A -~~~~~~~-1 El- : : I~~ ~ ~~ I i u-)... . , .... ;, \- \.i';.1; . * s,,s - 0. . ~~~ * . z~~~~0 .. - II~~~~~~~~~~~~= Editorial Board SWAMINATHAN S. AIYAR ECONOMIC TIMES OF INDIA, NEW DELHI, INDIA MICHAEL COHEN NEW SCHOOL UN VERSITY, NEW YORK, USA PAUL COLLIER THE WORLD BANK, WASHINGTON, DC, USA S STEPHEN DENNING - -' THE WORLD BANK, WASHINGTON, DC, USA JOHN GAGE SUN MICROSYSTEMS, PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA, USA JOSEPH K. INGRAM :- THE WORLD BANK, SARAJEVO, BOSNIA KWAME KARIKARI SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATIONS, THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON, GHANA 41I VIRA NANIVSKA - INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR POL CY STUDIES, KIEV. UKRAINE PEP11 PATRON CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, LIMA, PERU J. ROBERT S. PRICHARD UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, CANADA RAFAEL RANGEL SOSTMANN MONTERREY TECH UNIVERSITY SYSTEM, M3NTERREY. MEXICO ADELE SIMMONS CHICAGO METROPOLIS, CHICAGO, IL, USA VIVIENNE WEE CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT, GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT, SINGAPORE Development OUTREACH is published quarterly by the World Bank Institute and reflects issues arising from the World Bank's many learning programs. Articles are solicited that offer a range of viewpoints from a variety of authors worldwide and do not represent official positions of the World Bank oc the views of its management. J MARY MCNEIL EDITOR | ANNA LAWTON ASSOCIATE EDITOR BRIAN NOYES PUBLICATION DESIGN * PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Christine Alicino/Photonica; Page 2 and 14: - Reuters Photo Archive/Darren Whiteside; Page 5: Agence France '. Press/Anja Niedringhaus; Page 9: Agence France Press/Juan Vargas; I Page 11: Agence France Press/Louisa GouliamakI; Page 12: Agence France Press/Elvis Barukcic; Page 13: Reuters Photo archive/Rickey Rogers; Page 18: Agence France Press/ Weda; Page 22: Agence France Press/Jewel Samad; Page 24, 33, 35: The World Bank; Page . - 29: Hulton Getty Photo Archive/ Bert Hardy: Page 36: El Ceibo; ISSN 1020-797X ' 2002 The World Bank Institute W O R L D B A N K i N S T I T U T E World Bank Institute www.worldbank.org/wbi Frannie Leautier, Vice President www.worldbank.org/devoutreach The World Bank devoutreach@worldbank.org 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433, USA T H E W O R L D B A N K w D EVE LO P ME E NTF V O L U M E F O U R N U M B E R O N E W I N T E R 2 0 0 2 SPECIAL REPORT: 21 Global Is Good, Global Is Bad JOHN D. CLARK The new phenomenon in this era of globa ization is the C IV IL S O C IE T Y association of citizens at a trans-national level, It is vital that policy-makers engage. with global civil society to ersure that global governance is seen as being transparent, accountable z About This Issue and responsive to citizens. MARY McNEIL 24 Africa and Decentralization: CIVIL SOCIETY IN TURMOIL: Enter the Citizens GEORGE W. M. MATOVU 4 Afghanistan and Plakistan: The challenge facing decision-makers in Africa is to develop At the Crossroads ... models of local governance that can best fac litate the involvement of civil society. The city of Harare is a case in HOMIRA NASSERY, JENNIFER BRINKERHOFF, point. AND NAJMA SIDDIQI The hope is that peaceful political activity with people's z8 Engaging the Poor participation will lead to peace and stability in both MARY McNEIL Afghanistan and Pakistan.MAY cNI Emphasis on community-driven development-"the bottom-up 8 rhe Revfolt of Argentina's Nliddle Class approach" provides the opportunity to look beyond project implementation to building long-term capacity and to ROSA ALONSO participate effectively. Argentina's social unrest lies in the lot of the middle class, which benefited the most from post-war period economic Tvo Case Studies: policies and suffered the most from their eliminatior in the 1980s and 1990s. 3I Getting Involved in Romania oBuilding Ciil Society in Former Y.goslavia DANIEL SERBAN AND CLAUDIA PAMFIL Much has been accomplished in the area of local government ZARKO PAPIC strengthening in Romania through assistance programs aimed The erosion of socialism in ex-Yugoslavia led to a transition at decentralization. from one collectivist ideology and practice to another, nationalism. Therefore, civil society (NGOs) emerged in a 33 )ynamics of Participation in Bangalore's SluMs situation adverse to citizen participation. J JOOP DE WIT ISFrom Resistance to Nation Building: A project implemented in Bangalore's slums aimed at linking 15 From Resistance to Nation Building: various urban poverty reduction programs from government, The Changing Role of Civil Society n East Timor NGOs and foreign donors. It has been only partially NATACHA MEDEN successful. In East Timor civil society grew out of the resistance culture. and was later given a role in the new national government. Now it has to consolidate its position. 