buti m 14% e, 2% ll Na we nolle 4% Tr Lak w seline 18% ngi W ll ti gnir 3% 3% we Sp lloahS Ba:2ret Spr ithP w Ph Na m 10% lloahS 32% m 9% Na s:ldefi re llew d Oth 10% 6% Other 11% an eepD ret n ret r Chap 1% wa in 19% teraw llew end tioa 1% te wap 2% 9% rrigI wa Ta Ra apT eepD gar inaR 31% ngi erta Bathing: W ithP maN ithP maN toy ti m toy t maN ar Ph 10% Phi 7% Na nolle 3% ll butarirT nolle 3% butirT we W w llew W lloahS 36% w gnri 2% lloahS 32% ngi Sp 3% Spr ithP tihP m 5% m 10% Na Na Other 12% llew ret eepD 10% hertO 12% wa teraw llew 9% 1% in 23% Ra apT retaw r 2% Deep ng:hisaw teaw apT niaR 20% ing: es tho Cook Cl maN to ti llew Ph 5% w maN maN ti butaryirT lloahS 36% ithP t maN toy ti ar Ph 8% 3% ngi nolle oty Phi ar Ph 10% m 15% gnir nolle butirT llew ti 1% W butirT Na 6% W w Ph Spr Sp gnri 34% m 13% 2% Na Sp tihP lloahS ti 9% pond Ph Nam 19% m 5% Lake, Na 7% Other 12% llew hertO hertO 12% llew teraw :k eepD 11% r 9% oct r ll edttloB 5% teaw retaw Deep 2% 21% we teraw % teraw niaR apT vesli teaw w % 22% retaw 11 3 n 2% 2% 18 Rai apT ng:his inaR ng:i wa ngi apT lloahS ink hs tera Dr Di W lume latoT 741 147 160 149 155 144 051 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 1052 Vo­ 71 71 18 18 19 41 0 her 12% 12% 11% 12% 12% 10% 7% 113 Ot season.tew, 0 0 0 0 0 2 01 2 onit 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% Plantnem ga rriI 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 d Phit ttle Bo retaw 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% amN 2 Develop n ret 682 23 31 32 31 44 18% 22% 19% 21% 20% 31% 21% 228 ) Rai wa ongla tively retaw 3 2 3 3 3 2 33 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 19 cialoS­ pecser ages 1, retaw apT 61 15 41 9 0 11% 10% 9% 41 9% 41 9% 6% 0% 82 ectj of llew illv e and Deep 25 ni 2,3(sec ourcS 6 w Pro2 lloa llew 45 52 05 94 94 62 37% 35% 31% 33% 32% 18% 11% 296 Sh ours 0 3 0 0 3 91 e, 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 2% 35 19% uses Lak pond Theun ertaw equentrf ary 5% 11 7% 13 8% 12 8% 15 20 32 it 3 10% 14% 15% 101 top butirT maN Ph maN to ousirav the to nolle tihP 070 5 7 5 5 7 0% 3% 4% 3% 3% 5% 521 44 10% m W Na 5 5 3 3 4 2 orf ert givenserocs ngripS 6% 3% 3% 2% 2% 3% 1% 31 ing tihP 79 8 5% 5% 16 13 16 13 02 93 10% 9% 10% 9% wafo 13% ankr amN of n e e e e gni e egate gnihsaw e garden e e e anc anc anc anc anc anc kc anc anc ourcesS ggrA( seasote usreta ngikn veita gni port veita gin port th veita shaw hes delif port W W Dri Rel mi Cook Rel mi Ba Rel mi shiD veita port ot veita port ngrieta veita port ngrieta tose veita port lat veita port Rel mi Cl Rel mi W and Rel mi W liv Rel mi To Rel mi 2005yarunaJ 9 Data 13 seline Ba:2ret Chap gn thaaK % yr pond,ek 3% 33 La m strictiD Na gnirps utaib % 10 % Tr 12 NK ll % thal n gnahtaK We 43 9% tio m gariIr 1% Na ommanG llew retawdlett nkab % 18 6% retaw NK terawd 4% Bo in 2% llew ttle Bo Ra ep 1% De ll llage,iV % retaw llew % 1% We 27 in 30 Deep Ra by,n laotT 001 100 100 100 100 001 001 100 100 100 100 001 100 100 001 100 001 100 001 100 2000 laotT 001 001 001 100 100 100 001 100 001 001 001 001 001 100 100 001 001 001 001 100 2000 Seasote 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W noitaigrrI 12 01 22 noitaigrrI and retawdeltotB 4 0 18 28 22 0 12 10 0 0 4 0 4 6 0 611 retawdeltotB 16 20 32 01 0 0 0 86 Dry ret 200 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 4001 0 0 000 0 080 01 000 0 44 ret 2002 8003 8002 14 14 20 4002 42 6003 0204 8004 8003 4603 25 22 6001 8003 0003 0005 14 602 in waniaR waniaR 3 Usesr retawpaT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 retawpaT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lume Watesu e llewpeeD 01 01 e llewpeeD 0 0 0 61 16 Vo­ urc So 6008 04 28 82 72 24 83 28 21 16 0 65 24 12 4004 2006 2007 70 66 48 67 50 4006 85 25 26 4003 22 04 0001 6001 01 41 rioaVrfo lle 445 urc So lle 748 W W Plantnem 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 45 pond,ekaL Develop urces seasony 00 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 008 0 0 0 6 asones pond,ekaL dr Soreta inwater yratubirT 43 00 00 0 0 0 00 0 00 00 00 00 62 0 38 004002 03 0 00 44 192 wet ll in yratubirT cialoS­ 0 0 0 8 4 0 0 0 0 ll 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 we 21 23 38 21 41 16 30 46 82 24 65 350 we nk nk ectj ba Wfo KN water ba KN gni 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 68 28 0 0 0 45 0 0 20 0 32 234 gni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pro2 inking spr inking spr dr NK NK rtance for gnathaK 0 61 03 0 0 24 03 24 04 0 24 62 61 27 64 48 48 04 44 86 4 dr 0 0 6 67 for gnathaK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 06 22 04 82 17 Theun ces m m Na ces Na maN Impo vei o sourf y Neuahta Ta sourfo aueN y Ta y d g ku g y ngi ya d an y g ku g Relat ancet onsasey ngarda latha y ya an eg kle ney y air gnta av l ancet tthara ha ka ons nosaset latha latha eg gin y gnta av l Dr illaV ovilaeK phduoK W bonroK Somsano malmonG xaim Na Gnomm Nongp ngeK aobgnuoB Donpeu Houay haphaT gniavaN ontoumhP Na onshP Na Ph otaT We illaV ovilaeK gnradahpduoK drahtta W bonroK xaim Somsano Gnomm Na Gnomm gnipgnoN kelgneK oabgnuoB Donpeu neyyauoH haphaT Nava muotnohP ha Na driasnohP ka ons Na Ph otaT 2-5: impor impor tivea malath malath Annex Rel ricttsiD tivea omnG Rel ricttsiD omnG 2005yarunaJ 0 Data 14 seline Ba:2ret gnahtaK 40% retaw m 1% Na yratuib pond,ek La 9% led 2% Chap Tr Bott gnirps 10% ret NK gnahtaK % 16 m l wan Na 1% Wel 41% Rai l wellknab % 14 wel NK ter 1% wa Deep yartubi 2% 1% ttledoB Tr retawni % 29 Ra ll llewpe 2% We 31% De 100 001 100 100 100 001 100 001 100 001 100 100 100 100 100 100 001 100 100 100 otalT 0002 001 001 001 001 001 100 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 100 100 100 001 100 001 100 otalT 0002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 niotagirrI niotagirrI retaw 0 00 0 0 0 82 0 60 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 43 retaw 00 00 00 00 00 44 0 00 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 44 edlttoB edlttoB retawnaiR 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 retawnaiR 84 04 02 61 0 03 42 04 63 44 83 44 43 62 01 82 83 52 8 4 58 retaw 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 retaw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Tap Tap llew 16 llew 41 402 0 0 83 lume ecur eepD eepD Vo­ So 86 82 24 88004 28 48003 04 8 0 06 32 01 8 02 ecur 2005 0004 0008 4008 20089 24 07 25 2004 04 65 26 8003 34 6 6001 0 01 l 100 100 626 So l 816 Wel Wel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 pond no 61 61 Plantnem pond ake,L ake,L season dry yratuib 0 401 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 asest we yratuib 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 0 04 02 01 30 0 70 881 Develop Tr in Tr llewknab 12 43 32 0 0 61 22 8 42 01 28 41 46 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 in 276 llewknab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cialoS­ oking KN oking KN ectj corof gnrips 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 64 32 0 0 0 46 0 0 42 0 24 206 corof gnrips 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 000 000 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pro2 NK NK ces ur gnath 0 42 83 0 0 0 43 44 63 63 04 81 61 07 45 09 29 83 0 10 67 6 ces 80 ur gnath 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 42 0 0 0 66 0 46 64 61 48 21 4 31 Ka sorte Ka m Na sorte Theun m Na maN wa of y au of cenartop noases nrad g g Ne yaT k yal g nou axi y thlaa g o y m g nrad g thlaa y thlaa g y m g Dry egalliV ovi phad dr pin dria gnava yal axi pin au g dria gnava tthaa bon nosaes phad pha nia ay nata Ke Kou W Kor msaoS aueNhtalammonG wa aT bon Nam nommG ongN kelgneK gban au neyy Bou onpeD uaoH pha gnia ay nata haT Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT cenartop et W egalliV ovi drahtta Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS nommG Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB onpeD neyyauoH haT Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT mi mi vetialeR thla tcirts ma Di Gnom vetialeR thla tcirts ma Di Gnom 2005yarunaJ 1 Data 14 seline Ba:2ret gnathaK 56% m gnahtaK Na 36% m noti Na yratuib 9% Chap Tr gariIr 3% re d wat in 1% pon Ra gnirps 1% Lake, 5% well NK 1% l Deep ll welknab We 26% 11% r d ll pon arytubi NK 2% waten 27% We 20% 1% Tr Rai wellp 1% Lake, Dee ltaoT 001 001 001 0 10 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 0 200 ltaoT 001 001 001 001 001 0 10 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 0 10 001 001 001 001 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 notiagirrI 63 02 46 notiagirrI rteawdelttoB 0 0 0 rteawdelttoB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rte 0 4 4001 62 rte 6003 8002 02 63 0002 18 81 62 64 02 61 83 03 83 6003 21 0003 45 4002 546 waniaR waniaR rte 0200 0000 0600 0 0000 0000 0000 0 0000 0000 0000 0 0008 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0 rte 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 wapaT wapaT 3 ll 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 ll 0 0 01 0 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 lume ecr wepeeD ecr wepeeD Vo­ Sou 404 003 81 50 006 801 003 02 04 0 204 003 0 8 41 0 0 0 003 601 07 04 605 42 43 44 62 64 0 64 22 0 6 001 0 0 204 lle 404 Sou lle 215 W W dnop,ekaL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 02 0 0 02 ons dnop,ekaL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 20 0 0 02 Plantnem seasony dr yratubirT 0 0 0 0 02 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 sea 21 42 41 42 14 62 02 01 81 01 2 17 Develop in llewknab 21 05 83 14 0 0 81 81 01 62 0 18 2 21 wetnig yratubirT cialoS­ inh llewknab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KN KN ectj bathingrof gnirps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83 0 0 63 18 92 bat for gnirps 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pro2 NK NK urces gnath 24 02 83 0 02 45 25 80803 00006 44 000001 43 63 000001 46 20009 60008 44 000001 000001 2411 urces gnath 22 23 00001 40002 01 24 80004 60001 80002 40003 40008 60001 43 20006 83 26 05 62 60004 42 726 Ka soret Ka m Na soret Theun m Na maN wafo y g wafo au cenatrop noases nrad g Ne yaT yal g axi y thlaa g y m g nrad g thlaa y thlaa g y m g Dry egalliV ovi phad drahtta pin yal pin au g dria gnava bon Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS aueNhtalammonG aT phad bon axi nia ay nata Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB au onpeD neyyauoH ahpahT gnia ay dria nata gnava et yenyau Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT cenatrop nosaes W egalliV ovi drahtta Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS nommG Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB onpeD Ho ahpahT Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT mi mi vetialeR thla tcirts ma Di Gnom vetialeR thla tcirts ma Di Gnom 2005yarunaJ 2 Data 14 seline Ba:2ret gnahtaK yarutb 6% 54% m noita Na gnath Tri Chap rigIr 2% Ka 29% m Na rteawni 1% Ra gnirps ll We 30% 6% NK well 1% llew Deep nk ba 7% yar KN ibut 2% ondp,e Tr re l 1% ll watn wel 33% % 2% We 26 Lak Rai Deep ltaoT 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 0 200 ltaoT 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 0 10 001 0 10 001 001 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 notiagirrI 01 30 04 notiagirrI rteawdelttoB 0 0 0 0 rteawdelttoB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rte 8 21 0 28 rte 46 4002 03 24 63 43 23 63 04 62 42 24 63 63 0002 61 4003 62 45 22 674 waniaR waniaR rte 0200 0000 0600 0000 0000 0000 0000 0 0000 0000 0000 0 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0 rte 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 wapaT wapaT 3 ll 0 0 8 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 ll 0 0 0 0 41 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 lume ecr wepeeD ecr wepeeD Vo­ Sou 205 404 81 807 61 801 23 04 0 46 42 0 21 61 0 0 0 4 63 002 06 85 46 62 83 64 24 24 0 85 42 0 802 8 0 0 64 lle 001 51 Sou lle 604 W W seasony dr dnop,ekaL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 20 0 0 20 asonest we dnop,ekaL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 080 0 0 0 0 Plantnem yratubirT 0 0 0 in 21 02 0 0 0 0 0 23 in yratubirT 02 81 81 01 63 011 Develop washing llewknab 21 02 82 0 0 03 02 01 0 0 341 washing llewknab 0 0 0 0 0 0 cialoS­ KN KN ectj dishrof gnirps 0 0 0 0 42 0 84 0 23 18 221 dishrof gnirps 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pro2 NK NK gnath 43 63 84 0000 01 23 25 20603 00006 23 000001 60801 63 000001 86 80008 40008 62 000001 000001 1090 gnath 0000 63 00001 0000 0000 60002 00003 0000 80001 20003 60007 0000 20083 40006 43 85 84 38 60004 20003 580 sources Ka Ka m sources Theun m Na Na maN waterfo nrad g g yaT ancet noases yal g axi y thlaa g y m g nrad g y thlaa g y m g Dry egalliV ovi phad drahtta pin yal pin au g dria gnava bon Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS aueNhtalammonG aT y waterfo gnia ay dria nata gnava ancet nosaes phad bon axi nia ay nata Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB au onpeD yenyau Ho ahpahT Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT et W egalliV ovi drahtta Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS aueNhtalammonG Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB onpeD neyyauoH ahpahT Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT impor impor thla thla tcirts ma tcirts ma Relative Di Gnom Relative Di Gnom 2005yarunaJ 3 Data 14 seline Ba:2ret gnathaK gnath yratuib 8% Tr 68% Ka % 36 m m Chap Na Na nd po 1% noit Lake, gariIr 3% retawn 1% Rai gnirps ll % 3% We 27 ll NK re We 17% pond yar llew wat % 1% in 27 ibut 3% bank 4% Ra Lake, Tr llew KN 1% Deep 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 otalT 0002 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 100 001 001 001 001 otalT 0002 0 0 niotagirrI 41 22 21 41 26 niotagirrI retaw 0 00 00 0 00 00 00 0 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0 retaw 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 00 00 0 edlttoB edlttoB retawnaiR 21 retawnaiR 04 42 63 23 03 62 62 83 23 43 02 24 43 83 02 02 24 41 845 retaw 0 retaw 0 0 3 Tap Tap llew 8 llew 002 0 20 lume ecur eepD eepD Vo­ So 60002 80003 80041 60005 20005 40002 0000 28003 20003 0000 0000 60084 80001 0000 0000 4000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ecur 8002 8002 8004 8003 4005 8004 0003 24 2004 2004 000 8004 6002 0000 8001 000 0000 000 2004 l 346 So l 534 Wel Wel season 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 0 0 81 season 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 0 0 81 Plantnem dry pond wet pond in ake,L in ake,L yratuib 0 0 00 0 802 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 yratuib 41 62 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 201 0 42 01 41 30 0 22 681 Develop Tr Tr washing llewknab 0 42 42 0 0 0 0 6 0 81 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 washing llewknab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cialoS­ othesclrof KN gnrips 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 52 othesclrof KN ectj gnrips 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pro2 NK NK ces gnath 06 83 45 22 02 25 001 24 86 25 001 64 06 001 001 69 001 06 001 001 0 ces 137 gnath 81 22 61 03 0 62 44 0 62 42 08 01 82 001 02 07 66 25 85 22 2 71 sourrte Ka Ka m Na sourrte Theun m Na maN wa of y of cenartop noases nrad g g yaT yal g axi y thlaa g y m g nrad g y thlaa g y m g Dry egalliV ovi phad drahtta pin yal pin au g dria gnava bon Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS aueNhtalammonG wa aT phad bon axi nia ay nata Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB au onpeD neyyauoH ahpahT gnia ay dria nata gnava Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT cenartop nosaes et W egalliV ovi drahtta Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS aueNhtalammonG Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB onpeD neyyauoH ahpahT Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT mi mi vetialeR thla tcirts ma Di Gnom vetialeR thla tcirts ma Di Gnom 2005yarunaJ 4 Data 14 seline Ba:2ret gnath yratuib ll l We 17% 2% wel 1% Tr Chap noit Deep Ka 73% ga 7% m rriI Na gnath Ka % 15 m Na ret wan 1% Rai llew 1% re Deep yratuib llew wat % in 65 Ra 4% bank 2% ll Tr We 12% KN 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 0 0 8001 otalT 0002 001 100 001 001 001 100 001 001 001 001 001 001 100 001 100 001 001 100 otalT 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 niotagirrI 42 43 82 42 441 niotagirrI retaw 06 00 00 0 00 00 00 02 0 00 00 00 0 00 00 0 00 00 00 00 0 retaw 00 0 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 0 00 0 00 00 00 0 0 edlttoB edlttoB retawnaiR 0 81 81 retawnaiR 66 0 10 87 86 23 0 10 23 85 07 07 46 46 84 03 06 84 67 0 4 10 161 retaw 0 0 retaw 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Tap Tap llew 0 10 llew 0 0 601 0 0 0 16 lume ecur eepD eepD Vo­ So 40002 20003 20001 80001 40004 0000 0000 212 80002 0000 0000 0003 40001 0000 0000 4000 00002 0000 0000 0000 ecur 4003 0 4001 2003 8006 0000 0 25 0002 000 000 6003 2002 0 2002 0 800 0000 000 0 l 248 So l 308 Wel Wel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plantnem no pond pond asesy ake,L no ake,L yratuib 0 0 00 0 403 44 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87 asest yratuib 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 61 0 0 0 24 Develop drnirteawne Tr Tr llewknab 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 llewknab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cialoS­ KN KN ectj rdagrfos gnrips 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 wenirteawne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NK gnath 07 86 87 85 22 65 001 04 83 86 001 25 85 001 001 27 08 0 10 001 001 0 146 Ka rdagrfos gnrips Pro2 NK gnath 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 22 03 03 0 41 25 22 04 82 0 42 0 0 27 Ka Theun m m Na Na maN source of y of noases nrad g g yaT yal g axi y thlaa g y m g nrad g y thlaa g y m g Dry egalliV ovi phad drahtta pin yal pin au g dria gnava bon Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS aueNhtalammonG source aT phad bon axi pha nia ay nata Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB au onpeD neyyauoH ahpahT gnia ay dria nata gnava Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT nosaes et W egalliV ovi drahtta Ke Kou W Kor kuonasmoS aueNhtalammonG Nam nommG ongN kelgneK oabgnuoB onpeD neyyauoH haT Nav hontouP Nah honsP Nak honsP altoT importance importance thla thla tcirts ma tcirts ma Relative Di Gnom Relative Di Gnom 2005yarunaJ Chapter 2: Baseline Data Annex 2-6: Relative Importance of Water Sources for Various Water Uses in Dry and Wet Season on the Xe Bangfai, by Village and District. Relative importance of sources for drinking water in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Rain water Mahaxay Kanggnankham 74 0 0 0 0 0 18 8 0 100 Bottled water 2% Irrigation 7% Nathandong 58 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 12 10 0 100 6% Nathanthong 80 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Vernh 64 0 10 0 26 0 0 0 100 Deep well Nakhay 62 0 10 0 0 8 20 0 100 1% Nongkork 56 0 0 22 0 22 0 100 Ilarnh 54 20 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 100 Naphong 54 0 46 0 0 0 0 100Well Vat thard 44 0 40 0 0 8 8 0 100 3% Darng 82 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Somsanouk 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 1% Nakiow 28 24 0 16 16 0 0 0 16 100 Kengsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Phovaneua 44 38 0 8 0 0 10 100 14% Phovatay 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 14 100 XBF Mahaxayneua 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 64 100 62% Mahaxaykang 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 100 Mahaxaytay 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 28 100 Spring Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 4% Khamfeuang 72 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 100 Pong 22 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1304 82 0 288 16 54 26 0 46 152 132 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 12 0 0 86 0 2 0 0 100 Deep well 1% Koudphadarng 24 0 34 14 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 1% Bottled water Watthard 38 0 32 0 0 24 0 6 0 0 100 2% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 0 0 16 0 0 48 8 0 0 28 0 100 Well Namixay 34 16 22 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 31% Gnommalath Tay 44 0 8 0 0 34 8 0 0 6 0 100 Nongping 36 0 24 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Kenglek 36 46 10 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 40% Boungbao 40 32 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 18 0 14 0 0 60 0 8 0 0 100 Houay yen 16 0 46 0 0 32 0 0 0 6 100 Thapha 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 54 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 90 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsaird 38 42 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Xe bank well Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% 14% Phonsavang 76 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Total 806 206 276 14 0 626 16 0 16 34 6 2000 10% Xe Bangfai Kengpae 68 0 16 0 10 0 0 6 0 100 Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% 5% 1% Thahat 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kengkhenh 14 40 40 4 0 0 0 2 100 Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Deep well 26% Vernsananh 20 0 12 0 30 38 0 0 0 0 100 18% Hatphek 70 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakse Noy 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 100 Nathan 18 22 8 0 36 0 6 10 100 Thasyda 58 20 0 14 0 0 8 100 Khouaxe 18 0 0 0 28 16 0 38 100 Nongbone 6 6 4 6 0 20 50 0 0 6 2 100 Well Dangtha 8 8 0 16 0 68 0 0 0 100 13% Naphorktha 28 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 100 Spring 25% Somsaaet 86 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 100 Ngangkham 12 48 0 0 0 10 6 0 6 10 8 100 Hatkhamhieng 6 2 0 0 18 56 0 6 12 0 100 Tributary Xe bank well 7% Total 448 418 116 76 0 216 306 0 12 88 20 1700 4% Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 36 64 0 0 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 34 66 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation 4% Sorkbor 0 50 0 0 0 32 0 0 18 0 100 XBF Natay 36 8 0 0 0 10 0 0 46 0 100 Bottled water 25% Phak itou 4 32 0 0 0 24 20 0 0 20 0 100 13% Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Dongsangam 12 26 0 0 0 18 38 0 0 0 6 100 Hardsayphong 8 50 0 0 0 22 0 0 10 10 100 Tharntheung 14 8 0 0 0 56 0 0 22 0 100 Dongphakpheua 16 22 0 0 0 10 40 0 0 12 0 100 Sadu Neua 80 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 90 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Samnady 0 72 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Spring 29% 14% Navangneua 54 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 30 8 100 Navangkang 52 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 26 10 100 Navangnoy 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 20 54 0 0 26 0 100 1% Phonsao e 58 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 30 100 Well Thamouang 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 14% Danparkxe 0 0 0 0 0 6 50 0 0 44 0 100 Total 504 288 0 0 10 280 580 0 0 254 84 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 50 0 0 0 100 Beungse 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 100 Bottled water Khamsavang 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 9% Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 28 0 16 0 100 Rain water Kaengphosy 0 47 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 0 100 1% XBF Kaengveang 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water 24% Kangpa 0 29 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 14 0 100 4% Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Lao 30 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Souvanxai 40 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 0 31 0 100 Deep well 24% Sakong 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thabor 0 42 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 0 35 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 35 0 100 Spring Thaphoxai 6 0 0 0 0 33 28 0 0 33 0 100 23% Well Thadorkham 8 58 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 100 7% Nasang 42 0 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 11 0 100 Lake, pond Naxiengkhane 77 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 3% Xiengkhay 30 0 0 0 0 40 30 0 0 0 0 100 4% Tributary Houi-hai 75 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 100 1% Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 20 47 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 13 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 40 27 0 7 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 42 0 0 25 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 30 0 0 0 0 40 30 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 100 Pong 22 0 0 0 0 0 37 0 22 19 0 100 Phakfeuatay 0 41 9 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Total 757 735 129 32 80 237 789 141 22 278 0 3200 Grand total 3819 1729 521 410 106 1413 1717 141 96 806 242 11000 Irrigation Bottled water 2% Rain water 7% 1% Tap water 1% XBF 34% Deep well 16% Well 13% Lake, pond 1%Tributary Spring 4%Xe bank well 16% 5% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 145 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of sources for drinking water in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 34 0 0 38 0 0 28 0 100 Nathandong 38 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 52 0 100 Nathanthong 46 0 26 0 0 28 0 100 Bottled water Vernh 26 0 32 0 8 0 34 0 100 3% Nakhay 0 38 0 0 62 0 100 Nongkork 56 0 0 28 0 16 0 0 100 Ilarnh 32 0 0 24 0 14 0 30 0 0 100 Naphong 24 0 62 0 0 14 0 100 Rain water XBF Vat thard 66 0 14 0 0 20 0 100 35% 33% Darng 66 0 14 0 0 20 0 100 Somsanouk 48 0 16 0 0 36 0 100 Nakiow 44 0 30 0 26 0 0 100 Kengsavang 12 0 12 0 12 0 64 0 0 100 Phovaneua 24 0 0 12 0 0 50 14 100 Phovatay 44 0 0 0 0 0 56 100 Mahaxayneua 40 0 0 20 0 0 36 4 0 100 Mahaxaykang 20 0 0 0 0 0 50 30 0 100 Mahaxaytay 26 0 0 0 0 0 52 22 0 100 Well Phanang 40 0 0 12 20 8 0 20 0 0 100 4% Khamfeuang 0 0 0 38 0 44 0 18 0 100 Tributary 24% Pong 0 0 0 80 0 0 20 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Total 686 0 0 506 20 78 8 0 732 70 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 66 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 XBF Watthard 8 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 78 0 0 100 15% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 68 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 32 0 0 100 Tributary Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2% Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 52 16 0 32 0 0 100 Nongping 22 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 58 0 0 100 Kenglek 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Boungbao 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Well Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 64 0 0 100 17% Houay yen 14 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 64 0 0 100 Thapha 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 Navaing 22 0 0 26 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 100 Phontoum 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Deep well Nahay 28 0 0 16 0 8 0 0 48 0 0 100 Rain water 1% 65% Phonsaird 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nakatang 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 100 Phonsavang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Total 270 0 0 42 0 308 16 0 1164 0 0 1800 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 8 0 24 0 40 0 24 4 0 100 Thakor 0 0 60 0 40 0 100 Bottled water XBF Thahat 28 0 10 24 0 38 0 100 4% Tributary 4% Kengkhenh 0 32 0 30 0 32 6 100 10% Kengkasy 0 24 0 42 0 34 0 100 Vernsananh 0 16 0 30 16 0 38 0 100 Hatphek 0 20 0 58 0 22 0 100 Phakse Noy 0 0 0 66 0 34 0 100 Rain water Nathan 10 0 12 0 46 0 32 0 100 34% Thasyda 0 0 16 0 50 0 34 0 100 Khouaxe 0 0 0 0 32 16 0 12 40 0 100 Nongbone 4 0 6 0 14 40 0 32 4 0 100 Dangtha 6 0 0 0 10 34 0 42 8 100 Well 36% Naphorktha 0 0 0 42 0 58 0 100 Somsaaet 0 0 0 0 46 0 54 0 100 Deep well Ngangkham 10 0 0 0 42 10 0 38 0 0 100 12% Hatkhamhieng 6 0 2 0 12 52 0 20 8 0 100 Total 66 6 0 162 0 602 210 0 584 70 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 44 42 0 14 0 0 100 Tributary Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 30 38 0 100 1% Lake, pond Sorkbor 0 0 0 0 36 0 48 16 0 100 1% Natay 0 0 0 0 30 0 54 16 0 100 Bottled water XBF 8% 8% Phak itou 0 0 0 0 0 74 26 0 100 Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 34 32 34 0 0 100 Well Dongsangam 0 0 0 16 22 0 62 0 100 10% Hardsayphong 14 0 0 0 28 0 48 10 100 Tharntheung 0 0 0 74 0 26 0 100 Dongphakpheua 0 0 0 8 74 0 18 0 0 100 Sadu Neua 36 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 18 0 0 10 0 72 0 0 100 Samnady 0 0 0 0 50 0 50 0 0 100 Deep well 22% Navangneua 34 0 0 0 0 10 0 48 8 0 100 Navangkang 16 0 0 0 0 0 72 12 0 100 Navangnoy 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 26 0 100 Rain water Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 16 30 0 34 20 0 100 48% Phonsao e 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Thamouang 18 0 0 0 10 0 72 0 0 100 Tap water Danparkxe 0 0 0 0 0 4 26 0 54 16 0 100 2% Total 166 0 0 10 10 190 460 32 970 162 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 33 33 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 71 0 0 100 Bouakhay 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 31 0 100 Khamsavang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 28 22 0 100 Bottled water XBF Spring Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 47 0 0 100 5% 11% 2% Kaengveang 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 100 Xe bank well 1% Kangpa 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 61 6 0 100 Tributary Daangsavanh 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 2% Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 3% Lao 20 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0 0 100 Souvanxai 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Well 9% Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 15 15 0 100 Sakong 57 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 100 Thabor 7 0 0 0 0 0 67 0 27 0 0 100 Rain water 46% Thakharm 0 0 36 27 0 0 9 0 27 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 7 0 0 14 0 29 14 0 29 7 0 100 Thadorkham 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 60 0 0 100 Deep well 19% Nasang 21 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 50 7 0 100 Naxiengkhane 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 0 100 Tap water 2% Xiengkhay 17 17 0 0 0 0 33 0 33 0 0 100 Houi-hai 39 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 39 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 17 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 57 9 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 29 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 43 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 23 0 0 23 0 0 23 0 31 0 0 100 Pahlay 0 0 0 0 0 58 32 0 11 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 40 0 100 Pong 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 67 14 0 100 Phakfeuatay 0 0 0 0 5 0 55 0 41 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 53 0 0 100 Total 361 61 36 65 92 300 617 62 1456 151 0 3200 Grand total 1549 67 36 785 122 1478 1311 94 4906 453 0 10800 Bottled water 4% XBF 14% Spring 1% Tributary 7% Lake, pond 1% Rain water 46% Well 14% Tap water Deep well 1% 12% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 146 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for cooking in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100Well Deep well Irrigation 1% Bottled water Nathandong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3% 100 2% 7% Nathanthong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernh 78 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Nakhay 74 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Nongkork 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 100 Ilarnh 68 14 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 7% Naphong 62 0 24 0 0 0 0 14 100 Vat thard 54 0 40 0 0 6 0 0 100 Darng 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 80 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 14 100 Nakiow 28 28 0 14 14 0 0 0 16 100 Kengsavang 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 100 Spring Phovaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxayneua 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 100 Mahaxaykang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxaytay 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 100 XBF Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 77% Khamfeuang 56 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 58 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1622 42 0 152 14 62 22 0 6 40 140 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 12 0 0 86 0 2 0 0 100 Deep well Rain water Koudphadarng 24 0 34 14 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 1% 1% Watthard 38 0 32 0 0 24 0 6 0 0 100 Bottled water 2% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 0 0 16 0 0 48 8 0 0 28 0 100 Namixay 34 16 22 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Well Gnommalath Tay 44 0 8 0 0 34 8 0 0 6 0 100 31% Nongping 36 0 24 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Kenglek 36 46 10 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 40% Boungbao 40 32 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 18 0 14 0 0 60 0 8 0 0 100 Houay yen 16 0 46 0 0 32 0 0 0 6 100 Thapha 70 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 54 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 90 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsaird 38 42 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Xe bank well Spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% 14% 10% Phonsavang 76 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 806 206 276 14 0 626 16 0 16 34 6 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 88 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 100 Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Thahat 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 2% 15% Kengkhenh 44 18 0 26 0 12 0 0 0 100 Kengkasy 90 10 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 32 0 0 0 28 40 0 0 0 0 100 Well Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 14% Phakse Noy 32 0 0 68 0 0 0 100 Nathan 48 0 10 8 0 20 0 0 0 14 100 Thasyda 60 22 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Khouaxe 34 0 0 0 40 26 0 0 0 100 XBF 51% Nongbone 6 4 4 6 0 34 42 0 0 0 4 100 Dangtha 66 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 100 Tributary 4% Naphorktha 48 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 100 Somsaaet 90 0 0 10 0 0 0 100 Spring Ngangkham 40 26 0 0 8 6 0 6 0 14 100 13% Xe bank well Hatkhamhieng 16 14 0 0 10 60 0 0 0 0 100 1% Total 872 216 14 64 0 236 260 0 6 0 32 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 34 66 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation 12% Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 34 48 0 0 18 0 100 Sorkbor 74 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Natay 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 100 Phak itou 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Bottled water Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 1% Dongsangam 40 8 0 0 0 16 30 0 0 0 6 100 Hardsayphong 44 16 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 26 100 XBF Tharntheung 18 10 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 49% Dongphakpheua 36 0 0 0 0 8 56 0 0 0 0 100 24% Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Samnady 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 100 Navangneua 68 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 4 16 100 Navangkang 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 100 Navangnoy 14 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 26 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 30 40 0 0 0 30 100 Well Phonsao e 56 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 30 100 11% Thamouang 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 Spring 3% Danparkxe 38 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 100 Total 986 60 0 0 0 222 474 0 0 22 236 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water 2% Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water 5% Kaengphosy 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 14% Kangpa 31 0 0 0 0 13 56 0 0 0 0 100 Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dongmarkfai 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lao 63 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 4% Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Thabor 31 23 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 61% 2% Thakharm 46 46 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 46 0 0 0 0 46 8 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 3% Thadorkham 47 18 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 100 Nasang 86 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring 8% Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 88 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Houi-hai 91 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 0 31 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 83 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 79 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 38 23 0 8 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 43 0 0 29 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 40 0 0 0 0 20 40 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 33 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 50 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 91 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1969 262 107 49 17 124 473 150 50 0 0 3200 Grand total 6255 786 397 279 31 1270 1245 150 78 96 414 11000 Bottled waterIrrigation Tap waterRain water 1% 4% 1% 1% Deep well 11% Well 12% XBF Tributary 56% 3% Xe bank well 4% Spring 7% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 147 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for cooking in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 52 0 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 100 Nathandong 40 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 100 Bottled water Nathanthong 44 0 32 0 0 24 0 0 100 1% Vernh 22 0 0 32 0 8 0 38 0 0 100 Nakhay 24 0 0 40 0 0 36 0 0 100 Nongkork 52 0 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 100 Ilarnh 46 0 0 16 0 14 0 24 0 0 100 Rain water 38% Naphong 36 0 36 0 0 28 0 0 100 XBF Vat thard 12 0 38 0 0 50 0 0 100 35% Darng 70 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Somsanouk 48 0 0 16 0 0 36 0 0 100 Nakiow 36 0 28 0 0 36 0 0 100 Kengsavang 20 0 0 12 0 12 0 56 0 0 100 Phovaneua 48 0 0 10 0 0 42 100 Phovatay 32 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 100 Mahaxayneua 40 0 0 14 0 0 46 0 0 100 Well 3% Mahaxaykang 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 100 Mahaxaytay 26 0 0 0 0 0 56 18 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Phanang 40 0 0 8 18 0 34 0 0 100 Tributary Khamfeuang 0 0 0 44 0 44 0 12 0 0 100 22% Pong 0 0 0 64 0 0 36 0 0 100 Total 738 0 0 458 18 70 8 0 790 18 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 48 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 20 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 40 0 0 100 Watthard 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 20 0 0 100 Bottled water Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0 16 0 0 100 2% XBF Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 92 0 0 8 0 0 100 16% Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 42 14 0 0 44 0 100 Rain water Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 30 0 0 100 29% Tributary 9% Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 52 24 0 24 0 0 100 Nongping 18 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 40 0 0 100 Kenglek 24 0 0 0 0 40 0 36 0 0 100 Boungbao 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 44 0 0 100 Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 38 0 0 100 Lake, pond Houay yen 0 0 0 18 0 38 0 0 44 0 0 100 1% Deep well Thapha 66 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 100 2% Navaing 0 0 0 40 0 34 0 26 0 0 100 Phontoum 64 0 0 20 0 6 0 0 10 0 0 100 Nahay 46 0 0 10 0 16 0 0 28 0 0 100 Phonsaird 16 0 0 30 16 0 0 0 38 0 0 100 Nakatang 48 0 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 100 Well 41% Phonsavang 12 0 0 70 0 10 0 8 0 0 100 Total 314 0 0 188 16 816 38 0 584 44 0 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 8 0 24 0 40 0 24 4 0 100 Thakor 0 0 0 56 0 44 0 100 Thahat 20 0 0 12 0 44 0 24 0 100 Bottled water XBF Kengkhenh 18 0 0 22 0 18 0 42 0 100 2% 11% Kengkasy 20 0 0 24 0 26 0 30 0 100 Tributary Vernsananh 0 0 20 0 32 28 0 20 0 100 10% Hatphek 0 0 22 0 56 0 22 0 100 Rain water Phakse Noy 0 0 0 56 0 44 0 100 32% Nathan 16 0 0 16 0 30 0 38 0 100 Thasyda 26 0 0 14 0 36 0 24 0 100 Khouaxe 0 0 0 0 36 14 0 14 36 0 100 Nongbone 8 0 0 6 0 16 38 0 32 0 0 100 Dangtha 20 0 0 0 20 38 0 22 0 100 Naphorktha 0 0 0 40 0 60 0 100 Somsaaet 0 0 0 0 46 0 54 0 100 Well Deep well 32% Ngangkham 32 0 0 12 0 20 10 0 26 0 0 100 13% Hatkhamhieng 14 0 0 4 0 16 46 0 20 0 0 100 Total 182 0 0 176 0 548 214 0 540 40 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 44 42 0 14 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 24 38 0 26 12 0 100 Sorkbor 0 0 0 38 0 62 0 0 100 Natay 66 0 0 0 0 2 0 32 0 100 Bottled water 2% Phak itou 12 0 0 0 0 0 64 24 100 XBF 20% Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 34 30 0 36 0 0 100 Dongsangam 14 0 8 0 10 26 0 42 0 100 Tributary Hardsayphong 20 0 0 0 0 26 0 54 0 100 1% Tharntheung 16 0 10 0 36 0 38 0 100 Dongphakpheua 0 0 0 0 8 56 0 36 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Sadu Neua 36 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 100 Rain water Sadu Tay 56 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 100 43% Samnady 18 0 0 0 0 36 0 46 0 100 Well Navangneua 40 0 0 0 0 10 0 46 4 0 100 10% Navangkang 38 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 100 Navangnoy 0 0 0 0 68 0 32 0 0 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 28 50 0 22 0 0 100 Phonsao e 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 100 Thamouang 42 0 0 0 20 0 38 0 0 100 Deep well 23% Danparkxe 0 0 0 0 4 32 0 58 6 0 100 Total 396 0 0 18 20 190 452 0 878 46 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 25 25 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 58 0 0 100 Bouakhay 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Bottled water Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 0 29 0 100 1% Kaengphosy 56 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 17 0 0 100 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 25 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 50 0 0 100 Rain water 36% Daangsavanh 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 100 XBF 38% Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lao 18 0 0 12 0 29 0 0 41 0 0 100 Souvanxai 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 47 0 0 100 Sakong 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 100 Thabor 40 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 13 0 0 100 Xe bank well 1% Thakharm 15 0 23 0 0 0 23 0 38 0 0 100 Tap water Thaphoxai 31 0 0 6 0 25 13 0 25 0 0 100 2% Thadorkham 53 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 20 0 0 100 Deep well Nasang 50 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 33 0 0 100 12% Tributary Well Naxiengkhane 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 2% 7% Xiengkhay 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Lake, pond Houi-hai 46 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 46 0 0 100 1% Hartkhamdee 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 17 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 58 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 36 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 36 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 31 0 0 31 0 0 15 0 23 0 0 100 Pahlay 0 0 0 0 0 56 44 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 9 0 100 Pong 8 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 67 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 62 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 31 0 0 100 Total 1193 0 23 49 25 206 386 67 1114 38 0 3100 Grand total 2823 0 23 889 79 1830 1098 67 3906 186 0 10900 Bottled water 2% XBF 26% Rain water 35% Tributary 8% Lake, pond 1% Deep well Well 10% 17% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 148 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for bathing in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathandong 80 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Deep well Irrigation 9% Nathanthong 70 0 0 12 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 2% 2% Vernh 70 0 0 12 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Nakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Nongkork 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Ilarnh 80 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Naphong 60 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 20 100 Tributary Vat thard 54 0 0 16 0 0 4 0 26 100 7% Darng 96 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 90 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 100 Nakiow 42 0 0 34 12 0 0 0 12 100 Kengsavang 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 100 Phovaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxayneua 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 100 Mahaxaykang 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Mahaxaytay 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 100 Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Khamfeuang 72 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 79% Pong 66 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1660 0 0 156 12 48 36 0 4 0 184 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 42 0 12 0 0 44 0 0 2 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 20 0 50 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Irrigation Watthard 38 0 38 0 0 18 0 0 6 0 0 100 Well Deep well 1% 3% 20% 1% Korbong 0 0 14 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 36 100 Somsanouk 20 0 0 20 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 54 0 0 28 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 100 Namixay 52 0 18 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 38 0 8 0 0 20 10 0 4 0 20 100 Nongping 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kenglek 44 38 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Donpeuay 34 0 10 0 0 42 0 0 14 0 0 100 Houay yen 36 0 26 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 8 100 XBF Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 56% 2% Navaing 64 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 92 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 86 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 11% Phonsaird 44 18 18 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring 5% Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1124 92 212 48 20 404 10 0 26 0 64 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Deep well 11% Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 8% Thahat 72 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Kengkhenh 62 0 0 28 0 10 0 0 0 100 Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 36 0 0 12 0 24 28 0 0 0 0 100 Well Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 7% Phakse Noy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathan 52 0 0 12 0 22 0 0 0 14 100 Thasyda 76 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 100 Khouaxe 46 0 0 0 26 14 0 0 0 14 100 Tributary Nongbone 14 0 0 10 0 18 40 0 0 0 18 100 7% Dangtha 64 0 0 12 0 12 0 0 0 12 100 Naphorktha 48 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 30 100 XBF 65% Somsaaet 24 18 14 0 10 0 0 0 34 100 Xe bank well 1% Ngangkham 58 0 0 0 6 8 0 0 0 28 100 Spring 1% Hatkhamhieng 40 0 0 2 4 18 0 0 0 36 100 Total 1092 18 14 126 2 120 142 0 0 0 186 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 40 60 0 0 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 50 100 Sorkbor 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 100 Natay 84 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 14 100 Irrigation 22% Phak itou 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Hardxiengdy 42 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 32 100 Dongsangam 56 0 0 0 0 8 12 0 0 0 24 100 Hardsayphong 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 Tharntheung 40 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 18 100 Dongphakpheua 26 0 0 0 0 6 52 0 0 0 16 100 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 56% Samnady 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 100 13% Navangneua 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 100 Navangkang 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 100 Navangnoy 60 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 24 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 34 36 0 0 0 30 100 Well 9% Phonsao e 66 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 20 100 Thamouang 92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 100 Danparkxe 64 0 0 0 0 6 30 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1128 0 0 0 0 170 264 0 0 0 438 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Beungse 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Tap water 1% Tonhaen 37 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 0 100 Well 11% 3% Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 0 18 18 45 18 0 0 100 4% Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 50 0 0 0 0 15 35 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Dongmarkfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lao 67 0 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 1% Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 27 0 0 0 0 0 73 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Thabor 44 0 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 63 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF 77% Thaphoxai 73 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 76 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 100 Nasang 83 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 84 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 60 0 0 10 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 38 0 0 46 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 44 0 0 0 0 22 33 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 57 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 2443 38 33 56 16 129 360 106 18 0 0 3200 Grand total 7447 148 259 386 50 871 812 106 48 0 872 11000 Irrigation Tap water 8% Deep well1% 7% Well 8% Tributary 4% Xe bank well 2% Spring 1% XBF 69% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 149 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for bathing in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 50 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 100 Nathandong 38 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 100 Nathanthong 44 0 0 14 0 0 42 0 0 100 Vernh 38 0 0 30 0 0 32 0 0 100 Nakhay 42 0 0 26 0 0 32 0 0 100 Nongkork 48 0 0 28 0 0 24 0 0 100 Rain water Ilarnh 38 0 0 22 0 16 0 24 0 0 100 35% Naphong 38 0 0 32 0 0 30 0 0 100 Vat thard 40 0 0 38 0 0 22 0 100 Darng 60 0 0 16 0 0 24 0 0 100 XBF Somsanouk 42 0 0 20 0 0 38 0 0 100 44% Nakiow 46 0 0 28 0 0 26 0 0 100 Kengsavang 52 0 0 10 0 10 0 28 0 0 100 Phovaneua 46 0 0 6 0 0 48 0 100 Phovatay 62 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 100 Mahaxayneua 52 0 0 12 0 0 36 0 0 100 Well 2% Mahaxaykang 40 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Mahaxaytay 26 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 0 100 Tributary Phanang 56 0 0 6 10 0 28 0 0 100 19% Khamfeuang 22 0 0 38 0 16 0 24 0 0 100 Pong 36 0 0 44 0 0 20 0 0 100 Total 916 0 0 404 10 42 0 0 728 0 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 22 0 0 12 0 30 0 0 36 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 32 0 0 24 0 16 0 0 28 0 0 100 Watthard 10 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 20 0 0 100 Korbong 24 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 36 0 0 100 Somsanouk 10 0 0 14 0 56 0 0 20 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 24 0 0 24 0 24 10 0 18 0 0 100 Rain water XBF 27% Namixay 48 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 18 0 0 100 36% Gnommalath Tay 16 0 0 0 0 44 14 0 26 0 0 100 Nongping 28 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 46 0 0 100 Kenglek 34 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 20 0 0 100 Boungbao 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 100 Donpeuay 16 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 38 0 0 100 Deep well Houay yen 34 0 0 14 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 100 1% Thapha 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 100 Navaing 38 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Phontoum 62 0 0 20 0 6 0 0 12 0 0 100 Nahay 50 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 30 0 0 100 Well Phonsaird 62 0 0 18 20 0 0 0 0 0 100 26% Tributary Nakatang 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Lake, pond 9% Phonsavang 24 0 0 10 0 42 0 0 24 0 0 100 1% Total 726 0 0 172 20 512 24 0 546 0 0 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 48 0 0 16 0 8 0 28 0 0 100 Thakor 14 0 0 22 0 42 0 22 0 100 XBF Thahat 30 0 0 18 0 26 0 26 0 100 26% Kengkhenh 30 0 0 30 0 10 0 30 0 100 Rain water Kengkasy 14 0 0 24 0 28 0 34 0 100 28% Vernsananh 14 0 0 24 0 20 24 0 18 0 100 Hatphek 16 0 0 46 0 16 0 22 0 100 Phakse Noy 30 0 0 24 0 22 0 24 0 100 Nathan 28 0 0 12 0 24 0 36 0 100 Thasyda 22 0 0 14 0 36 0 28 0 100 Khouaxe 10 0 0 0 40 16 0 34 0 0 100 Deep well Nongbone 8 0 0 10 0 18 24 0 40 0 0 100 8% Dangtha 44 0 0 8 14 6 6 0 22 0 100 Tributary 17% Naphorktha 46 0 0 0 24 0 30 0 100 Somsaaet 24 0 0 26 0 16 0 34 0 100 Well Ngangkham 46 0 0 12 0 14 10 0 18 0 0 100 20% Lake, pond Hatkhamhieng 24 0 0 4 10 34 0 28 0 0 100 1% Total 448 0 0 286 18 336 138 0 474 0 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 34 48 0 18 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 36 36 0 28 0 100 Sorkbor 58 0 0 24 0 0 18 0 100 Natay 86 0 0 0 0 2 0 12 0 100 Phak itou 68 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 100 Rain water Hardxiengdy 28 0 0 0 0 32 28 0 12 0 100 26% Dongsangam 36 0 0 8 0 8 20 0 28 0 100 XBF Hardsayphong 62 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 100 45% Tharntheung 12 0 0 10 0 44 0 34 100 Dongphakpheua 0 0 0 0 8 56 0 36 0 100 Sadu Neua 90 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 88 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 100 Samnady 72 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 100 Navangneua 50 0 0 8 0 0 42 0 0 100 Deep well 17% Navangkang 64 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Navangnoy 48 0 0 0 0 22 0 30 0 0 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 32 48 0 20 0 0 100 Well 8% Tributary Phonsao e 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 100 3% Thamouang 66 0 0 0 12 0 22 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Danparkxe 16 0 0 0 0 6 34 0 44 0 0 100 Total 916 0 0 50 12 156 338 0 528 0 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 86 0 0 14 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 29 0 0 100 Bouakhay 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Tonhaen 30 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 25 0 0 100 17% Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 67 22 0 0 100 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 50 0 0 0 0 6 25 0 19 0 0 100 Tap water Daangsavanh 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 100 4% Dongmarkfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lao 50 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Souvanxai 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 100 12% XBF Somsa-at 9 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 27 0 0 100 54% Sakong 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 100 Well Thabor 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 5% Thakharm 42 0 33 17 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Thaphoxai 38 0 0 8 8 23 15 0 8 0 0 100 2% Thadorkham 44 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 28 0 0 100 Tributary Nasang 43 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 29 0 0 100 Xe bank well 5% 1% Naxiengkhane 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 100 Houi-hai 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 59 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 24 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 50 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 17 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 50 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 31 0 0 38 0 0 13 0 19 0 0 100 Pahlay 30 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 100 Pong 88 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 60 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 100 Total 1708 0 33 152 67 169 383 137 551 0 0 3200 Grand total 4714 0 33 1064 127 1215 883 137 2827 0 0 11000 Rain water 26% XBF 43% Tap water 1% Deep well 8% Well 11%Lake, pond Tributary 1% 10% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 150 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for dish washing in dry season p Dry season Source 1% Irrigation District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total 9% Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Nathandong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Nathanthong 90 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Vernh 88 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 100 1% Nakhay 70 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 100 Nongkork 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary Ilarnh 68 10 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 100 4% Naphong 66 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 16 100 Vat thard 66 0 0 30 0 0 4 0 0 100 Darng 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 84 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 12 100 Nakiow 42 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 100 Spring Kengsavang 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 100 2% Phovaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxayneua 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 Mahaxaykang 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 Mahaxaytay 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 100 XBF Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 81% Khamfeuang 82 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 84 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1712 42 0 78 30 40 12 0 4 0 182 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 34 0 12 0 0 52 0 0 2 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 36 0 20 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Deep well Rain water 2% Watthard 48 0 28 0 0 18 0 0 6 0 0 100 1% 1% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsanouk 10 0 0 12 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 26% Gnommalath Neua 32 24 0 20 0 16 8 0 0 0 0 100 Namixay 52 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 32 0 6 0 0 32 12 0 8 0 10 100 Nongping 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kenglek 32 48 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 16 0 8 0 0 64 0 0 12 0 0 100 Houay yen 36 0 10 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 30 100 XBF Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 54% 1% Navaing 68 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 88 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nahay 84 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 2% Phonsaird 62 18 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 6% 7% Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1090 122 134 32 20 514 20 0 28 0 40 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Irrigation 10% Thahat 72 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 10% Kengkhenh 56 0 0 26 0 18 0 0 0 100 Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 34 0 0 0 24 42 0 0 0 0 100 Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakse Noy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 10% Nathan 50 0 0 10 0 24 0 0 0 16 100 Thasyda 92 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 100 Khouaxe 32 0 0 0 38 14 0 0 0 16 100 Nongbone 6 0 0 6 0 26 46 0 0 0 16 100 XBF Dangtha 72 0 0 0 10 8 0 0 0 10 100 65% Tributary Naphorktha 64 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 26 100 3% Somsaaet 24 8 8 0 8 0 0 0 52 100 Ngangkham 60 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 0 24 100 Hatkhamhieng 24 0 0 4 6 50 0 0 0 16 100 Xe bank well 2% Total 1086 8 36 50 4 162 178 0 0 0 176 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 40 60 0 0 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 50 100 Sorkbor 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 100 Natay 88 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 10 100 Irrigation 20% Phak itou 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Hardxiengdy 40 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 32 100 Dongsangam 54 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 0 26 100 Hardsayphong 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 Tharntheung 18 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 18 100 Dongphakpheua 26 0 0 0 0 8 44 0 0 0 22 100 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Deep well 55% Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 16% Samnady 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 100 Navangneua 70 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 20 100 Navangkang 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 100 Navangnoy 40 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 24 100 Well Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 42 40 0 0 0 18 100 9% Phonsao e 68 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 22 100 Thamouang 90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 100 Danparkxe 58 0 0 0 0 6 36 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1096 0 0 0 0 184 312 0 0 0 408 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 23 0 0 0 0 0 55 23 0 0 0 100 Kaengphosy 60 10 0 0 0 20 10 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water 4% Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Kangpa 63 0 0 0 0 5 32 0 0 0 0 100 14% Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3% Lao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Somsa-at 21 0 0 0 0 0 79 0 0 0 0 100 Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thabor 29 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 60 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 100 XBF 78% Nasang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 73 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 100 Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 76 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 70 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 75 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 44 0 0 0 0 22 33 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 Total 2361 34 0 0 0 77 405 123 0 0 0 3000 Grand total 7345 206 170 160 54 977 927 123 32 0 806 10800 Irrigation 7% Tap water Deep well1% 9% Well Lake, pond 9% 1% Tributary 1% Xe bank well 2% Spring XBF 2% 68% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 151 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for dish washing in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 56 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 100 Nathandong 34 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 100 Nathanthong 38 0 0 10 0 0 52 0 0 100 Vernh 40 0 0 14 0 0 46 0 0 100 Nakhay 54 0 0 22 0 0 24 0 0 100 Nongkork 40 0 0 20 0 0 40 0 0 100 Ilarnh 40 0 0 14 0 20 0 26 0 0 100 Naphong 48 0 0 16 0 0 36 0 0 100 Rain water 40% Vat thard 40 0 0 8 0 0 52 0 0 100 Darng 62 0 0 12 0 0 26 0 0 100 XBF Somsanouk 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 100 44% Nakiow 40 0 42 0 0 18 0 0 100 Kengsavang 46 0 0 8 12 0 34 0 0 100 Phovaneua 58 0 0 0 0 42 0 100 Phovatay 34 0 0 0 0 0 66 0 100 Mahaxayneua 70 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Well Mahaxaykang 40 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 3% Mahaxaytay 10 0 0 0 0 0 90 0 0 100 Phanang 54 0 0 6 14 10 0 16 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Tributary Khamfeuang 38 0 0 28 0 20 0 14 0 0 100 12% Pong 24 0 0 34 0 0 42 0 0 100 Total 926 0 0 258 14 62 0 0 840 0 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 64 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 36 0 0 20 0 20 0 0 24 0 0 100 Watthard 10 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 30 0 0 100 Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 42 0 0 100 XBF Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 36 0 0 100 Rain water 29% Gnommalath Neua 26 0 0 0 0 26 14 0 34 0 0 100 33% Namixay 30 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 32 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 46 18 0 36 0 0 100 Nongping 18 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 40 0 0 100 Kenglek 32 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 26 0 0 100 Boungbao 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 100 Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 42 0 0 100 Houay yen 32 0 0 8 0 24 0 0 36 0 0 100 Tributary Thapha 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 6% Navaing 34 0 0 18 0 28 0 0 20 0 0 100 Phontoum 58 0 0 18 0 8 0 0 16 0 0 100 Deep well 2% Nahay 48 0 0 10 0 8 0 0 34 0 0 100 Phonsaird 38 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 100 Nakatang 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Phonsavang 32 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 22 0 0 100 Well Total 580 0 0 110 0 604 32 0 674 0 0 2000 30% Xe Bangfai Kengpae 48 0 0 14 0 8 0 30 0 0 100 Thakor 0 0 18 0 50 0 32 0 100 XBF Thahat 44 0 0 12 0 18 0 26 0 100 22% Kengkhenh 22 0 0 22 0 30 0 26 0 100 Kengkasy 14 0 0 24 0 20 0 42 0 100 Rain water Vernsananh 0 0 18 0 28 20 0 34 0 100 33% Hatphek 14 0 0 32 0 32 0 22 0 100 Phakse Noy 0 0 0 52 0 48 0 100 Nathan 26 0 0 10 0 16 0 48 0 100 Thasyda 8 0 0 16 0 44 0 32 0 100 Tributary 13% Khouaxe 12 0 0 0 38 22 0 28 0 0 100 Nongbone 4 0 0 6 0 16 24 0 50 0 0 100 Dangtha 48 0 0 8 0 12 0 32 0 100 Naphorktha 50 0 0 0 16 0 34 0 100 Somsaaet 26 0 0 28 0 10 0 36 0 100 Deep well 8% Lake, pond Ngangkham 50 0 0 10 10 10 6 0 14 0 0 100 Well 1% Hatkhamhieng 10 0 0 0 14 44 0 32 0 0 100 23% Total 376 0 0 218 10 398 132 0 566 0 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 42 46 0 12 0 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 36 26 0 38 0 100 Sorkbor 62 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 100 Natay 82 0 0 0 0 2 0 16 0 100 Phak itou 72 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 100 Rain water Hardxiengdy 34 0 0 0 0 26 24 0 16 0 100 26% Dongsangam 48 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 36 0 100 Hardsayphong 70 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 100 XBF Tharntheung 0 0 20 0 58 0 22 100 48% Dongphakpheua 8 0 0 0 10 54 0 28 0 100 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Sadu Tay 94 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 100 Samnady 74 0 0 0 0 26 0 100 Navangneua 52 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 Deep well Navangkang 52 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 16% Navangnoy 36 0 0 0 0 26 0 38 0 0 100 Tributary Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 26 46 0 28 0 0 100 Well 1% Phonsao e 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 8% Thamouang 78 0 0 0 14 0 8 0 0 100 Lake, pond Danparkxe 28 0 0 0 0 6 34 0 32 0 0 100 1% Total 952 8 0 20 14 154 324 0 528 0 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 67 0 0 100 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 33 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 17 35 0 0 100 Kaengphosy 82 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 100 Rain water 19% Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 33 0 0 0 0 11 33 0 22 0 0 100 Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water 3% Lao 20 0 0 27 0 27 0 0 27 0 0 100 Souvanxai 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 100 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 29 0 0 100 XBF Deep well 54% Sakong 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 14% Thabor 55 0 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 100 Well Thakharm 30 0 40 0 0 0 20 0 10 0 0 100 4% Thaphoxai 50 0 0 17 0 0 17 0 17 0 0 100 Thadorkham 62 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 12 0 0 100 Nasang 63 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 13 0 0 100 Lake, pond 2% Naxiengkhane 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 100 Xe bank well Xiengkhay 44 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 22 0 0 100 1% Houi-hai 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 100 Tributary Hartkhamdee 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 3% Hartsaisungneua 25 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 54 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 39 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 26 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 64 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 18 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 42 0 0 33 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 100 Pahlay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 100 Pong 86 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 78 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 64 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 18 0 0 100 Total 1772 0 40 99 56 114 437 84 598 0 0 3200 Grand total 4606 8 40 705 94 1332 925 84 3206 0 0 11000 Rain water 29% XBF 43% Tap water 1% Deep well 8% Well Tributary 12% Lake, pond 6% 1% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 152 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for clothes washing in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathandong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Nathanthong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 12% Vernh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 1% Nakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Nongkork 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Ilarnh 84 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 100 Naphong 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 100 Vat thard 86 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 100 Darng 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100 Somsanouk 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100 Nakiow 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 100 Kengsavang 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 100 Phovaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Mahaxayneua 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 100 Mahaxaykang 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 100 Mahaxaytay 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 100 Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Khamfeuang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 86% Pong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1820 0 0 14 0 16 0 0 0 0 250 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 60 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 14 100 Koudphadarng 38 0 24 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Irrigation Watthard 54 0 24 0 0 18 0 0 4 0 0 100 1% 3% Korbong 22 0 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 22 100 Somsanouk 20 0 0 28 0 52 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Gnommalath Neua 52 0 0 24 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 100 17% Namixay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 42 0 6 0 0 32 8 0 0 0 12 100 Nongping 68 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Kenglek 52 30 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 46 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 8 0 0 100 Tributary Houay yen 60 0 8 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 14 100 3% Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phontoum 96 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well 4% XBF Nahay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 68% Phonsaird 60 22 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 3% Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1370 52 80 52 18 346 8 0 12 0 62 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 14% Thahat 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Kengkhenh 50 0 0 24 0 26 0 0 0 100 5% Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 54 0 0 0 0 18 28 0 0 0 0 100 Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Phakse Noy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 9% Nathan 46 0 0 10 0 24 0 0 0 20 100 Thasyda 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Khouaxe 40 0 0 0 0 28 10 0 0 0 22 100 1% Nongbone 6 0 0 0 0 28 26 0 0 0 40 100 Dangtha 84 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 6 100 Naphorktha 74 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 18 100 Tributary Somsaaet 24 12 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 48 100 2% Spring XBF 68% Ngangkham 60 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 32 100 1% Hatkhamhieng 16 0 0 0 12 10 6 0 0 0 56 100 Total 1154 12 0 34 12 154 92 0 0 0 242 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 30 56 0 0 0 14 100 Irrigation Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 60 100 22% Sorkbor 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 100 Natay 82 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 16 100 Phak itou 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 100 Hardxiengdy 44 0 0 0 0 12 12 0 0 0 32 100 Dongsangam 62 0 0 0 0 4 8 0 0 0 26 100 Hardsayphong 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 100 Tharntheung 28 0 0 0 0 52 0 0 0 20 100 Dongphakpheua 18 0 0 0 0 10 44 0 0 0 28 100 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well XBF Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 13% 58% Samnady 88 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 100 Navangneua 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 100 Navangkang 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 100 Navangnoy 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 100 Well Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 36 36 0 0 0 28 100 7% Phonsao e 60 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 26 100 Thamouang 94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 100 Danparkxe 58 0 0 0 0 6 36 0 0 0 100 Total 1154 0 0 0 0 138 260 0 0 0 448 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 100 Beungse 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 36 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 0 0 0 100 Kaengphosy 80 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 7% Deep well Kangpa 65 0 0 0 0 12 24 0 0 0 0 100 11% Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 Well Lao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 28 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond 1% Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thabor 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 71 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nasang 83 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Xiengkhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 79% Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 71 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 88 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 75 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 38 0 0 0 0 38 25 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 75 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 2543 0 0 0 29 78 348 215 0 0 0 3200 Grand total 8041 64 80 100 59 732 708 215 12 0 1002 11000 Irrigation 9% Deep well 6% Well 7% Tributary Xe bank1%well 1%Spring 1% XBF 72% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 153 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of water sources for clothes washing in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 56 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 100 Nathandong 72 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 100 Nathanthong 62 0 0 6 0 0 32 0 0 100 Vernh 36 0 0 40 0 0 0 24 0 0 100 Rain water Nakhay 66 0 0 14 0 0 20 0 0 100 25% Nongkork 22 0 0 46 0 0 32 0 0 100 Ilarnh 44 0 0 20 0 16 0 20 0 0 100 Naphong 52 0 0 22 0 0 26 0 0 100 Vat thard 40 0 0 44 0 0 16 0 0 100 Darng 54 0 0 10 0 0 36 0 100 Well Somsanouk 74 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 100 1% Nakiow 38 0 0 30 0 0 32 0 0 100 Kengsavang 88 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 100 Lake, pond Phovaneua 90 0 0 0 10 0 100 1% XBF Phovatay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 57% Mahaxayneua 80 0 0 4 0 0 16 0 0 100 Mahaxaykang 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 100 Mahaxaytay 18 0 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 100 Tributary Phanang 74 0 0 0 14 8 0 4 0 0 100 16% Khamfeuang 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 100 Pong 40 0 0 46 0 0 14 0 100 Total 1206 0 0 336 14 24 0 0 520 0 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 18 0 0 14 0 28 0 0 40 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 22 0 0 26 0 28 0 0 24 0 0 100 Watthard 16 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 36 0 0 100 Korbong 30 0 0 0 0 38 0 0 32 0 0 100 Rain water Somsanouk 0 0 0 16 0 54 0 0 30 0 0 100 27% Gnommalath Neua 26 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 26 0 0 100 XBF 36% Namixay 44 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 26 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 42 20 0 38 0 0 100 Nongping 26 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 32 0 0 100 Kenglek 24 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 34 0 0 100 Boungbao 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Deep well Donpeuay 10 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 42 0 0 100 1% Houay yen 28 0 0 12 0 26 0 0 34 0 0 100 Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Navaing 20 0 0 24 0 18 0 0 38 0 0 100 Phontoum 70 0 0 10 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Nahay 66 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Tributary Phonsaird 52 0 0 30 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 8% 27% Nakatang 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 100 Phonsavang 22 0 0 22 0 42 0 0 14 0 0 100 Lake, pond Total 712 0 0 168 18 534 20 0 548 0 0 2000 1% Xe Bangfai Kengpae 56 0 0 8 0 8 0 28 0 0 100 Thakor 12 0 0 16 0 50 0 22 0 100 Thahat 38 0 0 14 0 18 0 30 0 100 Kengkhenh 24 0 0 34 0 20 0 22 0 100 XBF Kengkasy 14 0 0 20 0 32 0 34 0 100 29% Rain water Vernsananh 0 0 26 0 16 18 0 40 0 100 32% Hatphek 40 0 0 16 0 0 44 0 100 Phakse Noy 30 0 0 18 0 18 0 34 0 100 Nathan 32 0 0 10 0 24 0 34 0 100 Thasyda 8 0 0 50 0 0 42 0 100 Khouaxe 28 0 0 0 0 38 10 0 24 0 0 100 Nongbone 8 0 0 8 0 10 36 0 38 0 0 100 Dangtha 48 0 0 10 0 16 26 0 100 Deep well 6% Naphorktha 48 0 0 0 0 8 0 44 0 100 Tributary Somsaaet 18 0 0 32 0 14 0 36 0 100 16% Ngangkham 56 0 0 8 6 10 0 20 0 0 100 Well 17% Hatkhamhieng 38 0 0 0 0 8 22 0 32 0 0 100 Total 498 0 0 270 6 282 94 0 550 0 0 1700 Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 36 52 0 12 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 44 40 0 16 0 100 Sorkbor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Natay 84 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 0 100 Phak itou 74 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 100 Hardxiengdy 34 0 0 0 0 24 22 0 20 0 100 Rain water Dongsangam 52 0 0 0 0 8 12 0 28 0 100 21% Hardsayphong 76 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 100 Tharntheung 0 0 0 0 66 0 34 100 Dongphakpheua 16 0 0 0 0 10 50 0 24 0 100 XBF Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 54% Sadu Tay 96 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 100 Deep well Samnady 76 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 100 17% Navangneua 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 100 Navangkang 64 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Navangnoy 50 0 0 0 0 20 0 30 0 0 100 Well Navangthong 0 0 0 0 0 20 50 0 30 0 0 100 7% Phonsao e 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 100 Lake, pond Thamouang 78 0 0 0 12 0 10 0 0 100 1% Danparkxe 36 0 0 0 0 6 28 0 30 0 100 Total 1080 0 0 0 12 148 342 0 418 0 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 40 0 0 100 Beungse 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tonhaen 14 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 36 0 0 100 Kaengphosy 63 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 25 0 0 100 Rain water Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 14% Kangpa 47 0 0 0 0 7 33 0 13 0 0 100 Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 5% Lao 40 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Souvanxai 50 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Somsa-at 10 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 55 0 0 100 8% Sakong 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Well Thabor 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 100 3% Thakharm 40 0 30 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 100 Lake, pond XBF Thaphoxai 60 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 3% 63% Thadorkham 58 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 17 0 0 100 Tributary Nasang 73 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 9 0 0 100 3% Naxiengkhane 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 100 Xe bank well Xiengkhay 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 1% Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 29 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 52 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 70 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 10 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 100 Pong 83 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 80 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 100 Total 2021 0 30 100 99 105 249 162 434 0 0 3200 Grand total 5517 0 30 874 149 1093 705 162 2470 0 0 11000 Rain water 23% Tap water 1% XBF 51% Deep well 6% Well 10% Lake, pond 1% Tributary 8% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 154 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of sources for garden water in dry season Dry season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathandong 72 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathanthong 34 0 0 30 36 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation 19% Vernh 68 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nakhay 72 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 100 Nongkork 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Ilarnh 84 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 100 1% Naphong 62 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 22 100 Vat thard 24 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 0 100 Lake, pond Darng 78 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 10 100 5% Somsanouk 68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 100 Nakiow 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 100 Kengsavang 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 100 Phovaneua 82 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 14 100 Tributary 8% Phovatay 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 100 Mahaxayneua 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 100 Mahaxaykang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Mahaxaytay 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 100 67% Phanang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamfeuang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1428 0 0 166 96 16 0 0 0 0 394 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 70 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 6 100 Koudphadarng 68 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Irrigation Watthard 78 0 10 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well 1% Deep well 7% 12% Korbong 58 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 24 100 1% Somsanouk 22 0 0 34 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Neua 56 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Namixay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 40 0 0 0 0 22 10 0 0 0 28 100 Nongping 38 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 34 100 Kenglek 68 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 4% Boungbao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Donpeuay 52 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 18 0 0 100 Houay yen 58 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 28 100 Thapha 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xe bank well Navaing 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 2% Phontoum 72 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 24 100 Nahay 80 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF Phonsaird 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 73% Nakatang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phonsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 1460 0 42 78 0 248 10 0 18 0 144 2000 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thakor 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Irrigation Thahat 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 23% Kengkhenh 54 0 0 0 0 46 0 0 0 100 Kengkasy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Vernsananh 54 0 0 0 0 18 28 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well Hatphek 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 4% Phakse Noy 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nathan 40 0 0 8 0 20 0 0 0 32 100 Thasyda 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Well Khouaxe 48 0 0 0 0 26 12 0 0 0 14 100 10% Nongbone 10 0 0 8 0 24 14 0 0 0 44 100 XBF Dangtha 30 0 0 14 6 0 0 0 50 100 59% Naphorktha 34 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 58 100 Lake, pond Somsaaet 16 0 0 6 0 8 0 0 0 70 100 2% Ngangkham 24 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 60 100 Tributary Hatkhamhieng 16 0 0 0 12 10 6 0 0 0 56 100 2% Total 1026 0 0 36 26 168 60 0 0 0 384 1700 Nongbok Namphou 28 0 0 0 0 10 12 0 0 0 50 100 Dongkasin 38 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 46 100 Sorkbor 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 100 Natay 30 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 68 100 Phak itou 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 100 Hardxiengdy 16 0 0 0 0 12 14 0 0 0 58 100 Dongsangam 26 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0 0 54 100 Hardsayphong 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 100 XBF Tharntheung 34 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 42 100 Irrigation 41% 49% Dongphakpheua 26 0 0 0 0 6 22 0 0 0 46 100 Sadu Neua 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 100 Sadu Tay 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 100 Samnady 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 100 Navangneua 70 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 24 100 Navangkang 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 100 Navangnoy 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 100 Navangthong 0 0 0 0 6 24 0 0 0 70 100 Deep well Phonsao e 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 56 100 7% Well 3% Thamouang 86 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 100 Danparkxe 66 0 0 0 0 6 28 0 0 0 100 Total 826 0 0 0 0 66 142 0 0 0 966 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 60 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 100 Beungse 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Deep well 1% Tonhaen 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tap water Lake, pond Well 2% Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 17 17 0 67 0 0 0 100 3% 3% Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Kangpa 71 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 100 Spring Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 1% Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lao 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Somsa-at 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Sakong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thabor 56 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thakharm 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thaphoxai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 XBF 90% Nasang 88 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Xiengkhay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Houi-hai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartkhamdee 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 83 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pahlay 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 83 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuaneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Total 2790 17 0 0 91 107 29 67 0 0 0 3100 Grand total 7530 17 42 280 213 605 241 67 18 0 1888 10900 Irrigation 17% Tap water 1% Deep well 2% Well 6% Lake, pond 2% Tributary 3% XBF 69% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 155 Chapter 2: Baseline Data Relative importance of sources for garden water in wet season Wet season Source District Village XBF Spring Xe bank well Tributary Lake, pond Well Deep well Tap water Rain water Bottled water Irrigation Total Mahaxay Kanggnankham 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 100 Nathandong 26 0 0 12 0 0 0 62 0 0 100 Nathanthong 30 0 0 20 36 0 14 0 0 100 Vernh 58 0 0 34 0 0 8 0 0 100 Nakhay 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Nongkork 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Ilarnh 26 0 0 14 0 20 0 40 0 0 100 XBF Naphong 52 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 31% Vat thard 20 0 0 22 0 0 58 0 0 100 Darng 46 0 0 28 0 0 26 0 100 Somsanouk 22 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 0 100 Nakiow 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Kengsavang 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Phovaneua 76 0 0 0 18 0 6 0 100 Tributary Phovatay 54 0 0 0 0 0 46 0 100 Rain water 4% Mahaxayneua 16 0 0 0 18 0 66 0 0 100 57% Mahaxaykang 40 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 100 Lake, pond Mahaxaytay 22 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 0 100 Well 7% Phanang 58 0 0 0 20 0 22 0 0 100 1% Khamfeuang 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 Pong 74 0 0 8 0 0 18 0 100 Total 652 0 0 92 138 20 0 0 1198 0 0 2100 Gnommalath Keovilay 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 66 0 0 100 Koudphadarng 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 XBF Watthard 8 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 78 0 0 100 15% Korbong 0 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 68 0 0 100 Somsanouk 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 32 0 0 100 Tributary Gnommalath Neua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2% Namixay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Gnommalath Tay 0 0 0 0 0 52 16 0 32 0 0 100 Nongping 22 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 58 0 0 100 Kenglek 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 Well Boungbao 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 100 17% Donpeuay 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 64 0 0 100 Houay yen 14 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 64 0 0 100 Thapha 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 Navaing 22 0 0 26 0 22 0 0 30 0 0 100 Deep well Phontoum 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 1% Nahay 28 0 0 16 0 8 0 0 48 0 0 100 Rain water 65% Phonsaird 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nakatang 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 100 Phonsavang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 Total 270 0 0 42 0 308 16 0 1164 0 0 1800 Xe Bangfai Kengpae 44 0 0 16 24 10 0 6 0 0 100 Thakor 18 0 0 32 0 22 0 28 0 100 XBF Thahat 44 0 0 34 0 10 0 12 0 100 20% Kengkhenh 20 0 0 38 0 0 42 0 100 Kengkasy 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 Vernsananh 0 0 22 0 18 14 0 46 0 100 Rain water Hatphek 14 0 0 12 0 0 74 0 100 39% Phakse Noy 0 0 28 0 0 72 0 100 Nathan 28 0 0 20 0 24 0 28 0 100 Thasyda 14 0 0 22 0 50 0 14 0 100 Tributary Khouaxe 36 0 0 0 0 28 8 0 28 0 0 100 18% Nongbone 0 0 4 4 26 20 0 46 0 0 100 Dangtha 14 0 0 18 38 16 0 14 0 100 Naphorktha 36 0 0 0 0 0 64 0 100 Somsaaet 16 0 0 24 0 8 0 52 0 100 Ngangkham 30 0 0 28 20 10 0 12 0 0 100 Hatkhamhieng 18 0 0 0 10 16 6 0 50 0 0 100 Deep well Well Lake, pond 3% 6% Total 332 0 0 298 96 238 48 0 688 0 0 1700 14% Nongbok Namphou 0 0 0 0 20 20 0 60 0 100 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 28 0 72 0 100 Sorkbor 60 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 100 Natay 46 0 0 0 0 2 0 52 0 100 Phak itou 42 0 0 40 0 0 18 0 100 XBF Hardxiengdy 24 0 0 24 0 8 6 0 38 0 100 34% Dongsangam 34 0 0 4 0 4 4 0 54 0 100 Hardsayphong 64 0 0 0 0 0 36 0 100 Rain water Tharntheung 0 0 0 0 62 0 38 0 100 48% Dongphakpheua 8 0 0 0 0 6 36 0 50 0 100 Sadu Neua 28 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 100 Sadu Tay 58 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 100 Samnady 30 0 0 0 0 0 70 0 100 Tributary Navangneua 52 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 100 3% Navangkang 42 0 0 0 0 0 58 0 0 100 Navangnoy 60 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 100 Lake, pond Navangthong 0 0 0 0 20 26 0 54 0 0 100 1% Phonsao e 40 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Deep well Well Thamouang 52 0 0 0 24 0 24 0 0 100 9% 5% Danparkxe 34 0 0 0 0 6 26 0 34 0 100 Total 674 0 0 68 24 92 182 0 960 0 0 2000 Xaybouli Manilad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beungse 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Bouakhay 25 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Rain water Tonhaen 56 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 0 0 100 11% Kaengphosy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Deep well Kaengveang 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4% Kangpa 47 0 0 0 0 12 29 0 12 0 0 100 Well Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 4% Dongmarkfai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lao 20 0 0 50 0 20 0 0 10 0 0 100 Souvanxai 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 100 Lake, pond 13% Somsa-at 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 0 100 Sakong 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 XBF Thabor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64% Thakharm 75 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Tributary 4% Thaphoxai 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 100 Thadorkham 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nasang 50 0 0 0 38 0 0 0 13 0 0 100 Naxiengkhane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Xiengkhay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houi-hai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hartkhamdee 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 100 Hartsaisungneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Hartsaisungtay 58 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongneua 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Nongheuathongtay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pahlay 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Pong 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 Phakfeuatay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phakfeuaneua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1208 0 0 75 254 82 74 0 207 0 0 1900 Grand total 3136 0 0 575 512 740 320 0 4217 0 0 9500 XBF 33% Rain water 45% Tributary 6% Lake, pond Deep well 5% 3% Well 8% January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 156 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements CHAPTER 3 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ENTITLEMENTS Table of Content 3 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK and Entitlements..........................................1 3.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1 3.2 NATIONALLAWS ANDLEGALINSTRUMENTS RELEVANT TO RELOCATION...................1 3.2.1 Introduction to the Legal Framework of Lao PDR ..........................................................................................1 3.2.2 The Constitution (August 14, 1991) ...................................................................................................................2 3.2.3 Land Legislation....................................................................................................................................................3 3.2.3.1 The Land Law (revision of 21st October 2003).................................................................................3 3.2.3.2 Land Titling Legislation .......................................................................................................................4 3.2.4 Forestry Legislation..............................................................................................................................................4 3.2.4.1 The Forestry Law, No. 004 (October 11, 1996)................................................................................4 3.2.5 Law on Water and Water Resources, No. 005 (November 11, 1996).............................................................6 3.3 NATIONAL RESETTLEMENT POLICY ANDGUIDELINES -2003 ........................................6 3.4 NAM THEUN 2RESETTLEMENT POLICY..........................................................................7 3.4.1 Development of the Policy ..................................................................................................................................7 3.4.2 Nam Theun 2 Resettlement Policy .....................................................................................................................7 3.4.3 Resettlement Committee Regulations...............................................................................................................10 3.5 THE CONCESSION AGREEMENT......................................................................................11 3.5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................11 3.5.2 CA Schedule 4, Part 1 (Social Component) .....................................................................................................11 3.5.3 Entitlements.........................................................................................................................................................11 3.5.4 Security .................................................................................................................................................................12 3.5.5 National Legal Framework ................................................................................................................................13 3.6 THE NT2PROJECT IN RELATIONTO WORLD BANK AND ADBSAFEGUARD POLICIES13 3.6.1 WB OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement ...........................................................................................................13 3.6.2 WB OD 4.20 Indigenous People ......................................................................................................................14 3.6.3 WB OP 4.11: Cultural Property.........................................................................................................................15 3.6.4 ADB's Policy on Gender and Development ...................................................................................................15 3.7 DEFINITION OF PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS............................................................. 15 3.8 PROJECTENTITLEMENTS AS PERCONCESSION AGREEMENT ...................................... 15 3.9 PROJECTENTITLEMENTS FOR DOWNSTREAMAREAS................................................... 16 3.9.1 Loss of Land........................................................................................................................................................16 3.9.2 Loss of Houses and Structures ..........................................................................................................................17 3.9.3 Loss of Riverbank Garden and Crops..............................................................................................................17 3.9.4 Loss of Trees .......................................................................................................................................................18 3.9.5 Loss of Common Property Resources.............................................................................................................18 3.9.6 Loss of Livelihood and Income Opportunities during Physical Relocation of Affected Houses/Businesses or for Severely Affected Persons....................................................................................18 3.9.7 Loss of Domestic Water Source........................................................................................................................19 3.9.8 Loss of Fish Catch and Other Aquatic Products ............................................................................................19 List of Tables Table 3-1: Entitlements of PAPs in Downstream Areas, according to CA....................................................12 Table 3-2: Project Entitlements for Downstream Areas .....................................................................................21 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements 3 LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ENTITLEMENTS 3.1 INTRODUCTION Involuntary resettlement is not new to the Lao people. Centuries of changing fortunes have seen villages and groups of villages forced to relocate to survive. What is relatively new is the need for people to relocate in order to make way for development of projects considered to be in the national interest, such as hydroelectric schemes. The principles of protecting such project affected peoples are enshrined in the Constitution whereby the State promotes people's ownership of land and guarantees equality whilst both obliging its citizens to protect the environment and aiming to shift the economy from subsistence based to commodity based. Further legislation promulgates these principles and offers specific protection for those required to resettle as a result of hydropower schemes in particular under the Law on Water and Water Resources and the Electricity Law described below. Due in part to the size of the Project and previous experience on other hydropower schemes a number of pieces of legislation have been introduced to deal specifically with the Project. This legislation guarantees rights to those people who are to be resettled as a result of the Project including their rights to land and forest. Furthermore, the National Assembly has approved the agreement under which the concession for the Project is granted to NTPC detailing, inter alia, the obligations of both NTPC and the GOL to the resettlers. This chapter reviews each of these aspects of the legal and policy framework in Lao PDR that protects, compensates and to some extent restricts the rights of the resettlers as follows: · review of national laws and legal instruments that are of importance to relocated people and the resettlement and compensation plan for Downstream Areas, including land and forestry rights; · review of the national and Nam Theun 2 resettlement policies; · review of the legislation that has been developed and approved specifically for the social and resettlement components of the NT2 project; and · review of legal documents and policies that are not part of the usual national legislative framework including the Concession Agreement and the World Bank Policies. 3.2 NATIONALLAWS AND LEGAL INSTRUMENTS RELEVANT TO RELOCATION 3.2.1 Introduction to the Legal Framework of Lao PDR In 1975, the Lao People's Revolutionary party (LPRP) abolished the 1947 Constitution and all prior legislation. Much of the existing legislation, especially in the forestry sector, has been issued under the framework of the current Constitution (established in 1991). The current legal system can be described as a hybrid of a civil code and common law system, driven recently more by the need to adopt a large body of legislation, rather than by the capacity to implement the legislation. The National Assembly1, first elected in 1992 under five-year terms, has been an active legislative branch by passing nearly 50 comprehensive laws, each requiring issuance of implementing legislation by the Prime Minister, ministries and local authorities by way of decrees and regulations. Despite this growing base as a civil law structure, the legal system remains in an early stage, difficult to interpret, implement or enforce, especially in the natural resources sector. Key legislation in the natural resources sector includes a Forestry Law and a Water Resources Law enacted in 1996, Electricity Law in 1997, an Environmental Protection Law enacted in 1999 and a Land Law first enacted in 1997 and amended in 2003. This legislation and its implementing regulations provide a legal foundation for the consideration of how resettlement is to be planned and carried out for a large hydropower scheme like NT2. 1The NA has the authority to initiate, review and pass laws as well as approve State budgets and socio-economic development plans, which have included annual timber harvest quotas. (Constitution, Ch. 4). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements An overview of the pertinent articles contained in this legislation is provided below. Of particular interest is Article 28 of the Water Resources Law, which states that in the case of hydroelectric projects, the owners shall provide appropriate livelihoods for the resettled population and pay for this out of project funds. The Electricity Act, (Article 14 and 18), states that licencees shall pay compensation for any damage to private and/or public properties or rights caused by their project. Furthermore, MAF Orders 54 and 377 (1996) require that villagers receive compensation for resettlement due to infrastructure or development projects approved by the Government. Whilst this legislation provides guidelines specifically for resettlement it is also important to note that these laws also impose restrictions upon citizens generally with regard to their use of the country's resources. The resettlement policy will take into account these laws when planning guaranteed livelihoods for the relocation. 3.2.2 The Constitution (August 14, 1991) The Constitution is the supreme legal document in Lao PDR and all other legislation must be consistent with its provisions. Some of the Articles have been implemented by laws and regulations, but none related to the rights of ethnic minorities have yet been interpreted by the Court system. Clearly ethnic minorities and all Lao citizens have the constitutional right to protect their customs, their land and their culture and to enforce such rights against the State if infringed upon.2 Article 8: All ethnic groups have the right to protect, preserve and promote their fine customs and culture. All acts of division and discrimination among ethnic groups are prohibited. Comment: Since the resettlers of the Project are of a variety of ethnic groups, careful attention must be made to ensure that NTPC's resettlement policy takes account of the customs and culture of each group. This principle relates not only to ethnic minorities but to all citizens, irrespective of their sex, or social status as further described in Article 22. Article 13: The economic system objectives are the expansion of production and to transform the subsistence economy into a commodities economy. Comment: Whilst the customs and cultures must be maintained, Lao PDR is a developing country in need of foreign investment and currency that the Project is to provide. At a micro-economic level the Project must look to provide the resettlers with the means of moving beyond subsistence living. Article 14: The state protects and promotes all forms of state collective and individual ownership. Article 15: As for the land, which is owned by the national community, the state ensures the right to use, transfer, and inherit it in accordance with the law. Comment: Whilst the land in the Lao PDR is the property of the national community, individuals may acquire property rights akin to ownership. Where families are to be moved from their own land it is an important principle of the NT2 Resettlement Policy that the resettlers shall be granted permanent rights of ownership to the new land to the extent possible under Lao Law. Article 17: All citizens must protect the environment and natural resources: land, underground, forests, fauna, water sources and atmosphere. Article 22: Lao citizens, irrespective of their sex, social status, education, faith and ethnic group are all equal before the law. Article 27: Lao citizens have the right to freedom of movement and residence as restricted by law. Comment: For example, (i) the State must approve the use of all land, individuals are not permitted to `squat' as further described under the Land Law below and (ii) the relocation of people from one province to another is regulated by and permission must be granted from the Ministry of Public Security. In addition, the freedom of movement must not be to the detriment of others, particularly current dwellers of an area or current resource users of an area, and thus the necessity to ensure Nakai resettlers are not unduly infringed upon by new 2 The Articles of Law in this chapter are an English summary of the provisions - they are not direct quotations. The English translations of the laws themselves are attached in Appendix C and D. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements immigrants, and that local peoples are not unduly affected by, for example, construction camp followers.. Article 28: Lao citizens have the right to lodge complaints and petitions and to propose ideas to relevant state organizations in connections with issues pertaining to the rights and interests of collectives or of their individuals. Complaints, petitions and ideas of citizens must be considered for solutions as prescribed by law. Comment:: This principle is incorporated into the NT2 resettlement process in two main ways (a) through consultation process, both prior to resettlement and during resettlement, and (b) the implementation of various grievance procedures. 3.2.3 Land Legislation 3.2.3.1 The Land Law (revision of 21st October 2003) The Land Law is the key legislation covering the rights and procedures regarding the framework for tenure, access, use and management of land, including forestland, by villagers and other parties within the NT2 watershed and resettlement areas. It is based on the Land Law of 1997 with minor amendments. PM Decree 3 and MAF Instruction 822 implement provisions of the Land Law regarding the allocation and zoning of forestland within village boundaries, Decisions of the Ministry of Finance (996, 997 and 998) govern land titling whereas PM Decree 150 governs land tax issues. See Articles 70 and 71 below, MAF Orders 54 and 377 and the Electricity Law for sections governing the right of villages to just compensation for the taking of land by the State for the public good. Article 3: Land within Lao PDR is the property of the national community (as stated in the Constitution, Article 15) for whom the State is the uniform central administrative representative throughout the Country and individuals . . . are assigned to effectively use the land . . . (only non-forest land held in private title or land held under a long-term lease can be transferred). Article 5: The State protects the legal rights and benefits of those who have effectively received the right to use land including the right to transfer it. Article 6: Individuals .... have the duty to preserve land in good condition. Article 7: Individuals or organizations are prohibited to squat on the land, the use of land must be approved by the State. Article 13: The State authorizes Lao citizens to lease state land for a maximum period of thirty (30) years. Such lease may be extended on a case-by-case basis. Article 17: The State may authorize individuals to use agricultural land: · for growing rice and raising aquatic animals not to exceed two hectares per one labourer in a family; · for fruit orchards and vegetable farming not to exceed three hectares, respectively, per one labourer in a family. Article 18: The district may grant the right to use agricultural land within its administration. Article 21: The State authorizes individuals to use forest lands (defoliated or degraded) not to exceed three hectares per one labourer in a family. Article 22: The district ....may grant the right to use forest land within its administration ..... (DAFO administers land use allocation in coordination with Lands Office). Article 43: Land registration is to certify the legal use of land to individuals and organizations. Article 63: The right of an individual to use land shall terminate when . . . (2) the State takes back the land in the public interest. (however, the landholder is entitled to just compensation for the taking by the State ­ see Article 70 below, MAF Orders 54 and 377 and the Electricity Law). Article 65. Term of Lease or Concession of Land January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements For specific economic zone and special economic zone, the maximum lease or concession term of the land shall not exceed seventy-five (75) years and may be extended on a case by case basis by approval from the National Assembly. Leases or concession of land area over ten thousand (10,000) hectares must be approved by the National Assembly. The determination of actual lease or concession term shall be subject to the features, size and conditions of each activity. Article 70: When it is necessary to use an individual's land in the public interest, the State must make appropriate compensation for damages. Article 71: In determining damages, there must be a Committee comprised of representatives of interested parties to determine the value of the damages. These articles illustrate the inextricable involvement of the State in all aspects of the rights of individuals and organizations to land, from granting the tenure under Articles 3 and 43 to the use to which that land can be put under Articles 17, 18, 21 and 22. This governance is performed at both a central and district level through the relevant ministries. The location of the land for the NT2 project suggests that the rights to use are primarily under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 3.2.3.2 LandTitlingLegislation To secure the tenure rights of the resettlers to their resettlement land, two issues must be addressed (a) the individual household rights to their homes and agricultural plots and (b) the communal rights of the villagers to the forest land. The Ministry of Finance is currently supported by the World Bank in its process of registration of land parcels in Lao PDR. This has focused primarily on municipal areas where the Land Titling Department systematically registers parcels of land in a town. The implementation of land titling program is guided by three Ministerial Directives: MD No. 996/MoF, 24 June 1998, MD No 997/MoF, 24 June 1998 and MD No. 998/MoF, 24 June 1998). The titling of agricultural and housing land for NT2 will be performed under the two first MDs, 996 and 997. As described above, whilst the land within the Lao PDR is the property of the national community, individuals may have the right to use, transfer and inherit land. The land registration project under the above Ministerial Directions assesses an individual's right to the land and if successful in showing such right is issued with a land title registered in a Land Register Book and Land Parcel Register Index specific to each village. Such registers are managed and maintained by the Provincial and Municipal Office of Land and Housing Management. Such title can be inherited, sold and be the subject of a court order (known as permanent assignment). It may also be leased or mortgaged (indefinite assignment). It is important to note that the legislation providing the registration flows through from the Land Law not the Forestry Law. The land title provides the owner with security of tenure for that land but it does not address the specific uses such land may be put to or classified as (for example agricultural or forestry land). The NT2 Project, in conjunction with the Ministry of Finance intends to register the resettlement housing and agriculture land in the name of the individual households (husband and wife's name shall appear on the title certificate) using the procedure based on the Ministerial Direction on Systematic Adjudication of Land Use Right No. 997/MoF. 3.2.4 Forestry Legislation 3.2.4.1 The Forestry Law, No. 004 (October 11, 1996) The Forestry Law provides the framework for all implementing legislation in the forestry sector. There have been many regulations and orders issued by MAF to implement in a consistent manner the key Articles in the Forestry Law. Of importance to the NT2 resettlement policy is the relationship with the Forestry and Land Laws, specifically relating to the allocation, zoning and use of forestland within village boundaries and protected areas. Article 5: Natural forests and forestlands are the property of the national community whom the State represents in the administration and allocation of individual use and reasonable organization. Individuals and organizations shall have the right to possess and use trees, natural forests and forest land only when authorized by the authoritative agencies. Comment: the Nakai Plateau resettlers have been given this authorization (see section 3.5). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Article 7: Individuals and organizations having received forest and forest land allocations from the State for their preservation and management shall be entitled to compensation and interest, such as the use of wood, gathering of forestry produce etc (see also customary rights in Article 30). Article 12: After allocation of forest categories and determining forest areas and lands, the Government shall assign rights to local authorities, from there the province shall assign to the district who shall assign to the village responsible. Comment: MAF Ministerial Authorization 0063/29-4-02 given to the Province to assign to the Nakai plateau resettlers the rights to use the Resettlement Area forests (section 3.5). Article 13: The State assigns the use of degraded forest land to individuals and organizations in accordance to their labour and financial capacity for forestation or revival and to individuals for an area not exceeding three hectares per labour in the family (legal basis for allocation of degraded forestland to villagers under PM Decree 3 and MAF Instruction 822). Article 14: Where necessary for public interest, forests and forest land may be used for other purposes, subject to prior approval from the competent authorities (approval derives from either MAF, PAFO, DAFO or the Government depending on the size of the forest area). Comment: A Resettlement Committee Regulation (Provincial Decree) will provide guidelines for the land and forest use planning on the Resettlement Area, specifying how urban, peri- urban and agricultural areas will be identified, and how claims to such areas by individuals or companies or other agencies will be reviewed and approved. Article 16: Forests in the Lao PDR are classified into the following five categories: 1. Protected Forests 2. Reserve Forests 3. Production Forests 4. Regeneration Forests 5. Degraded Forests Article 30: Traditional use of forests and forest land refers to the long-standing use of forests, forest land and forest produce as acknowledged by the society or law, which includes non-restricted wood collecting for fencing, firewood, forest produce gathering, hunting and fishing of non- restricted species for family consumption, and other traditional uses. Such traditional use shall avoid causing damage to the forests or forest resources, and shall avoid prejudicing the interest of individuals or organizations. The traditional use of forests, forest land and forest produces shall abide by the village forest and forest land regulations. (See also MAF Orders 377 and 54 and MAF Regulation 535 for scope of customary use). Article 48: The right to possess and use forests and forest land is acquired through transfer, deliver or inheritance. Article 50: Grant of rights to possess and use forest and forest land is decided by the concerned agencies with authority in allocation of forest and forest land for long term and stable possession and use by individuals and organizations based on contracts and specific regulations. Article 51: The right to possess forest and forest land is the right to preserve and use the received forests and forest land for a purpose to meet the requirements for persons enjoying the rights of possession and use. Article 59: The forestry management agencies include the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Provincial/Municipal Agriculture-Forestry Services, the District Agriculture-Forestry Offices and the Village administrative authorities. Most of the forest land in the resettlement area on the Nakai Plateau will need to be classified as Production Forests under Article 16 of the Forest Law, which may further be zoned into each of the forest categories within village boundaries. If any area is to be designated Production Forest, it should comply with recent reforms in PM Decree 59 (2002) and its implementing MAF Regulation on Sustainable Management of Production Forest Areas. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Some areas within the resettlement will also be classified as Protection Forest, especially those areas containing forests on slopes greater than 25 degrees; and in which limited utilisation of forest products but no logging or other significant physical disturbance will be permitted. Although MAF has not issued a specific regulation for designation or management of protection forests, it is a stated objective in the Forestry Law, Article 17, and the Water Law, Articles 13, 29 and 30, to protect watersheds. Moreover, pursuant to MAF Instruction 822, protection forest zones designated as a result of land use planning and allocation within a village boundary shall meet the objective of protection of key watersheds. Within the resettlement area, there are areas of degraded forests, and these areas will either be regenerated (Forestry Law, Article 20), used for forest plantations or allocated to villagers for tree planting and designated under the Customary Use provision in the Forestry Law (Article 30). Some will be re-classified as agricultural land. 3.2.5 Law on Water and Water Resources, No. 005 (November 11, 1996) The law on water and water resources recognizes water as the principal natural resource and the need to regulate, exploit and administer both its use and the use of plants, animals and minerals found within aquatic environments. Of particular relevance to the issues of resettlement are the following: Article 25: The Government promotes the development and use of water resources in small, medium and large scale energy production from water sources with such potential. The use of water resources shall consider its potentials and impacts. In building a hydropower dam, consideration shall be given to the preservation of: the sources of water, forests, the environment, flood protection, water supply, irrigation, water transport, fishing and fisheries, aquatic life and others. Article 28: When resettlement is necessary from the area and vicinity of water sources development projects, project owners shall provide assistance in providing appropriate shelters and livelihoods for the resettled population. The funds used to finance resettlement, assistance or compensation to the population shall be included in the projects' investment. Article 29: ... there are still strict obligations to preserve and rehabilitate and maintain forest resources and forestlands in water catchment areas in conformity with the water source allocation plan, forests, land, and seasons, specifically in the area of water origins or around water sources. These articles provide the basis of the Project's broad obligations for environmental mitigation but also for assisting the resettlers, whilst recognizing the potential for hydropower in Lao PDR. As discussed in Chapter 28 and under the Concession Agreement (Appendix A), the Project has included the costs of resettlement in its overall investment budget. 3.3 NATIONALRESETTLEMENTPOLICYANDGUIDELINES -2003 An examination of the relevant laws and decrees indicates that the Lao people have certain basic rights and obligations in relation to resettlement. Among these the right to receive compensation for land withdrawn by the State is paramount. However, while compensation is an important factor in instances that call for resettlement, it is not the only factor. Successful resettlement requires that detailed plans are prepared in advance and that such plans are based on a general set of principles and rules that would apply to the preparation and implementation of these plans. The National Resettlement Policy is one such set of principles and rules. A first draft of this policy, formulated by the Chairman of the NT2 Resettlement Committee, was discussed at the NT2 Resettlement Policy Workshop in Thakhek in September 1996, attended by more than forty national, provincial and district government officials and representatives from other organizations. Subsequently, changes and suggestions resulting from the participants were incorporated into a second draft of the policy. This and further drafts of the policy have been reviewed separately by the World Bank, the Panel of Experts and the Asian Development Bank. Workshops including government officials from a range of ministries have January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements also been used in the development of the policy by STEA3 (see Appendix C9.1 for the final draft of the policy). The policy is to be implemented by way of a PM Decree (the latest draft of which is attached in Appendix C9.2). The provisions of the Decree aim to: (i) help integrate social dimensions in development projects, (ii) address measures to mitigate adverse social impacts, in a particular focus on vulnerable groups; and (iii) have a comprehensive approach to address social issues in development projects. The Decree also aims to ensure that mitigation measures, including compensation relocation and economic restoration of affected people are carried out in accordance with the provisions and stipulations of the Constitution and the various relevant applicable Laws and Decrees of government taking into consideration special needs and features of the various ethnic groups of the Lao PDR. The STEA is assigned to issue requisite Implementation Regulations and Resettlement Technical Guidelines in support of this Decree and to regulate resettlement planning and implementation activities in development projects nationwide, and the latest draft of these (dated 15 April 2004) is attached in Appendix C 9.3. 3.4 NAM THEUN2 RESETTLEMENT POLICY 3.4.1 Development of the Policy Development of a resettlement policy specific to NT2 has taken place in parallel with the preparation of the draft national policy. It has been undertaken in large measure by the NT2 Resettlement Committee, which was set up by GOL in 1995. The steps in the process to prepare a project-specific resettlement policy have been: · September 1996 - NT2 Resettlement Policy Workshop in Thakhek. · March 1997 - Review by NT2 Study of Alternatives; review by GOL Workshop; and discussion by Public Briefing Session. · May 1997 ­ Review by World Bank Mission. · June 1997 ­ 2-day Public Consultation Workshop; review by Panel of Experts and by International Advisory Group. · February 1998 - Approval by State Planning Committee of NT2 Resettlement Policy. · January 1999 - 2 day Public Consultation Workshop on RAP. · September 1999 - GOL approval of RAP, including NT2 Resettlement Policy. · November 2001 and January 2003 ­ World Bank Safeguards Policy Missions. · July 2002 ­ Resettlement Committee Policy Adjustment. The Policy was last discussed at the GOL Committee of Planning and Cooperation on July 22, 2002. At that time a few changes required to take into account comments and the results of discussions on the Concession Agreement described below. 3.4.2 Nam Theun 2 Resettlement Policy The NT 2 Resettlement Policy sets out the objectives of the policy, the geographical and impact areas it covers, and then the policy guidelines. It is presented in full below. 3The material presented in the Policy is generally culled and assembled from several sources. Major among these include the ADB's Handbook on Involuntary Resettlement; World Bank's Draft Source Book on Resettlement; Resettlement Guidelines prepared under ADB TA 3133 -LAO, "Strengthening Social and Environment Management in Lao PDR", July 2000; and Resettlement Guidelines prepared under the WB funded "Hydropower Development Strategy for the Lao PDR" in September 2000. Additionally, information presented in the Policy is also drawn heavily from several development projects in Lao PDR as well in neighbouring countries. Where relevant, international best practice examples are presented in the Guidelines with an objective to bring these Guidelines to acceptable international standards, without losing focus on the country context. The final policy and the decree have been prepared under ADB loan 1857: Environmrnt and Social Program. The policy and Decree have been approved by Cabinet and the Decreeis scheduled to be issued by the Prime Minister within 2004. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements It should be noted that the area/populations of policy coverage is not restricted to those listed in Article 2, but includes all areas and persons affected by the Project as of the eligibility cut-off date of the household survey conducted in 2003. In addition, Article 2 clause 2.1 will also includes PAPs on the Nam Theun downstream of the dam, and those affected by substations. In articles 4 and 5, all affected persons are entitled to rehabilitation as well as compensation. Article 5, clause 5.8 may be revised to ensure that all affected people occupying land - regardless of proof of recognizable rights or claims to land - will still qualify for entitlements. They may not be entitled to compensation for loss of land but are still entitled to compensation for their loss of livelihood and legitimate assets, and to other assistance so that that they will be at least as well off as they would have been in the absence of the Project. Nam Theun 2 Resettlement Policy (translation of the 1998 policy) Article 1: Objectives of the Resettlement Policy 1.1. This policy outlines the basic principles and measures governing the resettlement, provision of agricultural and forestry production areas and compensation to the population of the Nam Theun 2 Project zones, with the view of upgrading and ensuring sustainable livelihoods. 1.2. It provides that the population participates in the consultation, planning and design process of their new settlement and production areas. 1.3. It provides for the application of special measures as required towards ethnic minorities and vulnerable persons to assist them to take care of their needs and foster self- reliance. 1.4. It provides for the construction of infrastructure in new settlements areas in accordance with designs approved by the Resettlement Committee in the best interests of the population in and around the Resettlement Areas. 1.5. The population to be resettled should materially improve its standard of living after relocating; individual household incomes should be above the national poverty line within four years after physical relocation and should be supported in the interim period. 1.6. The policy provides for replacement land being available to all those interested; cash compensation would only be considered for those with specific plans to permanently move out of the district. 1.7. The resettlement and rehabilitation plans will be conceived and executed as specific development plans. Article 2: Policy Areas The areas of this policy are those where the population is directly and indirectly impacted by the Nam Theun 2 Project, including: 2.1. Khammouane Province · Nakai District: The dam and reservoir area covers the territory of 15 villages in Nakai District. · Gnommalat District: The powerhouse, weir and water basin, outflow channel from the powerhouse and first portion of the high voltage transmission line. · Mahaxai District: Outflow canal to the Xe Bang Fai and the middle portion of the high voltage transmission line. · Thakhek District: The 115kV transmission line, from Mahaxai to Thakhek. · Nong Bok and Xe Bang Fai Districts: Xe Bang Fai downstream. 2.2. Savannakhet Province · Xaybulee: May affect by releasing water from the reservoir and to Xe Bang Fai and remaining portion of the high voltage transmission line. · Khanthanbouly District: and remaining portion of the high voltage transmission line. 2.3. Bolikhamxay Province · Khamkeut District: One portion of the reservoir on the dam's right side, the new road, and two villages: Ban Sop Hai and Ban Nam Nian The NT2 Resettlement Policy is directly linked to the above Project components and operation of the powerhouse, dam and reservoir. Article 3: Selection of Resettlement Areas Based on the preferences of the reservoir population and in accordance to the Decree 193/PM of December 2000, three areas have been selected for resettlement: Area 1: Near Ban Oudomsouk (Khammouane Province) covering an approximate area of 1,600 hectares. Area 2: On the east of Ban Done and Ban Khone Khen, Nakai District (Khammouane Province), covering an approximate area of 10,300 hectares. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Area 3: On the west of Ban Nakai Tai and Ban Nakai Neua (Khammouane Province), covering an approximate area of 10,900 hectares. Article 4: Compensation Policy 4.1 Compensation based on the principle of replacement cost will be provided for agricultural lands, gardens, building land, fruit trees, houses, schools, hospitals, dispensaries, temples, cemeteries, markets, buildings and any other assets and activities that will be affected. 4.2 The Project will provide housing and agricultural-forestry production land for each household in the reservoir area at the time of the population and assets survey. For any household not wishing to receive any such land or housing, the Project will pay cash compensation at replacement cost based on the local market value prevailing at the time. 4.3 Fruit trees shall be compensated according to the agreement between the concerned parties and/or locally prevailing market prices. 4.4 Schools, hospitals, dispensaries, markets, temples, clubs, cemeteries, roads and other constructions owned by the State and the village will be re-built by the Project or will be otherwise compensated for at their replacement cost. 4.5 The dismantling of old houses and construction cost of new replacement houses will be, jointly with the owners, determined by the Project and will be compensated. Transportation to the Resettlement Area (including wood prepared by the population) and labor and equipment provided by each family will be compensated. Each house may be designed by the population itself according to their preference. Moving of household goods including livestock will be arranged at no cost to the household. 4.6 Villagers resettling outside the Resettlement Areas (to other localities) will receive full compensation from the Project in one single payment for agricultural land, gardens, fruit trees, houses, building land and other losses and will be provided transportation to their destination. Any self-resettlement proposals must be reviewed for feasibility and approved by the Resettlement Committee before agreement to cash payment. 4.7 Food security will be provided to households until the Policy income target has been met, according to the Regulations. 4.8 All persons that sustain a loss under the Project will be entitled to adequate and prompt compensation or replacement of assets lost. 4.9 Under this policy, regulations will be made that classify those who are entitled to compensation and the level of compensation entitlement. 4.10 Households in the Project's Reservoir Area as of October-1998 will be entitled to compensation and have been registered, including those household of natural growth and household of any government employees who have been assigned to the area since the registration process. Article 5: Other Provisions 5.1 The resettlement transition period (from relocation to self-sufficiency) will be minimized and adequate social, economic and environmental support will be provided during this period. 5.2 Those to be resettled will, as a matter of their preference, be relocated on the sites situated on the Nakai Plateau in areas as mentioned in Article 3. Those few households wishing to relocate off the Nakai Plateau will have that option and will be paid adequate compensation. 5.3 Villages will be resettled as villages and according to their traditional groupings; where two or more villages are to be combined in a new location, agreement of all concerned villages will be obtained. Living standard in the new villages must be better than before. 5.4 New villages will be provided with appropriate community infrastructure as specified in the Resettlement Action Plan. 5.5 Insofar as changes in household economic activities are proposed, the replacement opportunities will recognize the ability and interest of the persons affected; new activities will be introduced on a sound economic basis, with risks identified and understood. 5.6 All compensation, relocation and rehabilitation costs will be borne by the Project, with funds disbursed through an appropriate institutional structure. 5.7 All those affected by the Project will have the same basic rights, although entitlements may vary. 5.8 Proof of residency or traditional use from the Village administration is required to establish the right to compensation. 5.9 The allocation of farm/house lots will recognize family composition; households with large numbers of present or future labor-force members will be considered for allocation of plots that can accommodate larger or expanding households. 5.10 The socio-cultural composition of the affected villages will be recognized in the resettlement plans and their implementation. Special measures will be planned for vulnerable groups. 5.11 All affected persons will have effective access to grievance procedures that would deal with problems that January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements may emerge at the household or village level. 5.12 The program of resettlement will be linked to the Project construction program; reservoir impoundment will not proceed until all affected persons have been relocated in accordance with the approved resettlement schedule. 5.13 Any host people affected by the resettlement program will be compensated according to the degree of the impact. Article 6: Implementation 6.1 The NT2 Resettlement Committee will be responsible to carry out the effective implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan and for the coordination of the organizations involved; the Resettlement Committee will instruct the Resettlement Management Unit (RMU). 6.2 The NT2 Resettlement Committee and the Resettlement Management Unit (RMU) will prepare the Regulations under this policy. 6.3 The NT2 Resettlement Policy is to be recognized and assisted by Ministries, Organizations equivalent to Ministries, Committees and Rural Authorities for effective implementation. Article 7: Validity 7.1 The policy replaces the NT2 Resettlement Policy No. 023/SPC, dates February 1998 and will be come effective on the date of signature entered upon. 3.4.3 Resettlement Committee Regulations While the NT2 Resettlement Policy (and more recently the Concession Agreement of 2002) is the overarching framework describing the resettlement principles, it specifies (article 6.2) that more specific regulations will be issued dealing with individual procedures for the successful implementation of the policy. It is the intention that, as detailed planning and implementation proceeds, additional Regulations under the Policy will be passed by the Resettlement Committee, at the recommendation of the Resettlement Management Unit and NTPC. Together, the Policy and Regulations will form the basis of GOL authority under which resettlement and compensation take place. These regulations are executed by the provincial governor and therefore have the authority of a Provincial Decree. The following Resettlement Committee regulations were issued prior to the signing of the Concession Agreement, and are now incorporated into this Concession Agreement. (a) Resettlement Committee Regulation Number 1 - Eligibility Lists the categories of people eligible to receive entitlements and a process of updating the register of such people including due to natural growth of households. Further details of the eligibility of such people and hence the identity of those whom NTPC is obliged to consider is detailed in the Concession Agreement. (b) Resettlement Committee Regulation Number 2 - Entitlements Lists the entitlements for items such as housing, cash, infrastructure and production assistance for the different categories of people listed in Regulation Number 1. (c) Resettlement Committee Regulation Number 3 ­ Downstream Areas Impacts Describes the survey and monitoring work NTPC shall undertake one year prior to commercial operations and at approximately two and four years thereafter. Resettlement Committee regulations which will be drafted and executed prior to Financial Close will include: · RC Regulations on the process for issuing land title to the resettlers, and the endorsement of such land titles to ensure their non-transference during the resettlement process; · RC Regulations on the process of forest and land use planning and allocation in the resettlement area, including the identification and process for deliminating urban, peri-urban and agricultural areas; · RC Regulations regarding the right each future resettler family to access and 5m3 of timber from current village forest (to be inundated by the NT2 reservoir); January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements · RC regulations on the per diems and other benefits to accrue to GOL staff working on the NT2 project; · RC regulations regarding establishment of new business's and the management of camp follower's and in-migration in the area of the NT2 Project during the construction period ; 3.5 THE CONCESSIONAGREEMENT 3.5.1 Introduction A review of the national legislation provides for the general rights of the resettlers and the obligations of the owner of a large hydropower project. However, the specific obligations of NTPC, and to some extent the GOL to satisfy these requirements is set out under the Concession Agreement ("CA") that was signed on 3 October 2002 between NTPC and the GOL, represented by the Committee for Investment and Co- operation and acting for and on behalf of the Lao PDR. Under the CA, the GOL grants NTPC the right to implement the Project on a build, own, operate and transfer basis for a period of 25 years (the "Concession Period ") following the occurrence of the Commercial Operations Date, subject to any extensions for Force Majeure. The CA has been approved by the National Assembly on 12 October 2002. As such the rights and obligations of the GOL and NTPC including in relation to social and resettlement issues are approved by the highest legislative body in Lao PDR. Indeed, it is the CA that requires the production and approval by the GOL of this Resettlement Action Plan (Clause 30.1). The GOL and NTPC acknowledge that the Project will cause environmental and social impacts in the Lao PDR and that NTPC and, where applicable, the GOL will be responsible for addressing, alleviating and/or remedying such impacts. There are two main sections in the CA are dealing with the resettlement of the affected population and set out how the GOL and NTPC will comply with and implement the Nam Theun 2 Resettlement Policy in order to further the Project's resettlement objectives: · Clause 30; and · Part 1 of Schedule 4 of the CA 3.5.2 CA Schedule 4, Part 1 (Social Component) Part 1 of Schedule 4 provides a general overview of the obligations of both NTPC and the GOL, the duration of these obligations and institutions within NTPC and the GOL who are responsible for the process. The monitoring of the resettlement process is performed both internally by the Company and the GOL and also by independent parties. This section provides for the eligibility of the resettlers to the benefits NTPC will provide, with a population survey undertaken in October 1998 and another to be undertaken approximately 3 months prior to financial close. This second survey will take into account natural growth and certain other categories (Clause 7.1, Schedule 4, Part 1). The CA also provides a detailed description of the development of the villages in both the planning stage (including population and village location surveys and consultation and clearance of UXO) and the implementation stage (including land distribution and titling, relocation, construction and as described below the entitlements of the resettlers). There are a series of livelihood development programmes detailed in the CA both on a village and community basis (including for livestock improvement, agriculture and fisheries development and for the sustainable use of the community forest). Should problems arise and in accordance with Article 28 of the Constitution, the CA sets out a grievance procedure as further discussed in Chapters and 6 and 46. The CA sets out the funding arrangements for these activities. 3.5.3 Entitlements The CA also provides for the entitlements of the Project Affected People, as detailed inTable 3-1. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Table 3-1: Entitlements of PAPs in Downstream Areas, according to CA Category of Project Affected Person Entitlements B. Power Station, Regulating Pond, Regulating 1 Housing if required for right-of-way or Dam and Downstream Channel from Regulating construction of Downstream Channel: Dam to the Xe Bang Fai River · as per housing for Reservoir Area households (see All those adversely affected by the construction and A.1) operation of the Downstream Channel, either through 2 Land (home lot and production land): loss of land and infrastructure or economic loss or · if 25 percent or more of the land is required, the disturbance. On the alignment of the Downstream Project Affected Person is entitled to sell the entire Channel prior to the commencement of the Preliminary land to the Project and receive compensation Works, a detailed survey of impacts will be conducted to accordingly register eligible affected persons. · if less than 25 percent of the land is required and the remaining land is not economically viable for production the Project Affected Person is entitled to sell the entire land to the Project and receive compensation accord ingly · the replacement value of the land is its local market value of the year in which the compensation is paid · the compensation can be cash or the provision of replacement land of equal size and productivity (in the vicinity of the home lot) 3 Trees: · fruit trees compensated at district prevailing market prices · other trees compensated at stumpage value 4 Land and disturbance allowance: ten percent of the amount calculated under Item 2 above. C. Downstream of Nakai Dam to the Mekong · Infrastructure or economic losses will be River, Nam Kathang, Xe Bang Fai and road from compensated at replacement cost on a village or Thakhek to the Project site. household basis, as per consensus All those living or working along natural rivers downstream to the Mekong river who will be adversely affected by the operation of the Project either through loss of land or infrastructure or economic loss or disturbance. 3.5.4 Security As security for NTPC's various resettlement obligations, NTPC must provide to the GOL a number of letters of credit. · If the Company fails to comply with its environmental and resettlement obligations it must make certain payments to the GOL. An independent Panel of Experts will review compliance of NTPC and the GOL to the Social and Environmental obligations including completion of the resettlement obligations, thus the end of the Resettlement Period. These payments are secured from within 30 days of the construction phase commencement by a letter of credit of USD 2,500,000. · NTPC warrants that the environmental and social objectives set out in the Concession Agreement are reasonably sufficient to mitigate against or compensate for the reasonably foreseeable project impacts. Nonetheless, NTPC also recognizes that there may be unanticipated project impacts and agrees to fund such additional costs to a limit of USD 10,000,000 and any amount received from environmental insurance proceeds. To secure its obligations in respect of the unanticipated project impacts NTPC agrees to put in place a letter of credit of USD 2,500,000 within 30 days of the construction phase commencement. · Where the CA is terminated before the Commercial Operations Date ("COD") and before the satisfaction of the various social obligations to be met by COD the Company must make certain payments to the GOL to ensure certain resettlement obligations are satisfied. Such sum secured by a letter of credit of USD 1,000,000. These termination obligations are further described in Appendix A-2. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Villages in Lao PDR have historically and in most cases continue to practice traditional methods of forest tenure, use and management despite a government management system and legislation. After the formation of Lao PDR in 1975, the forest resources became the property of the national community to be managed by the State. A system was established to conduct forest management activities through 9 State Forest Enterprises ("SFE") whereby the role of villagers was limited to labour with minimal benefits. SFEs were abolished in the late 1980s (PM Decree 117) and forest management was turned over to the provinces, and the harvest of forest products to private enterprises and three SOEs4. The recognition to increase the role of villages in forest management has emerged over the past decade, especially since poverty alleviation and the reduction of natural forest degradation have become higher policy goals of the GOL and international donor community. Through the Forest and Land Use and Planning process, the GOL has attempted to identify village boundaries and define forest use and protection zones within village boundaries under forest management agreements. Securing temporary tenure and management rights over forest areas has been a positive step, but the process has been inconsistently implemented with inadequate training to district staff or benefits to the villages in a consistent manner. 3.5.5 National Legal Framework The Forestry Law (1996) recognizes the village as the grass-roots level of a four-tiered forestry administration that includes the national, provincial, district, and village levels. The law states that village authorities have the right and duty to develop specific regulations that are "appropriate to the actual conditions of the village" (Item 6, Article 63). This is further implemented and clarified through PM Decrees 59 and 102 attached in Appendices C4.2 and C8. PM Decree 102 (1993) recognizes village administration as a formal level of the government with rights and duties to implement policies at the village level. 3.6 THE NT2 PROJECT IN RELATIONTO WORLDBANK AND ADBSAFEGUARD POLICIES The NT2 Resettlement Policy details guiding objectives, principles and provisions under which resettlement is carried out. This NT2 Policy, and the Social Development Plan which has been drafted over many years, aims to follow the principles of the three applicable ('triggered') World Bank Policies: · Operational Policy 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement. · Operational Directive 4.20: Indigenous People. · Operational Policy 4.11: Cultural Property. More recently, the Asian Development Bank has also become a partner in the NT2 Project, and thus the ADB safeguards policies are also relevant to the social and resettlement program of the NT2 Project, including: · ADB Policy On Involuntary Resettlement ( 1995) and Operations Manual( OM ) F2 · ADB Policy on Indigenous Peoples( 1998) and OM F3 · ADB Policy on Gender and Development ( 1998) and OM C2 NTPC and GOL are fully committed to comply with these World Bank and Asian Development Bank requirements and policies for indigenous peoples, involuntary resettlement, cultural property and gender and development. These policies are set out in full in Appendix B. 3.6.1 WB OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement The fundamental objective of Bank policy on resettlement as stated in OP 4.12 is to assure that development projects which must displace people also benefit them. To recall this overall objective, affected persons should be consulted from the beginning and special attention should be paid to socially or economically disadvantaged people. The NT2 policy states that the people affected by the Project 4 Agricultural Development Services Group (ADS), Bolisat Phathana Khet Phoudoi (BPKP or Phoudoi), and Development , Agriculture Forestry Industry Group (DAFI) are all under the Ministry of Defense. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements should after relocation be better off than before. The resettlement plan is designed to achieve this. Policy objectives of the WB that have been applied to the SDP include: · Involuntary resettlement has been avoided when feasible or minimized, exploring all viable project designs (2a) · When resettlement is unavoidable, activities have been planned as "sustainable development programmes" that provide sufficient resources and opportunities to enable displaced persons to share the benefits of the project (2b). · Ample assistance will be provided to displaced persons in order to improve their livelihoods and standards of living (2c) · WB Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement is applicable due to loss of structure, land and livelihood of affected persons resided in the proposed reservoir or impacted directly by project activities (3a). In addition, there is "restricted access" to the NBCA to the north and east of the proposed reservoir, impacting the livelihoods of the displaced persons (3b). The proposed livelihood model that is explained in detail in Chapters 21-25 takes into account that resettlers will not have access or be reliant to resources in the NBCA. The SDP also follows the measures outlined in Section 6 of OP 4.12: · Displaced persons have been "informed about their options and rights", "consulted on, offered choices among and provided with technically and economically feasible resettlement alternatives" and will be "provided with prompt and effective compensation" in the form of new livelihood system that will significantly exceed the value of their existing livelihood systems in terms of economic return and "at replacement cost for selected assets" (6a, i-iii). · Assistance will be provided during relocation that exceeds moving allowances and housing; housing sites and agricultural land will be developed in co-operation with displaced persons; labour inputs and consultations on site preparations will take place in advance of the relocation (6b, i-ii). · The SDP outlines a plan for "support after displacement, for the transition period, based on a reasonable estimate of time likely to be needed to restore their livelihood and standards of living" by establishing two targets to bring all households to the Lao rural poverty line four years after relocation and all villages to the national rural income level upon completion of the resettlement process (cf. Section 8.9.2). The SDP covers all the elements of a SDP as prescribed in Annex A of OP 4.12, including a specific Resettlement Policy for the Project approved by GOL. 3.6.2 WB OD 4.20 Indigenous People The WB's Safeguard Policy OD 4.20 is addressed in detail in the Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP) for the NT2 Project Area. The findings and recommendations of the EMDP have been incorporated into the SDP and are consistent with its policies and planned activities. Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities commonly have little voice in development decision making. Moreover, exploitation of their fragile resource base has largely profited others. Given that the reservoir population is made up of ethnic minorities, this SDP shows that they have had a voice in decision making and that development plans have been designed to respect their rights and reflect their cultural practices and traditions. OD 4.20 sets out the prerequisites for culturally appropriate planning for development, including for resettlement as development. These include assuring that project staff (private and government) are familiar with the social, technical and legal aspects of proposed development activities; recognising traditional organisational structures, religious beliefs and resource use; using appropriate consultation methods that take advantage of local knowledge; focusing on production systems that suit the people's needs and environment; and avoiding increased dependency on project or government agencies by incorporating capacity building. The SDP follows these guidelines. Households that currently live on the Nakai Plateau can be classified as indigenous people or ethnic minorities and have strong cultural ties to the area. All are sharing a common livelihood system. The January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements focus on vulnerable groups needs to be on older people and others that may be disadvantaged, such as single parents. The SDP has approached the indigenous peoples issue by planning that all proposed activities be "culturally appropriate development" and by giving specific consideration to the `local patterns of social organization, religious beliefs and resource use' in the design of the plan's associated livelihood proposals. The plan also specifically aims at avoiding the creation of dependency and promotes self-management on the part of the resettlers. 3.6.3 WB OP 4.11: Cultural Property Operational Policy OP 4.11 - Cultural Property - covers archaeological, historical, cultural, religious and natural values (environmental features). Studies that have been carried out previously in the project area have not revealed any significant loss of cultural property. However, a future more detailed study is now underway, and due to be complete by mid 2004 (see the EAMP) while provisions have been made however for "chance finds", in co-operation with concerned GOL agencies as outlined in the EAMP. 3.6.4 ADB's Policy on Gender and Development ADB's OM F2/OP requires that the findings of a gender analysis be included in the resettlement plan.. The Policy requires: · Gender sensitivity to observe how the project impacts women and men differently and to take account of their different needs and perspectives in resettlement planning; · Gender analysis which refers to the systematic assessment of the project impact on men and women and on their economic and social relationships; · Gender planning which refers to the formulation of specific strategies to bring about equal opportunities to men and women Thus, the SDP has adopted gender "mainstreaming" as a key strategy for promoting gender equity. This entails ensuring the consideration of gender issues at all stages of the project and that women participate in the decision-making processes. A preliminary gender analysis has been conducted for the Nakai Plateau and the Xe Bangfai, and is currently being updated. This gender analysis and improvements to the strategy will ensure the following specific activities: · Inclusion of gender sensitivity and capacity building for all stakeholders involved in the detailed design, implementation and monitoring and evaluation; · Separate components for encouraging women's participation; · Integration of gender into livelihood planning and implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and all training programs · Gender specific interventions such as targeting health programs, livelihood technical training to and land titling and land use rights to both men and women 3.7 DEFINITION OFPROJECTAFFECTED PERSONS As per ADB policy, affected people (AP) include any person, household, firm or private institution who, on account of changes resulting from the Project, or any of its phases or sub-projects, will have its: (i) standard of living adversely affected; (ii) right, title or interest in any house, land (including residential, commercial, agricultural, forest, salt mining and/or grazing land), water resources or any other moveable or fixed assets acquired, possessed, restricted or otherwise adversely affected, in full or in part, permanently or temporarily; and/or (iii) business, occupation, place of work, residence or habitat adversely affected, with or without displacement. 3.8 PROJECTENTITLEMENTS AS PERCONCESSION AGREEMENT As presented in Section 3.4.2, the NT 2 Resettlement Policy sets out the objectives of the policy, the geographical and impact areas it covers, and then the policy guidelines. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements It should be noted that the area / populations of policy coverage is not restricted to those listed in Article 2, but includes all areas and persons affected by the Project as of the eligibility cutoff date of the household survey conducted in 2003. For the downstream areas, the cut-off date is August 2003 Article 2 clause 2.1 will also include PAPs on the Nam Theun downstream of the dam, and those affected by substations. In Articles 4 and 5, all affected persons are entitled to rehabilitation as well as compensation. Article 5, clause 5.8 will be revised to ensure that all affected people occupying land - regardless of proof of recognizable rights or claims to land - will still qualify for entitlements. All occupants during the survey will be entitled to compensation for loss of land and are also entitled to compensation for their loss of livelihood and legitimate assets, and to other assistance so that that they will be at least as well off as they would have been in the absence of the Project. Impacts Entitlements c. Downstream Of Nakai Dam to the Mekong river, Infrastructure or Economic Losses will be compensated Nam Kathang, Xe Bang Fai at replacement cost on a village or household basis as per consensus All those living or working along natural rivers downstream to the Mekong river that will be adversely affected by the operation of the Project either through loss of land or infrastructure or economic loss or disturbance. 3.9 PROJECTENTITLEMENTS FORDOWNSTREAMAREAS The project entitlements presented below will address various types of losses, as presented in Section 2.0 above Absence of legal title to land is not a bar to compensation. Both male and female PAPs will be equally consulted and their rights recognised. Negotiations and compensation payments and livelihood restoration will be with both male and female head of each household. 3.9.1 Loss of Land As a priority, "land-for-land" of equal size and productive capacity satisfactory to PAPs will be provided. However, at the request of PAPs, compensation for loss of land will also be paid in cash equivalent to current market value of lost land. If the head of household is married, land title will be issued in the names of both the husband and wife. PAPs will not be charged for taxes, registration and land transfer costs. (a) Temporary Loss of Agricultural, Garden and Residential Land (i.e., loss of use of land for a period of less than one year e.g. during riverbank protection works). (i) No compensation for land if returned to the original user. However, the Project will pay compensation to PAPs during temporary use of land. (ii) Restoration of land to its previous or better quality by providing measures to improve land quality in cases of land being adversely affected or acidified. (iii) If the disruption is more than one (1) year, PAPs have an option to a) continue the temporary use arrangements or b) sell affected land to the Project through the provision of "land-for-land of equal productive capacity and in a location satisfactory to PAPs. (iv) Extreme care shall be taken by contractors to avoid damaging properties. Where damages do occur, the contractor will be required to pay compensation immediately to PAPs. Damages will be restored to its former condition. (b) Permanent Loss of Agricultural and Garden Land. (i) Compensation through provision of "land for land" of equal productive capacity and in a location satisfactory to the PAP. Land will be cleared, leveled and otherwise prepared for cultivation at the expense of the project. In lieu of new pumping costs for new land, additional garden land will be provided. (ii) Where less than 10% of total productive, income generating assets is lost, the AP has the option to receive cash compensation for the lost portion of land at current market value. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements (iii) Provision of land disturbance allowance which is equivalent to 10% of the total compensation amount calculated for the affected land. (c) Permanent Loss of Residential Land and Non -Agricultural/Garden Land (i) If the residential or other non-agricultural land is partially affected and the remaining landholding is sufficient to re-establish houses and structures, PAPs may opt to receive cash compensation for affected portion of land and structures. (ii) If the residential or other non-agricultural land is partially affected and the remaining landholding is not sufficient to rebuild affected houses and structures, the Project will acquire the entire landholding. As a priority, PAPs will be provided with `land-for-land' in a location (within the village) satisfactory to PAPs. Land will be cleared, leveled at the expense of the project. (iii) Provision of land disturbance allowance which is equivalent to 10% of the total compensation amount calculated for the affected land. 3.9.2 Loss of Houses and Structures (a) Compensation will be paid for the entire house and structure at full replacement cost for materials, labour and transportation associated with the dismantling of existing house and structure and constructing new ones. Payment will be in the form of cash, materials or a combination of both, without deduction for depreciation or salvageable materials. Relocation shall preferably take place when crops have been harvested and farming and fishing activities are minimal (off-peak season). (b) For other partially or totally affected structures (e.g., kitchens, toilets, animal sheds, fences, walls, etc.), compensation will be equivalent to a) the replacement value of the affected portion (part or whole) based on current market prices; or b) the costs to relocate the property; or c) the costs of repair of the property to its original or better condition. Compensation will be made in the form of cash, materials or a combination of both, without deduction for depreciation or salvageable materials. 3.9.3 Loss of Riverbank Garden and Crops (a) Compensation for crops will be based on gross harvest income taking into consideration the cost of production and investment. Compensation for standing crops will be compensated at full replacement cost regardless of maturity of crops. (b) Riverbank Garden and Crops Livelihood Restoration Program. In addition to compensation for lost crops, The following programmes will be provided to PAPs: (i) Extension of irrigation system to new land if there is already an existing irrigation system in the village; or (ii) Installation of new water supply to irrigate new land if there is no irrigation system in the village; and (iii) In lieu of new pumping costs, additional land will be provided. In some cases, villagers may be able to adjust to the new Xe Bangfai water levels, and relocate their riverbank fields and gardens further up the river bank. However, in many cases this may not be feasible or productive (at least in the initial years after COD) and thus NTPC is committed to providing assistance for re-establishing cropping and gardening activities, as requested by the communities themselves. Simple measures to re-establish gardens by villages will be taken into account, as will considerations to support irrigated fields and gardens above the river banks. In some cases, such irrigated garden development may be linked to the larger irrigation schemes for dry season paddy production. This livelihood restoration programme for loss of riverbank fields and gardens will be assessed on a village and household basis. The focal concern is the importance of these gardens to livelihoods and nutrition. Thus, each village will be asked to: (i) rationally assess the level of damage to January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements livelihoods and nutrition (assisted by data gathered by the Project surveys and studies); and (ii) consider the various programs jointly with the NTPC and GoL. 3.9.4 Loss of Trees (a) Compensation for fruit trees will be based on the type, age and productivity. If the affected trees are young and have not started bearing fruits, a lump-sum amount to cover for the maintenance and rearing of trees should be made. In case the tree has already started bearing fruits, the annual productive value should be determined from making local enquiries and the compensation equivalent to three years of annual production value. PAPs will be given at least two months to cut and harvest fruit trees. 3.9.5 Loss of Common Property Resources The compensation policy provides entitlements to villages, wards and government units for the damage to or loss of community and public resources. Compensation will take one of the following forms: (a) Repair and restoration to original or better condition of affected community buildings and infrastructure such as schools, water sources, bridges, roads, irrigation etc., at no cost to the community; or (b) Replacement, if necessary, of community buildings and infrastructure at locations identified in consultation with affected communities and relevant authorities at no cost to the community; or (c) Cash compensation at full replacement cost for affected community assets, if preferred. If income loss is expected (e.g. irrigation, community forest, community grazing land), the affected village, or government unit will be entitled to compensation for the total production loss (over three years). This compensation should be used collectively for income restoration measures and/or new infrastructure. 3.9.6 Loss of Livelihood and Income Opportunities during Physical Relocation of Affected Houses/Businesses or for Severely Affected Persons All relocating PAPs with businesses or shops affected will receive cash compensation for the actual business loss during the transition period until the businesses can be re-established at new comparable locations. Employees of relocating businesses/shops will be enitled to compensation for lost income during the transition period until the business and their jobs are re-established. All relocating PAPs will receive the following allowances during the transition period, as follows (a) Food Security during the transition period until PAPs are re-established at new sites (e.g. provision of food or rice supply). (b) Materials Transport Allowance: All PAPs with any structure requiring relocation will receive cash or in-kind assistance in the form of labour and vehicles sufficient to transport household effects, new and salvageable materials to the new sites. (c) Special Assistance to Vulnerable PAPs. Vulnerable PAPs will be provided with special assistance that is appropriate to their needs. Such assistance would include but not limited to labour to dismantle and rebuild structures, provision of materials sufficient to build a basic standard house, provision of land to the landless. All severely affected persons who lose more than or equal to 10 % of their total productive income, will be entitled to: (a) Food Security during the transition period until PAPs livelihood is re-established at the new sites. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements 3.9.7 Loss of Domestic Water Source (a) Compensation for loss of domestic water source will be through the provision of open or deep wells. · For villages where total values of water sources are 75% or above, reliance on these are thought to be so high that the Project will provide a new water supply system to the whole village · For villages where total values of water sources are less than 75%, provision of the new water supply system will be made to the corresponding percentage of the population of that village The actual type of alternative household water source and supply system will be identified by a combination of community consultation and consensus, and technical feasibility studies in each village. 3.9.8 Loss of Fish Catch and Other Aquatic Products (a) Fisheries Livelihood Restoration Program The current pre-feasibility study has outlined a possible scenario making use, to various degrees, of the various options described below, in the 70 affected Xe Bangfai mainstream villages. The irrigated area, potential area for irrigation and market access of each of these villages is taken into account when allocating a spread of each of these various options in each village. The net benefit for each option is also included in the calculations of exactly how much of each option is required, in each village, to replace the fish loss that is predicted to be experienced by each village. Similar and more options will be offered to the villages in the Nam Theun downstream, Nam Phit area and to Xe Bangfai hinterland villages. (i) "Fish-for-Fish" Aquaculture Program It is expected that many of the affected communities will suggest that the impacts on fish catch are replaced by programs to produce or catch fish by other means. Thus, the objective of such a fisheries program is to develop systems for the raising of fish which could replace the loss of those fish currently caught in the Xe Bangfai. Options currently under investigation include: Integrated rice-fish farming Fingerlings (fish seeds, 10 to 15 cm) are placed in a rice field, in which they can move for most of the growth period. Roughly 10 % of the field should be allocated to a refuge pond and/or trenches to allow fish to escape from predators and heat. Rice benefits from the fish as they eat weeds and small insects plus fertilize the soil. Fish benefit from access to a large area plus natural feed in the field. A typical rice-fish combination would consist in a 1600 m2 field, with a 1 m wide trench in the inner perimeter and a refuge pond of 40 m2. A more extensive model for one season (5 months) would involve a narrower trench and a smaller pond. Three options have been considered in the model: · Option 1: Rice-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area; · Option 2: Rice-fish farming, extensive, 5 months in dry season irrigated area; and · Option 3: Rice-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months with introduction of irrigation in dry and wet season Fish Pond Fish are stocked in a pond; fish can be managed extensively (no or only little feed and manure), semi-intensively (using on-farm by-products, i.e. rice bran and broken rice, livestock manure and a steady water supply) or intensively (fish pellets). Farmers without past experience in fish farming would not go beyond semi-intensive level, as it becomes too expensive and risky. A typical pond would be 1.5 m deep, with an area of 500 m2. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Three options have been considered in the model: · Option 4: Pond culture, semi-intensive, 10 months with access to irrigation; · Option 5: Pond culture, extensive, 5 months in rain fed area; and · Option 6: Pond culture, semi-intensive, 10 months with introduction of irrigation in dry and wet season. Integrated Livestock-Fish Farming Chicken is kept in a hut above the fish pond or on the dike. This saves space and labor, and allows droppings to automatically fall in the pond and fertilize the water and stimulate plankton production for the fish. Typically, this option would associate a chicken house for 100 animals and a 500 m2 fish pond. Chicken could be exchanged with duck involving similar cost and revenues. The two options considered in the model are: · Option 7: Integrated chicken-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area; and · Option 8: Integrated pig-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area In villages, where irrigation is not available or only to a limited extent, water supply will be provided in order to facilitate rice-fish farming and/or pond culture (Options 3 and 6). (b) Development of Alternative Livestock Production Program As mentioned above, rather than fish for fish loss compensation strategy, it might be technically more feasible, or socially preferred in some villages and/or some communities or households to opt for a combined protein for protein compensation and income for income compensation, in which case the development of livestock raising, especially cattle, may be the preferred option. (c) Improved Natural Fisheries Management Option in Rivers and Wetlands It is the shared opinion of (a) fisheries experts, and (b) local villagers, that there is currently, or certainly will be in the near future, 'over-fishing' in Xe Bangfai. While over fishing refers partly to numbers of fishers and fishing effort, it also refers to inappropriate fishing practices and fishing gear, and lack of fisheries management (management of brood and spawning grounds, management of catch of fry etc). Experience in the region has demonstrated that with the planning and implementation of participatory natural fisheries (river and wetland) management, natural fisheries yields can increase significantly. Relevant GOL agencies have made some efforts to promote such management, but are hampered by lack of knowledge of fish biology and lack of extension funding. Thus, another option for compensation of fisheries loss in the mainstream Xe Bangfai is to develop improved management of natural fisheries, both in those wetlands fisheries connected to the Xe Bangfai, and the fisheries in the mainstream itself. It is likely that such a compensation and livelihood restoration program would be most effective when communities require fisheries compensation and livelihood restoration at the community rather than at the household level. The Project entitlement matrix is shown in Table 3-2. . January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Table 3-2: Project Entitlements for Downstream Areas Types of Impacts Eligible PAPs Project Entitlements ISSUES 1. Temporary Loss of Owner or Occupant a) No compensation for land if returned to the original user. However, the Agricultural, Garden and Project will pay com pensation to PAPs during temporary use of land. Residential Land (i.e., b) Restoration of land to its previous or better quality by providing measures loss of use of land for a to improve land quality in cases of land being adversely affected or period of less than one acidified. year e.g. riverbank c) If the disruption is more than one (1) year, PAPs have an option to a) protection works) continue the temporary use arrangements or b) sell affected land to the Project through the provision of "land-for-land of equal productive capacity and in a location satisfactory to PAPs. d) Extreme care shall be taken by contractors to avoid damaging properties. Where damages do occur, the contractor will be required to pay compensation immediately to PAPs. Damages will be restored to its former condition. 2. Permanent Loss of Owner or Occupant a) Compensation will be through provision of "land for land" of equal · In lieu of new pumping costs for new land, Agricultural and Garden productive capacity and in a location satisfactory to the PAP. Land will be additional garden land to be provided. Land cleared, leveled and otherwise prepared for cultivation at the expense of the · If the household is married, land title will project. be issued in the names of both the b) Where less than 10% of total produ ctive, income generating assets is lost, husband and the wife. PAPs will not be the AP has the option to receive cash compensation for the lost portion of charged for taxes registration and land land at current market value. transfer costs. c) Provision of land disturbance allowance which is equivalent to 10% of the total compensation amount calculated for affected land. · Income restoration programmes will be provided to PAPs as described in Item 10 below. 3. Permanent Loss of Owner or Occupant a) If the residential or other non-agricultural land is partially affected and the · If the household is married, land title will Residential Land and remaining landholding is sufficient to re-establish houses and structures, be issued in the names of both the husband Non- PAPs may opt to receive cash compensation for affected portion of land and the wife. PAPs will not be charged for Agricultural/Garden and structures. taxes registration and land transfer costs. Land b) If the residential or other non-agricultural land is partially affected and the remaining landholding is not sufficient to rebuild affected houses and · Relocating PAPs will be provided with structures, the Project will acquire the entire landholding. As a priority, PAPs will be provided with `land-for-land' in a location (within the village) allowances as stated in Section 9-11 below. satisfactory to PAPs. Land will be cleared, leveled at the expense of the project. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Types of Impacts Eligible PAPs Project Entitlements ISSUES c) Provision of land disturbance allowance which is equivalent to 10% of the total compensation amount calculated for affected land. 4. Loss of Houses and Owner or Occupant a) Compensation will be paid for the entire house and structure at full a. Relocating PAPs will be provided with Structures and Other replacement cost for materials, labor and transportation associated with the allowances as stated in Section 9-11 below. fixed assets dismantling of existing house and structure and constructing new ones. Payment will be in the form of cash, materials or a combination of both, without deduction for depreciation or salvageable materials. Relocation shall preferably take place when crops have been harvested and farming and fishing activities are minimal (off peak season). b) For other partially or totally affected structures (e.g., kitchens, toilets, animal sheds, fences, walls, etc.), compensation will be equivalent to a) the replacement value of the affected portion (part or whole) based on current market prices; or b) the costs to relocate the property; or c) the costs of repair of the property to its original or better condition. Compensation will be made in the form of cash, materials or a combination of both, without deduction for depreciation or salvageable materials. 5. Loss of Trees Owner with customary a) Compensation for fruit trees will be based on the type, age and · PAPs will be given two months notice to usage rights productivity. If the affected trees are young and have not started bearing harvest crops and fruit trees. fruits, a lump-sum amount to cover for the maintenance and rearing of trees should be made. In case the tree has already started bearing fruits, the annual productive value should be determined from making local enquiries and the compensation equivalent to three years of annual production value. 6 Loss of Garden and Owner /user of a) Compensation for crops will be ba sed on gross harvest income taking into Field Crops riverbank garden and consideration the cost of production and investment. Compensation for field crops standing crops will be compensated at full replacement cost regardless of maturity of crops. b) Garden and Field Crops Livelihood Restoration Program. (i) Extension of irrigation system to new land if there is already an existing irrigation system in the village. (ii) Installation of new water supply to irrigate new land if there is no irrigation system in the village. (iii) In lieu of new pumping costs, additional land will be provided. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Types of Impacts Eligible PAPs Project Entitlements ISSUES 7 Loss of Common Community losing a) Repair and restoration to original or better condition of affected · If income loss is expected (e.g. irrigation, Property Resources resources community buildings and infrastructure such as schools, water sources, community forest, community grazing bridges, roads, irrigation etc., at no cost to the community; or land), the affected village, or government b) Replacement, if necessary, of community buildings and infrastructure at unit will be entitled to compensation for locations identified in consultation with affected communities and relevant the total producti on loss (over three years). authorities at no cost to the community; or This compensation should be used c) Cash compensation at full replacement cost for affected community assets, collectively for income restoration if preferred. measures and/or new infrastructure or provided in kind. · For loss of access across river. The project will provide canoes with simple long tailed motors, provision of pedestrian bridges, natural crossings will be improved by placement of high box culverts · For affected irrigation pump stations. The Project will relocate irrigation pump stations · For loss of water supply sources. The Project will provide open or deep wells to PAPs (see Item 12 below). · For affected communally owned structures. Buildings will be relocated to new sites. For, temples, the Project will undertake riverbank protection works for Temples to avoid relocation of said temples. 8. Loss of Livelihood and All Relocating PAPs a) Food Security during the transition period until PAPs are re-established at Income Earning or PAPs severely new sites (e.g. provision of food or rice supply). Opportunities During affected by loss of 10% b) Materials Transport Allowance for Relocating PAPs. Cash or in-kind Physical Relocation of or more of productive assistance in the form of labour and vehicles sufficient to transport Houses and Structures income household effects, new and salvageable materials to new sites. or Severe loss of c) Special Assistance to Vulnerable PAPs. Special assistance will be Productive (Income provided to vulnerable PAPs in accordance to their needs. Such assistance Generating) Income would include but not be limited to labour to dismant le and rebuild structures, provision to the very poor of materials sufficient to build a basic standard house, provision of land with titles to the landless. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Chapter 3: Legal and Policy Framework and Entitlements Types of Impacts Eligible PAPs Project Entitlements ISSUES 9. Loss of Income From PAPs with businesses a) Compensation for Lost Business. A lump sum payment equivalent to To avoid disturbance or loss of income, all Businesses (e.g. shops) requiring relocation. actual loss during the transition period until re-established at comparable shop owners will be given sufficient time to location. reconstruct /re-establish their shops to new sites before they are required to dismantle b) Materials Transport Allowance. Cash or in-kind assistance in the form their structures and relocate. of labour and vehicles sufficient to transport household effects, new and salvageable materials to new sites. c) Employees will receive cash compensation equivalent to wages for each day that they cannot work during relocation. 10. Loss of Domestic Water PAPs who will lose Provision of new water supply system. (Open wells or deep wells). Villagers will be offered open wells or deep Supply main source of water o For villages where total values of these water sources are 75 % or above, wells depending on technical feasibility and supply reliance of these are thought to be so high that the Project will provide a community preference. Open wells can be new water system for the entire village. shared by three households while deep wells o For XBF villages where the total value amounts to less than 75 %, can be shared by 15 households. provision of the new water system will be made to the corresponding percentage of the population of that village. 11. Loss of Fish Catch and PAPs affected by loss Entitled to Fisheries Income Restoration Program: The level of income restoration programs Other Aquatic Products of income/protein a) Fish for Fish Aquaculture Programs: required will be identified on a household by from fish catch Options currently under investigation include: integrated fish farming; fish household and village by village basis. pond culture; and integrated livestock-fish farming; b) Development of Alternative Livestock Production Program. A TA to Non-Fisheries Income Restoration c) Improved Natural Fisheries Management Option in River and Wetlands Program will also be provided. 12. Vulnerability Vulnerable PAPs Special Assistance to Vulnerable PAPs. Special assistance will be provided to vulnerable PAPs . Such assistance would include but not be limited to protein and rice supplement during the transition period until their conditions have stabilized, assistance with labor to build houses or operate a small business. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts CHAPTER 4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Table of Content 4.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1 4.2 CURRENT XE BANGFAIDISCHARGE................................................................................1 4.3 NT2PROJECT DISCHARGES INTO THE XE BANGFAI......................................................4 4.3.1 Annual Discharge..........................................................................................................................................4 4.3.2 Monthly / Seasonal Discharge....................................................................................................................4 4.3.3 Daily Discharge during a Typical Week in the Wet Season .....................................................................5 4.3.4 Daily Discharge in the Dry Season.............................................................................................................5 4.4 IMPACT OF NT2DISCHARGES ON THE XE BANGFAI HYDROLOGY ...............................6 4.4.1 Dry Season at Mahaxai .................................................................................................................................6 4.4.2 Wet Season at Mahaxai.................................................................................................................................7 4.4.3 Early/Late Wet Season at Mahaxai.............................................................................................................8 4.4.4 Flooding at Mahaxai .....................................................................................................................................8 4.4.5 Dry and Wet Season at Road no. 13 Bridge...............................................................................................9 4.4.6 Flooding in the Lower Xe Bangfai ..............................................................................................................9 4.4.7 Prediction of Water Levels at each Xe Bangfai Village .......................................................................... 13 4.5 EROSION ANDSEDIMENTATION................................................................................... 14 4.5.1 Current Status of Erosion and Sedimentation......................................................................................... 14 4.5.2 Impact s of NT2 on Erosion and Sedimentation..................................................................................... 15 4.6 WATERQUALITY............................................................................................................ 16 4.6.1 Water quality in the Xe Bang Fai .............................................................................................................. 16 4.6.2 Total Suspended Solids .............................................................................................................................. 17 4.6.3 Impacts of NT2 Reservoir on Xe Bangfai Water Quality...................................................................... 21 4.6.4 Water quality in the Nam Kathang........................................................................................................... 27 4.7 IMPACTS ON FISH...........................................................................................................32 4.7.1 Impact on Fisheries in the Nam Theun Downstream Area................................................................... 32 4.7.2 Socio- Economic Analysis on the Fisheries Impact in Nam Theun Downstream Area .................... 33 4.7.3 Impact on Fisheries in the Nam Phit........................................................................................................ 35 4.7.4 Impacts on Fisheries in the Xe Bangfai.................................................................................................... 35 4.7.5 Natural Fluctuation of Abundance of Fish Populations........................................................................ 35 4.7.6 Impacts by NT2 on Abundance of Fish Populations............................................................................. 38 4.7.7 Summary...................................................................................................................................................... 40 List of Tables Table 4-1: Xe Bangfai Water Level Changes Due to the NT2 Project at Mahaxai..........................................6 Table 4-2: Example of Predicted Change in Water Levels in Xe Bangfai at Lowest Discharge Measured (6.7 m3/s) at Mahaxai, April 1993, with Maximum and Average NT2 Discharge. .....................7 Table 4-3: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum of Xe Bangfai Water Quality Parameters Compared with the Surface Water Quality Standards of Thailand (Class2)......................................................................17 List of Figures Figure 4-1: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Rainfall at Mahaxai..........................................................................1 Figure 4-2: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Discharge in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai..........................................2 Figure 4-3: Wet Season Satellite Photo of the Lower Xe Bangfai, September 2000, Showing Natural Wet Season Flooding. ............................................................................................................................................3 Figure 4-4: Annual Discharge in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai and NT2 Annual Discharges ...........................4 Figure 4-5: Estimated Monthly NT2 Discharges and Mean Xe Bangfai Discharges........................................5 Figure 4-6: NT2 Weekly Discharges for Various Energy Levels............................................................................5 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-7: Example of Discharge in the XBF with the Project.............................................................................6 Figure 4-8: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai during April with NT2 Discharge of 220m3/s and 330m3/s .................................................................................................................................7 Figure 4-9: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai during April with NT2 Discharge of 30m3/s .............................................................................................................................................................................7 Figure 4-10: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai with XBF discharge of 1,970m3.....................7 Figure 4-11: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai with XBF discharge of 265.4m3/s.................8 Figure 4-12: Extent of 1.6 Year ARI Flooding at Mahaxay and Additional Flooding Caused by NT2 Project at 315 cumecs. ................................................................................................................................11 Figure 4-13: Additional Flood Depths Caused by NT2 Project in Lower Xe Bangfai for 1.6 Year ARI at Mahaxay at 315 cumecs..............................................................................................................................12 Figure 4-14: Predicted Increase in Xe Bangfai Water Levels for Villages from Mahaxai to Koua Xe.........13 Figure 4-15: Predicted Increase in Xe Bangfai Water Levels for Villages from Koua Xe to Mekong.........14 Figure 4-16: Pattern of Concentration of Suspended Solids with the Rise of Water Levels...........................15 Figure 4-17: Maximum, Median, and Minimum Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Concentrations Measured during Monthly Sampling in Xe Bangfai at the Bridge of Road No. 13 from 1996 to 2003. .18 Figure 4-18: Monthly Median of Daily Discharge Fluctuation and Median of Monthly Measured TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003..............................................................................18 Figure 4-19: Monthly Maximum of Daily Discharge Fluctuation and Maximum of Monthly Measured TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003..............................................................................19 Figure 4-20: Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuations and Maximum TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai with and without NT2................................................................................................................................20 Figure 4-21: Maximum and Minimum TSS Concentrations Measured in Nam Theun at Ban Thalang from 1997 to 2001..................................................................................................................................................20 Figure 4-22: Median Montly Concentrations of TSS in Xe Bangfai (1989-2003), below Nam Ngum Dam, and below Ubolratana Dam (both 1985-2000)....................................................................................21 Figure 4-23: Monthly DO Concentrations below Nam Ngum Dam, Lao PDR................................................23 Figure 4-24: Monthly DO Concentrations below Ubolratana Dam, Northeast Thailand...............................24 Figure 4-25: Measured DO Concentrations Downstream of Nam Ngum Dam and Predicted Fluctuation of DO Concentrations................................................................................................................................24 Figure 4-26: Nam Ngum Reservoir in 1995..................................................................................................................25 Figure 4-27: Comparison of Oxygen Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May...................29 Figure 4-28: Comparison of NH4 Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May........................30 Figure 4-29: Comparison of BOD Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May.......................31 Figure 4-30: Relationships between Water Discharge and Water Level in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai...............36 Figure 4-31: Monthly Median Discharges in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai with and without NT2 from 1989 to 2003..................................................................................................................................................................39 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 ii Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION The environmental impacts of the NT2 Project discharges in to the Xe Bangfai can be viewed as being either 'primary' or 'secondary' in nature, as follows: Primary impacts: · increase of water quantity discharges down the Xe Bangfai, comparatively more in the dry season than the wet seasons (see Sections 4.3 and 4.4), leading to increased river depth, more in the dry season than the wet, and decreasing from Nakai to the confluence with the Mekong river; · variation in this increased quantity of water from weekday discharges of between250 to 330 m3/s) to low flows on Saturdayand Sunday of between 30 to 80 m3/s (see Section 4.4) · changes, and probable decrease in water quality, especially during the early years during degradation of biomass in the Nakai reservoir (see Section 4.6.3.5) Secondary impacts: · erosion and slumping of the river banks (see Section in 4.5) · impacts on the biology of fish in the mainstream (see Section 4.7) For description of the livelihood impacts caused by these environmental impacts, refer to Chapter 4. 4.2 CURRENT XE BANGFAI DISCHARGE The Xe Bangfai has a catchment area of 4,520 km2, as measured at Mahaxai, the first major settlement downstream from where the Downstream Channel joins the Xe Bangfai. Based on 13 years of records, annual water flow in the Xe Bangfai averages 8,370 MCM. The mean annual rainfall at Mahaxai is 2,646 mm, and this mean monthly rainfall exhibits a strong seasonal variation, which is shown in Figure 4-1. This strong seasonality is reflected in the mean monthly river flow in the Xe Bangfai, with a mean monthly high at Mahaxai of 921m3/s in the wet season month of August and a mean monthly low of 13 m3/s in the dry season month of April for Mahaxai. A minimum flow of about 3 m3/s was measured in 1993. Figure 4-1: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Rainfall at Mahaxai 2000 Maximum Mean 1800 Minimum 1600 1400 1200 (mm) 1000 Rainfall 800 600 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-2: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum Discharge in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai 3000 Maximum Mean Minimum 2500 2000 /s) 3 (m 1500 Discharge 1000 500 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 4-2 shows clearly the annual, seasonal, and monthly differences in discharge, that determine water depth, water velocity, water level fluctuation, water quality, river bank erosion, and sedimentation. The river appears to have widened in places over the recent past, but essentially has maintained its course within the present channel. Notwithstanding, the high annual and monthly differences in the hydrological conditions of Xe Bangfai determine the livelihood options of the riparian human population and provide a highly dynamic environment for aquatic life with fluctuating abundance of fish populations Downstream of Mahaxai, the Xe Bangfai flows in a sandy channel until it reaches the Phou Xoy Gorge, where its runs through the Sayphou Xoy Ridge. Further downstream, at the Bridge on Road 13, the Xe Bangfai has a catchment area of 8,560 km2. The area downstream of the bridge on Road 13 consists of flat plains, and when the river level exceeds a certain height, whether due to flood in the Xe Bangfai or the backwater effect from high Mekong River flows, flooding occurs. This region is flooded to some extent nearly every year. In the 36 years of discharge monitoring at the bridge on Road 13, the Xe Bangfai in these lower sections has spilled over its bank in 31 years. The flooding can be significant with up to approximately 30,000 to 45,000 ha covered with one to three meters of water. The time, duration, and frequency of flooding depend not only on the hydrological conditions of the Xe Bangfai but on the hydrological conditions of the Mekong River as well. The annual flooding pattern varies greatly. Flooding can result in damage to agricultural crops, but paradoxically the flooding pattern is of major importance for fish productivity in Xe Bangfai River Basin. Figure 4-3 shows the extent of such flooding in September 2000. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-3: Wet Season Satellite Photo of the Lower Xe Bangfai, September 2000, Showing Natural Wet Season Flooding. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4.3 NT2PROJECT DISCHARGES INTO THE XE BANGFAI Discharge from the NT2 Project into the Xe Bangfai will vary on annual, monthly and weekly basis, and will depend on hydrological conditions as well as energy demand from Thailand and Lao PDR. Discharge may also be affected by power station maintenance periods during which discharges may be reduced or ceased. 4.3.1 Annual Discharge Approximately 7,000 MCM per annum will be diverted from the Nakai Reservoir through the power station to the Xe Bangfai, which will almost double the annual flow in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai, from 8,370 MCM to 15,370 MCM. Figure 4-4 shows the increase in annual Xe Bangfai discharges at Mahaxai using hydrological information from the period 1989 to 2002. While the maximum rate of discharge from the NT2 Project into the Xe Bangfai will be 330m3/s, the NT2 Project's average annual discharge will be approximately 220 m3/s, with variations over the weeks and seasons. A minimum discharge of 30 m3/s will be maintained in the Downstream Channel when the power station is not operating, unless the power station is not operated for more than 32 hours. Figure 4-4: Annual Discharge in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai and NT2 Annual Discharges 12000 Mahaxai Nam Theun 2 10000 8000 ) 6 x10 3 (m 6000 Discharge 4000 2000 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 4.3.2 Monthly / Seasonal Discharge Over the year, the monthly NT2 discharge will vary, and as a general rule the average (and maximum and minimum NT2 discharges) will be lower in the dry season than the wet season. During the cooler dry season it is expected that less power is required by Thailand. Thus, during weekdays the NT2 discharge will typically vary from around 240 m3/s in the dry season to over 300 m3/s during the wet season months. Figure 4-5 provides an indication of the estimated monthly discharges. The mean monthly flow in the Xe Bangfai exceeds 300 m3/s for only 3 months of the year, July to September inclusive. Therefore, depending on energy demand, the addition of the NT2 discharge could more than double the flow in the Xe Bangfai during the nine dryer months of the year, from October through to the June. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-5: Estimated Monthly NT2 Discharges and Mean Xe Bangfai Discharges 1000 Xe Bang Fai 900 Nam Theun 2 800 700 600 /s) 3 (m 500 Discharge 400 300 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 4.3.3 Daily Discharge during a Typical Week in the Wet Season During the week in the wet season, the NT2 discharge into the Xe Bangfai will be constantly high from Monday to Saturday (up to a maximum of 330 m3/s), and will be reduced on Sunday to reflect power demand. Discharges from the re-regulating pond will be lower during the weekends because energy will not be produced on Sundays. This period of reduced NT2 flows will normally extend from Saturday evening through to Monday morning each week. It is expected that from mid Saturday water discharges will be reduced from the weekly maximum to the weekly minimum over a period of approximately 20 hours, until Sunday morning, when it will remain low for a period of approximately 16 hours before water discharge will increase again on Monday morning. Figure 4-6 below illustrates possible weekly fluctuations in the NT2 discharge. Figure 4-6: NT2 Weekly Discharges for Various Energy Levels 350 Zero SE 25% SE 300 50% SE 75% SE 100% SE 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 21 42 63 84 105 126 147 168 Hrs from Sunday 0:00 4.3.4 Daily Discharge in the Dry Season The dry season weekly discharge regime will be similar to that of the wet season, with lower discharge during the weekend. The weekly maximum is likely to be less in the dry season than the wet season because of a lower power demand from Thailand. The period of reduced NT2 flows from the regulating dam will normally extend from Saturday evening through to Monday morning each week. Refer to Figure 4-6 above for examples of possible weekly variations. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4.4 IMPACT OF NT2DISCHARGES ON THEXE BANGFAI HYDROLOGY The NT2 Project will increase the discharge in the Xe Bangfai, and consequently the water surface level will also be increased in the river. The impacts on Xe Bangfaiflow and water level are expected to be the greatest at Mahaxai, the first major settlement downstream of the confluence between the Downstream Channel and the Xe Bangfai. Downstream of Mahaxai, as more tributaries join the Xe Bangfai and the river channel dimensions generally increase the impact of the NT2 discharge on flow and water heights will gradually diminish. Figure 4-7: Example of Discharge in the XBF with the Project 1400 1200 1000 (m3/s) 800 Maximum NT2 Monthly Discharge 600 Minimum NT2 Monthly Discharge Mean Monthly XBF Discharge Discharge 400 200 0 Jan Feb MarApr MayJun JulAug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months The increases in water levels due to NT2 project discharges at Mahaxai are indicated in Table 4-1 for Mahaxai. 4.4.1 Dry Season at Mahaxai Despite having a large catchment area, Xe Bangfai flow records reveal periods of very low flow during some dry seasons. The mean monthly flow in the Xe Bangfai for April at Mahaxai is 12.7 m3/s. Thus, in the dry season, the height of water in the Xe Bangfai will be greatly increased by the addition of the NT2 discharge. For example, the mean NT2 project discharge of an additional 220 m3/s will increase the water level by approximately 4.9 m for the month of April at Mahaxai. The maximum NT2 discharge of 330 m3/s will increase depth at Mahaxai would increase the water level at Mahaxai by approximately 5.8 m. Table 4-1: Xe Bangfai Water Level Changes Due to the NT2 Project at Mahaxai. Change in water level Change in water level Average natural at Mahaxai withNT2 at Mahaxai with NT2 monthly discharge at discharge 330 m3/s discharge 220 m3/s Month Mahaxai (m3/s) (m) (m) January 25.0 5.2 4.2 February 17.6 5.6 4.6 March 13.3 5.7 4.8 April 12.7 5.8 4.9 May 40.3 4.3 3.4 June 244.3 2.7 1.9 July 655.8 2.0 1.4 August 921.2 1.5 1.1 September 693.9 2.0 1.4 October 230.4 2.7 1.9 November 106.6 3.4 2.4 December 41.6 4.2 3.3 Mean 265.4 2.6 1.9 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Table 4-2: Example of Predicted Change in Water Levels in Xe Bangfai at Lowest Discharge Measured (6.7 m3/s) at Mahaxai, April 1993, with Maximum and Average NT2 Discharge. Change in Elevation Change in Elevation Natural Minimum with NT2 Discharge 330 with NT2 Discharge 220 Description of Event Discharge at Mahaxai m3/s m3/s April 1993, lowest mean monthly flow on record 6.7 m3/s 6.2 m 5.2 m Figure 4-8: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai during April with NT2 Discharge of 220m3/s and 330m3/s On Sunday (or at other times of low levels of electricity generation) the NT2 project will deliver a minimum of 30 m3/s to the flows in the Xe Bangfai, and in the dry season this corresponds to a water level height increase of about 0.5 meters at Mahaxai. This addition of the NT2 minimum during dry season is shown in Figure 4-9. Figure 4-9: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai during April with NT2 Discharge of 30m3/s 4.4.2 Wet Season at Mahaxai In the wet season, as the combined discharges of the Xe Bangfai and NT2 Project reach about 1970 m3/s, the increase in water level due to the weekly maximum NT2 discharge of 330 m3/s will be about 1.3 m (see Figure 4-10). The increase in water levels will be significantly less on Sundays with a minimum NT2 discharge of 30 m3/s. Figure 4-10: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai with X BF discharge of 1,970m3 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4.4.3 Early/Late Wet Season at Mahaxai The average discharge in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai is approximately 265.4 m3/s, which corresponds to the discharge in early and then the late wet season. The addition of the maximum NT2 discharge (330 m3/s) to this mean Xe Bangfai discharge will increase the water level by approximately 3.5 m, and this increase in water level is shown in Figure 4-11. Figure 4-11: (indicative) Increase in Water Levels at Mahaxai with X BF discharge of 265.4m3/s 4.4.4 Flooding at Mahaxai The upper Xe Bangfai currently floods under natural conditions. At Mahaxai the average frequency of over-bank flows is approximately 1 in 2.3 years. The deeply incised morphology of the Xe Bangfai means it can carry a discharge of 2,000 m3/s or more without flooding. Therefore for most of the year, apart from flood periods, the river is large enough to accommodate the NT2 discharge. During flood periods the additional water entering the Xe Bangfai from the NT2 Project will not increase the frequency or height of these floods due to an agreement with Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) that allows NT2 to cease electricity generation, and therefore stop discharge, when the Xe Bangfai is close to overbank flooding. It has been deduced from satellite imagery that the normal first point of flooding is at Mahaxai. Consequently, obligations for reducing NT2 discharge and cessation of discharges are related to Mahaxai. Progressive reduction in NT2 discharges to the Xe Bangfai will commence when the combined flow of the Xe Bangfai and NT2 discharges approaches 1,970 m3/s at Mahaxai. Discharge from the NT2 Project will have completely stopped when the discharge in the Xe Bangfai reaches 2,270 m3/s at Mahaxai gauging station, or before the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai overflows its banks. Therefore any over-bank flooding of the Xe Bangfai will be the result of natural flows and not the NT2 discharge. Obligations for reducing and cessation of discharges because of flooding in the Xe Bangfai have been incorporated into the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with EGAT as well as in the Concession Agreement between NTPC and GOL. To facilitate this shutdown, flows and rainfall will be monitored by a network of permanent hydrometric and climatic stations in the Xe Bangfai region to expand knowledge of the hydrological conditions, prior to and during operation of the NT2 Project. This hydrological information, together with historical hydrograph data collected prior to the Construction Phase of the Project, will be utilized in planning and revising regulating dam operational procedures and allow accurate advance forecasts of river levels and floods at Mahaxai. Additionally, during potential flood periods personnel with direct communication links with the power station will also visually monitor river levels in the Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai. If at any time prior or during the Operating Phase, knowledge becomes available to indicate that Mahaxai is not the most appropriate place to monitor for flooding conditions on the Xe Bangfai (i.e. another location floods prior to Mahaxai), the above mentioned obligations which involve monitoring or measuring at Mahaxai will be transferred to the new location. This means that flows from the NT2 Project will not worsen the natural over-bank flooding of the Xe Bangfai. Any over-above bank flooding, and the resulting loss or damage to property, crops, or livestock, will strictly be a result of flooding that already occurs naturally. Because NTPC will not be responsible for any flooding of the Xe Bangfai then there will be no compensation payment for claims of loss or damage to property or livelihood resulting fromthis natural flooding. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4.4.5 Dry and Wet Season at Road no. 13 Bridge1 Similar to the upper reaches of the Xe Bangfai, in the dry season, the height of water in the Xe Bangfai as measured at the Road 13 Bridge will be increased by the addition of the NT2 discharge. For example, assuming a low natural Xe Bangfai flow of 100 m3/s, the maximum NT2 project discharge of an additional 330 m3/s will increase the water level by approximately 3.5 m at the Road 13 Bridge. In the wet season, as the combined discharges of the Xe Bangfaiand NT2 Project reach bank full level at the Road 13 Bridge, the increase in water level due to the weekly maximum NT2 discharge of 330 m3/s is approximately 0.5 m. The increase in water levels will be significantly less on Sundays with a minimum NT2 discharge of 30 m3/s. 4.4.6 Flooding in the Lower Xe Bangfai The increased discharge from Nt2 Project is expected to affect the Lower Xe Bangfai area in terms of extent, depth and duration of flooding. However, as the Project will lead to reduced amounts of water being discharged from the Nam Theun/Nam Kading into the Mekong, it is estimated that there will be a fall of about 15 cm in the Mekong during flood events (SMEC, 1996). This should allow for quicker drainage of the lower Xe Bangfai during times of flooding, and consequently partially offset the impact of the increased flows in this portion of the river. SMEC hydrological modelling In order to quantify the impacts of the Project discharge on the existing flood regime in the lower Xe Bangfai area two mathematical models were constructed by SMEC, a hydrologic model of the whole Xe Bangfai up to the Mekong, and a hydraulic model of the Mekong and of the Lower Xe Bangfai (SMEC, 2004). A number of surveys were carried out to collect data on river cross-sections, floodplain topography, river bank profiles and flood control structures for input to the hydraulic model. The hydrologic and hydraulic models were calibrated and verified using the data recorded for floods that occurred in 1994, 1995 and 2000 for which records were readily available. Flood frequency analysis carried out on the historic flood records of flows and levels recorded on the Mekong and Xe Bangfai during other investigations (SMEC, 1996 and SMEC, 2004a) were utilized to determine the appropriate design flood conditions in the Mekong to be applied in conjunction with flood events in the Xe Bangfai, for the assessment of design flood cases. It has to be noted that the results of the SMEC report can be considered as a worst case scenario as the release of water from the Regulating Pond will be stopped before the natural flow reaches 2,270 m3/s at Mahaxai, thereby preventing any additional flooding caused by the Project. Overall results of the SMEC modelling The main results of the hydraulic model were as follows: A release of 315 m3/s will increase by 3.75% the extent of the area flooded when added to the maximum flood flow allowed in the Xe Bangfai immediately before discharges from the Regulating Pond are reduced. Figure 4-12 shows the increased extent of the flooded area, from 324 km2 without the Project to 335 km2 with a project discharge of 315 m3/s. The flood levels in the river and floodplain are expected to increase by approximately 0.5, 0.4 and 0.2 m in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the lower Xe Bangfai respectively when combined with floods exceeding the bankfull flow (see Figure 4-13). Velocities in the river channel are expected to increase by 20 % along the Xe Bangfai for a 1 year ARI flood that is confined within the banks, and up to 7 % for the over-bank floods. The hydraulic model showed that the duration of overtopping of the flood levees was increased on average by 3.6 days each year. Quantification of the impacts The results of the SMEC study were then further analysed in terms of impacts on agricultural lands only. It was considered that the areas under more than 1 m of water during the 1.6 ARI flood events, without the additional release from the Project, will not be further impacted in terms of agricultural production, as, even without the additional release from the Regulating Pond, they are already under too much water to 1As discussed elsewhere in this document, the height of the XBF in the lower region is strongly influenced by the level of the water in the Mekong River. Therefore, it is not possible to predict precisely what the level increase will be for any particular month. The figures presented in Section 31.4 have been calculated to provide an indication of the magnitude of impact. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts enable such production. The focus is therefore put on the areas that are currently subject to a flood of less than 1 m, and represented onFigure 2-5. The model indicates that 5,230 ha of land will be put under more than one meter of water because of the additional release of 315 m3/s. The average duration of this additional flooding is 3.6 days per year. The agricultural production on these areas is likely to be impacted. In addition the model indicates that 1,530 ha of land will be flooded due to the discharge from NT2 Project during an average of 3.6 days per year. However, these areas will be under less than 50 cm, therefore not threatening rice paddy production. In addition, it is possible that the extended duration of the flood event on average by 3.6 days per year, could put at risk some of the 2,497 ha of land, which will be under a depth of water varying from 0.75 m to 1 m if the flood takes place before the paddy has been able to grow sufficiently in height. The current use of the land will have to be confirmed as productive agricultural land during the rainy season. The increased flood plain created because of the additional release of water could impact positively fish production in the area. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-12: Extent of 1.6 Year ARI Flooding at Mahaxay and Additional Flooding Caused by NT2 Project at 315 cumecs. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-13:Additional Flood Depths Caused by NT2 Project in Lower Xe Bangfai for 1.6 Year ARI at Mahaxay at 315 cumecs. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4.4.7 Prediction of Water Levels at each Xe Bangfai Village Hydrology and cross sectional data have been verified for two places along the Xe Bangfai., at Mahaxai and at Road 13 Bridge, as described in Sections 4.4.1 to 4.4.6 above. Cross sections have been surveyed at various sections from Mahaxai to just below the Road no. 13 Bridge (see Figure 4-14) but no discharges have been measured for these sections. Thus, a prediction on the height of water which each village will experience in the dry season has been made on the assumption ­ recognized to be not fully accurate but nonetheless a reasonable estimation for consultation purposes ­ that water level increase of 5.5 m at Mahaxai (with maximum flow of 330 m3/s) will decrease linearly to 3.5 m at the Road no. 13 Bridge and to 20 cm at the confluence of the Xe Bangfai and the M ekong River. The resulting height at each village is presented graphically in Figure 4-14 below. Figure 4-14: Predicted Increase in Xe Bangfai Water Levels for Villages from Mahaxai to Koua Xe. 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 (m) 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 level 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.5 water in 3.0 2.0 increase 1.0 Predicted 0.0 Tai Noi Pe Hat Pek Lai Xe Neua Neua Kang Tay Nang Pong Khor Noi) Kasi Pa Pova Keng Tha Khene Tha Hat Hat Pova Pha Koua Keng Mahaxai Mahaxai Mahaxai (Tha Keng Veunsananh Khamfeuang Villages along Xe Bangfai from Mahaxai to Koua Xe For the lower Xe Bangfai, that section from the Road no. 13 Bridge to the Xe Bangfai confluence with the Mekong River, again the dry season assumption is that the rivers increase in dry season height due to the NT 2 discharges will decrease linearly from 3.5 m at the Road no. 13 Bridge to about 20 cm at the XBF/Mekong. If this were the case, then the increases in dry season river height in front of each village in the Xe Bangfai would be as illustrated in Figure 4-15. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-15: Predicted Increase in Xe Bangfai Water Levels for Villages from Koua Xe to Mekong. 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.33.3 3.3 3.23.23.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 (m) 2.6 2.6 2.5 level 2.5 2.42.4 2.2 water 2.12.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 in 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 increase 1.5 1.3 1.21.2 1.0 1.1 1.01.0 Predicted 1.0 1.00.9 0.80.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.20.2 0.0 Villages along Xe Bangfai from Koua Xe to Pak Xe (Mekong) 4.5 EROSION ANDSEDIMENTATION 4.5.1 Current Status of Erosion and Sedimentation The river banks of Xe Bangfai are currently naturally eroding. Slumping and collapses of the riverbank are visible along the Xe Bangfai. Most of XBF riverbanks exist of dense silty sand soils. Such soils have low permeability and once saturated with water, will drain slowly resulting in pressure gradients when river water levels are reduced rapidly. In addition, the locations with steep slopes of riverbanks along XBF are highly sensitive to erosion. The existing conditions (silty sand soils and slope instability) make the river banks in XBF susceptible to erosion. In addition to natural erosion of river banks, river banks erode through (i) human uses at the village landing places and river bank vegetable gardens, and (ii) cattle and buffaloes seeking access to the river and grazing riverbank vegetation. As river banks erode, soil particles are transferred to the water column as suspended solids. With the natural occurring fluctuation of shear forces and flow velocities such soils are brought into suspension after which the suspended solids settle at downstream locations. Figure 4-16 illustrates how concentrations of suspended solids measured at one cross section of a neighbouring river fluctuates with the rise of water levels in time. High amounts of solids are brought into suspension with the rise of water levels, sheer forces and water velocity. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-16: Pattern of Concentration of Suspended Solids with the Rise of Water Levels 2.50 350 300 2.00 [m] 250 1.50 200 Suspended [mg/l] Level 1.00 150 Solids Water 100 0.50 50 Concentration 0.00 0 11:00 15:00 19:00 23:00 3:00 7:00 11:00 15:00 19:00 Time [Hours] Water Fluctuation Concentration Suspended Solids However, solids do not stay in suspension (are not transported) all the way downstream to the Mekong River. These suspended solids settle depending on water velocity and density of suspended solids. In short, river bank material that end up locally in the river, will be brought into suspension and back to the river bed during each rise and subsequent decrease in water level. Such process is repeated continuously resulting in the movement of river bank material in a downstream direction over time. However, the intensity of such process differs depending on the geology and geomorphology of the river In those section where the river bank exists mainly of rocks, no or little amounts of solids are brought into suspension, and at those river locations where the river widens or where the river exists of deep pools more solids settle causing increased sedimentation. In general, the process causes erosion of river banks in outer bends of the river and deposition of soils in inner bends. Such meandering of a mature river as Xe Bangfai occurs over long periods of time. 4.5.2 Impacts of NT2 on Erosion and Sedimentation The erosion rate of riverbanks along XBF will be increased by NT2 project as a result of (i) increased discharges and water levels, (ii) increased water level fluctuation during the week ends when discharges from the re-regulation pond fluctuate, and (iii) increased flow velocities and shear forces. Changes to flow in the Xe Bangfai by the NT2 Project, both through increases in discharge and fluctuations in discharge, will result in the river readjusting its shape. As a result of increases in river discharge from the re-regulating pond with largely sediment-free water, scouring will increase the tendency of erosion in Xe Bangfai. Rock bars will prevent deepening of the river bed, but accelerated bank erosion and channel widening can be expected. The main conclusions of the Impact Analysis of Releases from Nam Theun 2 Power Station on the Xe Bangfai River of the first 45 kilometres in Xe Bangfai downstream of the confluence with Nam Phit made in 2002 were as follows: While it is evident that the river appears to have widened in places over the recent past, the 2 river essentially has maintained its course within the present channel. However, from the assessment of the geology of the banks, it is expected that the river bank will retreat to varying degrees as a direct result of increased discharges from NT2, both as a result of the increased erosive potential of the flow and due to the heightened impact of bank instability. In some places the retreat may be as much as 10 meters in the initial active period (a river widening of around 20 meters). A more detailed study and assessment would be necessary to refine this figure and to quantify the magnitude and rate of regression, but this is considered to be unwarranted. 2SMEC International Pty Ltd, 2002, Impact Analysis of Releases from Nam Theun 2 Power Station on the Xe Bangfai River, a report prepared for NTEC. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts It is concluded that the impact of the increased Xe Bangfai discharges will be to significantly enlarge the river cross sections, with an accompanying impact on the river morphology (bars, shoals, and such like). The degradation (river widening) activity initially will be most marked at the exit from the Nam Phit and the first few kilometres of the Xe Bangfai. Subsequently, the degradation will extend in a downstream direction as the river moves towards a new morphology. Xe Bangfai morphology will continue to enlarge until the river stabilizes at a new width that can accommodate the NT2 discharge and fluctuations. It is predicted that up to 20 m of the river bank may be eventually lost to erosion. The size of this loss, however, will decrease with distance downstream of the confluence of the Xe Bangfai and the Nam Phit. The increased erosion rate resulting from Project waters and discharge regime will be temporary. Over a longer period of time, a new cross sectional equilibrium will be established that can accommodate the NT2 waters. Once the new cross section has stabilized the rate of erosion will decrease back towards existing levels. The general process of adjustment to the river morphology is likely to be slow and obvious which will give communities time to adjust without unpredicted losses to property or injury. The prediction of river bank recession in Xe Bangfai made in 2002 appears to be remarkably similar to the river bank recession that occurred and still occurs in Nam Hai downstream of the Theun-Hinboun powerhouse five years after start of operation. As the writers of the 2002 SMEC report visited Nam Hai only and were fully briefed by environmental staff of Theun-Hinboun Power Company, the estimation of river bank recession in Xe Bangfai may be a worst case scenario. Downstream Theun-Hinboun powerhouse, Nam Hai widened approximately 3 times at many cross sections within a period of 5 years. However, Nam Hai can not be compared with Xe Bangfai, since Nam Hai used to be more like an ephemeral stream, with natural dry season discharge less than 1 m3/sec. Downstream of Theun-Hinboun powerhouse, Nam Hai discharges into Nam Hinboun. At Nam Hinboun, river bank recession of such magnitude occurred only at the confluence of Nam Hinboun and Nam Hai. Thus, while the predicted recession of river banks in Xe Bangfai is of the same magnitude as occurred in Nam Hai, the location where such riverbank erosion will occur is predicted at a complete different location. The Nam Hai at Theun-Hinboun power plant cannot be compared with Xe Bangfai, but should be compared with Nam Phit, downstream of NT2 powerhouse. The NT2 Downstream Channel can be compared with Nam Hai downstream of Theun-Hinboun powerhouse. The NT2 Downstream C hannel is 27 km long; bank enforcement is planned at about 2/3 of this channel stretch and at the confluence of Xe Bangfai with Nam Phit. At the remaining 1/3 of the channel stretch between the tunnel and the confluence with Xe Bangfai the channel is unlined and erodible (EAMP). Its geometry consists of a pilot channel of 20 meter width and will extend on both sides, with a flat minor bed demarcated by levee banks, situated 150 m from the axis of the pilot channel. Average water velocity in the total unlined section will reach 2.3 m/sec. As the levee banks are planned rightfully at 300 meter distance from each other, it is in this stretch of the Downstream Channel that a similar or worse river bank recession as in Nam Hai downstream of Theun-Hinboun can be expected. Nam Hai downstream of the powerhouse to the confluence with Nam Hinboun is about 13 km long. The unlined and erodible section of the channel downstream of NT2 powerhouse between the tunnel and the confluence with Xe Bangfai is approximately 8 km long. The expected increase of erosion and sedimentation together with the increased depth of Xe Bangfai (see Section 4.5) have significant impacts on aquatic habitats and productivity of aquatic life in Xe Bangfai. Aquatic habitats as riverbanks, sand banks, deep pools, and rapids will be altered. Deep pools are the most important fishing grounds in rivers as Xe Bangfai. These pools will at least partially fill in after start of operation of the powerhouse. 4.6 WATERQUALITY 4.6.1 Water quality in the Xe Bang Fai The Water Quality Network of the Mekong River Commission measures water quality parameters in Xe Bangfai at the Bridge of Road No. 13 on a monthly basis since June 1985. Table 4-3 shows the summary results of this long term (June 1985 to December 2003) water quality monitoring exercise. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Table 4-3: Maximum, Mean, and Minimum of Xe Bangfai Water Quality Parameters Compared with the Surface Water Quality Standards of Thailand (Class23) W.Q. Parameter Unit Maximum Mean Minimum Thai Water Quality Standards Temperature oC 33.0 26.5 21.0 Natural, but change should not be more than 3oC pH 8.82 7.81 6.38 Between 5-9 TSS mg/l 386 50 0 Conductivity mS/m 36.00 27.05 10.90 Ca meq/l 3.17 1.95 0.75 Mg meq/l 1.38 0.52 0.03 Na meq/l 0.543 0.093 0.016 K meq/l 0.089 0.021 0.003 Alkalinity meq/l 3.553 2.318 0.499 Cl meq/l 0.318 0.035 0.001 SO4 meq/l 2.461 0.160 0.006 Total-Fe mg/l 0.934 0.090 0.005 (NO3+ NO2)-N mg/l 1.152 0.103 0.001 (NO3 not higher than 5) NH4-N mg/l 0.480 0.027 0.000 (NH3-N not higher than 0.5) PO4-P mg/l 0.162 0.008 0.000 Total-P mg/l 0.147 0.017 0.000 Si mg/l 9.70 4.30 0.98 DO mg/l 9.93 7.48 4.21 Not lower than 5 CODMn mg/l 6.2 0.9 0.0 (BOD5 not higher than 1.5) The Xe Bangfai is primarily situated on a limestone bed, which causes the pH to be slightly basic. Minimum values of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (not lower than 4.21) are measured particularly after heavy rainfalls and when water recedes from the floodplains and paddy fields. During these times also the high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) has been measured. In surface waters, COD is generally a factor 2 to 3 higher than Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The BOD standard is not higher than 1.5, while the maximum COD measured in Xe Bangfai is 6.2. Apart from occasional times during the rainy season when DO concentrations are lower and COD concentrations are higher than Class 2 of surface water quality standards of Thailand, the Xe Bangfai is presently quite good. 4.6.2 Total Suspended Solids In Thailand no surface water standards for TSS concentrations exist. But the countries of the European Union, Australia/New Zealand and Canada have surface water quality standards for TSS concentrations. The Environment & Conservation Council of Australia and New Zealand formulated summary guidelines for protection of aquatic ecosystems. Australia and New Zealand require for suspended particulate matter/turbidity (equivalent to TSS) any changes that are not more than 10 % of the seasonal mean concentration. Canada has also special guidelines and maximum allowable concentrations of water quality parameters for fisheries and aquatic life. In Canada the increase of TSS concentrations should not be more than 10 above background level. 4.6.2.1 Present Natural TSS Concentrations Maximum values of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) (as high as 386 mg/l) have been measured during the rainy season. Figure 4-17 shows the maximum, median, and minimum TSS concentrations in Xe Bangfai as measured by MRC. 3Class 2 of the surface water quality standards of Thailand is identified as very clean fresh surface water resources used for: (i) consumption which requires ordinary water treatment processes before use; (ii) aquatic organism of conservation; (iii) fisheries, and (iv) recreation. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-17: Maximum, Median, and Minimum Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Concentrations Measured during Monthly Sampling in Xe Bangfai at the Bridge of Road No. 13 from 1996 to 2003. 350 300 [mg/l] 250 TSS 200 150 100 Concentration 50 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month median TSS conc. maximum TSS conc. minimum TSS conc. In unaltered rivers in Lao PDR, mean concentrations of TSS are in the range of to 25 mg/l in the dry season. The following Figure 4-18 illustrates clearly the close relationship between median TSS concentrations and median discharge fluctuations as measured in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003. During the rainy season when natural discharge fluctuations in Xe Bangfai are high there is a high erosion rate and low sedimentation rate. During the dry season when water fluctuations are low there is a high sedimentation rate and a low erosion rate. Under seasonal dynamic conditions of Xe Bangfai where dry season discharge fluctuations are low and rainy discharge fluctuations are high, the seasonal differences in TSS concentrations and resulting turbidity and water transparency fluctuate with the seasons as well. Figure 4-18: Monthly Median of Daily Discharge Fluctuation and Median of Monthly Measured TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003. 25 125 20 100 [mg/l] Fluctuation 15 75 [m3/sec] 10 50 Discharge Concentration Daily 5 25 TSS 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Median Daily Discharge Fluctuation Median TSS Concentration January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts The monthly maximum of daily discharge fluctuations and the monthly maximum TSS concentrations measured (as shown in Figure 4-19) confirm the close relationship between daily discharge fluctuations and TSS concentrations. Note that maximum daily discharge fluctuations and monthly measured maximum TSS concentrations are a magnitude higher than their median (compare Figure 4-18 and Figure 4-19). Some minor discrepancies can be observed in Figure 4-19 because TSS concentrations are measured only on a monthly basis, while discharge fluctuations are measured on a daily basis. As a result of such differences in monitoring frequency, measurement of TSS concentrations may have missed out any sampling during some high daily discharge fluctuations. Figure 4-19: Monthly Maximum of Daily Discharge Fluctuation and Maximum of Monthly Measured TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai from 1989 to 2003 1,000 350 900 300 800 700 250 [mg/l] Fluctuation 600 200 TSS /sec] 500 3 [m 150 400 Discharge 300 100 Daily 200 Concentration 50 100 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuation Maximum TSS Concentration The present natural occurring TSS concentrations are within the water quality standards set by the countries of Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. 4.6.2.1 Impact of NT2 on TSS Concentrations Figure 4-20 shows the monthly maximum of daily discharge fluctuations with and without NT2, the measured monthly maximum of TSS concentrations without NT2, and the predicted maximum TSS concentrations with NT2. Apparently there are not many differences in TSS concentrations in Xe Bangfai with and without NT2. Only during the dry season one can observe a slight increase in TSS concentrations. Without NT2, maximum TSS concentrations are between 44 and 70 mg/l during the dry season. With NT2, maximum TSS concentrations are predicted as between 90 and 95 mg/l. Such is a conservative estimate. A rapid increase of discharge from 50 m3/sec to 300 m3/sec within 12 hours causes higher TSS concentrations than 90 mg/las could be observed in Figure 4-16. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-20: Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuations and Maximum TSS Concentrations in Xe Bangfai with and without NT2. 1,250 400 350 [m3/sec] 1,000 300 [mg/l] 250 750 Fluctuation 200 500 150 Concentration 100 TSS Discharge 250 50 Daily 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuation without NT2 Maximum Daily Discharge Fluctuation with NT2 Maximum TSS Concentration without NT2 Predicted Maximum TSS Concentration with NT2 According to guidelines for protection of aquatic life in Australia, New Zealand and Canada such small changes in seasonal TSS concentrations are not negligible. An increase of maximum background TSS concentrations between 44 and 70 mg/l during the dry season to between 90 and 95 mg/l is well above 10 % of the seasonal mean concentration and more than 10 above background level. As such water quality standards will be exceeded during the dry season on a weekly basis when nearly all fish productivity in Xe Bangfai mainstream takes place, significant impacts on fish productivity can be expected. Figure 4-21 shows the maximum and minimum TSS concentrations measured in Nam Theun at Ban Thalang from 1997 to 2001. After inundation of the reservoir these quantities of suspended solids will be trapped and settle out in the reservoir. Figure 4-21: Maximum and Minimum TSS Concentrations Measured in Nam Theun at Ban Thalang from 1997 to 2001. 300 250 [mg/l] 200 150 100 Concentration 50 TSS 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Maximum TSS Concentration Minimum TSS Concentration January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts In the process of settling of suspended solids, nutrients as phosphates ­ and less so nitrates ­ will be settled as well. Downstream of reservoirs the concentrations of suspended solids and nutrients are considerably reduced as well. Figure 4-22 shows the measured median concentrations of TSS of Xe Bangfai as well as downstream of Nam Ngum and Ubolratana Reservoirs. The figure shows a complete different pattern in monthly concentrations of TSS for downstream Nam Ngum and Ubolratana than what naturally occurs in Xe Bangfai. Diversion of water with low concentrations of suspended solids and nutrients from storage reservoirs increases the scouring effect of downstream discharges and may result in critical low levels of nutrients for aquatic life. Figure 4-22: Median Montly Concentrations of TSS in Xe Bangfai (1989-2003), below Nam Ngum Dam, and below Ubolratana Dam (both 1985-2000). 140 120 100 [mg/l] 80 Concentration 60 TSS 40 Median 20 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Downstream Nam Ngum Downstream Ubolratana Xe Bangfai (natural) 4.6.3 Impacts of NT2 Reservoir on Xe Bangfai Water Quality Three different water layers will occur in NT2 reservoir. Air temperature and absorption of sunlight induce a temperature difference in fresh water bodies deeper than 10 meters between a top water layer and a deep water layer if wind and wave action and water discharges are limited. The limited speed and depth of air diffusion in water and the absorption of sun light penetration in the top water layer cause water temperature differences with depth. This ultimately leads to separation of two water layers in deep water bodies; a top layer (epilimnion) and a bottom layer (hypolimnion) are separated by a thermoclyne. The epilimnion and the hypolimnion have different water temperatures and thus different densities. The epilimnion with high water temperature and low water density is floating on top of the hypolimnion with low water temperature and high water density. 4.6.3.2 Temperature An important water quality parameter that will change in Xe Bangfai after COD is temperature. Water temperature will change as result of the difference in altitude between the reservoir and the Xe Bangfai. As a result of differences in altitude, water will be discharged from NT2 powerhouse that has approximately 3 o C lower temperature than water in Xe Bangfai. However, when reservoir levels are high during the rainy season, water will be diverted to the powerhouse that at least partially will stem from the hypolimnion in the reservoir. Temperature differences between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion can be 5 C or higher. Water o diverted from the reservoir into the Downstream Channel and subsequently into Xe Bangfai may have a higher difference than 3 C as estimated from the difference in altitude alone. The difference between o water temperatures of the epilimnion and the hypolimnion changes with air temperature. In the thermoclyne, temperature gradients of 5 C and higher can be measured. Discharges from NT2 power o January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts house will be cooler than the receiving waters from Xe Bangfai, probably between 3 and 5 C during the o rainy season, and 3 C during the dry season. However, this difference in temperature will be progressively o decreased by exposure to ambient temperatures down the 27km Downstream Channel and flow over the aeration weir. Temperature has a direct impact on growth and productivity of aquatic life and consequently temperature has impacts on fish yield/catchas well. 4.6.3.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) The epilimnion is in contact with air and contains phytoplankton; both factors generally cause high Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations in the epilimnion. Sunlight does not penetrate deeper than 10 meter, thus the hypolimnion does not contain phytoplankton. The hypolimnion is also not in contact with air. Therefore, the hypolimnion can become anaerobic in stratified water bodies when organic material is present. Settling of detritus and settling of dead phytoplankton from the epilimnion to the hypolimnion can provide sufficient organic load to cause anaerobic conditions of the hypolimnion. Such can be observed at all storage reservoirs deeper than 10 meter in Southeast Asia. Storage reservoirs in Southeast Asia are stratified for most of the year. Generally, a lower water layer (hypolimnion) with low water temperature and low water quality and an upper water layer (epilimnion) with water temperatures similar to air temperatures and with good water quality are separated by a thermoclyne. During the period of the year that air temperatures are low (around the month of January), water temperature of the epilimnion reaches the same temperature as that of the hypolimnion, and the two water layers mix. Around the month of January, storage reservoirs in Southeast Asia turn over and are not stratified. As measured in three storage reservoirs, (i) Sirinthorn Reservoir in Northeast Thailand, (ii) Yali Reservoir in Vietnam, and (iii) Nam Ngum Reservoir in Lao PDR, the epilimnion forms a water layer of approximately 10 meter depth from the surface4,5,6. At depths deeper than 10 meters, a thin thermoclyne of approximately 1 to 2 meters separates the epilimnion from the hypolimnion. Such stratification of water reservoirs occurs between the turn-over periods each year around January. The thermoclyne is "wobbling" during August/September as a result of high inflows to the reservoirs and also as a result of increased wind and wave action. During August/September there is no sharp difference in temperature between water layers, but temperature and water quality gradually decline from the reservoir surface to the bottom of the reservoir. Stratification of storage reservoirs has implications for aquatic life. The hypolimnion has low water quality that will be avoided by fish and most other aquatic life except from those species than can survive under anaerobic conditions. Relatively few of such species exist. Storage reservoirs with high average depth and a high relative water volume consisting of the hypolimnion have much lower annual fish productivity than shallow reservoirs with less water volume consisting of hypolimnion. Nam Theun 2 Reservoir is shallow with relatively low impacts of the hypolimnion on annual fish production compared to deep reservoirs. In January when storage reservoirs in Southeast Asia are turning over and the hypolimnion and the epilimnion are mixed, low water quality from the bottom layer and high water quality from the top layer are mixed. In some reservoirs, water quality in January can reach levels that are so low that fish kills occur. This happens generally in reservoirs that receive a high pollution load of organic material, either from the inflow of domestic and industrial waste water or from intensive fish culture in cages. Such occurred in a small irrigation reservoir in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, where the proliferation of fish culture in cages caused organic material to accumulate in the hypolimnion. During subsequent mixing of the hypolimnion with the epilimnion around January, low water quality with high Biological Oxygen Demand resulted in large die-offs of the fish held in cages. Nam Theun 2 Reservoir has low average depth and will have virtually no pollution (cage culture of fish will not be allowed under the reservoir management plan and inflows come from a relatively pristine NBCA). Thus, during the expected turn over of Nam Theun 2 Reservoir in January/February, water quality of the reservoir most likely will have no impacts on fish populations. However, during the other months of the year, water quality of the hypolimnion does not 4Bernacsek G., 1997, Large Dam Fisheries of the Lower Mekong Countries: Review and Assessment. Mekong River Commission Report 97023. 5Asian Development Bank, 2000, Environmental Impact Assessment of Se San 3 in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. 6Mekong Secretariat, 1984, Interim Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin, Development and Management of Fisheries in Nam Ngum reservoir Lao PDR, MKG/112. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts allow fish productivity in the deeper parts of the reservoir. During these 10 to 11 months per year, water quality of the hypolimnion may have even impacts on fish populations at downstream locations of the reservoir. Depending on the invert level elevation of the reservoir water intake to the powerhouse, and depending on the reservoir water level elevation, water that will be sent to the powerhouse can origin from the epilimnion or the hypolimnion. When reservoir levels in Southeast Asia are low, water is generally taken from the epilimnion, but when reservoir levels are high there is a good chance that water is taken from the hypolimnion. Figure 4-23 and Figure 4-24 show the danger for low water quality downstream of the powerhouse as a result of difference between reservoir water levels and invert levels of water intakes. Figure 4-23 shows the monthly measured DO concentrations downstream of Nam Ngum Dam in Lao PDR from 1985 to 2000. In Nam Ngum, the difference between Full Supply Level (FSL) and the invert level of the water intake of the penstock is approximately 30 meter (different penstocks to different turbines have different invert levelelevations at Nam Ngum Dam). Figure 4-24 shows the monthly measured DO concentrations below Ubolratana Dam in Northeast Thailand. At Ubolratana Reservoir, the difference between FSL and the invert level of the water intake is only 20 meter. In both figures7, the Thai DO water quality standard for healthy fisheries of 5 mg/l is shown. From the pattern of low DO concentrations as shown in Figure 4-23 and Figure 4-24 it appears that downstream of the dams low DO concentrations are particularly occurring during the wet season when reservoir water levels are highest. DO concentrations are based on a monthly sampling and measurement and may miss out certain occurring minimum and maximum occurring DO concentrations. Low DO concentrations are more often measured downstream of the powerhouse of Nam Ngum than downstream of Ubolratana powerhouse. As the invert level of the water intake in Nam Ngum is 30 meter below FSL and the invert level of the water intake at Ubolratana is 20 meter below FSL, there is more chance at Nam Ngum than at Ubolratana that reservoir water from the hypolimnion will be released downstream from the powerhouse. Figure 4-23: Monthly DO Concentrations below Nam Ngum Dam, Lao PDR. 10 8 6 [mg/l] DO 4 2 0 May-85 Nov-85 May-86 Nov-86 May-87 Nov-87 May-88 Nov-88 May-89 Nov-89 May-90 Nov-90 May-91 Nov-91 May-92 Nov-92 May-93 Nov-93 May-94 Nov-94 May-95 Nov-95 May-96 Nov-96 May-97 Nov-97 May-98 Nov-98 May-99 Nov-99 May-00 Nov-00 7Data made available by the Mekong River Commission; MRC's water quality monitoring network measures surface water quality parameters, including DO concentrations at selected sampling points in the Lower Mekong Basin on a monthly basis since 1985. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-24: Monthly DO Concentrations belowUbolratanaDam, Northeast Thailand. 10 8 6 [mg/l] DO 4 2 0 May-85 Nov-85 May-86 Nov-86 May-87 Nov-87 May-88 Nov-88 May-89 Nov-89 May-90 Nov-90 May-91 Nov-91 May-92 Nov-92 May-93 Nov-93 May-94 Nov-94 May-95 Nov-95 May-96 Nov-96 May-97 Nov-97 May-98 Nov-98 May-99 Nov-99 May-00 Nov-00 Low DO concentrations below the dams of mature reservoirs as Nam Ngum and Ubolratana are the result of the difference between the invert level elevation of the water intake and the elevation of the reservoir water surface level. With the seasonal fluctuation of the reservoir water surface level, the elevation below which DO concentrations are lower than 2 mg/l fluctuates as well. Figure 4-25 shows the actual monthly measured DO concentrations below Nam Ngum Dam and the predicted DO fluctuation. DO fluctuation was calculated based on water elevations below which DO concentrations of 2 mg/l (or lower) in the reservoir occurred in 1982 and 19838. Baseline data of DO concentrations in Nam Ngum Reservoir obtained in 1982 and 1983 with follow up monitoring of the reservoir water surface level elevation have provided a predictive model for downstream DO fluctuations. Downstream DO concentrations are low during the rainy season when reservoir water levels are high, and downstream DO concentrations are high when reservoir water levels are low. Stratification is the result of a physical process that occurs as a result of (i) limited depth of diffusion of air in water and (ii) limited depth of penetration of sunlight. Water quality of stratified reservoirs is the result of a biological process depending on phytoplankton growth in the epilimnion and decomposition of organic material in the hypolimnion by bacteria that can lead to anaerobic conditions. Figure 4-25: Measured DO Concentrations Downstream of Nam Ngum Dam and Predicted Fluctuation of DO Concentrations. 18 16 14 12 10 Fluctuation 8 DO 6 4 2 0 Jan-85 Jul-85 Jan-86 Jul-86 Jan-87 Jul-87 Jan-88 Jul-88 Jan-89 Jul-89 Jan-90 Jul-90 Jan-91 Jul-91 Jan-92 Jul-92 Jan-93 Jul-93 Jan-94 Jul-94 Jan-95 Jul-95 Jan-96 Jul-96 Jan-97 Jul-97 Jan-98 Date Prediction of Fluctuation of DO Level of Water Releases from Nam Ngum Reservoir DO Concentration Downstream Nam Ngum Dam 4.6.3.4 Other Water Quality Parameters 8Mekong Secretariat, 1984, Interim Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basin, Development and Management of Fisheries in Nam Ngum reservoir Lao PDR, MKG/112. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Water quality conditions of the hypolimnion lead not only to low DO concentrations, but result also in high turbidity, increase of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), low temperature, and under anaerobic conditions even high levels of methane, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, and reduction of Fe . In addition 3+ to downstream impacts on fish populations from DO concentrations alone, aquatic life can be affected by many other water quality parameters of the hypolimnion. The following picture of Nam Ngum tells the story. An apparent blue and clean Nam Ngum Reservoir (epilimnion) discharges brown and highly turbid water from the hypolimnion. Figure 4-26: Nam Ngum Reservoir in 1995 Such impacts on water quality as shown in the picture above can generally be noticed, only when water levels of the reservoir are high and only at those reservoirs where the distance between the invert level of the off take and the full supply level is high. In Nam Ngum Reservoir, this distance is much higher than at Ubolratana reservoir. Figure 4-24 and Figure 4-25 illustrate that a reduced distance between the off take and the full supply level has improved the downstream water quality considerably. The distance at Nam Ngum is 30 meter, at Ubolratana 20 meter and at NT2 only 13 meter. When NT2 Reservoir water levels are at Full Supply Level, the invert level of the reservoir intake (head race channel) is more than 10 meters from the surface. Thus during the months of August/September water with low water quality could be diverted to the powerhouse. However, when Nam Theun 2 Reservoir is at Full Supply Level, high inflows to the reservoir and much wind and wave action will contribute to a wobbling thermoclyne. When Nam Theun 2 Reservoir is at FSL, there is little risk that water with low DO concentrations and high BOD load will be sent to the powerhouse. Water is discharged from NT2 powerhouse into the re-regulation pond and subsequently discharged into Nam Kathang, Nam Phit and the Downstream Channel. Before discharging into Nam Kathang, Nam Phit and the Downstream Channel, water from the re-regulation pond is passing an aeration weir. The aeration weir will increase low DO levels and decrease to some extent possible methane and hydrogen sulphide concentrations, but the aeration weir will have little impact on reductions of ammonia concentrations, turbidity, and BOD. However, the aeration weir is very likely not necessary at all after maturation of NT2 Reservoir. According to the water quality standards and water use classification of the Kingdom of Thailand9, water bodies used for fisheries and conservation of aquatic life should not have DO concentrations lower than about 5 mg/l, should also have ammonia concentrations lower than 0.5 mg/l, and should not have BOD concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/l. Any actual DO concentrations lower than 5 mg/l and any ammonia concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/l in the epilimnion of NT2 Reservoir or downstream in the Xe Bangfai may lead to decreased productivity, fish diseases and reduction of household fish catch. Water with BOD higher than 1.5 mg/l discharged in the Downstream Channel will lead to low DO concentrations further 9Pollution Control Department, 1997, Surface Water Quality Standards in Thailand. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 25 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts downstream of the re-regulation pond depending on the water retention time in Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai. DO oxygen modelling10 showed that in the early years high BOD concentrations could result in lower DO concentrations particularly in Xe Bangfai at a river stretch well downstream of the confluence of Xe Bangfai and Nam Phit as a result of the so called oxygen sac curve. However, there is only a small risk that low reservoir water quality conditions of the hypolimnion in September will reach the powerhouse and thus cause detrimental impacts on fish populations in the Xe Bangfai. The water quality model of NT2 Reservoir11,12 presents an even more optimistic picture. The model predicts low DO concentrations only at considerably deeper locations than 10 meters from the surface. Such optimistic prediction by modelling is in contradiction with DO levels measured during the dry season each year at Theun-Hinboun headpond, downstream of NT2 dam site. Theun-Hinboun is a run- of-the-river scheme where the surface water level elevation of the headpond does not reach higher levels than which are naturally reached during the rainy season. Detritus and phytoplankton rain form the only sources of organic material in the hypolimnion of the headpond. Nevertheless, DO concentrations as low as 0.0 mg/l are measured at Theun-Hinboun headpond at depths between 10 and 13 meters during the dry season from February to the beginning of the rainy season in May/June. 4.6.3.5 Water Quality during First Years after Reservoir Inundation The low DO concentrations measured at Theun-Hinboun headpond at depths between 10 and 13 meter give a clear warning what can be expected in NT2 Reservoir after inundation till the reservoir matures. During the filling of storage reservoirs after completion of dam construction and during the subsequent years before reservoir maturation, reservoir water quality is highly depending on the total biomass left standing in the inundation area, but also on the filling procedure of the reservoir. As water quality changes due to an organic load that is decomposed by a biological process that depends on time, the distribution of quantities and qualities of organic material and the soil quality over the inundation zones are of great importance for prediction of reservoir water quality after inundation. Biomass quantities are generally not spread evenly over the inundation area. Of much importance is the distribution of quantity of biomass over (i) the dead storage area of the reservoir, (ii) the area that will be covered by the hypolimnion, and (iii) the area that will be covered by the epilimnion only. Reducing risks of low reservoir water quality is particularly effective by removal of biomass from the dead storage area, followed by the area where the hypolimnion will occur, but less effective in the area where reservoir depth will be shallow and only the epilimnion will occur. These three areas have different aeration rates, with the lowest aeration rate in the dead storage area and the highest rate in the area that is covered by the epilimnion only. As the areas that will covered by the hypolimnion and the epilimnion are changing in time with reservoir water levels, aeration rates are not constant over the year. Removal of biomass only at those areas where the hypolimnionwill occur for long duration per year is particularly effective in shallow reservoirs as NT2. The filling procedure of the reservoir together with the time of start of operation by the powerhouse is also important for impacts on water quality in the reservoir If the retention time in the reservoir is kept as short as possible by filling the reservoir quickly and by starting operation of the powerhouse as soon as possible, water quality impacts during the first years of operation can be kept at a minimum. Such procedure will limit the build up of BOD, and formation of CH4, H2S, and Ferrous Iron. Nam Leuk Reservoir in Lao PDR was an example where, despite removal of a high estimated quantity of biomass at the inundation area, the remaining ash of the burned vegetation and the re-growth of vegetation before inundation caused significant impacts on water quality in the reservoir and downstream of the powerhouse13. Anaerobic conditions in Nam Leuk Reservoir were measured at all locations deeper than 0.3 meter from the surface at the time of start of operation of the powerhouse. One year after operation, anaerobic conditions occurred at depths deeper than 0.5 meter from the surface, two years after operation, anaerobic conditions were measured at locations deeper than 6 meter from the surface. 10EDF R&D, 2001, Modelling of Dissolved Oxygen in the Nam Kathang and Xe Bang Fai rivers (Lao PDR). 11Centre for Water Research (CWR ), 1997, Prediction of the water quality characteristics of the proposed Nam Theun 2 Reservoir, Centre for Water Research / Sinclair Knight Mertz, Australia. 12Centre for Water Research (CWR), 2000, Review of Prediction of Nam Theun 2 Reservoir Water Quality, Centre for Water Research / Sinclair Knight Merz, Australia. 13Hydreco, 2002, The Dissolved Oxygen Consumption kinetics in the water turbined by the Nam Leuk power plant. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 26 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Downstream of Nam Leuk powerhouse fish kills occurred as a result of discharge of anaerobic reservoir water. Such impacts could have been avoided at Nam Leuk not by removal of extra biomass, but by (i) an appropriate filling procedure of Nam Leuk Reservoir and by (ii) the installation of a variable off-take from the reservoir. As the build up of BOD within reservoir water layers depends on time as well as quantity of biomass, any reservoir filling procedure that does not cause unnecessarily long reservoir retention time before start of powerhouse operation will limit the build up of BOD and postpone the formation of CH4, H2S, Ammonia, and Ferrous Iron. If Nam Leuk Reservoir would have been filled quickly within two months time (which would have been feasible during the rainy season), after which the powerhouse would have been set in immediate operation at full capacity by taking the water from the reservoir as deep as possible, the built up of BOD could have been considerably reduced, while natural aeration of the top layer of the reservoir would not have been affected. Instead, filling of the reservoir started well before the rainy season, and the powerhouse could not function due to the incomplete transmission lines. Thus, during 7 months, the water was released from the top layer of the reservoir over the spillway to Nam Leuk, before the powerhouse started operation. As could be noticed during filling of the Yali Reservoir (450 km2 at FSL) in the Central Highlands of Vietnam14, water quality in the 10 meter deep epilimnion was good, while water quality of the hypolimnion was bad at the time that reservoir water levels reached FSL. Yali Reservoir inundated an area that existed mainly of rice paddies with little biomass in the inundation area. The aeration weir in the re-regulating pond does provide some solution to improve low DO concentrations, but cannot improve DO from 0 mg/l to 5 mg/l and cannot improve critical water quality parameters for aquatic life as BOD and ammonia. A reservoir water quality model could give reliable advice on biomass removal, including reservoir filling procedures and downstream releases by the powerhouse. The value of impacts on annual reservoir fish yields and on downstream annual fish yields in Nam Kathang, Nam Gnom, Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai may reach more than one million USD per year if water quality in the reservoir and at downstream locations is significantly impacted by inundated biomass. The outcome of such water quality model could perhaps be that no ­ or only a small ­ area (for instance the dead storage area) should be cleaned of biomass to avoid expected high impacts on fish yields. Probably, no water quality model can provide such detailed advice until endless calibrations have been performed and more than 20 years of monitoring data are available. After all, Leopold, Wolman and Miller15 argue that as a result of annual differences in seasonal, monthly, and daily rainfall, meteorological and hydrological forecasts are difficult to make. Minimum, mean, and maximum estimates can only be made based on rainfall and hydrological data collected over a period of at least 20 years. It appears that a period of 20 years largely covers hydrological cycles of rivers. Any water quality model is not able to cope with high fluctuations in daily meteorological and hydrological conditions, e.g. the extreme cold periods in January 1975 that caused air temperatures to dip well below 0 oC; the extremely high daily rainfall of more than 30 cm that occurred in 1996 and 2002 in Nam Theun/Kading River Basin; and the daily rise of water levels of more than 9 meter that occurs annually in Nam Theun and XeBangfai. When the results of the present biomass study at Nakai Plateau becomes available, a risk assessment of impacts on household fish catch in the reservoir and downstream of the reservoir can be made. With such risk assessment, a decision will be made on whether to remove biomass or not, on the amount and location of biomass removal, on the best procedure of reservoir filling before start of operation, and on the best compensation procedure of affected villagers that loose income through their reduced fish catch. At present it is uncertain what the affects of biomass on reservoir water quality will be during filling of the reservoir and during the first years of operation. 4.6.4 Water quality in the Nam Kathang 14Asian Development Bank, 2000, Environmental Impact Assessment of Se San 3 in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. 15Leopold, Luna B., M. Gordon Wolman, John P. Miller, 1992, Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, Dover Publications, Inc., New York. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Basic calculations of the water quality model consisted of determining the longitudinal profiles of dissolved oxygen in the Nam Kathang. Results are shown in the EAMP Advanced Draft. The results of the modelling indicate that there will be no critical dissolved oxygen content in the Nam Kathang during the dry season, with a constant release of 15 m3/s. This has been confirmed for the dry season months, when the water released into the Nam Kathang will be equivalent to the natural inflows, as represented on the following figures: · Dissolved oxygen concentrations: unchanged (see Figure 4-27); · Concentration of NH4: reduced compared with a constant release (see Figure 3-29); and · BOD: increased for the first 10 km (to above 10 mg/l), then reaching pre-project condition (around 7 mg/l, see Figure 3-30). As the water released into the Nam Kathang will be its natural flow in any particular season and year, there is not expected to be any cumulative impacts from the NT2 project on erosion, on the ability to grow riverbank gardens and on ability to use the water for domestic purposes. There may be some small impacts on fisheries due to damming of the upper reaches of the stream, but this is not expected to be significant. Notwithstanding the minimal impacts in the Nam Kathang, especially in comparison to the significant development benefits that will accrue to the area, the NT2 Project has collected considerable socio- economic data from the 23 villages living on or close to the Nam Kathang, including: · 2100 socio-economic, fisheries and health survey ­ see Appendix N; and · 2003/2004 survey of domestic water use and riverside gardens. When the fish catch and demographic data from the currently ongoing Nam Phit survey is complete, the baseline data for the Nam Kathang area will be finalised and presented (along with the baseline data from the Nam Phit survey). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-27: Comparison of Oxygen Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May Month of MARCH : Comparison of different scenarios Minimum and maximum levels of oxygen in the Nam Kathang 20 18 16 (mg/l) 14 12 max 10 and 8 min 6 O2 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of APRIL : Comparison of different scenarios Minimum and maximum levels of oxygen in the Nam Kathang 20 18 16 (mg/l) 14 12 max 10 and 8 min 6 O2 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km)20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of MAY : Comparison of different scenarios Minimum and maximum levels of oxygen in the Nam Kathang 20 18 16 (mg/l) 14 12 max 10 and 8 min 6 O2 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km)20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 29 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-28: Comparison of NH4 Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May Month of MARCH : Comparison of different scenarios Concentrations of NH4 in the Nam Kathang 1.6 1.4 1.2 (mg/l) 1.0 0.8 moy 0.6 NH4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of APRIL : Comparison of different scenarios Concentrations of NH4 in the Nam Kathang 1.6 1.4 1.2 (mg/l) 1.0 0.8 moy 0.6 NH4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km)20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of MAY : Comparison of different scenarios Concentrations of NH4 in the Nam Kathang 1.6 1.4 1.2 (mg/l) 1.0 0.8 moy 0.6 NH4 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km)20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 30 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts Figure 4-29: Comparison of BOD Level Scenarios in Nam Kathang, March, April and May Month of MARCH : Comparison of different scenarios First stage BOD in the Nam Kathang 14 12 10 (mg/l) 8 moy 6 LOR 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of APRIL : Comparison of different scenarios First stage BOD in the Nam Kathang 14 12 10 (mg/l) 8 moy 6 LOR 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural Month of MAY : Comparison of different scenarios First stage BOD in the Nam Kathang 14 12 10 (mg/l) 8 moy 6 LOR4 2 0 0 5 10 15 Pk (km) 20 25 30 35 Without NT2 dam With NT2 dam - Releases Q = 15 m3/s With NT2 dam - Releases Q = Qnatural January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 31 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4.7 IMPACTS ON FISH 4.7.1 Impact on Fisheries in the Nam Theun Downstream Area The broad implications is that reduced flows arising from the riparian release will modify the hydraulic and physico-chemical conditions in the mainstream Nam Theun, especially in reaches between the Nakai Dam and the Nam Phao confluence. Subsequent reduction in the flow will reduce the carrying capacity of the river, both in terms of fish diversity and abundance. The outputs from the wetted perimeter analysis will be used later in this section to determine the impact on the fisheries. This will have corresponding impacts on current fishing practices and levels of fish production, and subsequently on socio-economic conditions in the Nam Theun and tributaries. The limited available information on the biological requirements and migratory behavior of fish species, together with the numerous seasonal fluctuations in variables that control fish productivity, make it difficult to assess the precise impact on the fisheries. 4.7.1.1 Biodiversity and abundance Reduced flow during migration periods will place pressure on those species identified earlier in the section that demonstrate existing vulnerability to low flow conditions. Modified water quality may be expected to modify spawning success in those species that spawn in the mainstream. Similarly the reduced depth and morphological changes will reduce access to spawning habitat among those species utilizing riparian vegetation. The area of spawning habitat will also be reduced. Although for those fish using vegetation as a spawning substrate, macrophyte stands that are initially stranded after dam closure should develop further down the bank to retain some heterogeneity of habitat. It is assumed spawning and recruitment in the tributaries will remain largely unchanged, albeit with a reduced spawning stock. The reduced pool depth and water quality conditions may influence the availability of dry season refuge habitats, and correspondingly the carrying capacity of these areas will be impacted. The reduced water level will expose many of these refuges, limiting the complexity of habitat features above the Nam Phao. It is likely that the abundance of exotic species (Common carp and Tilapia) will increase following the closure of the Nakai dam due to their capacity to adapt to a much wider range of conditions. This may put further pressure on the specialized indigenous fish species. It is clear that following the construction of the TH dam the impounded stock have continued to migrate, spawn and sustain population in a significantly reduced environment. It is therefore expected that tributaries will continue to function although the overall stock will be reduced. The extent to which this impoundment will affect the gene pool is unknown. However, it is likely that susceptibility to disease will increase. Long distance migrant fish species that refuge in the Nam Theun during the dry season will be impacted by the Project. Those resident fish species of the tributaries that only undertake short distance migration will remain unaffected and may benefit from the reduced competition for resources by a decline in long distant migrants. A detailed discussion on the potential impacts on important migratory fish species in the Nam Theun is presented in Annex K. Impacts on fish abundance will be most severe in the Nam Theun reach between the Nakai Dam and the confluence with the Nam Phao. Downstream of the Nam Phao confluence catchment inputs, including the Nam Phao itself, that are unaffected by the Nakai dam will help buffer the severity of any impacts. Overall fish productivity will be reduced due to the significant reduction in the carrying capacity of the reduced discharge. However, unlike the Xe Bang Fai, the change in hydrology is not expected to result in the partial collapse of the food chain. Reductions in populations of species that are able to tolerate the modified hydrology may be buffered by any increases in productivity per unit area of periphyton, macrophytes and invertebrates that is promoted by an increase in water transparency and a reduction water depth. Downstream of the TH Dam site, it is assumed that stream biota have adapted to a certain flow regime and can survive the current periods of low flow. Therefore in terms of biota, the status quo is likely to be January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 32 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts retained if the minimum flow does not fall below the current average low flow. Because the mean minimum low flow is maintained below the TH dam no impacts significant on biota is anticipated. 4.7.2 Socio- Economic Analysis on the Fisheries Impact in Nam Theun Downstream Area The environmental impacts of the Project proposed riparian release of 2m3/s on the Nam Theun will have several negative impacts on the communities located downstream of the Nakai Dam. These impacts can be summarized as loss of production of (i) fisheries; and (ii) aquatic products. In order to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of the Project the villages have been divided into zones based on the level of use on the Nam Theun mainstream and therefore severity of impact on the communities. The Nam Theun mainstream is generally not an exclusive source of fisheries production, indeedthe Nam Theun ranked only seventh in terms of importance. Therefore the severity of the impact on the Nam Theun mainstream will be buffered by the community's preferential use of tributaries and other water bodies. 4.7.2.2 Impact on fisheries by river The following section outlines `ballpark" estimates for the maximum potential impact of the Project on annual fish yields and the value of any losses. The current fish catch data is sourced from the consultation based fisheries surveys of LARReC (2004) and Schouten et al. (2004). A market value of USD 0.8 per kg was adopted to calculate the value of the catch in monetary terms. Tables [x-12] and [x-13] provide a summary of the estimated impact by the Project by village zone and the subsequent value of the losses. The prediction of the impacts and the subsequent estimation of losses in fish yield can only be indicative at this stage. Only after dam closure when the impacts occur can the monitoring obtain a more accurate value. Nam Theun mainstream The productivity of the fish species taking dry season refuge in the mainstream Nam Theun will be impacted by the reduction in dry season flow. Assuming that productivity is related to the amount of river bed that is inundated, productivity of the Nam Theun fishery may decrease by the same order of magnitude that the wetted perimeter is reduced. Based on the wetted perimeter analysis, the reduction in amount of wetted river bed in the mainstream Nam Theun, and therefore the reduction in the area for primary and secondary production, at sites IFR S1 to S3 is 73%, 54% and 56% respectively. This gives a mean impact of approximately 60% of the mainstream Nam Theun between the Nakai Dam and the TH Headpond. A 60% impact in the Nam Theun mainstream fisheries equates to a decline in fish catch of 62,901 kg/yr or USD 50,321. The decline in fish catch will be experienced most by villages in the Lower Nam Phao zone. TH Headpond After inundation by the TH Project the number of fish species in the TH headpond declined but the annual fish yields increased, indicating an increase in fish productivity. The proliferation of one species (Cyprinus carpio) more than compensated for the loss of productivity in the other fish species. The NT2 Project will have relatively little effect on the hydrology of this already lacustrine environment and therefore no impact on the productivity of those fish already adapted to the new conditions is perceived. Nam Phao and tributaries Non migratory and short distance migrant fish species that are residents of Nam Phao and its tributaries will not be affected by the Project. Only those species that refuge in the mainstream Nam Theun during the dry season then move into the Nam Phao in wet season will be impacted. Based on the assumption that approximately 60% of the fish species in the Nam Phao and its tributaries catch are long distance migratory fish, and the impact on those migratory species in the Nam Theun mainstream is 60%, the overall impact on fish catches could be up to 35%. The scale of impact on the Nam Phao is less than that on the mainstream Nam Theun but because of the greater use of the Nam Phao the value of the loss in higher. A 35% impact in the Nam Phao fisheries equates to a decline in fish catch of 83,908 kg/yr at a value of USD 67,126. The decline in fish catch will be experienced most by villages in the Lower Nam Phao zone, as well as the Nam Kata, Nam Phouang/Phiat and Upper Nam Phao zones. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 33 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts The impacts on fish catch in the Nam Phao could be potentially buffered by migratory individuals in the Nam Theun being attracted into the Nam Phao during wet season by the relatively larger discharge in the Nam Phao compared to that in the Nam Theun above the Nam Phao confluence. Nam Gnouang Fish catches in the Nam Gnouang are already impacted by the presence of the TH dam which impedes the upstream migration of fish from the Nam Kading and Mekong. Although there is anecdotal evidence to suggest that some fish species can still navigate across the TH dam during the peak of the wet season, the TH Project has still resulted in a 40% decline in household fish catch in villages along the Nam Gnouang (Schouten et al. 2004). This decline is probably attributed to the inability of the majority of long distance migratory fish species to pass the TH dam or the timing of their migration not being compatible with TH spills. Therefore majority of the fish catches in the Nam Gnouang probably consist of non- migratory or short distance migratory fish species. The NT2 Project will have no impact on this proportion of the fish catch, however, because the NT2 Project will cause an average reduction in the numbers of days that the TH dam will spill, from 245 days to 190 days per year, the NT Project will have an additional impact on any long distance migratory fish species that currently manage to pass upstream of the TH dam. If we assume that 30% of the catch consists of long distant migrant species and the reduction in the number of spilling days is a conservative 30%, an estimated maximum potential impact of 10%, a 30% impact on 30% of the catch, has been attributed to the overall catch in the Nam Gnouang. A 10% impact in the Nam Gnouang fisheries equates to a decline in fish catch of 14,813 kg/yr at a value of USD 11,850. The decline in fish catch will be experienced mainly by villages in the Nam Gnouang zone. Nam Ngoy Similarly to the Nam Gnouang, fish cathes in the Nam Gnouang are already impacted by the physical presence of the TH dam, as well as, the TH Headpond. Whether the fish species that manage to negotiate the TH dam are attracted solely to the Nam Gnouang or continue to migrate upstream through the lacustrine TH Headpond and into the Nam Ngoy remains to be studied. Either way, the majority of fish catches in the Nam Ngoy are probably made up of short distance migrants from the TH headpond or non-migratory resident fish species. The NT2 Project will have no impact on this portion of the catch. Therefore an estimated maximum potential impact of 10% has been attributed to the overall catch. A 10% impact in the Nam Ngoy fisheries equates to a decline in fish catch of 2,331 kg/yr at a value of USD 1,865. The decline in fish catch will only be experienced by villages in the Nam Ngoy zone. Pond and Rice Paddies No villages source their domestic water from the mainstream Nam Theun. The Project will therefore have no impact on the limited aquaculture already established in the area. Given the steep terrain directly adjacent to the Nam Theun mainstream, between the Nakai Dam and Nam Phao confluence, the Project will have no hydraulic related impacts on naturally stock ponds or rice field fish populations in this reach. There no evidence of ponds or rice paddies along this stretch of river. The Project will have an impact on seasonal, naturally stocked ponds and rice fields adjacent to the Nam Theun tributaries that rely on long distance migrating fish species to enter these areas for feeding, spawning and nursery habitats. Given that the species in the mainstream and tributaries will move into these flooded areas, the assemblages in the naturally stocked ponds and rice fields may be similar. The severity of impact should reflect the impact on the tributaries adjacent to the ponds. The estimated impact on the ponds and rice field fisheries equates to a decline in fish catch of 9,043 kg/yr at a value of USD 7,235. Unfortunately the LARReC (2004) survey did not distinguish between aquaculture ponds and seasonal, naturally stocked fish ponds/rice fields therefore allocating a precise value to the loss is difficult. Summary of Loss of Fisheries Over the entire study area above the TH dam the estimated impact will result in a decline in fish catch of 173,971 kg/yr which equates to USD 139,177. In terms of net present value the loss is approximately USD 1.17 million over the 25 years of operation of the Project. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 34 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4.7.2.3 Aquatic Products The Project will not have any impact on the aquatic products population in the TH headpond or in the tributaries of the Nam Theun. There will, however, be an impact on those populations inhabiting the Nam Theun mainstream between the Nakai Dam and the TH Headpond. The riparian release will cause a reduction in the wetted perimeter and therefore a decline in the area for primary and secondary production. Based on the wetted perimeter analysis an impact on productivity of 60% has been allocated. The impact on productivity may be buffered by any increases in primary production in those areas still submerged. Primary production per unit area may increase due to a decrease in water velocity, a decrease in water depth and an increase in water transparency. These factors will favor photosynthesis and result in a proliferation of periphyton and macrophytes. This may buffer the negative impact on overall productivity of aquatic products. Aquatic product collection in the Nam Theun mainstream is negligible. Only a few villages indicate use of the mainstream as a source of aquatic products. Villagers tend to collect aquatic products from local tributaries or ponds. Given that community use is so low the reduced populations of aquatic products may still be sufficient to provide a sustainable resource. Table [x-14] provides a summary of the estimated impact by the Project on aquatic product catch in the mainstream Nam Theun. The aquatic product catch data is based on the consultation based fisheries surveys of LARReC (2004) and a market value of USD 0.3 per kg was assumed for calculating the value of the catch. A 60% impact in the Nam Theun equates to a decline in aquatic product collection of only 588 kg/yr at a value of USD 407. In net present value terms this equates to only USD 4,000. Note that no aquatic products catch data was available for the villages located long the Nam Gnouang. It is assumed that their aquatic products are obtained either from the Nam Gnouang or TH Headpond and therefore unaffected by the Project. 4.7.3 Impact onFisheries in the Nam Phit Impacts from the release of water from the reservoir will affect different parts of the Nam Phit ­ Houay Khama river system in different ways: · Upstream of the Downstream Channel. This area will effectively be cut off by the Channel in terms of fish migration. However, there might be a backwater effect that could provide a habitat for surviving fish species. The resulting fishery will depend on the water quality and the fishing pressure from the surrounding population. Once the fish population has been exhausted it will not re-establish through migration. · The Downstream Channel. The velocity of water (estimated in the EAMP at 4.0 m/s in the upstream lined section and at 2.3 m/s in the downstream unlined section) will be too high for most of fish species to maintain a habitat. Only mussels might have a chance to withstand the water flow. The impact on the fish population may be a 100 % loss in these two sections. · Nam Phit West of the Downstream Channel. Fish in this area is likely to establish in its own habitat, supported by backwater flow from the Channel. As the population pressure is lower than in the area upstream of the Downstream Channel (Houay Khama), there is a potential for a sustained fisheries in this area. 4.7.4 Impacts on Fisheries in the Xe Bangfai Impacts by NT2 on aquatic life result from changes in water discharges, water depth, and water quality. Changes in water discharge and water depth have their direct impacts on aquatic life, but also lead to impacts on water quality, subsequently resulting in impacts on aquatic life. The prediction of the value of such impacts on aquatic life is particularly complicated in dynamic conditions with many variables that cause annual and seasonal fluctuations in abundance of species' populations. 4.7.5 Natural Fluctuation of Abundance of Fish Populations Meteorological conditions fluctuate annually, seasonally, and daily. Extreme cold spells and high floods have severe impacts on aquatic life. Natural discharges in Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai fluctuate highly January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 35 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts annually, seasonally, and daily as a result of fluctuations of rainfall. Naturally occurring floods change aquatic habitats resulting in significant impacts on aquatic habitats and aquatic life. Meteorological and hydrological forecasts can only be made after 20 years collection of data. Fish populations and their annual productivity fluctuate with the fluctuation of meteorological, hydrological, and water quality conditions. Water quality changes with discharge and water depth. Especially temperature, concentration of suspended solids, and nutrient concentrations depend on water discharge and water depth. Discharges determine the time, duration, and frequency of existence of aquatic habitats that function as spawning grounds. Rapids may drown and floodplains may fall dry as a result of natural fluctuating discharges. Not surprisingly, aquatic productivity fluctuates seasonally and annually in rivers as Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai with the natural hydrological conditions. Limited food resources, competitive interactions, and the effects of diseases are all important factors that determine the abundance of species' populations in the community of which they are a part. But, a single flood or single cold spell can cause populations to bust after which the community may recover over years, possibly with different dominant species. Because ecological communities are rarely blessed with long periods of freedom of external buffeting, populations fluctuate for much of the time (Leaky and Lewin)16. External forces on aquatic life consist of natural occurring meteorological and hydrological fluctuations, but also of ongoing man-made impacts by fishing, riverbank erosion, deforestation, introduction of exotic fish species, and agricultural development and irrigation. The size of a species' population may vary dramatically as a result of (i) interactions within the ecosystem and (ii) external change (climate, hydrology, fishing efforts, etc). But, even in the absence of external change, the size of a population may vary dramatically and unpredictably. Hastings and Higgins17 noted: "Population eruptions may be an underlying feature of the dynamics without any change in physical or biological condition." The seasonal and annual differences of the hydrological regime of Xe Bangfai provide a dynamic environment for aquatic life. Natural occurring discharges change seasonal water depth in Xe Bangfai more than 15 meter (see Figure 4-30). Figure 4-30: Relationships between Water Discharge and Water Level in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai 2,250 2,000 1,750 1,500 3/sec] [m 1,250 1,000 Discharge 750 500 250 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Water Level [m] Under natural conditions, the number and type of fish species occurring in Xe Bangfai mainstream change highly seasonally. Such is the result of seasonal differences in discharge rates, but also of seasonal differences in water depth. 16Leaky, Richard, and Roger Lewin, 1995, The Sixth Extinction, Biodiversity and its Survival, Doubleday, New York. 17Hastings, Alan, and Kevin Higgins, 1994, Persistence of transients in spatially structured ecological models, Science, vol. 263. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 36 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts 4.7.5.2 Distribution of Fish Species The distribution of aquatic species in the different aquatic habitats of Xe Bangfai changes with the seasons. Fishers in Xe Bangfai change their fishing gears with the season. They catch different fish species in the dry season than in the rainy season. Almost a complete turn-over of fish species occurs in their catch with the change of seasons. Abundance of fish populations and the distribution of fish species in Xe Bangfai differ per aquatic habitat, per season, and per year with the seasonal and annual changes of the hydrological regime. In a dynamic aquatic environment as Xe Bangfai, distribution of fish species fluctuates seasonally and annually. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations fluctuate with water discharges and water level fluctuations; TSS concentrations are high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. TSS concentrations are the main contributor to turbidity that reduces water transparency, penetration of sunlight in water, and exposure of aquatic life to sunlight. Low TSS concentrations are measured when daily water discharges and water levels decline. High TSS concentrations are measured when daily discharges and water levels increase. TSS concentrations are directly related with increasing water levels. In the dry seasons, water levels in Lao rivers and in Xe Bangfai do not fluctuate much; TSS concentrations are low each year throughout the dry season. High TSS concentrations cause high turbidity and low water transparency during the rainy season when discharges and water levels fluctuate. Many fish species migrate upstream Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai during different periods of the year. The hydrological regime of Xe Bangfai determines the migration of fish populations. During January / February when discharges are low and fluctuate little, fish species mainly belonging to the family Cobitidae migrate upstream. During May / June, at the beginning of the rainy season, when discharges increase and start fluctuating, a large number of other fish species migrate upstream to spawn. After the rainy season, around the months of September / October, when water levels recede, young-of-the-year (Pba Soi) of more than 20 fish species leave the drying floodplains and ephemeral streams to migrate upstream into Xe Bangfai. In September when discharges are high, many species, as for instance those belonging to the families Bagridae and Pangasiidae migrate upstream to spawn at rapids and pool areas when water levels recede and concentrations of suspended solids decline. All such migrations in Xe Bangfai and the success of spawning of fish species are determined by water discharge, water level fluctuations, and water quality. In aquatic habitats as floodplains and ephemeral streams, fish species avoid the highly dynamic environment in Xe Bangfai mainstream with fluctuating discharges causing high concentrations TSS and high turbidity. At floodplains, turbidity is low as suspended solids settle. Unaltered aquatic habitats as ephemeral streams such as forest creeks have little erosion and low turbidity. The May/June upstream fish migration is directed to ephemeral streams and floodplains with low TSS concentrations for spawning, feeding, and nursing. The September upstream fish migration is directed to rapids and pool areas in the mainstream for spawning when water levels recede and TSS concentrations decline. Fish feed and breed on separate grounds for good reasons. In dynamic environments as the Xe Bangfai, the distribution of fish species does change with the season. The fish species composition in the fish catches changes highly with the season. A large turn over of fish species appears to occur with the seasons. 4.7.5.3 Fish Productivity Annual productivity is defined as the total quantity of tissue formed over one year regardless of whether or not all of it survives to the end of that year. The seasonal distribution of fish populations is directly related to the seasonal opportunities for fish to spawn, multiply, and grow. Annual fish productivity in the mainstream of Xe Bangfai is limited to the dry season while the rainy season does not provide much opportunity for fish to spawn and grow. Productivity of fish during the rainy season occurs only on floodplains and in tributaries and ephemeral streams. Not surprisingly, fish are using Xe Bangfai mainstream during the rainy season mainly as a migration corridor and less so as a feeding, spawning, or nursery ground. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 37 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts In The fundamentals of ecology, Odum 18mentions water transparency as one of the limiting factors to productivity of aquatic life. What Odum means to say is that the exposure of aquatic life to sunlight is a limiting factor to productivity. Production of aquatic life in mainstreams of Lao rivers is low during the rainy season as a result of less exposure to sunlight caused by (i) cloudy skies, (ii) increased water depth with less sunlight penetration, and (iii) high turbidity with low water transparency. Productivity of aquatic life in mainstreams of Lao rivers occurs mainly during the dry season with sunny days, low water depth, and high water transparency. Annual production of aquatic plants, including ­ but not limited to ­ phytoplankton and periphyton, occurs in the mainstream mainly during the dry season. The contribution of rainy season production to annual production in Xe Bangfai mainstream is negligible. Productivity of aquatic plants, phytoplankton, and periphyton in Xe Bangfai mainstream is largely restricted to the dry season, resulting in high productivity of snails, shrimps, and mussels in the dry season only. In Xe Bangfai mainstream, aquatic plants, phytoplankton, periphyton, snails, shrimps, and mussels all are in a survival mode during the rainy season, instead of in a growing and production mode. Under natural conditions, the food availability for fish in the mainstream is limited during the rainy season. Time and location of spawning of fish species depend on discharges and water transparency as well. All upstream spawning migrations of fish are timed and directed to avoid high concentrations of suspended solids that may smother fish eggs and to ensure food availability for young-of-the-year in the form of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Densities of phytoplankton depend on exposure to sunlight and thus on clear water. TSS concentrations and resulting turbidity hamper sunlight penetration. Densities and number of species of phytoplankton and zooplankton are high in Xe Bangfai mainstream during the dry season and low during the rainy season. Sheer numbers of fish species (more than 100 in Xe Bangfai) and limited human knowledge of the interaction of fish species, their migration patterns, and dependence for food on another high number of aquatic species make any impact assessment on fluctuating aquatic ecological communities only more complicated. 4.7.6 Impacts by NT2 onAbundance of Fish Populations NT2 will increase discharges and water depth in Xe Bangfai, relatively more so during the dry season than the rainy season. The impacts of NT2 will be significant in Xe Bangfai mainstream during the dry season mainly. During the dry season fish productivity is high. During the rainy when fish productivity is low and NT2 induces relatively less changes in discharge and water depth, the impacts by NT2 are less. The introduction by NT2 of rainy season conditions in Xe Bangfai during the dry season will be the main cause of decline in fish productivity. Water depthdecreases sunlight penetration and decreases exposure of aquatic life to sunlight. Water depth has impacts on fish productivity. After inundation of streams and rivers, a large percentage of natural occurring riverine fish species disappears. The number of fish species in reservoirs and headponds in Southeast Asia is about 50 % or less of the original number of riverine species. Three vital statistics need to be determined to calculate fish productivity: (i) biomass (numbers of fish and their weight), (ii) growth rate, and (iii) mortality rate. Thus, increased water depth appears to cause decline of biomass and decrease of fish productivity as a result of disappearance of fish species. But, in reservoirs and headponds, the remaining 50 % of the fish species may start to proliferate. Such increase of sheer numbers of remaining fish species generally leads to increased fish productivity in reservoirs and headponds, compared to fish productivity before inundation. In Nam Theun at Theun-Hinboun headpond something similar occurred. Number of fish species declined after inundation, but annual village fish yields increased in many cases along the headpond, indicating that fish productivity increased. In Theun-Hinboun headpond, the proliferation of one fish species (Cyprinus carpio) and the resulting high productivity, more than compensated for the loss of fish productivity by a large number of original riverine fish species. 18Odum, Eugene P., 1971, Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 38 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts A small increase of water depth of not more than 3.5 meters can result in a 50 % decrease in number of fish species. Vegetation forms the basis in the aquatic food web. Vegetation forms the food source for many species of aquatic life that in turn form food sources for fish. Fish species that depend on aquatic vegetation and on species of aquatic life depending on vegetation will be impacted by rise of water levels in Xe Bangfai. It is a question whether a similar drastic decline in fish species in Xe Bangfai after start of operation of NT2 can be expected as a result from increased water depth. Figure 4-31 shows the median discharges in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai before and after NT2. It can be clearly noticed that the discharges from NT2 re- regulation pond cause a relative higher impact during the dry season than during the rainy season. Water depth during the dry season is relatively more increased by NT2 during the dry season than during the rainy season. Figure 4-31: Monthly Median Discharges in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai with and without NT2 from 1989 to 2003. 1,400 1,200 1,000 /sec] 3 [m 800 600 Discharge 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Median Discharge with NT2 Median Discharge without NT2 Water levels in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai are expected to increase with approximately 5 meters during the dry season (see Figure 4-30 and Figure 4-31). During the rainy season, water levels in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai increase less. Increases in water depth during the rainy season will have little impacts on productivity of aquatic life. Fish productivity in the mainstream of Xe Bangfai is limited to the dry season only. In Xe Bangfai, discharges will not stay the same and water velocities will not be decreased as in Theun- Hinboun headpond. The hydrological conditions in Xe Bangfai will change in a manner that the occurrence of fish species are only little impacted. After his fish surveys in Xe Bangfai, Maurice Kottelat concluded that all endemic species had their distribution range upstream of the confluence with Nam Gnom. Endemic fish species will not be affected by downstream discharges. In Xe Bangfai, no such decline in number of fish species will occur as in reservoirs and headponds. During the wet season, Xe Bangfai mainstream can be considered more as a migration corridor for fish instead of a stable environment for aquatic life. Fish productivity during the rainy season takes place on floodplains and in ephemeral streams, and not in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. There is little opportunity for fish to find food in Xe Bangfai mainstream during the rainy season. Aquatic habitats as floodplains and ephemeral streams are generally not affected in the rainy season by increased water depth in mainstreams. Floodplains and ephemeral streams do not exist in the dry season. The impacts by NT2 in Xe Bangfai occur in the mainstreamduring the dry season. Aquatic vegetation, including periphyton, and phytoplankton grow little or not at all in the rainy season; they grow only in the dry season. Aquatic vegetation is harvested by households just before the rainy season starts. Numbers and densities of phytoplankton and zooplankton species are significantly reduced during the rainy season. Mussels, shrimps, and snails are harvested by households from mainstream rivers during the dry season only. Fish catch in the mainstreams is less during the rainy season than in the dry season. In mainstreams, fisheries during the rainy season is focused on the interception of fish migrations as there are not many fish species that are well adapted to linger in mainstreams for the whole rainy season. Such can be observed in all unaltered tributaries of the Mekong River in Lao PDR. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 39 Chapter 4: Descri ption of Environmental Impacts River bank erosion and subsequent sedimentation will increase by NT2 both in the dry and the rainy season. Increased discharges and increased water level fluctuations will increase TSS concentrations particularly during the dry season, when fish productivity in the mainstream is high. The main impacts by NT2 are limited to the mainstream Xe Bangfai, particularly during the dry season. Therefore, any changes in discharge, water depth, and water quality will have impacts during the dry season mainly. If any such changes, however, do exceed an ecological threshold value such dry season impacts may have an impact during the rainy season as well. One such ecological threshold value is the exposure of aquatic life to sunlight. Limited exposure of aquatic life to sunlight as a result of high TSS concentrations, increased water depth, and sedimentation during the dry season will result in severe reductions of abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, mussel, snail, and shrimp populations that are important food sources for fish. Such a collapse in the aquatic food chain is highly likely to occur in Xe Bangfai mainstream. As a result, food availability for fish will be reduced and abundance of fish populations is expected to be significantly impacted after COD. The impacts on fish productivity in Xe Bangfai mainstream will be most severe close to the confluence with Nam Phit, but declining in severity downstream with distance from Nam Phit. 4.7.7 Summary It is predicted that the NT2 discharges into the Xe Bangfai will cause a collapse in the aquatic food chain, due to: (i) increased discharges that are relatively more significant in the dry season than in the rainy season, (ii) introduction of water level fluctuations during the dry season, (iii) river bank erosion and subsequent sedimentation, and (iv) increase of water depth. A combination of factors will cause reduced exposure of aquatic life to sunlight during the dry season. Under natural conditions aquatic productivity in Xe Bangfai mainstream is limited to the dry season only. Reduced exposure of aquatic life to sunlight and movement of riverbed sediment will affect particularly aquatic vegetation, including but not limited to periphyton and phytoplankton, snails, shrimps, and mussels. Fish productivity will decline significantly as a result of the collapse in food availability. In addition to a decline in fish productivity, the changes in discharge and resulting changes in aquatic habitats may have an impact on spawning of fish within Xe Bangfai mainstream. Deep pools and rapids are important spawning grounds for fish. Deep pools will partially be filled with sediment and rapids may be drowned during time of spawning. Impacts on abundance of fish populations in Xe Bangfai mainstream will be most severe close to the confluence with Nam Phit and declining downstream in severity with distance from the confluence with Nam Phit. The upstream Pba Soi migration during the period when water recedes from the floodplains and ephemeral streams will probably follow the powerhouse discharge into Nam Phit if water velocities of 2.3 m/sec will be reduced after widening of the pilot channel. At that time, less Pba Soi will migrate upstream of the confluence with Nam Phit into Xe Bangfai and more Pba Soi will migrate into the downstream channel. However, as a result of increased discharges, increased back water effect in Xe Bangfai upstream of the confluence with Nam Phit, and at tributaries of Xe Bangfai downstream of the confluence with Nam Phit will lead to increase of abundance of fish populations at tributaries and backwaters. ********** * * * ********** January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 40 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts CHAPTER 5 DESCRIPTION OF SOCIAL IMPACTS Table of Content 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 5.2 IMPACT FROMFLOODING­ LOWER XE BANGFAI.......................................................... 2 5.3 IMPACT ONFISHERIES­ XE BANGFAI............................................................................ 4 5.3.1 Location and Season of Impact..............................................................................................................4 5.3.2 Probable Impacts on Fishing Techniques and Gears.......................................................................4 5.3.3 NT2 Impact's Dependence on Fishing Effort and Fish Catch .....................................................5 5.3.4 Environmental Impacts Not Related to the NT2 Project...............................................................7 5.4 NAM THEUN AND TRIBUTARIESUPSTREAM OF THENAKAI DAM (NNTNPA)........... 7 5.5 PREDICTED IMPACT ON THECATCHOF FISH ­ XE BANGFAI........................................ 8 5.5.1 Current Level of Harvest of the Fisheries Resource 'Maximum Yield' .......................................8 5.5.2 Summarised and Cumulative Impact on Fish Catch on the Xe Bang Fai..................................8 5.5.3 Impacts on the Nam Phit...................................................................................................................... 11 5.5.4 Impacts on the Nam Kathang.............................................................................................................. 12 5.5.5 Potential Positive Impacts on Fish Yield.......................................................................................... 12 5.6 IMPACTS ON AQUATIC PRODUCTSCOLLECTION AND'INCOME'..................................12 5.7 IMPACT ONRIVERSIDE GARDENS..................................................................................13 5.8 IMPACT OF EROSION ON RIVERSIDEASSETS.................................................................14 5.8.1 Buildings..................................................................................................................................................... 14 5.8.2 Irrigation Pump Installations................................................................................................................ 14 5.9 IMPACT ONACCESS ACROSS THE RIVER.........................................................................15 5.10 IMPACT ONPUMPING INSTALLATION MANAGEMENT..................................................15 5.11 IMPACT ONDOMESTIC WATERUSE...............................................................................15 List of Tables Table 5-1: Monthly Catch of the more Important Gears, in and outside the Xe Bangfai, in Two seasons (Kg/HH/month).............................................................................................................................................5 Table 5-2: Summary of predicted % impact of the NT2 Project on current fish catch...................................9 Table 5-3: Estimated Maximum Impact of NT2 Project on Existing Fish Catch by Xe Bangfai RIPARIAN Households..............................................................................................................................10 Table 5-4: Estimated Maximum Impact of NT2 Project on Existing Fish Catch in the Xe Bangfai Mainstream by HINTERLAND Households.......................................................................................10 Table 5-5: Summary of estimated Weight of Existing Fish Catch and Prediction of Maximum Impacts of the NT2 on Fish Catch in the Xe Bang Fai, during the Dry and the Rainy Season...................11 Table 5-6: Summary of Weight and Value of Fish Catch and Estimated Loss on the Nam Phit...............11 Table 5-7: Size and Households with Riverside Fields/Gardens (2004), and Possible Maximum Impact of the NT2 Project. .......................................................................................................................................14 List of Figures Figure 5-1: Extent of Additional Flooding Caused by NT2 Project and Areas where NT2 Project Impacts lead to Flooding Level Increase from 0.5-1.0 m to 1.0-1.5 m.............................................................3 January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts 5 DESCRIPTIO N OF SOCIAL IMPACTS 5.1 INTRODUCTION The Xe Bangfai area is typical of many lowland areas in Lao PDR with its dependency on paddy cultivation and fishing. The reliance on the Xe Bangfai as a source of food and water is a central aspect of livelihoods for the communities. Fish are an important item in their diet as a source of protein, vitamins and minerals. The majority of fish are consumed locally, although about 23 % surveyed families reported to gain some cash income from fishing. In addition to the importance of rice and fishing, dry season riverside gardens supply vegetables for local consumption, and crops for household consumption, animal feed and some sale. The environmental impacts of the NT2 Project on the Xe Bangfai River will have a range of both positive and negative impacts on the riparian communities and their livelihoods. These impacts can be usefully divided into two categories, as follows: Physical impacts: · erosion threatening riverside assets such as houses, shops and some cultural sites; · higher dry season flows prohibiting dry season crossing of the river; · impacts on the use of XBF waters for various domestic purposes; and · a positive impact on the ability to navigate up and down the river. Production impacts - and thus income and nutritional impacts: · impacts on the fish catch and aquatic product gathering from the mainstream XeBangfai; · possible positive impacts on fisheries and aquatic products in connected wetlands and backwater areas; · impacts on the gardens and crop fields currently cultivated on the sloping banks of the (dry season) river; and · positive impact of higher river flows facilitating more and cheaper irrigation. . The prediction of these impacts and losses now (as described in this SDP) and up to COD can only be and indicative estimate. Only after COD when these impacts occur and are monitored can we obtain a more accurate understanding of the exact losses. The 89 villages along the affected stretches of the Xe Bangfai (see Chapter 2) were populated in 2001 by approximately 7,096 households and about 40,600 people. Figure 30-1 shows the location of the potentially impacted villages along the Xe Bangfai. For an analysis and determination of impact, the villages along the Xe Bangfai (and the Xe Noy villages affected backwater) have been nominally divided into four zones of impacts, as follows(and as located in Figure 29-1): · Upstream of the upper Xe Bangfai ( upstream of the Downstream Channel confluence with the Xe Bangfai); · Upper Xe Bangfai (from downstream channel confluence to the Phu Soy 'gorge'); · Mid Xe Bangfai (from Phu Soy gorge to just before Xe Bangfai flood plain; · Lower XeBangfai(the region of the Xe Bangfai floodplain). Most of the data and analysis in this chapter is presented disaggregated into these zones, except for fisheries which does not consider backwater villages in the Upstream zone, and along the Xe Noy in the middle zone. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts 5.2 IMPACT FROMFLOODING­ LOWER XE BANGFAI The results of the SMEC study (see Chapter 3, Section 3.4.6) has been analysed in terms of impacts on agricultural lands. It was considered that the areas under more than 1 m of water during the 1.6 ARI flood events, without the additional release from the Project, will not be further impacted in terms of agricultural production, as, even without the additional release from the Regulating Pond, they are already under too much water to enable such production. The focus is therefore put on the areas that are currently subject to a flood of less than 1 m, and represented on Figure 5-1. The model indicates that 5,230 ha of land will be put under more than one meter of water because of the additional release of 315 m3/s. The average duration of this additional flooding is 3.6 days per year. The agricultural production on these areas is likely to be impacted. In addition the model indicates that 1,530 ha of land will be flooded due to the discharge from NT2 Project during an average of 3.6 days per year. However, these areas will be under less than 50 cm, therefore not threatening rice paddy production. In addition, it is possible that the extended duration of the flood event on average by 3.6 days per year, could put at risk some of the 2,497 ha of land, which will be under a depth of water varying from 0.75 m to 1 m if the flood takes place before the paddy has been able to grow sufficiently in height. The current use of the land will have to be confirmed as productive agricultural land during the rainy season. The increased flood plain created because of the additional release of water could impact positively fish production in the area. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts Figure 5-1: Extent of Additional Flooding Caused by NT2 Project and Areas where NT2 Project Impacts lead to Flooding Level Increase from 0.5-1.0 m to 1.0-1.5 m. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts 5.3 IMPACT ONFISHERIES­ XE BANGFAI The two fundamental impacts of the NT2 Project that will result in impact on the fish catch of riparian and some hinterland villages are: (i) The impacts on the biological productivity of fish (see Chapter 3); (ii) The impacts on the efficiency of fishing gears and techniques, related to (a) the physical ability to catch fish in deeper water with higher water velocity, and weekly fluctuation of water levels, and (b) problems in trapping fish travelling to and from wetlands. A third impact, which is more of an extension of a current problem is the impacts on fishing efforts, in that fishers will probably invest more time and money (more fishing gears) to try to catch the same amount of fish as before the Project, which itself may have an impact on fish yields. 5.3.1 Location and Season of Impact Difficulties in predicting the type and level of impact are due to the difference in impact in different fishing locations and seasons. However, following extensive review of the available information, comparison with other similar projects and discussion amongst experts, it has been predicted ­ and used as a basis for the following analysis ­ that the impacts on aquatic productivity, fish catch and aquatic product collection will: (a) occur mainly, if not only in the mainstream of Xe Bangfai river, from its confluence with the Nam Phit (Downstream Channel) all the way to the Mekong River. That is, there will be limited, if any negative impact on fish productivity in the non-mainstream fisheries locations, and certainly no negative impact on the fishing and collection techniques in these areas)1; (b) be much more pronounced in the dry season than in the wet season, as the amount of NT2 water discharge will be relatively higher in the dry season compared to the wet season, when the Xe Bangfai itself carries a lot of water; and (c) decrease in intensity and effect progressively downstream, and especially in the lower Xe Bangfai stretch of the river. 5.3.2 Probable Impacts onFishing Techniques and Gears As noted above, the impacts on fishing efficiency and use of gears will result from: · higher and deeper water; · faster flowing water in the dry season; · fluctuation of water levels in the dry season;and · less pronounced fluctuation between wetlands and main river, from wet to dry season. The most important fishing gears, and the average catch from these gears ­ averaged over all 89 mainstream villages surveyed in 2001 ­ is presented in Table 5-1, adapted from Table 2-17, (Chapter 2, Volume 3). While the figures in the table are indicative averages only, they show that in and around the Xe Bangfai river, as elsewhere in the Lao PDR, fishing methods and fishing gears are extremely diversified. Many fishing gears are only seasonally used and only in specific aquatic habitats, and thus fishing gears and techniques will be affected to varying degrees by the Project. The following are some examples of how the NT2 Project might affect some fishing gears and techniques: · Fixed gillnets may be difficult to set at locations with high water velocity, especially in the reaches immediately downstream of the confluence with the Nam Phit. However, fishers already set gillnets in periods of high flow during the wet season and sheltered areas may still provide opportunity for gillnets to be set; 1NT2 has adverse impacts on fish productivity and fish yields in the mainstream of Xe Bangfai and not in any locations outside Xe Bangfai mainstream, such as floodplains, tributaries, ephemeral streams, ponds, pools, and puddles, in which the NT2 may well have positive impacts on fish yields. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts · Setting nets or traps across tributaries may also not be as effective with the NT2 Project as they rely on seasonal reduction in flow in the Xe Bangfai channel, which will not be as pronounced with the NT2. However, due to the weekly fluctuation of water levels in Xe Bangfai by the Project, fisheries in the backwaters of the tributaries probably will become lucrative when water levels decline during each week-end; · Hook and line fisheries will only be affected by the weekend fluctuation in water levels, the hooks with bait set before the decrease in discharge could be left stranded in the air instead of positioned in the water; · Cast netting will probably be significantly affected by rise of water levels in Xe Bangfai during the dry season, as this method is employed by people without boats, by wading into shallow waters; · In addition, during the first few years after operation, river bank erosion may result in branches, roots and other debris flowing down the river which could block or otherwise damage fishing gears. Table 5-1: Monthly Catch of the more Important Gears, in and outside the Xe Bangfai, in Two seasons (Kg/HH/month). Dry season Wet season XBF Wetlands XBF Wetlands Possible NT2 Impact on gear use in Gear type River etc. River etc. Total the Xe Bangfai mainstream only Mesh Nylon Gillnets 9.4 1.2 4.3 5.7 122.5 still usable, but affected by fast water Single hook and line 1.9 0.7 3.0 3.9 56.6 still usable Cast Net 3.1 1.6 1.0 1.7 43.2 not usable Nets with Handles 0.8 1.2 3.4 1.4 41.2 not usable Scoop nets 0.9 1.4 0.5 1.0 22.9 currently not used much in mainstream Long Line, multiple hooks 1.5 0.4 1.5 1.2 28.0 still usable, but affected by fast water Bamboo Traps 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.8 15.2 still usable in places Large Bamboo Cylinder Traps 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 5.0 not used much in mainstream Push net with handle 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.1 not used mush in manatee, Falling Door Trap 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 3.1 may not be usable However, while the NT2 discharges will have a negative effect on some fishing gears, the gears and techniques used are diverse and it is expected that some villagers will adapt by using other techniques that will be not or little affected by the Project. Such techniques include drift nets, beat nets, long lines with multiple hooks (taking into account discharge fluctuations), falling-door traps, cylinder traps, shallow water fish baskets, and lift nets. Villagers will also change the dimensions of gillnets and their mesh size, and adapt new techniques to catch fish during the week end especially to be effective when water levels fluctuate. The improved use of the most effective gears in the mainstream will often require a boat, and thus it is these people who will best adapt to the change in conditions of the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. On the other hand it will be those who currently focus on wetlands fisheries who may benefit from the possible improved catches in these areas. 5.3.3 NT2 Impact's Dependence on Fishing Effort and Fish Catch The complexity of the assessment of impacts of the NT2 Project on household fish is that it is not only the NT2 Projects impacts on aquatic productivity that will be important, but that there are (and will be) other impacts on fish catch due to fishing efforts, which themselves have an impact on aquatic productivity. Thus, the line of Project Impacts leading to impacted Fish Productivity leading to impacted Fish Yield/Catch is not a linear relationship of causes and effects. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts 5.3.3.1 Fish catch variation due to location and population Households living in the riparian villages along Xe Bangfai fish and collect aquatic products not only inside the main channel of Xe Bangfai, but also in streams and ponds, and on floodplains. Most of the households do not own a boat and usually fish close to their village area. The average household fish catch differs from village to village depending on the existence of productive aquatic habitats near the villages such as (a) wetlands, and (b) deep pools in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. Some villages have less deep pools in their village area and other villages are blessed with many deep pools. In addition, the average household fish catch will differ on an annual basis due to environmental variations (and other influences) resulting in variable fish productivity from year to year. The size of villages and number of households per village varies largely along Xe Bang Fai and thus the competition for the fisheries resources varies, higher where there are higher populations. Thus, the average annual household fish catch differs form village to village also due to this issue. The average population growth in Xe Bangfai River Basin is about 2.5 to 3 % per year. Household fish catch declines year by year, as a result of natural population growth, but in some villages household fish catch also declines as a result of influx of new households that take up fishing in Xe Bangfai. In some villages that have large influx of households from other areas, households invest more and more money and time to catch the same or less quantity of fish. Not surprisingly, as an important outcome of the Socio-Economic Survey held in 2001, households consider over-fishing as the main threat to their annual fish catch. 