35 VOICES FROM THE FIELD First-hand insight into the issues of development and a window for global interaction CIVIL SOCIETY IN DEVELOPMENT: 38 KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES I9 Defining Civil Societv: 1Phe Elusive Term Electronic tools that facilitate the sharing of knowledge THOMAS CAROTHERS AND MARINA OTTAWAY Although civil society has become a familiar term in 39 BOOKSHELF development circles, its meaning is still often elusive. This has practical consequences, because each definition implies a different course donors should pursue to promote participation 40 CALENDAR OF EVENTS and democracy. Civil Socoiety 'in TFurmoil, Civill Society in Developm-ent hI.. II I- h I It I ! K. C. jI r I II It. .i HI L H I r r J - i t. I I.I. -l. :.L. - _ - s-2 i- 4; 7%7' -- ;L7 7 A~~~A 4 A j ' , g ~~~~~~~~~~ b. .t _O A 16 .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Y *~~~ -. . = CIVIL SOCIETY Afghanistan and Pakistan: At the Crossroads. . . BY HOMIRA NASSERY, I internal, from extremist groups. and external. from across the JENNIFER BRINKERHOFF, AND NAJMA SIDDIQI border), which can take a heavy toll on any country. Pakistan's economy has never been worse, especially in the aftermath of PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN ARE BOTH IN TRANSITION. September ii. Politically, the vicious cycle continues. Elections The hope is that this transition will lead to a period of peace. bring in a leadership that lacks competence. does not consider stability, and sustained development that has been evading itself accountable, and aims at absolute control, scuttling diver- these countries for a long time. Pakistan and Afghanistan are sity and dissenrt. Military coups bring in sclf-proclaiined 'sav- linked, economically. culturally and socially; and, until very iors' who try to stay in power for as long as possible, and intro- recently, they were linked politically. duce their own special brand of democracy. Most of the country's Leaders in both Afghanistan and Pakistan have recognized institutions have degenerated over time. With money and atten- that the challenges they face are complex and cannot be ignored tion pouring in once again, in return for joining the coalition any more, but neither country has a government with political against "terrorism," Pakistan has got a real opportunity. The legitimacy. There is extreme poverty, factional tensions, and country is preparing for elections later this year. The current ethnic and sectarian rivalries on both sides of the border; there government is initiating a major clean up of extremist groups, is degeneration of institutions, ineffective governance mecha- reintroducingtolerance as a value in society, and pursuing peace nisms, corruption, and deliberate exclusion of the poor and the and stability as a national goal. A further positive step is the ten- vulnerable from opportunity or voice to shape the development tative agreement between a significant portion of civil society agenda of the country. While Afghanistan is moving towards a and the current leaders on the direction Pakistan would take. Loyajirga and a potentially elected government with representa- tives of the people, Pakistan is. once again, on its way to a 'mod- A role for civil society erate democracy' and promised elections within the year. The one positive aspect in the current situation is that those leading PEACEFUL POLITICAL ACTIVITY and intellectual growth are the two countries know that the international community, as well the foundations of civic and institutional life. A quick glance as their own citizens, is observingthem very closely. at events in the twentieth century illustrates how rarely these Afghanistan is poised onthe eve of a new state, a newgovern- inputs were encouraged by authorities in Afghanistan. ment, and anewwindfall of external aidto rebuildfromthe dev- Nonetheless, most Afghans can recall a relatively benign arm astation of the last twenty years of war. The nascent govemment of the state guiding political dissent and intellectual expres- has inherited little to speak of in terms of institutions, local sion for the first three decades following WWII. Civil society capacity, or revenues from the previous de facto authorities in in Afghanistan has barely had a chance to lift its head from Kabul. The war has resulted in an estimated two million deaths, centuries of feudalism, followed by Soviet-led centralization, six million people displaced, and three million disabled wars, natural disasters, drug trafficking and general chaos. (Carnegie Council and Asia Foundation, 20oi). The current Any nascent form of civil society was quickly struck down drought threatens the lives of over four million Afghans, and before it could challenge local and international interests. The bombing by the U.S. military continues to cause accidental chief predator of civil society in Afghanistan has been the deaths. While causes for the Afghan conflict and ensuing turmoil same as in many other Muslim countries-religious extrem- are oftenoversimplifiedinthe media, the heart of the problemis ism and persecution of the intellectual leadership. the disintegration of institutions, and the subsequent lack of With the tremendous brain drain that followed the refugee security and economic structure for the Afghan people. exodus from Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979, On the other side. Pakistan is facing its grcatest challenge in most of the country's intellectual elite found themselves in history. There is a lethal combination of crises (political, social, exile in Pakistan's North West Frontier Province or abroad in economic, institutional, and governance) and threats (both 4 Europe or North America. The city of Peshawar became a hub 4 Development Outreach ORl I BANK INS II UTE t -.it g _|._#ap - ,~~- _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. r* E ,¼- -- ' s-fft w I,5* I ^ n0; '' ..t..,.. for literary, political, and cultural pursuits by the Afghan dias- * using religion as a political weapon, and as a tool to retain the pora. Many intellectuals and thinkers became victims of shakyalliancescriticalforthemtohangontopower. Inasituation assassinations, 'disappearances', and torture followed by where religion, ethnicity. and politics are mixed, and channels of death for refusing to support one or another political, armed expression are extremely limited, a significant portion of the new group of the Afghan Mujahideen (Amnesty International, generation seems to have lost its way. Faced with increasingly 1999). These targeted killings were a prelude to hundreds of repressive regimes, degenerating institutions, a developmental arrests by the Taliban. In effect. elements of Afghan society and political vacuum, increasing insecurity, corruption, and vio- that advocated the peaceful establishment of civil society and lence in society. lack of opportunity, and fast disappearing forms the rule of law were singled out as targets for extermination. of livelihood some members of this generation in search for an Regional conflict was politicized in religious terms in the 98os identity became an easy prey to sectarian and extremist groups. thanks to both internal and external interests. The political vacuum The "madirassa syndrome" is an apt example. Historically, the left inthe aftermathof the Sovietwithdrawal was filled byclenics. who madrassa was a prestigious seat of learning. Most of the madaris had been the principal recipients of Western weapons and dollars in are still doing excellent welfare work but some, thanks to their theirfight against the Soviets. Inthe absence of a stable state overthe extremist sponsors. are now used to preaching intolerance and next two decades, local traditions and family/clan relationships inciting sectarian hatred and violence. became critical for securitv and livelihood. Afghans did not have any During the same period. pockets of concerned citizens and national institutionsto representthemundertheTaleban. The state alliances of civil society groups emerged to create access and of Afghanistan's civil societytoday cannot be fully grasped without an opportunity for the poorer and more vulnerable sections of the appreciationofthedestrtctionofAfghansociety,economyandcul- population. The media, selected civil society groups, academ- ture overthe recentyears. This destruction had implications bothfor ics, development activists, and some enlightened members of the weaknesses and the strengths of Afghan civil society. political entities have been working together to create a more At least one generation of Afghans are practically without tolerant society with space for debate and dialogue. Examples formal education, have no notion of a unifying. national Afghan of success abound, as do stories of repression. Several devel- identity, and are particularly vulnerable to dominant, non- opment and human rights organizations, NGOs and CBOs have inclusive. and exploitative institutional structures. Yet. Afghan