5.3.3.2 Fish catch variation due to gears and markets Introduction of nylon monofil gillnets in Lao PDR has resulted in increased opportunities for villagers to catch fish. Increased access to markets has provided more opportunities for households to sell fish and thus incentive to catch more fish ­ and thus put pressure of the fisheries resources. When access to markets increases, households that used to fish for consumption only increase their fishing efforts to earn extra cash income. Households use more fishing gears and spend more time to try to catch more fish for more cash income. The above social factors and impacts which will occur irrespectively of the NT2 Project implementation significantly complicates the assessment of the impacts of NT2 on household fish catch. Household catch fluctuates annually, but it is already declining over time. NT2 will have negative impacts on mainstream Xe Bangfai fish productivity, but such impacts will occur on top of background impacts on fish productivity. Assuming that all households fish at (or close) to the maximum sustainable yield just before COD, households may likely change their fishing gears and fishing efforts after COD2. 5.3.3.3 Fish catch variation due to fishing practice effect on ecology and productivity As explained below, there is a series of cyclical causes and effects, mainly of them going on now and not related to the NT2 Project, such as the growing number of fishers and increasing fishing efforts which have an influence on basic fish productivity as well as fish catch. Fish yields obtained in one year can have severe impacts on fish yields in subsequent years, an effect of what is commonly known as over-fishing or unsustainable fisheries. The impacts on the annual household fish catch by interception of fish migrations can be significant3 and it is likely that a process similar to that observed in the Nam Hinboun occurred in Xe Bangfai during 2 Downstream of Theun-Hinboun powerhouse households living along Nam Hinboun increased their number of gillnets by as much as a factor 3 after start of operation of the powerhouse. Number of fishing households at each village stayed more or less constantly along Nam Hinboun and household catch was severely impacted. 3 An example of the complexity of impacts between fish yields and fish productivity is the catch of Pba Soi in Nam Hinboun during the last 6 years of operation of the powerhouse. When water recedes from the flood plains and ephemeral streams, Pba Soi start migrating from these habitats up into Nam Hinboun. Entrepreneurs run large scale fisheries to block off ephemeral streams and drains from floodplains to intercept Pba Soi migration. Some of these large scale fishing practices catch as much as 1,000 kg of Pba Soi per day during the peak days of migration. Households living along Nam Hinboun try to catch the remaining Pba Soi that managed to pass the large scale fisheries. Households catch on an average between 30 and 90 kg of Pba Soi within a period of two weeks each year. This fish is small young-of-the-year with a length of not more than 10 cm. Households process their Pba Soi catch by fermentation into Padek for later consumption. In September 2003, households could not catch any Pba Soi. The year 2003 was a dry one, and most probably Pba Soi productivity was not as high as in normal years and the time and duration of January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts 2003-2004, and the Pba Soi migration in the Xe Bangfai is even higher than the Nam Hinboun as a result of larger areas of flood plains. In other words fish yields can have considerable impacts on fish yields. 5.3.4 Environmental Impacts Not Related to the NT2 Project In addition to these background social impacts on fish yields, there are a range of socio-environmental impacts on fish yields (see Chapter 3) which are and will continue to occur irrespective of the NT2 Project, including: · land uses (with the conversion of forests and floodplains into paddy, fish spawning and nursery areas as floodplains reduce and forest creeks turn into paddy drains); · river bank erosion (utilization of river bank vegetation for firewood, bamboo, and fishing gears, and conversion of river banks into vegetable gardens); · sedimentation (shifting cultivation and loss of top soils that ultimately end up in rivers); · agriculture development (low dissolved oxygen concentrations in rivers in Thailand and Lao PDR can be detected downstream of farms and agricultural land after high floods each year); and · irrigation (reduction of water discharges as a result of irrigation; water demand of 5,306 hectares of existing irrigated dry season paddy along Xe Bangfai is conservatively estimated at 7.5 m3/sec, while the measured median natural discharge in Xe Bangfai at Mahaxai during the month of April is only 10.3 m3/sec); 5.4 NAM THEUNANDTRIBUTARIESUPSTREAM OF THENAKAI DAM (NNTNPA) Fish catches in the NNT NPA are already impacted by the presence of the TH dam which impedes the upstream migration of long distance migrant fishes from the Nam Kading and Mekong. The majority of the fish catches in the NNT NPA will therefore probably consist of medium distance migrant species that adopt dry season refuge in the Nam Theun mainstream and non-migratory/short distance migratory fish species that are residents of the NNT NPA. The non-migratory/short distance migrant fish species will be unaffected by the Project. Only those species that refuge in the mainstream Nam Theun during the dry season then move into the NNT NPA during wet season will be affected by the physical presence of the Nakai dam and the conversion of the riverine environment to a lacustrine. Based on the assumption that approximately 40% of the current fish catch in the NNT NPA consists of either long or medium distance migratory fish, and the impact on those migratory species is 80% due to the combination of the physical presence of the Nakai Dam and the conversion of a riverine to a lacustrine habitat, the overall impact on fish catches could be up to 35%. A similar severity of impact was observed in the Nam Gnouang after the closure of the TH dam (Schouten et al. 2004). However, as observed in Nam Ngum, many fish species that will adapt to the new lacustrine conditions will still continue to undertake migrations up the tributaries during spawning periods. Increases in the population of these fish species should buffer any impacts on the fish catch in the NNT NPA. Therefore an overall impact of 15% has been estimated. Fish catch data for the villages within the NNT NPA is currently not available. Therefore the estimated value of the fish loss in the NNT NPA is based on the 2001 NPA population data (SEMFOP 2004) and a mean of the mean annual household fish catches for the Nam Theun tributaries of Nam Phao, Nam Phouang/Nam Phiat and Nam Kata (LARReC 2004). Based on a household population of 1,092 and a migration was affected. Normally, Pba Soi passes upstream villages in Nam Hinboun within a period of 2 weeks. It could be that Pba Soi passed the villages in much less densities over a longer period of time and households could not detect Pba Soi as in normal years. Thus, household fish catch along Nam Hinboun was affected in 2003; households could not catch between 30 and 90 kg during this dry year. However, the next dry season, households along Nam Hinboun experienced a bumper harvest that they never had since start of operation of Theun-Hinboun powerhouse. Pba Soi that normally is caught in September appeared to escape from being caught and had the opportunity to grow and increase in weight during the subsequent dry season, after which households enjoyed the increase of dry season fish productivity with high fish catches. Fish yields and fishing efforts determine fish productivity. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts mean annual fish catch of approximately 72 kg/HH/yr, the value of the annual loss in the NNT NPA fisheries for a 15% impact is USD 9,400 or USD 79,000 in terms of Net Present Value. To help mitigate any negative impacts on the fish catches in the NNT NPA a fish rescue programme will be implemented to collect those individuals blocked by the Nakai Dam and transport them to tributary confluences of the Nakai Reservoir to allow them to complete the remainder of their migration. The fisheries resource management component of the SEMFOP will also help to lessen the magnitude of the impact. Because the upper NT is in the NPA, it is included in the biodiversity assessment and community consultation that will be undertaken as part of the SEMFOP. Fish populations, migration patterns, and livelihoods will be assessed at that time. Alternative livelihoods will be developed as part of the livelihood program in the SEMFOP. The approach taken is a proactive development program to compensate for and restore livelihood losses. The collection of aquatic products within the NNT NPA will not be affected by the Project. 5.5 PREDICTED IMPACT ON THE CATCHOF FISH ­ XE BANGFAI 5.5.1 Current Level of Harvest of theFisheries Resource 'Maximum Yield' The impact of the NT2 Project on fish catch will depend partly on the extent (the %) that the impacted communities are currently (immediately prior to COD) harvesting productive potential of the fisheries resources. This linkage between impact or effect of the NT2 Project and the 'efficiency' of pre-project catch by the various villages can be summarised as follows: · communities whose current fishing effort results in a catch which is at or near the maximum sustainable yield for that area will be more impacted, as there is less buffer; while · communities whose current fishing effort results in a catch which is somewhat below the maximum sustainable yield for that area will be less impacted. That is, it will depend on whether households (just before COD) are fishing at the maximum sustainable yield, or whether they are fishing under or over the maximum sustainable yield4. If households fish well below the maximum sustainable yield before COD, impacts by the NT2 Project on abundance of fish populations may have relatively minor impacts on household fish catch after COD. If households fish at or above the maximum sustainable yield just before COD, the impacts by NT2 on abundance of fish populations may cause dramatic decreases in household fish catch after COD. If households fish at the maximum sustainable fish yield, the impacts on fish populations by NT2 form a fair representative value of decline in fish yield at downstream locations. 5.5.2 Summarised and Cumulative Impact on Fish Catch on the Xe Bang Fai By taking into account: (a) the environmental impact of the NT2 Project discharge into the Xe Bangfai (see Chapter 3); (b) an understanding of the non-NT2 specific background environmental impacts; (c) the impacts of the NT2 Project on efficiency of gear and fishing techniques; (d) an understanding of non-NT2 specific impact of fishing practices on fish productivity; and (e) the experience of similar projects ... a predicted maximum impact in fish catch has been developed for the different stretches of the Xe Bangfai river, as detailed in Table 5-2 below. 4The maximum sustainable yield of one year is that portion of fish productivity that can be harvested without causing decline of the fish yields in the following years. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts Table 5-2: Summary of predicted % impact of the NT2 Project on current fish catch Dry season Wet season Zone in XBF out XBF in XBF out XBF Upstream of Upper XBF 0 % 0 % 0 % 0 % Upper XBF 80 % 0 % 80% 0 % Mid XBF** 70 % 0 % 50% 0 % Lower XBF 1 60 % 0 % 30% 0 % Lower XBF 2 45 % 0 % 10% 0 % Lower XBF 3 30 % 0 % 10% 0 % Average 60 % 0 % 41% 0 % ** Note: fish catch of backwater affected villages on the Xe Noy are predicted not to negatively impacted. This 'ball park' estimate of the maximum potential impact of NT2 on annual fish yields at villages located along Xe Bangfai between the confluences with Nam Phit and the Mekong River has beenused to further compute an indicative impact on the kilograms of fish catch, based on the current fish catch data obtained from the 2001 socio-economic (and fisheries) survey (see Chapter 2). Thus, Table 5-3 presents the estimated impacts by the NT2 Project on existing fish catch by riparian households in Xe Bangfai, while Table 5-4 presents the estimate of the impact of the NT2 Project on existing fish catch (in the mainstream XeBangfai) by hinterland households. To recap on the analysis above, this predicted impact on weight of fish catch is based on the following data and assumptions: · The Xe Bangfai mainstream (below the confluence of the Downstream Channel) can be divided into 5 fisheries impact zones of approximately 30 kilometres each: (i) Upper Xe Bangfai, (ii) Middle Xe Bangfai, (iii) Lower Xe Bangfai 1, (iv) Lower Xe Bangfai 2, and (v) Lower Xe Bangfai 3; · The predicted severity of impacts by NT2 on fish yields is based on the prediction of recession of riverbanks (SMEC, 2002). While impact prediction also takes lesson learned from the Theun Hinboun Project, the predicted decline in fish yield in the two lower zones (Lower Xe Bangfai 2 and Lower Xe Bangfai 3) is considerably lowered because the Xe Bangfai is longer than Nam Hinboun, and Nam Hinboun has additional impacts on fish yields by tin mine discharges; · While fish catch from the mainstream of Xe Bangfaiwill be impacted by the NT2 Project as a result of the major changes in the aquatic food chain, thus resulting in lower fish productivity, households will not only change their fishing efforts, but this change in fishing will be required less with the gradual decline of water depth and water level fluctuation from Upper Xe Bangfai to Lower Xe Bangfai 3; · There are a number of people who fish in Xe Bangfai mainstream but live far from the mainstream, in the hinterland villages identified during a survey in 2004, and it is estimated that the hinterland household fish catch is about 60 % of the household fish catch by riparian households. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 5: Description of SocialImpacts Table 5-3: Estimated Maximum Impact of NT2 Project on ExistingFish Catch by Xe Bangfai RIPARIAN Households Number of Distance Maximum Number of Average Annual Fish Dry Season Rainy Season Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Estimated Villages from Nam Water Level Households Annual HH Yield in XBF Fish Yield in Fish Yield in Decline in Decline in Decline in Decline in Decline in Value of Along Xe Phit Fluctuation (HH) Fish Catch in Mainstream XBF XBF Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Annual Fish Decline in Bangfai from Confluence During Dry XBF Mainstream Mainstream Fish Yield Fish Yield Fish Yield Fish Yield Yield Annual Fish Confluence with Xe Season Mainstream During Dry During Rainy During Dry During Rainy Yield Impact Zone with Nam Bangfai Season Season Season Season Phit to Mekong River [km] [m] [kg/hh/year] [kg/year} [kg/year] [kg/year] % % [kg/year] [kg/year] [kg/year] [USD/year] Upper Xe Bangfai 12 0-32 4.3-5.0 852 383 326,291 225,577 100,714 80 80 180,461 80,571 261,033 208,826 Middle Xe Bangfai 5 32-71 3.5-4.1 224 296 66,275 37,776 28,499 70 50 26,443 14,249 40,693 32,554 Lower Xe Bangfai 1 18 71-100 2.2-3.5 1,960 221 433,494 205,814 227,680 60 30 123,488 68,304 191,792 153,434 Lower Xe Bangfai 2 24 100-128 0.8-2.0 2,026 130 262,639 153,737 108,902 45 10 69,182 10,890 80,072 64,058 Lower Xe Bangfai 3 11 128-145 0.0-0.6 1,017 145 147,383 94,690 52,692 30 10 28,407 5,269 33,676 26,941 TOTAL 70 6,079 1,236,081 717,594 518,487 427,982 179,284 607,266 485,813 Table 5-4: Estimated Maximum Impact of NT2 Project on ExistingFish Catch in the Xe Bangfai Mainstream by HINTERLAND Households Number of Distance Maximum Population of Hinterland Villages Fishing In Xe Number of Fishers of Hinterland Villages Fishing in Estimated Estimated Dry Season Rainy Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Estimated Hinterland from Nam Water Level Bangfai Mainstream Xe Bangfai Mainstream Annual Maximum Fish Yield in Season Fish Decline in Decline in Decline in Decline in Annual Maximum Villages Phit Fluctuation Household Annual Fish XBF Yield in XBF Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Mainstream Decline in Value of Fishing in Confluence During Dry Fish Catch Yield Mainstream Mainstream Fish Yield Fish Yield Fish Yield Fish Yield Mainstream Decline in Xe Bangfai with Xe Season During Dry During During Dry During Fish Yield Annual Fish Mainstream Bangfai Season Rainy Season Rainy Yield Impact Zone Season Season Estimate of Number Number Number Number Maximum Number Number Number [km] [m] [kg/hh/year] [kg/year] [kg/year] [kg/year] % % [kg/year] [kg/year] [kg/year] [USD/year] Households Persons Men Women Number of Persons Men Women Households Upper Xe Bangfai 10 0-32 4.3-5.0 568 3,409 1,701 1,708 132 211 150 61 230 30,331 20,969 9,362 80 80 16,775 7,490 24,265 19,412 Middle Xe Bangfai 17 32-71 3.5-4.1 1,990 11,937 5,849 6,088 550 1,122 948 318 178 97,637 55,652 41,985 70 50 38,957 20,992 59,949 47,959 Lower Xe Bangfai 1 19 71-100 2.2-3.5 2,557 15,344 7,572 7,772 465 1,000 606 393 133 61,707 29,297 32,410 60 30 17,578 9,723 27,301 21,841 Lower Xe Bangfai 2 16 100-128 0.8-2.0 1,820 10,921 5,273 5,648 497 1,118 658 403 78 38,657 22,628 16,029 45 10 10,183 1,603 11,786 9,428 Lower Xe Bangfai 3 4 128-145 0.0-0.6 401 2,407 1,197 1,210 64 128 83 45 87 5,565 3,575 1,990 30 10 1,073 199 1,272 1,017 TOTAL 66 7,336 44,018 21,592 22,426 1,708 3,579 2,445 1,220 233,897 132,122 101,775 84,565 40,007 124,572 99,658 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts Table 5-5 summarizes the predicted impacts by NT2 on fish yields by riparian and hinterland villages in XeBangfai. Table 5-5: Summary of estimated Weight of Existing Fish Catch and Prediction of Maximum Impacts of the NT2 onFish Catch in the Xe Bang Fai, during the Dry and the Rainy Season. Dry Season Catch (kg) Rainy Season Catch (kg) In XBF In XBF Total mainstream Wetlands etc. mainstream Wetlands etc. (kg per year) Riparian Households § Fish Catch before Project 717,594 455,103 518,487 1,137,138 2,828,322 kg § Predicted Impact by Project as % of Fish Catch 60 % 0 % 41 % 0 % § Predicted Fish Catch afterProject 289,612 455,103 339,203 1,137,138 2,221,056 kg Predicted Decline in Fish Catch (kg) 427,982 kg 0 179,284kg 0 607,266 kg Hinterland Households § Fish Catch beforeProject 132,122 0 101,775 0 233,897 kg § Predicted Impact by Project as % of Fish Catch 64 % 0 39 % 0 § Predicted Fish Catch afterProject 47,556 61,768 Predicted Decline in Fish Catch (kg) 84,565 kg 0 40,007 kg 0 124,572 kg Total Predicted Loss of Fish after Project (kg) 512,547 kg 0 219,291 kg 0 731,838 kg Table 5-3 and Table 5-5 revealthat for riparian or mainstream villagers, up to 607,300 kgs of the annual fish yield may be lost. This compares to the present total annual fish catch of these riparian villages of 2,828,322 kgs. Thus, about 21.5 % of the total fish catch of these villages will be impacted by NT2. This result is based on the household interviews which revealed that much more fish is caught by riparian households outside Xe Bangfai mainstream at floodplains, tributaries, ephemeral streams, ponds, and puddles than in the mainstream itself. The annual fish yield by hinterland households in Xe Bangfai mainstream is estimated to be maximum 124,572 kgs per year. Of the total of 7,336 households living in the hinterland villages only 1,708 households, or 23.2 %, are fishing in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. Spot checks of household fish catch along Xe Bangfai and adjustments of the ongoing fish catch monitoring will improve confidence in the prediction of impacts by NT2 on fisheries. 5.5.3 Impacts on the Nam Phit The fishery of the Nam Phit / Houay Khama will be severely impacted by the Project, due to the high velocity of the water in the downstream channel, the decrease of water quality and the loss of natural habitats. It is estimated that up to 90 % of the fishery could be lost. The value of the estimated loss of fish and aquatic products is US$ 112,000 (see Table 5-6). Table 5-6: Summary of Weight and Value of Fish Catch and Estimated Loss on the Nam Phit Other aquatic Fish animals Aquatic plants Total Total catch (kg) 136,319 63,787 23,791 223,897 Value of total catch (US$) 109,055 12,757 2,379 124,192 Estimated loss (kg) 122,687 57,409 21,412 201,507 Value of estimated loss (US$) 98,150 11,482 2,141 111,772 January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts 5.5.4 Impacts on the Nam Kathang The catch in Nam Gnom / Nam Kathang is currently not expected to be affected by the Project, compared to the current situation. 5.5.5 Potential Positive Impacts on Fish Yield The increased water depth of Xe Bangfai due to the NT2 Project discharges increase somewhat the backwater effect in the ephemeral streams, tributaries, and in Xe Bangfai upstream of the confluence with Nam Phit. At these locations, fish catch will most likely increase. It is highly likely that during the weekends when water levels are highly fluctuating, fishers will try to increase their catch by blocking such locations off with nets. All fish yields outside Xe Bangfai mainstream between the confluences with Nam Phit and the Mekong River are not expected to be adversely impacted, but more likely to be positively impacted. Fish will try to find food in such locations that they are not able to find in the Xe Bangfai mainstream after COD. In addition, the increased discharge of the Xe Bangfai may also result in a slightly increased area, duration, or frequency of flooding in the seasonal wetlands adjacent, and connected to Xe Bangfai, and this will contribute to an increased fish productivity and increase of fish catch from these areas, and increased catch and collection of aquatic products in the area. 5.6 IMPACTS ON AQUATIC PRODUCTS COLLECTION AND'INCOME' Riparian households also forage for aquatic animals as frogs, shrimps, crabs, snails, and mussels and collect aquatic vegetation, mainly for consumption. Household catches, collection and consumption of such aquatic life may reduce as a result of the impacts in the mainstream. However, in aquatic habitats such as tributaries, wetlands, floodplains, and ponds (nong) where aquatic life is not affected, villagers will still be able to collect these aquatic products. If the impact on household income from collection of aquatic products (excluding fish) is expressed in kilograms per household, then assigning a value in terms of USD is difficult because: (a) all aquatic products are used mainly for household consumption; and (b) the range in types of products. A kilogram of just harvested vegetation when wet may change to less than 0.1 kilogram when stored and dry. The weight of collected mussels and snails is different from the weight of consumed mussels and snails. Most of these aquatic products are collected during the dry season only, mainly by women and children, and quantities collected differ considerably per household. A collapse in the aquatic food chain in Xe Bangfai mainstream is predicted to occur as a result of increased discharges, water depth, river bank erosion, sedimentation, and fluctuation of water levels during the dry season. Households are expected not to be able to collect aquatic vegetation, snails, mussels, and shrimps after COD. The maximum value in losses in household catch of aquatic products from Xe Bangfai mainstream is estimated to be USD 20 per household per year, assuming an average value of USD 0.3 per kilogram harvested aquatic products. These losses are expected to occur all the way to the Mekong River. Detailed baseline data on aquatic products from the mainstream Xe Bangfai have yet to be collected, and thus the following assumptions have been made: · An average annual loss in aquatic products valued at USD 20 per household per year for the 6,079 riparian households (population data from 2001) that live along Xe Bangfai mainstream between the confluence with Nam Phit and the Mekong River; · An average annual loss in aquatic products valued at USD 10 per household per year for the 1,708 households (population data from 2004) that live in the so-called hinterland villages, but collect aquatic products in the Xe Bangfai mainstream. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts Based on the above, it is reasonably estimated that about USD 138,490 per year would be the value of possible losses in collection and catch of non-finfish aquatic products from the mainstream Xe Bangfai. This is only an indicative average, as most of the riparian and hinterland population is concentrated in the lower reaches of Xe Bangfai close to the Mekong River and aquatic products are most likely less harvested in the lower reaches of the Xe Bangfai. 5.7 IMPACT ON RIVERSIDE GARDENS As described in Chapter 2, there are various types of crops and gardens grown on the sloping banks of the Xe Bangfai, generally established in two locations and in three main periods or seasons as follows: Locations: (a) sloping mid and upper slopes of the river, (b) lower, and often flat slopes Seasons: (a) early dry season, when the rivers discharge is decreasing, and crops are grown on the groundwater still in the upper and mid slopes, (b) mid to late dry season, when the river has achieved its relatively stable low flow and crops bit mainly vegetables are grown with water drain from the river, (c) early wets season, when the river is still low but increasing in discharge, and crops can be grown on rainfall, onthe upper slopes. The impact of the NT2 Project on these gardens will be due to two main affects: Effectof higher water levels: The higher water levels in the Xe Bangfai due to the NT2 project discharges will physically flood those areas in which fields and gardens are currently established on the mid and lower levels of the riverbank. Effectof erosion and slumping: The increased rate of erosion which may be caused by the NT2 Project discharges will erode those areas currently used as riverbanks gardens or fields. These gardens and fields can probably be re-established on the new banks of the re-formed river, but it may take some time to establish exactly how the new riverbank will be shaped. The impact of the NT2 Project on riverbank gardens will be: (a) most pronounced in the upper areas of the Xe Bangfai, and less pronounced in the lower areas, due mainly to the relatively less increase in river discharge due to the NT2 Project, in the lower Xe Bangfai; (b) almost 100 % impact on the lower level dry season gardens, but progressively less impact on the mid and especially upper slope gardens, the impact being dependant on erosion and especially slumping; (c) some people will try to re-establish gardens, especially vegetable gardens., on the mid and upper slopes, although this may be difficult in the early years while the river is still establishing its new morphology; (d) even in the absence of an erosion effect on upper riverbank slope gardens and fields, there will be physically less room or area in which to establish these gardens and crops. Based on the above prediction of what may happen after the NT2 Project, a maximum predicted impact on river bank gardens and fields is presented in Table 5-7 below. January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts Table 5-7: Size and Households with Riverside Fields/Gardens (2004), andPossible Maximum Impact of the NT2 Project. Riverside Crop Fields Riverside Vegetable Garden Possible impact Possible impact Current from NT2 Current from NT2 Total HH No. of Area Area No. of Area Area District (2004) Area (ha) HH as % in ha Area (ha) HH as % in ha Mahaxay 1,265 103 526 80 82.5 4.01 45 100 4.01 Xe Bangfai 1,651 74 486 80 59,2 5.25 55 100 5.25 Nong Bok 2,120 41 432 40 16.4 4.34 100 70 3.01 Xaybouli 2,808 98 698 40 39.2 4.56 73 70 3.19 Total 7,844 316 2142 199.1 18.16 273 15.46 Thus, a maximum of about 199 ha of crop fields and about 15.46 ha of vegetable gardensfields, farmed by up to 1,500 households may be impacted by the NT2 Project, and may not able to re-establish field and gardens higher up on the river bank, at least in the early years after project commissioning. 5.8 IMPACT OF EROSIONONRIVERSIDEASSETS 5.8.1 Buildings It is expected that the NT2 Project will cause erosion, to some extent, in the upper and mid sections of the Xe Bangfai, and it is the fixed structures in these 2 zones that will be affected. Erosion, if any, in the lower Xe Bangfai is not predicted to cause any impact to structures on the edge of the riverbank. Various fixed assets or buildings are currently located on the banks of the Xe Bangfai, mainly some houses, but also some shops, rice barns, open rest pavilions and temples. The exact type and number of such structures located within 20 m of the brink of the Xe Bangfai riverbank, on both sides of the river has recently been surveyed, and the data is now being analysed. With increased erosion rates along the Xe Bangfai (predicted to be up to 20 m in the early sections of the upper Xe Bangfai) there is a potential that those structures located close to the river may start to slip into the river. For the owners of fixed assets on the edge of the riverbank structures in the mid and upper zones of the Xe Bangfai, such impact of erosion will either result in: (a) the construction of riverbank protection in sections of the riverbank in front of (and to protect) these structures; or (b) the requirement to relocate the structures further away from the edge of the riverbank. For fixed structures which have cultural or community value, or for stretches of the river bank which have a high density of fixed structures, and where it is observed that these structures are threatened by erosion, then the NT2 Project will construct riverbank protection. In other cases, and where relocation is feasible, the NT2 Project will assist in the relocation of buildings that are under threat from the increased erosion. 5.8.2 Irrigation Pump Installations Increased river bank erosion may affect or erode the footing which support supply pipes carrying water from floating irrigation pumps to irrigation channels on the top of the river bank. There are currently 19 such pump irrigation systems in the mid and upper Xe Bangfai, and this would be the maximum number of system that will be effected. In cases where the erosion is undermining the January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 5: Description of Social Impacts footings then the NT2 Project will ensure protection of the supply pipe footings or reestablishment of the supply pipeline. Thus, this effect will be totally negated by Project mitigation. 5.9 IMPACT ON ACCESS ACROSS THE RIVER As detailed in Chapter 2, some communities often cross the Xe Bangfai in dry season by various means for various reasons and by various methods ­ mainly walking across rapids to visit gardens and forests, but also across temporary bamboo bridges, and some low level truck and hand tractor crossings (see Table 2-25). The increased water level in the dry season will make such seasonal temporary dry season river crossings no longer possible. 5.10 IMPACT ON PUMPING INSTALLATIONMANAGEMENT The weekly (weekend) drop in the Xe Bangfai river level, due to the cessation of NT2 Project discharges on Sundays, will require adjustments to the way irrigation pumps floating on the Xe Bangfai are connected by flexible hoses to the supply pipes carrying water up the irrigation canals on top of the river bank. Currently, the positions (inlets) along the supply pipe that these flexible hoses are connected to changes a few times per year, as the river falls in the dry season and rises in the wet season. The hoses and connectors are not particularly sophisticated, and changing them is somewhat laborious. After NT2 Project Commission, the river will rise and fall significantly once per week, and thus the way in which these hoses are connected and disconnected to the supply pipe footings will have to be improved to make it more practical. In addition, there may be some 'within weekly' variations in NT2 Project discharge from the regulating pond, resulting in fluctuations of the Xe Bangfairiver level of up to (about) 1 m in the upper zones. Thus, the flexible hoses currently connecting the floating pumpto the supply pipe may be too short to account for such variation, which will also not be known or predicted by the irrigation pump operators. Thus, these pipes will need to be lengthenedand made more flexible. It may be that current ­ and certainly future ­ irrigation pump installations are designed and constructed as axial lift pumps, with engines situated on top of the river bank, with no flexible connectors required. This would totally void the problems described above. 5.11 IMPACT ON DOMESTIC WATER USE The water in the areas downstream the power station might not be suitable for human consumption, or even domestic use, during the first years of operation, due to four main factors: - increased turbidity, especially during the dry season; - presence of organic matters, originating from the decay of the biomass on the plateau; - possible presence of sulphur compounds (H2S), due to anoxic decomposition of biomass, most likely during the dry season; - difficulty to access the water during the week-end drawdown (slippery and/or eroded riverbanks). Although some of these impacts may have a limited geographical extension, an extensive compensation program will need to be implemented, in order to maintain access to a water of domestic quality during operation of the powerplant. ********** * * * ********** January2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas CHAPTER 6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND DISCLOSURE ­ DOWSTREAM AREAS Table of Contents 6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND DISCLOSURE...................1 6.1 CONSULTATION APPROACH...........................................................................................1 6.1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 6.2 INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES ON STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ..............................1 6.3 NT 2 PROJECT'S LOCAL LEVEL PCPD STRATEGY .........................................................2 6.3.1 Information Exchange, Stakeholder Concerns, and Participatory Program Design................................ 2 6.3.2 Ethnicity Issues.................................................................................................................................................. 3 6.3.3 Language Issues................................................................................................................................................. 3 6.3.4 Gender Issues..................................................................................................................................................... 3 6.4 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS.......................................................................................4 6.5 CONSULTATION METHODOLOGIES ...............................................................................5 6.6 PHASE I ­ LOCAL COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS ..........................................................6 6.6.1 Phase I ­ Downstream Areas Consultations ................................................................................................. 9 6.6.2 Quality of Discussion or Dialogue................................................................................................................ 10 6.6.3 Compensation and Livelihood Restoration Preferences............................................................................ 11 6.6.4 Influence of Consultations in Downstream Areas...................................................................................... 11 6.7 PHASE II ­ CONSULTATIONS ALONG XBF....................................................................12 6.7.1 Follow-up and On-going Consultations along the XBF............................................................................ 16 6.7.2 Influence of 2004 Consultations on XBF Issues ........................................................................................ 16 6.8 CONSULTATIONS FOR HINTERLAND AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE DAM VILLAGES......17 6.8.1 Hinterland Village Consultations .................................................................................................................. 17 6.8.2 Downstream of the Dam Consultations ...................................................................................................... 18 6.9 REGIONAL AND NATIONAL PARTICIPATION................................................................19 6.10 INTERNATIONAL LEVEL PARTICIPATION ....................................................................19 6.11 COMMENTS AND CONCERNS RAISED AT 2004 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS ............. 19 6.12 INTEGRATION OF COMMENTS RAISED BY INTERNATIONAL REVIEWS ........................20 6.13 PHASE III ­ DISCLOSURE .............................................................................................21 6.13.1 Main Stages of Disclosure.............................................................................................................................. 21 6.13.2 Disclosure Prior to Appraisal......................................................................................................................... 21 6.13.3 Disclosure at Appraisal................................................................................................................................... 22 6.13.4 Revision and Final Disclosure for Implementation.................................................................................... 22 6.13.5 Public Information Dissemination to the General Public ......................................................................... 22 6.13.6 Information Centres........................................................................................................................................ 22 6.13.7 Mass Media....................................................................................................................................................... 26 6.13.8 Project Video Documentaries........................................................................................................................ 26 6.13.9 Translation........................................................................................................................................................ 26 6.14 IMPLEMENTATION STAGE ­ CONSULTATION PROCESS................................................26 6.14.1 Role of Village Leadership ............................................................................................................................. 26 6.14.2 Formal Village Structures............................................................................................................................... 27 6.14.3 Leadership and Ethnicity................................................................................................................................ 27 6.14.4 Informal Village Structures ............................................................................................................................ 27 6.14.5 Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses................................................................................................... 27 6.14.6 Language and Communication Issues .......................................................................................................... 28 6.14.7 Communication Materials .............................................................................................................................. 28 6.14.8 Gender Issues................................................................................................................................................... 28 6.15 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONSULTATIONS.............................................28 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas List of Annexes Annex 6-1: NT2 Response to Villager Proposals from XBF Mainstream Villages Consultations (2004) ......................................................................................................................................................30 Annex 6-2: Summary of PCP Events at the Regional Level ..............................................................................36 Annex 6-3: Summary of PCP Events at the National Level...............................................................................37 Annex 6-4: Summary of PCP Events at the International Level.......................................................................39 Annex 6-5: Some SDP related Concerns and Issues raised during the 2004 International Workshops (non exhaustive)....................................................................................................................................40 List of Tables Table 6-1: Stakeholders in the Social and Resettlement Consultation ..............................................................5 Table 6-2: Overview of Downstream Consultations ...........................................................................................7 Table 6-3: Generalized Schedule for PCPD Phase 1...........................................................................................9 Table 6-4: Downstream of the Dam Consultation Schedule for January 2005.............................................18 Table 6-5: Project Responses to IAG, POE and Other International Reviews of Social and Resettlement Documents and Plans..................................................................................................20 Table 6-6: Indicative and Summary Schedule of Consultations Leading to Disclosure...............................24 Table 6-7: Summary of Disclosure as Relates to the Different Stakeholders ................................................25 List of Figures Figure 6-1: NT 2 Consultation Posters, (a) Sketch of Geographical Area, and (b) Grievance Procedure ...............................................................................................................................................13 Figure 6-2: Examples of Xe Bangfai Consultation Posters................................................................................14 Figure 6-3: Photos of Xe Bangfai Village Consultations, Phase 2 (2004)........................................................16 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 ii Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas 6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION, PARTICIPATION AND DISCLOSURE 6.1 CONSULTATION APPROACH 6.1.1 Introduction Public consultation and participation is playing a key role in the continued planning and in the preliminary or pilot implementation of the social and resettlement components of the NT2 Project. This chapter describes the Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure (PCPD) Process for resettlement planning and implementation component of the NT2 Project for the downstream areas that has been undertaken to date, and those planned for the future. The objective of the PCPD is to develop and maintain avenues of communication between the Project and stakeholders in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the Project. The feedback from consultations has been, and will continue to be an important component of the planning process leading to the formulation of mitigation measures and compensation plans for project affected communities. The NT2 Project's public consultation, participation and disclosure process can be best considered as a Three-Phase Process, as follows: (a) Phase 1: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure (PCPD) ­ Public Consultation 1 Starting in 1997, public consultations were initiated to allow stakeholders and Project Affected People (PAPs) to participate in project design, both in terms of technical design of mitigation measures, and the design of the resettlement and compensation process. Up to the end of 2003 there had been more than 250 public consultation and participation briefings and meetings, which have taken place at the local, regional, national and international levels. Dialogue has been initiated with all interested groups and stakeholders who are directly or indirectly involved in the NT2 Project and who have expressed a wish to participate in the Project's public consultation program. (b) Phase 2: PCPD: Public Consultations 2 Following the development of the basic project design and planning, and the incorporation of feedback from Phase 1 comments into the design, an extensive second round of detailed information dissemination and consultations has been conducted. This second round public consultation (May-August 2004) provided information to all PAPs, another opportunity to make proposals, and contribute to the further refinement in the project strategy and design. Phase 2 also saw the progressive translation, into the Lao language, of summaries and relevant sections of the social and resettlement safeguards documents. (c) Phase 3: PCPD: Disclosure During the second phase of the Public consultation, the July 2004 version of the SDP was fully disclosed on the NT2 projects website. During and after WB and ADB appraisal, this volume of the SDP, revised according to consultations, will be fully and widely disclosed in both English and Lao language (a summary of the latter) in accordance with WB and ADB policies. [Note: This division into three phases is most relevant for consultations with local stakeholders in the direct impact areas of the project, and the following sections on local-level consultations present these phases in detail. For the regional, national and international consultations one section will summarise consultations for the first two phases together. ] 6.2 INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES ON STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION The World Bank's Safeguard Polices on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) and Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) as well as ADB Policies on Involuntary Resettlement and Indigenous Peoples all require that affected groups (especially villages), GoL agencies, local NGOs and all other stakeholders be consulted in a meaningful way during preparation of Environment impact Assessments and Resettlement Action Plans. Thus, a PCPD was developed for the NT2 Project to ensure that all stakeholders will have a chance to participate in the planning of the Project. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas 6.3 NT 2 PROJECT'S LOCAL LEVEL PCPD STRATEGY The NT2 Project recognizes that PCPD strengthens the decision making process in the resettlement planning and adds value to the quality of the Project. To date, consultation with the people who may be affected by the Project has been critical in developing this volume, and on-going PCPD will ensure it continues to play a major role in resettlement planning and then for the implementation of activities. NTPC are committed to assisting affected households in making an informed choice about resettlement and compensation and livelihood restoration. The Provincial and District authorities, through the Resettlement Management Unit (RMU), are responsible for informing villagers well in advance about the project scope and impacts, implementation steps and giving notice, at the appropriate time, of the compensation and livelihood restoration options, and in general encouraging participation of local stakeholders in the decision-making process and implementation of the SDP. Resettlement planning and implementation will include gender specific consultation and information disclosure. This includes special attention to guarantee women's assets, property, and land-use rights, and to ensure the restoration of their income and living standards. 6.3.1 Information Exchange, Stakeholder Concerns, and Participatory Program Design Consultation at local, regional, national and international levels has been and will continue to progress through three main steps: Step 1: Information Collection and Dissemination: This initial step aims to promote awareness. Information flows in two directions, both into and from the Project. Awareness is attained through collection of data relating to both human and physical characteristics that facilitate evaluation and planning for project implementation. Additionally, information is disseminated to stakeholders detailing project features, project impacts and implications for altered social and physical environments. Step 2: Eliciting Stakeholder Concerns: Comments from stakeholders in response to information disseminated and received during Step 1 are sought and discussion of alternatives and suggestions for mitigation activities encouraged. In this way, issues that may have been previously overlooked or outstanding concerns of stakeholders are given a forum for review. This represents a needs-assessment, and provides a base from which decisions can be made. Step 3: Active involvement in Project Design and Implementation: Based on the decisions made in Step 2, requirements for education, training, financial and institutional strengthening are identified and integrated into project design. The process will continue during implementation so that stakeholders may be fully involved throughout the process. This process is not linear, but provides for cyclical feedback, should deficiencies at any stage be evident. Once the stakeholders are identified, it is subsequently the objective of the NT2 Project to understand the views of these groups. There has been a need to plan and develop appropriate interaction and information sharing techniques for these different stakeholders. The key priorities for the design of these consultation methodologies included: · Ensuring stakeholders were able to understand the Project and the potential Project impacts; · Ensuring stakeholders understood the composition of NTPC and their objectives; · For NTPC, to gain a clear understanding of stakeholders' requirements as a result of the Project. Transparency and openness during the dissemination of information has been a priority in both the development of public consultation plans and in the implementation of public consultation processes. Thus, throughout the public consultation process it has been important to take into account the following: · The communication techniques should be culturally sensitive and appropriate; · The media used should be appropriate, and should recognize the high rates of illiteracy among those likely to be affected; · The need to ensure that participation in consultation activities is not dominated by local authorities; and January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas · The special attention that may be required to ensure the participation of women and vulnerable groups and the consideration of their needs in the design of mitigation measures. 6.3.2 Ethnicity Issues The consultation strategy incorporates a number of key aspects related to ethnicity. The process ensures that all ethnic groups, including vulnerable minorities to participate in the consultation process and to encourage participation in an active manner in project design. This includes: · Detailed anthropological studies as part of consultations (mostly in 1997-98) in order to identify any aspects related to livelihood, language, cosmology, social organisation, gender, material culture and leadership in order to focus discussions on relevant topics and to take into consideration ethnic identity and possible project impacts; · Separate discussions for different ethnic groups to ensure the smaller groups are able to freely express their opinions and to encourage involvement; · Discussions with traditional and local religious leaders to make sure that local beliefs are respected and taken into consideration in project design and mitigation; and · Draft mitigation measures that can be modified depending on local needs of the different ethnic groups within the different project areas. 6.3.3 Language Issues Language is an important consultation issue as it determines to a large extent whether the message is understood and information assimilated by the targeted population. As explained in Part II, while there are a number of ethnic groups in the Downstream Xe Bangfai Area, studies on language usage has established clearly that the vast majority speak Lao, the national language, and that the different ethnic languages are for the most part confined to domestic use. Only a very small percentage of the affected population does not have a good working knowledge of Lao in the Project Area. In addition, none of the ethnic languages have any written form. Thus, it is both (a) not necessary, and (b) impossible to design written materials in each ethnic language for the purposes of consultation. For Tai and Lao dialects (spoken by Tai Bo, Phou Thay, Tai Moey and Tai Men groups), this will also not be necessary since these are dialects of Lao or languages related to Lao. However, in order to ensure that consultations are effective, translation (or rather explanation) of technical words into ethnic languages - Brou and Vietic languages - is always an option, and during consultations and meetings in villages, such translations are sometimes provided by local village leaders or ethnic staff of District Working Groups whenever necessary. Comprehension enquiries and the quality of discussions will determine whether this is necessary in any particular village. It is the responsibility of both the Resettlement Office (RO) of NTPC and the RMU conducting the consultations at the village level to determine whether translations are required. Thus, before discussions, comprehension checks are made, especially for women and the elderly who might have less exposure to the national language and technical (modern) words. A more detailed account of language in relation to consultations is presented in the Part II. 6.3.4 Gender Issues Participation of women in consultations sometimes requires special attention because most women are in general either less educated than men or have less exposure to the outside world and politics than men do. In the consultations that have been conducted since 1997, efforts have been made to include women and to encourage their participation by having separate women's groups, supervised by LWU members. In the Phase 2 consultations in 2004, the use of gender disaggregated discussions groups and ensuring women were included in the village facilitator teams ensured that women were fully involved in this phase of consultation process. Mainstreaming of gender issues is also facilitated by the central role of the Lao Woman Union (LWU) at the village and District level consultations. The LWU was formed originally in revolutionary times in the 1960s and 70s to enhance women's role in the development process, and now performs a grass roots, village-by-village, communications and gender awareness role. The LWU will be central to the resolution January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas of the resettlement and downstream community impact issues. This strategy will continue throughout the consultations and implementation of the resettlement and restoration activities. Resettlement planning and implementation will include gender specific consultation and information disclosure. This includes special attention to guarantee women's assets, property, and land-use rights, and to ensure the restoration of their income and living standards. 6.4 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS Following extensive scoping of issues and review of findings, which have been subjected to public and professional review, there is agreement that NT2 stakeholders comprise of five main groups: · People directly affected by the Project; · GoL officials at the district, provincial and national levels; · The broader interested regional and national community; · NGOs operating in the Lao PDR and particularly those in the Project area; and · International NGOs, international organizations, and the local, regional and international media. Those stakeholder groups that are of specific concern to the social and resettlement components of the NT2 Project can also be identified on a geographical basis, as follows: Local · All households and villages on the Nakai Plateau (about 1,250 households). · Communities living along the Xe Bangfai (about 7,095 households) and its hinterland; · Communities downstream of the dam (about 250 households fishing in but not living on the Nam Theun; and · Communities with assets or land under the Project (construction) Lands. Regional · Community leaders. · GoL Agencies at the district level. · GoL Agencies at the Provincial level. · Businesses and contractors. National · GOL Ministries. · The People of the Lao PDR. · National media. International · Other international power utilities, in particular EGAT. · World Bank. · ADB · NTPC, investors and Financial Institutions. · International NGOs. · International media. · Other hydroelectric dam developers. Table 6-1 presents a summary of these stakeholders, how they have been consulted and their concerns (up until 2003). These proposals and concerns of these various stakeholders have been incorporated, where appropriate in the many and various plans that constitute this volume January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Table 6-1: Stakeholders in the Social and Resettlement Consultation Interests, and Experience Stakeholders and Concerns Consultation Process to date Villagers: Positive towards irrigation 1) Consultations about impacts held in 1997. 1) Along Xe Bangfai (89) potential but concerns over Further, detailed, consultations about mitigation plans 2) In the Hinterland (66) exacerbated flooding and carried out in 2004 by NTPC and RMU. 3) Downstream of the impacts 2) A selection of hinterland villages was covered in Dam (21 so far surveyed) On livelihoods. the April and November 2004. 3) Downstream of the Dam ­ 21 surveyed and seven villages undergone detailed consultations. Local Authorities Representation in decision- Ongoing consultations and meetings since 1997, making process and capacity assessment of capacity, and inclusion in key building institutions such as the RMU and DRWG. Provincial Representation in decision- Ongoing consultations and meetings since 1997, Organizations making process and capacity inclusion in Resettlement Committee. building National Government National legal and policy Ongoing consultations and meetings since 1995, (Ministries and STEA) framework, project viability, inclusion in Resettlement Committee, STEA part of financing and representation in National Level Consultations. decision-making Mass organizations Representation in decision- Ongoing consultations and meetings since 1997, (LWU, LNF) making process and capacity inclusion in key institutions such as the RMU, building DRWGs and VRCs. NGOs International standards for Involved in some local and all national consultation social and environmental meetings, reviewed documents and undertook site aspects and project viability visits, including in 2003. Panel of Experts (POE) International standards for POE has carried on site visits and consultations since social and environmental 1996 and has reviewed all relevant documents. aspects and project viability Donors and Financial International standards for Involved in all national consultation meetings, Institutions social and environmental reviewed documents and site visits from 1995. aspects and project viability Embassies International standards for Involved in all national consultation meetings, social and environmental reviewed documents and site visits from 1995. aspects and project viability Thai stakeholders International standards for Involved in negotiations of the PPA, all national (EGAT, private sector, social and environmental consultation meetings, reviewed documents and site Gov't) aspects and financing. visits. 6.5 CONSULTATION METHODOLOGIES Methodologies and techniques developed for public consultation have been designed to suit the needs of each target audience. These techniques also require careful consideration in order to meet the requirements of the diverse and numerous participants involved. The techniques adopted include: · Visual representations: The consultation teams developed and presented to villages, and the community in general, a range of posters containing pictures, diagrams and models. · General village meetings: Posters are presented to villager meetings and explained by facilitators, in the Lao language, with ethnic language clarification, when required (1997, 1998 and 2004). · Small group meetings: As required, small group discussions were also undertaken, generally on specific subjects, or as part of information gathering and census activities (1997 census on the plateau and 2001 socio-economic survey on the Xe Bangfai). · PRA techniques: PRA techniques were used especially in villages along the Xe Bangfai in order January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas to investigate and clarify the possible affect of the NT2 Project on the Xe Bangfai and thus village and agricultural land. · Socio-economic surveys: The main socio-economic survey of plateau PAP was undertaken in 1998, in parallel to the population and assets census. Another survey of plateau villagers will be conducted just after Financial Close. The 2001 Xe Bangfai socio-economic survey sampled families from both Xe Bangfai and Nam Katang riparian villages, and also villages along the proposed alignment of the downstream channel. · Seminars and workshops: Local and regional seminars and workshops and forums were held on specific resettlement issues. · NT 2 Project Information Centres: The NT2 Project Information Centres were established in Vientiane, Nakai and Thakhek, these have been able to provide written material and information on the Project, deal with inquiries and requests for additional information and conduct periodic meetings with village and district representatives. This system provided access to information for people with questions. With the actual implementation of the Project, refreshed and updated Information Centre will be organised at Vientiane, Thakhek, Mahaxai and Nakai. · Mass media: Information to the general public is generally disseminated through local and regional newspapers, and local and national radio and television interviews. In 2003 a project website was established (www.namtheun2.com) and all safeguards documents and other information is available to the worldwide audience. · Site visits: Many field trips have been organised for stakeholders including potential project sponsors, international development and financial institutions, members of the international diplomatic corps, and local and national NGOs. Two site visits for Ambassadors and international organisations representatives in Vientiane were organized in late 2002 by the GOL and led by H.E. Mr. Soulivong Dalavong, former Minister of Industry & Handicraft. Visits for international and Lao local media was then conducted with 15 journalists and photographers, of which major international press agencies and a number of Thai press, as well as Radio Free Asia, a highly controversial broadcaster. It created a valuable basis for the media to produce a long series In 2004, the PCPD entered Phase 2, a second round of extensive consultations with all stakeholders at the local, region, national and international levels with the objective of finalising of the project design, including all social and resettlement strategies and procedures. At the local level, the NTPC Resettlement Office (RO) continues to provide technical support to the GoL RMU office, which has the lead role in the PCPD activities. Local level consultations are primarily conducted using interactive workshops and presentations, backed up by the provision of translated summaries of sections of the RAP and EMDP in Lao, and the placement of posters illustrating expected project impacts. Table 6-3 presents an overview of all consultations that have taken place, that are ongoing or will be carried out in 2005. 6.6 PHASE I ­ LOCAL COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS The PCPD teams established and trained in PRA techniques to facilitate a flow of information from local villagers were comprised of local Lao people, drawn from a range of backgrounds and experience in participation, social survey and education. Each team's membership represented a diversity of socio- economic, cultural, gender, and generational perspectives. They worked solely within the villages and report directly to the RMU, which is responsible for all resettlement planning and implementation. The first stages of PCPD were coordinated by a NTPC consultant, who was responsible for training, planning and reporting on consultation activities on the Plateau. The RMU has the overall responsibility for carrying out PCPD activities at the local level, and members have been participating since 1997. The RMU ensures that there is continuity in the consultation process through adequate representation of all interest groups. International experts continue to advise the RMU on local community participation techniques and reporting, as required during the detailed planning and implementation of the Project. Table 6-3 presents an overview of key PCPD activities carried in Phase 1 (1996-2003). 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Chapter Consultations easdid illagevfo work ainm( of an tributari easdid draft mitigation ation ation an and 1st confirmationd ma subject (b)d ensation: ensation: progr Explan Review Explan eun Review or an comp Th comp Nam impacts flooding. and/or in and/or Contents nsultativeocyrotapicitraP stcapmifo stcapmihcaerofsdohtemnoitasnepmocrofsnalPts1dna oft ant rams)g tion pro weiveR weiveR lopmene enta Dev > > > .snalP lopmene Dev > implem monitoring 3 Ps PA Volume­ No. Plan d, d t.b. t.b. t.b.d lopmente Dev llagesiv sal,air Soci­ App mainstream No. pre "12 If > then dna segallivdnalretnih6 ed al streamn (and d Appraisal, mai impactde villages. 52 ict post all If > then segalliv hinterlan ed ?? pr downstream Project2 all villages All villages All upstream) eun n Th tioa +1 ent Date April- Nam FC to r Implem Phase Consultations (below) March 2005 FC yea n FBX tioa rian: B ent 2005 Ripa Lower Flooding Consultations NT Phase Implem Phase Consultations January Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Table 6-3: Generalized Schedule for PCPD Phase 1 Stakeholder Activity 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Institutional Arrangements Recruitment of facilitators Establish RMU Establish DRWGs Establish VRCs National Institutions (RC) Training Workshops Information Dissemination Public Awareness Strategy Information Centres Newspapers Videos Radio Programmes Website Embassies Nakai Plateau Consultation materials preparation Facilitator training (manuals) Information dissemination Planning Consultations Integration of feedback Ongoing PCPP Downstream Areas Consultation materials preparation Facilitator training (manuals) Information dissemination Planning Consultations Integration of feedback 6.6.1 Phase I ­ Downstream Areas Consultations In April 1997 a PRA trainer conducted a two-week training workshop on PRA techniques in Thakhek for the PCPD teams. The team leaders for the new teams were members of the PCPD team that had worked on the Nakai Plateau. Hence their skills and experience could be shared with those being trained. Five teams, consisting of four people, carried out work in all areas to be impacted by the Downstream Channel and increased flooding along the Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai. This includes zones 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 and consists of more than one hundred communities. The goals of these PCPD visits consisted of: · Ensuring that affected people were aware of and understood the features and impacts of the Project and their implications as where defined at that time; · Documenting existing livelihood patterns, land usage and aspects of society (socio-cultural and economic) likely to be affected by the Project; · Collecting information in regard to existing village development systems and decision making processes (defining their structure and efficiency); and · Asking villagers how negative impacts might be mitigated or compensated. For the most part, visits to villagers consisted of (a) disseminating information about the Project using visual aids and presentations, (b) land use mapping and discussions about livelihood and (c) collection of statistics about each village. Special attention was paid to flooding experiences, water use, fishing and agriculture techniques. The results of this work were compiled by each team and reviewed by an independent consultant, Barbara Franklin, for the World Bank (A Review of Local Public Consultations January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas for NT2, Vientiane, Sept. 1997). The material, questionnaires and results have been compiled in four volumes, "Village Consultation & Participation on Downstream Channel Issues"" (April 1997). 6.6.2 Quality of Discussion or Dialogue Since this was the first organized consultations in the Downstream, discussion did not consist of detailing mitigation plans but rather concentrated on presenting project features and acquiring feedback. The assessment of the quality of the discussions and dialogues under the consultation process is to some extent subjective but the kinds of comments should indicate whether the information about the Project is understood by project-affected communities. Some examples of this were recorded by the consultation teams in 1997: · Proper compensation: it was mentioned by the vast majority that the preferred form of compensation was land for land in the case of rice paddy but cash for the loss of fruit trees. Some stated that finding new paddy lands would not be easy without irrigation schemes. However, some also mentioned compensation in the form of tractors, boats or improved services. A certain number of villages even suggested resettlement of a village on higher ground if increased flooding would be extensive. Women in particular voiced concerns that if compensation was in cash, that it would be spent quickly, so land for land was preferred. · Loss of structures: there was concern that people would have to be resettled due to the downstream channel and project structures. If there is any loss of houses, replacement houses should be provided by the company. Relocation of health and education facilities to higher ground to avoid flooding was also mentioned. · Irrigation potential: the potential for developing irrigation for dry-season paddy production (naa seng) was understood in many places. In Ban Thathot suggestions of where new paddy could be found on the opposite banks of the Nam Gnom were given. Electricity and construction of ponds were also mentioned in relation to irrigation schemes in the Lower Xe Bangfai. Due to existing flooding problems, development of naa seng was the most common theme of these consultations. New irrigation systems will be needed for dry-season production as a form of compensation for higher floods. · Loss of cemetery land: Villagers in several locations stated that new land would have to be found for cemetery land if land is needed by the project and costs for appeasing the spirits would have to be met by the project · Impacts on existing irrigation systems: concern that increased flooding, especially in the lower reaches of the Xe Bangfai, would damage existing irrigation systems that may not be in good condition. Systems would need strengthening and walls constructed to protect villages from flooding. · Removal of rapids: villagers in Ban Khampheuang suggested that the Khan and Khoun rapids be removed to facilitate transportation. At Ban Phova Tai and in Mahaxai, it was suggested that the project remove the rapids at Keng Khan, Keng Soi and Keng Houa Phou. · Improved infrastructure: some stated that they would like a proper road to their village in order to reach markets and services (links to National Road 13). Others stated that more wells were needed in villages for health reason and that school building needed repairs. · Concern about access: existing access to opposite banks along the Xe Bangfai may no longer be feasible - access to NTFPs, grazing areas, dry areas for livestock during floods and fields may be difficult. Livestock crossing may be impeded by higher water levels in the dry season. Bridges may be needed to ensure access to opposite banks. · Training for project work: several villagers suggested that laborers from impacted areas should be employed by the project during the construction period and that training should be given to ensure more jobs for local people. · Income generation schemes: some villagers mentioned that they would like to see an income generation scheme (women were interested in weaving and cottage industries in Ban Pat Peua Neua) while men mentioned funding and loans for irrigation equipment, fishing equipment and for purchasing livestock. · Health concerns: villagers were concerned that existing water supplies may be contaminated and that any negative health impacts would be beyond the capacity and knowledge of the already weak health facilities in the vicinity of villages. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas From the issues raised by villagers, one can conclude that the information on project impacts has been understood by at least some members of all communities. The fact that flooding is already a problem in the region has perhaps facilitated the process somewhat since increase in flows along the Xe Bangfai compounds a present problem. Central issues that were discussed with villagers are the form of compensation (land for land), development opportunities (dry-season paddy production), river crossings and health issues. 6.6.3 Compensation and Livelihood Restoration Preferences The results of the ranking of compensation issues varied only slightly in many of the villages that were consulted in 1998. The ranking at the Brou village of Keovilai where the downstream channel will pass through, for example, were recorded as follows, in order of importance: 1. Rice paddy land 2. Replacement housing 3. School building 4. Land for new cemetery 5. Replacement land for gardens (house or river) 6. Land for housing (house plot area) 7. Cash compensation for the loss of fruit trees 8. Medical facilities 9. Cash compensation for land 10. Improved market facilities The ranking reiterates the fact that the villagers' main concern is food security, expressed in terms of potential loss of rice paddy production, either in the form of land loss (direct impacts) or increased flooding along the Xe Bangfai. Compensation and livelihood restoration was almost always expressed in terms of land for land in accordance with WB and ADB Safeguard Policy recommendations. Replacement is also suggested for housing, land for cemeteries and house plots. 6.6.4 Influence of Consultations in Downstream Areas There has been a direct correlation between the consultation and participation process and the decisions made during Project planning. Feedback from stakeholders has been incorporated or has influenced Project planning and designs throughout the design and planning process as shown below: · A purpose-built downstream channel was designed to accommodate the release of discharged water from the power station. This represented substantive additional cost to overall Project costs and was an alternative to channeling the water into the Nam Kathang which would have caused environmental and social impact to riparians of the Nam Kathang. The current design of the downstream channel minimizes the resettlement and social impacts. It will stone or concrete lined and partially above natural ground level, thus allowing a reduction in width and reduction in land requirements. The detailed routing for the downstream channel will be based on the results of consultations with people directly affected. · The construction of a regulating pond to minimize fluctuations in daily discharge, and thus minimize (or avoid) the erosion that would otherwise result. · The construction of bank protection at the downstream channel confluence with the Xe Bangfai, thus minimizing erosion that would affect downstream riparians. · Construction of a re-oxygenating facility in association with the regulating pond to ensure high quality water for downstream areas; in terms of cleanliness, oxygen content and temperature. · Construction of a diversion gate to allow some of the Regulating ponds water to be diverted to the Nam Kathang Nyai to allow villagers to have water in the dry season dependant on current design changes. · There is a guaranteed minimum flow into the downstream channel so as to sustain fish populations. In effect, it is anticipated that many people may end up relying on the future fisheries from the January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas downstream channel for a livelihood. · The commitment to shutdown operation before natural over bank flooding occurs in the Xe Bangfai, so that the Project does not exacerbate natural floods. 6.7 PHASE II ­ CONSULTATIONS ALONG XBF The 2004 consultations were more sensitive in relation to ethnic issues than the previous consultations. Ethnicity was one of the factors in determining the approach and methodology of the consultations. The following aspects and special provision should be noted as follows: · Consultations included at least one member from each AP. Members that did not attend the first meeting were informed later by the village facilitators, thus, 100% coverage of PAPs rather that a sample that may or may not be a representative. · Villagers were encouraged to discuss and dialogue in minority languages · Information was presented in the form of posters and diagrams since the majority are not functionally literate. · Selection of village facilitators included members of all ethnic groups in the community so that all interest groups could voice their options · GoL officials were informed about ethnic issues and suitable approaches to be used and their awareness of ethnic issues has improved during this round of consultation. The general approach of the Phase 2 of Consultations (July-September 2004) was as follows: (a) Consultations Materials Development The NTPC's RO staff and RMU staff, assisted by an independent consultations specialist, developed two sets of materials: · Facilitators' information manuals. These manuals formed the basis for pre-consultation preparation and orientation for RMU, government staff and Consultation experts who supervised the process. o General NT2 Handbook: summary of whole project, including main project features, implementation schedule and zones of impacts and compensation plans. o Xe Bangfai handbook: presenting information on water quality and flow, predicted positive and negative impacts, mitigation processes, structure of compensation and grievance procedure. · Posters. o General NT2 Posters (see Figure 6-1): Poster 1.1: sketch over view of whole NT2 project reservoir to Xe Bangfai Poster 1.2: sketch illustrating steps of grievance procedure o Xe Bangfai (downstream) Posters (see examples in Figure 6-2): January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 13 Areas m Downstrea­ ure Disclos and pation Partici tion, Consulta Public 6: Chapter Proceduree Grievanc (b) and 3 Area, Volume­ Plan ographical Ge of lopmente Dev al Sketch (a) Soci­ Project2 Posters, eun Th tation Nam Consul2 NT 6-1: 2005 Figure January 14 Areas m Downstrea­ ure Disclos and pation Partici tion, Consulta Public 6: Chapter 3 Volume­ Plan Posters lopmente Dev al Soci­ Consultation Project2 Bangfai eun Th Xe of Nam Examples 6-2: 2005 Figure January Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Poster 3.1: weekly (daily) discharge from the NT project, in wet and dry season Poster 3.2: impact of NT releases on XBF level (river cross section) Mahaxai, wet and dry season Poster 3.3: impact of NT releases on XBF level (river cross section)Rd 13 bridge, wet/dry season Poster 3.4: general implementation schedule of the XBF program 2004 to 2009 and onwards Poster 3.5: summary of 5 negative impacts and 5 positive impacts of the project Poster 3.6: compensation process and possible options for loss to mainstream fisheries. Poster 3.7: general process for resolving problems with water quality for domestic use Poster 3.8: compensation restoration for loss of flooded riverbank gardens Poster 3.9: general process for resolving problems with riverbank erosion. (b) Facilitator Training ­ Development of Techniques and Tools The phase 2 of the local level consultations developed two sets or groups of facilitators: · District level facilitators - mainly districts staff - whose main role is to train and then assist the village facilitators; and · Villager facilitators - actual villagers chosen by villagers based on certain criteria - who, following training then become the main facilitators for the whole village and then focus group workshops. Experienced consultation experts trained all district facilitators and the first group of village facilitators (after which district facilitators trained the remaining villages) in the use of these materials, with special emphasis on adult education of ethnic minorities. During this training, the facilitators' manual was used as a guide and the training also included: · The use of a simple language and comprehension tool to check that indeed all participants understand Lao (as found in earlier surveys), but to identify any participants who may require further clarification based on their own language · Facilitators are also trained in methods to ensure the full participation of women, an important toll being the conduct of separate male and female workshop sessions and choice sessions. (c) Whole Village Workshop and Focus Group Discussion of Project Mitigation These workshops had the following objectives of (a) dissemination of information and explanations about the main project features and resettlement plans, and the new livelihood options and (b) eliciting villager concerns about these and any proposal to improve them. A third objective was to establish a group of village facilitators, who would continue facilitation during the preparation and then the actual resettlement process. The workshops were undertaken following six general steps (see photos in Figure 6-3): 1. Introduction to the village, and then selection/voting of village facilitator group. 2. Training of the villager facilitator group by the District facilitator team, in order to both (a) understand the project, its impacts and mitigation and compensation planned, and (b) develop some facilitation skills. 3. Village level workshop whereby facilitators describe the project. 4. Break out into smaller focus groups (gender disaggregated) where each aspect of the project, its impacts and the mitigation and compensation measures are discussed in detail, and the concerns and proposal of villagers are voiced and recorded. These groups are also facilitated by the VFG 5. Reforming of the whole village group, in which each focus group presents a report of their discussions and proposals. 6. The concerns and proposals are summarised by the village and district facilitator team, and provided back to the RO and RMU. The actual conduct of the village consultations vary from village to village and between zones. The Xe Bangfai villagers were not as aware of the predicted project impacts, and thus a focus of the 2004 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas consultations was explaining the predicted project impacts to them and eliciting their first general responses. Figure 6-3: Photos of Xe Bangfai Village Consultations, Phase 2 (2004) 6.7.1 Follow-up and On-going Consultations along the XBF The following activities were undertaken to respond to villagers' original proposals and to continue the process through implementation: · Workshops for those who were not present in the earlier round of consultations · Operation of the village notice boards · Visits to other XBF villages: For those villages who are isolated and possibly not familiar with the compensation and development options proposed, visits to other villages along the Xe Bangfai that have developed, for example, fish ponds and irrigated gardens, will be conducted. This will enable villagers to more easily visualise the fisheries, gardening and household water supply components of the compensation options, and thus make a better choice of these. · Detailed consultations regarding compensation and development options and activities - this will be undertaken by a contracted team who will, over a one year period undertake a feasibility study for the Xe Bangfai compensation and livelihood restoration program. · XBF Options Validation Consultations ­ 20 villages (MHX: 4, Gnom: 3 (Nam Phit), XBF: 6 (1 hinterland), NB: 2 and XBL:5 (1 hl) concerned the participatory review and pre-feasibility assessment of the 9 compensation options for fisheries were carried out in November 2004 (see NTPC Monitoring and Compensation Options of Losses in Fish Catch Downstream NT2 Powerhouse, December 2004) 6.7.2 Influence of 2004 Consultations on XBF Issues Results of the consultations reveal that villagers' appear to have understood most of the impacts since their concerns and proposal deal with relevant issues, such as livelihood concerns, water supply, irrigation development, fish ponds, etc. However, the compensation and development planning of the Xe Bangfai January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas region is not as well developed as for the plateau resettlement, and thus rather more of the villager proposal fall into the category of 'not currently in the plans, but will be seriously considered'. Nonetheless, proposals that are already covered under the Concession Agreement and existing plans in the SDP represent about 40% of the issues. The Consultation results reveal that the issues in the Xe Bangfai are not as well defined, in terms of mitigation or compensation arrangements, as with the Plateau resettlement programme, due to the nature of the impacts, the mitigation framework and the wide range possible options available. The challenge is how to mitigate possible project impacts in a way that promotes development of livelihoods, infrastructure and other aspects. Thus key issues and proposals that may be considered if they are proven feasible during follow-up consultation and detailed village-level planning are: · Assistance to clear additional land for agricultural development (livelihood); · Need permanent and reliable irrigation system, (repairs and upgrades to current systems; · To have fund for livestock raising (low interest loan; · Need bridge over the village stream; · Need to have suspension bridge across the river; · To build dyke for flood protection (increase height of road); · Provisions for work on the NT2 Project; · To have village revolving fund; and · To reduce cost of electricity for irrigation pumping. Some issues which villages propose, but which are not the mandate of the NT2 Project and go beyond compensation for project impacts, include: · Establishing village schools; · Supplying toilets for village (health); · Skills training centres and community buildings; · Removal of rapids; · Expanding existing road systems; and · Financial support (cost reductions and subsidies for production costs). Annex 5-1 provides a detailed account of issues raised, references in documents and responses. 6.8 CONSULTATIONS FOR HINTERLAND AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE DAM VILLAGES Although impacts in hinterland villages and downstream of the dam are expected to be minor in relation to impacts along the Xe Bangfai itself, consultations with potentially affected villages are being and will continue to be carried out in accordance with ADB and WB safeguard policies. These consultations have started in Phase II only, since detailed information was not available before this time on which to have informed discussions and feedback. 6.8.1 Hinterland Village Consultations A fisheries survey has identified 66 hinterland villages in the vicinity of the Xe Bangfai region in 2004. This involved preliminary discussions and consultations in order to identify households utilising fish resources along the mainstream. In November 2004, a fisheries survey was carried out that included a selection of hinterland villages. The selection was based on different locations in the different zones. The only significant impact by the project on hinterland villages that has been identified is the potential loss of fisheries. Village group meetings were organised and consultations were held concerning: · Identification of all household sources of income; · Ranking of these income-generating activities; · Rapid assessment of present flooding patterns; January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas · Costs of fertilisers and pumping; · Livestock raising; · Water sources and water levels; and · Types of fish and catches, number of household dependent on fishing and to what extent. The results of this survey have been compiled in a report entitled: NTPC Monitoring and Compensation Options of Losses in Fish Catch Downstream NT2 Powerhouse (December 2004). Preferences for compensation are outlined, including aquaculture development, and will form the basis for ongoing consultations and the identification of viable and sustainable compensation for hinterland households. 6.8.2 Downstream of the Dam Consultations An initial survey of a 21-village sample of downstream of the dam communities was undertaken as part of the Riparian Study in 2004. This survey involved discussions with villagers and presentation of the project and its potential impacts. As with hinterland villages, fisheries impacts are the most important (if not the only) potential impact of the Nam Thuen 2 Project. More detailed consultations are ongoing in a 7-village sample that takes into account different village locations, ethnic composition and resource uses. The schedule for these ongoing consultations is presented in Table 6-4. Table 6-4: Downstream of the Dam Consultation Schedule for January 2005 Date Village Name Activity 19 Jan 05 Lak Sao Training District Officers 20 Jan 05 1 Sene Oudom Participatory Consultation 25 Jan 05 2 Nong Song (Ban Thong) Participatory Consultation 25 Jan 05 3 Vang Ko Participatory Consultation 22 Jan 05 4 Phon Thong Participatory Consultation 24 Jan 05 5 Phon Lom Participatory Consultation 26 Jan 05 6 Lak 5 Participatory Consultation 23 Jan 05 7 Na dua (Phiyath) Participatory Consultation Preliminary results of this consultation indicate the following concerns and proposals of the consulted villagers: · Villagers request that they be given more detailed information on the possible impacts; · Villagers would be very interested to participate in the monitoring of fisheries impacts of the project; · Villagers request that the impacts are fully and properly assessed and compensated for by the Project During these conduct of theses consultations, it was also noted that there are current environmental problems, related mainly to gold mining and a quarry situated on a river, which are already impacting fish catch, possibly up to 50 %, and that the these should be considered when assessing any actual impatc of the NT2 project When asked to review the possible compensation options, in the event that their fisheries are impacted, the villagers suggested the following possibilities · Provision of breeding cattle and veterinary assistance · Assistance to improve the management and productivity of the natural fisheries · Assistance and training to develop handicrafts and small-businesses; and · Where irrigation was available, assistance to develop aquaculture programs. A full report of this sample and analysis will be available at the end of January. The finding will form the basis for the compensation package and the next round of consultations. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas 6.9 REGIONAL AND NATIONAL PARTICIPATION At the regional level PCPD has sought to provide a forum for the exchange of information and ideas between NTPC representatives, GoL, and regional stakeholders - that is community leaders, district agencies, provincial agencies, local businesses and contractors. Since May 1996, a continual dialogue has been maintained between NTPC and the regional stakeholders. These activities have been held in the district and provincial centres, as the target audiences require. These meetings and workshops represent the implementation of Phases 1 and 2, disseminating information as it becomes available from commissioned studies, and providing a forum for discussion of issues, and concerns raised as a result. In particular, the regional program provides an additional channel to the regional stakeholders and interested parties for communication of villagers' concerns that are identified at the local level to the regional stakeholders. The program for these workshops continues as further issues are raised and results achieved in order to promote joint problem-solving and identification of complimentary regional development goals. Documentation of the proceedings, including invitation and participation lists, handouts and presentation materials, and comments and questions raised at the meetings has been made available to the participants. Table 6-3 shows the Summary of PCP Events at the Regional Level. National PCPD has involved an intensive program of information briefings and workshops based in Vientiane since May 1996. STEA (formally STENO) is responsible for overseeing the proceedings, as they proceed in accordance with WB Directives. The impetus for these events has largely focused on dissemination of information, and responses to three GOL commissioned studies (Study of Alternatives, Economic Analysis, and the Nakai-Nam Theun NBCA Management Plan), as well as the EAMP and the RAP. To further facilitate accessibility to information and public consultation, an NT2 Public Information Center was opened in the STEA office, Vientiane, in March of 1997. The Draft RAP of May 1997 was widely made available at the national level and was the subject of a 2-day consultation workshop in Vientiane in June 1997. Comments received on the Draft RAP are reflected in this report. Recipients of the RAP and the EAMP reports issued by NTPC in 1998 will have opportunity to further comment and make suggestions, which will be considered prior to the final commitment to the programs contained in the reports. A national level workshop to consider the RAP and EAMP was held at the beginning of 1999 and the results were issued in a separate report, originally as an addendum to the RAP. Subsequently, these comments have been incorporated into this revised SDP. The summary of PCP Events at the National Level is presented in Annex 6-3. 6.10 INTERNATIONAL LEVEL PARTICIPATION National workshops and information briefings have also addressed many of the needs of the international stakeholders. Participation of the international media in the national consultation program and the local representation of many international NGOs and international aid and development organizations have ensured the Project a place in the international arena. While the WB has no specific directives on the need for international participation, project representatives have attended or participated in numerous conferences addressing international issues related to the Project. Annex 6-4 presents the Summary of PCP Events at the International Level. 6.11 COMMENTS AND CONCERNS RAISED AT 2004 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS The goal of the international workshops held in Bangkok, Tokyo, Paris and Washington DC (August 30- September 10, 2004) was to allow international stakeholders, including NGOs, governments and donors, to voice their opinions and concerns in relation to the current plans and to incorporate any relevant concerns. A number of presentations were made specifically on project impacts, mitigation, the consultation process and social aspects. Many questions, queries and opinions were expressed during the discussions on a wide range of issues. Below a table summarises concerns and issues raised that are related directly to aspects of the SDP. Full records from the international workshops are available in the moderators' reports and news releases that have been produced for each of the workshops. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas There are a number of important issues that were raised during the discussions at the workshops and the following aspects will be acted upon in order to enhance existing plans and initiatives: · Organising of visits by concerned groups from Pak Mun in order to allow open discussions and interaction between affected persons from NE Thailand and NT2 project affected persons ­ the aim would be to allow the exchange of information and improve resettlement plans; · Completion of studies on markets for agricultural produce and starting additional studies in order to obtain a better understanding of potential markets for cash crops in the region and ensure income for resettlers; · Inconsistencies in the document regarding population figures, reservoir size and other aspects in the SDP, SEMFOP-1 and SESIA, will be made clear; · Completion of analysis regarding fisheries for the NT2 reservoir and XBF downstream; · Enactment of a decree which will clearly ensure that the land and forest resources of the Resettlement area, and the fisheries resources in the reservoir, are for the exclusive use of the plateau resettlers; · Further investigation of the potential to raise buffaloes in the new resettlement areas, and drawdown zone. More generally, the workshops allowed the GoL and NTPC to better assess the general opinion on, and the level of preparedness of, the Project's social plans. It also emphasized the need for continuous monitoring during the implementation period. Some SDP related Concerns and Issues raised during the 2004 International Workshops (non exhaustive) are shown in Annex 6-5. 6.12 INTEGRATION OF COMMENTS RAISED BY INTERNATIONAL REVIEWS The following Table presents some of the most important aspects raised by a number of reviews by international bodies and consultants. These include issues raised during the annual missions by the Panel of Experts (POE). A full presentation of comments raised by the POE and the International Advisory Groups is given in Appendix E in Part 1 of the SDP. Table 6-5: Project Responses to IAG, POE and Other International Reviews of Social and Resettlement Documents and Plans. Issues Raised Integration into Project Development International Advisory Group Resettlement activities should commence NTPC has committed to proceeding with the resettlement of a Pilot ASAP (possibly under a Pilot Village), and not Resettlement Village. be further delayed by overall Project delays Panel of Experts visit 2 Incentives should be developed for out- GOL has decided not to encourage out-migration as such, but rather a migration of NBCA population to stem combined program of (a) in-situ livelihood development program developed pressures of population growth to help reach a sustainable level of development in the NBCA without threatening the biodiversity of the area, (b) discouragement of in-migration to resettlement areas that could threaten the initial success of the resettlement program, and (c) develop family planning to mange population growth. Bussing of labor for Dam Construction EAMP (Chapter 15) addresses potential environmental and social impacts of construction workers and spontaneous settlement population by adopting this approach and thus relocating the work camps to less sensitive areas. More socio-economic surveys and pioneering The Concession Agreement outlines plans to conduct baseline and subsequent planning for the middle and lower Xe Bangfai socio-economic and health surveys of villages located along the Xe Bangfai. The SDP details plans for these socio-economic surveys and for other studies of specific issues relating to the NT2 Project and the XE BANGFAI. Panel of Experts visit 3 RAP can be used as an incentive for NTPC recognizes the potential for Nakai Plateau resettlement experience to population movement out of the NBCA act as an incentive for NBCA communities to relocate there, however this will only be considered once the Plateau Resettlers are established and the RAP has proved successful. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Issues Raised Integration into Project Development Panel of Experts visit 4 Social and Environmental expertise required NTPC has strengthened its capability on and expertise in terms of social and for the Project be identified and developed environmental planning and Management. without delay The Concession Agreement allocates considerable funding for the hiring of TA and the development of local expertises, as part of the RMU and EMU. Monitoring program of current fish migrations A Xe Bangfai Fisheries CPUE is ongoing, and more are planned. and fishing activities be initiated by the 1999- 2000 dry season at the latest World Bank PCPD Review by Barbara Franklin (1997) A Senior Full-Time Social Scientist is required A Social Specialist has been involved in PCPD Team training and developing a for PCPD Planning and Management PCPD plan, and will continue, with a full time appointment for the Phase 2 consultation process, and the relocation period. Village facilitators need to be identified and In the Plateau villages, Village Resettlement Committees have been formed to smaller group discussions pursued for better coordinate village activities and continue village consideration and planning representation of stakeholders for resettlement for integration into the RAP. Focus group discussions and individual interviews with villagers are ongoing in order to identify further village facilitators. PCPD techniques incorporate small group discussions to ensure representation of all gender, ethnic and generational groups PCPD Teams should be ethnic and gender PCPD Teams have always comprised ethnic - Brou, Lao Kaleung, Phu Thai representative of the stakeholder populations and sometimes Vietic - and women groups. Messages and materials need to be developed Extensive planning has produced materials that are targeted for the various more specifically for target audiences stakeholders, in particular posters, pictures, diagrams, drawings, videos and other means to take account of the literacy levels of the populations. PCPD Teams require further training In advance of the 1998 PCPD program, the Senior Social Scientist gave training in participation techniques in 1997 and 1998. Further training is proposed for the RMO and RMU teams, and others involved in the resettlement process. 6.13 PHASE III ­ DISCLOSURE 6.13.1 Main Stages of Disclosure The continued process of consultation is key to the finalisation of the social and resettlement safeguards documents and implementation plans. At various key stages in this development, documents have been released to the general public for comments and translations have been made into Lao and Thai. The following sections of what has now become the SDP were released to the pubic or posted on the NTPC Internet site prior to 2004. This includes several earlier versions of the SDP (then called the Draft Resettlement Action Plan) released in May 1997 and subsequently at the beginning of 1999 (1998 version of the RAP), was available as a hard copy and via electronic mail. ). Other reports on local consultations and reviews and evaluations related to various social aspects of the project. 6.13.2 Disclosure Prior to Appraisal For the period prior to Appraisal, consultations will be ongoing regarding detailed project planning. This will occur at three levels and at each level the appropriate documents will be made public. Local level: The consultation at the local level will primarily be conducted by recurrent, interactive workshops and presentations, backed up by the provision of translated summaries of sections of the RAP and EMDP in Lao, and the placement of posters illustrating expected project impacts. National: This includes consultation with national NGOs and mass organizations; GoL authorities involved with the implementation activities and other GoL stakeholders, as well as the general public. This has been done primarily by workshops and presentations with translations of summaries of the available documents. For the GoL organizations involved with implementation (including STEA who reviews and clear the documents for GoL) there has been interactive reviews and training processes, along with the distribution of operational manuals for Project implementation based on the Concession Agreement and Safeguards documents. International: This has included consultation with donors, international NGOs, and Thai stakeholders. It involved several public meetings (in Vientiane, Bangkok, Tokyo, Paris, and January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Washington). Prior to these events, the English form of the advanced draft version of supporting safeguards documents and summaries/extracts of major contracts were made available, along with a Thai and Japanese versions of the summary safeguard document (SESIA), on the Project website www.namtheun2.com. Updated documents or sections of documents will continue to be posted on this website, as they become available. 6.13.3 Disclosure at Appraisal In order to meet the requirements for disclosure, the affected people have been informed about the project scope, impacts and resettlement and rehabilitation options. Information has been given to the affected people in the form of posters and brochures. They have been made available to affected people and all project stakeholders a full 120 days before board of directors consideration for approval (to meet the US ED requirement). At this time the GoL implementers (including STEA who will review and clear the document) will have a full translation of the revised document. Further disclosure for the local project affected people continues through an information and outreach program, making the Lao documents available to them. The remainder of the groups will be provided a full revised version of the document in the appropriate language. See Table 6-6 for an indicative summary schedule of consultations leading to disclosure. 6.13.4 Revision and Final Disclosure for Implementation After appraisal and board approval, any required revisions will be made to project planning documents, and then these documents will be made available to the various stakeholders. Of particular importance are the GoL implementers and the project-affected people who will be given a full Lao translation. The project-affected people will also have the services of an information and outreach program available to them. The remainder of the groups will be provided a revised full version of the document in the appropriate language. 6.13.5 Public Information Dissemination to the General Public Table 5-6 presents the main stakeholder groups, or audiences, who will participate in the final consultation and disclosure process for social and resettlement documents and plans, ranging from local PAPs, GoL stakeholders and implementers, national organisations, the general public and the international audience. This table also indicates the general type of consultation and disclosure to be undertaken with each audience, ranging from information and outreach programs with local PAPs to the provision of full English, and full or summary Lao translations of all relevant documents. Past Activities (mostly since June 2002 and conducted jointly by GOL and NTPC) were aimed at developing general Public awareness of the Project and its role to alleviate poverty in Laos. A major Symposium was organized in Vientiane on July 3, 2002 by GOL, numerous site visits were conducted for diplomats, media and NGO communities, the Project website (www.namtheun2.com) was updated, GOL website was created, and various communications supports (brochures, leaflets and news releases on various topics) were produced and widely distributed. Such public awareness strategy will continue with the following activities: 6.13.6 Information Centres Information Centres will be established in defined location of the various project affected areas as well as in Vientiane to promote information exchange from the earliest stages of the project implementation. A first Information Centre and Forum will be established in NTPC's Vientiane office in early 2005, displaying safeguards documents in English and summaries in Lao language, a Project small-scale model, and a video. Two other Information Centres including discussion Forums are being established in Thakhek, and Nakai. To assist in the implementation of such information centres and forum in these areas more directly affected by the project (in particular Nakai Plateau), the Lao Women's Union (LWU) will play a decisive organizational role as it is probably the key grass-roots level information network immediately available in the Lao PDR. Their active involvement in the establishment and day-to-day functioning of these centres will be aiding information flow between villagers and the project authorities. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas With information flowing to the Project managers and their consultants, more timely management of emerging issues will then be effected. Feedback from Project to communities will also be facilitated through the LWU and the provincial authorities. Other than the LWU, key provincial and district officials and key villagers / local organizations will be identified to serve as the junction between the Project and the PAP, through Information Centres and Forums. These permanent Centres and Forums will be established just after the completion of village-by-village Disclosure and Consultations. 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Key messages are diffused to the media via NTPC's designated spokespersons through press, radio or TV interviews and reports. In addition, several key media have been identified and will be regularly updated with the Project progress. These are: · International agencies: AFP (Hanoi office), Reuters (Bangkok Office) · Thai press: Bangkok Post, The Nation (Thai and English editions) · Lao agencies and press: KPL, Vientiane Times · Radio: Radio Free Asia, Voice of America · TV: BBC, TV5, NHK · Others 6.13.8 Project Video Documentaries Using digital technology and sophisticated editing and simulation tools, a 20 minutes comprehensive overview (including technical, social, environmental aspects) of the project has been prepared in January 2004. It has been used as a basic support for project general presentation in the project Information Centres. A 5 minute video summary and separate technical simulations has also been produced in formats easily up loadable for the Project website. Video documentary of the 2004 local consultations along the Xe Bangfai have also been prepared, picturing some various sessions of discussion among villagers on a random basis, and describing the overall process and principles used for the transparent, balanced and meaningful consultations with PAPs. 6.13.9 Translation Because of the international, multi- stakeholder and somewhat complex nature of the project, all documents have been originally drafted, reviewed and revised in English. However, while key GoL counterpart to the project developers can work in and read English, many GoL staff, and certainly most, if not all, local villagers cannot. Thus, translation of all relevant extracts from the project safeguard and social and resettlement documents, a full translation of Schedule 4.1 of the Concession Agreement, and the production of adapted communications materials such as power point presentations, manuals for local facilitators and posters have been crucial features of the consultation and disclosure process. 6.14 IMPLEMENTATION STAGE ­ CONSULTATION PROCESS Consultation process will continue during implementation and institutional arrangements will be in place to ensure that ethnic issues are considered during implementation and monitoring. When considering implementation it is necessary to examine the following aspects: · Existing village organisations and structures and what roles these will have in consultations and implementation arrangements for resettlement and monitoring · Ethnic representation in leadership and the strengthens and weakness of leadership in general · Institutional arrangement for carrying out consultations and monitoring · Consideration of funds (budget arrangements) and schedule for continued consultations 6.14.1 Role of Village Leadership The role of leadership in the consultation and planning processes needs to be considered in light of economic, social and political power which have considerable influence in project decision-making and the sharing of project benefits. As with the Nakai Plateau, the concept of leadership and power are complex with different ways of influencing that often overlap, complement or offer competitive leadership. There are formal political structures and the second one is the informal structures, including positions of traditional/ritual, economic and political influence. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 26 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas 6.14.2 Formal Village Structures The formal village structures in the downstream are similar to those on the Nakai Plateau. These consist of the following positions: · The village headman (nai ban or phau ban) · The assistant headman (hong nai ban) and the representative (kamakan) · Section Leaders and Assistants (hua na nway and hong nway) · Council of Village Elders (thau khun) · Advisory Councils for Disputes (san kai kia) · The Development Front (niaw hom) · The Youth Organization (sao num) · The Village Militia · The Lao Women's Union (LWU - sahaphan maeying lao) As was the case with the Nakai Plateau, many of these organisations are not functioning or not fulfilling their designated role. In addition, some people may occupy more than one position since the needs for particular roles may be limited. Support from the districts and provinces varies, but in general the more remote the village, the fewer activities there are that promote development. There is a need for strengthening leadership to deal with impacts, mitigation and monitoring as well as for the RMU to carry on with consultations. Consultations with leaders are not enough, however, since this does not ensure the spread of information throughout the communities. 6.14.3 Leadership and Ethnicity There has not been a detailed survey of leadership and ethnicity in the downstream villages. However, a number of discussions and consultations have been held since 1997 and recent interviews with leaders in selected villages in 2003, confirms that leadership of minority villages is Brou or Makong. One does not find Lao Loum leaders for Brou villages. There are several reasons for this: · The level of education of the villagers and the leadership is higher in the downstream due to educational facilities being more prevalent and of a better standard than the Nakai Plateau · Most Brou villages are predominantly Brou (mono-ethnic) and others who marry into the village have children that are Brou ­ location determines ethnicity for the most part. The exceptions are new villages and urban centres, both of which tend to be mixed ethnically and have leadership comprising different ethnic groups · Communities in the downstream have been relatively stable unlike the melting-pot culture of the Nakai Plateau and the in-migration of the dominant Lao Loum who monopolize services and the government sector 6.14.4 Informal Village Structures As with the Nakai Plateau, there are informal village structures which play a role in the decision-making process in the villages of the downstream. These consist of leading families or clans, ritual leaders and Party members. These informal structures are intertwined with formal positions of authority, often overlapping but in some cases competing for power and prestige at the local level. In traditional societies, political, economic, social and ritual (religious) power and influence were often concentrated. This appears to be the case in all villages, regardless of ethnicity. 6.14.5 Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses As with livelihood systems, organizational strengths and weaknesses are dependent on available services, infrastructure and, as a result, degree of integration into the market economy rather than being determined by ethnicity. The ability of leaders to mobilize the social capital of villages depends on the education levels of villages and available technology. Well-established Brou villages along the XBF have higher levels of production and higher standards of living compared to recently established or smaller Lao Kaleung villages in adjacent areas. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas 6.14.6 Language and Communication Issues Education levels are considerably higher in the downstream than on the Nakai Plateau. Since education is only in the Lao language, one can also assume that the ethnic minorities in the downstream have a better knowledge of spoken and written Lao than on the Plateau. During numerous field visits, there was no Brou villager encountered who do not have a good working knowledge of Lao. The Brou have been living along side the Lao, Phou Thay and other Tai-Lao groups for centuries and Lao is the common language between groups. Consultations in the Lao language for all ethnic groups, including the Brou and Khmu, is an acceptable approach for determining the details of compensation, implementation and monitoring. However, focus groups discussions led by locally trained facilitators are in local languages and dialects in order to facilitate better communication and open discussions among villagers. Main discussion and feedback from local group discussions will be in the Lao language. In the case of Brou villages, most people are fluent in both Brou and Lao, so translations of questions, discussions or more challenging aspects can easily be translated during consultations, if so required. 6.14.7 Communication Materials At least 31 percent of the surveyed population in the downstream were reported as illiterate and possibly others do not have good writing and reading skills. Consultation materials, thus, include diagrams, photos and drawings to make sure all stakeholders are able to understand the key aspects of compensation and monitoring. 6.14.8 Gender Issues Gender segregation is necessary to ensure that women's concerns are heard and taken into account, given the fact that men tend to dominate discussions and have more experience dealing with the outside world beyond the village. Both the 1997 consultations and the ongoing 2004 include gender-segregated sessions. The Lao Women's Union (LWU) has an important role to play in ensuring and encouraging women's participation in decision-making processes regarding the NT2 project. The fact that the LWU is integrated into the Resettlement Management Unit and several members have had considerable experience during the first round of consultations, should ensure that a gender-sensitive approach to planning is carried out. 6.15 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONSULTATIONS (a) Village Facilitators A number of challenges arise from the analysis of leadership, ethnicity and present circumstances of villages in the downstream areas in relation to the consultations process. As with the Nakai Plateau, a mechanism is necessary to ensure that all groups partake in the consultation process. Since the performance of leadership varies and the relationship between the different formal and informal structures is complex, an institutional arrangement must include a balanced organisation that represents the diverse interests of communities. This organisation requires training and support in order for the consultation process to continue onto implementation and monitoring phases of the Project. One conclusion of the earlier consultation experiences was the need for a representative body at the village level that would work with district government organisations and line agencies, RMU/DRWGs and various experts and advisors at the local level. This would be in addition to the Village Resettlement Committee (VRC) that is composed of formal leadership positions and villagers with skills in agricultural and economics. It was decided by project planners that the composition of this group should reflect the various interest groups at the local level and thus aim to ensure that all stakeholders would be represented. One important task of the First Round of the 2004 Consultations was to obtain agreement at each village for the selection of this body of 10 persons to act as Village Facilitators for each affected village. The general composition consists of the following elements and balances: · Village Leaders and traditional leaders (formal and informal leadership balance) · Male and female members (gender balance) · Elderly, middle-aged (able-bodied adults) and youth members (age balance) January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas · Members of all ethnic groups (ethnic/language balance) · Members with good communication skills and illiterates (education balance) Groups of village facilitators were selected and then immediately trained to perform their first task, that is, consultations about the NT2 project following one-day of training, and under the supervision of Consultation Experts in both Nakai Plateau and downstream villages. The role of these facilitators will be to conduct consultations in the future and to act as an intermediary between formal organisations, including the VRC and RMU and affected villagers and their concerns. (b) Training and Supervision of Consultation Process From the point of view of ethnicity, it is necessary to introduce a number of measures to ensure that ethnic issues are always included in the consultation process during implementation and monitoring. The following measures will be carried out:: · Training of RMU and DRWGs in ethnic awareness as part of the ongoing consultation process ­ need to `mainstream' ethnic issues. · Continued support for Village Facilitators and strengthening their role in the consultation process ­ need to have meetings and workshops to encourage and monitoring their involvement. · Supervision of the consultations process by International Community Development and Ethnic Manager and Lao Assistants on NTPC staff. · Independent monitoring unit and the POE need to pay special attention to the performance of local GoL organisations in relation to ethnic issues. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 29 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Annex 6-1: NT2 Response to Villager Proposals from XBF Mainstream Villages Consultations (2004) 1: LIVELIHOOD ISSUES Proposals Within the Scope of the Project A: Already under the present CA and SDP # SDP Chapter-Section reference villages Mahaxai i To develop fish ponds 21 Section 7.12 ii To have fund for livestock raising (low int. loan) 3 Section 7.12.3, except that grants may be provided, not loans, as part of fisheries loss compensation. iiiNeed to be trained in fish raising 2 Section 7.12 iv To compensate fishing loss with new occupation 1 Section 7.12 v Need agriculture skill training 1 Section 7.12 vi Need to have fish pond 1 Section 7.12 Xe Bangfai i To compensate with village fish pond (wetlands 12 Section 7.12 ?) ii Need to clear land for new garden 2 Section 7.13 Nongbok i To have village fish pond 26 Section 7.12 ii To have family fish pond 7 Section 7.12 iiiTo have fund & technician (fish production) 5 Section 7.12 iv To have fish in rice field raising 4 Section 7.12 v To have rice and vegetable seeds 4 Section 7.13 (for vegetable seeds only) vi To have fish fingerlings 3 Section 7.12 vii To be trained in fish raising 3 Section 7.12 Xaibouly i To have village fish pond 26 Section 7.12 ii To have family fish pond 7 Section 7.12 iiiTo provide rice and crop seeds 4 Section 7.13 (for vegetable seeds only) iv To be trained & have permanent extension 4 Chapters 6 and 7 worker v To raise fish in rice field / cage with fish 3 Section 7.12 fingerlings B: To be considered during detailed Planning # Conditions for inclusion villages Mahaxai i To clear new or additional paddy field 10 If/where chosen as a fisheries compensation options, and if feasible and cost effective. ii Need skill training centre in the village 1 Training will be given, but no 'centre' established. Xe Bangfai i Need permanent, reliable irrigation system of a 15/16 If/where chosen as a fisheries compensation option, good (working) standard and if feasible and cost effective; or where required for watering relocated riverside gardens. ii To compensate rice field (if affected) 2 If demonstrated that affected by Project. iiiNeed to have fish cages 1 If/where chosen as a fisheries compensation options and if feasible (may not be due to Sunday drawdown) iv Need revolving fund (livestock, handicraft ...) 1 If/where chosen as a fisheries compensation option, and if feasible and cost effective. v Need to clear and develop a dry season rice area 1 " as above" Nongbok i To clear permanent cultivated land 11 If/where chosen as a fisheries compensation options, and if feasible and cost effective. ii To reduce the electricity cost for irrigation 5 Electricity subsidies are being considered for the pumping fisheries & riverbank garden compensation programs i To have village revolving fund 5 If/where chosen as part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 30 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas ii To have new pasture land 4 "as above" iiiTo expand dry season area 2 "as above" iv To raise fish in cage 2 "as above" v To compensate fish pond for garden lost 1 If required by PAP, although Project intends to replace gardens by gardens, and ponds are in the fisheries compensation. Xaibouly i The GOL to reduce electricity cost for irrigation 5 The fisheries and garden compensation program pumping may subsidise electricity for irrigation for a period of about 5 years (under review). i To assist clearing permanent agricultural land 3 If/where chosen as a fisheries compensation options, and if feasible and cost effective. ii To have agriculture and livestock areas 2 "as above" iiiTo expand dry season rice area 2 "as above" 2: EDUCATION ISSUES Proposals Within the Scope of the Project A: Already under the present CA and SDP # SDP Chapter-Section reference villages n.a. B: To be considered during detailed Planning # Conditions for inclusion villages n.a. C: Proposals not within Scope of the Project # Explanation villages Mahaxai i Need village school 12 Schools not impacted by project, or considered as compensation option. Xe Bangfai i Need village school 6 Schools not impacted by project, or considered as compensation option. Nongbok i To have standard school 17 Schools not impacted by project, or considered as compensation option. ii To have village kindergarten 2 "as above" Xaibouly i To have primary school 17 Schools not impacted by project, or considered as compensation option. ii To have sport ground and accessories 4 "as above" 3: HEALTH ISSUES Proposals Within the Scope of the Project A: Already under the present CA and SDP # SDP Chapter-Section reference villages Mahaxai i To develop water well or underground well 10 Section 7.14 ii Ned to have clean water supply 8 Section 7.14 iiiTo provide rain water jars 6 Section 7.14 Xe Bangfai Nongbok i To build water well & underground well 20 Section 7.14 ii To have safe & clean water supply 18 Section 7.14 iiiTo have medicine during flood period 5 Section 7.7 iv To have health personnel in the village 1 Section 7.7 Xaibouly i To dig well or underground well 20 Section 7.14 ii To have clean water supply system 18 Section 7.14 iiiTo have health officer and medicine during flood 5 Section 7.7 (proposal requires clarification) B: To be considered during detailed Planning # Conditions for inclusion January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 31 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas villages Mahaxai i Need village clinic 17 Some villages - dependant on detailed planning and implementation of Regional Health Plan. Xe Bangfai i Need village Clinic 7 "as above" Nongbok i To have village Clinic 21 "as above" ii To build village water supply 5 If/where chosen as a domestic water compensation option, and if feasible. Xaibouly i To have health centre (with staff) 21 "as above" C: Proposals not within Scope of the Project # Explanation villages Mahaxai i To provide toilet 10 Defecation practices not impacted by Project. Xe Bangfai i To provide toilet 14 Defecation practices not impacted by Project. Nongbok i To provide toilet 11 Defecation practices not impacted by Project. Xaibouly i To provide toilets 11 Defecation practices not impacted by Project. 4: INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES Proposals Within the Scope of the Project A: Already under the present CA and SDP # villages SDP Chapter-Section reference Mahaxai i Make a permanent pump station, or move up the 9 Section 7.16 (if impacted by erosion), Sections 7.12 bank and 7.13 (if part of fisheries-garden compensation). ii To build bank protection along XBF 8 Section 7.5 (where erosion due to Project impact). Xe Bangfai i To move the pump house up the bank of the river 1 "as above" Nongbok i To repair pumps when damaged flooded 2 Section 7.5 (but only in order to ensure compensation options work). ii To build/repair flood gates along the river 2 Section 7.6 Xaibouly i To have bamboo ferries to cross the river 3 Section 7.15 ii Need a bridge over Xe Noy 1 Section 7.15 B: To be considered during detailed Planning # Conditions for inclusion villages Mahaxai i Need bridge over the village stream 10 If present bridge is affected by the Project. ii To build new stairs (access) down to the river 10 If eroded or otherwise affected by the Project, or included in the riverbank protection program. iiiNeed to have suspension bridge across the river 6 Only considered for prime populations centres - across Nam Phit mouth, and at old Mahaxai. iv Need to have a bridge across Nam Phit 1 "as above" v Need road to pasture land 1 If required for fishers compensation program. vi To compensate for loss of sand / gravel mining 1 If livelihood or income affected. (Pova Neua, a couple of families) Xe Bangfai i Need to have flood dyke 5 Dependant on study of Projects impacts of floods. ii Need sluice gate and bridge over stream 4 If required as part of fishers compensation program (or part of flood control - dependant on study). iiiThe GOL to decrease electricity rate for irrigation 2 If/where chosen as a fisheries compensation option, pumping and if feasible and cost effective. ii To build bank erosion protection at critical areas 1 If demonstrated to be affected by Project. iv Need a bridge over Tad Kham stream 1 Only if current dry season crossing affected by Project. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 32 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas v Need a bridge over Say Phay stream 1 "as above". Nongbok i To build protection dyke along the river 21 Dependant on study of Projects impacts of floods. ii To build good, standard irrigation system 23 If/where part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. iv To install new pumping station 6 If/where part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. v To have bamboo ferry across XBF 3 If XBF flows from NT2 impact the current ability to cross river, and in which season. vi To build village reservoir 1 If/where chosen as part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. vii To have water delivery pipes 1 If/where chosen as part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. Xaibouly i To have flood dyke along the river 20 Dependant on study of Projects impacts of floods. ii To have good, standard irrigation system 23 If/where chosen as part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. iiiTo install new pumps 6 If/where chosen as part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. iv To establish the village information boards 7 As required, in order to inform about Project. v To install flap gates in all tributaries 2 If/where chosen as part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation, or flooding control program. vi To fix the pumps if damaged by flooding 2 If/where pumps are chosen as part of fisheries or riverbank garden compensation. vii To have drainage pipe to drain to the river 1 Dependant on study of Projects impacts of floods. C: Proposals not within Scope of the Project # Explanation villages Mahaxai i Need earth to fill village road, or build village 14 Village access not a NT2 compensation program. road ii Install electricity to the village, to be used for 8 GOL/WB Project already addresses this issue. pumping iiiTo explode rapids (easier navigation, flood 3 Navigation to be made easier by NT2 Project. minimization) iv Excavate cut through river where too much zig- 2 Not part of NT Construction program. zag v Need pipe culverts 2 Village access not an NT2 compensation program. vi Need village office 1 Not impacted by NT2 Project, and not part of compensation program. vii Need 3 phase electricity for village business 1 GOL/WB Project already addresses this issue. expansion viiiTo excavate 'straight' after the Nam Phit 1 Not part of NT Construction program. confluence ix Need telephone in the village 1 Not impacted by NT2 Project thus no compensation. x To expand river size at Padek rapid 1 Not part of NT Construction program. xi Need to build a pagoda hall 1 Not impacted by NT2 Project thus no compensation. xii To have village sport stadium 1 Not impacted by NT2 Project thus no compensation. Xe Bangfai i Need road to the village 11 Village access not NT2 compensation program ii Need to have electricity to the village 9 GOL/WB Project already addresses this issue. iiiTo have bridge over XBF river 3 Not part of NT Construction program, iv To explode Keng Xoy rapid 2 Not part of NT Construction program, Nongbok i To build bank protection 20 Project not likely to cause erosion in this XBF section ii To build village road 19 Village access not impacted by NT2 Project, iiiTo build step to river bank 4 Not impacted by NT2 Project. iv To build bridge across a XBF tributary 3 Not impacted by NT2 Project. v To build village market 2 Not impacted by NT2 Project. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 33 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Xaibouly i To build bank protection 20 Project not likely to cause erosion in this XBF section ii To have road between villages 19 Village access not impacted by NT2 Project. iiiTo have access track to the river bank 4 Current access not impacted by NT2 Project. iv To build bridge across XBF tributary (if flooded) 3 Only if current dry season crossing are affected by the Project - not likely. v To compensate bank erosion even 5 years after 1 Project not likely to cause erosion in this XBF running the power section vi To install electricity along the road to the village 1 GOL/WB Project already addresses this issue. vii To have live saving boat during the flood 1 NT2 Project not affecting floods in terms of 'increased threat to life' and thus compensation not applicable. 5: GENERAL ISSUES Proposals Within the Scope of the Project A: Already under the present CA and SDP # villages SDP Chapter-Section reference Mahaxai Xe Bangfai i Wish NT2 to start quickly 2 Dependant on WB and ADB approval Nongbok i To compensate according to loss 12 Chapter 7 ii The Project to start soonest 6 Dependant on WB and ADB approval iiiTo mitigate unclean water 1 Section 7.14 iv Priority for compensation should focus on those 1 Chapter 7 actually impacted v To ensure same living conditions 1 Chapter 7 vi NT2 staff to follow up support 1 Chapter 6 and 7 Xaibouly i To compensate appropriate to losses 12 Chapter 7 iiiTo conduct impact study soonest possible 1 Chapter 7, 7.20 B: To be considered during detailed Planning # villages Conditions for inclusion Mahaxai i Wish to have jobs with the NT2 project 7 As compensation programs are implemented, priority will be given to local labour and local contractors. ii Need a village loud speaker 1 If/as required, to make announcements re weekend and public holiday shut downs and start ups. iiiNeed skills training to work with NT2 1 If/where chosen as part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. iv To compensate traditional festival benefits on the 1 Compensation or mitigation plans will be to be sand beach developed. Xe Bangfai i To have village information centre 8 If required, for information abut the Project. ii Need to work with NT2 (new job) 4 A very few permanent jobs may be available (monitoring etc), but many temporary jobs during program implementation Nongbok iiiTo build information board or village office 7 If required, for information about the Project. iiiThe Project employ local villagers 2 As compensation programs are implemented, priority will be given to local labour and local contractors. iv To compensate island lost in the Mekong 1 If part of riverbank gardens compensation program v To help during flood period 1 NT2 Project not affecting floods in terms of 'increased threat to life', so need to clarify proposal. Xaibouly January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 34 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas ii To have village development fund 5 If/where chosen as part of fisheries or river bank garden compensation. iiiTo build bank protection around pagoda 2 If erosion increase is demonstrated to be due to NT2 Project. iv To work with NT2 Project 2 A few permanent jobs may be available (monitoring etc), but many temporary jobs will be available during program implementation. C: Proposals not within the Scope of the Project # villages Explanation Mahaxai i Need to have boat with engine for inter village 1 While NT 2 project will make navigation easier, communication the Project not responsible for lateral transport. Xe Bangfai i To improve tourist sites 1 Not the responsibility of the project Nongbok i To relocate low house along the river 3 Limited rise in river levels in Nongbok section, and no erosion (due to Project) is expected. ii To reduce the fertiliser cost 2 Not impacted therefore not part of NT2 Project Xaibouly i The GOL to reduce fertiliser cost 3 Not impacted therefore not part of NT2 Project ii The GOL to solve villagers' debts to the bank 1 Not impacted therefore not part of NT2 Project iiiThe GOL to guarantee the rice price 1 Not impacted therefore not part of NT2 Poject January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 35 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Annex 6-2: Summary of PCP Events at the Regional Level Date Event May 7, 1996 Pilot Public Consultation meeting for NT2 involving Provincial, District and NTPC officials. Held at Ban Sop On May 27, 1996 Meeting of representatives from NTPC and BPKP with the Deputy Governor of Khammouane Province to discuss resettlement planning. Held in Thakhek September 19-20, 1996 Workshop on National and NT2 Resettlement Policy and Plans. Involved Provincial and District officials, LWU and RMU. Held in Thakhek September 30-31, 1996 Meeting on regional planning for the Public Consultation and Participation Program. Involved WB representative, NTPC, STENO, National Front for Construction, LWU, and Provincial and District Officials. Held in Thakhek December 6-7, 1996 Consultation with Provincial and District officials to obtain feedback on NTPC commissioned studies. NTPC, STENO. Held in Thakhek December 16-17, 1996 Workshop on the Social Effects of Powerhouse Water Release. District and Provincial officials. Held in Ban Gnommalat Neua February 14, 1997 Follow up PCPD Workshop on the Impact of Powerhouse Water Releases. Involved village chiefs and District officials. Held in Ban Gnommalat Neua March 12, 1997 Workshop on the Impact of Powerhouse Water Releases. Involved District officials and NTPC. Held in Mahaxai March 20, 1997 Regional Workshop on the NT2 Project. Information briefing to Provincial and District officials. Held in Ban Gnommalat Neua April 30, 1997 Regional Workshop on scoping and methodology for the RAP and EAMP. Held in Thakhek June 5, 1997 Regional Workshop to discuss draft RAP, Meeting Hall, Ban Oudomsouk June 23, 1997 Regional Workshop to discuss draft EAMP held at the Provincial Meeting Hall, Thakhek Various workshops 2001- Regional Workshops on various issues related to resettlement , pilot village relocation, social present (ongoing) development along the Xe Bangfai and other issues in Thakhek, Nakai, Mahaxai, Gnommalath and Laksao December 2004 Workshop for Resettlement Committee, District Governors and NTPC to discuss village proposals and NTPC/GOL responses January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 36 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Annex 6-3: Summary of PCP Events at the National Level Date Event August 25, 1995 Meeting of NTPC, STENO, DoF (District, Provincial and National), CPAWN, BPKP, WCS, to discuss logging and catchment area management of the Nam Theun Catchment June 6, 1996 NT2 Information Briefing at NTPC office, Vientiane by David Iverach 24 attendees: including GOL ministries agencies, international organizations, NGOs, diplomatic reps, local and international media June 12, 1996 NT2 Information briefing at NTPC office, Vientiane by David Iverach, Eric Noël and Brian McIllree 29 attendees including GOL ministries agencies, international organizations, NGOs, diplomatic reps, local and international media July 6, 1996 NT2 Information Briefing for senior Lao women officials, Lane Xang Hotel, Vientiane NTPC Presenters - David Iverach, Loy Chansavat and Sue Downie August 20, 1996 Nam Theun Information Briefing and Public Relations Seminar for senior members of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Maetrachit State Guest House, Vientiane September 28, 1996 NT2 Information Briefing to members of the Vientiane Executives Evening, Novotel Hotel, Vientiane NTPC Presenters - Brian McIllree and Loy Chansavat November 25, 1996 Internal Consultation Workshop on NT2 Project Area Socio-Economic and Cultural Survey by CARE International November 29, 1996 NT2 Information Briefing for a group of Thai journalists brought to Lao PDR by EGAT, Lane Xang Hotel NTPC Presenter - Loy Chansavat December 18, 1996 NT2 Information Briefing for Lao media representatives, Lane Xang Hotel, Vientiane NTPC Presenters - David Iverach and Loy Chansavat December 27, 1996 NT2 Information Briefing for Lao Women's Union, National Front for Construction and Lao Trade Union Movement NTPC Presenter - Loy Chansavat January 16 -20, 1997 Field trip for Lao media to NT2 project area January 27 - 29, 1997 First National Consultation and Participation Workshop on the three GOL-commissioned studies Jan. 30 - 1 Feb.1997 Field trip for international media and Lao Ambassador to U.S to NT2 project area February 1, 1997 Public release of 7 NTPC-commissioned studies relating to social, environmental and technical aspects of the Project February 19, 1997 Half Day Public Consultation Workshop on the NT2 Project Area Socio-Economic and Cultural Survey by CARE International NT2 Public Information Center, STENO, Vientiane February 19, 1997 Half Day Public Consultation Workshop on the NT2 Hydropower Project Forestry Report by Margules Groome Poyry February 20, 1997 Half Day Public Consultation Workshop on the NT2 Hydropower Project Xe Bangfai Hydrology Assessment by the Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC) February 20, 1997 Half Day Public Consultation Workshop on the Potential Impacts of the NT2 Hydropower Project on the Fish and Aquatic Fauna of the Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai basins by Dr Maurice Kottelat March 21, 1997 Official opening of the NT2 Public Information Center, STENO March 31, 1997 National Public Information Briefing on the NT2 Resettlement action Plan (RAP), Lane Xang Hotel, Vientiane April 1, 1997 National Public Information Briefing on the NT2 Environmental Assessment and Management Plan (EAMP), Lane Xang Hotel, Vientiane May 7, 1997 Public release of Draft Resettlement Action Plan for comments from all interested parties May 7, 1997 National Information and Overview Briefing on the NT2 Project NT2 Public Information Center, STENO May 7, 1997 Public release of 3 NTPC-commissioned studies on health issues May 8 ­ 10, 1997 2nd National Consultation and Participation Workshop on Alternatives Study June 2-3, 1997 National Consultation and Participation Workshop on Draft NT2 RAP NT2 Public Information Center, STENO June 10, 1997 National Consultation and Participation Workshop on Draft NT2 EAMP NT2 Public Information Center, STENO January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 37 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Date Event May 7, 1998 Resettlement Workshop, UNDP, Vientiane attended by Jean-Christophe Delvallet, Loy Chansavat and Stephen Sparkes January 21-22, 1999 National Public Consultation and Participation Workshop on Resettlement Action Plan. January 1999 World Bank PCPD Mission. July 2002 Symposium "Nam Theun 2: A Window to the Future", Vientiane This Symposium was organised in the framework of the Government's Roundtable process, in which the national development policies and strategies are consistently discussed with the international donor community. It followed the submission by EGAT of a finalized version of the Power Purchase Agreement for the project to the Thai attorney General for review. It allowed a wide range of international observers to take stock of all what has been done during the past 12 years to ensure the highest possible success for the Nam Theun 2 project implementation. September 2004 International Stakeholders Workshops' Wrap Up, Vientiane January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 38 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Annex 6-4: Summary of PCP Events at the International Level Date Event August 21, 1996 Sustainable Development Seminar, Sydney NTPC Speaker -Dr David Iverach September 1, 1996 Frontiers of the Public-Private Interface in East Asian Infrastructure Conference - Jakarta, Indonesia. NTPC Speaker - Mr Guido Belgiorno-Nettis September 30, 1996 Developing the Mekong Subregion Conference - Melbourne, Australia NTPC Speaker - Dr David Iverach March 11, 1997 Information Briefing on NT2 Project. Embassy of Lao PDR, Washington D.C. NTPC Speakers - Dr David Iverach & Mr Thomas Philippe March 12, 1997 Information Briefing on NT2 Project. Embassy of Lao PDR, Washington D.C. NTPC Speakers - Dr David Iverach & Mr Thomas Philippe March 13, 1997 Information Briefing on NT2 Project. UN Plaza Hotel, New York NTPC Speakers - Dr David Iverach & Mr Thomas Philippe March 14, 1997 Information Briefing on NT2 Project. Embassy of Lao PDR, Washington D.C. NTPC Speakers - Dr David Iverach & Mr Thomas Philippe April 10 ­11, 1997 IUCN/WB Workshop on Environmental and Social Impacts of Large Dams - Gland, Switzerland NTPC Participants - Dr David Iverach and Mr Thomas Philippe July 3, 2002 `Symposium on NT2 Window to the Future' organized by the GOL linking the development of national policy and strategies and international donor community concerns and issues August 2002 Submission by GOL of a draft National Poverty Eradication Programme (NPEP) to the Donors on the occasion of the UNDP-led Donor Round Table Meeting (RTM) in Vientiane, presenting NT2 as a cornerstone of the country's development May 2003 On the occasion of a mini-RTM, presentation of a second draft of the NPEP emphasizing again the critical importance of NT2 for the country's development and presenting elements on how the Project's revenue to the GOL will be used for poverty alleviation in the country. August-September 2004 International Workshops in Bangkok, Tokyo, Paris and Washington DC attended by Sponsors (EdF and EGCO), NTPC management, technical staff and consultants. Participants in these workshops included WB, ADB and Agence Francaise de Development, international NGOs, foreign governments, potential donors and other interested parties. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 39 Chapter 6: Public Consultation, Participation and Disclosure ­ Downstream Areas Annex 6-5: Some SDP related Concerns and Issues raised during the 2004 International Workshops (non exhaustive). Concerns and Issues Organisations Responses Many promises made by donors and Terra, Thailand The Concession Agreement is legally binding for the company and government for the Pak Mun project in NE and government with income targets. The consultation process is more Thailand were not fulfilled and affected Representatives transparent and involves all stakeholders. (NTPC) persons were not properly compensated. of Concerned GoL invited representatives of Thai villagers affected by dam Groups for Pak project in Thailand to attend the Vientiane Workshop and to visit Mun. the site. (GoL) Fisheries impacts may have not been Terra and Comprehensive studies of the Project impacts on the fisheries have sufficiently studied in particular for the Independent been undertaken. The Project is committed to properly downstream Xe Bangfai area and tributaries experts, compensate the affected people living along the affected portion of Thailand the Xe Bangfai as well as those living in the hinterland, and who also rely on the Xe Bangfai for fisheries. Not enough time was given to review the Friends of the The documentation is extensive but was posted on the web from documents prior to the workshop. Earth, Japan May 2004 onwards and earlier versions have been available since 2002. Further opportunities for comments will be available during the appraisal process.. (NTPC) Logging on the Nakai Plateau has degraded Mekong Logging was undertaken on the Plateau since the mid-1980s but the environment and affected the livelihoods Watch, Japan was discontinued in 1999. The WB has had two full reviews and of the people there from 1996 onwards. concluded that there has been no logging in the community forest (Photographs of logging shown) areas or in the NBCA. (NTPC and WB) Concerns about the livelihood model. 1) How Japan 1) Villagers have decided to stay on the Plateau and this has will the resettlers be able to grow rice? 2) Volunteer implications for their livelihoods. Resettlers are not encouraged to Where are the markets for cash crops? 3) Centre grow rice since it is not economic but the cultural importance of Where are the grazing areas located? rice and food security are recognised. However, in the long-term, alternative crops on irrigated terrace will be developed. (NTPC) 2) Studies are being carried out at present in order to identify the best cash crops for commercial markets in the region. (NTPC) 3) Buffalo is a real issue for income and social status that Project is committed to manage by considering the following facts: Buffalo are to graze in the drawdown zone of the reservoir and in the resettlement zone. (NTPC) Concerns about openness: 1) how is the Novetic, monitoring going to be carried out in an open France and transparent manner? 2) What is the NGO situation in Lao PDR? 3) What is the recourse if funding is inappropriately used or if there is mismanagement of the WMPA? Project cost unclear and there is inconsistency Friend of the 1) Maximum or full supply level (538 masl.) will be 450 sq km. and in the data as presented in the report: 1) Earth, France references to 650 sq km. will be removed. (NTPC) Surface inundated unclear (650 or 450 ref. 2) The number of people to be resettled is estimated based on SESIA?) 2) Number of people to resettled population surveys and projected numbers. The present estimate is unclear (5,700 -6,200) 6,200 people, which includes Project Construction Lands. (NTPC) Number of people affected downstream 3) Livelihood options have been tested and developed since 1996 unclear (40,000 ­ 150,000) 3) Livelihood in the demonstration farms and later in the pilot village. (NTPC) options have not been sufficiently tested and 4) Relevant sections of the CA are already public documents and this involves a high risk for the plan. included in the SDP as an appendix. A summary of the PPA is also 4) Request full disclosure of PPA and CA for presented. (NTPC) public review. 1) What the studies/reviews available on World Wildlife 1) Reports (experiences) from Nam Ngum and Ubon Rattana alternative fisheries for XBF and future fish Fund (WWF), reservoirs form the basis for the analysis of reservoir fisheries and stocks in the reservoir? 2) What is the relation France is presented in Ch. 24. XBF fisheries is still being analysed and will to WCD? be completed before appraisal. (NTFP) 2) The WCD Report does not have any legal status but is a document that has been considered useful by donors and planners for hydropower. Lessons learnt and recommendations have been considered in the revision of safeguard documents. (WB/ADB) Concerns about the sustainability of the Dutch NGO resettlement plan in relation to buffalo grazing and land use. Nam Ngum fisheries experience has shown CNRS The reservoir fisheries association intends to ensure that benefits that it is necessary to exclude outsiders in reach affected communities. A degree will give exclusive rights to order to ensure benefits to the local people. resettlers. (NTPC) Monks should participate in the social French Friends Cultural and religious concerns will be taken into account during development of the Nakai Plateau of Laos the resettlement and there are provisions for improving existing Association temples and establishing new structures at the new sties. (NTPC) January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 40 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas CHAPTER 7 ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN - DOWNSTREAM AREAS Table of Content 7 ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN .......................................................1 7.1 ETHNIC GROUPSIN THEDOWNSTREAM..........................................................................1 7.1.1 Objective of the Plan..........................................................................................................................................1 7.1.2 Definitions of Ethnic Minorities .......................................................................................................................1 7.2 ETHNIC GROUPS IN THEDOWNSTREAM..........................................................................4 7.2.1 Overview of Ethnic Composition along the Xe Bangfai ................................................................................4 7.2.2 Lao or Tai-Lao.....................................................................................................................................................8 7.2.2.1 `Lao Assimilated' .................................................................................................................................8 7.2.2.2 Phou Thay............................................................................................................................................9 7.2.2.3 Lao Kaleung .......................................................................................................................................10 7.2.2.4 Other Tai-Lao Groups......................................................................................................................11 7.2.2.5 Brou....................................................................................................................................................12 7.2.2.6 Other Groups....................................................................................................................................14 7.2.3 Ethnic Groups in the Hinterland Villages......................................................................................................15 7.2.4 Ethnic Groups Downstream of the Dam (Riparian) ....................................................................................16 7.2.5 Integration and Intermarriage..........................................................................................................................19 7.2.5.1 Degree of Integration into Mainstream Economy........................................................................19 7.2.5.2 Degree of Intermarriage ...................................................................................................................19 7.2.5.3 Language and Dialects......................................................................................................................20 7.2.5.4 Integration Case Study 1 ­ Upper XBF..........................................................................................20 7.2.5.5 Integration Case Study 2 ­ Middle XBF.........................................................................................21 7.2.5.6 Integration Case Study 3 ­ Lower XBF..........................................................................................21 7.2.6 Relations with Other Groups...........................................................................................................................22 7.2.7 Belief Systems and Cultural Heritage Issues ..................................................................................................22 7.2.7.1 Overview of Belief Systems .............................................................................................................22 7.2.7.2 Folk Buddhism ..................................................................................................................................22 7.2.7.3 Territorial and Ancestral Spirits .......................................................................................................23 7.2.7.4 Life Cycle Rituals...............................................................................................................................23 7.2.7.5 Moving Houses..................................................................................................................................25 7.2.7.6 Cultural Heritage...............................................................................................................................25 7.3 LIVELIHOOD ANDETHNICITY ALONG THEXE BANGFAI..............................................25 7.3.1 Methodologies...................................................................................................................................................25 7.3.2 Socio-economic Status......................................................................................................................................26 7.3.2.1 Household Income Sources .............................................................................................................26 7.3.2.2 Income in Relation to Ethnicity ......................................................................................................27 7.3.3 Agricultural Production ....................................................................................................................................30 7.3.3.1 Agricultural Production and Ethnicity ............................................................................................31 7.3.3.2 Livestock and Animal Husbandry in the Downstream .................................................................33 7.3.3.3 Livestock Production and Ethnicity................................................................................................34 7.3.4 Fisheries..............................................................................................................................................................38 7.3.4.1 Fisheries and Ethnicity.....................................................................................................................38 7.3.5 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and Ethnicity .................................................................................40 7.3.6 Vulnerable Communities ..................................................................................................................................41 7.3.7 Gender Issues....................................................................................................................................................42 7.4 LOCAL CONSULTATION ANDPARTICIPATION IN THEDOWNSTREAM ..........................42 7.4.1 Consultation Process.........................................................................................................................................42 7.4.2 Review of Local Consultations ........................................................................................................................42 7.4.2.1 PCPD in 1997....................................................................................................................................42 7.4.2.2 PCDP in 2004....................................................................................................................................43 7.4.3 Assessment of `Meaningfulness' of the 1997 Consultations........................................................................43 7.4.3.1 Quality of Discussion or Dialogue ..................................................................................................43 7.4.3.2 Compensation Preferences...............................................................................................................44 7.4.3.3 Affects on Project Design ................................................................................................................45 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 7.4.4 Assessment of `Meaningfulness' of the 2004 Xe Bang Fai Consultations ..................................................45 7.4.4.1 Ethnic Aspects...................................................................................................................................45 7.4.4.2 Recommendations.............................................................................................................................45 7.4.5 Hinterland Village Consultations.....................................................................................................................46 7.4.6 Consultations Downstream of the Dam.........................................................................................................46 7.4.7 Consultation Process ­ Implementation stage...............................................................................................47 7.4.8 Role of Village Leadership...............................................................................................................................47 7.4.8.1 Formal Village Structures .................................................................................................................47 7.4.8.2 Leadership and Ethnicity..................................................................................................................48 7.4.8.3 Informal Village Structures..............................................................................................................48 7.4.8.4 Organizational Strengthens and Weaknesses .................................................................................48 7.4.9 Language and Communication Issues .............................................................................................................48 7.4.9.1 Ethnic Languages ..............................................................................................................................48 7.4.9.2 Communication Materials................................................................................................................48 7.4.9.3 Gender Issues....................................................................................................................................49 7.4.10 Institutional Arrangements for Consultations...............................................................................................49 7.4.10.1 Village Facilitators .............................................................................................................................49 7.4.10.2 Training and Supervision of Consultation Process .......................................................................49 7.5 MITIGATION ANDETHNIC MINORITYISSUES...............................................................50 7.5.1 Approach to Mitigation and Compensation along the Xe Bangfai .............................................................50 7.5.1.1 General Approach.............................................................................................................................50 7.5.1.2 Mitigation/Compensation and Ethnicity........................................................................................50 7.5.2 Mitigation and Livelihood Restoration ...........................................................................................................51 7.5.2.1 Overview of Potential Impacts along the Xe Bangfai ...................................................................51 7.5.2.2 Dry Season Irrigation Potential .......................................................................................................51 7.5.2.3 Changes in Water Quality for Domestic Use .................................................................................52 7.5.2.4 Riverbank Protection........................................................................................................................52 7.5.2.5 Offsetting Possible Loss of Fisheries..............................................................................................52 7.5.2.6 Offsetting Possible Loss of Riverbed Gardens..............................................................................52 7.5.2.7 Mitigation for Loss of Access..........................................................................................................53 7.5.2.8 River safety issues..............................................................................................................................53 7.5.3 Healh...................................................................................................................................................................53 7.5.3.1 Health Service Improvements.........................................................................................................53 7.5.3.2 Cultural health practices...................................................................................................................53 7.5.4 Possible Benefits for Women..........................................................................................................................54 7.5.5 Measures to Protect Cultural Heritage ............................................................................................................54 7.6 INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY.........................................................54 7.6.1 Institutional Arrangements...............................................................................................................................54 7.6.2 Assessment of Capacity....................................................................................................................................55 7.6.2.1 Implications of Village Leadership ..................................................................................................56 7.6.2.2 Community Cooperation..................................................................................................................56 7.6.2.3 Traditional Conflict Resolution .......................................................................................................56 7.6.3 Availability of Funds.........................................................................................................................................57 7.6.4 Assessment of Professional Staff....................................................................................................................57 7.6.5 Ethnic Minorities and Local Organizations...................................................................................................57 7.7 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THEXE BANGFAI.......57 7.7.1 Internal Monitoring System .............................................................................................................................58 7.7.2 Independent External Monitoring...................................................................................................................58 7.7.3 Social Indicators ................................................................................................................................................58 7.8 SCHEDULING ANDFINANCING.......................................................................................59 7.8.1 Social and Ethnic Minority Issues in relation to Implementation Schedule...............................................59 7.8.2 Social and Ethnic Minority Issues in relation to Budget...............................................................................60 List of Tables Table 7-1: Classification of Ethnic Groups in the Downstream........................................................................2 Table 7-2: Ethnic Groups in Relation to Safeguard Policies...............................................................................3 Table 7-3: Overview of Ethnic Groups in Districts along the Xe Bangfai.....................................................4 Table 7-4: Self-nominated Ethnicity of Households along XBF (2003 Ethnicity Survey)..........................4 Table 7-5: Ethnicity in Downstream Villages..........................................................................................................5 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 ii Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-6: Communities and Ethnic Groups in Selections of Khamkeut District .....................................17 Table 7-7: Ethnic Group in the Theun Hinboun Headpond Area..................................................................19 Table 7-8: Overview of Buddhist Rituals................................................................................................................23 Table 7-9: Cash and Imputed Household Income in Downstream Households........................................27 Table 7-10: Ethnic Groups and Income (Income and Totals)in Xe Bangfai Villages (villages marked in yellow should be shaded and in italics)................................................................................................28 Table 7-11: Average Annual Household Crop Production by Zone (in kg)...................................................31 Table 7-12: Village Average Annual Household Crop Production, Sorted by Wet Season Paddy Production...................................................................................................................................................32 Table 7-13: Livestock Production per Household..................................................................................................34 Table 7-14: Village (and Ethnic Group) Livestock Ownership, Sorted by Cow Ownership .....................34 Table 7-15: Village (and Ethnic Group) Livestock Ownership, Sorted by Buffalo Ownership ................36 Table 7-16: Value of Fisheries to Total Household Income by Zone..............................................................38 Table 7-17: Fisheries Income per Village, Sorted for Increasing Total Fisheries Income...........................38 Table 7-18: Vulnerable Communities along the Xe Bangfai................................................................................41 Table 7-19: The Division of Labour...........................................................................................................................42 Table 7-20: Downstream of the Dam Consultation Schedule for January 2005............................................46 Table 7-21: Overview of Livelihood Restoration Strategy...................................................................................51 Table 7-22: GoL Staff Allocation to NT2 Social and Resettlement Activities (as of June 2003)..............55 Table 7-23: Sample Social Monitoring Indicators for the Downstream Area.................................................59 List of Figures Figure 7-1: Ethnic Groups of Villages along the Xe Bangfai...............................................................................7 Figure 7-2: Continuum of Socio-Economic and Cultural Integration...............................................................9 Figure 7-3: The Annual Agricultural Cycle..............................................................................................................31 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 iii Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 7 ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN 7.1 ETHNIC GROUPS IN THEDOWNSTREAM 7.1.1 Objective of the Plan The main objective of this Ethnic Minority Development Plan is to ensure culturally appropriate consultations and mitigation plans in order to address the concerns of these ethnic communities. In addition, it should be explained that additional measures, attention and support will be provided for the most vulnerable communities, of which ethnic minorities make up a relative large portion in the downstream areas. This plan addresses impacts in three project zones: Communities along the Xe Bangfai mainstream Hinterland villages utilising fisheries along the Xe Bangfai Communities downstream of the dam (fisheries) Ethnic minorities in the watershed or above the proposed reservoir are covered in the SEMFOP-1. Most of the data and analysis relates to villages along the Xe Bangfai which are impacted in several way and are most affected by the NT2 Project. 7.1.2 Definitions of Ethnic Minorities Unlike the Nakai Plateau, the Downstream communities consist mostly of Tai-Lao ethno-linquistic groups (commonly referred to as Lao Loum), and ethnic minorities (Mon-Khmer groups, primarily Brou, often collectively referred to as Lao Theung in Khamouane Province as well as Hmong or Lao Soung and a small number of Vietic communities in Bolikhamxai Province). Applying the principles of OD 4.20 (1991) and ADB Policy on Indigenous Peoples/Ethnic Minorities (1998), therefore, requires distinguishing which groups qualify as minorities that may require additional measures in planning, implementation and monitoring. Table 7-2 below differentiates between these groups based on criteria outlined in the WB Operational Directive and ADB Policy. Self-identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct cultural group, and the display of desire to preserve that cultural identity (this is applicable only to the Brou communities and related Mon-Khmer groups); A linguistic identity (indigenous language) different from that of the dominant society; Social, cultural, economic, and political traditions and institutions distinct from the dominant culture (only some aspect applicable to Brou communities); Economic systems oriented more toward traditional systems of production than mainstream systems (only applable to some Brou communities in the Middle Xe Bangfai); and Attachment to traditional habitats and ancestral territories and the natural resources in these habitats and territories (Brou communities) An analysis of the ethnic data below indicate that the Tai-Lao (Lao Loum groups), that is the Lao, Phou Thay, Lao Kaleung and Upland Tai groups do not qualify as `ethnic minorities' as they have institutions that are integrated into the formal political system, are more exposed to market economics, have Lao, dialects of Lao or similar languages to Lao, and identify themselves (emic) with the main official category of Lao Loum, which refers to the dominant cultural group in the country. Other groups refer to the different Lao-Tai groups as Lao Loum or the specific ethnic group name (etic). There are some differences between the groups as will be highlighted below but for the most part, all four groups are similar in terms of culture, language, socio-economic systems and political structures. This is also the case in relation to Buddhism, social organisation and material culture. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-1: Classification of Ethnic Groups in the Downstream Anthropological Official Referred to by Others Self-reference Designation Classification (Etic Categories) (Emic Categories) Tai -Lao (Lao) Lao -Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Lao Lao Loum, Lao linguistic Group Phuan, Lue, Bo, Kaleung, Lao -Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Lao, Lue, Bo, Kaleung, Lao Loum, Lao, Lue, Bo, Kaleung, Katak, Nyo and Yooy linguistic Group Katak, Nyo and Yooy Katak, Nyo and Yooy groups Phou Thay and sub-groups Lao -Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Phou Thay, Tai Vang, Lao Loum, Phou Thay, Tai Vang, (Tai Vang) linguistic Group Lao Lao Sek Lao -Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Sek, Lao Lao Loum, Sek, Lao linguistic Group Upland Tai Groups (Tai Lao -Tai Ethno- Lao Loum, Tai, Tai Men, Tai Lao Loum, Tai, Tai Men, Tai Men, Tai Daeng, Tai Dam, linguistic Group Daeng, Tai Dam, etc., Lao Daeng, Tai Dam, etc., Lao etc.) Brou Mon-Khmer Lao Thuengor Makong Brou, Chauly, So, Katu, Katang, (and related Kautic Ethno-linguistic Tri, etc. Some are even claiming to Groups) Group be Lao Loum or Lao The Brou or Makong exhibit considerable degrees of adaptation and assimilation in relation to the dominant lowland culture but, nevertheless, have retained some `ethnic minority' characteristics, including less integration into market place economics and some degree of ethnic language and self-identity. It should be pointed out, however, that many of the Brou communities strive to identify themselves with the dominant culture (often referring to themselves as Lao Loum on occasion), having similar livelihood systems and material cultures, and adapting many aspects of Lao social organisation and even aspects of folk Buddhism. All groups have been co-existing side by side for a considerable amount of time and there are no taboos against inter-marriage or co-habitation in the same village. The situation is fluid and all indications point to a merging of Brou groups with the dominant culture. Of the ethnic groups noted above, it is the Brou (including sub-groups and related groups: Chauly, So, Katu, Katang, Tri, etc.) that area considered `ethnic minorities' according to WB and ADB policy. It should be noted however, that while this section of the SDP/EMDP deals with all ethnic groups in the downstream, with an emphasis on the the Brou communities,all groups will be affected by the NT2 project in the same manner, and location in the different project impact zones will determine the extent of impacts. In contrast to the Nakai Plateau communities it is important to emphasis the following points: The Brou (Makong) have a strong sense of belonging to the region but this is shared with the dominant lowland Lao and Lao Loum groups along side whom they dwell. There is far less, or minimal, reliance on natural resources;these are not examples of small, isolated and vulnerable groups. The Brou in the lowland areas are integrated into the national economy, some even producing a surplus of rice that is sold in local markets or in Thakhek). The Brou communties in the upstream Xe Bangfai are not among the poorest segments of the Lao population in terms of food security and methods of production. Instead they are seen to utilize techniques similar to the lowland Lao in the region. All groups cultivate rain-fed and irrigated wet- season paddy, and incomes are on average three times that of the Nakai Plateau communities. Brou villages in the Middle XBF, however, are relatively poor with little in the way of surplus production and services. As a result of food surpluses and a fair degree of integration into the mainstream economy, all downstream villages have fairly stable socio-economic patterns and are more homogeneous than Plateau villages. Given the irrigation potential, it is likely that there will also be further opportunities for improving their standard of living and preserving village solidarity and ethnic identity. Folk Buddhism, bilingualism and considerable intermarriage also characterise all Lao Theung groups. However, there is a difference in degree of integration between the groups that are fully or nearly fully integrated into Lao Loum culture and some Brou that still retain aspects of their culture and language. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-2: Ethnic Groups in Relation to Safeguard Policies Ethnic Collective Attachment to Group Land Traditional Institutions Subsistence-oriented Economy Language Self-identity Lao Private ownership of paddy Traditional institutions merged with Most with agricultural surplus traded Speak national language, few cases Majority ethnic group in the and riverside gardens, formal political institutions and Folk in local markets and some off-farm of bilingualism country, Lao communal grazing areas Buddhism is main religion employment Literacy levels and attendance at Range of food sufficiency and school fairly high income levels from very poor in isolated areas to good standards in urban areas. Phou Thay Private ownership of paddy Traditional institutions merged with Most with agricultural surplus traded Phou Thay spoken at home Identify themselves as Phou and riverside gardens, formal political institutions and Folk in local markets and some off-farm All bilingual (Phou Thay and Lao Thay and Lao Loum communal grazing areas Buddhism is main religion employment related languages) Literacy levels Assimilation into mainstream Range of food sufficiency and and attendance at school fairly high culture ongoing and many Phou income levels from very poor in Thay characeristics disappearing isolated areas to good standards in urban areas. Lao Private ownership of paddy Traditional institutions merged with Most with agricultural surplus traded Lao Kalueng dailect of Lao spoken Identify themselves as Lao Kaleung and riverside gardens, formal political institutions and Folk in local markets and some off-farm at home Kaleung, Lao or Lao Loum communal grazing areas Buddhism is main religion employment All bilingual (Lao Kalueng and Lao Assimilation into mainstream Range of food sufficiency and related languages) culture ongoing and many Lao income levels from very poor in Kaleung characeristics isolated areas to good standards in disappearing urban areas. Brou Private ownership of paddy Traditional institutions for the most Subsistence-oriented economy with Brou spoken at home and in Identify themselves as Lao (including and riverside gardens, part merged with formal political limited surplus for trading and barter villages but in many cases Brou is Theung, Brou, Tri, Makong and in sub- communal grazing areas institutions and some aspects of in Middle XBF area. only used among elders. some cases as Lao Loum groups) Buddhism. Some villages practise a Most bilingual and fluent in Lao Partial assimilation into version of Christianity language mainstream culture ongoing Vietic Communal ownership of Some traditional institutions still exist Subsistence-oriented economy with Vietic languages still spoken in Identify themselves as Lao forests, grazing areas and in parallel with politication institutions. limited surplus for trading andbarter most communities Theung, `Kha' and in some cases access to natural resources Limited exposure to Buddhism. in Khamkeut District Most males bilingual and fluent in as Lao Loum Lao language but many females Partial assimilation into have a limited knowledge of Lao mainstream culture ongoing Hmong Communal ownership of Traditional leadership structures and Subsistence-oriented economy with Hmong language still spoken in all Identify themselves as Hmong or forests, grazing areas and kin structures in parallel with political limited surplus for trading and barter. Hmong communities Lao Soung access to natural resources institutions. Ritual leadership based on Most males bilingual and fluent in Little evidence of cultural mediums and Taoism. Lao language but many females assimilation ­ strict clan have a limited knowledge of Lao exagamous marriages January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 7.2 ETHNIC GROUPS IN THEDOWNSTREAM 7.2.1 Overview of Ethnic Composition along the Xe Bangfai Table 7-3 below has been adapted from Provincial Statistics for Khammouane and Savannakhet Provinces (2001) and shows the main areas of the downstream in terms of broad categories of ethnic groups at a district level. The category of Lao also refers to the Lao Kaleung and some of the Lao Assimilated who were most likely Brou who have adapted the Lao language and culture and paddy cultivation over a period of hundreds of years. The category of Brou probably includes other Lao Theung groups, such as the Chaly, Tri and Vietic groups. The category of Phou Thay and Tai are also not distinguished. Table 7-3: Overview of Ethnic Groups in Districts along the Xe Bangfai District Ethnic Groups No. Villages Households Percentage Brou (Lao Theung) 29 1,189 39.3 Lao (Lao Kaleung) 20 1,096 36.2 Mahaxai Phou Thay (Tai) 9 445 14.7 (Khammouane) Sek 4 164 5.4 Selang (Vietic) 3 134 4.4 sub-total: 65 3,028 100.0 Phou Thay 39 3,529 51.4 Nong Bok Lao 31 3,333 48.6 (Khammouane) Brou (Lao Theung) 2 2 0.0 sub-totals: 72 6,864 100.0 Lao 24 2,073 55.9 Xe Bang Fai (Khammouane) Brou (Lao Theung) 17 876 23.6 Phou Thay 9 757 20.4 sub-totals: 50 3,706 99.9 Total 187 13,598 In contrast to the Nakai Plateau and the Nam Theun 2 Watershed, the population affected by increases in flow along the Xe Bang Fai represent more well-established villages. Table 7-4 provides an overview of ethnic groups present along the Xe Bang Fai that are in the zones impacted by the Nam Theun 2 Project, which is a summary of the data presented in Table 7-5. Table 7-4: Self-nominated Ethnicity of Households along XBF (2003 Ethnicity Survey) Total Ethnic Groups Numbers % Tai Lao and related groups 8,604 56.0 Phou Thay 4,988 32.4 Upland Tai Groups 315 2.0 Brou and related groups (Kautic) 1,394 9.1 Other Groups 77 0.5 Totals 15,378 100.0 Figure 7-1 indicates the different groups in the Downstream Area and illustrates the challenge in applying OD 4.20 since a number of villages are mixed and all groups inhabit the same area with similar or identical economic systems along the rivers that will be impacted by the Nam Theun 2 Project. From a planning point of view, it is necessary to distinguish between those villages that have characteristics of Lao Theung or Brou ethnic groups. It should be emphasized, however, that the approach to mitigating any negative impacts and enhancing benefits is participatory and culturally sensitive for all groups. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-5: Ethnicity in Downstream Villages Tai Lao PhouThay Upland Tai Groups Kautic (Mon-Khmer) Groups Khamu Others Total Village Vietic District Thay Bo total Vang total Moei Daeng Dam Khao Aek Saeng total Oi total total No Name Name Tai-Lao Phuan Lue Sek Tai Kaleung Katak Nyo Yoi Sub Phou Tai Sub Tai Tai Tai Tai Tai Kwan Phao Pao Phuak Tai Sub Makong So Salui Tri Katang Ta Souay Lave Nawa Sub Khamu Vietic Hmong Yao Ikor Vietnamese Thai China Sub Upstream 1 Mahaxay Kangyangkham 1 37 1 39 5 5 1 1 1 1 46 2 Mahaxay Nathamdong 45 1 3 49 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 55 3 Mahaxay Nathanthong 31 31 2 2 33 4 Mahaxay Veun 1 36 37 1 1 38 5 Mahaxay Nakhay 83 83 3 3 1 1 1 1 88 6 Mahaxay Nongkok 35 1 36 1 1 37 7 Mahaxay Ilan 16 1 17 1 1 80 80 98 8 Mahaxay Naphong 1 1 1 1 1 1 91 91 94 9 Mahaxay Dangkang 8 8 68 68 76 10 Mahaxay Vaththat 5 5 2 2 67 67 74 11 Mahaxay Somsanouk 2 1 3 2 2 76 76 1 1 82 12 Mahaxay Nakeo 7 7 3 3 141 141 151 Upper 13 Mahaxay Kengsavang 20 1 21 12 12 9 9 42 14 Mahaxay Mahaxaineua 88 88 5 5 1 1 1 3 8 8 104 15 Mahaxay Mahaxaikang 2 52 46 100 17 17 3 3 5 5 125 16 Mahaxay Mahaxaytai 170 3 27 1 3 204 35 35 6 1 1 10 1 19 10 3 13 271 17 Mahaxay Phouvaneua 155 155 2 2 2 2 159 18 Mahaxay Phonevatai 58 1 15 63 1 138 16 16 52 8 60 11 1 12 226 19 Mahaxay Phanang 1 81 82 82 20 Mahaxay Khamfeung 1 163 2 166 1 1 167 21 Mahaxay Pong 8 8 2 2 2 2 56 1 57 69 40 Mahaxay Nahi 94 2 96 1 1 97 45 Mahaxay Phonasaath 24 3 67 43 3 140 36 36 6 1 15 22 24 1 25 1 1 2 4 227 52 Mahaxay Phonekham 5 26 2 2 35 22 22 4 1 5 4 2 3 9 1 1 72 22 Xebangfai Kengpe 104 1 3 108 5 5 1 1 2 2 116 23 Xebangfai Thako 62 1 4 67 4 4 1 1 2 2 74 24 Xebangfai Thathat 1 1 1 1 87 87 89 Mid 25 Xebangfai Kengkhen 2 1 9 1 1 14 2 2 47 47 63 26 Xebangfai kengkasi 3 2 22 3 30 15 15 1 1 2 39 39 86 27 Xebangfai Veunsanan 37 2 9 1 3 52 24 24 2 3 5 2 12 26 26 114 28 Xebangfai Hatpek 2 1 3 39 39 42 29 Xebangfai Paksenoi 120 1 1 122 9 9 5 5 136 30 Xebangfai Thasyda 40 40 40 31 Xebangfai Nathan 1 1 2 132 132 134 32 Xaibouli Lao 1 1 60 60 61 33 Xaibouli Xiegkhai 16 16 180 180 1 1 197 34 Xaibouli Kengveng 2 2 149 149 2 2 153 35 Xaibouli Dongmarkfai 161 161 2 2 1 1 1 1 165 36 Xaibouli Palai 9 9 10 10 51 1 52 71 i Xebangfai Thamlai 2 1 1 134 138 5 5 3 3 146 ii Xebangfai Soum 1 1 2 1 123 128 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 135 iii Xebangfai Koktong 125 2 3 130 4 4 134 iv Xebangfai Khokkengkhen 46 1 47 2 2 2 1 1 4 2 1 3 56 Lower v Xebangfai Nongbone 2 5 7 241 241 1 3 4 252 vi Xebangfai Bueghouananeua 87 87 87 vii Xebangfai Teug 344 344 344 viii Xebangfai Dongsavang 46 46 46 iv Xebangfai Bueghouanatai 180 180 180 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Tai Lao PhouThay Upland Tai Groups Kautic (Mon-Khmer) Groups Khamu Others Total Village Vietic District Thay Bo total Vang total Moei Daeng Dam Khao Aek Saeng total Oi total total No Name Name Tai-Lao Phuan Lue Sek Tai Kaleung Katak Nyo Yoi Sub Phou Tai Sub Tai Tai Tai Tai Tai Kwan Phao Pao Phuak Tai Sub Makong So Salui Tri Katang Ta Souay Lave Nawa Sub Khamu Vietic Hmong Yao Ikor Vietnamese Thai China Sub x Xebangfai Buehouanakang 53 53 53 xi Xebangfai Nasoi 91 2 1 94 8 8 1 3 1 5 2 2 109 37 Xebangfai Khouase 205 6 2 15 2 4 234 94 94 1 4 1 6 11 11 1 1 2 347 38 Xebangfai Dangtha 1 1 135 135 136 39 Xebangfai Napaktha 145 3 4 152 3 3 1 1 156 40 Xebangfai Somsaath 11 1 12 34 34 1 1 47 41 Xebangfai Yangkham (??) 219 4 2 225 2 2 1 1 228 42 Xebangfai Hathkahmhieng 2 2 157 157 159 43 Nongbok Namphu 1 1 106 11 117 1 1 119 44 Nongbok Dongkasin 1 1 131 131 132 45 Nongbok Sorkbor 50 50 137 137 1 1 188 46 Nongbok Nati 144 1 145 145 47 Nongbok Pakeetou 2 6 8 119 119 127 48 Nongbok Hathxiengdy 30 30 424 424 1 1 2 1 1 457 49 Nongbok Dongsangum 48 8 56 23 45 68 2 1 3 6 3 3 133 50 Nongbok Dongpakpeua 314 7 321 321 51 Nongbok Tanteung 231 231 82 82 313 52 Nongbok Xamnady 436 7 3 9 221 676 351 351 3 121 2 126 9 9 1162 53 Nongbok Navangneua 3 2 5 253 253 3 3 1 1 8 8 270 54 Nongbok Navangthong 3 6 4 13 4 124 128 1 2 3 6 6 150 55 Nongbok Hathxaiphong 2 2 112 112 114 56 Nongbok Navangnoi 0 132 132 132 57 Nongbok Navangtai 0 172 172 172 58 Nongbok Sadueneua 290 290 290 59 Nongbok Saduetai (??) 165 4 1 170 8 8 3 3 1 1 182 60 Nongbok Phonesaoea 121 7 7 1 136 11 11 1 1 7 7 155 61 Nongbok Thamouang 84 84 84 62 Nongbok Danpakxe 99 2 14 1 1 117 9 7 16 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 6 143 63 Xaibouli Manilath 120 120 26 26 2 2 148 64 Xaibouli Khamsavang 94 94 1 1 95 65 Xaibouli Dangsavanh 120 120 120 66 Xaibouli Souvanxai 25 25 93 93 1 1 119 67 Xaibouli Hartkhamdee 70 1 71 4 4 75 68 Xaibouli Tonhaen 286 1 287 9 9 296 69 Xaibouli Beungxe 42 42 113 113 155 70 Xaibouli HartxaysoungNeua 208 208 1 1 209 71 Xaibouli HartxaysoungTai 204 204 1 1 2 2 207 72 Xaibouli Thadorkkham 32 32 39 39 71 73 Xaibouli Kangpa 36 36 77 77 1 1 1 1 115 74 Xaibouli Thabor 20 20 77 77 97 75 Xaibouli Kengposi 101 101 7 7 1 1 109 76 Xaibouli Sakong 151 151 4 4 1 1 156 77 Xaibouli PakpeuaNeua 101 101 2 2 103 78 Xaibouli PakpeuaTai 109 109 1 1 1 1 111 79 Xaibouli Somsaath 170 170 1 1 171 80 Xaibouli Houyhair 133 133 133 81 Xaibouli Naxiangkhane 125 125 2 2 127 82 Xaibouli NongheuathongNeua 149 3 152 - 152 83 Xaibouli NongheuathongTai 16 2 2 20 2 2 1 1 23 84 Xaibouli Thapoxai 74 1 96 171 9 9 1 1 181 85 Xaibouli Thakham 151 151 1 1 152 86 Xaibouli Nasang 162 1 163 67 67 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 238 87 Xaibouli Bouakhay 213 213 20 20 1 1 5 5 239 88 Xaibouli Pong 35 35 112 112 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 9 13 163 89 Xaibouli Paksebangfai 134 2 136 7 7 1 11 12 155 Total: 22 8604 4367 621 4988 98 128 4 7 3 20 8 41 2 4 315 1369 1 2 9 4 5 2 1 1 1394 27 2 3 0 1 8 34 2 77 15378 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Figure 7-1: Ethnic Groups of Villages along the Xe Bangfai January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 7.2.2 Lao or Tai-Lao The dominant and majority ethnic group in Lao PDR is the Lao or Tai-Lao, making up a little over half of the population of the country and about half of the population of communties along the Xe Bangfai. They are referred to as Lao Loum and belong to the Tai ethno-linguistic family. This grouping, however, consists of a number of local sub-groups such as the Lao speakers in the northern, central and southern parts of the country. The Southern Lao, including Lao Thakhek and Lao Savannakhet sub-groups exhibit certain differences in dialectics, cultural practices and historical development in relation to other Lao-speakers to the north and central parts of the country. In the downstream, the Southern Lao are the dominant in the Lower XBF Zone but are also found in the Middle XBF. The Lao are usually an important group in all large villages with market centres and towns in lowland areas of Khammouane and Savannakhet Provinces in general, but in particular along the Mekong River and NR13. A number of Tai-Lao have recently settled in towns or new villages in the project area. All Lao groups are characterised by Buddhism and paddy production in lowland areas of the country. The Lao exhibit matrilocal tendencies but inheritance, responsibility for parents in old age and the location of children's houses depend on pragmatic considerations of wealth, skills and relationships. The Southern Lao villages in the downstream are integrated to a large extent into the mainstream economy since they are usually located close to roads and markets and have some access to services. The Lao villages in the lower parts of the XBF in general have the highest crop productions in the project area. Example of a Tai-Lao Village: Dan Pakse, Lower XBF The Village of Dan Pakse is a medium-sized Lao village located on the lower Xe Bangfai. The village has a temple and primary school but no medical dispensary. It is reportedly 100 years old and was established about three generations ago by Lao settlers from Nakhon Phanom and That Phanom on the Thai side of the Mekong in search of a better site for paddy cultivation and fishing. These settlers were possibly descendants from groups forcibly resettled by the Thai in the mid-1800s. Other Lao groups have settled in the village from sites along the XBF and from Nongbok District. There are several cases of Phou Thay men marrying local girls and settling in the village. There is evidence of a move from larger, kin-based labour units or work pools to individual households and cash payments for labour. The vast majority of households seem to engage in both paddy cultivation and fishing. About seven percent of the adult population (mosty males) were reportly working in Thailand and sending back funds to families. There are few other livelihood options since there is little forest about and limited land for grazing. The primary school is functioning well and all children are attending. The village received electricity in 1994 and has piped water supplying about 30% of the households with the rest relying on wells and rain water. The Lao of Dan Pakse exhibit many of the traditional Lao cultural characteristics found throughout the country. These include birth ceremonies (ngeun keun), postpartum recovery , postpartum recovery (yuu fai), initial post-marital residence at the wife's house (uxorilocal), nature and ancestral spirits and cremation (cremation and burial for accidental deaths). There is only one monk at the temple as well as two novices so monks from surrounding villages are called in when villagers celebrate large Buddhist rituals, such as Bun Panae, Bun Pawet and Bun Bangfai (often combined to include Buddhist legends and rain-making rituals), Bun Khao Padapdin and Bun Salak (offerings to ancestors) and rarely Bun Khao Phansa and Bun Auk Phansa (Buddhist Lent ­ only when there are a number of men or boys being ordained). Other typical Lao features include rules governing newly married couples, such as prohibitions on entering or passing by one's in-laws rooms and location of a cemetary outside of the village proper. The inhabitants claim that their rules for governing behaviour are less strict than other ethnic groups and site that newly married couples can dine together with their in-laws and that there are no prohibition on fishing or hunting on the day of a Buddhist ceremony or cremation. 7.2.2.1 `Lao Assimilated' There is an important hybrid group in the project area which can be called `Lao Assimilated', that is various Mon-Khmer groups that have adapted Tai-Laoidentity over the centuries and become or are rapidly becoming fully assimilated into Tai-Lao or lowland Lao culture. They exhibit all the characteristics of other Lao groups but there are certain aspects of earlier cultural practices that linger. This includes: January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas · Buddhism is not as prominent among these Lao in comparison with Tai-Lao and Phou Thay groups although these Lao would claim they practise a form of Buddhism that is the same as their neighbours. There is seldom a monastery in Lao Assimilated villages. · House designs sometimes reveal a mixture of Lao designs and Mon-Khmer characteristics such as the presence of roof carvings and two entrances (Brou) in large Lao style houses. · Village layout tends to reflect both the river orientation of the Lao (rows) and the cluster orientation of many Mon-Khmer villages. Language of the Lao Assimilated groups tends to be that of the closest Lao Loum groups, such as the Lao Kaleung, Tai Yooy or Phou Thay. Upon being asked what ethnic group villagers were, the most common answers were Lao Loum (the common category for Tai-Lao lowland groups as a whole) or Lao thamadaa, which means `regular' Lao. It often took considerable prodding before villagers could be classified with a number of communities falling in the Lao Assimilated category as a result. Levels of technology vary considerably but contact between the different groups, similar languages or bilingualism, has led to a lot of sharing. The proximity of villages of different ethnic groups often determines the level of technology transfer. Lao Assimilated are not included under OD 4.20 but included in the general category of `Lao'. However, if there are any significant characteristics of Lao Theung exhibited, the household or groups are classified as Lao Theung. In Figure 7-2, an overview of the present situation is presented to illustrate the process of assimilation to and adaptation of mainstream Lao culture. In many of the villages that are recorded as being Brou or other ethnic minorities, there are few signs of ethnic minority culture, mostly among the old. In most of these villages, assimilation into mainstream Lao culture will be complete by the next generation. Examples of intergration are presented in sections 6.1.3.4-6 below. Figure 7-2: Continuum of Socio-Economic and Cultural Integration Isolation / subsistence economy / Full integration into little or no Buddhism or lowland Continuum mainstream, market economy, Lao influences Buddhism and lowland values Phou Thay and Lao Lao-assimilated Brou (Mon-Khmer Groups) 7.2.2.2 Phou Thay The Phou Thay (also written Phu Thai or Phu Tai) are also referred to as Lao Loum and belong to the Tai ethno-linguistic family. Their language and culture are similar to the Southern Lao, and they share similar beliefs (Buddhism) and livelihood systems, that is paddy cultivation in lowland areas. The Phou Thay are concentrated along the Xe Bang Fai and Xe Noy rivers in Savannakhet and Khammouane provinces, occupying lowland areas east of the Lao for centuries, possibly arriving in the area at the same time or before the Lao. The represent about one third of the population along the XBF. Due to cultural similarities and considerable intermarriage with the Lao, Phou Thay culture appears to be merging with Lao culture or at least shares many similar traits. Most Phou Thay are fluent in Lao and are integrated into the mainstream culture and economic system. Phou Thay villages in the Lower XBF are for the most part well established and prosperous with significant rice surpluses. Some are almost indistinguishable from Lao villages. The Phou Thay language and Lao related similar and for the most part mutually understandable (see Table 12-5 for sample vocabulary lists). In almost all cases, Lao is the language of communication between the groups since most Lao in the region only have a passive knowledge of Phou Thay. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas The Tai Vang are a sub-group of the Phou Thay found in a number of villages in Nong Bok District. There are approximately 150 households (621 individuals) in this district. Example of a Phou Thay Village: Hatxiendy Lower XBF Hatxiendy is a large, old Phou Thay Village in the lower XBF, claimed to have been re-established after villagers returned from Thailand about 150 years ago, after the involuntary resettlement of many ethnic groups there during the early to mid-1800s. Other Phou Thay groups have settled in the village from other locations in Savannakhet Province. There are several cases of men marrying into this village from surrounding Lao and Phou Thay villages. As is often the case among the Phou Thay, there is a preference for parents to reside with one of their sons during old age in contrast to the Lao preference for daughters. Worship of ancestral spirits is also different, being traced along the male line and incorporating daughters- in-law, rather than along the female line and incorporating sons-in-law, as is the case among the Lao. Similar to many groups in the region, there is evidence of a move from larger, kin-based labour units to individual households and cash payments for the hiring of labour from poorer relatives and families in the village during planting and harvesting of rice. Most households are engaged in paddy production but it was reported that only about 50% of households fish, mostly in the dry season. There are no forests areas in the vicinity of the village for income sources, but about 10% of the families run small business, 10% send remittences from Thailand and 12% were reported to raise livestock (limited grazing areas). School attendence is high despite the poor condition of the school. There is no health dispensary but a number of local people selling medicine and a Medical Assistant has visited on several occasions for vaccination programmes. No traditional medical practitioners lived in the village ­ no source of traditional medicines. Electricity arrived in 1988 and almost all families use piped water or draw from wells. The Phou Thay of Hatxiendy practice Buddhism and the village has an old temple, reportedly 140 years old. There is a stupa and an assembly hall for ceremonies. Most Buddhist rituals are held in the temple where four monks and three novices reside at present. There are also three priests (maw) for household ceremonies such as tying wrists (baasii), marriages and leading the laity during holy day ceremonies. Like the Lao, the Phou Thay practise lying by the fire and give offerings to both nature and ancestral spirits on various occasions. Rules governing the behaviour of newly married couples (contact with their in-laws and entering their bedrooms) and allowing the corpse of a person who died an accidental death to enter the village or pass it are shared by both the Lao and Phou Thay. In terms of different ethnic characteristics, villagers pointed out that many distinguishing features had disappeared due to close contact with Lao culture. They mentioned that specific rules governing kinship behaviour, ritual performances and architectural features, such as traditional double roofs for large houses, were no longer present in the village. The Lao language is in the process of replacing Phou Thay, and most described their language as Lao but with certain differences in vocabulary, pronunciation and experessions. 7.2.2.3 Lao Kaleung The Lao Kaleung, like the Bo of the Nakai Plateau, are an interesting example of cultural change, adaptation and assimilation. The Lao Kaleung are officially classified as Lao Loum, however the term Kaleung seems to indicate that they may have been Lao Theung groups that has been assimilated or have adapted to Lao or Tai languages, culture and customs, most likely through an association with Lao groups over many centuries. The prefix `Ka', `Kha' or `Kh' most often refers to non-Tai groups in Lao PDR, such as Kh(a)mu, Katang, Katu, Kanay, Kri, etc. Kha is the word for slave in Lao, and this term was used to describe the original inhabitants of Southeast Asia (Austro-Asiatic groups) by the Tai-speakers. Vargyas (2000: 13), writing on the Brou in Vietnam, indicates that one name that the Vietnamese use when referring to the Brou is `Ka Leung', and this would seem to support the theory that the Lao Kaleung were originally Brou or at least Brou that have adapted Tai-Lao cultural traits and language. The Lao Kaleung also have a `special relationship' with the Brou in that neither is to break the cultural taboos of the other. This consists of an oath wherein both sides agree not to take offence at the other's behaviour regardless of whether it is a violation of cultural norms (CARE 1996:18). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Vocabulary lists indicate that Lao Kaleung resembles Lao and Tai Yooy dialects. The Lao Kaleung are found in areas south and southeast of the Nakai Plateau and dominate the Upper and Middle sections of the XBF as well as parts of the the upper reaches of the XBF. The area around Mahaxai Town seems to have the highest concentration of Lao Kaleung and may be their place of origin. 1475 individuals are classed as Lao Kaleung in the project downstream area. Example of a Lao Kaleung Village: Phon Bok and Phon Sithong, Gnommalath District The twin villages of Phon Bok and Phon Sithong to the east of Gnommalath, near the Nam Phit and close to the junction between the NR12 and NR8B is a medium sized Lao Kaleung settlement originally established about 1924. Some informants at this village reported that a number of the founders were originally from Thailand and this area offered the possibility of paddy production. Other groups (Phou Thay, Lao and other Kaleung) arrived from Ban Phangdeung and Ban Nong along NR12 in the 1940s onwards. Most houses contain single-generation families and it appears that labour networks are less and less based on extended kinship systems. Kinship is still important for some activities, such as the construction of new houses. There are several examples of marriage to groups in the surrounding area ­ Phou Thay, Sek and Brou (Makong) groups. The only restrictions on marriage is not to perform ceremonies on Buddhist holy days and during the second half of all months. In terms of livelihood, the Kaleung are involved in paddy production, some harvesting of NTFPs, livestock raising and wage labour (workers at the plywood mill and several in government jobs), but no fishing (too far from fishing grounds and rivers). There is s functioning primary school and all children attend. A village health volunteer is active, and it was reported that the use of traditional medicine is on the wane with the exception of postpartum recovery. Brithing takes place either at the home with the help of the VHV and experienced women or in the hospital ­ there are no traditional birth assistants (mae tham yae). Electricity arrived at the village in 2003 and there is safe drinking water from two wells and two pipes. Postpartum recovery for women is practised in all households with strict diets and baci ceremonies when leaving the fire. Post-marital residence varies but favours the female line traditionally. The bride price is presented in the evening and the feast and baci takes place on the next day. There are two types of arrangements: dong tan ­ wife resides at her husband's house (similar to Phou Thay and Brou) ­ and dong kheoy suu ­ husband resides with wife's family (Lao tradition). Cremation ceremonies are the normbut for death of children and accidental death, burial is practised. Offerings to a territorial spirit (phii mahesak) in nearby Ban Phanoy occurs in December and involves the slaughter of chickens and presentation of various foods and alcohol, supervised by a priest (mô phii-mô chum). There is a monastery in the village but no monks at present. Monks come from surrounding villages to hold Buddhist ceremonies, including cremations, Bun Panae, Bun Pi Mai, Bun Khao/auk Phansa, Bun Padapdin and Bun Salak. In the village there are several ritual specialists (mô yao) who conduct curative rituals. All villagers speak a dialect of Lao. In terms of ethnic differences, villagers pointed out that they did not have kalapeup (folded money given away during cremations) like the Brou, that their house building ritual was different (herbs and offerings to spirits before poles placed in the ground) and that there own traditional leaders (jao khun) enforced rules governing behaviour, silence and restrictions, especially regarding unmarried women and recently married women. All leaders, both traditional and formal, were Kaleung. The village has a long history of stable population and location, only being abandoned temporarily during the Second Indochina War when people fled to the surrounding forests and lived in limestone caves to avoid the bombing. 7.2.2.4 Other Tai-Lao Groups There are other Tai-Laogroups in the downstream that should be mentioned in this description. All these groups have very similar livelihood systems and cultures, sharing many traits with the Lao and Phou Thay. The approximate number of individuals is given since due to the number of mixed marriages, the ethnic identity of the children being difficult to determine. Many of these ethnic Tai groups are merging into the mainstream Lao culture. · Tai Bo are similar to the Lao Kaleung in that they were probably originally Mon-Khmer groups or possibly Vietic that have adapted to Lao culture and now speak only a dialect of Lao. The are found on the Nakai Plateau and east of the Plateau as well as in Hinboun District as well as spread out in small numbers in Gnommalath, Mahaxai and Xebangfai Districts. Culturally and linguistically the Tai January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Bo are very similar to the Lao in the downstream areas, and there is a merging of the categories of Tai Bo and Tai Lao. 59 individuals stated that they belonged to this ethnic group. · Tai Yooy are one of the oldest Tai-speaking groups in this part of Lao PDR. Linguistically the Yooy are related to Lao and Kaleung. There are 22 individuals, mostly in Mahaxai and Gnommalath Districts. · Tai Katak is a sub-group of the Phou Thay and is found in Nongping in Gnommalath District (ca. 15 households) and in Thathat, Thamlai and Soum in Xe Bangfai (ca. 50 households). In all 265 individuals were recorded. This split is reported to have taken place recently and languages and cultural practices are very similar. It is is possible that the Katak were originally Brou or a related group that have adopted Phou Thay culture and language as is the case with the Kaleung and Tai Bo. The prefix `Ka' would indicate possible Mon-Khmer origins. · Tai Nyo are another old Tai-speaking group indigenous to this area. Their language is similar to Phou Thay and large numbers are located in Bolikhamxai Province in the vicinity of Muang Hinboun. In the project area, the villages of Phonevatai, Hatkhamhieng, Phanang and Phonsaath in Mahaxay District have sizeable populations (about 125 households) and there are smaller numbers in other areas, altogether 728 individuals recorded. · Upland Tai groups are found in small groups throughout the project area. These groups are recent arrivals from the north and along the border with Vietnam, some having been resettled by government programmes. These groups have their own languages and dialects, and are sub-groups of the southwestern branch of the Tai language family. In terms of belief, most have adapted Buddhism as their religion but there are considerable elements of spirit beliefs, usually more than among other Tai Lao groups. A number of Upland Tai have married into other Tai Lao groups and settled in the region. 315 individuals were recorded, mostly Tai Moei,Tai Daeng and Tai Pao. · Tai Phouane have a similar culture and language to the Lao. This ethnic group was originally found in Xieng Khouane Province and the surrounding area but now dispersed throughout the country after the Phuan kingdom was destroyed in the nineteenth century and due to disruption caused by war. There are 57 individuals recorded. · Tai Lue are from the northern part of the country and have resettled in the south due to war and migration, both voluntary and involuntary. The Tai Lue population is concentrated in Bokeo and Luang Nam Tha provinces, but smaller groups are distributed throughout the country. There are a 44 spread out over the project districts. · The Sek are different from the other Tai groups in terms of language and culture and there is some disagreement as to their origins. It is possible that they could originally have been Austro-asiatic and have gradually adapted cultural aspects from Vietnamese and Lao/Tai cultures. In the downstream area, the Sek originally came from areas to the north (Nakai District) and have nearly completely assimilated into mainstream Lao culture. There are 279 Sek people with concentrations of population in Kengpe, Thako and Nasoi in Xe Bangfai District. 7.2.2.5 Brou The Brou, or Makong as they are classified by the Lao, are members of the Western Kautuic section of the Austro-asiatic (Mon-Khmer) language family, and are classified as Lao Theung, according to commonly used categories. They are found in Khammouane and Savannakhet provinces and across the border in Vietnam. There are approximately 100,000 Brou in Lao PDR. The Brou are patrilocal and patrilineal and practise a number of different livelihood systems, ranging from swidden agriculture to paddy cultivation. Many Brou have adapted Buddhism to some degree but a belief in spirits is still prevalent (cf. Vargyas 1996; Sparkes 1997). The Brou in the project area are representative of the range of livelihood systems and integration into mainstream Lao culture. Many Brou in the downstream areas consider themselves as Lao Loum due to the fact that they share a similar livelihood system as the lowland Lao and practice some Buddhist traditions and rituals (primarily cremation rituals in which monks partake) although there are few monasteris in Brou villages. The Brou along the XBF have intermarried with both Southern Lao and Phou Thay, some losing their culture and language completely. Most Brou are bilingual but in some villages Lao is the predominant language of communication (Middle XBF). However, it should be noted that Lao and Phou Thay that marry into Brou villages are for the most part integrated into Brou culture and their children are considered Brou and learn Brou culture and, in some cases, Brou language. Almost all Brou are bilingual and fluent in the Lao language. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Aspects of Brou culture that distinguish them from the Lao Loum groups is the use of Brou language, a predominant belief form and cosmology based on spirits (kamut) and elders council (Lao: thao khun) that is responsible for maintaining traditional practices, rituals and performing Brou ceremonies. There are several other smaller groups related to the Brou in the downstream. The Chalouy, Pouli, Salui and Tri groups are all subgroups of the West Kautic branch of the Austro-asiastic language family (Mon- Khmer) and share similar culture and language to the Brou. It is possible that many use Brou or Makong as a general term and have not stated sub-groups in the survey. However, differences between these groups and sub-groups are not significant in terms of language and culture and there is a high degree of assimilation among many communities. Example of Brou (Makong) Village: Bunghouana Tay, Lower XBF Bunghaana Tay is a medium-sized Brou (Makong) village located on National Road No. 13. The original village was some distance from the present site, but it seems that part of the village has relocated along the road, changing orientation from a nearby stream and paddy fields to the transportation corridor. Villagers claimed that the original site was very old (perhaps 100 years old?) and that the village was established because of the potential paddy land in the vicinity. The Brou claim that there were originally from Nongbone, what is now a Lao village location to the south on the XBF. It appears that social organisation is more traditional than the Lao villages in the areas in that half of the houses consisted of extended families. A number of Lao and Phou Thay men have married into the village and settled there. Although there are no restrictions on intermarriage, there are a number of important rituals for ancestral and village spirits that are held. The main work unit appears to be the extended family rather than individual households, as is the case among most of the Lao and Phou Thay. The majority of the Brou of Bunghaana Tay cultivate rice and fish throughout the year. However, it was reported that many young men seek work in Thailand, mostly temporary work since they return to the village for the planting and harvesting of rice. Livestock raising is limited due to a lack of pasture. Although there are not large forests near the village (very limited NTFP extraction), traditional medicine is still widely used and there are still some local practitioners (maw yaa). The primary school is in reasonable condition and attendance is high. There is an active village health volunteer. Drinking water is obtained from two wells but these are not sufficient in the dry season when water is taken from an irrigation channel. Electricity was installed in most houses in 2003. The Brou of Bunghaana Tay observe a number of key rituals that are similar to the Lao but differ in detail: lying by the fire, tying wrists at marriage and recovery from illness (baasii), offerings for ancestors (bun padapdin and bun salak) and occasionally Buddhist Lent is observed. Differences include, dowery arrangements, post-marital residence as patrilineal, rituals by traditional healers and burial instead of cremation. Many traditional Brou ceremonies have incorporated elements of Buddhism and monks are called in from Tung village (Phou Thay) to hold large ceremonies. Other characteristics that distinguish the Brou of Bunghaana Tay from the Lao and Phou Thay are language, behaviour and architecture. Most adults and older children were reported to be bilingual. The Brou language is used in the domestic sphere, with other Brou from the region and within the village itself. Lao is used when talked to non-Brou in the village and with outsiders. Brou is still the maternal language of all children except for cases of intermarriage where children are exposed to two languages in their first years. Regarding behaviour, there are complex rules for young girls before marriage, for kindness to guests, for entrance into houses (two entrances for the different generations), for prohibiting commensuality between generations and with in-laws, and for speaking to in-laws (restrictions for daughters-in-law immediately after marriage). Male village elders (jao kok, jao lao) are highly respected and their power may be more absolute than in Lao and Phou Thay villages. In relation to architecture, traditional houses have wooden tiles (khé sao) and the layout is governed by kinship rules similar to the Lao ­ division of rooms, location of spirit post and direct of beds ­ but seem to be more strictly adhered to. The villagers claim that they were referred to as Sô, Kha or Lao Theung before but now most outsiders called them `Makong', the Lao term for Brou, which is their own name for their ethnic identity. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Example of Chalui Village: Kenglek, Gnommalath District Another Kautic minority group found in the downstream is the Chalui, a group that is closely related to the Brou and can really be classified as a sub-group. An example is the village of Kenglek on the Nam Katang. There are also Chalui villages along NR12 and a number of households throughout the region. This medium sized Chalui village was errected on this site in 1996 from a nearby old site that was claimed to be more than 200 years old. The reason for the move was the old site had reached its carrying capacity in terms of area under culitivation and erosion from the Nam Ngom. The origin of the Chalui was stated as being from the Vietnamese border area to the east. The village has few outsiders with only one Lao and one Brou males married to local women. The basic unit of labour is the extended family for both agricultural production (rice) and community and ritual events, such as house building. In terms of livelihood the main activity is paddy with some collection of NTFPs (mushrooms, bamboo, etc. in the nearby forests) and livestock. There are no small businesses in the village but a few people earn wages from the nearby plywood factory. About one third of the households fish in the XBF in April-May and October-November. The school is in poor condition and offers only primary 1. Attendence is good for this class. There is no dispensary but two people work as VHVs. The Chalui use a number of local herbs and plants as traditional medicine and this is collected from nearby forests. Electricity was installed in 2002 but there is not a yearly supply of safe drinking water ­ two wells in only the rainy season while the Nam Ngom is the source for most households in the dry season as well as the collection of rain water. Traditional birth assistants (mô tham yae) and husbands help the women during childbirth except in case of complication when a trip is made to the hospital. Postpartum recovery is practiced for 5-15 days with a strict diet and baci and animal sacrifices for leaving the fire. Post-marital residence is mostly at the house of the woman but it is common for a couple to establish their own household one year after marriage. However, both marriage forms (patrilocal residence ­ dong tan ­ and matrilocal ­ dong kheoy su) are practised. Cremation is practiced for `natural' deaths but children and accidental deaths require immediate burial in the cemetary outside the village. There is a small monastery but after an elderly monk passed away in 1983 it has not be used as a residence. Monks come from the larger Lao Kaleung village of Nongping to conduct cremations and Buddhist ceremonies, such as Bun Pi Mai, Bun Khao Salak and Bun Khao Padapdin. Other Buddhist ceremonies, such as Lent and offerings of robes are not observed. Some distinct features of Chalui customs are the arrangements for marriage which include specific reckoning of auspicious days by specialists and large numbers of animal sacrifices (chickens and pigs) and bars of silver. In cases of divorce and the man is at fault, half of the bride price has to be returned and a buffalo sacrificed to the spirits of the women's family (kin hang for the phii heuan). If the women is at fault the payment is half of the above mentioned amounts. The bride price is double if the women moves into the man's house in order to compensate for the loss of labour. The mô cham and jao khun are responsible for overseeing all rituals and cultural events. All Chalui are fluent in Lao but with different intonations and accent. They mentioned that they practised kalapeup during cremations and other rituals and that they have their own ritual for their own village spirit (phii thiem) in March, involving animal sacrifices, dancing and drinking. Traditional house design is disappearing, thatch roofs, large single room and bamboo walls being replaced by modern materials and layout involving several partitions or rooms. Most of the leadership are former soldiers but all are Chalui. During the Second Indochina War , in 1969 up to 11 people were killed along with more than 60 head of cattle because of US Airforce bombing. As a result people moved into nearby caves and cultivated fields during the night. As many as four households left for Thakhek but most returned after 1975. 7.2.2.6 Other Groups There are only two individuals belonging to the Vietic groups. They are found in separate villages in the downstream and are married to other ethnic groups. There are a small numbers of non-indigenous Hmong, Yao and Ikor ethnic groups who have moved into the downstream area recently from areas in Northern Laos and adjoining provinces. It is assumed that these individuals are married to local people. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas In addition, there are a number of Thai (36), Vietnamese (52) and Chinese (2) living in downstream villages and towns. These are not indigenous and mostly consist of merchants and labourers or are married to local men and women and integrated into local village life. 7.2.3 Ethnic Groups in the Hinterland Villages 66 Hinterland Villages were identified as having households that utilise the aquatic resources of the XBF. Seven villages can be classified as ethnic minorities (Brou) based on a combination of district records, previous ethnographic studies and selected field visits. There are also a number of Brou households in and around Mahaxai in villages of mixed ethnic groups ­ the Brou form minorities in these villages. There are still a number of villages that need to be verified and further confirmation of village composition should be carried as part of the compensation and monitoring process. The majority of the hinterland village, including all the villages but one in the Lower XBF, are Tai Lao and Phou Thay. No. Village District Main Ethnic Groups HH Persons Upper XBF 1 1 Khamfeuang nyai Mahaxai Brou 92 371 2 2 Khamphe nyai Mahaxai Phou Thay 54 274 3 3 Khamphe na Mahaxai Phou Thay 63 357 4 4 Khamhe dong Mahaxai Phou Thay 50 242 5 5 Phonkham Mahaxai Lao, Kaleung, Phou Thay, Brou 53 329 6 6 Phonsaat Mahaxai Lao, Kaleung, Phou Thay, Brou 300 1475 7 7 Pachoomkong Mahaxai Lao, Kaleung, Phou Thay, Brou 56 290 8 8 Phonkhen Xe Bangfai Lao, Kaleung, Brou 12 71 9 9 Some Xe Bangfai Kaleung 85 456 10 10Thamlay Mahaxai Kaleung 91 470 Sub-total, Upper XBF 856 4335 Middle XBF 11 1 Noy Xe Bangfai Lao 44 220 12 2 Yang Nyai Xe Bangfai Lao 204 1166 13 3 Dongsavanh Xe Bangfai Brou 35 198 14 4 Khogkengkhene Xe Bangfai Lao 38 227 15 5 Nakhomkao Xe Bangfai Lao 54 321 16 6 Deung Xe Bangfai Phou Thay 178 1256 17 7 Beunghuanatai Xe Bangfai Brou 116 654 18 8 Dongmakbah Xe Bangfai Brou 115 663 19 9 Nongbone Xe Bangfai Phou Thay 139 979 20 10Huaylangmeu Xe Bangfai Lao 66 401 21 11Nakhomtong Xe Bangfai Lao 107 664 22 12Beunghuanakang Xe Bangfai Brou 37 216 23 13Sang Xe Bangfai Lao 149 1329 24 14Som Xe Bangfai Lao 141 852 25 15Beunghuananeua Xe Bangfai Brou 56 325 26 16(Nong) Dong Phang Xe Bangfai Unknown 44 247 27 17Nathong Xaybouli Lao 48 288 Sub-total, Middle XBF 1571 10006 Lower XBF 1 28 1 Naphoktheung Xe Bangfai Phou Thay 85 513 29 2 Nakham Nongbok Phou Thay 448 1775 30 3 Phon(thanh) Nongbok Lao 165 952 31 4 Dongkhoung Nongbok Phou Thay 93 457 32 5 Dongbounnoi Nongbok Phou Thay 49 245 33 6 Nongdon /Nongkonkian Nongbok Unknown 181 1084 34 7 Dongbounyai Nongbok Phou Thay 210 977 35 8 Sibounheung Nongbok Unknown 170 1025 36 9 Phonphieng Nongbok Brou 130 781 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 37 10Nongpam Nongbok Unknown 95 555 38 11Nongsapangtha Nongbok Unknown 108 592 39 12Nonchick Nongbok Phou Thay 53 319 40 13Kangthong Xaybouli Lao 136 813 41 14Veurnneua Xaybouli Phou Thay 167 1000 42 15Veurnsivilai Xaybouli Phou Thay 163 975 43 16Veurntai Xaybouli Phou Thay 156 936 44 17Dongpao Xaybouli Lao 147 881 45 18Dongyang Nongbok Lao 16 93 46 19Nongbok Nongbok Lao 150 898 Sub-total, Lower XBF 1 2720 14871 Lower XBF 2 47 1 Navangkang (Tai) Nongbok Phou Thay 79 473 48 2 Koksavang Nongbok Lao 65 427 49 3 Nongsapangthong Nongbok Phou Thay 70 419 50 4 Donggnang Xaybouli Lao 50 301 51 5 Naoneua Xaybouli Lao 140 840 52 6 Kangmixay Xaybouli Unknown 134 803 53 7 Gyangkhamtai Xaybouli Lao 118 708 54 8 Veurnxai Xaybouli Phou Thay 132 789 55 9 Dongpou Xaybouli Lao 114 685 56 10Syxiengmai Xaybouli Unknown 201 1204 57 11Gyangkhamneua Xaybouli Lao 78 466 58 12Naotai Xaybouli Lao 191 1147 59 13Nakhamay Xaybouli Lao 150 902 60 14Phontan Xaybouli Unknown 70 418 61 15Boungbaurthong Xaybouli Lao 148 889 62 16Laodokmai Xaybouli Lao 75 450 Sub-total, Lower XBF 2 1814 10921 Lower XBF 3 63 1 Nongli Nongbok Lao 142 672 64 2 Dongpangpao Nongbok Lao 84 506 65 3 Nonnakham Xaybouli Lao 90 541 66 4 Kangtha Xaybouli Unknown 115 688 Sub-total, Lower XBF 3 431 2407 Sub-total, Lower XBF 4965 28199 Total 7392 42540 1Household figures are estimated. Verification to be made by October 2004 Nine villages have not been identified in terms of ethnicity. It is unlikely that these villages are ethnic minority villages. Further verification of ethnic composition will be undertaken as part of the ongoing consultation process. In terms of cultur and liveihoods, hinterland villages are similar to villages along the mainstream Xe Bangfai described below. 7.2.4 Ethnic Groups Downstream of the Dam (Riparian) An initial survey of a 20-village sample of downstream of the dam communities was undertaken as part of the Riparian Study in 2004. This was a selection of different villages downstream of the dam in order to identify issues and the extent of impacts on fisheries. Baseline data on ethnic composition for most of the Khamkeut District that is in the watershed of the Nam Theun or potential impacted is presented below. Further studies will narrow down the extent of impacts and which villagers are impacted. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-6: Communities and Ethnic Groups in Selections of Khamkeut District Village Name Pop/HH 1995 Pop/HH 2003-04 Main Ethnic Groups Lak Sao to Nakai (8B) Namphao 681/119 968/181 Phou Thay, Meuy, Theng, Sek, Melang (Vietic) Chengsavang 118/23 765/120 Meuy, Pouak, Khmu Nam Thi 1015/143 Meuy, Hmong, Bo Phonxai 210/34 439/74 Meuy Ko Hai 1290/220 Hmong, Meuy Phonsouk 1290/221 Hmong, Meuy Phonsi 1290/222 433/88 Meuy Phonsa at mai No Data Hmong Phonkeo No Data Vietic groups (moved recently from village site) Phonsa at No Data 1016/172 Hmong, Khmu, Vietic Groups Pakkatan 294/47 212/34 To'e (Vietic groups) Area East of Lak Sao Poung 410/63 358/45 Kouane, Meuy Bo 250/38 Meuy Houaykoe II 111/24 771/115 Meuy, Kouan, Ngo, Hmog Nadeua 84/12 506/95 Meuy, Ngo, Phou Thay, Kouan Tonsan 109/18 Bo, Ngo Khammouan 55/8 666/105 Ngo Donxat 224/37 306/51 Meuy, Bo, Sek Sopphouan 326/52 283/50 Meuy, Khmu, Men Dongbang 118/23 874/132 Ngo, Phou Thay Below the Nam Theun Phonlom 150/22 389/64 Meuy, Hmong Nakham 99/14 465/83 Meuy, Hmong Kengkang 217/31 Meuy Nongxong 401/57 558/81 Vietic, Hmong Phamuang 188/26 801/148 Hmong, Tai Senkap Na-Goy 390/53 Meuy, Hmong Nam Kata Area Nakhua 316/46 Hmong Nakhoun 44/9 Vietic Groups Nongmek 196/27 495/97 Meuy, Possibly Vietic Groups Donkhoun 73/12 Meuy Phonvilai 203/31 1036/133 Hmong, Meuy, Khmu Phon-Hong 246/36 1174/189 Meuy, Men, Hmong Phoncheng 1058/146 1006/155 Meuy, Men, Hmong, Vietic Groups Phaphiang No Data Hmong Phako 86/19 Meuy Vangpha 201/37 638/123 Hmong, Meuy Vangko No Data 459/77 Meuy, Bo, Phou Thay Tongkhe 307/50 846/131 Phou Thay, Bo, Meuy, Theng Nafuang 263/46 Phou Thay Nakadok 806/114 653/127 Sek, Vietic Nathon 625/80 826/102 Meuy, Theng January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Village Name Pop/HH 1995 Pop/HH 2003-04 Main Ethnic Groups Phonkham 309/44 Theng Nahang 492/77 Meuy, Theng Nahai 645/110 641/96 Meuy, Bo Namuang 236/39 696/107 Meuy Nasao No Data Theng Phongnot No Data Meuy South to Lak Sao Nongpong 487/88 2435/448 Meuy, Hmong, Vietic Senkhoum No Data Men Senkhoun No Data No Data Phonthong 662/92 576/97 Meuy, Hmong Vangphala No Data Meuy Nakang 91/14 Meuy Lak Sao North to the Vietnamese Border Lak 20 (north) Somsanouk 52/7 760/145 Meuy, Men, Tai Lao, Hmong, Vietic Houaykeo 308/56 1396/258 Men, Meuy, Tai Lao Hmong, Vietic Nongdong 175/32 970/170 Meuy, Theng, Phouan Oudom 249/35 861/159 Meuy, Theng Nampan 1241/152 Lao, Men Phonmen 210/38 Lao, Men Phonpheng 1820/299 1482/288 Meuy, Ngo Nakhe 172/25 Men, Meuy Lak 12 145/22 812/124 Theng, Men, Puak, Meuy Lak 10 197/30 788/112 Phou Thay, Hmong Nalia 169/35 Hmong, Theng, Bo Lak 7 300/44 758/112 Theng, Bo, Hmong Naliang No Data Phou Thay Lak 5 338/56 682/114 Phou Thay, Theng Nong-O-Kao 159/27 780/98 Theng Nasalom 269/37 Hmong, Theng Nape 187/30 1159/154 Theng and Vietnamese Thongpe 53/10 1886/243 Hmong, Meuy, Theng Naphong No Data Bo Nachia ?? Theng There are a number of ethnic groups represented in Riparian communities (Bolikhamxai) that are not present in the other parts of the downstream (Khammouane and Savannakhet). These groups are present in the Nakai-Nam Theun NPA and are covered in the SEMFOP-1 since many of these villages are also classified as Peripheral Impact Zone (PIZ) villages (see Section 3). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 18 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-7: Ethnic Group in the Theun Hinboun Headpond Area Villages Pop/HH 2003 Ethnic Groups Nam Theun Kengbit 633/118 Meoi, Men, Pao and Lao (originally Vietic?) Kapap 416/86 Tai Men Thabak 1112/201 Tai Men, Moey and Pao Kagna 834/161 Tai Men, Tai Moey and Tai Kouane Katok 389/64 Nyuang, Kouane, Men, Phou Thay Phonlom Tai groups and Tai Khang (originally Vietic?) Nam Ngoung Vangxao 376/61 Tai Moei, Tai Pao, Tai Men, Lao Kaleung, Bo, Phou Thay Thasala Tai groups Vang xouay 442/69 Tai Pao, Hmong Kao, unidentified 'Lao Theung' groups Phiangdone Various Tai and Lao groups Phabang 367/60 Tai Kouane, Hmong, Tai Pao, Lao, Tai Phong, Phou Thay, Tai Men The only Ethnic minority groups present in the Theun Hinboun headpond are some Hmong households in Phabang and a few households that are reportedly classified as `Lao Theung'. A number of groups now identify themselves as `Lao' but were probably Vietic two or three generations previous. 7.2.5 Integration and Intermarriage 7.2.5.1 Degree of Integration into Mainstream Economy There are a number of factors that reveal that the downstream communities are more integrated into the mainstream economy than the communities on the Nakai Plateau. · Household incomes are considerably (at least three times) higher than those of the Nakai Plateau (average of 1,868,860 kip in 1998 for the Plateau and 6,110,319 kip in 2000 for the Downstream) although 64.9% of households are classified as below the Lao poverty line set at 5,904,000 kip in the downstream in 2001. · The vast majority of households have paddy land (52% with irrigated wet season, 22% with irrigated dry-season and 26% with rain-fed only) and the landholding averages are 1.59 ha for poor families and 2.39 ha for non-poor families with an average sale of rice production sold gauged at 7.9% of household income, indicating a food surplus on the whole. · Hand tractors, rice mills, water pumps and luxury goods such as motorbikes and TVs are owned by many households. The Lower XBF is the richest area, but averages are not significant for most items in the survey. · Off-farm employment results in wages forming over 15% of household income and smaller percentages of income are derived from shops, stalls, remittance and other sources (ca. 12%). This implies that more than 30% of household incomes on average are not agriculturally based. There are differences between the ethnic groups in terms of integration in each zone, but this results in a range for all groups. Hence, Brou in the Lower XBF in some cases have higher incomes than Lao and Phou Thay in the Middle XBF. The same can be said for cultural integration. 7.2.5.2 Degree of Intermarriage There are no taboos regarding marriage between different ethnic groups. However the preferred partner is most often of the same ethnic group or from the same village or town. Consideration of social status and location (proximity in terms of support for parents) are perhaps more important in many cases that ethnic group. Intermarriage is one key factor in mixing and merging of ethnic groups and there is good reason to believe that this has been a factor in the creation of new hybrid groups like the Lao Kaleung, Tai Bo or even possibily the Sek. A sample from a selection of villages supports these claims: January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas · In the Brou village of Na Kio near Mahaxay, there were at least two Lao men and one Lao Kaleung woman that had married Brou recently in addition to a number of previous marriages between Brou and other groups. · In the mixed village of Tha Kor on the Middle XBF (Sek and Lao Assimilated), many cases of intermarriage were recorded with some not being able to establish an ethnic identity (Lao Loum) there were two PhouThay and two Brou that had taken partners. · In the mixed Lao Kaleung village of Nongkok on the Upper XBF, three had married with Brou from nearby villages but only one had remained in the village itself · In the a Lao Kaleung village of Tha Pha on Road 12, there were three Brou women and four Brou men that had married and settled into the village and a number of other marriages to Brou and Phou Thay that settled outside of the village In terms of social organization and inheritance, it appears that the patrilineal and virilocal aspects of Brou kinship are slowly being replaced by Lao matrilineal and matrilocal practices. Although both forms are usually present in Lao Assimilated villages, the latter is far more the norm. Location determines ethnic identity for the most part in that the person who is marrying into a village may have to learn a new language and culture. There is not always a full integration but that person's children will usually adopt the ethnic identity of the village. Hence most villages in the project area are mono-ethnic. 7.2.5.3 Language and Dialects Language is a key issue related to ethnicity and a good indicator of the presence of a different culture and ethnic identity. When an ethnic minority language disappears, one can often assume that the sense of being a unique ethnic group may be seriously threatened. The disappearance of ethnic languages in the Downstream, in some ways paralleling the advance of the majority Lao language on the Nakai Plateau, is indicative of a changing ethnic situation. Clearly Lao is making inroads everywhere and it is possible that in a generation or two, only a few villages will have an ethnic minority language as the language of daily interaction. At present there are about a dozen Brou villages where Brou is spoken in daily intercourse and a dozen more villages where elders alone retain a knowledge of the language. The degree of assimilation and adaptation is illustrated in Figure 7-2. Language is an important factor in consultations since the goal is the ability to communicate aspects of the project to affected communities and thus involve them actively in planning, implementation and monitoring. There are a number of dialects of Lao and Phou Thay in the downstream. However, the use of the Lao language for all Tai-Lao groups should pose no problem. A comparison of Lao with Lao Kaleung and Phou Thay (see Table 12-5 (Chapter 12 in Volume 2) for the range of Lao dialects and sample expressions) reveals a high degree of similarity in vocabulary although differences in tones, it should be noted, add an important dimension. Translators will not be needed in Tai-Laovillages since all are familiar with standard Lao that is taught in school and is the language of interaction in most cases outside of the domestic or village context. As regards Brou villages, most, if not all Brou villagers in the downstream area, have at least a good working knowledge of Lao, some using it as the daily language of communication. However, since Brou (and other West Kautic dialects and languages) as well as Khmu are very different languages to Tai languages and dialects, translation may be necessary in some cases and provisions should be made for this. Special consideration should be made for the elderly and women since they are the two groups likely to have the poorest knowledge of Lao (illiterate) or have the least practice in using the language. 7.2.5.4 Integration Case Study 1 ­ Upper XBF Three cases are presented to illustrate the complex and dynamic ethnic situation in the downstream area. The first case deals with a cluster of villages near the Upper XBF in Gnommalath District. Two Phou Thay villages, Na Hay and Na Katang, have been established for over five generations. These villages are large and relatively prosperous with large houses and paddy fields. Two neighbouring villages (Na Vaeng and Phone Thoum) which can be classified as Lao Assimilated in Figure 7-2, or more precisely in this case as `Phou Thay Assimilated' were established about three generations ago. They were a mixture of Brou (Makong) from the nearby Ban Na Sok and Phou Thay settlers from the original villages in the vicinity. The resultant mix can be characterized as assimilation of Brou groups into Phou Thay culture. All villagers use a dialect of Phou Thay in the village although people January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas are conversant in Lao as well, often mixing the languages. Wet season paddy is the most important livelihood characteristic. Few Brou elements are visible and few state outright that they are anything other than Lao or Phou Thay at present. However, people did admit that their ancestors had been Makong (Brou). The village of Tha Pha, located in the vicinity of the above mentioned villages, is located along Road 12 and is fairly new village. However, Tha Pha was originally the site of a Brou village, most of which relocated nearer the Phou Thay villages. After the upgrading of Road 12, some households have relocated to Tha Pha on the road. The result is a mixture of ethnic groups, dominated by the Lao Assimilated (formally Brou but now without any significant trace of Brou culture and language). There are eight examples of Brou marrying into the village from the surrounding area. However, most villages insisted that they were Lao Loum or Lao thamadaa (`regular Lao') or even Lao Kaleung. It is difficult to classify such a transition or dynamic situation but the general trend is for Brou groups to adapt culture and language characteristics of the neighbouring Lao or Phou Thay. 7.2.5.5 Integration Case Study 2 ­ Middle XBF The cluster of villages (Keng Pe, Tha Kho and Tha Hat in Xe Bangfai District) are illustrative of another type of assimilation process. These villages are located along the XBF but are some distance from a main road. Keng Pe is a mixed Tai-Lao village with most of the population originating either in Nongbok District, Khammouane (Tai Lao or Sek) or in Xepon District, Savannakhet (Phou Thay). There is also a substantial number of villagers from the surrounding area (Lao Kaleung and Brou) that have moved in or married with residents. Although a number of languages are spoken in the domestic sphere, Lao is the predominant language of communication for all villagers. This fairly large village has electricity, reasonable services, a number of shops, a monastery and transportation links to the main road (daily pickups ferrying people). Several kilometres downstream is the village of Tha Kho. This village could be designated as `Lao Assimilated' on Figure 7-2 since most people interviewed stated that they were Lao Loum and, Brou was not spoken by most people. A number of villagers originated in Nongbok District (Ban Eetou) but material culture and other signs indicated that many inhabitants were probably originally Brou or related Kautic ethnic groups. These origins have either been forgotten or are denied in a conscious attempt to be seen as belonging to the more advance ethnic category of Lao or Sek. Marriage between Sek, Phou Thay and Brou ethnic groups were recorded. This claim was substantiated by the presence of a small monastery inhabited by an elderly monk and a novice. A further three kilometres downstream is the village of Tha Hat. Upon making enquiries as to which ethnic group lived here, the answer received was `Salui', a corruption of a sub-group of the Brou, the Chalui, as well as Makong, Brou or just Lao Theung. People here admitted that they were an ethnic minority and Brou was spoken among villagers although all fully understand Lao. Five Lao had married into the village and had only a passive or limited working knowledge of Brou and relied on the Brou speaking Lao to them. This village was relatively poor in terms of material culture and agricultural production. There was no health centre and the small school was manned by a Lao-speaking teacher from Tha Kho. Buddhist monks were only present in the village during cremations but many reported that they had elders carry out the ceremonies since they lack adequate funds to hold Buddhist rituals and to provide food and gifts to the monks for their services. Burial was still practised but mostly for accidental deaths only. 7.2.5.6 Integration Case Study 3 ­Lower XBF The villages of Saadeu Tai and Saadeu Neua, located near the month of the XBF in Nong Bok District, were most likely Lao Theung but now have all but lost traces of their former ethnicity. These villages are about four generations old and likely a mixture of Phou Thay (some informants mentioned Vang Angkham in Xepon District), Lao groups and `Kha' or Lao Theung (probably Katu or Brou groups in this case) from the interior of Savannakhet Province. Nobody, it was claimed had any knowledge of Brou or other Lao Theung languages and most denied that there was even a connection with Lao Theung. The village has a large monastery and extensive paddy although compared to the more established Phou Thay and Lao villages, it does not have a high standard of living or income. One telltale feature that distinguished most of the village from its neighbours was the village layout. Houses were close together without large kitchen gardens or fruit trees. These could be evidence of a more recently established village or reminiscent of the cluster arrangements of more traditional Lao Theung villages. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 7.2.6 Relations with Other Groups Interactions between the inhabitants of Xe Bangfai communities and other peoples are common. The region has been more or less (and to varying degrees) integrated into the national economy, and contact with the Nakai Plateau and other provinces is quite common. · Transferral of cultural beliefs, notably the spread of Buddhism and Tai-Lao cultural practices from along the Mekong to more upstream locations is ongoing. The degree of Buddhism, in general, decreases as one approaches the Nakai Plateau and heads for areas that are not accessible by road. While the Tai-Lao and Phou Thay practise a type of SE Asian Folk Buddhism (with considerable spirit religion input), the Brou, Lao Kaleung and Vietic groups have fussed beliefs in spirits with only limited elements of Buddhism. However, this is a dynamic situation. · Livelihood systems of theTai-Lao groups, including wet paddy cultivation have been adapted by the Brou in many cases such that the Brou in the lowlands have very similar livelihood systems to the lowland Lao. · Trade in livestock illustrates contacts with other groups to the north (Nakai Plateau) and to Thakhek. Buffalo from the lowland areas were, but no longer are, given to villagers on the Nakai Plateau for grazing since there was limited pasture in the lowland areas of Gnommalat and Mahaxai Districts. Buffalo were traded in the lowland areas at Thakhek. · Marriage between groups outside the downstream has been reported with no taboo on marriage between ethnic groups recorded. Intermarriage is one of the key indicators of cultural borrowing, language change and merging of socio-economic systems. In general, the matrilocal residence patterns, systems of bride price and other aspects of Lao culture are being adapted by the Phou Tha and Brou ethnic groups. 7.2.7 Belief Systems and Cultural Heritage Issues 7.2.7.1 Overview of Belief Systems Most villages practise what can be called `Folk Buddhism' in contrast to more orthodox forms of Buddhism found in urban monasteries in the country. In addition to Buddhism, all of the ethnic groups believe in various spirits that control aspects of the cosmos and explain causality, including accidents, sicknesses, death and incomprehensible phenomena. Each type of spirit is associated with a certain location and a particular power to affect the lives of the living. There are a number of more isolated Brou villages that profess to believe only in spirits and the majority of two Brou/Lao Assimilated villages in the Middle XBF that have converted to Christianity. However, both Buddhism and Christianity exist side by side with spirit beliefs in these villages, with all villages participating in large communal rituals to ensure successful harvests and plentiful rain. 7.2.7.2 Folk Buddhism The expression `Folk Buddhism' is suitable for describing religious practices in the Downstream Area, as was the case with the Nakai Plateau. However, the extent of Buddhist practices and presence of monks in the lowland is significantly higher than on the Nakai Plateau which only has one functioning monastery. The following table provides an overview of the Buddhist calendar and which rituals are performed in the project area. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-8: Overview of Buddhist Rituals Month Ritual Events Practices in the Downstream Jan Bun Khao Jii ­ Roasted Rice presented to Ritual only performed in large villages with monasteries and monks monks ­ primarily in the Lower XBF Feb Bun Panae ­ collective ritual for start of Bun Panae is performed by most villages but only in villages with Mar agricultural season monasteries do monks participate. Otherwise, elders and local ritual Apr Bun Bang Fai ­ rocket festival to induce specialists perform this ritual. This often combined with calling of rains spirits (phii thiem) by local ritual specialists in Brou and some Lao Bun Songkhran ­ Buddhist New Years and Assimilated villages. symbolic washing Bun Bang Fai is only held in large villages in the Lower XBF and in towns. Bun Songkhran is celebrated everywhere but the religious aspect is primarily in large villages with monasteries only. May No ritual activity ­ intense agricultural Jun activity Jul Aug Bun Khao Phansa ­ Start of the Lenten Only in villages with Buddhist monasteries retreat Vieng Tien or candle procession Sep Bun Khao Padapdin ­ offerings to spirits and Practised in all villages but performed by monks in villages with the Buddha for successful rice crop monasteries while in other villages (Buddhist or non-Buddhist) performed by local ritual specialists (maw) Oct Bund Khao Salak ­ offerings to ancestral Practised in all villages but performed by monks in villages with spirits and the Buddha for successful rice monasteries while in other villages (Buddhist or non-Buddhist) crop performed by local ritual specialists (maw) Nov Bun Auk Phansa ­ End of Lenten retreat Only in villages with Buddhist monasteries Dec Bun Totpapha/Bun Kathin ­ post-harvest Only in villages with Buddhist monasteries but small rituals by maw celebrations often held at household level after harvest The presence of monasteries/temples in villages and the availability of monks to conduct rituals determine to a large extent the degree of Folk Buddhism in the lives of villages. In villages where the nearest monastery is some distance away, the number of `Buddhist' rituals tends to be low, with the monks mostly only conducting death rituals and cremations. In general, Lao and Phou Thay villages tend to have monasteries in their villages or within the vicinity. Only the larger and more well established Lao Assimilated and Brou villages have monasteries and monks are very often recruited from other villages. 7.2.7.3 Territorial and Ancestral Spirits Territorial spirits are spirits that influence a large area around a village or group of villages. In Lao, Phou Thay and Lao Kaleung they are referred to as phi muang, phi meaning `spirit' and muang referring to the village or town territory. The equivalent word in Brou is kamut yiang or yiang su but the Lao expression in also used. These spirits receive annual offerings, kin seng, of buffalo, pigs, turtles or chickens along with alcohol and other items before the start of the agricultural season in February. Neglecting a spirit may incur its wrath, bring on sickness, disaster, crop failures or accident for individuals or the community as a whole. The ritual offerings consist of animal sacrifice (usually pigs and/or chickens), alcohol and various decorations. The date for a kin seng ceremony, as it is called, is agreed upon by the ritual specialists and approved by village authorities. In downstream villages, many did not conduct this ceremony on a regular basis, either participating in neighbouring villages' rituals or conducting smaller rituals, some at the household level only. Unlike the Nakai Plateau, most phi muang did not have a name. 7.2.7.4 Life Cycle Rituals A brief examination of life cycle rituals reveals both similarities and differences among the groups in the downstream. In general, the life cycle practices of the Lao, Phou Thay and Lao Kaleung are very similar with only slight differences in rituals, beliefs and practices. This is due to the fact that the Lao and Phou Thay are of the same ethno-linguistic group (Tai) and that the Lao Kaleung have been integrated into lowland Lao culture. Brou beliefs are similar in some cases due to a shared setting, interaction and a basic common Southeast Asian cosmology. The degree of influence from Buddhism distinguishes the Brou from the Lao and Phou Thay, but less so from the Lao Kaleung, who are likely Brou that have been `laoisied'. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Birthing Most women give birth in the house or the house of their parents (Lao and Phou Thay) or in-laws (Brou). Traditional midwives and experienced elderly women as well as mothers, mothers-in-law are usually present to assist the woman. A recovery period after birth for the women and seclusion from society is called yuu fai among all the groups. Men have secondary or support roles only. The women consume copious amounts of medicinal water (made from boiling the bark of `female' trees) and follows a strict diet of rice and salt and in some cases dried meat. The length of recovery varies, but in general for the first birth it is 15 days and for subsequent births less, depending on the condition of the mother and child. Marriage Among all groups courting is common and young men and women decide themselves as to their future marriage partners. Parents need to approve but rarely refuse. Among the Lao Loum groups there is bride price (khaa dong) and a baci ceremony conducted by a priest. Post-marital residence is always matrilineal, at least initially. Among the Brou there is also a feast at the house of the bride. The groom's side provides the meat (one buffalo, 4 chickens and 4 pigs for a large feast) and alcohol as well as paying the bride price of up to one million kip. Among the Brou and some Lao Assimilated, residence patterns vary, and there seems to be a change from patrilocal to pragmatic considerations or even matrilocal residence due to influence from Lao Loum traditions. With increased intermarriage between groups, it seems likely that post-marital matrilocal residence of the dominant group may become the norm for the whole region. Illness Although there are government and private clinics and dispensaries in the downstream, there are also local practitioners and a belief that illnesses may have both natural (scientific) and supernatural causes. All groups have local practitioners called maw who are responsible for conducting elaborate baci ceremonies or simply tying the wrists of ill villagers. The use of traditional herbs is also prevalent with considerable borrowing amongst all groups. Death Traditionally, many groups in SE Asia buried their dead. It is only through the influence of Buddhism that cremation has become the norm among many Tai-Lao groups. For the indigenous Brou and other Lao Theung groups, burial was the norm. Whereas monks conduct cremation rituals for Tai-Lao groups, chant Buddhist texts and purify the living, Brou groups combine elements of Buddhism and spirit traditions. The following outline of a Brou death ritual was compiled from witnessing two rituals and discussions with various Brou ritual specialists: The corpse is washed by same-sex relatives and laid out in its house or the house of the eldest family member shortly after death Monks from the nearest monastery are called to chant prayers that day or the next day depending on the time of death and the time it takes to organise a feast and inform close relatives A buffalo is slaughtered to feed the guests and monks perform a ritual for the spirit or khwan of the buffalo, the belief being that the spirit will be `rewarded' for the loss of life (providing food) by being reborn as a human being. As the corpse was taken out of the house, bamboo musical instruments played `symbolic music' that only spirits could hear. This is to frighten the corpse (spirit) from returning to the house and haunting the living. This is called peuk phii in Lao. The corpse is carried to the cemetery area for cremation where a ritual dinner is presented by the local priest (maw) before perfumed water is poured on the corpse. As the pyre is lit, the monks chant again ­ sometimes a holy string is attached to the corpse before the pyre is lit but this is not always the case. The next day, the male relatives place pieces of charred bone and ashes into a ceramic jar and this is placed beside a post ­ originally these jars were probably buried but are now left by the post. In some cases, there is another ritual (up to three years after the cremation) called jek khao, a kind of second burial that re-introduces the spirit back into the community as a benevolent ancestral spirit that watches over the living. It should be stated that spirit traditions are also present in Tai-Lao rituals but are not so prevalent as among the Brou and some Lao Assimilated (formallyBrou and related groups). Again, there are numerous shared cosmological concepts among the different peoples of SE Asia. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 7.2.7.5 Moving Houses It is likely that a small number of houses or structures may be affected along the XBF due to bank slumping or erosion of the existing banks. So far approximately 25 stuctures have been identified as being within 20 metres from the banks of the XBF River. Less than half of these structures are houses. The following is a list of house rituals and requirements which most groups practice when building and moving into a new house. Again the differences between the groups should be noted during the preparations for the resettlement. Choosing the Site: The choosing of the site involves the divination (sieng), that is receiving a message of approval from the spirits. Ritual specialists may employ a piece of bamboo cut in two which is tossed into the air. If the two halves land upright or facing down it is auspicious to build a house on the site. If the two halves are of opposite values, it is inauspicious. Many villagers reported, however, that this was not always performed. Construction of Houses: Construction of the house (phuk heun), or at least the frame, is a joint effort involving relatives and other villagers. It is an occasion for a village celebration and feast in which the women cook a meal and the men all pitch in to erect the structure. This is done on an auspicious day according to charts of the months and old texts in the possession of village elders. A ceremony may involve only the raising of the first two important posts, sao jeh/eek and sao khwan. Moving In: Moving into a new house (kheun heun mai) involves a recreation of a journey and invitation to stay (kae hit). In many cases the roles of fictitious previous inhabitants of the house are played by a village elder (usually male) and the male household head wanders around the house before asking if he could enter to rest. The new inhabitant enters after receiving permission and hammers a nail to the post on which he hangs his belongings. This establishes him as the owner and the rest of the family member may then enter. There is also a calling of the house spirits (phi heun) to inform them that their descendants have moved into a new house and that they should protect and look after the interests of the living. 7.2.7.6 Cultural Heritage Bank protection structures to protect religious monuments, such as parts of a Buddhist monastery at Mahaxay Town, two churches in Kengkasee and possibly other areas are being planned and will be put in place prior to the operation period. At present a detailed survey is being carried out along the XBF to identify all locations. This survey will identifying all structures that are within 20 metres of the banks of the XBF, but this does not necessarily mean that these structures will require relocation. If sites cannot be protected in a feasible manner, consultations with local population to determine how to relocate gravesites or shrines too close to the river's edge are threatened by bank erosion. Discussions should be held with village elders andritual specialists to determine the best means of doing this, including holding appropriate rituals and ceremonies. As with the Plateau communities, NTPC has indicated that it would co-operate with the Ministry of Culture and Information so that appropriate protective and/or salvage measures will be adopted if any archaeologically significant properties are uncovered during the construction activities. These may consist of old Buddha statues or religious objects from previous monasteries or shrines. The Concession Agreement outlines contractual obligations regarding the minimization of potential impacts on cultural items during construction and as a result of inundation, including monitoring, visibly marking items, consultations with GOL if items are discovered and full compensation or replacement (see CA, Schedule 4, Part 1 and 2, `Protection of archaeological heritage'). 7.3 LIVELIHOOD ANDETHNICITY ALONG THEXE BANGFAI 7.3.1 Methodologies The following methods of data collection were employed at various stages in the planning for mitigation measures of ethnic minorities on the Nakai Plateau: · Household surveys for gathering socio-economic, health and fisheries data was carried out in August 2001 by the RMU and presented in the Xe Bang Fai Socio-Economic, Health and Fisheries Survey (see January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 25 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Appendix I of the RAP). The data was collected by interviewing household members on an individual basis. · In-depth Interviews of individuals and families were carried out on several occasions (1997, 2001 and 2003) in order to obtain additional information relating to individual household economics, social organization, cultural practices, gender relations and resource use. · Discussions with local leaders were carried out on several occasions throughout the consultation process and during all surveys in order to update statistics on village population, migration patterns and relationships between traditional and formal positions of power within the villages. · Ethnicity Survey was carried out in 2003 by the RMU under the direction of NTEC. Discussion with ritual practitioners were also carried out in order to assess cultural practices, rituals relating to relocation, territorial spirits and religious beliefs by anthropologists in 1997 and 2003. · Participant Observation was conducted in selected villages by survey teams in 1997 and 1998 to observe firsthand village life and routines. Informal discussions were held with many villagers in order to gain insights into aspirations of villages. Survey teams consisted of government officials from the RMU, LWU and NTEC consultants. · First Round of Consultations: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques were used in 1997 as part of the gender-sensitive consultation process. This involved land use mapping. Groups of men and women discussed potential project impacts and livelihood needs. The results of these consultations were compiled by NTEC. · Second Round of Consultations on the impacts of the NT2 project in the downstream areas are to be carried out in 2004 with the aim of further clarifying impact issues All these various types of data were co-related, checked and fed into the planning process. These methods fulfill the consultation and planning criteria with regard to the taking into consideration the cultural and socio-economic needs of all ethnic groups in the Downstream. 7.3.2 Socio-economic Status A major survey of socio-economic conditions in the downstream communities was undertaken by the RMU in August 2001 (final version published in December 2002). This survey was based on a high 20% sample of 1,680 households from 112 villages along the Nam Kathang, Nam Gnom and Xe Bangfai. 7.3.2.1 Household Income Sources The most important source of income for downstream households is agriculture, presenting 33.6% of the total. Fish caught and sold was calculated at 13.3% in total and livestock (and wildlife) represented about 13.3% of imputed and cash income. Wages and pensions accounted for 28%. This reveals that the downstream economy in general terms appears to be more diversified in relation to sources of income. Nakai Plateau households derived far less income from wages (8-11%, 1996-98). It is also important to note that there are some variations between project zones. Due to a significant reliance on wages in the Upper XBF, income from agriculture and livestock are less than the other zones. This is due in part to the recent construction and upgrading of Road 12 to the Vietnamese Border in this area. Fishing appears to be more important for the Upper XBF as well, and this is probably due to larger fish stocks. In general, the Middle XBF appears to be the least developed in terms of infrastructure and access to markets and this is reflected in the lower average household income. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 26 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-9: Cash and Imputed Household Income in Downstream Households Upstream of Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upper XBF Income Source % of total income Value of Consumed Agricultural Products 16.0 26.5 29.8 30.6 Value of Sold Agricultural Products 1.4 2.3 13.5 3.7 Value of Consumed Fish 10.3 14.4 11.6 11.2 Value of Sold Fish 12.6 6.7 3.4 2.2 Value of Consumed Livestock & Wildlife 0.9 2.6 1.6 0.9 Value of Sold Livestock & Wildlife 6.4 8.6 6.7 6.0 Pensions, retired persons 4.9 3.9 4.8 4.4 Wages 32.0 22.6 13.0 24.5 Leasing 0.3 1.4 0.8 0.0 Services 2.9 1.8 1.4 8.2 Small Shops 4.9 1.2 1.8 5.6 Remittance 5.7 4.0 11.1 0.8 Grants 1.9 3.9 0.6 1.9 Average Annual HH Income (Kip) 7,746,436 4,672,892 6,216,497 5,084,728 Average Annual HH Income (USD) $ 842 $ 508 $ 676 $ 553 7.3.2.2 Income in Relation to Ethnicity In Table 7-10 detailed data from the XBF Survey Report illustrates the differences and similarities between ethnic groups in the downstream in relation to income and income sources. There are three main areas covered, each with different range of ethnic groups. For analytical purposes a selection of the villages will highlight the poorest (average household income below USD 400) and the richest (average household income above USD 800 and above the Lao poverty line. This will allow for the comparison of income with ethnic groups based on the ethnic data provided from other studies that is included in the table. In general, there is a tendency for minority villages (Brou and related groups) to have lower incomes than majority villages (Lao, Phou Thay and Lao Kaleung or other Tai-Lao groups). However, location and access to markets and services as well as the history of the village (migrations and date of establishment) play as much a role or an even more important one than ethnic composition, at least in terms of standard of living and income sources. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-10: Ethnic Groups and Income (Income and Totals)in Xe Bangfai Villages (villages marked in yellow should be shaded and in italics) Location Source of Income Pension Wage Leasing Servicing Small Shop Loan - Remittance Grant Consumed Sold Ag Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Sold Income Incl. Income Not Income per Income per No. No. Village Ethnic Composition District agric products products - Fish Livestock & Livestock & Loan Incl. Loan HH not HH not Incl Wildlife Wildlife incl.loan loan (USD) 53 6 Paksenoy Tai Lao XBF 3,064,000 3,440,000 - - 200,000 1,000,000 30,000 2,935,000 7,405,400 960,000 4,121,000 3,280,000 75,000 1,650,000 28,160,400 27,160,400 1,810,693 $197 52 5 Hatpek Brou XBF 2,400,000 3,740,000 - - - 1,510,000 - 3,740,000 3,966,600 48,000 4,471,000 1,752,000 135,000 8,025,000 29,787,600 28,277,600 1,885,173 $205 54 7 Kokkengkhen Tai Lao XBF 3,504,000 9,360,000 - - - - 630,000 2,520,000 8,515,800 12,000 4,674,000 9,167,000 465,000 920,000 39,767,800 39,767,800 2,651,187 $288 48 1 Kengkasi Mixed - Brou/Lao/Phou Thay XBF 1,500,000 6,870,000 - - - - 2,000,000 3,359,000 8,247,400 90,400 9,339,000 7,232,000 380,000 775,000 39,792,800 39,792,800 2,652,853 $288 31 8 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 216,000 12,500,000 - 2,220,000 - - 100,000 1,900,000 14,312,700 1,705,600 4,486,000 1,544,000 135,000 2,385,000 41,504,300 41,504,300 2,766,953 $301 43 12 Eelane Brou Mahaxai 5,220,000 9,920,000 - 1,800,000 - 1,000,000 500,000 1,970,000 15,661,600 819,800 5,814,000 1,480,000 240,000 780,000 45,205,400 44,205,400 2,947,027 $320 105 46 Hatsaisugtay Tai Lao Saybouly - 2,820,000 1,500,000 150,000 800,000 - 3,460,000 - 19,859,700 9,778,600 3,978,000 463,000 190,000 1,525,000 44,524,300 44,524,300 2,968,287 $323 28 5 Nakeo Mixed - Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai 600,000 14,150,000 - 600,000 - 300,000 - 940,000 13,265,800 29,000 9,931,000 1,040,000 170,000 4,745,000 45,770,800 45,470,800 3,031,387 $329 49 2 Veunsanan Mixed - Lao/Brou/Phou Thay/Tai Groups XBF 8,574,000 8,140,000 - 1,000,000 - - 2,200,000 3,970,000 8,494,200 40,000 5,216,000 5,234,000 1,915,000 1,070,000 45,853,200 45,853,200 3,056,880 $332 24 1 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 3,576,000 11,647,000 - 2,400,000 2,050,000 - 1,500,000 2,350,000 16,315,800 12,000 7,930,000 1,520,000 200,000 1,675,000 51,175,800 51,175,800 3,411,720 $371 106 47 Nongheuathongneua Tai Lao Saybouly - 4,686,000 1,100,000 577,200 200,000 200,000 150,000 1,000,000 28,922,300 3,226,000 5,564,732 2,088,000 445,000 4,275,000 52,434,232 52,234,232 3,482,282 $379 35 4 Vatthat Brou Mahaxai 3,550,000 11,060,000 - 900,000 - - - 1,000,150 28,538,500 659,000 6,579,000 2,464,000 195,000 300,000 55,245,650 55,245,650 3,683,043 $400 97 38 Thakharm Tai Lao Saybouly - 4,090,000 - 440,000 100,000 - 18,600,000 - 23,771,700 2,681,600 4,947,000 440,000 690,000 450,000 56,210,300 56,210,300 3,747,353 $407 108 49 Pahlay Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Brou Saybouly - 17,001,000 - 1,940,000 - 700,000 - 3,635,000 11,764,800 124,000 8,983,000 7,080,000 1,615,000 4,995,000 57,837,800 57,137,800 3,809,187 $414 58 11 Lao Phou Thay Saybouly 6,745,000 7,910,000 - - - 6,360,000 380,000 20,000 20,029,776 516,000 15,910,000 4,000,000 1,015,000 990,000 63,875,776 57,515,776 3,834,385 $417 74 15 Saadeauneua Tai Lao Nong Bok 204,000 7,222,000 - 760,000 - 100,000 4,000,000 136,000 22,291,200 3,996,800 11,659,000 584,000 1,110,000 6,405,000 58,468,000 58,368,000 3,891,200 $423 72 13 Dongphak-pheuang Phou Thay Nong Bok 4,008,000 9,980,000 - - 500,000 252,750 740,000 36,000 27,934,600 7,470,200 7,760,000 - - 180,000 58,861,550 58,608,800 3,907,253 $425 65 6 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay XBF 500,000 10,450,000 600,000 - - 220,000 1,070,000 76,000 32,893,000 5,341,600 3,956,000 3,040,000 390,000 1,230,000 59,766,600 59,546,600 3,969,773 $431 95 36 Sakong Tai Lao Saybouly 4,560,000 1,496,000 - - 500,000 - 300,000 200,000 32,206,900 11,072,800 5,168,000 1,040,000 1,925,000 1,225,000 59,693,700 59,693,700 3,979,580 $433 73 14 Saadeautay Tai Lao Nong Bok 6,860,976 2,311,000 150,000 100,000 - 200,000 100,000 - 17,277,500 5,255,800 15,904,000 1,000,000 1,120,000 9,720,000 59,999,276 59,799,276 3,986,618 $433 101 42 Naxiengkhane Tai Lao Saybouly 4,056,000 8,672,000 - 1,800,000 - 2,350,000 3,400,000 1,209,000 22,950,400 5,726,600 8,006,000 2,128,000 440,000 1,965,000 62,703,000 60,353,000 4,023,533 $437 51 4 Nathan Phou Thay XBF 3,106,908 14,590,000 - 300,000 1,200,000 700,000 450,000 1,782,500 21,642,400 1,686,000 11,365,000 3,400,000 572,000 475,000 61,269,808 60,569,808 4,037,987 $439 98 39 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 4,300,000 - - 1,700,000 - 14,100,000 - 30,889,700 525,600 5,491,000 760,000 510,000 3,145,000 61,421,300 61,421,300 4,094,753 $445 41 10 Dangkang Brou Mahaxai 757,200 27,550,000 - 1,000,000 20,000 1,500,000 600,000 1,700,000 18,533,400 252,000 6,983,000 3,980,000 1,320,000 1,100,000 65,295,600 63,795,600 4,253,040 $462 107 48 Nongheuathong tay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 424,000 3,050,000 - 8,100,000 - 1,200,000 17,540,000 2,765,000 18,920,200 636,000 7,922,000 1,000,000 - 4,350,000 65,907,200 64,707,200 4,313,813 $469 76 17 Thamoang Phou Thay Nong Bok 2,832,000 1,480,000 - - - 600,000 6,900,000 1,887,000 18,981,200 2,884,200 15,517,000 1,648,000 2,080,000 13,700,000 68,509,400 67,909,400 4,527,293 $492 47 16 Thathat Brou XBF 241,000 20,535,600 - 1,837,500 6,947,000 200,000 - 6,500,000 8,831,000 400,000 4,790,000 12,128,000 155,000 6,170,000 68,735,100 68,535,100 4,569,007 $497 103 44 Hatkhamdee Tai Lao Saybouly 2,160,000 20,246,000 1,000,000 2,165,000 360,000 800,000 8,100,000 286,000 15,653,000 1,984,000 8,948,000 5,848,000 75,000 3,250,000 70,875,000 70,075,000 4,671,667 $508 77 18 Namphou Phou Thay Nong Bok 8,520,000 15,500,000 - 2,000,000 500,000 1,500,000 1,600,000 1,175,000 20,422,400 7,201,600 10,064,000 1,456,000 235,000 2,015,000 72,189,000 70,689,000 4,712,600 $512 110 51 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Saybouly 444,000 2,140,000 - 2,800,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 10,000,000 - 25,277,200 10,902,400 8,761,000 2,823,000 1,068,000 2,830,000 74,045,600 71,045,600 4,736,373 $515 100 41 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 15,348,000 5,090,000 - 960,000 400,000 100,000 2,440,000 - 22,222,100 5,109,700 6,857,000 3,224,000 1,065,000 8,335,000 71,150,800 71,050,800 4,736,720 $515 83 24 Hatxaifong Phou Thay Nong Bok 5,000,000 13,500,000 2,000,000 400,000 400,000 650,000 150,000 540,800 22,438,600 15,491,400 11,321,000 544,000 680,000 805,000 73,920,800 73,270,800 4,884,720 $531 26 3 Naphong Brou Mahaxai 6,720,000 13,510,000 - 18,400,000 400,000 300,000 500,000 130,000 19,702,205 2,120,000 8,614,000 2,550,000 435,000 725,000 74,106,205 73,806,205 4,920,414 $535 63 4 Naphokth a Tai Lao XBF 14,880,000 15,160,000 - 800,000 - 13,200,000 1,780,000 490,750 26,475,600 6,012,800 4,012,000 3,795,000 300,000 225,000 87,131,150 73,931,150 4,928,743 $536 91 32 Kangpa Phou Thay/Lao Saybouly - 1,670,000 - 800,000 - 100,000 2,900,000 1,000,000 37,332,000 19,408,000 8,633,000 1,760,000 960,000 2,575,000 77,138,000 77,038,000 5,135,867 $558 102 43 Houi-hai Tai Lao Saybouly 780,000 4,520,000 200,000 5,200,000 1,000,000 7,392,000 7,900,000 649,500 28,104,700 9,581,000 7,236,000 4,004,000 625,000 8,275,000 85,467,200 78,075,200 5,205,013 $566 60 1 Kuase Mixed - Lao/Phou Thay/ Phuan XBF 15,930,000 16,700,000 - 500,000 11,850,000 23,800,000 1,000,000 - 26,597,500 91,400 2,089,000 296,000 2,100,000 3,015,000 103,968,900 80,168,900 5,344,593 $581 112 53 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Saybouly - 6,410,000 - 600,000 630,000 200,000 2,080,000 - 28,420,200 14,382,000 7,924,000 1,840,000 6,400,000 12,470,000 81,356,200 81,156,200 5,410,413 $588 66 7 Phonsaoea Phou Thay Nong Bok - 7,432,000 100,000 2,000,000 - - 8,500,000 1,008,000 16,691,400 3,137,300 20,136,000 8,450,000 1,290,000 12,470,000 81,214,700 81,214,700 5,414,313 $589 104 45 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Saybouly - 12,100,000 - 400,000 - 250,000 10,700,000 380,000 30,851,100 15,688,300 3,309,000 560,000 640,000 8,360,000 83,238,400 82,988,400 5,532,560 $601 29 6 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 2,966,000 8,205,000 - 10,600,000 12,700,000 - 1,950,000 1,925,000 23,882,800 506,000 9,151,000 1,640,000 1,300,000 8,465,000 83,290,800 83,290,800 5,552,720 $604 70 11 Dongsanga Mixed - Lao/Phou Thay/Tai Vang Nong Bok 2,000,000 16,950,000 - 500,000 2,030,000 2,443,000 12,800,000 908,500 27,915,300 8,941,200 7,301,000 1,064,000 455,000 2,570,000 85,878,000 83,435,000 5,562,333 $605 61 2 Dangtha Phou Thay XBF - 15,740,000 - 800,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 12,345,000 1,629,000 33,836,600 3,451,000 12,632,000 663,000 255,000 340,000 86,691,600 83,691,600 5,579,440 $606 30 7 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 420,000 9,860,000 - 4,400,000 9,500,000 - - 1,455,000 33,416,000 4,128,000 8,418,000 2,432,000 2,245,000 7,675,000 83,949,000 83,949,000 5,596,600 $608 90 31 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 340,000 14,750,000 - - 240,000 12,000,000 3,000,000 60,000 32,205,600 15,701,400 4,615,000 112,000 3,870,000 10,895,000 97,789,000 85,789,000 5,719,267 $622 96 37 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 5,388,666 - 1,470,000 - 2,000,000 6,100,000 200,000 40,660,100 21,394,000 3,106,000 1,800,000 2,775,000 3,330,000 88,223,766 86,223,766 5,748,251 $625 71 12 Dongkasin Phou Thay Nong Bok 9,780,000 10,700,000 - 3,300,000 9,325,000 - 3,870,000 25,000 30,543,000 7,202,000 7,301,000 1,112,000 1,705,000 2,770,000 87,633,000 87,633,000 5,842,200 $635 67 8 Tanetheung Lao/Phou Thay Nong Bok 30,000 17,256,000 1,000,000 200,000 1,200,000 1,440,000 18,400,000 210,600 28,495,400 2,985,000 9,684,000 320,000 655,000 7,360,000 89,236,000 87,796,000 5,853,067 $636 99 40 Thadorkham Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 2,160,000 2,930,000 - - - 5,800,000 5,950,000 50,000 36,662,400 28,479,500 6,745,500 448,000 1,210,000 4,265,000 94,700,400 88,900,400 5,926,693 $644 94 35 Somsaa-at Tai Lao Saybouly 5,100,000 7,570,000 40,000 2,518,400 1,790,000 1,948,000 3,630,000 42,000 28,930,100 7,522,800 20,445,000 4,400,000 1,155,000 7,210,000 92,301,300 90,353,300 6,023,553 $655 42 11 Somsanook Brou Mahaxai - 15,350,000 - 12,900,000 - - 30,000 62,000 46,120,400 102,000 5,148,000 2,160,000 1,450,000 8,760,000 92,082,400 92,082,400 6,138,827 $667 50 3 Thasida Phou Thay XBF 270,000 29,494,800 - 686,000 100,000 - 200,000 2,145,000 19,678,800 124,000 11,532,000 3,680,000 1,290,000 23,530,000 92,730,600 92,730,600 6,182,040 $672 57 10 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Saybouly - 25,453,000 - 1,400,000 600,000 940,000 2,500,000 3,354,000 27,115,200 3,638,000 11,978,000 1,080,000 4,595,000 12,645,000 95,298,200 94,358,200 6,290,547 $684 62 3 Somsa-at Phou Thay XBF 31,200,000 11,900,000 1,000,000 950,000 1,000,000 - 6,400,000 1,450,000 23,617,200 3,526,000 5,062,000 5,611,000 440,000 2,365,000 94,521,200 94,521,200 6,301,413 $685 44 13 Phanang Tai Nyo Mahaxai 528,000 30,764,900 - 2,500,000 1,601,000 480,000 300,000 6,400,000 8,154,800 468,000 10,535,000 31,632,000 245,000 2,340,000 95,948,700 95,468,700 6,364,580 $692 27 4 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Mahaxai - 38,500,000 - 8,100,000 - - 800,000 1,040,000 25,419,800 1,316,000 10,147,000 1,320,000 - 10,620,000 97,262,800 97,262,800 6,484,187 $705 79 20 Navangtay Tai Vang Nong Bok 6,198,000 3,700,000 - 800,000 7,000,000 3,800,000 9,630,000 40,000 22,856,000 8,753,000 23,879,000 2,176,000 2,360,000 10,330,000 101,522,000 97,722,000 6,514,800 $708 39 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Mahaxai - 20,660,300 - 4,350,000 10,457,500 - 600,000 1,100,000 17,989,200 - 14,238,000 26,016,000 555,000 3,460,000 99,426,000 99,426,000 6,628,400 $720 69 10 Danepakse Lue and other Tai groups Nong Bok 2,460,000 6,250,000 - 1,100,000 12,000,000 6,900,000 17,500,000 788,500 13,622,800 7,703,000 14,909,000 3,029,000 1,485,000 19,600,000 107,347,300 100,447,300 6,696,487 $728 33 2 Mahaxay Neua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 19,580,000 10,650,000 790,000 2,000,000 5,245,000 - 11,000,000 2,880,000 27,043,400 3,880,800 3,401,000 3,680,000 575,000 10,440,000 101,165,200 101,165,200 6,744,347 $733 89 30 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 84,000 6,900,000 - 2,000,000 8,900,000 1,300,000 3,500,000 20,800 39,138,900 19,016,200 5,578,000 10,520,000 1,260,000 7,025,000 105,242,900 103,942,900 6,929,527 $753 111 52 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Saybouly - 16,396,000 - 200,000 610,000 2,000,000 1,120,000 - 41,541,900 28,753,900 8,087,600 1,627,600 960,000 6,870,000 108,167,000 106,167,000 7,077,800 $769 80 21 Navangneua Phou Thay Nong Bok 18,248,000 3,770,000 - - - 1,200,000 1,980,000 10,000 23,384,200 10,099,600 27,436,000 3,516,000 5,730,000 14,170,000 109,543,800 108,343,800 7,222,920 $785 68 9 Sumnadee Phou Thay Nong Bok 9,985,904 1,600,000 - 350,000 - 600,000 1,900,000 2,125,000 24,387,700 11,224,600 44,122,000 744,000 6,590,000 6,230,000 109,859,204 109,259,204 7,283,947 $792 64 5 Yangkham Tai Lao XBF 3,015,812 7,500,000 3,000,000 900,000 - 800,000 4,100,000 640,000 21,260,400 54,201,000 4,359,000 2,904,000 4,750,000 2,700,000 110,130,212 109,330,212 7,288,681 $792 93 34 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 38,664,000 - 2,633,000 - - 11,000,000 - 26,488,600 480,000 10,617,000 13,560,000 1,515,000 7,075,000 112,032,600 112,032,600 7,468,840 $812 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Location Source of Income Pension Wage Leasing Servicing Small Shop Loan - Remittance Grant Consumed Sold Ag Consumed Sold Fish - Consumed Sold Income Incl. Income Not Income per Income per No. No. Village Ethnic Composition District agric products products - Fish Livestock & Livestock & Loan Incl. Loan HH not HH not Incl Wildlife Wildlife incl.loan loan (USD) 38 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 4,700,000 31,254,000 3,000,000 2,050,000 1,600,000 2,800,000 5,870,000 160,000 11,758,220 341,400 24,277,000 13,016,800 1,115,000 13,500,000 115,442,420 112,642,420 7,509,495 $816 59 12 Xiengkhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 3,900,000 17,232,000 - 1,800,000 - 400,000 12,100,000 4,385,000 32,857,200 2,765,000 17,191,200 4,912,000 8,061,000 8,325,000 113,928,400 113,528,400 7,568,560 $823 55 8 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 37,242,000 12,000,000 8,528,000 8,025,000 2,000,000 7,600,000 - 15,420,400 154,000 5,706,000 8,694,000 2,015,000 8,525,000 115,909,400 113,909,400 7,593,960 $825 75 16 Sokbo Phou Thay Nong Bok - 15,100,000 15,300,000 - 400,000 21,000,000 1,310,000 230,000 38,429,120 25,211,000 9,040,000 2,664,000 325,000 6,820,000 135,829,120 114,829,120 7,655,275 $832 37 6 Povatay Mixed - Lao/Nyo/Phou Thay/Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai 12,200,000 43,820,000 - 1,300,000 8,996,400 - 2,600,000 1,150,000 15,287,600 1,155,200 20,124,000 6,032,000 3,315,000 20,000 116,000,200 116,000,200 7,733,347 $841 36 5 Pong Brou Mahaxai 1,062,000 33,416,400 - 4,532,500 4,170,000 150,000 8,000,000 2,470,000 11,185,200 - 17,707,000 24,184,000 130,000 9,780,000 116,787,100 116,637,100 7,775,807 $845 82 23 Navangnoy Phou Thay Nong Bok 6,686,000 2,710,000 388,000 1,100,000 500,000 - 200,000 62,000 23,617,900 16,760,900 38,575,000 7,254,000 2,105,000 16,705,000 116,663,800 116,663,800 7,777,587 $845 87 28 Bouakhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly - 10,488,000 - 80,000 - 200,000 4,500,000 - 26,747,106 65,009,600 6,536,404 1,252,000 1,240,000 6,325,000 122,378,110 122,178,110 8,145,207 $885 88 29 Khamsavang Tai Lao Saybouly 7,200,000 51,565,000 - 3,830,000 - 100,000 1,860,000 442,000 24,931,200 2,472,000 12,777,000 12,600,000 570,000 4,625,000 122,972,200 122,872,200 8,191,480 $890 56 9 Kaengveang Phou Thay Saybouly - 26,890,000 - 1,450,000 - 567,000 5,925,000 4,375,000 49,280,200 8,946,400 19,869,000 4,336,000 1,480,000 5,105,000 128,223,600 127,656,600 8,510,440 $925 81 22 Navangthong Tai Vang Nong Bok 11,664,000 2,258,000 - 1,386,000 1,500,000 2,400,000 28,400,000 39,000 29,543,200 19,255,600 18,772,000 5,564,000 2,855,000 8,815,000 132,451,800 130,051,800 8,670,120 $942 46 15 Thakho Mixed - Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF 7,600,000 26,368,000 - 2,200,000 2,473,750 600,000 3,800,000 5,950,000 19,606,400 1,102,000 15,651,000 45,192,000 355,000 420,000 131,318,150 130,718,150 8,714,543 $947 92 33 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Saybouly 7,200,000 44,020,000 - 6,634,000 2,060,000 - 8,300,000 80,000 31,255,800 1,204,000 11,560,000 12,640,000 115,000 7,525,000 132,593,800 132,593,800 8,839,587 $961 25 2 Veun Lao Kaleung Mahaxai 12,390,000 41,040,000 - 3,400,000 9,350,000 - 50,000 1,800,000 40,520,700 12,756,003 9,796,000 1,280,000 950,000 375,000 133,707,703 133,707,703 8,913,847 $969 78 19 Natay Phou Thay Nong Bok 9,788,000 24,650,000 - 805,000 1,250,000 200,000 12,600,000 889,600 46,880,800 41,444,000 11,421,000 1,464,000 550,000 3,100,000 155,042,400 154,842,400 10,322,827 $1,122 85 26 Phak-eetou Phou Thay Nong Bok 10,848,000 33,276,000 600,000 3,400,000 5,100,000 17,030,000 11,300,000 1,452,500 42,204,600 26,239,200 11,361,000 4,032,000 1,620,000 5,920,000 174,383,300 157,353,300 10,490,220 $1,140 45 14 Kengpe Mixed - Sek/ Tai Lao /Phou Thay XBF 3,476,000 47,788,500 - 2,100,000 12,145,000 - 29,500,000 3,800,000 12,316,600 3,162,000 11,785,000 29,668,000 1,000,000 1,990,000 158,731,100 158,731,100 10,582,073 $1,150 86 27 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly 216,000 9,420,000 854,000 694,000 - 100,000 45,630,000 18,000 44,768,600 34,770,000 7,852,000 880,000 3,735,000 22,395,000 171,332,600 171,232,600 11,415,507 $1,241 34 3 Mahaxay Tay Mixed - Lao/Phou Thay/ Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai 7,920,000 49,825,000 1,175,000 1,800,000 6,240,000 - 33,200,000 100,000 31,431,000 2,322,000 25,583,000 10,840,000 4,640,000 16,080,000 191,156,000 191,156,000 12,743,733 $1,385 109 50 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Saybouly 6,506,000 29,075,000 7,500,000 - 3,600,000 600,000 111,250,000 190,000 22,252,400 7,590,000 6,803,000 5,944,000 1,530,000 450,000 203,290,400 202,690,400 13,512,693 $1,469 40 9 Khaengsavang Mixed - Lao Kaleung/Phou Thay/Brou Mahaxai 17,228,000 65,193,000 - 4,010,000 2,732,400 6,500,000 1,500,000 - 22,715,600 11,359,000 14,640,000 20,816,000 555,000 43,275,000 210,524,000 204,024,000 13,601,600 $1,478 32 1 Mahaxay Kang Mixed - Lao/Phou Thay/ Lao 151,035,20 Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai 6,200,000 0 - 8,480,000 27,840,000 59,000,000 7,600,000 - 2,388,400 - 4,128,000 1,600,000 40,000 - 268,311,600 209,311,600 13,954,107 $1,517 84 25 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay Nong Bok 1,800,000 31,681,572 2,000,000 600,000 5,000,000 6,571,500 73,318,000 409,200 35,493,400 22,106,600 19,833,000 3,240,000 830,000 13,690,000 216,573,272 210,001,772 14,000,118 $1,522 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 29 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas In the above table villages along the XBF are arranged in terms of yearly household income. The table allows the comparision of income with ethnic groups, Broubeing marked in grey shade. One sees that there is a certain prominence of Brou villages in the poorest 20 villages, three of the poorest 20 villages and four additional villages with mixed populations, including the Brou and Khmu ethnic minorities. Incomes range from USD 197 to 433 per year per household. However, the remaining thirteen of the poorest villages along the XBF are lowland Lao, Phou Thay or Kaleung. Other factors to consider in relation to poverty include: · Vincinity of roads (four village of the 20 poorest were located near an all-weather road, in two of these cases, however, villages were located near Route 12 which has just been upgraded and linked to Vietnam); · Difficult access to markets; · Most of the poorest villages are small in size, about six being classed as `medium' sized; · Lack of functioning education and health services in most of the villages; · Lack of shops, small businesses and income from non-agricutlural sources; and · A number of the mixed villages are recent settlements. Ethnic minorities appear to be proportionally over-represented in the poorest 20 villages, and only one Brou village, Ban Pong below Mahaxai town, has an average per annum household income over the then Lao Rural Poverty Line of USD 837. There are also Brou residing in three village sections of Mahaxai, but it is unlikely that they represent the wealthiest households in the town. The poorest villages, which could be classified as `extremely poor' by any standards, the poorest having an income of less than a quarter of the Lao Rural Poverty Line, have a higher population of lowland groups (Tai-Lao). Location is at least or even more important than ethnicity in relation to poverty. Most of the poorest villages come from three areas along the XBF. These are the most remote in terms of roads, services and markets: near the mouth of the XBF, the middle sections of the XBF and more isolated parts of the Upper XBF. This isolation is also responsible for a lack of technology and knowledge. Traditional agricultural practices predominant in many of these areas. The historical location of villages is related to ethnicity to some extent since lowland groups are dominant areas that are more easily irrigated and linked to other parts of the country by rivers and roads. The Brou have, until recently, occupied more remote areas with traditional livelihood systems that were more dependent on forests. However, this traditional situation has changed dramatically due to conflict, involuntary resettlement, village consolidation and increased mobility and socio-economic developments. Hence, there are numbers of Brou living in lowland towns and along roads and lowland groups, such as the Lao Kaleung and Tai Lao have occupied areas adjacent to Brou villages. Although the historical location is still discernable to some extent, the pattern is becoming more and more difficult to see. 7.3.3 Agricultural Production Agricultural production in the lowland areas is primarily based on paddy. This includes both dry and wet season paddy and irrigated and rain-fed fields. The vast majority of production is during the wet season. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 30 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Figure 7-3: The Annual Agricultural Cycle Activity J F M A M J J A S O N D Swidden Rice Clearing Burning Planting Weeding Harvesting Paddy Rice Ploughing Planting Harvesting Livestock Rainy Season herding Pasture Fishing Intensive Intensive Vegetable gardens Harvesting Planting NTFPs There are some differences between the zones in terms of production: ranges from 341 kg per capita rice production in the Upper XBF to 123 in the Middle XBF. Only the Middle XBF is below the WFP requirement of 146 kg per capita. This would imply that a significant number of households have rice surpluses. Harvested vegetables from riverside gardens and tubers also form an important part of crop production with fruit playing a relatively minor role. Riverside gardens are extremely important along the Nam Kathang with 392 kg per household recorded. Along the Lower XBF, the production of tubers is highest at 1,323 kg per household on average Table 7-11: Average Annual Household Crop Production by Zone (in kg) Upstream of Parameter Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upper XBF Paddy from wet season 3,105 1,133 1,369 1,210 Paddy from dry season 302 102 1,871 629 Taro, sweet potatoes and other tubers 15 14 1,323 850 Harvested vegetables 45 22 118 30 Wild / foraged vegetables 94 417 50 101 Fruit 133 0 26 110 . 7.3.3.1 Agricultural Production and Ethnicity Table 7-12 reveals that there are some relationships between household crop production and ethnicity. The Brou villages on the upper XBF and upstream of that area have comparable yields of paddy, vegetables and fruits to the Tai-Lao groups. The Brou village of Somsanook, for example, has one of the highest yields of irrigated paddy and vegetable production. There are a number of Lao Kaleung and mixed villages with lower averages. The Middle XBF reveals the greatest range in terms of crop production and can be divided into well- established villages with infrastructure (predominantly Phou Thay ethnic group) and other more isolated villages, some being quite new and having mixed ethnic compositions. The latter group consists of villages of all ethnic groups, including some Brou. Since good infrastructure and land is scarcer along this part of the river, there are lower levels of crop production in general. It should be noted that some of the Brou January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 31 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas villages here have very low yields of paddy, a tenth of what Brou villages along the Nam Kathang produce. There are also low yields of vegetables and fruits, making this area the poorest along the whole XBF. In the lower stretches of the XBF, there are only a few mixed villages, composed of Brou and other Tai- Laogroups. In general, these villages with a majority or a considerable number of Brou households tend to have lower yields and lower production figures for vegetables and fruits. The yields for the lower XBF tend to be the highest in the region but for Brou living there, the yields are half or a third below this average. This has to do with the fact that some of the Phou Thay and Lao were established in this region before other groups arrived to establish village sites in vacant areas that were not optimal from the point of view of irrigation or crop production. More newly established Tai-Laovillages suffer from the same shortcomings as the Brou villages. Table 7-12: Village Average Annual Household Crop Production, Sorted by Wet Season Paddy Production Average Annual Household Crop Location and Ethnicity Production (in kg) from from season season Village Ethnic Composition Prov. District Zone Paddy wet Paddy dry Other Tubers Vegetable Wild Vegetable Fruit 1 Mahaxaykang Tai Lao / Phou Thay /Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 209.1 - - 0.4 16.4 - 34 Hatpeak Brou Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 215.7 20.0 2.7 6.9 37.9 3.0 61 Phonhsaoea Phou Thay Khamm Nong Bok Lower XBF 329.2 1,584.0 6.9 25.8 60.4 5.0 33 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay Khamm XBF Lower XBF 349.7 3,254.7 0.2 9.5 35.7 14.5 37 Thahard Brou Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 375.2 - 29.5 12.4 59.5 2.9 72 Namphou Phou Thay Khamm Nong Bok Lower XBF 396.7 2,266.5 9.1 15.0 53.3 37.3 36 Kengkhean Lao Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 537.3 - 2.7 8.3 80.0 22.0 24 Kengkasee Brou / Lao / Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 545.3 - 15.3 9.5 70.3 24.3 26 Veunsanant Mixed: Tai Lao/Brou/ Phou Thay /Tai Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 566.0 - 7.1 6.7 59.7 27.0 21 Phanang Nyo Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 584.0 80.0 - 44.3 89.3 90.7 35 Paksenoy Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 594.4 - 2.3 6.1 65.3 6.7 71 Thamoang Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 608.7 1,354.7 28.1 22.0 68.0 4.7 106 Nongheuatongneua Tai Lao / khamu Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 612.7 2,538.4 70.3 8.8 50.2 54.5 19 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream upper 640.8 684.0 4.7 16.8 55.7 112.7 78 Hatxaifong Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 694.0 3,021.3 - 7.4 111.3 8.0 65 Dongsaanga Tai Lao/ Phou Thay / Tai Vang Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 711.3 2,619.7 1.5 5.2 55.1 9.0 16 Nakea Lao Kaleung/Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream upper 747.1 411.1 3.0 20.5 45.0 21.2 22 Kuase Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Phuan Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 752.0 75.3 2.0 12.3 51.9 60.9 108 Pahlay Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Brou Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 807.9 40.0 18.7 11.0 73.0 15.7 20 Eelane Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 833.5 472.0 15.0 14.1 84.5 32.0 91 Lao Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 856.0 664.0 0.7 13.3 176.0 20.0 109 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 864.7 938.5 606.1 69.1 83.8 33.6 10 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream XBF 907.5 246.4 34.1 36.5 193.4 102.5 64 Danepakse Lue and other Tai groups Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 916.0 - 517.6 33.3 31.1 4.0 100 Naxiengkhane Tai Lai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 926.3 1,946.7 3.7 14.6 61.5 44.4 81 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 942.7 - 7.5 31.7 28.7 33.3 63 Sumnadee Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 951.0 2,743.7 73.7 13.1 72.0 43.9 103 Hatkhamdee Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 956.3 484.0 - 10.8 28.2 52.0 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 965.3 - 2.1 67.4 67.0 10.0 68 Saadeautay Tai Lao Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 984.0 969.5 6.0 10.5 63.3 2.7 27 Somsa-at Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 1,047.5 1,430.4 15.4 13.7 60.8 53.3 11 Dangkang Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,053.3 437.6 6.7 41.2 98.2 94.4 14 Naphong Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 1,062.7 659.7 9.0 26.7 116.7 128.5 6 Povatay Tai Lao / Nyo / Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,073.6 336.8 9.3 17.1 165.0 37.7 5 Bong Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,076.7 - 6.0 47.3 102.0 28.0 75 Navangneua Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,134.1 2,509.6 5.0 10.1 80.3 14.7 23 Kengpair Sek / Lao /Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 1,162.7 - 10.7 76.7 81.0 331.7 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 32 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Average Annual Household Crop Location and Ethnicity Production (in kg) from from season season Village Ethnic Composition Prov. District Zone Paddy wet Paddy dry Other Tubers Vegetable Wild Vegetable Fruit 94 Sakong Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,195.3 2,792.9 8.0 31.3 25.0 4.0 31 Naphorktha Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 1,200.5 1,789.1 29.5 22.2 32.9 103.7 77 Navangnoy Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,203.1 3,173.3 20.4 34.7 37.1 30.3 62 Tanetheung Tai Lao/Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,284.0 1,352.7 2.0 14.7 41.9 20.7 84 Khamsavang Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,291.7 939.5 4.5 9.6 60.2 21.7 86 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,335.1 4,497.3 5.0 3.5 24.2 3.7 25 Dangtha Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 1,345.3 1,705.3 15.3 23.0 32.8 40.7 15 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 1,350.7 934.0 23.6 22.7 93.9 71.3 66 Dongkaasinh Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,356.7 1,901.3 5.3 10.5 25.4 151.0 29 Thasida Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 1,392.0 - 11.1 8.3 109.7 57.0 99 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Khamm Saybouly Lower XBF 1,414.4 687.2 144.7 15.5 61.5 19.2 97 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,418.4 755.3 24.0 11.9 34.7 2.9 107 Nongheuathongtay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,432.0 317.6 6.1 11.7 55.2 4.1 110 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,445.1 778.0 239.3 428.7 32.7 117.3 83 Bouakhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,463.3 1,241.1 97.2 3,440 33.7 1.1 2 Mahaxayneua Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,478.7 1,232.5 17.3 13.7 166.7 112.9 93 Somsa-at Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,501.5 3,981.4 44.5 13.5 72.0 14.1 89 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,529.3 1,192.0 3.7 10.9 58.7 4.5 102 Houi-hai Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,541.1 2,104.8 28.6 14.2 38.3 14.0 67 Dongphakpheuang Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,544.0 1,580.7 6.4 8.9 98.1 18.7 105 Hatsaisugtay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,549.2 2,067.0 3.3 4.9 46.1 4.4 9 Khaengsavang Lao Kaleung / Phou Thay / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,560.0 499.2 10.0 264.7 178.5 335.0 92 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,578.5 674.4 3.3 13.7 39.7 17.3 32 Yangkham Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 1,607.3 1,536.0 5.8 13.3 53.5 38.0 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,616.0 - 0.7 29.5 139.3 52.7 112 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,647.7 3,203.7 7.3 13.3 61.7 12.0 69 Saadeauneua Tai Lao Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,650.0 847.3 22.0 6.3 94.3 - 96 Thakharm Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,655.6 674.8 24.7 5.5 53.3 18.4 30 Nathane Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 1,697.5 288.0 12.0 16.3 70.0 61.7 88 Kangpa Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 1,715.3 3,489.0 7.7 7.7 36.1 2.0 4 Vatthat Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 1,747.5 691.7 11.1 55.3 53.5 40.7 17 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 1,787.7 402.4 25.4 37.9 94.4 100.9 76 Navangthong Tai Vang Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,801.3 3,474.1 6.5 14.5 29.1 18.5 12 Veun Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 1,888.7 612.8 35.5 45.4 120.1 232.1 74 Navangtay Tai Vang Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 1,914.7 2,146.7 12.1 7.1 29.3 21.3 111 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 2,022.5 3,666.2 6.0 8.7 53.7 22.0 3 Mahaxaytay Tai Lao / Phou Thay /Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 2,049.3 1,237.3 6.0 7.9 77.1 116.7 101 Xiengkhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 2,057.3 382.8 12.3 11.4 65.9 38.0 90 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 2,106.0 - 46.9 114.3 100.8 192.3 87 Kaengveang Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 2,114.0 16.0 60.3 41.1 149.1 64.0 28 Thakhor Sek / Tai Lao /Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 2,281.3 104.0 39.3 78.0 75.3 199.3 70 Sorkbau Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,288.0 3,635.3 34.9 16.2 28.5 17.7 85 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 2,332.7 2,909.0 5.5 61.0 76.7 39.3 95 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 2,344.6 4,139.0 7.7 9.3 34.3 23.9 80 Phak-eetou Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,531.5 4,619.3 4.0 23.5 19.3 5.6 79 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,590.7 3,761.4 19.0 25.7 66.9 45.0 104 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 2,642.7 2,836.7 6.3 21.7 16.1 1.3 13 Somsanook Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 2,819.1 57.7 76.0 17.7 60.9 168.3 73 Natay Phou Thay Kham'ne Nong Bok Lower XBF 2,905.3 6,930.7 - 10.1 78.1 8.7 18 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream Upper 2,916.3 1,498.5 10.8 35.2 95.2 129.1 98 Thadorkham Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,076.3 4,283.7 13.1 1.9 36.3 18.3 82 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,788.7 3,906.0 29.1 12.2 36.9 105.3 7.3.3.2 Livestock and Animal Husbandry in the Downstream Livestock rising of both cattle and buffalo is present in all zones. In addition, pigs and poultry were quite common. Due to restricted pasture areas, there are considerably less large livestock compared with the January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 33 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Nakai Plateau with its forests and wetlands for grazing (4.3 head per household on average). In the Middle and Lower XBF there is a range from 0.7 to 1.2 head per household. Only along the Upper and upstream areas of the XBF are the figures significant (1.1-3.4 head per household of buffalo and cattle). This is due to more available grazing areas further upstream. Table 7-13: Livestock Production per Household Upstream of Upper XBF Middle XBF Lower XBF Upper XBF Livestock (Average number per household) Buffalo 2.7 1.2 0.7 3.4 Cow 4.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 Pig 13.0 16.0 10.5 8.2 Duck 2.7 2.6 7.1 8.1 Chicken 13.4 9.0 14.1 16.6 7.3.3.3 Livestock Production and Ethnicity Ethnicity is not a factor in explaining the differences in average livestock production figures per household Available grazing areas for large animals (cattle and buffalo) and the size of domestic compounds for smaller animals as well as food supplies appear more important. A comparision of ethnicity and cow ownership (see Table 7-14) reveals that the Brou and mixed villages are found spread throughout the table, with no discernable ethnic pattern. In Table 7-15, ethnicity is compared to ownership of buffalo revealing a clear tendency for Brou and mixed villages to own proportionately relatively more buffalo than lowland Lao and related groups. Location, as explained in Section 7.3.2.2 above determines to a large extent the size of herds. Table 7-14: Village (and Ethnic Group) Livestock Ownership, Sorted by Cow Ownership Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH No Village Ethnic Composition District Zone Buffalo Cow Pig Duck Chicken 1 Mahaxaykang Tai Lao/PhouThay/ LaoKaleung/ Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.4 35.9 21.4 1.3 1.2 18 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upstream/upper XBF 4.7 - 3.5 13.3 28.0 33 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF - - - 3.7 9.0 24 Kengkasee Mixed Brou/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 0.4 0.1 - 1.1 3.0 61 Phonhsaoea Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.4 0.1 5.4 6.3 18.2 26 Veunsanant Tai Lao/Brou/Phou Thay/ Tai XBF Middle XBF 0.1 0.1 6.7 0.1 12.9 27 Somsa-at Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.1 3.9 5.7 6.4 31 Naphorktha Tai Lao XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.1 33.7 2.1 5.9 12 Veun Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 5.5 0.2 11.8 12.0 28.1 25 Dangtha Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.2 8.7 2.3 7.1 35 Paksenoy Tai Lao XBF Middle XBF 0.7 0.2 5.5 1.3 4.1 88 Kangpa Phou Thay/Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 0.2 8.3 5.7 6.8 14 Naphong Brou Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 1.3 0.3 20.0 2.1 13.1 20 Eelane Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.2 0.3 7.3 1.3 9.5 32 Yangkham Tai Lao XBF Lower XBF 0.3 0.3 - 10.7 20.1 10 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 1.7 0.3 - 7.0 16.6 22 Kuase Tai Lao/Phou Thay/ Phuan XBF Lower XBF 0.3 0.3 3.3 7.5 10.3 76 Navangthong Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.2 0.3 0.1 14.6 29.1 75 Navangneua Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.8 0.4 4.7 16.4 14.1 77 Navangnoy Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.1 0.4 50.7 11.7 19.3 102 Houi-hai Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 0.5 0.2 2.0 14.3 37 Thahard Brou XBF Upper XBF 1.3 0.5 1.3 0.3 5.8 74 Navangtay Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.6 0.5 6.9 17.8 19.7 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 34 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH No Village Ethnic Composition District Zone Buffalo Cow Pig Duck Chicken 99 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.9 0.5 25.7 - 19.6 11 Dangkang Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.5 0.6 16.6 0.6 18.7 69 Saadeauneua Tai Lao NongBok Lower XBF 1.3 0.6 9.9 3.8 6.9 112 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.5 0.6 7.0 20.5 36.3 34 Hatpeak Brou XBF Middle XBF 0.4 0.7 0.6 - 5.3 36 Kengkhean Lao XBF Middle XBF - 0.7 - - 3.4 70 Sorkbau Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.1 0.7 45.3 15.3 9.5 71 Thamoang Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.3 0.7 2.3 9.7 15.5 97 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 1.5 0.7 1.3 1.2 4.1 103 Hatkhamdee Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.5 3.9 110 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7 0.7 - 4.7 13.3 85 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.2 0.9 43.7 3.4 12.7 91 Lao Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 0.9 0.9 15.8 6.3 6.4 100 Naxiengkhane Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6 0.9 3.6 2.1 6.4 105 Hatsaisugtay Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.3 0.9 - 2.1 11.3 65 Dongsaanga Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.9 1.0 - 5.5 18.2 78 Hatxaifong Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.6 1.0 0.5 9.7 6.1 90 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Saybouly Middle XBF 2.1 1.0 51.7 7.8 9.2 95 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF - 1.0 - 8.9 17.1 104 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.9 15.5 28 Thakhor Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Upper XBF 4.0 1.1 6.5 7.9 28.8 66 Dongkaasinh Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.9 1.1 0.1 2.8 13.2 93 Somsa-at Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 1.1 5.1 8.6 53.3 108 Pahlay Brou Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.1 30.8 - 9.1 80 Phak-eetou Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.1 1.2 22.7 19.6 20.8 4 Vatthat Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.7 1.3 13.2 1.0 11.8 30 Nathane Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 2.3 1.3 14.5 0.3 2.0 111 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1 1.3 6.8 6.9 17.4 67 Dongphakpheuang Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.4 1.3 6.9 2.3 7.4 83 Bouakhay No Data Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 1.3 - 8.6 13.7 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.5 1.4 8.1 0.9 13.1 86 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.3 1.4 16.7 7.5 16.9 96 Thakharm Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.4 0.3 1.3 10.5 79 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.0 1.4 11.6 13.0 21.6 62 Tanetheung Tai Lao/Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.3 1.5 1.1 12.9 11.3 68 Saadeautay Tai Lao NongBok Lower XBF 0.7 1.5 6.0 1.1 13.5 94 Sakong Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 1.5 - 7.4 11.0 63 Sumnadee Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.2 1.5 35.6 10.9 13.5 89 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.5 1.5 11.0 1.4 4.0 98 Thadorkham Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1 1.5 1.7 6.8 11.8 6 Povatay Tai Lao / Nyo / Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.9 1.6 0.3 2.0 5.7 19 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upstream upper XBF 2.3 1.6 4.8 2.5 9.5 72 Namphou Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.5 1.6 9.7 8.2 10.4 101 Xiengkhay No Data Saybouly Middle XBF 2.6 1.6 51.9 1.4 4.0 73 Natay Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF - 1.7 10.5 16.8 20.8 87 Kaengveang Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 1.5 1.7 2.7 3.3 17.6 2 Mahaxayneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.3 1.7 4.0 2.4 11.1 64 Danepakse Lue and other Tai groups NongBok Lower XBF 0.5 1.7 22.8 9.7 9.5 84 Khamsavang No Data Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.8 12.1 1.2 8.3 16 Nakea Lao Kaleung / Brou Mahaxai Upstream Upper 4.1 1.9 15.3 3.0 4.8 106 Nongheuatongneua Tai Lao / Khmu Saybouly Lower XBF 2.1 1.9 27.8 0.7 12.0 17 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upstream upper XBF 4.3 2.0 2.1 20.7 26.9 5 Bong Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 6.3 2.1 34.7 2.1 13.7 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 35 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH No Village Ethnic Composition District Zone Buffalo Cow Pig Duck Chicken 13 Somsanook Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.9 2.1 6.3 0.9 22.3 81 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 0.7 2.1 2.0 5.6 23.3 82 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7 2.2 - 11.5 23.9 109 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 2.4 - 2.2 8.6 21 Phanang Tai Nyo Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.9 2.5 17.1 8.0 11.5 92 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 1.4 2.6 18.0 16.1 28.3 3 Mahaxaytay Tai Lao/Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.4 2.9 19.6 5.5 7.7 15 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 3.7 2.9 7.8 4.5 5.7 23 Kengpair Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Upper XBF 2.1 2.9 12.7 3.3 19.9 107 Nongheuatongtay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 2.1 2.9 30.7 1.1 0.5 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.5 3.3 30.7 2.8 19.9 29 Thasida Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 3.0 4.1 40.7 3.9 16.0 9 Khaengsavang Lao Kaleung / Phou Thay / Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.5 6.5 6.1 2.4 14.1 Table 7-15: Village (and Ethnic Group) Livestock Ownership, Sorted by Buffalo Ownership Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH No. Village(En glish) Ethnic Composition District Zone Buffalo Cow Pig Duck Chicken 33 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 3.7 9.0 36 Kengkhean Lao XBF Middle XBF - 0.7 3.4 73 Natay Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF - 1.7 10.5 16.8 20.8 95 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF - 1.0 - 8.9 17.1 70 Sorkbau Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.1 0.7 45.3 15.3 9.5 80 Phak-eetou Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.1 1.2 22.7 19.6 20.8 111 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1 1.3 6.8 6.9 17.4 25 Dangtha Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.2 8.7 2.3 7.1 26 Veunsanant Lao / Brou / Phou Thay / Tai Groups XBF Middle XBF 0.1 0.1 6.7 0.1 12.9 27 Somsa-at Phou Thay XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.1 3.9 5.7 6.4 31 Naphorktha Lao XBF Lower XBF 0.1 0.1 33.7 2.1 5.9 98 Thadorkham No Data Saybouly Lower XBF 0.1 1.5 1.7 6.8 11.8 63 Sumnadee Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.2 1.5 35.6 10.9 13.5 76 Navangthong Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.2 0.3 0.1 14.6 29.1 85 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.2 0.9 43.7 3.4 12.7 32 Yangkham Lao XBF Lower XBF 0.3 0.3 - 10.7 20.1 62 Tanetheung Lao/Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.3 1.5 1.1 12.9 11.3 86 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.3 1.4 16.7 7.5 16.9 105 Hatsaisugtay Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.3 0.9 - 2.1 11.3 22 Kuase Lao/Phou Thay/ Phuan XBF Lower XBF 0.3 0.3 3.3 7.5 10.3 24 Kengkasee Brou/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 0.4 0.1 - 1.1 3.0 34 Hatpeak Brou XBF Middle XBF 0.4 0.7 0.6 - 5.3 61 Phonhsaoea Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.4 0.1 5.4 6.3 18.2 67 Dongphakpheuang Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.4 1.3 6.9 2.3 7.4 88 Kangpa Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 0.2 8.3 5.7 6.8 94 Sakong Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 1.5 7.4 11.0 109 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.4 2.4 - 2.2 8.6 1 Mahaxaykang Lao/Phou Thay/ Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 0.4 35.9 21.4 1.3 1.2 64 Danepakse Lue and other Tai groups NongBok Lower XBF 0.5 1.7 22.8 9.7 9.5 104 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.5 1.1 0.1 1.9 15.5 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 36 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH No. Village(En glish) Ethnic Composition District Zone Buffalo Cow Pig Duck Chicken 112 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.5 0.6 7.0 20.5 36.3 74 Navangtay Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.6 0.5 6.9 17.8 19.7 78 Hatxaifong Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.6 1.0 0.5 9.7 6.1 100 Naxiengkhane Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6 0.9 3.6 2.1 6.4 103 Hatkhamdee Tai Lo Saybouly Lower XBF 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.5 3.9 82 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7 2.2 - 11.5 23.9 110 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay /Thai Saybouly Lower XBF 0.7 0.7 - 4.7 13.3 35 Paksenoy Lao XBF Middle XBF 0.7 0.2 5.5 1.3 4.1 68 Saadeautay Lao NongBok Lower XBF 0.7 1.5 6.0 1.1 13.5 81 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 0.7 2.1 2.0 5.6 23.3 75 Navangneua Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.8 0.4 4.7 16.4 14.1 83 Bouakhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 1.3 - 8.6 13.7 93 Somsa-at Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 1.1 5.1 8.6 53.3 102 Houi-hai Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 0.8 0.5 0.2 2.0 14.3 65 Dongsaanga Lao/Phou Thay/Tai Vang NongBok Lower XBF 0.9 1.0 - 5.5 18.2 66 Dongkaasinh Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 0.9 1.1 0.1 2.8 13.2 91 Lao Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 0.9 0.9 5.8 6.3 6.4 99 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 0.9 0.5 25.7 - 19.6 79 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.0 1.4 11.6 13.0 21.6 77 Navangnoy Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.1 0.4 50.7 11.7 19.3 108 Pahlay Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Makong Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.1 30.8 - 9.1 84 Khamsavang Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.8 12.1 1.2 8.3 96 Thakharm Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.1 1.4 0.3 1.3 10.5 2 Mahaxayneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.3 1.7 4.0 2.4 11.1 69 Saadeauneua Lao NongBok Lower XBF 1.3 0.6 9.9 3.8 6.9 37 Thahard Brou XBF Upper XBF 1.3 0.5 1.3 0.3 5.8 71 Thamoang Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.3 0.7 2.3 9.7 15.5 92 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 1.4 2.6 18.0 16.1 28.3 72 Namphou Phou Thay NongBok Lower XBF 1.5 1.6 9.7 8.2 10.4 87 Kaengveang Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 1.5 1.7 2.7 3.3 17.6 89 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Saybouly Lower XBF 1.5 1.5 11.0 1.4 4.0 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.5 1.4 8.1 0.9 13.1 11 Dangkang Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.5 0.6 16.6 0.6 18.7 97 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 1.5 0.7 1.3 1.2 4.1 4 Vatthat Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.7 1.3 13.2 1.0 11.8 10 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 1.7 0.3 - 7.0 16.6 21 Phanang Tai Nyo Mahaxai Upper XBF 1.9 2.5 17.1 8.0 11.5 90 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Saybouly Middle XBF 2.1 1.0 51.7 7.8 9.2 106 Nongheuathong- neua Tai Lao / Khamu Saybouly Lower XBF 2.1 1.9 27.8 0.7 12.0 23 Kengpair Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Upper XBF 2.1 2.9 12.7 3.3 19.9 107 Nongheuathongtay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Lower XBF 2.1 2.9 30.7 1.1 0.5 20 Eelane Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.2 0.3 7.3 1.3 9.5 19 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 2.3 1.6 4.8 2.5 9.5 30 Nathane Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 2.3 1.3 14.5 0.3 2.0 101 Xiengkhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Saybouly Middle XBF 2.6 1.6 51.9 1.4 4.0 6 Povatay Lao / Nyo / Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.9 1.6 0.3 2.0 5.7 13 Somsanook Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 2.9 2.1 6.3 0.9 22.3 29 Thasida Phou Thay XBF Middle XBF 3.0 4.1 40.7 3.9 16.0 15 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 3.7 2.9 7.8 4.5 5.7 28 Thakhor Sek/Lao/Phou Thay XBF Upper XBF 4.0 1.1 6.5 7.9 8.8 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 37 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Location and Ethnicity Average ownership per HH No. Village(En glish) Ethnic Composition District Zone Buffalo Cow Pig Duck Chicken 16 Nakea Lao Kaleung /Brou Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 4.1 1.9 15.3 3.0 4.8 17 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 4.3 2.0 2.1 20.7 26.9 3 Mahaxaytay Lao/Phou Thay/ Lao Kaleung/Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.4 2.9 19.6 5.5 7.7 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.5 3.3 30.7 2.8 19.9 9 Khaengsavang Lao Kaleung/Phou Thay/Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 4.5 6.5 6.1 2.4 14.1 18 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 4.7 - 3.5 13.3 28.0 12 Veun Lao Kaleung Mahaxai upstream upper XBF 5.5 0.2 11.8 12.0 28.1 5 Bong Brou Mahaxai Upper XBF 6.3 2.1 34.7 2.1 13.7 7.3.4 Fisheries After rice, fish is the most important item on the diet for all ethnic groups in the downstream. The XBF River is the most important source of fish in the region, with the upper reaches of the river rated highly by households in the fish survey (see Chapter 2 for details) Household catches varies in the different project zones (average of 127 kg) with the Upper XBF representing the highest reported catches of being over 250 kg per household and the Upstream Upper XBF reporting the lowest. Wealthier households appear to be exploiting fisheries more efficiently than poorer households in terms of the ability to sell surplus catches. Poor household rely on fish primarily for consumption. 67% of the households surveyed stated that they earned no income from fishing while 16.5% claimed that they earned over one million kip per year from the sale of fish. Table 7-16: Value of Fisheries to Total Household Income by Zone Consumed Fish ­ Sold Fish ­ Total value as Zone % of total income % of total income % of total income Upper XBF 10.3 12.6 22.9 Middle XBF 14.4 6.7 20.1 Lower XBF 11.6 3.4 15.0 Upstream Upper XBF 11.2 2.2 13.4 7.3.4.1 Fisheries and Ethnicity Table 7-17 below reveals that there is no discernable connection between ethnicity and fish production. As with other sources of income, access to resources and markets appear as the important factors for levels of fish for consumption and for sale. For example the villages with Brou populations have ranges from 6.2 (Hat Paek) to 41.6 (Bong) million kip. Table 7-17: Fisheries Income per Village, Sorted for Increasing Total Fisheries Income Location and Ethnicity Value of Fisheries Fish Income fisheries HH of No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition Province District Zone Consumed Sold Total from % 22 Kuase Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Phuan Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 2,089,000 296,000 2,385,000 3.0 104 Hatsaisugneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,309,000 560,000 3,869,000 4.7 105 Hatsaisugtay Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,978,000 463,000 4,441,000 10.0 86 Kaengphosy Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 4,615,000 112,000 4,727,000 5.5 95 Thabor Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 3,106,000 1,800,000 4,906,000 5.7 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 38 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Location and Ethnicity Value of Fisheries Fish Income fisheries HH of No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition Province District Zone Consumed Sold Total from % 96 Thakharm Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 4,947,000 440,000 5,387,000 9.6 1 Mahaxaykang Tai Lao/Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung /Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 4,128,000 1,600,000 5,728,000 2.7 19 Nongkok Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 4,486,000 1,544,000 6,030,000 14.5 94 Sakong Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 5,168,000 1,040,000 6,208,000 10.4 34 Hatpeaek Brou Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 4,471,000 1,752,000 6,223,000 22.0 97 Thaphoxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 5,491,000 760,000 6,251,000 10.2 33 Hatkhamhieng Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 3,956,000 3,040,000 6,996,000 11.7 2 Mahaxayneua Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 3,401,000 3,680,000 7,081,000 7.0 98 Thadorkham Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 6,745,500 448,000 7,193,500 8.1 32 Yangkham Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 4,359,000 2,904,000 7,263,000 6.6 20 Eelane Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 5,814,000 1,480,000 7,294,000 16.5 13 Somsanook Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 5,148,000 2,160,000 7,308,000 7.9 35 Paksenoy Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 4,121,000 3,280,000 7,401,000 27.2 106 Nongheuathongneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 5,564,732 2,088,000 7,652,732 14.7 67 Dongphakpheuang Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 7,760,000 - 7,760,000 13.2 83 Bouakhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 6,536,404 1,252,000 7,788,404 6.4 31 Naphorktha Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 4,012,000 3,795,000 7,807,000 10.6 65 Dongsaanga Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Tai Vang Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 7,301,000 1,064,000 8,365,000 10.0 66 Dongkaasinh Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 7,301,000 1,112,000 8,413,000 9.6 82 Beungse Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 7,852,000 880,000 8,732,000 5.1 107 Nongheuathongtay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 7,922,000 1,000,000 8,922,000 13.8 4 Vatthat Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 6,579,000 2,464,000 9,043,000 16.4 10 Kangyangkham Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 7,930,000 1,520,000 9,450,000 18.5 111 Phakfeuatay Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,087,600 1,627,600 9,715,200 9.2 112 Phakfeuaneua Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 7,924,000 1,840,000 9,764,000 12.0 62 Tanetheung Tai Lao/Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 9,684,000 320,000 10,004,000 11.4 99 Nasang Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 6,857,000 3,224,000 10,081,000 14.2 100 Naxiengkhane Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,006,000 2,128,000 10,134,000 16.8 88 Kangpa Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,633,000 1,760,000 10,393,000 13.5 26 Veunsanant Tai Lao / Brou / Phou Thay /Tai Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 5,216,000 5,234,000 10,450,000 22.8 27 Somsa-at Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 5,062,000 5,611,000 10,673,000 11.3 17 Nathanedong Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 9,151,000 1,640,000 10,791,000 13.0 18 Nathanethong Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 8,418,000 2,432,000 10,850,000 12.9 11 Dangkang Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 6,983,000 3,980,000 10,963,000 17.2 16 Nakea Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 9,931,000 1,040,000 10,971,000 24.1 12 Veun Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 9,796,000 1,280,000 11,076,000 8.3 14 Naphong Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 8,614,000 2,550,000 11,164,000 15.1 102 Houi-hai Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 7,236,000 4,004,000 11,240,000 14.4 15 Nakhay Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upstream of upper XBF 10,147,000 1,320,000 11,467,000 11.8 72 Namphou Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 10,064,000 1,456,000 11,520,000 16.3 110 Pong Tai Lao / Phou Thay / Thai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,761,000 2,823,000 11,584,000 16.3 70 Sorkbau Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 9,040,000 2,664,000 11,704,000 10.2 78 Hatxaifong Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 11,321,000 544,000 11,865,000 16.2 69 Saadeauneua Tai Lao Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 11,659,000 584,000 12,243,000 21.0 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 39 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Location and Ethnicity Value of Fisheries Fish Income fisheries HH of No. Village(English) Ethnic Composition Province District Zone Consumed Sold Total from % 109 Paksebangfai Tai Lao / Phou Thay/ Thai Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 6,803,000 5,944,000 12,747,000 6.3 73 Natay Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 11,421,000 1,464,000 12,885,000 8.3 90 Dongmarfai Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 11,978,000 1,080,000 13,058,000 13.8 25 Dangtha Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Lower XBF 12,632,000 663,000 13,295,000 15.9 36 Kengkhean Tai Lao Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 4,674,000 9,167,000 13,841,000 34.8 81 Manilad Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 5,706,000 8,694,000 14,400,000 12.6 30 Nathane Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 11,365,000 3,400,000 14,765,000 24.4 103 Hatkhamdee Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,948,000 5,848,000 14,796,000 21.1 29 Thasida Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 11,532,000 3,680,000 15,212,000 16.4 80 Phak-eetou Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 11,361,000 4,032,000 15,393,000 9.8 108 Pahlay Tai Lao / Phou Thay/ Brou Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 8,983,000 7,080,000 16,063,000 28.1 85 Tonhaen Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 5,578,000 10,520,000 16,098,000 15.5 24 Kengkasee Brou / Lao / Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Middle XBF 9,339,000 7,232,000 16,571,000 41.6 68 Saadeautay Tai Lao Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 15,904,000 1,000,000 16,904,000 28.3 37 Thahard Brou Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 4,790,000 12,128,000 16,918,000 24.7 71 Thamoang Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 15,517,000 1,648,000 17,165,000 25.3 64 Danepakse Lue, other Tai groups Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 14,909,000 3,029,000 17,938,000 17.9 91 Lao Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 15,910,000 4,000,000 19,910,000 34.6 101 Xiengkhay Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 17,191,200 4,912,000 22,103,200 19.5 79 Hatxiengdee Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 19,833,000 3,240,000 23,073,000 11.0 92 Souvanxai Tai Lao / Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 10,617,000 13,560,000 24,177,000 21.6 89 Daangsavanh Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 11,560,000 12,640,000 24,200,000 18.3 87 Kaengveang Phou Thay Sav'kt Saybouly Middle XBF 19,869,000 4,336,000 24,205,000 19.0 76 Navangthong Tai Vang Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 18,772,000 5,564,000 24,336,000 18.7 93 Somsa-at Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 20,445,000 4,400,000 24,845,000 27.5 84 Khamsavang Tai Lao Sav'kt Saybouly Lower XBF 12,777,000 12,600,000 25,377,000 20.7 74 Navangtay Tai Vang Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 23,879,000 2,176,000 26,055,000 26.7 Tai Lao / Nyo / Phou 6 Povatay Thay / Lao Kaleung / Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 20,124,000 6,032,000 26,156,000 22.5 Brou 61 Phonhsaoea Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 20,136,000 8,450,000 28,586,000 35.2 75 Navangneua Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 27,436,000 3,516,000 30,952,000 28.6 9 Khaengsavang Lao Kaleung/Phou Thay/Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 14,640,000 20,816,000 35,456,000 17.4 3 Mahaxaytay Lao / Phou Thay / Lao Kaleung / Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 25,583,000 10,840,000 36,423,000 19.1 7 Povaneua Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 24,277,000 13,016,800 37,293,800 33.1 8 Khamfeuang Lao Kaleung Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 14,238,000 26,016,000 40,254,000 40.5 23 Kengpair Sek / Tai Lao / Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 11,785,000 29,668,000 41,453,000 26.1 5 Bong Brou Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 17,707,000 24,184,000 41,891,000 35.9 21 Phanang Tai Nyo Kham'ne Mahaxai Upper XBF 10,535,000 31,632,000 42,167,000 44.2 63 Sumnadee Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 44,122,000 744,000 44,866,000 41.1 77 Navangnoy Phou Thay Kham'ne NongBok Lower XBF 38,575,000 7,254,000 45,829,000 39.3 28 Thakhor Sek / Tai Lao / Phou Thay Kham'ne XBF Upper XBF 15,651,000 45,192,000 60,843,000 46.5 7.3.5 Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and Ethnicity NTFPs are indicated in Table 7-12 in part by tubers and wild vegetables. A detailed survey was not conducted since initial studies indicated that wild and foraged vegetables formed only a small part of household production in most areas with the exception of the Middle XBF, the poorest area in terms of agricultural production. Most of the areas along the XBF are denuded of forests and forage areas. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 40 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Hunting wildlife in the downstream also appears to be a marginal activity in all zones, with slightly more activity in the Middle XBF and almost nothing recorded in the Lower XBF and the upper reaches of the XBF. An average of less than one kilo was recorded per household. Small mammals such as wild pigs, squirrels, as well as lizards and birds were reported. It is likely that these items were underreported since villagers are somewhat hesitant to admit they hunt wild animals, knowing the officials discourage this. In terms of ethnicity, there are no clear patterns. All ethnic groups, including the Brou, utilise the same range of resources and means of exploiting them in the upper, middle and lower XBF. 7.3.6 Vulnerable Communities Determining vulnerability along the Xe Bangfai is challenging, not only because ethnicity, location in relation to markets and infrastructure and services combine in different ways, but also because such a large number of households are poor, even by Lao PDR standards. Some villages will require additional assistance and this will only be fully determined based on the monitoring of these impacts along the river and how various communities cope with the number of compensation and mitigation measures proposed in the SDP. The following table provides an overview of the most vulnerable and poorest villages based on the socio- economic data presented in the sections above. In general, established villages along roads or with developed irrigated agricultural systems will not be considered vulnerable. These villages are mostly well- established, predominantly Tai-Lao groups and with roads, electricity, functioning schools and health dispensaries. Vulnerable communities tend to be new settlements or in relatively isolated areas without access to markets and without basic infrastructure or services. Table 7-18: Vulnerable Communities along the Xe Bangfai Village Name Location Main Ethnic Groups Comments Paksenoy Middle XBF Tai Lao Lowest income recorded along the XBF, low rice yields, few cattle and low community fish yields Hat Pek Middle XBF Brou Very low income, low rice yields and low fish yields and minority group Veunsanant Middle XBF Mixed Tai-Lao and Brou Very low income, low rice yields and few cattle and buffalo ­ likely that Brou represent the lowest levels of income in the village Kengkasi Middle XBF Mixed Tai-Lao and Brou Very low income, low rice yields and few cattle ­ likely that Brou represent the lowest levels of income in the village Nongkok Upstream Upper XBF Lao Kaleung Very low income, low rice yields and low fish yields Eeelane Upper XBF Brou Low income, low rice yields, few cattle and low community fish yields and minority community Hatsaisugtay Lower XBF Tai Lao Low income, few buffalo and low community fish yields Hatkhamhieng Lower XBF Phou Thay Low income, low rice yields, few cattle and buffalo, and low community fish yields Nongheuatongneua Lower XBF Tai Lao Low income and low fish yields Phalay Lower XBF Mixed Tai-Lao and Brou Low income and low rice yields ­likely that Brou represent the lowest levels of income in the village Nakeo Lower XBF Mixed Tai-Lao and Brou Low income and low rice yields ­likely that Brou represent the lowest levels of income in the village Thakham Lower XBF Tai Lao Low income and low fish yields From Table 7-18, it can be seen that ethnic minorities are overly represented in this overview of vulnerable communities with two Brou villages and four mixed communities in a preliminary list of 12 of the most vulnerable villages along the Xe Bangfai. Ethnic minorities represent about 30-35% of highly vulnerable households but are only approximately 10% of the population along the Xe Bangfai. There will be provisions for ethnic minority languages as explained in Section 7.4 as part of the consultation process. Additional Technical Assistance will be required for all vulnerable communties since January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 41 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas many will lack the material means, experience and knowledge required to be able to participate in compensation and mitigation schemes that are proposed by the project as described in Section 7.5 below. 7.3.7 Gender Issues The main principles that govern the division of labor between men and women on the Nakai Plateau and along the Xe Bangfai are somewhat similar. Gender complementarity is a key feature of the household production unit. There are no absolute notions but flexible relations. However, there are some clear notions of what is male and female work. Table 7-19 lists the most common tasks and responsibilities that men and women perform and some of the tasks that are often shared. It is important to note that preparing, planting, weeding and harvesting of the staple crop, rice, is done jointly. It is possible to generalise for all ethnic groups since livelihoods are similar. In urban areas women often dominate the markets and small-scale businesses while men tend to dominate skilled labour and larger businesses. Hence there is more of a `labour-gap' in terms of types of work and income in towns that in rural areas. Table 7-19: The Division of Labour Male work Shared Tasks Female Work · heavy work in the fields such as · weeding, clearing the fields, · most of the household tasks such removing large trees and cutting planting and harvesting as cleaning, washing clothes and down trees · collecting food in the forest and preparing all the meals · contact with officials and along streams and NTFPs for sale · pounding rice twice a day government representatives · fetching drinking water from the · looking after young children, the · overnight trips to markets in river1 sick and the infirm towns · taking care of domestic animals in · work with machines, motor boats the house area (pigs, chickens and and driving vehicles ducks) · carpentry, blacksmith, boat- · taking care of the vegetable making, house-building and other gardens near the house tasks involving specialized tools · selling vegetables and forest · formal positions of authority in products in the nearby markets the village · herding buffalo and cattle · fishing with nets and hunting and trapping Steps will be taken to further develop a comprehensive gender strategy for downstream areas in the context of compensation and development. Consultations, as will be explained in the next section, have made efforts to give men and women a voice in discussions. Mitigation will take male and female concerns into account, as will training programmes and specific rehabilitation needs at each community level. 7.4 LOCAL CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION IN THEDOWNSTREAM 7.4.1 Consultation Process Definitions and Stages of the Consultation Process have been outlined in Sections 14.1 and 14.2 of the EMDP in Volume 2 of the SDP. The same approaches, and in some cases, the same Consultation and Participation and Disclosure Process (PCPD) teams were used in the early stages of the consultation process in 1997 and work ongoing in 2003 and 2004 involves the RMU and District authorities. 7.4.2 Review of Local Consultations 7.4.2.1 PCPD in 1997 The first stages of consultation (PCPD) were coordinated by NTEC consultants, some of whom had been responsible for training, planning and reporting on consultation activities on the Plateau. The RMU was 1Men and women fetch water whenever they bathe, but women do so for all domestic uses including cooking, clearing and washing in addition. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 42 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas responsible for carrying out PCPP activities at the local level building on experience gained in Nakai Plateau consultations and ensuring continuity in the consultation process through adequate representation of all interest groups. Methods included: · Presentation of the Nam Theun 2 project and potential impact in the downstream; · Presentation of Draft Compensation Policy ­ entitlements; · Ranking of village resources - resource mapping exercises; · Discussions of impacts and eliciting comments and suggestions and recommendations from villagers; and · Interviews of selected male and female villagers for more detail and opinions about the project. The first round of consultations in the downstream took place from May 5 to June 8, 1997 and was carried out by five teams of 4-5 members each. The composition of the teams varied but all included relevant profession people and government representatives. Areas of expertise on the teams were agriculture and forestry, community development, preventative health care, gender (Provincial and District LWU), youth issues (sao num), culture (Institute of Cultural Research and Local Culture and Information Office) and NTEC consultants specialising in consultations and public relations. As part of their training, each team was responsible for writing up a detailed report including notes on the consultation, documentation of the process, photographs and full account of the interaction between the teams and PCPP Teams. These reports are available at the NTPC office in Vientiane. 7.4.2.2 PCDP in 2004 The overall goal of the 2004 round of consultations (referred to as Participatoiry Consultations and Disclosure) is two fold: firstly, to explain in detail the aaspcts of the prject which arew relavnt to and will asffect the Xe Bangfai vilagers, and secondly, to discuss these impacts, mitigation measures and other aspects from the point of view of the concerns, needs and aspirations of the affected peopleA manual for facilitators has been developed developed which outlines the objectives which include providing information on water quality and flow, predicted positive and negative impacts, mitigation processes, structure of compensation and grievance procedure. The consultations make extensive used of vouslaids to exoan the prjetc, and focus groups to elicit all villagers involvement. In late 2004 and early 2005 consultations have also been held in seven representative communities in the downstream of the dam area. This is part of an ongoing process of developing mitigation measures for potential loss of fisheries. 7.4.3 Assessment of `Meaningfulness' of the 1997 Consultations As with the consultations on the Nakai Plateau, the notion of `meaningfulness' is central in the evaluation of the effectiveness of public consultation. The quality of discussion and dialogue, types of preferences and the effects of the decision-making process on project planning are important criteria. Since this was the first organized consultations in the Downstream, discussion did not consist of detailing mitigation plans but rather concentrated on presenting project features and acquiring feedback. 7.4.3.1 Quality of Discussion or Dialogue The assessment of the quality of the discussions and dialogues under the consultation process is to some extent subjective but the kinds of comments should indicate whether the information about the Project is understood by project-affected communities. Some examples of this were recorded by the consultation teams in 1997: · Proper compensation: it was mentioned by the vast majority that the preferred form of compensation was land for land in the case of rice paddy but cash for the loss of fruit trees. Some stated that finding new paddy lands would not be easy without irrigation schemes. However, some also mentioned compensation in the form of tractors, boats or improved services. A certain number of villages even suggested resettlement of a village on higher ground if increased flooding would be extensive. Women January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 43 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas in particular voiced concerns that if compensation was in cash, that it would be spent quickly, so land for land was preferred. · Loss of structures: there was concern that people would have to be resettled due to the downstream channel and project structures. If there is any loss of houses, replacement houses should be provided by the company. Relocation of health and education facilities to higher ground to avoid flooding was also mentioned. · Irrigation potential: the potential for developing irrigation for dry-season paddy production (naa seng) was understood in many places. In Ban Thathot suggestions of where new paddy could be found on the opposite banks of the Nam Gnom were given. Electricity and construction of ponds were also mentioned in relation to irrigation schemes in the Lower Xe Bang Fai. Due to existing flooding problems, development of naa seng was the most common theme of these consultations. New irrigation systems will be needed for dry-season production as a form of compensation for higher floods. · Loss of cemetery land: Villagers in several locations stated that new land would have to be found for cemetery land if land is needed by the project and costs for appeasing the spirits would have to be met by the project · Impacts on existing irrigation systems: concern that increased flooding, especially in the lower reaches of the Xe Bang Fai, would damage existing irrigation systems that may not be in good condition. Systems would need strengthening and walls constructed to protect villages from flooding. · Removal of rapids: villagers in Ban Khampheuang suggested that the Khan and Khoun rapids be removed to facilitate transportation. At Ban Phova Tai and in Mahaxai, it was suggested that the project remove the rapids at Keng Khan, Keng Soi and Keng Houa Phou. · Improved infrastructure: some stated that they would like a proper road to their village in order to reach markets and services (links to National Road 13). Others stated that more wells were needed in villages for health reason and that school building needed repairs. · Concern about access: existing access to opposite banks along the Xe Bang Fai may no longer be feasible - access to NTFPs, grazing areas, dry areas for livestock during floods and fields may be difficult. Livestock crossing may be impeded by higher water levels in the dry season. Bridges may be needed to ensure access to opposite banks. · Training for project work: several villagers suggested that laborers from impacted areas should be employed by the project during the construction period and that training should be given to ensure more jobs for local people. · Income generation schemes: some villagers mentioned that they would like to see an income generation scheme (women were interested in weaving and cottage industries in Ban Pat Peua Neua) while men mentioned funding and loans for irrigation equipment, fishing equipment and for purchasing livestock. · Health concerns: villagers were concerned that existing water supplies may be contaminated and that any negative health impacts would be beyond the capacity and knowledge of the already weak health facilities in the vicinity of villages. From the issues raised by villagers, one can conclude that the information on project impacts has been understood by at least some members of all communities. The fact that flooding is already a problem in the region has perhaps facilitated the process somewhat since increase in flows along the Xe Bang Fai compounds a present problem. Central issues that were discussed with villagers such as the form of compensation (land for land), development opportunities (dry-season paddy production), river crossings and health issues. 7.4.3.2 Compensation Preferences The results of the ranking of compensation issues varied only slightly in many of the villages that were consulted in 1998. The ranking at the Brou village of Keovilai where the downstream channel will pass through, for example, were recorded as follows, in order of importance: 1. Rice paddy land 2. Replacement housing 3. School building January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 44 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 4. Land for new cemetery 5. Replacement land for gardens (house or river) 6. Land for housing (house plot area) 7. Cash compensation for the loss of fruit trees 8. Medical facilities 9. Cash compensation for land 10. Improved market facilities The ranking reiterates the fact that the villagers' main concern is food security, expressed in terms of potential loss of rice paddy production, either in the form of land loss (direct impacts) or increased flooding along the Xe Bang Fai. Compensation was almost always expressed in terms of land for land in accordance with WB Safeguard Policy (OP 4.12) recommendations. Replacement is also suggested for housing, land for cemeteries and house plots. 7.4.3.3 Affects on Project Design Pre-project planning and preliminary discussions and site visits along the Xe Bang Fai before the formal 1997 consultations had already taken into consideration a number of issues in accordance with WB resettlement policy. Additional modifications in project design criteria and details were considered as a result of ongoing consultations from 1997 onwards. These included: · Avoidance of villages and houses (the downstream channel); · Minimizing the size of the downstream channel in paddy areas; · Shuting down of the power plant during times of overbank flooding in the upper XBF; and · More comprehensive compensation strategy that includes development potential, direct and indirect impacts (both positive and negative) as outlined in Section 7.5. 7.4.4 Assessment of `Meaningfulness' of the 2004 Xe Bang Fai Consultations 7.4.4.1 Ethnic Aspects The 2004 Consultations were more sensitive in relation to ethnic issues than the previous consultations in that ethnicity was one of the factors in determining the approach and methodology of the consultations. The following aspects and special provisions should be noted: · Consultations included at least one member from each affected household. Members that did not attend the first meeting were informed later by the Village Facilitators ­ thus 100% coverage of affected households rather than a sample that may or may not be representative · Villagers were encouraged to discuss and dialogue in minority languages · Information was presented in the form of posters and diagrams since the majority are not functionally literate on the Plateau. · Selection of Village Facilitators included members of all ethnic groups in the community so that all interest groups could voice their opinions · GoL officials were informed about ethnic issues and suitable approaches to be used and their awareness of ethnic issues has improved during this consultation round 7.4.4.2 Recommendations The recommendations or lists of concerns of villages are presented in detail in Volume 1, Chapter 4. These include proposals for modifications of livelihood options, house design, additional assistance and equipment and other aspects. Many of the concerns and proposals are already covered in the Concession Agreement and are included in the SDP. A number of issues will be considered regarding the details of the implementation arrangements ­ these issues have been recognised as `feasible and worth considering'. Proposals for villages along the Xe Bangfai include: · Assistance to clear additional land for agricultural development · Supplying toilets for village · Developing irrigation systems and expanding irrigated areas January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 45 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas · Bridges over the XBF · Provisions for work on the NT2 Project In addition, there are keen interests in developing irrigation systems and expanding irrigated areas, establishing village schools, skills training centres and community buildings, removal of rapids, expanding existing road systems and financial support (cost reductions and subsidies for production costs). All these proposals are not within the mandate of the NT2 Company and go beyond compensation for project impacts. Since many villagers do not yet fully understand the limits of compensation offered by the Company, it will be necessary to explain further the extent of project impacts and the scope of compensation. This is necessary to address the problem of too high expectations and possible problems that might arise from this during the implementation of the compensation plan. 7.4.5 Hinterland Village Consultations Socio-economic and cultural surveys have identified 66 hinterland villages in 2004. This involved preliminary discussions and consultations in order to identify households utilising fish resources along the mainstream. In November 2004, a fisheries survey was carried out that included a selection of hinterland villages. The selection was based on different locations in the different zones. The only significant impact by the project on hinterland villages that has been identified is the potential loss of fisheries. Village group meetings were organised and consultations were held concerning: · Identification of all household sources of income · Ranking of these income-generating activities · Rapid assessment of present flooding patterns · Costs of fertilisers and pumping · Livestock raising · Water sources and water levels · Types of fish and catches, number of household dependent on fishing and to what extent The results of this survey have been complied in a report entitled: NTPC Monitoring and Compensation Options of Losses in Fish Catch Downstream NT2 Powerhouse (December 2004). Preferences for compensation are outlined, including aquaculture development, and will form the basis for ongoing consultations and the identification of viable and sustainable compensation for hinterland households. 7.4.6 Consultations Downstream of the Dam An initial survey of a 20-village sample of downstream of the dam communities was undertaken as part of the Riparian Study in 2004. This survey involved discussions with villagers and presentation of the project and its potential impacts. As with hinterland villages, fisheries are the most important potential impact and only a percentage of households in each community may be impacted. More detailed consultations are ongoing in a 7-village sample that takes into account different village locations, ethnic composition and resource uses. The schedule for these ongoing consultations is: Table 7-20: Downstream of the Dam Consultation Schedule for January 2005 Date Village Name Activity 18 Jan 05 [Vientiane -Lak Sao] Traveling day 19 Jan 05 Lak Sao Training District Officers 20 Jan 05 1 Sene oudom Partici patory Consultation 21 Jan 05 2 Kor khy Participatory Consultation 22 Jan 05 3 Phon thong Participatory Consultation 23 Jan 05 4 Na dua (Phiyath) Participatory Consultation 24 Jan 05 5 Phon lom Participatory Consultation 25 Jan 05 6 Nong song (Ba n Thong) Participatory Consultation 26 Jan 05 7 Lak 5 Participatory Consultation 27 Jan 05 [Lak Sao-Vientiane] Traveling day 28 Jan 05 [NTPC Vientiane office] Write up and analysis January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 46 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Preliminary results of this consultation indicate the following findings: · More detailed information on actual impacts · Request that the impacts are fully and properly assessed and compensated for by the Project · Compensation ranking: 1) cattle, 2) improved natural fisheries 3) handicrafts and small- businesses · Villagers stated that they would not prefer aquaculture due to a lack of irrigation A full report of this sample and analysis will be available at the end of January. The finding will form the basis for the compensation package and the next round of consultations. 7.4.7 Consultation Process ­ Implementation stage Consultation process will continue during implementation and institutional arrangements will be in place to ensure that ethnic issues are considered during implementation and monitoring. When considering implementation it is necessary to examine the following aspects: · Existing village organisations and structures and what roles these will have in consultations and implementation arrangements for resettlement and monitoring · Ethnic representation in leadership and the strengthens and weakness of leadership in general · Institutional arrangement for carrying out consultations and monitoring · Consideration of funds (budget arrangements) and schedule for continued consultations 7.4.8 Role of Village Leadership The role of leadership in the consultation and planning processes needs to be considered in light of economic, social and political power which have considerable influence in project decision-making and the sharing of project benefits. As with the Nakai Plateau, the concept of leadership and power are complex with different ways of influencing that often overlap, complement or offer competitive leadership. There are formal political structures and the second one is the informal structures, including positions of traditional/ritual, economic and political influence. 7.4.8.1 Formal Village Structures The formal village structures in the downstream are similar to those on the Nakai Plateau as listed in Section 14.4.1 in Volume 2 of the SDP. These consist of the following positions: · The village headman (nai ban or phau ban) · The assistant headman (hong nai ban) and the representative (kamakan) · Section Leaders and Assistants(hua na nway and hong nway) · Council of Village Elders (thau khun) · Advisory Councils for Disputes (san kai kia) · The Development Front (niaw hom) · The Youth Organization(sao num) · The Village Militia · The Lao Women's Union (LWU - sahaphan maeying lao) As was the case with the Nakai Plateau, many of these organisations are not functioning or not fulfilling their designated role. In addition, some people may occupy more than one position since the needs for particular roles may be limited. Support from the districts and provinces varies, but in general the more remote the village, the fewer activities there are that promote development. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 47 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas There is a need for strengthening leadership to deal with impacts, mitigation and monitoring as well as for the RMU to carry on with consultations. Consultations with leaders are not enough, however, since this does not ensure the spread of information throughout the communities. 7.4.8.2 Leadership and Ethnicity There has not been a detailed survey of leadership and ethnicity in the downstream villages. However, a number of discussions and consultations have been held since 1997 and recent interviews with leaders in selected villages in 2003, confirms that leadership of minoirity villages is Brou or Makong. One does not find Lao Loum leaders for Brou villages. There are several reasons for this: · The level of education of the villagers and the leadership is higher in the downstream due to educatational facilities being more prevalent and of a better standard than the Nakai Plateau · Most Brou villages are predominatly Brou (mono-ethnic) and others who marry into the village have children that are Brou ­ location determines ethnicity for the most part. The exceptions are new villages and urban centres, both of which tend to be mixed ethnically and have leadership comprising different ethnic groups · Communities in the downstream have been relatively stable unlike the melting-pot culture of the Nakai Plateau and the in-migration of the dominant Lao Loum who monopolize services and the government sector 7.4.8.3 Informal Village Structures As with the Nakai Plateau, there are informal village structures which play a role in the decision-making process in the villages of the downstream. These consist of leading families or clans, ritual leaders and Party members. These informal structures are intertwined with formal positions of authority, often overlapping but in some cases competing for power and prestige at the local level. In traditional societies, political, economic, social and ritual (religious) power and influence were often concentrated. This appears to be the case in all villages, regardless of ethnicity. 7.4.8.4 Organizational Strengthens and Weaknesses As with livelihood systems, organizational strengthens and weaknesses are dependent on available services, infrastructure and, as a result, degree of integration into the market economy rather than being determined by ethnicity. The ability of leaders to mobilize the social capital of villages depends on the education levels of villages and available technology. Well-established Brou villages along the XBF have higher levels of production and higher standards of living compared to recently established or smaller Lao Kaleung villages in adjacent areas. 7.4.9 Language and Communication Issues 7.4.9.1 EthnicLanguages As stated earlier, education levels are considerably higher in the downstream than on the Nakai Plateau. Since education is only in the Lao language, one can also assume that the ethnic minorities in the downstream have a better knowledge of spoken and written Lao than on the Plateau. During numerous field visits, no Brou villager encountered did not have a good working knowledge of Lao. The Brou have been living along side the Lao, Phou Thay and other Tai-Laogroups for centuries and Lao is the common language between groups. Consultations in the Lao language for all ethnic groups, including the Brou and Khmu, is an acceptable approach for determining the details of compensation, implementation and monitoring. However, focus groups discussions lead by locally trained facilitators are in local languages and dialects in order to facilitiate better commuication and open discussions among villagers. Main discussion and feedback from local group discussions will be in the Lao language. In the case of Brou villages, most people are fluent in both Brou and Lao, so translations of questions, discussions or more challenging aspects can easily be translated during consultations, if so required. 7.4.9.2 Communication Materials At least 31 percent of the surveyed population in the downstream were reported as illiterate in Section 7.4.7 and possibly others do not have good writing and reading skills. Consultation materials, thus, include January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 48 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas diagrams, photos and drawings to make sure all stakeholders are able to understand the key aspects of compensation and monitoring. 7.4.9.3 Gender Issues As with consultations on the Nakai Plateau, gender segregation is necessary to ensure that women's concerns are heard and taken into account, given the fact that men tend to dominate discussions and have more experience dealing with the outside world beyond the village. Both the 1997 consultations and the ongoing 2004 include gender-segregated sessions. The Lao Women's Union (LWU) has an important role to play in ensuring and encouraging women's participation in decision-making processes regarding the NT2 project. The fact that the LWU is integrated into the Resettlement Management Unit and several members have had considerable experience during the first round of consultations, should ensure that a gender-sensitive approach to planning is carried out. 7.4.10 Institutional Arrangements for Consultations 7.4.10.1 Village Facilitators A number of challenges arise from the analysis of leadership, ethnicity and present circumstances of villages in the downstream areas in relation to the consultations process. As with the Nakai Plateau, a mechanism is necessary to ensure that all groups partake in the consultation process. Since the performance of leadership varies and the relationship between the different formal and informal structures is complex, an institutional arrangement must include a balanced organisation that represents the diverse interests of communities. This organisation requires training and support in order for the consultation process to continue onto implementation and monitoring phases of the Project. One conclusion of the earlier consultation experiences was the need for a representative body at the village level that would work with district government organisations and line agencies, RMU/DRWGs and various experts and advisors at the local level. This would be in addition to the Village Resettlement Committee (VRC) that is composed of formal leadership positions and villagers with skills in agricultural and economics. It was decided by project planners that the composition of this group should reflect the various interest groups at the local level and thus aim to ensure that all stakeholders would be represented. One important task of the First Round of the 2004 Consultations was to obtain agreement at each village for the selection of this body of 10 persons to act as Village Facilitators for each affected village. The general composition consists of the following elements and balances: · Village Leaders and traditional leaders (formal and informal leadership balance) · Male and female members (gender balance) · Elderly, middle-aged (able-bodied adults) and youth members (age balance) · Members of all ethnic groups (ethnic/language balance) · Members with good communication skills and illiterates (education balance) Groups of village facilitators were selected and then immediately trained to perform their first task, that is consultations about the NT2 project following one-day of training, and under the supervision of Consultation Experts in both Nakai Plateau and downstream villages. The role of these facilitators will be to conduct consultations in the future and to act as an intermediary between formal organisations, including the VRC and RMU and affected villagers and their concerns. 7.4.10.2 Training and Supervision of Consultation Process From the point of view of ethnicity, it is necessary to introduce a number of measures to ensure that ethnic issues are always included in the consultation process during implementation and monitoring. The following measures will be carried out: · Training of RMU and DRWGs in ethnic awareness as part of the ongoing consultation process ­ need to `mainstream' ethnic issues; · Continued support for Village Facilitators and strengthening their role in the consultation process ­ need to have meetings and workshops to encourage and monitoring their involvement; January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 49 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas · Supervision of the consultation process by International Community Development and Ethnic Manager and Lao Assistants of NTPC staff; and · Independent monitoring unit and the POE need to pay special attention to the performance of local GoL organisations in relation to ethnic issues. 7.5 MITIGATION ANDETHNIC MINORITYISSUES 7.5.1 Approach to Mitigation and Compensation along the Xe Bangfai 7.5.1.1 General Approach The general approach to mitigation for all communities that are directly or indirectly impacted by the construction and operation of the Nam Theun 2 Project includes the following steps: i. Identification of project impacts; ii. Analysis of potential losses and benefits without mitigation; iii. Identification of proactive measures to offset, avoid or reduce negative impacts and to enhance benefits; and iv. Comprehensive monitoring of possible further impacts during operation. The original approach as outlined in the Concession Agreement was basically a `wait and see' approach due to the difficultly in determining the extent and duration of impacts in the downstream. However, the advantages of a proactive approach aimed at anticipating impacts and taking steps before operation of the power plant and introduction of additional water in the XBF. In some cases, such as loss of land and structures, compensation is unavoidable. 7.5.1.2 Mitigation/Compensation and Ethnicity The mitigation and compensation as outlined in the Concession Agreement is for all ethnic groups inhabiting the downstream areas. There is a basic `proactive' approach to mitigation rather than a focus on vulnerable groups or ethnic minorities. The reasons for this are: · Livelihood systems are similar for all ethnic groups; · In terms of income, resource use and technology, ethnicity is only one of many factors, the most important being village location is in terms of infrastructure, access to markets and services and history of the village (whether well established on good productive soils, etc.); and · Cultural aspects are similar for all ethnic groups ­ Folk Buddhism, beliefs in spirits and even a self- identity as Lao Loum or lowland Lao culture. There are no specific measures for a particular ethnic minority, but that detailed planning for mitigation will require an extensive and open consultation process that allows for local variations, ethnic minority preferences, gender sensitivity and maximum participation by affected groups, including discussions in local dialects and languages. It is acknowlegded that there is a higher proportion of ethnic minority villages that have food security problems or lack basic services and infrastructure (difference in income levels, see Table 7-10 and Table 6-16). However, these characteristics are also common for many Tai Lao, Lao Kaleung and Phou Thay villages in the same areas, the many of the villages of all ethnic groups are under the Lao Rural Poverty Level. What is required is an approach to mitigation that is culturally-sensitive and flexible, such as the consultation process that has been initiatied recently in villages along the XBF. This approach will be able to integrate any culturally different approaches into the mitigation. Additional provisions may be required for ethnic minorities and other vulnerable communities in the form of additional technical assistance. This is likely to include: · Additional training and support for rice production, irrigation and food security measures since many villages are not food sufficient · Additional training and support for livestock production and veterinarian services · Additional training, support and equipment for fisheries, fishponds and alternative production systems January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 50 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas · Special capacity building programmes for village leadership and village-based organisations to facilitate the compensation and mitigation process A poor performance in restoring livelihoods as a result of mitigation, will trigger additional support from the Technical Staff. The ongoing consultation process and village facilitators will also be monitoring for internal differences in performance. This process is necessary to ensure the vulnerable communities can also benefit from mitigation and development opportunities of the project and do not become marginalised as a result of the compensation process. Ethnically differentiated data as well as community/village data for monitoring is essential. This is especially the case for mixed communities where the Brou are likely to be small groups and have the lowest income levels. 7.5.2 Mitigation and Livelihood Restoration 7.5.2.1 Overview of Potential Impacts along the Xe Bangfai The following is a list of potential impacts along the XBF as a result of the increase in water in the river: · Increased water flow in the XBF that facilitates dry-season irrigation or improves existing irrigation systems along the river but may also in some cases impact existing pumping installations due to erosion; · Changes in water quality that might affect health; · Riverbank slumping and erosion causing land loss, loss of structures and production loss; · Loss of vegetable gardens along the riverbanks (dry season production); · Possible loss of fish catches due to changes in water quality and flow regimes, loss of vegetative habitat and difficulties in catching fish in faster water with greater volume; · Loss of access to grazing areas, riverbank gardens and fields; and · River safety issues. Table 7-21: Overview of Livelihood Restoration Strategy Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Objectives Possible Further Mitigation Effective replacement of Loss in fisheries catch Fish ponds and other fish Alternative livelihood support raising and fish catch systems fisheries income and protein. measures Effective replacement of Compenstion for loss of Loss of riverbank gardens Development of irrigated gardens above the river bank riverside production with production and alternative above riverbank production livelihood production support 1. Bank protection measures Erosion and loss of land and No loss of assets, or Compensation for loss of land or assests effective relocation of and structures and livelihood 2: Relocation assets support Irrigation pumps ­ possible Protect footings, if necessary, Additional technical support or erosion of footings, problems supply of longer flexible No loss of production alternative livelihood support with connections on Sunday connecting pipes measures Reduction in the quality of Alternative water supplies, Safe drinking water Additional wells and piping to domestic water supplies such as town water supplies and additional wells ensure safe drinking water Loss of dry season access No loss of access to across the river Supply of boats opposite banks Improved boats and bridges River safety issues due to Bridges over channel, No loss of life Increased awareness higher water levels awarenes s programmes and consultations programmes 7.5.2.2 Dry Season Irrigation Potential The higher water levels in the XBF should enhance existing dry-season irrigation systems since all existing irrigation system along the XBF depend on pumping water from the river. There should be considerable savings due to the increase in the river level and a corresponding decrease in the irrigation pumping head January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 51 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas requirement. Assuming that current electricity costs at USD 40 per hectare for dry season crops, an estimated savings will range from 11 % to 28 %, depending on the decrease in pumping head (1-4 metres). It is difficult to estimate the overall saving but it is clear that there will be a significant enhancement of existing systems, not to mention the enormous potential for expansion and new irrigation schemes along the XBF. 7.5.2.3 Changes in Water Quality for Domestic Use The present status along the XBF and Nam Kathang/Nam Gnom allows for numerous uses by communities, including drinking water and other domestic uses, either directly from the river, shallow wells dug on the side of the river or small springs flowing from the sides of the banks. Water quality is being and shall continue to be monitored carefully. Biomass levels in the Nakai Reservoir may increase in the dry season and affect the quality of water in the downstream area. This will be dealt with to some extent by the aeration structures at the regulating dam. However, if level are unacceptably high alternatives will be provided in the form of wells. It should be mentioned that as part of the health programme, awareness programmes will emphasize boiling river water for drinking. Options for alternative water supplies include: · Hand dug and cement ring lined open wells; · Hand or machine drilled and lined bores; · Improved rainwater collection; and · Water offtake from pump irrigation supply systems. 7.5.2.4 Riverbank Protection Due to increased water flow and volume, riverbank erosion is likely to be a problem along the XBF. This will be a slow and progressive problem in some areas and will require careful monitoring. As soon as erosion is detected, riverbank protection measures should be introduced. Key areas already identified are: · Old Mahaxai twon riverbank area; · Temples located along the riverbanks, such as in Kenpe village. Other areas are yet to be identified for possible mitigation measures and will require further studies and careful monitoring. 7.5.2.5 Offsetting Possible Loss of Fisheries The fisheries compensation and development strategy outlined in Chapter 7 is based on the predicted maximum losses to mainstream fisheries, as explained in Chapters 3 and 4. Alternative options to compensation for any losses in fish catch will include; · Fish ponds at low levels connected to rice fields in the flood season; · Fish ponds with bunded walls in independent surrounding areas; · Fish in rice fields that have been modified by deep channels around the rice fields; · Fish raised in cages in the XBF; · improved management and productivity of natural fisheries; and · support to raising of alternative livestock - income and protein replacement. What system will finally be chosen will depend on the physical surroundings, existing farming systems, availability of land, market demand, consultations with villagers and costs. 7.5.2.6 Offsetting Possible Loss of Riverbed Gardens Estimates from the XBF Survey of 2001 indicate that the average riverbank garden was 0.16 ha per household and that about 43 percent of households cultivated such gardens. Estimating the losses of riverbank production are very difficult given the different uses in terms of crops and the extent of use by households. This may range from USD 500 to 32 per ha. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 52 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas · Monitoring of impacts as a result of increased flow in the river during the dry season when river gardens are usually planted · Relocation of gardens if possible in the vicinity of villages · Alternative production sites with irrigation · Alternative crops 7.5.2.7 Mitigation for Loss of Access At present the XBF flows in the dry season allow for access across the river by foot, bamboo footbridges and, in some cases, by vehicles. Mitigation and monitoring should comprise: · A survey of access routes and monitor river levels in relation to ease in crossing the river in different seasons and on different days · A proposed suspension footbridge at Mahaxai and bridge/culvert on the Xebang Noi · Improved river craft for crossing river if necessary, and if necessary bridges at certain locations · Securing access to grazing areas for livestock and areas for refuge during floods if required 7.5.2.8 River safety issues Since the total discharge in the XBF will increase significantly, doubling the annual flow at Mahaxai when operating at full capacity. The discharge will depend primarily on demand in Thailand with reductions from 12:00 on Saturdays to 20:00 on Sundays. Since there will be different levels and flow patterns to what villagers are accustomed to, safety is an important factor. The following mitigation measures should be investigated during consultations with communities. · Information about changes in river flow (part of PCPP for 2004) · Signposts or markers of levels · Awareness of dangers of crossing and fishing in deeper river, etc. 7.5.3 Healh 7.5.3.1 Health Service Improvements The Public Impact Assessment and Public Health Action Plan (PHAP) (2004) details health impacts and mitigation measures. Specific interventions along the Xe Bnagfaii are part of the Regional Health Programme and include: · Capacity building and support for the prevention, detection, treatment and monitoring of respiratory diseases (TB and ARI) · Capacity building and support for the prevention, detection, treatment and monitoring of vector- and pest-borne diseases (Dengue and Malaria) · Capacity building and support for the prevention, detection, treatment and monitoring of STDs and HIV/AIDS · Capacity building and support for the prevention, detection, treatment and monitoring of food, soil and water-borne diseases (diarrhoea, dysentry, pistorchis, intestinal worms, Hepatitis A, etc.) · Capacity building and support for the prevention, treatment and monitoring of nutrition and micronutrient related issues (malnutrition, vitamen diffecency, etc.) · Capacity building and support for the prevention, treatment and monitoring of respiratory diseases (TB and ARI) 7.5.3.2 Cultural health practices With regard to cultural health practices, local remedies and cures from plants, roots, herbs and other natural ingredients are part of indigenous knowledge of the different ethnic groups. This is for the most part `shared knowledge'. Specialists (mô yaa) combine local remedies with spiritual concerns in certain cases. However, the number of ritual specialists, most of whom are elderly men, in this field has dwindled considerable due to the introduction of modern medicine. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 53 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Preliminary investigations and detailed interviews with selected villages along the Xe Bangfai indicate that villages that are located in relatively isolated areas and near forests are likely to used traditional medicines since they are readily available and often scientific medicine is less available. Many of the Brou villages in the Middle and Upper Xe Bangfai as well as a few Lao Kaleung villages in these areas are still dependent on forests for much of their medicinal sources. For these villages, efforts will be made to integrate traditional practices and practitioners into the proposed health improvements by means of employing traditional practitioners as local health workers through retraining programmes. 7.5.4 Possible Benefits for Women Similar to the Nakai Plateau, or perhaps even more so, women play a significant role in this partially monetarized economy, primarily in the selling of agricultural and forest products in local markets and running of small shops and stalls. Their economic influence is not reflected in their political power or ability to influence decision-making processes at the village level. The NT 2 Project's impact on women's economic position could be positive if gender-sensitive approaches are used during consultation and women are involved in the implementation of mitigation measures. Some direct and indirect benefits could be: · Improved Labor Opportunities due to improved agricultural methods and better yields, there should be more food for the family grown near the household (money saved) and possibly surpluses which can be sold in local markets (money earned). · Improved Health Facilities: The availability of medical facilities would give women access to medicine and proper advice on a range of topics which affect their lives. Women are responsible for the sick, the infirmand elderly as well as the care of young children. · New Roads: Improved transportation is beneficial to both men and women but has a special importance for women since they make most of the trips to the markets to purchase food and supplies or to sell agricultural and forest products. 7.5.5 Measures to Protect Cultural Heritage Appropriate protective and/or salvage measures will be adopted if any archaeologically significant properties are uncovered during construction activities. If properties are recovered it will be the responsibility of the provincial and district Culture and Information Offices. If items are considered as having significant cultural value, it may be necessary to seek advice from the national Culture and Information Offices. Members from these offices have been involved in the socio-cultural surveys and public consultation programs in 1997 and 1998 and therefore have a good knowledge of the culture and history of the project area. 7.6 INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY 7.6.1 Institutional Arrangements Institutional arrangements for the Xe Bangfai are similar to the other areas of the Project (see Chapter 6 in Volume 1 and Chapter 14 in Volume 2) Although the impacts are less than on the Nakia Plateau in terms of resettlement, the extent of long-term impacts can only be fully determined during operation. Thus, the work of the downstream institutions will not be as intensive as the case of Nakai District in the initial phases of the project, butconsiderable resources are needed later for compensation and monitoring. Along the Xe Bangfai, the RMU will be the managing agency primarily responsble for the co-ordination of government organizations, allocation of budgets, consultation and monitoring in relation to livelihood development, community development and training. This will be done in cooperation with Provincial and District agencies, who will be mainly responsible for implementaion, with assistnce from the NTPC who will provide internataional and national TA. Since approximately 10% of the affected persons along the Xe Bangfai are classified as Ethnic Minorities under WB and ADB policies, it will be necessary to have expertise to cover ethnic issues in the RMU a long with expertise in handling gender issues, community development and participatory planning and consultations. It is important that an understanding of social and ethnic issues and international standards for planning, implementation and monitoring in relation to these issues form a central part of the capacity building programme for GoL agencies. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 54 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas 7.6.2 Assessment of Capacity A particular challenge in relation to the Xe Bangfai and other downstream areas is establishing an ongoing monitoring system with the assistance and participation of affected groups. There needs to be extensive interaction between professionals and planners of the NTPC, and the different specialists and administrators on the Lao side. Steps must be taken to strengthen the capacity and to establish robust institutional arrangements in the form of the RMU and other implementation agencies under the leadership of the Resettlement Committee. Table 7-22: GoL Staff Allocation to NT2 Social and Resettlement Activities (as of June 2003) Location, and name Normal position Position in NT2 Tenure Ethnicity Khammoune Province 1 Mr Khambai Lamdath Province Governor President RC PT Kaleung 2 Mr Odai Soudaphone Deputy of Province Governor Deputy of President RC PT Kaleung Savannakhet Provine 1 Mr Soukkaseum Phothisan Deputy of Province Governor Member RC Kaleung Inthanalongsin Secretary PT RMU 1 Mr Hoy Phomvisouk NT2 Head of RMU FT Tai Deang 2 Mr Maniveng Phetoudom Director of LIL project Deputy of RMU PT Phouthai 3 Ms Keooula Souliyadeth Deputy Head of Prov LWU Deputy, Women's Affairs PT Kaleung 4 Land Plaining & Development PT Mr. Sisouvanh Division Planning Officer Kaleung 5 Mr. Vieng Khone Livestock Specialist Livestock PT Phouthai 6 Mr. Vath Engineer Design & Construction PT Phouthai 7 Mr. Boualien Agronomist Agriculture FT Hmong 8 Mr. Omega Planning Dept Administration FT Phouthai 9 Ms. Souksavanh Rural Development Community Development FT Kaleung 10 Ms. Keo koud Planning Dept Home Economics FT Moey 11 Home Economics FT Ms. Opick Planning Dept /Education Tai Daeng 12 Ms. Toum Nurse Public Health PT Phouthai Gnommalath District Working Group 1 Mr Gavin Dolaysan Deputy District Chief Head of DWG PT Katak 2 Mr Manivong Chanthavong Deputy District Cabinet Deputy of DWG PT Kaleung 3 Ms Khien Xayyavonkouk Head of District LWU Member PT Brou 4 Mr Khamsone Sindavong Head of Lao NFC Member PT Kaleung 5 Mr Kamkeo Xaykhamphanh Head of DAFO Member PT Kaleung 6 Mr Namchai Deputy Head of Health Member PT Kaleung 7 Mr Somphao Head of Lao Youth Member PT Kaleung 8 Mr Somchai Douangphixai Head of Planning Member PT Phouthai Mahaxai District Working Group 1 Mr Bounthan Hounnavong Deputy district Chief Head of RDWG PT Kaleung 2 Mr Kingkeo Sensakda Deputy Dist. Cabinet Deputy, RDWG PT Phouthai 3 Mr Sengkeo Manivong Head,of Labor & Welfare Member PT Phouthai 4 Mr Chantha Souphavong LNFC Member PT Phouthai 5 Ms Keota Phengsavath Head of district LWU Member PT Phouthai 6 Mr Boungueun DAFO Member PT Kaleung 7 Mr Sivilay Health Member PT Tai Lao XeBangfai District Working Group 1 Mr Vongphet Chitpanya Head of district cabinet Head of RDWG PT Kaleung 2 Mr Sonphet Mitaloun Head of Prov STEA Coordinator PT Kaleung NongBok District Working Group 1 Mr Kheung Head of district cabinet Head of RDWG PT Kaleung 2 Mr Souvanno District cabinet staff Member PT Yooy January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 55 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas In terms of ethnic representation, the minorities are not represented on the District level in the four DWGs, except for one Brou member in Gnommalth District where the highest percentage of Brou are located, mostly on the Gnommalath Plain where the downstream channel is located. 7.6.2.1 Implications of Village Leadership The possible significance of the formal and informal structures for the Project are difficult to assess in full. As with the resettlement of the Nakai Plateau, there are perhaps three possible implications: · Firstly, given the complex structures and the dominance of certain families in leadership positions, it will be necessary to make sure that decisions which effect the future of the village should be made in plenum where open discussion may be encouraged to a certain extent. · Secondly, in some instances, women may be excluded from decision-making and do not participate fully in discussions that will effect their lives. The only organizationthat involves women is the Lao Women's Union, which has members in each village, and the involvement of this organization needs to be encouraged. · Thirdly, there is a danger that village élite and economically strong individuals and families obtain control of the distribution of goods and benefits of the Project. One way to ensure an equitable distribution of goods and fair distribution of benefits is to monitor closely using both internal monitoring and external audits. 7.6.2.2 Community Cooperation There are a number of ways in which villagers cooperate among households and at a community level, and these have the important role of constituting a village fellowship and identity that often involves all ethnic groups. Labour exchange systems are a key aspect that governs socio-economic interaction at the village level and are rooted in kinship organisations, the basic element being the extended family. Labour is available from a large kinship network and reciprocity can be delayed for a considerable amount of time in the form of labour or another service at a time of need. This is still the predominant system of labour exchange in traditional villages and is preferred in villages that are less integrated into the market system based on cash transactions, such as among many of the Brou minority villages along the Xe Bangfai. Community projects require the cooperation of the village as a whole, and in some ways this can be seen as an extension of labour exchange systems based on kin. Projects that require many hands, such as the construction of a house, clearing of irrigation canals, building community buildings or maintaining a temple or road, demand village-level organisation. One of the most common ways of organising labour on the community level is that all households provide one person, often an able-bodied male for construction, as its contribution. Sometimes households may contribute a small amount of cash instead, while other households may be exempt due to a lack of able-bodied adults or illness. Another important type of village cooperation manifests itself in the form of ritual obligations and community festivals. Participation is not only for the collective goal of the ritual but also a social obligation in terms of support in a material and socio-psychological manner. This relates to the sense of identity and belonging to a particular location and community where one has clear social obligations and responsibilities to other members and can in times of need rely on a community for support. It is important to note that village leaders and members of the VRC and the Village Facilitators are all embedded in these systems of cooperation, reciprocity and exchange. Hence, all actions carried out in the village are likely to be carried out within these important systems. 7.6.2.3 Traditional Conflict Resolution At the village level there are traditional means of resolving conflict. Most villagers prefer to resolve issues at a village level involving people and organisations that they are familiar with than to involve outsiders and District government. Traditional methods of resolving conflict on the Nakai Plateau are representative for rural communities in Lao PDR in general and consist of elders resolving internal household or extended family conflicts, thao khun (Council of Village Elders) for cultural issues, sang kai kia (Advisory Council for Disputes) for disputes about land and crime at the village level, and formal and informal leadership for inter-village conflicts (see Section 16.2.4, Volume 2) January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 56 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas In all traditional conflict resolution, the hierarchy of age (elders over younger members) and status (leadership in terms of political positions or traditional clan leadership) play important organisational roles. However, the main approach to solving problems is through dialogue and consensus within the group where the problem or dispute has arisen. There is an attempt to limit the extent of the conflict. Most disputes are resolved locally through a combination of social pressure and obligation on the one hand and the need for community solidarity and belonging on the other. 7.6.3 Availability of Funds Adequate funds have been allocated for institutional capacity building (see Chapter 28), in recognition of the importance of capacity building and establishing viable institutions to implement and monitor the Project. The SDP budget commitment indicates that the staffing costs, capital costs and running costs are included in the overall compensation and mitigation costs. In addition, there is a budget item specifically for training the RMU staff and Technical Assistance programme provided by the ADB for assessing and improving the capacity and performance of GoL. Moreover, GOL is providing personnel, recruiting from within the government system at the national, provincial and district levels. Much of the work at the village level will be undertaken by local village authorities as part of their overall responsibilities to the communities. 7.6.4 Assessment of Professional Staff The development of the RMU is ongoing at present with only some of the key positions filled for the districts in the lowland areas. The RMU consists of government employees recruited from various organizations within the government system. RMU and the DRWGs will be fully operational when the Project moves into the implementation phase. However, it is clear from the type of experience, education and background of the staff, there will be a need for technical assistance from a variety of professionals in order to ensure that successful compensation and mitigation is carried out. The district level staff are particularly in need of assistance and training if they are going to be able to carry out their tasks and fulfill their responsibilities according to the RAP. Furthermore, there will be roles for international professionals to assist, guide and help co-ordinate efforts in order to ensure international (WB and ADB) standards are met. NTPC technical staff, local consultants and NGOs will provide technical assistance in areas that the district and RMU do not have the right technical expertise such as health awareness programs, irrigation planning and development and income generation activities. In addition, there will be training in ethnic awareness. 7.6.5 Ethnic Minorities and Local Organizations Ethnic minorities are represented at the village level but not at the district level or in the DWGs. At the village level, local leaders are selected by the communities after being approved by the government and for the most part represent the different ethnic minorities in the downstream. In Gnommalat District the government staff is mixed, with Lao, Phou Thay and Brou ethnic groups being represented in various positions and committees. Other districts are represented by lowland Lao and other Tai Lao groups only. Given the lack of education, skills and experience in dealing such a large infrastructure project, much of the government leadership will need to be recruited at a national level and will be dominated by lowland groups. However, implementation of the Project will involve the co- operation and, through consultation, understanding of all ethnic groups. Further recruitment of members to the District Working Groups will give preference to qualified ethnic minority government staff in order to constitute an organisation that represents all ethnic groups. 7.7 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR ETHNIC GROUPS ALONG THEXE BANGFAI Given the scale of the Project and the degree of capacity building and institutional strengthening that is required for implementation, monitoring and evaluation are essential aspects and will require that high standards are maintained throughout all phases. Monitoring and evaluation will be both internal and external. See Chapter 8 in Volume 1 of the SDP for full explanation of the proposed monitoring and evaluation program for the project as a whole. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 57 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas The monitoring of ethnic minorities and vulnerable groups will be especially important since these segments of society may become marginalised as a result of project impacts and socio-economic change in the area. Detecting problems and shortcomings in performance early is key to tailoring further interventions and realising income targets for all groups along the Xe Bangfai. Monitoring indicators will be differentiated by ethnic groups and there relative performance in relation to impacts will be compared. Specific and additional mitigation may be necessary in order to ensure ethnic minorities and vulnerable communities become project beneficiaries. 7.7.1 Internal Monitoring System The NTPC's Resettlement Office (RO) will have the overallresponsibility for monitoring of the infrastructure construction. It will report regularly to the RMU and the RC. The RMU, with technical support will monitor project impacts along the XBF, including resettlement preparation and livelihood and community development. A series of reporting tables regarding impacts on livelihhoods has been developed (see Section 8.7 in Volume 1 of the SDP). Discussions will be held with village leaders and affected communities to assess a range of social issues and to qualitatively review progress on a regular basis as part of the ongoing consultation process. Monitoring will require the participation of the Village Facilitators who represent a range of village groups, including ethnic minorities, women and youth. This information will form part of the monitoring reporting or feedback. Gender monitoring is also essential as is detailed in the Iram Report (June 2004) in order to ensure that women participate in livelihood restoration programmes, management and decision-making and other activities. 7.7.2 Independent External Monitoring The main objective of the NT2 Resettlement Policy is to ensure that Project Affected Persons are better off after resettlement or duly and fairly compensated for adverse impacts. Monitoring and evaluation by an independent institution, here called external monitoring and evaluation team (EMET), will be conducted., In addition, to crucial monitoring role of the Panel of Experts will continue. 7.7.3 Social Indicators The main focus of the monitoring and evaluation will be on the changes in social and economic conditions of individual households and villages. Based on existing socio-economic characteristics of the villages and the type of mitigation, comonstaion and development schemes to be implemented, a set of indicators will be developed, simlar to those presented in Table 7-23 below. The monitoring and evaluation will carried out until it can be shown that the any adverse project impacts (increased water flows) have been fully addressed. The methodology will include a combination of sample household survey, focus group interviews and participatory discussion. An evaluation report will be prepared each year following a field survey and will be submitted to the Resettlement Committee January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 58 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas Table 7-23: Sample Social Monitoring Indicators for the Downstream Area Indicator Present Status Objectives Household Average of USD 664 (2001) Average village income at the end of monitoring period in 2014 income should not be lower than existing income level, taking into consideration inflation and price increases. Incomes should be based on a village average given the fact that there are large differences between zones. Percentage of 64.9 % of all downstream HHs were Decrease in the percentage of poor households Poor classified as poor in the XBF survey This should be based on a village average given the fact that Households (less than 492,000 kip per month) there is a large difference in incomes between zones Division of Traditional division of labour and New division of labour and livelihood arrangements do not Labour involvement in livelihood along the Xe overburden either men or women in terms of time and resources Bangfai (study yet to determine details ­ indicators to be determined from proposed study. but proposed as part of Gender Study 2004) Rice From 0.8 to 1.9 tons per household Rice production levels should be the same or higher in all Production (depending on zone and village) downstream areas after monitoring period and should be at least Per capita rice production is 266 kg on the same through the construction period. average (varies from 123 to 341 kg) Livestock Livestock ownership by HH reveals an These averages, again by village, should not decrease ­ livestock Production average of 1.2 buffalo, 1.3 cattle, etc. are important indicators of wealth Fish Catches % of annual HH income from fish (21- These averages, again by village, should not decrease ­ fish are and 15%) and of catches for sale (18-31 % important indicators of health and nutrition as well as income Consumption on average) Garden Vegetable gardens, both kitchen and Vegetable garden production levels should be the same or higher Production riverbank gardens, have an average in all downstream areas after monitoring period and should be at production of 147 kg per household least the same throughout the construction period. Malaria Levels of malaria are reported low, and No increase in rates of malaria in all project zones. decreasing Parasitic Significant presence of many common Significant decrease in parasitic diseases diseases parasites Child mortality National Infant Mortality rate is Available medical advice, staff and medicines to deal with rate estimated at 87.2 per 1,000 live births childhood diseases and significant decrease in child mortality as a for rural populations (UNFPA 2000) result of the PHAP 7.8 SCHEDULING ANDFINANCING Choaters 27 and 28 present the budget and the schedule for the compensation and mitigation of negative impacts for all ethnic groups along the Xe Bangfai. Here, it is necessary to highlight aspects that are important from an ethnic minority perspective and indicate which aspects have been incorporated into the overall approach to resettlement planning. 7.8.1 Social and Ethnic Minority Issues in relation to Implementation Schedule A number of specific aspects relating to scheduling and implementation have been incorporated, that prioritize social and ethnic minority concerns which have originally arisen during the consultations and data collection visits along the Xe Bangfai, inlcuding the following: · The general approach to planning has been one of establishing an effective, long-term relationship between government agencies and the Project and affected communities and local organizations; · Institutional strengthening and training for government agencies (RMU, DRWGs and VRCs) have been central elements from the start of project planning and will continue throughout the project; · All ethnic groups have participated in a consultation process in order to elicit their concerns and viewpoints as well as to obtain feedback on various aspects of project planning and this should continue; · All ethnic groups will continue to be consulted on optional mitigation strategies and types of compensation at village and individual household levels; January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 59 Chapter 7: Ethnic Minority Development Plan ­ Downstream Areas · All ethnic groups will participate in the mitigation and compenstaion program and are represented as Village Facilitators as part of the consultation process; · Assistance will be provided for livelihood options and potential improvements so that villagers can make informed choices regarding their future livelihoods and possible changes to traditional practices; · Monitoring by the affected Xe Bangfai commnitue themsleves will involve members of the ethnic communities themselves in addition to elected leaders and members of government organizations; · Special provisions will be made for ethnic minority concerns, including translators for Brou and other Mon-Khmer groups if required and attention to local beliefs and practices that could be affected by project impacts when necessary. In order to ensure that social and ethnic minority concerns are addressed, constant interaction between the minority groups and the RMU and other government agencies will be necessary, with international and national technical and professional support. Only this can ensure an `ethnically-sensitive' approach by allowing concerns to be voiced openly and as they arise. There is every reason to believe that this will be the continue to be case in the NT2 Project, since existing consultation has taken ethnic concerns into consideration. 7.8.2 Social and Ethnic Minority Issues in relation to Budget A number of key features of the budget represent the concerns and considerations of social conditions and ethnic minorities, as the budget covers the following key elements: · Funds for replacement of riverbank garden production in terms of developing alternative sources of production and income; · Fisheries Development programme; · Support for replacement of river access (bridges and crossings) as well as river safety; and · A Health Monitoring and Response Program. Particular issues related to ethnic minorities include the following key items: · External Monitoring (Item A ­ External Monitoring) for ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the different ethnic groups in relation to mitigation and compensation · Ethnic Minority Advisor for the RMU (part-time), possibly seconded from the Institute of Cultural Resource or Department of Ethnic Affairs from April 2005 (Item F15.1b in the Social Cultural Unit) · Training in Ethnic Minorities Awareness for RMU, DRWGs and RO staff as well as local GoL organisations involved in resettlement (Item F11.2) · Training and support for the Lao National Front for Construction (Responsible for Ethnic Issues), including basic training in relation to project needs, investigation of new data and development of strategies, and advocacy to ensure village elders and traditional organisations have role in the resettlement process (Item T7) · Cultural and spiritual heritage issues, including Physical and Cultural Resources Survey (see EAMP Budget), · Provisions for vulnerable ethnic minority households and communities, in particular additional measures for villages with weak livelihood systems and low levels of income, including Brou villages and other ethnic groups. A key staff composent in relation ensuring compliance with ethnic minorities safeguard policies is the Community Consultation and Ethnic Development Team covered by the NTPC budget. There is funding for an international Technical Manager full-time from 2005 to 2007, two senior Lao Technical Assistants (one male and one female), one senior TA responsible for socio-economic monitoring and one database expert. This staff will be supporting and working directly with the Junior Lao staff under the RMU and the DRWGs in the downstream districts. ********** * * * ********** January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 60 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration CHAPTER 8 MITIGATION, RESETTLEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION Table of Content January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration PART 1: INTRODUCTION 8.1 DEFINITION AND COMPONENTS OF MITIGATION.......................................................1 8.2 DEFINITION OF COMPENSATION.................................................................................2 PART 2: MITIGATION PROGRAMME 8.3 MITIGATION OF POOR WATER QUALITY ....................................................................3 8.3.1 Biomass Reduction............................................................................................................................................ 3 8.3.2 Engineering Works............................................................................................................................................ 3 8.3.3 Water Temperature ........................................................................................................................................... 4 8.4 PROJECT DESIGN MITIGATION OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION..........................4 8.4.1 The Regulating Pond......................................................................................................................................... 4 8.4.2 Downstream Channel....................................................................................................................................... 4 8.4.3 Downstream Channel (Nam Phit) ­ Xe Bangfai Confluence ..................................................................... 5 8.4.4 Construction Phase Related Erosion and Sedimentation ............................................................................ 5 8.5 MITIGATION OF EROSION...........................................................................................5 8.5.1 XBF Riverbank Erosion................................................................................................................................... 5 8.5.1.1 Types of Riverbank Protection........................................................................................................ 6 8.5.1.2 River Bank Protection Works for Temples ................................................................................... 7 8.5.1.3 Preliminary Cost Estimates.............................................................................................................. 7 8.5.2 Irrigation Pump Installations ........................................................................................................................... 7 8.6 MITIGATION OF FLOODS.............................................................................................8 8.6.1 Powerhouse Shutdown..................................................................................................................................... 8 8.6.2 Water Gate ­ Flood Control Structures......................................................................................................... 8 8.7 MITIGATION FOR POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACTS ........................................................8 8.8 RIVER SAFETY AND AWARENESS ..................................................................................8 8.9 ELECTRICITY ...............................................................................................................8 8.10 PROJECT BENEFITS......................................................................................................9 8.10.1 Irrigation - Reliable Water and Lower Pumping Costs ................................................................................ 9 8.10.2 Household Water Supply................................................................................................................................ 10 8.10.3 River Navigation.............................................................................................................................................. 10 PART 3: COMPENSATION, RESETTLEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION 8.11 ASSESSMENT OF COMPENSATION NEEDS .................................................................. 11 8.12 FISHERIES ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY................................................................... 11 8.12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 8.12.2 'Fish for Fish': Aquaculture Compensation Options.................................................................................. 12 8.12.3 Development of Alternative Livestock Production Option...................................................................... 13 8.12.4 Improved Natural Fisheries Management Option in Rivers and Wetlands ............................................ 13 8.12.5 Integration of Compensation Options......................................................................................................... 14 8.12.6 Budget for Fisheries Compensation Programme........................................................................................ 15 8.13 RIVERBANK GARDENS ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY.................................................16 8.13.1 Strategy for Compensation of River Gardens ............................................................................................. 16 8.13.2 Budget for Compensation of River Gardens............................................................................................... 17 8.14 DOMESTIC WATER ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY ......................................................19 8.14.1 Compensation Strategy for Domestic Water Supply Programme ............................................................ 19 8.14.2 Budget for Domestic Water Supply Programme ........................................................................................ 19 8.15 ACCESS ACROSS THE RIVER ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY.........................................21 8.16 IRRIGATION PUMPING STATIONS ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY................................21 8.16.1 Existing Pump Stations on the XBF............................................................................................................. 21 8.16.2 Problems and Solutions with Expected Impacts ........................................................................................ 21 8.16.3 Budget for Relocation of Irrigation Pumping Station................................................................................ 22 8.17 RELOCATION OF BUILDINGS......................................................................................24 8.17.1 Compensation Strategy for Relocation of Buildings................................................................................... 24 8.17.2 Budget for Relocation of Buildings............................................................................................................... 24 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 ii Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 8.18 T.A. TO THE NON-FISHERIES COMPENSATION PROGRAMME...................................24 8.19 RMU SUPPORT FOR THE DOWNSTREAM AREAS..........................................................24 8.20 INDICATIVE ACTIVE SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES.........................................................25 8.21 SUMMARY TOTAL BUDGET FOR DOWNSTREAM AREAS PROGRAMME..........................26 List of Annexes Annex 8-1: Description of Problems and Protection Works for Temples in 3 Villages........................... 28 List of Tables Table 8-1: Estimated Cost of Riverbank Protection for 3 Temples along Xe Bangfai.............................. 7 Table 8-2: Estimated Savings in Dry Season Pumping Costs due to Increase in XBF Levels................ 9 Table 8-3: Schedule of Technical Assistance for Fisheries Compensation Programme and Personnel Cost Estimate................................................................................................................. 15 Table 8-4: Schedule of Technical Assistance for Fisheries Monitoring Programme and Personnel Cost Estimate.................................................................................................................................... 16 Table 8-5: Budget for compensation of Loss of the Downstream Areas Fisheries (US$)...................... 16 Table 8-6: Estimated Loss of Riverside Crop and Vegetable Gardens and Associated Compensation Cost.......................................................................................................................... 18 Table 8-7: Total Estimated Cost of Investment and Design Cost for Compensatory Water Supply Schemes for Xe Bangfai Mainstream Villages................................................................ 19 Table 8-8: Relative Dependency of Xe Bangfai Water for Household Consumption and Cost of Compensatory Water Supply.......................................................................................................... 20 Table 8-9: Cost of Relocation of Pontoon and Axial Irrigation Pump Stations....................................... 23 Table 8-10: Compensation Cost of Buildings to Be Relocated...................................................................... 24 Table 8-11: Schedule of Technical Assistance to the Non-Fisheries Compensation Programme........... 24 Table 8-12: Indicative Schedule for Survey, Planning and Implementation of Mitigation and Compensation Options for the Xe Bangfai................................................................................. 26 Table 8-13: Allocated amount for the downstream areas Mitigation and Compensation Programme........................................................................................................................................ 27 List of Figures Figure 8-1: A Possible Design of the Aeration Weir ........................................................................................ 4 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 iii Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 8 MITIGATION AND COMPENSATION PROGRAMME PART 1: INTRODUCTION As explained in Chapter 29, the NT2 Projects Xe Bangfai and downstream program has the following 6 main components: the incorporation of engineering design features to minimize environmental impacts, such as design of the intake channel transferring water from the reservoir to the intake structure (enabling the water from the epilimnion to be withdrawn preferentially), the regulating pond (avoiding most variable flows into the XBF which would otherwise have resulted from the peak load operation of the powerhouse), the downstream channel (avoiding discharge into a small watercourse), the aeration weir in the downstream channel and the riverbank protection at the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai; the conduct of studies, and surveys in order to define current livelihoods that may be impacted and predict the type of level of impacts; the implementation of mitigation in and along the XBF itself, where (a) selected sections of the riverbank will be protected against erosion, (b) village water supplies will be improved, if required, and (c) resolution of the problem of decrease dry season river crossing due to increased dry season flows; livelihood compensation, whereby all and any negative impacts on villagers socio-economy - mainly in fisheries and riverbank gardens - will be fully compensated; the exact method of compensation, and the compensation options implemented will depend on the results of the feasibility study that will be launched after FC, and on the ongoing consultations with affected villagers. This compensation program will be fully coordinated with the planned Xe Bangfai development program; the conduct of on-going consultations in which (a) villagers are fully informed of predicted impacts and their rights to compensation, (b) villagers are encouraged to voice their concerns and forward proposals for mitigation and compensation approaches and activities, and (c) the villagers are fully involved in pilot compensation implementation and then the monitoring of impacts; participatory monitoring to observe and measure the environmental impacts of the Project and any resultant socio economic impacts, and adjust the compensation and development program accordingly. Mitigation and compensation are thus crucial features of this program, and are the aspects of the program of most concern and importance to the potentially affected people living along the Xe Bangfai. In the development of the Projects strategy and program for the Xe Bangfai, the following distinction has been made between mitigation actions, which aim to avoid or lessen the occurrence of environment impacts and address physical impacts that still do occur, while compensation aims to address those residual livelihood impacts which are unavoidable, as explained below. 8.1 DEFINITION AND COMPONENTS OF MITIGATION Mitigation refers to two aspects. Firstly, it refers to engineering design features that are incorporated into project constructed in order to avoid or lessen environmental impact - in order to limit impacts related to water quality and erosion - which would otherwise occur due to the increased discharge in the Xe Bangfai from the NT2 project. Such proactive investments in engineering designs and structures include; · Clearance of biomass in the Nakai Reservoir to mitigate bad water quality; · Design, construction and operation of a large regulating pond (8 million m3) to mitigate daily fluctuations in discharge (due to fluctuations in power house discharges) and thus fluctuations in the levels of the Xe Bangfai; · Construction of the 27 km long downstream channel - instead of discharging into the the Nam Kathang - which will mitigate against erosion that would occur in the smaller Nam Kathang, which would then affect both Nam Kathang riparians, and Xe Bangfai water quality and fisheries; January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration · Construction and Operation of an aeration weir (in the downstream channel); and · Agreement in the PPA to progressively reduce then shut down the power plant during over bank flooding, to mitigate against flooding in the wet season. In addition to the design engineering features of the NT2 Project, mitigation also refers to physical mitigation of impacts that may still occur along the Xe Bangfai, and that will be carried out as and when these impacts occur, such as: · Protection of the Xe Bangfai riverbank in its upper reaches, and where fixed assets occur; · An alternative to river bank protection will be the relocation of buildings, if required; · The protection of irrigation supply pipe footings, if required (if they are eroded and undermined); · improvements to dykes and water gates; and · Improvements in village domestic water supplies. 8.2 DEFINITION OF COMPENSATION Compensation in the current document is defined as resettlement and/or livelihood restoration where and when applicable. This implies that the Project aims at providing new houses where current houses will not be habitable in the future (e.g. due to river bank erosion) and restoring livelihoods where these have been negatively impacted by the Project. Compensation relates to assistance to be provided to PAPs and/or PAVs for any negative socio-economic impact caused by the change in Xe Bangfai and Nam Theun flows and water quality due to the NT2 Project. Thus, compensation will be applicable to impacts such as · reduction in mainstream fisheries catch; · inability to establish dry season riverbank gardens and fields due to increased river levels and erosion; and · difficulties in dry season crossing of the XBF river. The level of actual compensation required will be confirmed before project commissioning and actually assessed regularly after project commissioning. As a general rule, the type of compensation to be given will be identified by community review and consensus, on a household by household basis for riverbank gardens and on a village by village basis (or household by household basis whenever needed) for fisheries and crossing of the Xe Bangfai. However, it is possible to present the compensation options as having three general types, as follows; · direct restoration or rehabilitation of impacted livelihoods, such as 'fish for fish', 'gardens for gardens' and the like; · restoration of impacted livelihoods in terms rehabilitation of incomes or protein - for example the development of cattle raising programs to compensate for loss in fish catch; · thirdly, the community may decide that they do not require income or food-based livelihood restoration as such, but more community development type activities. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration PART 2: MITIGATION PROGRAMME 8.3 MITIGATION OF POOR WATER QUALITY The overall objective of mitigation for water quality is to (a) maintain the current beneficial uses of the water, mainly for irrigation and domestic purposes; and (b) avoid, as much as possible, water quality impacts on the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai. There are numerous engineering works and mitigation measures designed or planned to help ensure water of adequate quality is discharged into the Xe Bangfai. 8.3.1 Biomass Reduction During the initial inundation period of a reservoir the inundated terrestrial biomass decomposes, and in doing so it consumes dissolved oxygen in the water. This can result in water quality problems. In the initial years after Project commissioning, the water quality in the reservoir, and therefore water quality discharged into the Xe Bangfai, will be influenced by the amount and nature of biomass flooded. While the current amount of biomass in on the Nakai plateau is not extensive, the Project will seek to further improve the future water quality in the reservoir by reducing biomass in two ways. Firstly, the Project will encourage salvage logging for sawn timber, plywood and chip board. Secondly, there will be promotion of firewood collection and/or charcoal production by villagers and construction camps. Both these mitigation measures will reduce the amount of biomass able to decompose and thus reduce the impact of biomass decomposition on water quality. It will not be possible to remove all the biomass from an inundation area of approximately 450 km2. Therefore in the initial two to four years after inundation there is likely to be short periods of problematic water quality associated with the decomposition of residual biomass. 8.3.2 Engineering Works Engineering works will be designed and constructed to mitigate for these periods of poor water quality in order to maintain existing uses of water by the communities along the Xe Bangfai and to avoid excessive impacts to aquatic life. The design of the reservoir intake for the power station will help reduce the impact of any potentially poor water quality periods. The Intake Channel, through which the water will be conducted to the intake structure, will be designed so that in the dry season Reservoir water for the power station will be taken from the full water column, not just the bottom water, therefore any potentially oxygen poor bottom (hypolimnion) water will mix with oxygen rich surface (epilimnion) water, thus improving the overall water quality of the power station discharge. An aeration weir designed to provide maximum aeration and thus mitigate anoxia in water discharged into the Xe Bangfai will be located across the entire width in the downstream channel, approximately 8 km downstream of the regulating dam. Water will drop from a higher level to a lower level by falling over the structure; this action will increase turbulence and entrap much more oxygen than occurs by normal transfers through a non-turbulent water surface. The holes in the grid system allow the formation of more air bubbles and create a larger surface area for oxygen to diffuse into the water, and at the same time degasify the water of oxygen-consuming compounds such as methane. The aeration structure thus acts like natural rapids. Physical scale models of the aeration weir in the downstream channel have been developed to test the efficiency of the aerating structure. Figure 8-1 illustrates a possible configuration for the downstream channel aeration weir. Thus aeration weir will help aerate the NT2 water with oxygen and degasify the NT2 waters of oxygen consuming compounds. This will help ensure that water discharge into the Xe Bangfai will be of adequate quality, in terms of dissolved oxygen, for aquatic life. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Figure 8-1: A Possible Design of the Aeration Weir 8.3.3 Water Temperature Water discharged from the NT2 turbines will have lower concentrations of nutrients, and will be about 3C colder than the water from the Xe Bangfai (at the confluence of Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai). However, water from the power station is first retained in the regulating pond and then it flows 27 km in the Downstream Channel, including flowing over the aeration structure. Throughout this process the water will be in contact with air temperatures of the Xe Bangfai area, and this is expected to help reduce the difference in temperatures. It is predicted that temperature shocks of no higher than 1.5 C will occur, and this will have minimal impact on fish at the confluence of Nam Phit and Xe Bangfai, and less so downstream. 8.4 PROJECT DESIGN MITIGATION OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION There have been various downstream engineering works (downstream of the powerhouse) designed specifically to mitigate - to avoid as much as feasible - problems with erosion and sedimentation along the Xe Bangfai, particularly the construction of the regulating pond and the downstream channel 8.4.1 The Regulating Pond The Regulating Pond and associated retention of 8 million m3 of water is planned to minimize level fluctuations and fluctuation gradient in the Downstream Channel (DC) and thus in the Xe Bangfai, by being able to continue to release water regularly during one full day when the operation of the Plant is stopped. Thus, during the week, even when the powerhouse shuts off every night, the discharge to the downstream channel and thence the Xe Bangfai will be constant. The powerhouse shut down over late Saturday and Sunday cannot be fully regulated by this Pond. However, it can ensure a slow and relatively benign drawdown on the weekend, and the maintenance of a minimum flow in the DC on the weekends. The lack of such a serious Regulating Pond in similar cross-basin transfer hydropower rejects has resulted in serious downstream erosion in these projects, and this will be very considerably avoided by the NT2 investments in this structure. 8.4.2 Downstream Channel The purpose of designing and constructing the 27 km long downstream channel is to avoid discharging turbinated waters into the Nam Kathang, which is too small and would have to be seriously rearranged to be able to accommodate the additional flow of the Project. Discharge directly into the Nam Katang would also have resulted in considerable erosions and impacts along the Nam Kathang, which would have serious impacts to riparian along this small river, and also the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 8.4.3 Downstream Channel (Nam Phit) ­ Xe Bangfai Confluence The confluence where the Downstream Channel enters the Xe Bangfai has been designed and will be constructed to minimize bank erosion, with the addition of rocks in concrete grout to strengthen the banks. Thus, erosion at this area, which is generally a zone where significant erosion would occur, will be largely avoided. This will be monitored and if erosion that puts the structural stability of the confluence at risk does occur, then the Company shall further protect the area with appropriate bank protection measures. 8.4.4 Construction Phase Related Erosion and Sedimentation To mitigate any impacts associated with construction site erosion and sedimentation, the construction contractor will prepare and implement an erosion and sediment control plan. This plan will require the contractor to take appropriate measures to control erosion of construction sites and minimize the sedimentation of the Xe Bangfai. Mitigation measures will include development of drainage works, sediment traps, diversions, culverts and other structures designed to treat water to an acceptable quality before discharge into the Xe Bangfai. All runoff from the construction areas will be directed to sediment settling areas designed to accelerate sediment removal. The contractor will maximize the use of working in the dry season, as construction is easier in the dry season, and this will further minimize the erosion impacts. Therefore erosion impacts due to construction are not expected to be significant with implementation of these adequate mitigation measures and good monitoring practices. 8.5 MITIGATION OF EROSION 8.5.1 XBF Riverbank Erosion Rivers such as the XBF have a natural instability with alternating sequences of erosion of the river bed and banks and then downstream deposition of sediments. On the XBF, bank collapses are evident, as is sand deposition. The XBF riverbanks are mostly steep and of dense silty sandy soils with only the occasional rock bars. The river bank erosion is increased on the outside of bends. Here, river flow velocities are higher and the river channel is deeper and near the toe of the bank and scouring of the toe occurs. Sand deposition is increased on the inside of river bends, where velocities are less, but on the XBF, deposition is also observed along straight reaches. Another significant cause of erosion is by seepage of groundwater through the riverbank, particularly when river water levels recede and there is flow from the saturated riverbank to the lower river level. This seepage can scour fine material from the bank causing instability. In addition to natural erosion, the banks erode because of human use at village landing places and riverbank gardens and cattle seeking access to the river and grazing riverbank vegetation. Erosion is also caused by surface runoff down the banks and by waves generated by wind or boats. Releases from the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir will increase the discharge of the Xe Bangfai (XBF) River by an average of 220 cumecs (m3/s). The maximum increase is 330 m3/s, however on weekends there will be lower increases between 30 and 80 m3/s. This is a major change to the river regime and there will be a modification to the river geomorphology resulting with increased erosion and possible slumping of the riverbanks, especially during the early Project years. In addition, the erosion rate of the Upper XBF riverbanks will be increased as a result of flow velocities. The river widening will be initially significant just downstream of the Nam Phit and the first few kilometers of the river. Subsequently the degradation will extend downstream, but the erosion will decrease with distance. It is predicted that the there may be as much as 20 meters of extra erosion in the initial active period in the Mahaxai District, and 10m in the Xe Bang Fai District. Eventually a new river cross section will be established and the rate of erosion will decrease. For important, permanent structures or structures with community or cultural value whose relocation would be difficult or not desirable, then protection of the river bank around these structures will be undertaken by the NTPC, as described below. In other cases, and where building relocation is feasible, the Project will assist in the relocation of buildings that are under threat from the increased erosion (see Section 8.17). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 8.5.1.1Types of Riverbank Protection Types of riverbank protection are generally grouped as follows: · Natural bank protection. This can include turf, grass reinforced with synthetic materials, timberwork and reeds. · Vertical bank protection. This can include steel sheet piling, gabion structures (wire baskets filled with rock), concrete or masonry gravity walls, precast units and reinforced earth structures. · Sloping bank protection, known as revetments. This can include rip-rap, gabion mattresses, concrete blocks or slabs and geo-textile mats and grids. The type of protection used in the Xe Bangfai will depend on several considerations, for example whether the finished riverbank should have a vertical or sloping profile. Other considerations include the availability of construction materials, the time available during dry season low river water levels to complete the works and maintenance requirements. Access to the river and incorporating boat landings is also an important consideration. In Lao PDR, the most common method of protection on larger rivers is by rock filled gabion baskets or mattresses in front of a geo-textile filter fabric. The use of gabions enables drainage through the entire structure with the filter fabric being necessary to prevent fine materials from being washed out from behind the gabions during receding water levels. Gabions are flexible and the structure can stand some settlement and intolerances during construction. In the long term, the siltation of the gabions enables grasses and other vegetation to grow and further protect the bank. The baskets and geotextile are available from Thailand and rock is available in the Project area. For the XBF, this is the recommended method of bank protection. There are more expensive methods of protection along the Mekong River, particularly around ports. Gabions do have the disadvantage of increased maintenance requirement as the wire baskets can become damaged by boat collision and vandalism (children may use the wire for other purposes). Trees cannot be allowed to grow out of the structures. Whether to use sloping or vertical bank protection is largely dependent on the availability of land. Sloping protection is of lower cost but the banks have to be cut and/or filled to a slope of, for example, 1:2 or 1:2.5 (vertical: horizontal). If there is no room available to cut the bank to the required slope because of steep banks and a building is located close to the edge of the bank, then vertical protection is required. Length of Protection Riverbank protection works must extend both upstream and downstream of the Temple that it is intended to protect. If the protection is restricted to immediately in front of the Temple, erosion occurring upstream of the protection will cause undercutting of the structure and future collapse. The protection must begin at a suitable location upstream of the Temple. Similarly, if the protection is not continued a suitable distance downstream, downstream erosion will cut back under the protection. Protection at the Bank Toe The toe of the bank protection must be adequately protected from undermining by stream flow scour and, to a lesser extent, seepage. Toe scour can occur if the main stream channel is located at the bank toe, which typically occurs on the outside of a bend. This protection is provided by extending the protection away from the bank into the river bed. This is known as an armor skirt. Flexible gabion mattresses are useful in this regard. The armor skirt can be extended at the same revetment slope into the bed or be extended horizontally on the bed. Site Access There has to be adequate site access for the delivery of the construction materials. Many truck loads of rock and wire baskets will be required. For construction, there should be adequate working space. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration There is a significant problem with site access at the two rural villages located downstream of old Mahaxai. The roads to the villages are not good and impassable during the wet season. There is a problem with working space at all the sites as the Temples are all located close to the top of the river bank. 8.5.1.2 River Bank Protection Works for Temples Among the impacts of the increased erosion are that buildings located on the banks of the Upper XBF will be undermined and some will eventually fall into the river unless they are relocated farther from the riverbank. However, in the cases of Buddhist Temples and other spiritual sites, the villagers would prefer not to move the Temples and that riverbank protection works be undertaken. A description of the three temples in the upper Xe Bangfai which may face erosion and require protection works is presented in Annex 40-1. The basis of how the preliminary cost estimates were prepared is discussed in section 8.5.1.3. 40.5.4.3 below. It is uncertain whether the temples of the two villages located in the Xe Bang Fai district (cf. chapter 30.11.3) will be impacted by the increased discharges or not, and are not currently included in the estimates. The lengths of protection and costs have been provisionally estimated as similar to Ban Pong. Road access to the two villages is from Road 13 South, but the villages have not been visited by road and the road condition is uncertain. 8.5.1.3 Preliminary Cost Estimates NTPC have surveyed XBF cross-sections in 1995, 2001 and 2002 so that rates of bank erosion can be monitored. Some of the cross-sections are located close to the Temples and a Ban Pong, the cross-section is at the Temple itself. Therefore approximate heights and widths of the protection works could be evaluated. The preliminary cost estimates are based on: · A width of gabion mattress protection of 48-m from the river bed to the top of bank. This is further based on an average height of 14-m from the bottom to the top of the bank cut and filled to a 1:2.5 slope. This equates to a 35-m slope length plus an extra 12-m at the bed for toe scour protection and an extra 1-m at the top of the bank. · Rock is available at a quarry located about 12-km from the new Mahaxai District Center. To the XBF villages this is an average haul distance of 30-km. A unit price of US$ 10 per cubic meter delivered at the sites has been used. · Gabion mattresses, 6 x 2 x 0.3-m thick, at US$ 130 each delivered to site. The above, plus the necessary earthworks required, equates to around US$ 1,000 per meter length of protection for the works at Mahaxai Tai. For the works at the two Temples on the opposite bank, this cost per meter has been increased by 10 % to allow for the more difficult access and working space problems. At all sites, an extra US$ 5,000 has been included for stairway access within the protection works to lower water elevations. A summary of the preliminary estimated costs is presented in Table 8-1. For the four villages of Pha Nang, Pong, Keng Pe and Tha Kor it is estimated that main buildings will not be affected. Thus, the total preliminary estimate for the three villages in the upper Xe Bangfai where river bank protection will be carried out is US$ 450,000. Table 8-1: Estimated Cost of Riverbank Protection for 3 Temples along Xe Bangfai. No. Village Estimated Cost US$) Remarks 1 Mahaxai Tai 150,000 2 Pova Neua 135,000 3 Pova Tai 165,000 Further investigations may show that less protection may be required Total 450,000 8.5.2 Irrigation Pump Installations Any increase in river bank erosion may affect irrigation pump supply pipe footings. Efforts to protect or strengthen these footings against erosion will be made immediately after Project Commissioning, or at a time that regular monitoring indicates that such protection is required. Therefore, the integrity of the January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration communities' irrigation systems will not be compromised. However, in cases where protection is not feasible and erosion damages the pumping pipe line, then NTPC will assist in the re-establishment of the pumping system and supply pipes. 8.6 MITIGATION OF FLOODS 8.6.1 Powerhouse Shutdown It is planned, and there is commitment in the PPA, to shutdown the Powerhouse, and thus the release of turbinated waters, when there is a risk of overbank flooding along the Upper Xe Bangfai. This will avoid any flooding due to the Plant operation and will let overbank flooding, if any, occur in a natural manner. This measure implies an average reduction in the production of 44 GWh/year, which is equivalent to a cost of approximately US$ 1.8 million per year, or a cost of US$ 10 million in NPV for NTPC over the 25 years of operation. 8.6.2 Flood Control Structures ­ Water Gates and Levee Dykes The expected impact of the increased flooding in the Lower Xe Bangfai due to the Project, which is more pronounced in the upper section of the Lower Xe Bangfai will be mitigated and managed by targeted construction of flood protection dykes and construction of more water gates and improved function and management of all water gates. Of the 22 tributaries in the Lower Xe Bangfai, there are currently water gates established on 12 of these (see Table 2-15 in Chapter 2). The Project will upgrade these in order to improve their function for both flood control and fish migration. For the ten locations, where there are currently no structures in place, the Project will construct gates where this is found to be the best solution for optimal flood management. Table 8-2: Cost Estimate of Earth Works for Levee Dykes, Lower Xe Bangfai Bank Dyke Length (km) No. of Reaches Earthworks Volume (m3) Right Bank 26.5 17 91,000 Left Bank 16.8 5 33,000 Totals 43.3 22 124,000 8.7 MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACTS An analysis of the possible impacts on heath in the area (Health Impact Assessment) and the Project's commitment to health is detailed in Chapter 5 of this SDP. The Regional Health Program is designed to directly mitigate any adverse health effects due to (a) the increased construction population or (b) any environmental impacts of the NT2 Project. The objective is to combine the Project's support to health care activities with the GOL Provincial and countywide programs. Part of the programs activities will be to: · monitor the health impacts, if any, of the projects discharge in the Xe Bangfai; · inform communities about endemic diseases, control programs and correct health care measures; · ensure a sufficiency of essential drugs; · train and transfer appropriate technology among health workers and practitioners; and · provide support to disease control programs, if required. 8.8 RIVER SAFETY AND AWARENESS Changes in the current flow regimes of the Xe Bangfai and tributaries may cause some initial safety problems, especially the draw down on Sundays and raising in water levels on early Mondays. This change in flows, especially the rise, may catch people and buffalos unaware; an awareness raising program will be an integral part of the continuous public disclosure and consultation. 8.9 ELECTRICITY The electricity transmission facilities developed by the NT2 Project include two transmission lines and a substation. The first transmission line is a 138 km long 500 kV double circuit transmission line to deliver January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration electricity from the power station to the transfer point on the Lao-Thai border near Savannakhet. The second is a 32 km long 115 kV double circuit transmission line terminating in Mahaxai which will deliver electricity from the power station to EDL, for use within the Lao electricity network. The additional electricity will strengthen the existing electricity supply in the Xe Bangfai region, where there is currently an insufficient and intermittent supply. More specifically the additional electricity supply will improve the economics and stability of using electric pumps for irrigation, especially if used at night when cheaper off-peak electricity is available. The GOL with World Bank support (SPRE project) has, and will continue to extend the rural electrification network in the whole downstream area and along the Xe Bangfai. By COD nearly all the villages in the region of the Xe Bangfai will already be provided with electricity connections. 8.10 PROJECT BENEFITS 8.10.1 Irrigation - Reliable Water and Lower Pumping Costs The discharge of the turbinated NT2 discharge will provide additional 7,000 MCM of water to the Xe Bangfai, and much of this will be available for a greater irrigation potential in the dry season. The NT2 Project will improve the potential and economics of irrigated agriculture development through the provision of a reliable water resource in the Xe Bangfai during the dry season. The additional water resource offers potential both as supplemental wet season water and, more significantly, a source of assured dry season irrigation water. During the dry season, the constant NT2 Project discharges will also reduce energy requirements for irrigation pumps due to the increased water levels and therefore the distance, which water is lifted. This reduction in pumping costs will be especially beneficial for communities utilizing expensive diesel pumps, compared to electric pumps, for their irrigation schemes. Assurance of water in the dry season and the reduction in cost of dry-season irrigation will increase the potential of irrigation in all three reaches of the Xe Bangfai. Besides 5,245 ha currently irrigated in the dry season, an estimated 1,000 ha along the upper and middle reaches of the Xe Bangfai and up to 4,000 - 5,000 ha in the lower Xe Bangfai have irrigation potential. Because the Xe Bangfai floods almost every year result in damage to wet season crops, communities are trying to move towards dry season irrigation and the food security this provides. The benefits from the additional water are potentially greater for the Upper and Middle Xe Bangfai communities where currently their pumps run dry during the dry season. Analysis has been carried out on savings in pumping costs on the basis that all dry season paddy is irrigated by pumps and on the assumption that all pumps will be transferred to be electric pumps (see Table 8-3). It is estimated that during week days (Monday-Saturday) in the dry season, with a water level increase of 4 m (as in the Upper Xe Bangfai near Mahaxai), the average power saving would be greater than 28 %. On Sundays, with a water level increase of only 2 m the average power saving is still significant, at 16 %. Estimation of the actual financial savings involved will be verified when a second survey is undertaken of current and future irrigation systems, and costs. Current indications are that annual savings to PAVs of at least US$ 50,000 per year will be made, based on current irrigated areas only. Table 8-3: Estimated Savings in Dry Season Pumping Costs due to Increase in XBF Levels Upstream Upper Middle Lower Total Dry season irrigated area (ha) 302 390 202 4,351 5,245 Assumed decrease in pumping head (m) 5 5 4 3 Estimated power savings due to decrease in pump head (%) 35 35 28 22 Estimated savings, assuming current electricity cost of US$40/ha per crop (US$/ha) 14 14 11.2 8.8 Total savings per year : current irrigated areas US$4,228 US$5,460 US$2,262 US$38,289 US$50,239 The NT2 Project will encourage the GOL, in conjunction with its partners in development (IFIs and NGOS) to develop this beneficial water resource for current and future irrigation systems. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 8.10.2 Household Water Supply The additional water in the Xe Bangfai will increase the ground water level in areas adjacent to the river. Increases would be most notable in the dry season when the NT2 contributions to total river discharge are more significant. This increased groundwater level will facilitate access to groundwater for domestic use, especially for those communities extracting domestic water supplies from wells. 8.10.3 River Navigation In the dry season, the depth of water in the Xe Bangfai will be increased by the addition of NT2 discharge. Dry season river transportation will be made easier as rocks, rapids and shallow areas, currently constraining river navigation in the dry season, will be covered by the increased water level. Thus, navigation along and across the river and access to villages by boat will be improved. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration PART 3: COMPENSATION, RESETTLEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION 8.11 ASSESSMENT OF COMPENSATION NEEDS The type and level of compensation to be applicable to villagers in affected villages along the Xe Bangfai will be determined by a combination of: · Review and analysis of the impacts as identified and measured, either directly or indirectly (see Chapter 9); and · Reviews and consultations between affected villages, GOL agencies and NTPC with regard to the best means to effect compensation. The District Compensation Committees formed in each District will work closely with the Resettlement Committee, the RMU and NTPC's RO, to collate, review and discuss: (a) the findings of the baseline surveys, and (b) the results of special studies and monitoring programs in each village, ... with a view to determine more precise understanding of: · predicted impact of the NT2 Project on village infrastructure, livelihoods and economies; · actual impacts of the NT2 Project (following COD) on village infrastructure, livelihoods and economics; and · opinions and responses of villages with regard to these predicted impacts and the actual findings. The DCCs, RMU and NTPC will together maintain a constant dialogue with PAVs in order to review and discuss these results with villages, and especially to elicit ideas and final consensus from villages as to proposals to address the impacts. There are three general types of compensation , as follows; · direct restoration: Rehabilitation of an impact livelihood, such as fish for fish, garden for garden · indirect restoration Rehabilitation of livelihood in terms of imputed incomes, or protein - for example the development of cattle raising programs to compensate for loss in fish catch; · community development: The community may decide that they do not require income or food- based livelihood restoration as such, but more development type activities. 8.12 FISHERIES ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY - XE BANG FAI AND NAM THEUN 8.12.1 Introduction The NTPC and the GOL will use the results from: (a) the baseline socio-economic monitoring surveys for the Xe Bangfai and Nam Theun; (b) a study on the size and relative importance of fishing in Xe Bangfai and Nam Theun mainstream by villagers from `hinterland' villages; and (c) the fishing effort and catch studies and monitoring program; (d) a pre-appraisal of fisheries compensation options through studies in selected villages and district level workshops with village leaders and GOL staff; (e) a post Financial Close feasibility study; and (f) pilot fisheries and alternative livelihood programs ... to facilitate informed discussions in each village as to how the Project is predicted to impacts fisheries, and then following COD and monitoring, reviews and discussions as to how the Project is actually impacting the fisheries catch in the Xe Bangfai and Nam Theun. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration The post FC feasibility study will define the compensation program which will be the basis on which pilot programs will be implemented from about COD-4 to COD-2. These programs to test and measure the feasibility (both technical and social sustainability and productivity) of the compensation options piloted. Based on the outcome of these pilot activities, and reviewed with villages the activities will be scaled up in COD-2 to COD+1. However, it must be understood that the results of the pilots and ensuing scaling up implementation prior to COD can only be indicative, and not a test of the real future situation, because neither the Xe Bangfai or the Nam Theun have yet been impacted and thus there may be little incentive for riparian peoples to be fully involved in the pilot activities. Following COD, and a better understanding of the actual impact on fisheries, the compensation programs will be adjusted to restore and rehabilitate those components of livelihoods affected by the fisheries impacts. At this stage, and for planning purposes, the following models have been used in a pre-feasibility study: 'Fish for Fish': Aquaculture Compensation; - Integrated rice-fish farming, - Fish pond culture, Integrated livestock-fish farming; Livestock raising; Development of Alternative Livestock Production; Improved Natural Fisheries Management; During the Feasibility study, these and other models, will be considered by the villagers, and the implementation of these in pilots and then full activity implementation will depend on a set of factors, including: i) the extent of current irrigation for wet and dry season; ii) the potential for further development of the irrigation systems and opening of new agricultural lands; iii) the risk of flooding in the wet season; iv) access to markets (especially for chicken and pigs); v) the cost and benefit of the various options (in terms of protein as well as net value produced); vi) the amount of fisheries loss to be compensated; vii) the productivity gains from of improvements in natural fisheries (wetlands) management; and viii) the preferences of villagers 8.12.2 'Fish for Fish': Aquaculture Compensation Options It is expected that many of the affected communities will suggest that the impacts on fish catch are compensated by programs to produce or catch fish by other means. Thus, the objective of such a fisheries replacement options is to develop systems for the raising of fish which could replace the loss of those fish currently caught in the Xe Bangfai. Compensation options currently under investigation include: a) Integrated rice-fish farming: Fingerlings (fish seeds, 10 to 15 cm) are placed in a rice field, in which they can move for most of the growth period. Roughly 10 % of the field should be allocated to a refuge pond and/or trenches to allow fish to escape from predators and heat. Rice benefits from the fish as they eat weeds and small insects plus fertilize the soil. Fish benefit from access to a large area plus natural feed in the field. A typical rice-fish combination would consist in a 1600 m2 field, with a 1 m wide trench in the inner perimeter and a refuge pond of 40 m2. A more extensive model for one season (5 months) would involve a narrower trench and a smaller pond. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 12 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Three options have been considered in the model: · Rice-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area (Option 1); · Rice-fish farming, extensive, 5 months in dry season irrigated area (Option 2); · Rice-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months with introduction of irrigation in dry and wet season (Option 3). b) Fish pond culture Fish are stocked in a pond; fish can be managed extensively (no or only little feed and manure), semi- intensively (using on-farm by-products, i.e. rice bran and broken rice, livestock manure and a steady water supply) or intensively (fish pellets). Farmers without past experience in fish farming would not go beyond semi-intensive level, as it becomes too expensive and risky. A typical pond would be 1.5 m deep, with an area of 500 m2. Three options have been considered in the model : · Pond culture, semi-intensive, 10 months with access to irrigation (Option 4); · Pond culture, extensive, 5 months in rainfed area (Option 5); · Pond culture, semi-intensive, 10 months with introduction of irrigation in dry and wet season (Option 6). c) Integrated livestock-fish farming Chicken is kept in a hut above the fish pond or on the dike. This saves space and labor, and allows droppings to automatically fall in the pond and fertilize the water and stimulate plankton production for the fish. Typically, this option would associate a chicken house for 100 animals and a 500 m2 fish pond. Chicken could be exchanged with duck involving similar cost and revenues. The two options considered in the model are : · Integrated chicken-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area (Option 7); · Integrated pig-fish farming, semi-intensive, 10 months in dry and wet season irrigated area (Option 8). In villages, where irrigation is not available or only to a limited extent, water supply will be provided in order to facilitate rice-fish farming and/or pond culture (Options 3 and 6). 8.12.3 Development of Alternative Livestock Production Option As mentioned above, rather than fish for fish loss compensation strategy, it might be technically more feasible, or socially preferred in some villages and/or some communities or households to opt for a combined protein for protein compensation and income for income compensation, in which case the development of livestock raising, especially cattle, may be the preferred option. As required, the NTPC will support develop of cattle raising (preferred, as they graze grass, herb and shrub lands as opposed to requiring a more intensive feeding program of pig and chickens). Most likely, however, this will require the development of improved forage programs. Goat husbandry is another option. 8.12.4 Improved Natural Fisheries Management Option in Rivers and Wetlands It is the shared opinion of (a) fisheries experts, and (b) local villagers, that there is currently, or certainly will be in the near future, 'over-fishing' in Xe Bangfai river. While over fishing refers partly to numbers of fishers and fishing effort, it also refers to inappropriate fishing practices and fishing gear, and lack of fisheries management (management of brood and spawning grounds, management of catch of fry etc). Experience in the region has demonstrated that with the planning and implementation of participatory natural fisheries (river and wetland) management, natural fisheries yields can increase significantly. Relevant GOL agencies have made some efforts to promote such management, but are hampered by lack of knowledge of fish biology and lack of extension funding. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 13 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Thus, another option for compensation of fisheries loss in the mainstream Xe Bangfai is to develop improved management of natural fisheries, both in those wetlands fisheries connected to the Xe Bangfai, and the fisheries in the mainstream itself. It is likely that such a compensation program would be most effective when communities require fisheries compensation at the community rather than at the household level. The types of activities to be supported will include TA to investigate and formalize indigenous understanding of fish and aquatic ecology, and community development to ensure the participatory development of, and sustainable implementation of management strategies. 8.12.5 Integration of Compensation Options The actual combination of the compensation options will depend on the technical feasibility of these options in each village, villagers' preference, and the actual fish loss to be compensated. The current pre feasibility study has outlined a possible scenario making use, to various degrees, of the nine options described above, in the 70 affected Xe Bangfai mainstream villages. The irrigated area, potential area for irrigation and market access of each of these villages is taken in account when allocating a spread of each of these 9 options in each village. The net benefit for each option is also included in the calculations of exactly how much of each option is required, in each village, to replace the fish loss that is predicted to be experienced by each village. In the current model, which will be tested and improved in the feasibility study, suggests that in the Upper XBF zone where the expected fish loss is highest, all households will be involved in rice-fish culture and more than half in fish pond culture. Furthermore, there is also is high emphasis on buffalo/cattle raising. This pre-feasibility desk study is intended to give (a) a general framework for the compensation measures that could be implemented and (b) an overall budget for this programme. It should not be considered as an action plan per se, as a feasibility study involving technical assessments and consultations with villagers in the mainstream and hinterland villages will be undertaken in conjunction with implementation planning through the first year of the Fisheries Compensation Programme to start after Financial Close. This will determine the extent of which options can be applied in each village. It is likely that more options will be identified as relevant, technical feasible and preferred by communities. This diversification will be welcomed as long as options suggested meet agreement of villagers and fall within the compensation budget for each village. Similar and more options will be offered to the villages in the Nam Phit area and to Xe Bangfai hinterland villages. Development, promotion and sustainable maintenance of such production systems depend in part on a serious extension effort on the part of relevant GOL agencies ­ especially the local DAFO (District Agriculture and Forestry Office) ­ and the development of key private sector enterprises. Facilitation of visits to farmers who have successfully adopted the activities and have similar background as the target villagers is an important part of promoting the compensation activities. NTPC is committed to ensure that such extension services are developed and maintained (see Section 8.19). The availability of land for the fisheries replacement program has been discussed with the villages. Some villages have identified this as an issue, i.e. that some fisheries compensation options may not be possible because of land limitations. For example, some fishers do not have paddy land for the integrated rice-fish option. The villages have agreed that where sufficient land is not available for a particular option, other options will be possible ­ for example, (i) the project will irrigate to enable dry season paddy to be grown; (ii) fish ponds will be developed on otherwise unproductive land; (iii) improve management of natural fisheries in the wetlands connected to the XBF and in the XBF itself; (iv) repair and improve management of dykes at entrances to tributaries; (v) stock fish in existing natural ponds and wetland swamps; (vi) upgrade existing small dams and construction of water gates to small dams to facilitate migration of fish and fish culture. There have been considerable technical investigation and consultation already done on the existing situation and possible options in the XBF and hinterland villages. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 14 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Consultation will continue to determine limitations and viable options in each community; pilots will be commenced within this first year; and viable options will be in place and operational before COD. 8.12.6 Budget for Fisheries Compensation Programme The Fisheries Compensation Programme for the downstream areas will start in COD-4, and be scaled up to compensate the total loss of fish and aquatic products, soon after COD, in terms of weight of protein produced. The initial investments will be used to support and promote the compensation options among pilot farmers who are willing to engage in these (often new) types of operation. Upon successful operation for one or two years, more farmers will be keen to adopt the activities, and investments will be scaled up accordingly. NTPC will pay operation cost for the farmers for the first year, and attention will be paid to avoid situations where subsidising costs brings the risk of dependency and non-appreciation of the effort. In order to compensate for the loss in economic terms as well, the programme will run another five years ­ or until the fisheries yield has stabilised (predicted to be around COD+5). The process will be monitored closely (see below), and it is anticipated that the need for investments will gradually fall. Should the fishery in the Xe Bangfai be restored earlier than expected, then investment will be made over a shorter period. The pre feasibility desk study mentioned above gives an estimate investment cost of 5.4 M US$ for the fisheries compensation on the Xe Bang Fai (both river and hinterland) villages. In addition, US$ 830,000 of investment should be considered for the Nam Phit (Nam Phit hinterland villages) and US$ 170,000 for the 250 households on the Nam Theun downstream the Nakai Dam. The total investment cost for the compensation options come up to US$ 6,400,000, while a further amount to US$ 1,000,000 is required to support operating cost on the initial years. This will total US$ 7,400,000, covering the investment and one year of operating cost, with an approximately equal share before and after COD. The schedule of implementation is given in Table 8-6. Technical assistance for the Fisheries Compensation Programme is estimated at US$ 1,600,000 over the nine years, including US$ 1,400,000 for personnel cost and US$ 200,000 for operation and administrative costs. Detail of the estimate for the personnel cost is given in Table 8-4. Table 8-4: Schedule of Technical Assistance for Fisheries Compensation Programme and Personnel Cost Estimate 2005 (qtr) 2006 (qtr) 2007 (qtr) 2008 (qtr) 2009 (qtr) 2010 (qtr) 2011 (qtr) 2012 (qtr) 2013 (qtr) Xe Bangfai / Nam Phit Fisheries monthly Compensation Programme 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 rate no. mths total FC+1 FC+2 FC+3 FC+4 FC+4½ COD+1 COD+2 COD+3 COD+4 NGO/Consulting firm Int TA: Fisheries 10,000 54 540,000 Lao TA: senior, program manager 2,000 93 186,000 Thai TA: senior, aquaculture 2,500 90 225,000 Lao TA: senior. natural fisheries 1,700 90 153,000 Lao TA: junior, aquaculture 750 81 60,750 Lao TA: junior, natural fisheries 750 81 60,750 Admin and Finance: 750 96 72,000 Admin and Finance: 400 78 31,200 2 drivers 2 x 250 500 96 48,000 > various and many 1,376,700 In addition, a program will monitor the impact on fisheries of the downstream areas, i.e. Xe Bangfai (Mainstream and Hinterland villages), Nam Phit, Nam Kathang/Gnom and Nam Theun, at an estimated cost of US$ 1,000,000, including US$ 650,000 for personnel cost (cf. details in Table 8-5) and US$ 350,000 for operation and administrative costs. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 15 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Table 8-5: Schedule of Technical Assistance for Fisheries Monitoring Programme and Personnel Cost Estimate 2005 (qtr) 2006 (qtr) 2007 (qtr) 2008 (qtr) 2009 (qtr) 2010 (qtr) 2011 (qtr) 2012 (qtr) 2013 (qtr) 2014 (qtr) Fisheries Monitoring Programme, monthly all rivers 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 rate no. mths total FC+1 FC+2 FC+3 FC+4 FC+4½ COD+1 COD+2 COD+3 COD+4 COD+5 NGO/Consulting firm Int TA: Fisheries 10,000 36 360,000 Lao TA: senior 1,700 96 163,200 Lao TA: junior 750 96 72,000 Lao TA: database 650 48 31,200 Admin & finance (with Fish Comp Prog) Driver 250 96 24,000 650,400 This will total US$ 2,600,000 over tentatively eight years from COD-3 to COD+5. Table 8-6: Budget for Compensation of Loss of the Downstream Areas Fisheries (US$) FC+1 FC+2 FC+3 FC+4 FC+4½ COD+1 COD+2 COD+3 COD+4 COD+5 Total Investment - 250,000 500,000 1,200,000 600,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 250,000 - 6,400,000 Operation (first year) - 39,063 78,125 187,500 93,750 187,500 187,500 187,500 39,063 - 1,000,000 Technical Assistance 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 100,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 100,000 - 1,600,000 Monitoring - 120,000 120,000 120,000 60,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 100,000 1,000,000 Total 200,000 609,063 898,125 1,707,500 853,750 1,707,500 1,707,500 1,707,500 509,063 100,000 10,000,000 8.13 RIVERBANK GARDENS ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY 8.13.1 Strategy for Compensation of River Gardens In some cases, villagers may be able to adjust to the new Xe Bangfai water levels, and relocate their riverbank fields and gardens further up the river bank. However, in many cases this may not be not feasible or productive (at least in the initial years after COD) and thus NTPC is committed to provide assistance to re-establishing cropping and gardening activities, as requested by the communities themselves. Simple measures to re-establish gardens by villages will be taken into account, as will considerations to support irrigated fields and gardens above the river banks. In some cases, such irrigated garden development may be linked to the larger irrigation schemes for dry season paddy production. The areas of each type of garden (garden above river bank, riverside crop fields and riverside vegetable garden) have been obtained through interviews in all villages in early 2004 and are presented in detail in Chapter 30. A pre COD baseline study will be undertaken to establish exactly those HHs that may be impacted. Gardens above the river bank are not likely to be affected by the increased amounts of water whereas the impact on riverside crop fields and vegetable gardens will be considerable. It is expected that the impact on riverside crop fields will be 80 % in the upper Xe Bangfai and decreasing to 40 % in the lower parts of Xe Bangfai (see Table 8-7)1. Similarly, the impact on riverside vegetable gardens is expected to be 100 % in the two upper Districts and 70 % in the two lower Districts of the lower Xe Bangfai. Hence, the total area of riverside crop garden to be impacted is 190 ha and of riverside vegetable garden 16 ha. This compensation for loss of riverbank fields and gardens will be assessed on a village by village and, where required by a village or by households, on a household by household basis. The focal concern is the importance of these gardens to livelihoods and nutrition. Thus, each village will be asked to: · Rationally assess the level of damage to livelihoods and nutrition (assisted by data gathered by the Project surveys and studies); and · Consider the options for compensation jointly with the NTPC and GoL. For planning purposes (see Section 8.13.2 below) is it assumed that each village or household may request, and are entitled to, a direct one for one replacement of lost garden land on the river bank with the same 1Data is presented by district, as this is the way the data is collected. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 16 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration size of garden land on top of the riverbank, or elsewhere. In reality, some villagers may request other compensation options. 8.13.2 Budget for Compensation of River Gardens In developing a budget for compensation for the loss of riverbank fields and gardens, it is anticipated that around 50 % of the garden area can be re-established on land currently in possession of the affected villagers. For the other 50%, the project will support purchase of new land where this is necessary. With a price of US$ 750/ha for non-irrigated land this could cost up to US$ 77,000. In case the respective villages already have an irrigation system established, this system will need to be extended to cover the new fields/gardens. The cost for this is estimated at US$ 1,750 /ha. In case that the irrigation system can not cover the new land or that there is no irrigation in the village at all, a new water supply system such will have to be constructed. This is estimated to cost US$ 3,500 /ha. The total compensation cost for the 206 hectare expected to be impacted, and thus replaced is estimated at US$ 617,000 (see Table 8-7 below). If the cost of pumping is internalised in order to provide a net economic compensation, then an additional 5.5 ha of gardens will need to be established, increasing the cost to US$633,287. As the impact on riverbank gardens will be immediately at and after COD, later rainy season and early dry season of 2009, the compensation program will initiated in the dry season of 2008-09. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 17 orationt Res Total noitasnep 18 ts ) 466,6 17 154,06 9 16,0 87,2 Co m SDU( 300,662 13 633 Co Livelihood and earAlatoT 7.88 9.85 2.02 4.34 a)h( 11.12 nte ae lemtte Arl satenep gnip 32. 51. 50. 11. 5.5 m ts m Co a)h( Res on,tiagtiiM:8 dditionaA Co to Purfo noitasnep la 4 5 8 9,09 2,07 6,78 -tot ubS SDU 25 17 188,85 12 838,616 m Co apter oft of 1 91 en Ch mpolev rrentuC ontiag % 50, S$U(a 96,557 98,105 47,171 08,963 79,1 0/ha) Irri stem Are 75,1 USD De Sy oftn 8 7 on,itag (US$ 1,13 0,37 743,43 069,37 area 0/ha) Irri of SDU 15 10 228,953 Cost. tablishme Es New %05 503, w tion Ne of of % ,38723 ,50912 7,360 ,84951 501,77 se 50 $SU( /ha) harc sesac USD .)esaer 750 inc Land, Pu %72. Compensa oprC e .4 .4 6. .3 5.6 table )n a)h( 86 57 19 42 20 (=dteasn Total rde ersidevi Veg ea atedi Ga Ar mpeoc (R and beot ssocA 4 5 3 3 ssoLde e idsr and ict ve Ri rdenaGeblate a)h(aerA 61 ndal of nt 3 001 001 07 07 ouma % the Pred Veg Gardens Crop n a)h(aerA 28 25 71 93 091 indedul Volume­ incne rde bes Plan versideiR Ga % 80 07 04 40 hatsoc getable ishT.08 Ve tablee 1 2 lopmente ersidevi )n Veg HH.oN 715 54 53 717 5142 DSU = (R rde and andp Ga )ah(a hs Dev 701 80 46 201 533 al Total Cro Are Crop HH.oN 347 Soci­ 557 646 4 001 8413 mont8nieratc her pe Total a Are )ah(ae nth 841 6 14 26 371 9 52 mor Project2 Ar Riverside nt of Curre edi vers Loss Ri endraGelbategeV HH.oN 54 eun 55 0 10 37 732 pe01$SUtadte Th a)h(ae 4 5 4 5 81 Nam Ar Estimated porCedirsev n HH.oN 265 684 2 8 43 69 2412 matisesisnedragdte gairri rde w Ga Ri a)h(ae 3 ne 6 10 47 41 98 31 the Ar 8-7: tc ya fai k Bo li fortsocgnipm 2005 Bang Table Distri Mahax Xe Nong Xaybou Total Pu:teoN January Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 8.14 DOMESTIC WATER ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY 8.14.1 Compensation Strategy for Domestic Water Supply Programme As noted in earlier chapters, water quality problems may result from to the breakdown of biomass in the reservoir (in the initial years only), and unsuspended solids due to erosion. Thus, the NT2 project has undertaken a study to understand the current use of Xe Bangfai waters as a source for a range of domestic water uses (see Chapter 30). On the assumption that there may be problems with Xe Bangfai water quality, the Project is committed to the provision of alternative means of household water of appropriate quality. In those villages clearly dependant on (especially dry season) Xe Bangfai flows for household water use, a proactive approach will be taken whereby alternative sources of household water will be developed prior to the start of the Project Operations. Annex 30-1 presented the relative importance of the various sources of water for various domestic uses of water. It is believed that drinking and cooking include the more critical uses of water, as the water is directly consumed by the users. Furthermore, Xe Bangfai is used more frequently for cooking than for drinking. Hence, the importance of Xe Bangfai for water for cooking for each village is therefore used as an indicator for the dependency of this water source. At the same time this will also indicate the scope of the compensation. Table 8-9 shows the relative importance of water sources related to the Xe Bangfai (i.e. Xe Bangfai, springs at Xe Bangfai, wells at the Xe Bangfai riverbank and irrigation). For villages where the total values of these water sources are 75 or above, reliance of these are thought to be so high that the Project will compensate a new water system for the entire village. For villages where the total value amounts to less than 75, compensation will be made to the corresponding percentage of the population of that village. However, a full village by village baseline survey will be undertaken again at COD-2, together with conclusions, to decide on the best way and best system to address this problem, prior to COD. 8.14.2 Budget for Domestic Water Supply Programme The planning budget for domestic water supply compensation is based on the provision of two town water supply systems for the villages agglomerates of Phova Neua and Phova Tai on the left bank and Mahaxay Neua, Mahaxay Kang and Mahaxay Tai on the right bank. The unit cost of these is estimated at US$ 22,000. The remaining 78 villages will be offered open wells or deep wells depending on technical feasibility and community preference. The advantage of the open well is that is cheaper (around US$ 100 per unit) and therefore can be shared among a small group of households ­ in the present scenario 3. The deep well has the advantage of providing cleaner water. Due to a higher unit cost (around US$ 500), it will be shared among 15 households. Six villages do not make use of any Xe Bangfai related water source for cooking. The actual type of alternative household water source and supply system will be identified by a combination of community consultation and consensus, and technical feasibility studies in each village. The total construction cost for the 83 villages is US$ 228,000 (see Table 8-8). Design and management cost for each of the water supply systems is estimated at US$ 29,000. The total cost of compensatory water supply schemes is therefore US$ 257,000. Table 8-8: Total Estimated Cost of Investment and Design Cost for Compensatory Water Supply Schemes for Xe Bangfai Mainstream Villages. Construction Cost Design and Management of Construction No of villages Number of Item /towns a) Unit units b) Cost per unit (US$) c) Total (US$) Cost per unit (US$) Total (US$) Total cost (US$) Open well 39 3 HH 921 100 92,136 10 9,214 101,350 Deep well 39 15 HH 184 500 92,136 60 11,056 103,193 Town water supply 2 Town 2 22,000 44,000 4,400 8,800 52,800 Total 228,273 29,070 257,343 a)The villages of Phovaneua and Phovatay form a town unit as do the villages of Mahaxai Neua, Mahaxai Kang and Mahaxai Tay. Six villages are not impacted at all. b)It is assumed that 50 % of villages will have open wells and 50 % deep well. This distribution is reflecting what is in place at the moment. Consultations will determine the exact number of each type of well. c)Open well is estimated at US$ 100 and to be shared among 3 HHs; Deep well is estimated at US$ 500 and to be shared among 15 HHs. This makes the average cost per household the same for the two options. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 19 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Table 8-9: Relative Dependency of Xe Bangfai Water for Household Consumption and Cost of Compensatory Water Supply. Source If 75 or Number of HH Spring, Xe bank Total, more. -> HH to be Total Cost District Village XBF XBF well Irrigation XBF 100 *) 2001 2009 compensated Solution * (US$) Mahaxay 1 1 Kanggnankham 100 0 0 0 100 100 28 34 34 Well 1,146 2 2 Nathandong 100 0 0 0 100 100 36 44 44 Well 1,474 3 3 Nathanthong 100 0 0 100 100 32 39 39 Well 1,310 4 4 Vernh 78 0 0 0 78 100 33 41 41 Well 1,351 5 5 Nakhay 74 0 0 0 74 74 51 63 46 Well 1,545 6 6 Nongkork 78 0 0 0 78 100 22 27 27 Well 900 7 7 Ilarnh 68 14 0 0 82 100 59 72 72 Well 2,415 8 8 Naphong 62 0 14 76 100 56 69 69 Well 2,292 9 9 Darng 100 0 0 0 100 100 58 71 71 Well 2,374 10 10 Vat thard 54 0 0 54 54 37 45 25 Well 818 11 11 Somsanouk 80 0 0 14 94 100 45 55 55 Well 1,842 12 12 Nakiow 28 28 0 16 72 72 80 98 71 Well 2,358 13 13 Kengsavang 70 0 0 30 100 100 23 28 28 Well 941 14 14 Phovaneua 100 0 0 100 100 86 106 106 Town water 22,000 15 15 Phovatay 100 0 0 100 100 90 111 111 supply 16 16 Mahaxayneua 34 0 0 66 100 100 66 81 81 Town water 17 17 Mahaxaykang 100 0 0 100 100 99 122 122 supply 22,000 18 18 Mahaxaytay 82 0 0 82 100 146 179 179 19 19 Phanang 100 0 0 0 100 100 44 54 54 Well 1,801 20 20 Khamfeuang 56 0 0 0 56 56 88 108 61 Well 2,017 21 21 Pong 58 0 0 0 58 58 36 44 26 Well 855 Xe Bangfai 22 1 Kengpae 88 0 0 0 88 100 75 92 92 Well 3,070 23 2 Thakor 100 0 0 100 100 49 60 60 Well 2,006 24 3 Thahat 100 0 0 100 100 50 61 61 Well 2,047 25 4 Kengkhenh 44 18 0 62 62 44 54 33 Well 1,117 26 5 Kengkasy 90 10 0 100 100 43 53 53 Well 1,760 27 6 Vernsananh 32 0 0 0 32 32 63 77 25 Well 825 28 7 Hatphek 100 0 0 100 100 38 47 47 Well 1,555 29 8 Phakse Noy 32 0 32 32 85 104 33 Well 1,113 30 9 Nathan 48 0 10 14 72 72 83 102 73 Well 2,446 31 10 Thasyda 60 22 0 82 100 32 39 39 Well 1,310 32 11 Khouaxe 34 0 0 34 34 285 350 119 Well 3,966 33 12 Dangtha 66 0 0 66 66 85 104 69 Well 2,296 34 13 Naphorktha 48 0 0 48 48 73 90 43 Well 1,434 35 14 Somsaaet 90 0 90 100 43 53 53 Well 1,760 36 15 Ngangkham 40 26 0 14 80 100 216 265 265 Well 8,841 37 16 Hatkhamhieng 16 14 0 0 30 30 239 293 88 Well 2,935 Nongbok 38 1 Namphou 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 79 0 Well - 39 2 Dongkasin 0 0 0 0 0 0 79 97 0 Well - 40 3 Sorkbor 74 26 0 0 100 100 105 129 129 Well 4,298 41 4 Natay 88 0 0 12 100 100 76 93 93 Well 3,111 42 5 Phak itou 80 0 0 20 100 100 63 77 77 Well 2,579 43 6 Hardxiengdy 0 0 0 0 0 0 204 251 0 Well - 44 7 Dongsangam 40 8 0 6 54 54 68 84 45 Well 1,503 45 8 Hardsayphong 44 16 0 26 86 100 56 69 69 Well 2,292 46 9 Tharntheung 18 10 0 0 28 28 148 182 51 Well 1,696 47 10 Dongphakpheua 36 0 0 0 36 36 153 188 68 Well 2,255 48 11 Sadu Neua 100 0 0 0 100 100 130 160 160 Well 5,321 49 12 Sadu Tay 100 0 0 0 100 100 90 111 111 Well 3,684 50 13 Samnady 58 0 0 42 100 100 30 37 37 Well 1,228 51 14 Navangneua 68 0 0 16 84 100 196 241 241 Well 8,023 52 15 Navangkang 82 0 0 18 100 100 73 90 90 Well 2,988 53 16 Navangnoy 14 0 0 26 40 40 69 85 34 Well 1,130 54 17 Navangthong 0 0 0 30 30 30 123 151 45 Well 1,510 55 18 Phonsao e 56 0 0 30 86 100 66 81 81 Well 2,701 56 19 Thamouang 90 0 0 10 100 100 38 47 47 Well 1,555 57 20 Danparkxe 38 0 0 0 38 38 84 103 39 Well 1,307 Xaybouli 58 1 Manilad 50 0 0 0 50 50 41 50 25 Well 839 59 2 Beungse 0 0 0 0 0 0 122 150 0 Well - 60 3 Bouakhay 100 0 0 0 100 100 109 134 134 Well 4,462 61 4 Khamsavang 100 0 0 0 100 100 29 36 36 Well 1,187 62 5 Tonhaen 0 0 0 0 0 0 175 215 0 Well - 63 6 Kaengphosy 83 0 0 0 83 100 69 85 85 Well 2,824 64 7 Kaengveang 100 0 0 0 100 100 69 85 85 Well 2,824 65 8 Kangpa 31 0 0 0 31 31 71 87 27 Well 908 66 9 Daangsavanh 100 0 0 0 100 100 59 72 72 Well 2,415 67 10 Dongmarkfai 0 100 0 0 100 100 91 112 112 Well 3,725 68 11 Lao 63 0 38 0 100 100 29 36 36 Well 1,187 69 12 Souvanxai 100 0 0 0 100 100 73 90 90 Well 2,988 70 13 Somsa-at 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 125 0 Well - 71 14 Sakong 100 0 0 0 100 100 86 106 106 Well 3,520 72 15 Thabor 31 23 0 0 54 54 57 70 38 Well 1,256 73 16 Thakharm 46 46 0 0 92 100 97 119 119 Well 3,970 74 17 Thaphoxai 46 0 0 0 46 46 102 125 58 Well 1,927 75 18 Thadorkham 47 18 0 0 65 65 36 44 29 Well 953 76 19 Nasang 86 0 0 0 86 100 121 149 149 Well 4,953 77 20 Naxiengkhane 100 0 0 0 100 100 65 80 80 Well 2,661 78 21 Xiengkhay 88 0 0 0 88 100 91 112 112 Well 3,725 79 22 Houi-hai 91 0 0 0 91 100 76 93 93 Well 3,111 80 23 Hartkhamdee 0 31 69 0 100 100 38 47 47 Well 1,555 81 24 Hartsaisungneua 83 0 0 0 83 100 129 158 158 Well 5,280 82 25 Hartsaisungtay 79 21 0 0 100 100 105 129 129 Well 4,298 83 26 Nongheuathongneua 38 23 0 0 62 62 58 71 44 Well 1,461 84 27 Nongheuathongtay 43 0 0 0 43 43 23 28 12 Well 403 85 28 Pahlay 40 0 0 0 40 40 36 44 18 Well 589 86 29 Paksebangfai 100 0 0 0 100 100 96 118 118 Well 3,929 87 30 Pong 33 0 0 0 33 33 84 103 34 Well 1,146 88 31 Phakfeuatay 100 0 0 0 100 100 63 77 77 Well 2,579 89 32 Phakfeuaneua 91 0 0 0 91 100 61 75 75 Well 2,497 Total cost 6,126 228,273 *) If the sources originating in the Xe Bangfai total 75 or more, water supply compensation will be provided to the entire village. For values less than 75, the actual figure is used as a tentative percentage of HHs impacted. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 20 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 8.15 ACCESS ACROSS THE RIVER ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY Communities living along the Xe Bangfai and its tributaries currently use several modes to cross the river in dry season, including temporary bamboo bridges (Mahaxai only), walking across rapids or shallow areas, ferries (Mahaxai only), dry season vehicle crossings, and the use of small long tail boats (see Chapter 30). Boating along the XBF will globally be facilitated, as the increased flow will cover rapids and shallows, making navigation easier. However, crossing the river by wading across the rapids or the building of temporary bamboo bridges will become impossible. NTPC is committed to providing assistance to resolve these issues. While the exact approaches for NTPC assistance will depend on consultations with the villagers and coordination with GOL development agencies, it could include some of the following activities: · In cases were villages cross the river to tend fields or gardens or look after cattle, and these villages have few canoes, then canoes (boats) with simple long tailed motors (as is common along the Xe Bangfai) , will be provided to these villagers.. · In cases where temporary bamboo bridges are erected across the river (and there is only one in the Xe Bangfai, in old Mahaxai town) then an alternative (most likely 'suspended') pedestrian bridge will be designed and constructed, at an estimated cost of US$ 70,000 (including design); · Along the backwater affected area if the Xe Noy, the current low level (natural crossing) will be improved by placement of 1.5 m high box culverts (with load limit - not for logging truck), at a cost of US$ 90,000 (including design). NTPC will allocate an indicative budget of US$ 225,000 for this program component, to be confirmed closer to COD. 8.16 IRRIGATION PUMPING STATIONS ­ COMPENSATION STRATEGY 8.16.1 Existing Pump Stations on the XBF There are many existing irrigation scheme pump stations on the XBF, particularly on the lower reaches. There are two types of pump stations: · Centrifugal pumps mounted on floating pontoons that move up and down with fluctuating river levels. At the pump discharge outlet there is a flexible rubber hose, which connects to a steel pipe that is fixed to the riverbank. The steel pipe delivers water to the scheme main canal. The steel pipe has a number of points for connection to the flexible hoses at various river elevations. These systems are known as pontoon pump stations and are the most common type. There are both electric and diesel powered pumps. · Inclined axial flow pumps fixed to the riverbank. The motor is installed above flood levels and the pump impellor and intake is permanently below low water level. The motor and impellor is connected by a shaft coupling fixed inside a steel pipe known as a column. The water is pumped up through this column, through the pump head to a steel pipe, which delivers the water to the canal system. All the axial flow motors are electrically powered. Nearly all the pump stations were installed between 1996 and 1998 when the GoL embarked on an extensive installation programme to increase irrigation coverage in Lao PDR. Each station has mostly two pumps, a few with four units and one with six units. The motors are mostly 75 kW but range from 37 to 100 kW. 8.16.2 Problems and Solutions with Expected Impacts River Bank Erosion Both types of pump station installations have steel pipes or columns fixed to the riverbanks by reinforced concrete foundations. Most probably, most foundations will be spread foundations and not piled. River bank erosion in the Upper XBF will undermine the foundations and cause collapse of the structure fairly January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 21 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration soon after the erosion starts. If the foundations are piled, then it will take longer for the structure to collapse. Both types of pump station will require relocation further inland. This will be of less cost than attempting to protect the structures with river bank protection works that will have to stretch at least 20 meters upstream and downstream of the structure. The cost of relocating the axial flow pumps will be more than the pontoon stations as the motors will also have to be moved. In both cases any electrical sub-stations will also have to be moved if they are located close to the top of the riverbank. There will also be a problem with the steel delivery pipe on top of the bank as the route will have to be adjusted. If the new location is far from the existing location, then there will also have to be a new stilling basin structure constructed at the delivery pipe outlet and the start of the main canal adjusted. It is preferable that the new location is as close to the old location as possible. As the possible erosion of 20 m is a prediction and not certain, the structures should be relocated further from the bank than this. It is also preferable if the reinforced concrete foundations are piled in case erosion is greater than predicted. Single or double deep, wide diameter concrete piles are not necessary, they can be a series of small diameter piles. Water Level Fluctuations The fluctuations in water level will not impact the axial flow pump stations. With regard to pontoon pump installations. Each station will have a pump operator or operators who are also responsible for adjusting the location of the pontoon as the river levels move up and down. The pontoon is tied to the riverbank by wire ropes. In the dry season the river level fluctuation is small and small constant adjustment of the ropes and pipe connections are necessary. Care must be taken with electrical cables which must be kept coiled and dry on the pontoon. In the wet season, there are increased fluctuations caused by floods and the operators must be more cautious. 8.16.3 Budget for Relocation of Irrigation Pumping Station Relocation of the irrigation pumping stations is recommended to be carried out to nine and possibly 11 of the Pontoon pump stations as well as one Axial pump station. The costs involved include excavations and foundations, pipes and hoses as well as installation of a new electrical sub-station. The unit cost for Pontoon pump stations is estimated at US$ 20,000 and for Axial US$ 30,000 (see Table 8-10). Hence the total cost for relocation of the 12 irrigation pump stations is US$ 250,000. When the NT2 project starts operating there will be level fluctuations every weekend and during the week if there are public holidays and less power is required to be generated. The pump operator will be kept busier and must be warned of any abnormal fluctuations such as mid-week public holidays. No problems are envisaged with the connections from the flexible hoses to the fixed bank delivery pipes. The flexible hoses are designed to accommodate a significant level fluctuation. Adjustment of the wire rope attaching the pontoon to the banks will be more important. Before NT2 operations there will be meetings informing XBF District Irrigation Authorities and irrigation scheme Water User Associations (WUA) of the impending river level fluctuations. An effective system of warning the WUAs of unusual fluctuations will be designed. Further investigations of the impacted irrigation schemes are required and a possible recommendation may be to provide additional lengths of wire ropes. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 22 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Table 8-10: Cost of Relocation of Pontoon and Axial Irrigation Pump Stations. Nr Description Unit Quantity Unit Rate Amount (US$) (US$) 1. Estimate for One (1) Pontoon Pump Station 1.1 Mobilization and base camp LS 1 2,000 2,000 1.2 Excavation and Foundations Excavation for new installation (incl. some rock) LS 1 4,500 4,500 Reinforced concrete foundations LS 1 2,000 2,000 Vegetation planting for bank protection LS 1 500 500 1.3 Steel Delivery Pipe and Fittings Dismantle existing delivery pipe LS 1 1,000 1,000 New pipes, pipe bends, seals, nuts & bolts as requir LS 1 2,000 2,000 New flexible hoses and anchor cables as required LS 1 2,000 2,000 Re-install on new foundations LS 1 1,000 1,000 1.4 Electrical Sub-Station Dismantle existing electrical sub-station LS 1 1,000 1,000 Construct new structure LS 1 2,000 2,000 Replacement new fittings as required LS 1 1,000 1,000 Install new sub-station LS 1 1,000 1,000 Sub-total, One (1) Pump Station 20,000 Total, Eleven (11) Pontoon Pump Stations 220,000 Assumptions, Pontoon Mounted Pump Stations: 1. Pump station relocated 20-m inland, adjacent to existing station 2. New delivery pipeline route required 3. Electrical sub-station similarly relocated (may not be necessary) 4. Stilling basin not impacted 5. Some steel pipes are damaged & many new fittings (seals, nuts & bolts) required 6. Assume 2 x 75 Kw Pumps 7. Number of pontoon pump stations impacted: 11 Nr Description Unit Quantity Unit Rate Amount (US$) (US$) 2 Estimate for One (1) Axial Flow Pump Station 2.1 Mobilization and base camp LS 1 3,000 3,000 2.2 Excavation and Foundations Excavation for new installation (incl. some rock) LS 1 5,000 5,000 Reinforced concrete foundations and shelter LS 1 5,000 5,000 Vegetation planting & other riverbank protection LS 1 2,000 2,000 2.3 Pump and Steel Delivery Pipe and Fittings Dismantle existing pumps & delivery pipe LS 1 2,000 2,000 New pipes, pipe bends and fittings as required LS 1 6,000 6,000 Re-install on new foundations LS 1 2,000 2,000 2.4 Electrical Sub-Station Dismantle existing electrical sub-station LS 1 1,000 1,000 Construct new structure LS 1 2,000 2,000 Replacement new fittings as required LS 1 1,000 1,000 Install new sub-station LS 1 1,000 1,000 Sub-total, One (1) Axial Flow Pump Station 30,000 Assumptions, Axial Flow Pump Station: 1. Pump station relocated 20-m inland, adjacent to existing station 2. New delivery pipeline route required 3. Electrical sub-station similarly relocated (may not be necessary) 4. Stilling basin not impacted 5. Some steel pipes are damaged, some new pipe bends and mostly new fittings (seals, nuts & bolts) required 6. Only one (1) station impacted at Mahaxai Tai (2 x 90 Kw) 7. Number of Axial flow pump stations impacted: 1 TOTAL, PONTOON and AXIAL FLOW PUMP STATIONS 250,000 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 23 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration 8.17 RELOCATION OF BUILDINGS 8.17.1 Compensation Strategy for Relocation of Buildings As mentioned in Section 8.5 buildings located close to the Xe Bangfai face the risk of erosion. For buildings without high community or cultural value, and which are not concerned by riverbank protection measures, NTPC will offer relocation to another place in the village, which could includes purchased land and construction of a new house of a standard not less than the current structure. The survey on assets (see Section 30.11) showed that a total of 226 private buildings in 16 villages could be affected by erosion. In addition, 6 communally owned buildings in 5 villages faced a similar risk of wearing away. 8.17.2 Budget for Relocation of Buildings Relocation of these buildings involves identifying new land where the houses and other buildings can be constructed in vicinity to the current village and the actual construction of the building. Such land could cost as much as US$ 15,000 per hectare or US$ 1.50 per m2. Building materials, labour and other construction cost is estimated at to US$ 4,000 per house2. The total cost of relocation of the buildings total US$ 615,000 (see Table 8-11). Table 8-11: Compensation Cost of Buildings to Be Relocated. Area of Area needed Total Area of shops and for new compensation House Barn Shop / ware house houses ware houses homesteads cost District Bamboo Timber Bamboo Timber (m2) (m2) (m2) (US$) Mahaxai 27 74 12 6 26 6,171 1,420 26,104 Xe Bangfai 17 26 41 2 1 2,749 78 11,074 Total 44 100 53 8 27 8,920 1,498 37,178 Compensation Unit compensation cost (US$) 2,000 4,000 200 800 2,000 1.50 Compensation cost (US$) 88,000 400,000 10,600 6,400 54,000 55,767 614,767 Assumptions: Cost of constructing a new house of bamboo: US$ 2,000. Cost of constructing a new house of timber: US$ 4,000. Cost of relocating a barn: US$ 200. Cost of constructing a shop / ware house of bamboo: US$ 800. Cost of constructing a shop / ware house of timber: US$ 2,000. Cost of land for new homestead (for houses): US$ 15,000/ha. 8.18 T.A. TO THE NON-FISHERIES COMPENSATION PROGRAMME Table 8-12 below presents the schedule of required TA that will be fielded to work with the GoLs RMU in the implementation of the non-fisheries component of the downstream compensation program. The corresponding budget amounts to US$ 510,000. Table 8-12: Schedule of Technical Assistance to the Non-Fisheries Compensation Programme. 2007 (qtr) 2008 (qtr) 2009 (qtr) 2010 (qtr) 2011 (qtr) 2012 (qtr) 2013 (qtr) 2014 (qtr) Xe Bangfai Non-Fisheries Mitigation and Compensation monthly Programme 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 rate no. mths total Lao TA: senior, program manager 2,500 54 135,000 Lao TA: senior, engineer (water suppply, irrigation pumps, river bank protection) 1,700 60 102,000 Lao TA: Village infrastructure engineer (relocation of buildings) 1,700 66 112,200 Lao TA: agronomist (river bank gardens) 1,700 36 61,200 Admin and Finance: 750 60 45,000 Admin and Finance: 400 60 24,000 2 drivers 2 x 250 500 60 30,000 > various and many 509,400 8.19 RMU SUPPORT FOR THE DOWNSTREAM AREAS The NT2 Project has allocated US$1,560,000 funds to the GoL, thru its Resettlement Management unit, to support the implementation and monitoring of the downstream mitigation and compensation 2 This is the current price for houses at the Nakai Plateau. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 24 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration programme. The RMU, and the various downstream District Working Groups, will be provided with funds to support: · expansion and refurbishment of District offices; · purchase and operation of vehicles, both 4 x 4 and motorcycles; · purchase of computers, printers and other office equipment; · a budget for recurrent costs, such as office and field consumables, and fuel for vehicles; · per diem allowance for a wide range and number of staff (see Chapter 6); and · staff training. The above GOL capacity building program will facilitate the focal role of GoL agencies in staff in the conduct of the XBF and downstream programs, in collaboration with NTPC, over a period of 9 years. 8.20 INDICATIVE ACTIVE SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES A summary, indicative schedule of the main activities required by the mitigation and compensation program is presented in Table 8-13. It shows which parts of the programs will be implemented before and after COD. Implementation of activities, in most cases, is dependant on the monitoring of actual impacts as they occur, before final decisions are made as to the site and scale of the mitigation and compensation activities to be implemented. This strategy can only be effective however, if relatively detailed surveys, plans, designs and budgets are developed pre-COD (as planned and shown in Table 8-13) so that quick response action can and will be taken, as and when required, post COD. The activities include a significant and essential focus on the local participation of the potentially affected villagers. Firstly, there is the continuous consultations and disclosure program, whereby villagers review and analyse the (predicated) primary and secondary impacts of the Project that are explained to them. This is followed by community review and consensus of the types of compensation options favoured, and proposed to the Project. Finally, there is the participatory surveys and monitoring after COD of physical impacts and livelihoods that are actually affected, and the actual extent of impacts. It goes without saying that the participation of the PAPs in the implementation of the compensation is another crucial precursor to the successful and long term sustainable implementation of these compensation programs. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 25 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Table 8-13: Indicative Schedule for Survey, Planning and Implementation of Mitigation and Compensation Options for the Xe Bangfai 5- 4- 3- 2- 1- 1 3 4 Component / Activity + +2 + + COD COD COD COD COD COD COD COD COD 1. VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY Financial Close i survey's - preliminary and pre-COD ii consultations re. compensation options iii development of detailed plans iv implementation 2. IRRIGATION PUMPS AND SUPPLY LINES i final survey and consultations ii detailed design and budgeting iii modify pump/pipe connections (or convert to axial) iv monitoring supply pipe footing erosion v protect supply pipe footings, if required 3. RIVER BANK PROTECTION i survey/consultations re. areas that require protection ii detailed design and budgeting iii technical/participatory monitoring of erosion iv implementation of protection, as required 4. RIVERSIDE ASSETS RELOCATION i survey and consultations re. areas that may need relocation (and not protection), with 3 above ii detailed design and budgeting iii technical/participatory monitoring of erosion iv implementation of relocation, if required. 5. ACROSS-RIVER ACCESS i surveys and consultations ii provide boats/engines to certain villages iii build low level culvert - Xe Noy ` iv build pedestrian suspension bridge - old Mahaxai 6. FISHERIES COMPENSATION i feasibility Study ii pre-COD participatory monitoring iii consultations re. compensation options iv pilot implementation v development of detailed plans vi implementation of plans vii post COD participatory monitoring 7. RIVERBANK GARDENS i Surveys, the pre-COD baseline ii consultations re. compensation options iii implementation, as required The schedule for the fisheries compensation program for the downstream Nam Theun will mirror that of the above fisheries compensation schedule for the Xe Bangfai (item 6 in Table 8-13 above). 8.21 SUMMARY TOTAL BUDGET FOR DOWNSTREAM AREAS PROGRAMME The budget planned for the various mitigation and compensation programmes is listed in Table 8-14. The total amount of the programme is US$ 14,500,000. The budget for the fisheries compensation programme is based on conservative estimates of the fish losses that can be expected for the first few years after COD. The compensation measures will be implemented as an offset for all the potential negative impacts of the project on the downstream areas. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 26 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Table 8-14: Allocated amount for the downstream areas Mitigation and Compensation Programme. Activity Estimated cost (US$) Mitigation and Compenstion Programmes Domestic water supply 257,000 Modification to irrigation pumps 250,000 Riverbank protection near temples 450,000 Relocation of buildings 615,000 Fisheries Compensation Programme (XBF, NP, NT, Investment + Operating costs) 7,400,000 Access across Xe Bangfai 225,000 Riverbank gardens 633,000 Total 9,830,000 Technical Assistance and Monitoring Fisheries Compensation Programme 1,600,000 Fisheries Monitoring Programme 1,000,000 Non-Fisheries Mitigation and Compensation Programme 510,000 Total 3,110,000 RMU Total 1,560,000 Grand total 14,500,000 ********** * * * ********** January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 27 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Annex 8-1: Description of Problems and Protection Works for Temples in 3 Villages Village No. 1 Mahaxai Tai Temple Wat Sen Sayalarn Temple Description Temple originally established 1723. Brick wall and buildings. Distance Downstream of About 7 km NT2 Downstream Channel Length of Temple Wall on 65 meters, downstream end of wall is only 7-m from edge of riverbank Riverbank Location and Erosion On outside of bend on the right bank of the river. Significant erosion pocket Problem upstream due to eddying (swirling) of river. Then consistent (classical) natural erosion along long downstream river reach. Other Location and Access Upstream is pontoon pump and delivery pipe for water supply to new Mahaxai Problems District Center. Any protection works should include this. In front of Temple are many shades, shops and restaurants. These will have to be moved for works to take place. No problems with access regarding the delivery of construction materials. Approximate Minimum Upstream of Temple: 50-m Length of Erosion Along Temple Wall: 65-m Protection Required Downstream of Temple: 30-m Total Length: 145-m Type of Protection Revetment ­ Rock filled gabion mattresses on 1: 2.5 slope Height of Riverbank From top of bank to riverbed: 16.6-m From top of bank to toe of bank: 14.2-m Preliminary Estimated Cost US$ 150,000 of Erosion Protection Extra Unknown Costs Compensation for moving existing buildings located in front of Temple. Other Comments Temple location on outside of bend, therefore classical natural erosion occurring. Erosion will be increased by NT2 extra discharges. Recommendation Riverbank protection works required. Village No. 2 Pova Neua Temple Wat Pova Neua Temple Description Old established Temple. Masonry wall, timber and brick buildings. Timber drum house and shade on riverbank Distance Downstream of About 6-7 km. Just upstream and on opposite bank of Temple No. 1. NT2 Downstream Channel Length of Temple Wall on 55 meters. Wall is parallel to, and less than 7-m from edge of riverbank. Riverbank Location and Erosion On straight river reach. There is evidence of natural bank erosion, but this will be Problem increased, and a problem if 10-m of erosion takes place as predicted. Other Location and Access Small working space in front of Temple. Will have to relocate drum shade. Cannot Problems cut the bank for sloping revetment works. On left bank of river. Construction materials from Thakek and Road 12 will have to cross river by upstream ferry. This will increase rock unit price (slower delivery time, ferry fee). Timber houses on both sides of Temple. Approximate Minimum Upstream of Temple: 30-m There is no "natural" start of the protection. Minimum Length of Erosion length is considered to be 30-m. Protection Required Along Temple Wall: 55-m Downstream of Temple: 30-m (similar comment to "upstream") Total Length: 115-m Type of Protection Vertical bank protection ­ Rock filled gabion baskets and mattresses. There is no space to cut bank for sloping protection. Height of Riverbank From top of bank to riverbed: 16-m From top of bank to toe of bank: 14-m Preliminary Estimated Cost US$ 135,000 of Erosion Protection Extra Unknown Costs Relocate drum shade. Other Comments Increased unit prices because of poor access and working space. Recommendation Riverbank protection works required. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 28 Chapter 8: Mitigation, Resettlement and Livelihood Restoration Village No. 3 Pova Tai Temple Wat Pova Tai Temple Description Old established Temple. Masonry wall, timber and brick buildings. Distance Downstream of About 7- km. Downstream of Temple No. 2 and nearly opposite, just downstream, Downstream Channel of Temple No. 1. Length of Temple Wall on 85 meters. Riverbank Location and Erosion On inside of major bend with sand and gravel deposition noted in front of Temple. Problem However there is evidence of bank erosion, near the upstream corner of the wall. This is probably mostly caused by access to a boat crossing and runoff erosion. A shade, on stilts, is located there. Other Location and Access Similar to No. 2, on left bank of river. Construction materials from Thakek and Problems Road 12 will have to cross river by upstream ferry. This will increase rock unit price. Timber houses on upstream side of Temple. Approximate Minimum Upstream of Temple: Minimum of 30-m. Length of Erosion Along Temple Wall: 85-m Protection Required Downstream of Temple: Minimum 30-m Total Length: 145-m Type of Protection Revetment ­ Rock filled gabion mattresses. Height of Riverbank From top of bank to riverbed: About 11-m From top of bank to toe of bank: About 15-m Preliminary Estimated Cost US$ 165,000 of Erosion Protection Extra Unknown Costs Other Comments Increased unit prices because of poor access and lack of working space. Recommendation Lower priority as main erosion will take place on opposite bank. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 29 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures CHAPTER 9 MONITORING AND EVALUATION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES Table of Content 9 MONITORING, EVALUATION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES................1 9.1 INTERNAL MONITORING.............................................................................................1 9.2 INDIRECT MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT............................................................1 9.2.1 Hydrological and Water Quality Monitoring .............................................................................................. 1 9.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring ............................................................................................................................. 2 9.2.3 Socio-Economic Surveys and Indicators..................................................................................................... 4 9.2.4 Health and Nutrition Surveys and Indicators............................................................................................. 5 9.3 DIRECT MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS..............................................5 9.3.1 Determining Extent and Impact of Erosion............................................................................................... 5 9.3.2 Monitoring Impacts on Fisheries.................................................................................................................. 6 9.3.3 Determining Impacts on Riverbank Assets ................................................................................................ 7 9.3.4 Determining Extent of Loss of Riverbank Gardens.................................................................................. 7 9.3.5 Determining Impacts on Household Water Sources................................................................................. 8 9.3.6 Determining Impact on Access across Xe Bangfai (and Tributaries)...................................................... 8 9.4 EXTERNAL MONITORING ............................................................................................9 9.4.1 Independent External Monitor..................................................................................................................... 9 9.4.2 Panel of Social and Environmental Experts (PoE).................................................................................... 9 9.5 CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES ............................................9 List of Tables Table 9-1: Future Discharge & Rainfall Measuring Stations in Xe Bangfai Basin........................................2 Table 9-2: Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Stations Related to Xe Bangfai .........................................2 Table 9-3: Xe Bangfai Cross Sections Stations, for Erosion Monitoring.......................................................6 List of Figures Figure 9-1: Map of Monitoring Stations: Rainfall, Discharge, Water Quality, River Cross Section............3 Figure 9-2: Steps in the Grievance Process Regarding Issues of Compensation and Resettlement.........10 January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 i Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures 9 MONITORING, EVALUATION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES Monitoring of project impacts and compensation measures are important parts of the project activities. This is carried out internally by project and GoL staff as well as by external / independent bodies. 9.1 INTERNAL MONITORING The Concession Agreement between the GoL and NTEC of 3/10/03 states that `the company shall provide compensation...to communities adversely affected by the project ... (...as indicated by monitoring results ...) ...on the basis of community selection of desirable livelihood or infrastructure outcomes, rather than compensating households directly'. [Schedule 4, Part 1, Article 9.3] Furthermore, Article 14 states that categories of affected persons includes `all those living or working along natural rivers downstream to the Mekong River who will be adversely affected by the operation of the Project either thru loss of land or infrastructure or economic loss or disturbance" and that "infrastructure or economic losses will be compensated at replacement cost (on a community consensus basis)". Part 2 of Schedule 4, Article 8 (d) states that "The (water quality) monitoring program will identify water quality changes as compared to pre-operational conditions ... and where it is not reasonably practical to maintain the conditions ... direct impacts on people permanently living in areas adjacent to (the Xe Bangfai) ... will be mitigated through alternative means of providing water of that quality ...". Thus, an important component of the compensation strategy and implementation relates to; (a) How to measure or determine the impact of the NT2 Project; and (b) How to determine communities' response to these impacts in terms of reasonable and sustainable compensation for these impacts. A comprehensive suite of surveys and monitoring programs will be undertaken to monitor, measure and assess relevant aspects of livelihoods and incomes in villages along the XBF. This program will include: (a) Monitoring programs, some already underway; · Environment monitoring programs; · Socio-economic monitoring programs; and · Fisheries monitoring programs. (b) Specific surveys to strengthen understanding of specific impacted livelihood conditions; · Riverbank garden systems and assets studies; · Paddy culture and irrigation study; · Domestic water sources and use study; · Riverside asset study; · Study of river based access (crossings and transportation; and · Communications and electrification study. These surveys and monitoring programs can be considered to be either indirect or direct determination or assessment of project impact. 9.2 INDIRECT MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT 9.2.1 Hydrological and Water Quality Monitoring The discharges from the Power Plant and especially the resultant discharges of the receiving rivers, especially the Xe Bangfai, will be monitored at several locations as indicated in Table 9-1, and located in Figure 9-1. Rainfall will also be monitored at these and other stations in order to provide a full hydrological understanding of flows and to serve as an early warning in the case of over bank flooding in the Upper Xe Bangfai. Water Quality will also be monitored as described in Section 40.1.5 above. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 1 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Table 9-1: Future Discharge & Rainfall Measuring Stations in Xe Bangfai Basin Location Discharge Rainfall North East Ban Natangchai Yes Yes 1,931,000 540,000 Ban Hai (Khouan Pho) Yes Yes 1,934,088 545,525 Mahaxai Yes Yes 1,925,137 521,416 Nam Kathang Noi Yes No 1,953,000 517,000 Nam Kathang - Boung Bao (Rd 12) Yes No 1,942,500 524,300 Nam Kathang: just below confluence of Noi and Gnai No No 1,949,400 519,400 Downstream of Regulating Dam Yes No 1,949,400 519,400 Nam Phit (H.Kharma) No No 1,932,700 517,700 Power Station / Regulating Dam No Yes 1,954,560 516,640 Gnommalat No Yes 1,946,397 518,618 9.2.2 Water Quality Monitoring A water quality monitoring program will be established to monitor key water quality indicators and to extend our existing knowledge of water quality before the start of Project construction. During the Operating Phase, monitoring of these same parameters will continue. The Company will be responsible for reviewing the water quality monitoring program and will notify appropriate authorities about any abnormal/dangerous levels in the water that may cause harm to humans or the environment. Where undesirable change is detected, appropriate adjustments to the operational management of the reservoir and off-take facilities will be made. Table 9-2: Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Stations Related to Xe Bangfai Coordinates Site Number North East Xe Bangfai SS15 1935000 531000 SS16 1931000 529000 SS17 1930000 523000 SS18 1928000 522000 SS19 1917000 517000 Nam Phit SS14 1931000 522000 Regulating Pond SS20 Somewhere within Regulating Pond Downstream Channel SS21 After aeration weir Note: actual location of water quality monitoring stations may change January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 2 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Figure 9-1: Map of Monitoring Stations: Rainfall, Discharge, Water Quality, River Cross Section. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 3 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures 9.2.3 Socio-Economic Surveys and Indicators Project impact on households will be indirectly measured and monitored by the conduct of socio- economic and health and nutrition questionnaire based surveys. A first survey (25 % sample) was conducted in 2001 to provide data on the socio-economy and livelihoods of villages along the Xe Bangfai. However, the actual baseline socio-economic survey, which will be used to determine compensation, will start at one year prior to COD. Socio-economic surveys will then be undertaken regularly, as follows: COD - 1 year, COD, COD + 2 year and COD + 4 years. These surveys will focus on cash and imputed income; food and nutrition; and fisheries catch. A negative change (which could be fairly attributed to the impact of the NT2 Project) of any of these parameters in any particular village, and at any time, would trigger the implementation of compensation activities and arrangements to restore cash and/or imputed income, food and nutrition, and/or fisheries catch. Thus, the main aims of baseline socio-economic monitoring surveys will be to: (a) Identify any socio-economic change in project affected areas, whether positive or negative, and especially those that could be attributed to the NT2 Project; (b) Measure the levels of poverty; (c) Measure the distribution of wealth and resources, to ensure that the compensation program does not result in inequitable use or holdings of resources. If there are no improvements following compensation programs (or any negative changes due to compensation), then compensation measures will have to be implemented (or increased) to offset these negative impacts, or new measures introduced to improve the existing compensation measures. Thus, a range of relevant socio-economic indicators ­ those that will enable NTPC and GoL, and external monitors to measure and analyze general trends and changes in communities along the Xe Bangfai ­ will be the focus of the socio-economic surveys of communities along the Xe Bangfai. Some of these indicators relate to issues which may be directly impacted by the NT2 project (fisheries catch and income for example), while others relate to more general socio-economic indicators which will help GoL and NTPC understand the context within which they are measuring impact and considering compensation. Some crucial indicators may be measured regularly, while most will be measured as part of the normal schedule of socio-economic surveys. These indicators, most of which were included in the first XBF study of August 2001, will include: · Population and household size; · Livestock holdings, and consumption and sales of livestock; · Rice and other agricultural production, sale and consumption; · Fish catch, sale and consumption; · Household assets (hand tractors, rice mills, water pumps, vehicles, radios, etc.); · Other sources of income (imputed and cash); · Percentage of poor households ­ all households having annual incomes below the national poverty line; · Land holdings, according to types of land (irrigated paddy according to season, riverbank gardens, orchards, kitchen gardens, swidden land, etc.) · Type and use of fishing gear, and favoured area for fishing, seasonality of fishing, etc.; and · Commodity prices at selected market sites. (This will monitor any change in availability, supply and demand and assess whether inflation is having a detrimental effect on communities in the project area such that mitigation measures are being affected and living standards are not improving). January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 4 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures 9.2.4 Health and Nutrition Surveys and Indicators Given that the general health situation of the communities along the Xe Bangfai is rated as `poor', the monitoring of health and nutritional factors is very important. A further degrading of the health status could lead to increased mortality rates. Any increase in diseases or illness, and increased pressure on the health system, or any worsening of the nutritional standard that is attributable to the impact of the NT2 Project will be addressed immediately with appropriate health interventions in order halt any further deterioration (via the Regional Health Program). A number of key health and nutritional indicators will be included in the socio-economic surveys in order to monitor not only the general health situation in communities along the Xe Bangfai but also specific issues such as water usage, food sources and prevalence of water-borne and other diseases that could be a result of NT2 Project. Health and nutrition indicators will include the following: · Domestic water sources, e.g. public piped systems, lined wells, unprotected dug wells rain water, protected springs, rivers or ponds; · Sanitation in terms of use of latrines; · Presence of acute illness, including malaria and dengue fever; · Maternal, infant and child mortality rates (recorded at 131.8, 133.8 and 34.3 per 1000, respectively in 2001); · Blood tests for anemia (hemoglobin rates of less than 7 gm/dl) and moderate anemia (hemoglobin rates of 7-11 gm/dl); and · Food consumption of mothers and children for nutritional balance and composition of diets. 9.3 DIRECT MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS Specific studies will be undertaken at mainly village level but at times also household level, before and after COD, to directly measure livelihoods or physical aspects, which may be affected by the NT2 Project. 9.3.1 Determining Extent and Impact of Erosion Riverbank strengthening or protection will be considered by NTPC in key areas where (a) it is demonstrated that erosion has been caused by the NT2 Project impact, and that erosion is having an impact on livelihoods; (b) it is economically and practically feasible, and socially desirable, to consider such riverbank strengthening; and/or (c) the value/cost of the potential losses from an economic or cultural perspective are high. Thus, it is first necessary to determine if the project is causing erosion, and the extent of this erosion, and to determine current and future (project caused) erosion at specific sites. The morphology of the Xe Bangfai river is being monitored by detailed cross-sectional surveys of 29 sites below the confluence of the downstream channel and the Xe Bangfai (see Table 9-3). This monitoring will continue, and intensify at COD and continue for the following five years, after which annual measurements will be undertaken for the next 10 years of the Operational Phase. This monitoring will detect any increase from the natural rate of erosion of the banks. Where it is established that there is an increase in the rate of erosion due to the NT2 project, NTPC will assess the impact of erosion on riverside assets or livelihood, and will compensate accordingly. Bank stabilization and protection may be required in some circumstances, as determined feasible and practical. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 5 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Table 9-3: Xe Bangfai Cross Sections Stations, for Erosion Monitoring Section no. Easting Northing Section no. Easting Northing XBF1 526830.1 1929838 XBF16 517685 1916472 XBF2 524610.3 1929171 XBF17 516121.2 1915998 XBF3 523374.2 1929512 XBF18 514330 1914606 XBF4 524192.2 1927986 XBF19 515300.2 1912589 XBF5 522525.9 1927418 XBF20 514420.6 1910301 XBF6 521909.8 1925875 XBF21 514418.7 1909501 XBF7 521267.7 1925319 XBF22 513883.5 1909163 XBF8 521825.8 1924558 XBF23 512656 1908926 XBF9 521548.7 1923338 XBF24 513594.3 1906951 XBF10 521427 1921186 XBF25 507800 1902076 XBF11 521886.8 1920365 XBF26 507815.7 1898486 XBF12 522293.7 1919162 XBF27 506145.6 1890112 XBF13 521428.7 1917899 XBF28 494823.9 1890281 XBF14 520834.8 1916648 XBF29 498764 1887762 XBF15 519480.2 1916299 9.3.2 Monitoring Impacts on Fisheries The NT2 Project will cause changes in water discharge, changes in water levels, changes in sedimentation and erosion patterns, and changes in water quality of the Xe Bangfai. Such changes will have environmental impacts on aquatic diversity, aquatic ecology and productivity, and thus the livelihoods of fishers. The exact type and level of this impact is difficult to predict and even more difficult to quantify, although the impact is likely to be more pronounced in the dry season than in the wet season, as the amount of NT2 water discharge will be relatively higher in the dry season, compared to the wet season, when the Xe Bangfai itself carries a lot of water. In general, the Xe Bangfai fisheries will be impacted as follows: · Reduced fish populations due to less availability of fish food, as a result of sedimentation caused by riverbank erosion; · Reduced fish populations due to the modification of aquatic habitats and loss of spawning habitats such as rapids, deep pools, aquatic vegetation, etc.; · Reduced fish populations and possible some species changes, due to changes in migratory patterns of fish; and · Reduced fish catch by villagers due to (a) smaller fish populations, and (b) lower efficiency of fishing gears in deeper water with higher water velocity. (a) Socio-economic and health baseline surveys (Section 9.2): Both the cash and imputed income from fisheries, and the nutritional value of the fisheries to all Xe Bangfai villages will be measured as part of the baseline socio-economic and health surveys. Thus, the Project will be able to regularly monitor nutritional and livelihood data before and after the start of operation, which will enable the Company and the GOL to identify potential losses in fisheries. (b) Monitoring of actual fish catches: The Project's current "fish catch per unit effort" (CPUE) baseline study in 7 villages is monitoring and developing an understanding of the fishery catch in the Xe Bangfai. This study will be expanded to include 10 villages (12.5 % of XBF villages) and improved by the parallel conduct of a framework study of fish catch in these villages. It will continue during the operational phase of the Project in order to directly assess any changes in the fisheries, by comparison of operational phase data with pre-operational data collected. The NTPC and the GOL will use the results of these two types of studies to facilitate informed discussions in each village as to how the Project is impacting the fisheries in the Xe Bangfai. If it is established that the Project has impacted on the fisheries aspects of livelihoods of the communities then adversely affected communities will be compensated. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 6 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures A monitoring programme will be established to monitor the catch and thereby impact of the project in the downstream areas. The aim is to develop a participatory monitoring system with a three tier approach: 1. At village level 1-2 villagers per village (depending on importance of the fishery) will be trained to become fisheries monitors. They don't have to be fishers themselves; more important is that they are bright reliable and likely to be around when monitoring takes place. Monitoring will take place in a total of 235 villages covering the areas of Xe Bangfai (mainstream and hinterland villages), Nam Phit, Nam Kathang/Gnom and Nam Theun Downstream. It is estimated that a total of 342 village based fisheries monitors will be involved. 2. District staff from the six districts involved (Khamkerd, Gnommalath, Mahaxai, Xe Bangfai, Nongbok and Xaybouli) will support and supervise the village based monitors. Each staff member will cover 10-13 villages. Hence, 21 fisheries staff from the six DAFO offices will be needed for supervision of the monitoring programme. 3. Technical assistance. A team of one international fisheries expert (part time/shared with the Fisheries Compensation Programme), and one Lao Fisheries Officer will be employed to manage the monitoring programme. The team will link with the PAFO (Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office) in the three provinces of Khammouane, Bolikhamxay and Savannakhet but the main work will be with the district based supervisors. The monitoring program will stretch over a period of eight years (from COD-3 to COD+5) or until the yields in the various impacted rivers has stabilised. 9.3.3 Determining Impacts on Riverbank Assets In some villages, buildings of various types and purpose are close or very close to the riverbank. These may be shops, houses, temples (cultural property) and other structures. Such buildings in villages on the Upper or Middle XBF could be affected by erosion from the Project. To determine the potential impact of erosion on riverside assets and structures, a baseline study of all physical assets long the river bank (within 30 m of the current bank) in the Upper and Middle Xe Bangfai (25 villages) will be undertaken 18 months prior to COD. Following COD, regular trips (minimum of once per quarter in the first two years) down the Xe Bangfai will be conducted by NTPC and RMU staff to visually detect abnormal erosion, and impacts on previously identified village infrastructure and livelihoods. Apart from these formal trips, villagers along the Xe Bangfai will also be able to alert District Compensation Committees of abnormal erosion rates and affect on village infrastructure and livelihoods. Following such alert, NTPC and RMU will inspect the site within seven days. Thus, a combination of (a) cross-section monitoring, (b) baseline study of riverside assets, (c) regular inspection trips and (c) ad-hoc reports and inspections will be used to determine impact of erosion on river bank assets. 9.3.4 Determining Extent of Loss of Riverbank Gardens Riverbank gardens will be effected by both (a) NT2 discharges causing erosion and thus slumping of some riverbank garden areas, and (b) the higher water levels flooding the mid and lower riverbank gardens. In determining the extent of riverbank garden loss, and particularly the resulting impact on livelihoods, it must be recognized that there are a variety of types of riverbank gardens along the Xe Bangfai (see Figure 30-4): · Gardens above the riverbank; · Riverside crop gardens, usually planted at the end of the rainy season; and · Riverside vegetable gardens, planted in the dry season January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 7 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures Any determination of the effect by the NT2 project must take into account this variation in type and tenure of riverbank garden. NTPC and GoL, together with village authorities, will determine the potential impact of the NT2 Project on riverbank gardens by three means: (a) Baseline socio-economic surveys (see Section 9.2.3); (b) A study of river gardens in each village, focusing on the `gardening system', tenure and income or food productivity will be undertaken during the 2 years prior to COD. The hydrology modelling of the NT2 Project and consequent change on river height will enable a good prediction of the Project's impact on each type of riverside garden, and thus the impact of livelihoods and economy of each village; and (c) Consultations with villagers. Following COD, and if required by any particular village, a study will be undertaken to assess the actual effect of the new discharge regime on riverside gardens and productivity, and the success of village strategies to re-establish gardens under the new hydrology and morphology regime. 9.3.5 Determining Impacts on Household Water Sources A water quality monitoring program will be established operated by NTPC to monitor water quality prior to the project and then after COD. This will enable a determination of any changes in the quality of water following operation of the NT2 project. Use of XBF waters for domestic use may be a problem during the early years of operation due to water quality problems in the reservoir. Some villagers currently use XBF waters (or riverside `springs') during the wet season, dry season or both seasons for various domestic uses. For example, in the dry season, water could be extracted from at least three sources in and around the XBF: (a) directly from the river; (b) from shallows wells dug on the side of the river; and (c) from small springs / flowing from the side of the banks (actually groundwater, not XBF). We do not yet know exactly in what season or for what domestic uses XBF waters are used. Thus, in parallel to the riverbank garden study (above), a household water source study will be undertaken to determine, for each village, the source and seasonality of water use by villagers. This study will provide a better understanding of the various types and seasonality of household water supply systems and sources for villages, which will enable NTPC to better predict impact and plan compensation. The effect on water quality as measured by the monitoring program will then be used to determine the effect of the Project on each type of household water source. However, on the assumption that, during the first 2 to 4 years of operation of the NT2 project, the dry season water quality of the Xe Bangfai river may well be a problem in terms of domestic water use, proactive measures to develop alternative water sources in those villages currently depending on dry season Xe Bangfai water for household use will be determined. 9.3.6 Determining Impact on Access across Xe Bangfai (and Tributaries) Communities living along the Xe Bangfai and its tributaries use several modes to cross the river in dry season, including temporary bamboo bridges, walking across rapids or shallow areas, ferries and dry season vehicle crossings (Nam Oula, Nam Pheet, Xe Noy). The increased water level in the dry season will make river crossings impossible. In order for the Project to consider restoration of key crossing points with safe modes of crossing ­ where it is deemed practically and economically feasible ­ the impact of the NT2 on such access needs to be determined. To this end, a study will investigate the objective, means and infrastructure used to cross the Xe Bangfai and tributaries (affected by backwater), and the seasonality of such access. Following this study, a prediction of the impact of the NT2 Project on such access will be made. For example, it may be determined that current dry season bamboo bridges may no longer be feasible, while dry season ferry operation may be more difficult, or possibly made easier by the increased water levels. Dry season low January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 8 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures level crossings such as on the Xe Noy may no longer be possible. Following commencement of project operations, the NT2 Project impact on access across the Xe Bangfai will be closely monitored, and pre- or post-COD compensation undertaken as required. 9.4 EXTERNAL MONITORING External monitoring is carried out by two bodies: an Independent External Monitor (IEM) and a Panel of Social and Environmental Experts (PoE). This will ensure that independent views on project achievement are made available. 9.4.1 Independent External Monitor The Independent External Monitor (IEM) will be engaged to supplement and backstop the internal monitoring. The IEM will monitor the change of livelihood and standard of living among the relocated people. While the main objective of the NT2 Resettlement Policy is to ensure that PAPs are better off after resettlement, achievement of this objective may be difficult to judge by those implementing the Plan. To overcome this, monitoring and evaluation by an independent institution will be conducted. The candidate organization or individuals will have extensive experience in social surveys and familiarity with the local language and socio-economic conditions. 9.4.2 Panel of Social and Environmental Experts (PoE) A three member Panel of Experts (PoE) has been established by the GOL with approval and guidance from the World Bank. It is mandated to provide GoL with an independent assessment and review of environmental and social issues associated with the NT2 Project. The PoE is required to act independently of both GoL and NTPC and in accordance with relevant World Bank guidelines, and protect both the environment and the interests of those affected by the NT2 Project. 9.5 CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES Because of different perceptions, values, objectives and responsibilities among different stakeholders, a range of conflicts may occur among and between affected people, resettled villages, district authorities, the RMU, central government and others. Obviously, the most important step in conflict resolution is conflict avoidance, and the consultative and participatory nature of decision making under the SDP is aimed at reducing the occurrence of disagreements and conflicting positions. In instances where disagreements do occur, it is similarly important that they are resolved quickly before positions harden and the conflict escalates. Different approaches may be required according to the level that any conflict has reached, while at the same time, recognizing that the earlier a potential conflict is recognized and dealt with, the higher the chance of a successful outcome. These phases of conflict development and appropriate interventions can be summarized as follows: Conflict avoidance: > Consultation & participation in planning, decision making Simple disagreements > Informal negotiation, discussion and mediation Early conflict development > Reference to Village Resettlement Committee Conflicting positions taken > Reference to Grievance Committee as District level. Intractable conflict > Refer conflict to Provincial Court. To ensure that the basic rights and interests of resettlers are protected, that concerns are adequately addressed and that entitlements are delivered, a grievance procedure has been designed for the NT2 Project. An independent Grievance Committee will be established. It will be chaired by a senior provincial official, probably from the Justice Department, with other members the Lao Women's Union, the Ethnic Council, civil society, a resettled villager representative and a member of the Resettlement Committee. Justice departments at district and provincial levels are already responsible for resolving village conflicts and property disputes, while the LWU and Ethnic Council are active in solving problems faced by village women and the elderly. January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 9 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures If an affected person or group of persons is not satisfied with the compensation package or if, for any reason, the compensation does not materialize according to the CA, he or she has the right to make a claim. There are three basic steps to resolve grievances, as depicted in Figure 9-2. Figure 9-2: Steps in the Grievance Process Regarding Issues of Compensation and Resettlement PAP not satisfied with Compensation or with the Process Appeal to the Village Grievance Committee of Elders Examination PAP Satisfied - settled PAP still not satisfied Appeal to Project Grievance Committee and Court at the District Level Nam Theun 2 Power Company advice Examination advice Resettlement Management Unit PAP Satisfied - settled PAP still not satisfied Provincial Court The first step is for a householder or a group of householders to approach the Village Resettlement Committee (VRC) to present their grievance and allow its consideration at the lowest level of the resettlement hierarchy, where frequently issues can be resolved through discussions and adjustments. If the VRC cannot resolve the complaint or if the claimant is not satisfied with their decision, the next step can be taken, either by the claimant or the VRC on his/her behalf. The second step is to present the grievance or complaint to a Grievance committee to be formed at the District level. This committee will be based in the District court, but will also have representatives from all relevant departments, as they will be in a good position to resolve issues brought to their attention by affected individuals. This Committee must respond to any claim within 15 days. At this district level the NTPC's RO and the GOLs RMU would be primary witnesses in order to both; (a) respond to the claimants grievance in terms of prior activities undertaken etc; and (b) to ensure that the claim is reviewed within the context of the existing policy, regulations, procedures and entitlement limits, and that the compensation awarded doe not go beyond established matter of practice or outside the limits of the budgets. The findings of the Grievance Committee are binding on the RMU and RO. The Committee must maintain a public book showing all claims received and the decisions made, which must be made within 30 days. The Grievance Committee cannot award compensation that goes beyond what is established as a matter of practice or what would be outside the limits of the budgets within which they are operating. If January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 10 Chapter 9: Monitoring, Evaluation and Grievance Procedures the above action does not yield any results, then the claimant has the right to present their case to Provincial Court. Access to the Court is obviously a last resort. It will be in the interest of the RO and the RMU to resolve issues before they are brought to the Committee. A conflict between RO and RMU would in the first instance be resolved at the RC level. If this is not acceptable to either party, then the matter will be reviewed by the Vice Prime Minister responsible for NT2. If still no agreement is reached, the matter shall be handled according to the Consultation and Dispute Procedures set forth in the CA. While every effort will be made to resolve conflicts by mutual agreement of the parties involved, in some cases, arbitration and adjudication on disagreements and conflicts by an external mediator will be required. Responsibility for arbitration and the means of adjudication will vary according to the parties involved, but will need to be referred to a higher level of authority than the parties concerned. The strategy for this is outlined as follows: Parties to the conflict Final decision/adjudication Key mediator/arbiter Within village disputes Majority decision of village meeting Village Chief. Disputes between Village Joint agreement of appointed Relevant district authority. village representatives Village - RMU/district Joint agreement of both parties Grievance Committee disputes endorsed by province RMU-district disputes Joint agreement of both parties Grievance Committee and Provincial endorsed by province authorities ********** * * * ********** January 2005 Nam Theun 2 Project ­ Social Development Plan ­ Volume 3 11