assisted the poor and the excluded to improve participation in NOT ALL GOVERNMENT IS BAD. NOT ALL CIVIL SOCIETY IS GOOD. institutions remain vibrant at the local level and in the diaspo- shaping their own future. The recent Peace Movement, ra: in particular. the younger generation is proactive and keen to demanding de -escalation on India- Pakistan borders, was initi- contribute to change and development. The 1999 Watching ated by a coalition of citizens and civil society organizations. The Brief Study on The Role of NGOs in Afghanistan found that par- results of the latest local elections (where for the first time in ticipating non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were effec- the country's historv over 8o percent of the seats reserved for tive in channeling donor funds to Afghanistan. Operational women were filled) reflect a positive trend in citizen participa- overheads were kept below i9 percent. and over 6o percent of tion and the role that civil society organizations play in Pakistan. the funding given to the NGOs went directly into the Afghan Interaction betweenAfghan and Pakistani civil societies has a economy. Many of theseAfghan NGOs have, overtime, taken on serious legacy of mutual resentment, with claims on both sides quasi-governmental roles, particularly in the provision of regarding the sustenance of the Taliban, and promotion of gen- health and education services, and also in the provision of eral political instability. On the other hand, significant segments large-scale water supply and agricultural assistance. Thus the of civil society recognize that they share a common heritage and network of local non-governmental organizations that have cultural identity. which defies the national border. Pakistani civil blossomed in the wake of the Afghan humanitarian disaster of society took a stand early on during the current crisis (before an the last twenty-three years has produced a strong labor force, official statement by the government) to call for non-interfer- with experience and skills in development, which should be ence inAfghanistan's affairs bytheir neighbors, andthe need to fully exploited in rebuilding civil society inside Afghanistan. respect the choices made by the Afghan people themselves. Civil Society in Pakistan can be seen in terms of three broad Does this mean that there is also a role for global civil soci- groups: NGOs and CBOs (including welfare, service delivery, etv? Can international groups support democratic principles human rights. advocacy, social, and membership groups); pro- for a new social contract between citizens and their govern- fessional and other membership associations (such as labor and ment so that cross-border actions by a government are defined trade unions, the press/media): and academic and research insti- by its own civil society? Nadeem-ul - Haque. a specialist on the tutions. Political parties and religious groups are in a category of subject. says, "The global community must insist on... [democ- theirown. Overthepastfewdecades, asignificantnumberofcivil racy, education, decentralization, modernization, and the society organizations, have moved from a welfare/charity mode to emancipation' of women] and empower the citizenry to ask for a developmental role that combines facilitation. representation. it ... In the age of globalization, we need a global civil society! mediation, and advocacy. Political parties and educational insti- .. . [this is] the message of the Afghan episode. This civil socie- tutions have taken on an increasingly religious color, as 'demo- ty should not have let the Afghans be forgotten after they cratically elected' and 'self-appointed' leaders both indulged in * brought communism down. They should have blown the whis- 6 Development OutreaLh \XQPJl,1I BANK IN I I IUI tle on the atrocities earlier and forced the financiers of the war funding and current allocation of funding for capacity building to take responsibility for the peace .. .Global civil society must and humanitarian aid programs for Afghan women and men respond to a higher consciousness and check national leader- (such a database would provide ideas for funding as well as ship from indulging in mere patriotic frenzy" ('Afghanistan increase the accountability of those receiving the funds); and Pakistan," p0on, electronic dialogue). * developing employment opportunities alongside education efforts to ensure a stable civil society; creating a sense of Opportunities and challenges local ownership for dcvclopment projects to avoid pitfalls of the past, such as ethnic and gender inequities. GIVEN THE DISINTEGRATION and degeneration of institu- In Pakistan, the current government is taking the lead, sup- tions in both Afghanistan and Pakistan, there is a need for ported by a significant portion of civil society. to develop a new careful consideration of what is needed and what is being sup- social contract with citizens highlightingtolerance, separationof plied by internal and external development actors. The only religion, state, and politics. and devolution for improved gover- way that positive change can take place. through debate and nance, while at the same time taking steps to regulate private and discussion, in peaceful ways, is by fostering effective citizen public institutions, root out extremism, and focus on public-pri- participation in shaping the country's development agenda. vate partnerships to eradicate poverty and develop the country's Efforts need to be concentrated on creating an enabling envi- human resources, among others. What is needed here, urgently. ronmenut, and on stirengthening the capacity of key stakehold- is the initiation of productive partnerships between government ers involved in this process. and civil society. where both are able to put aside their historic In the context of Afghanistan, external interventions in the mistrust of each other and work together to achieve national past only served to deepen the internal divisions, and intensi- development goals. Not all government is bad. Not all civil soci- fy tribal and ethnic differences. While sustained efforts for etyisgood.Thisisalessonfromthepastthatremainsunlearned. institution building are necessary, these must be rooted in the Finding balance and stability in economic, social, and political local context and build upon indigenous social and political development; establishing improved rules of engagement tradition. Responsible advocacy is needed to guide external between citizens and their government; building internal and interventions. This is not the case today. Tensions between external alliances; ensuring transparency and accountability; reconstruction and development efforts, and human rights and fostering institutions for inclusive, equitable. and sustain- advocacy have already come to the fore. For example. when able development seem to be common themes for both coun- Diane Sawyer took her veil off in front of a member of the tries. There is obviously a long way to go. , Taliban authorities, who flinched and looked away. it made for great TV in the United States; but the Taliban closed the only Homira Nassery is health specialist, Human Development Network, women's hospital in Afghanistan that same night. Health and Education (HDNHE), World Bank; Jennifer Brinkerhoff is The crisis in the region provides an opportunity to choose assistant professor, Department of Public Administration, George a new path. Part of this effort will hopefully entail a new social Washington University; Naima Siddiqi is senior social development contract between citizens and governing institutions. Such a specialist and learning coordinator, Social Development Department, social contract would incorporate accountability and respon- Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network (SDV, siveness, thus supporting the prospects for economic, social, ESSD), World Bank. and political development and stability. Civil society has a key Visit: www.developmentgateway.org/node/I341 11 and role to play here. However, the bureaucracies in these coun- www2.worldbank.org/hm/hmpak-afg/date.html tries were not designed on the basis of a social contract, but rather to enable rulers to maintain, protect, and extend their References: The article builds upon different sources of information including domains. This historic legacy inhibits the development of a pubished material, interviews, seminars and discussion sessions organized culture of participation and accountability. influencing not over the past few months on related topics. only institutional mechanisms, but also citizen expectations. Seminars and dialogues: Counterpart International's roundtable on Central Asia; seminars sponsored by USAID and GWU on Afghanistan; a discussion International attention and promises of aid represent an on enabling environment for civil society in Pakistan: two dialogues on the important oppor-tunity. Civil society organizations need to topic of "Afghanistan and Pakistan: Opportunities and Challenges in wake of negotiate conditions that will have long-term consequences the current crisis" including a four week electronic dialogue during for responsiveness, equity and representation, self-determi- November and December 2001, co-sponsored by The George Wash ngton nation, and sovereignty. Several approaches to capacitybuild- University Department of Public Administration, the GWU Center for the ing of civil society inAfghanistan have been recommended: Study of Globalization, the Community Empowerment and Social Irclusion * counterparting which focuses on integrating local NGOs Program (WBIKL), and the Knowledge Sharing Program (WBIKL); a dialogue more fully into the international donor and development organized by a group of Young Professionals, sponsored by the Values and programs by having them supported and mentored, but not Ethics Department and the Social Development Department of the World supplanted, by international NGOs; Bank has also provided a basis for some of the thoughts presented here. supplanted, by international NGOsPapers: "Building Peace and Civil Society in Afghanistan: Challenges and * building capacity and bridges between civil society organiza- Opportunities," Carnegie Council and Asia Foundation (May 2001): "Human tions on opposing sides of the conflict and the diaspora, par- Rights Defenders in Afghanistan: Civil Society Destroyed," Amnesty ticularly between Pakistani and Afghan young expatriates; International (1111/99); Jonathan Barden, "The Role and Importance of NGOs * establishing a database with information on possible sources of * in Afghanistan" (an ACBAR Study for the World Bank),Watching Brief (1999) W' I N 'I k R 2 O o 2 7 SOCIETY * ff 11 Th1 e . e L volt of Argentina's Middle Class BY ROSA ALONSO hyperinflation. Although the crisis of the 198os was hard on all social groups, it took the heaviest toll on the middle class. AT FIRST GLANCE, the economic situation in Argentina does Since government expenditure had mainlv benefited them, not seem to warrant the large- scale political and social unrest they were also most adversely affected when it was cut back. that has rocked this Southern cone country since December. Its Inflation was also harshest on the middle class. whose savings performance over the 1ggos appears to have been admirable. in domestic currency and the purchasing power of their nom- with average yearly growth rates of over 4 percent for GDP, 8.6 inal wages were wiped out. As a result, real wages plummeted percent for exports. 7.3 percent for investment. and 2.8 percent while informality and unemployment increased substantially. for private consumption, all under one of the lowest inflation This decline in real wages and increased unemployment rates in the world. Moreover, grow-th seemed to be reaching the strongly eroded the power of organized labor, the traditional poor as, between 1990 and 1998, poverty declined from 41 to 25 backbone of Argentina's lower middle class. percent of the population in the Greater Buenos Aires area and The policies implemented by Carlos Menem in the 19o90S social indicators improved. After a decade of such good per- were highly successful in restoring macro-economic stability, formance. a three-year spell of recession hardly explains the spurring economic groAth. and reducing poverty -particularly degree of frustration that the street riots evince. during the first half of the decade. However. they also placed a high burden on the country's weakened middle class. The poli- The middle class' privileged position cies that are the hallmark of the 199OS-privatization, civil serv- ice reform, trade liberalization, labor market deregulation, pen- THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING Argentina's social unrest lies in sion reform. and fiscal consolidation have all adversely impact- the lot of the country's middle class. For Argentina's middle class. edArgentina's (and Latin America's) middle class. Thousands of the current recession and the government's measures to confront jobs were shed through privatization and civil service reform. it come not after a decade of growth, but after two decades of eco- Trade liberalization led to the demise of a significant amount of nomic and social losses. Argentina's middle class is the social small and medium-sized enterprises that had survived through group that benefited the most from the developmentalist state of trade protection. These firms employed mainly the middle class, the postwar period and that suffered the most from its dismantle- and their bankruptcy led to further job losses among this group. ment in the 198os and 199os. The contrast betwveen the comfort- Moreover, the opening up of the economy, combined with a ab]e and sheltered position of the middle class in the decades pre- modest amount of labor market deregulation and worldwide ceding the debt crisis and the decline in living standards and technological change, led to large increases in the wages of high- increased vulnerability of the past two decades explains its anger. ly skilled workers, but very modest increases in the wages of The developmentalist state of the postwar period provided workers with medium and low skills. large and secure employment opportunities to Argentina's Pension reform has similarly hurt the middle income groups. middle class through state-owned enterprises, the govern- Argentina's public pension system like that of other Latin ment's civil service, and protected import-competing sectors, American countries was regressive, covering mainly the middle with wages well above market rates. The middle class also ben- and upper-middle income groups and ensuring them a retire- efited from a structure of government spending that provided a ment income well above their contributions. Partly as a result of generous system of social insurance to it-while excluding the this generous system, Argentina's elderly were the wealthiest poor and a composition of education and health expenditure income group. with a poverty rate half the national average. The biased toward secondary and tertiary education and curative dismantlingofthepublicpay-as-you-gopensionsystemhasthus health care. mainly in the greater Buenos Aires area. Similarly. eliminated one of the most substantial sources of transfers from subsidized interest rates and price controls benefited the mid- the government's budget to the middle class. Moreover, the set- dle class most, as the largest group of borrowers and consumers. ting of strict and low limits on the percentage of private pension fund portfolios that can be invested abroad have subjected the The loss of privileges retirement savings of the middle class to the large volatility of Ihe domestic financial markets. Thus, the traditional restrictions to THIS SYSTEM FINALLY came to a crashing end in the 1980S capitaloutflows that mai hurtthe wealthy under the previous through increasing macro-economic imbalances leading to - economic model now apply to the beleaguered middle class. 8 Developi uiii Outreachi XII k 1) 11AN [ I tN I I I FI F A I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A L----a- A = * -t:--a r *b \- 7-t *~~~~~~~~~~~~_ N$t The middle class has also footed most of the bill for fiscal * being re-oriented to provide basic health care forthe poor. and adjustment. From the mid-iggos, Argentina's tax-to-GDP to achieve inter-health agency transfers through a Solidarity ratio went from 15 to 21 percent, mainly through the contribu- Fund that ensures a minimum level of funding for the poorest tion of the value -added tax. Consumption taxes are regressive, health care providing entities. These changes in the composi- since they typically feature a flat rate and constitute a much tion of social expenditure are pro-poor, and anti-middle class. larger percentage of the income of the middle and lower- income groups than that of the wealthy. The Buenos Aires Accountability to civil society middle class, who had been particularly privileged before, was particularly hard-hit in the iggos as transfers to the provinces THE POLICIES OF THE 1990s were made by the government increased while the federal budget tightened. without much consultation with civil society, which helps explain their distributional consequences and their ultimate Focus on the poor unsustainability. Despite the middle- class roots of the Peronist party. the Argentinian governments of the 1990S were support- MORE OVE R. government expenditure has been re - oriented ed by a top- bottom coalition between the country's wealthy and toward the poor. squeezing resources available to the middle its poor. The government, therefore, catered to its electoral class. Generalized subsidies benefiting middle- income groups coalition while neglecting its traditional support base -the mid- have been replaced by targeted poverty-alleviation programs, dle class and the trade union movement. At the beginning of the such as nutrition programs and the workfare Trabajar program. decade, the Peronist party used its ties to the unions to cajole Public expenditure on education is also being increasingly tar- them into accepting reforms that were not in the interest (at geted to the poor. by focusing on primary and secondary educa- least the short-term interest) of its members. However, as the tion in under-privileged areas (as through the Plan Social decade wore on and the distributional implications of the Educativo). In the health sector, the public health system is co N T I N U E D O N PA G E 1 3 W I N I Pi R Z O 02 9 CIVIL SOCIETY Building Civil Society in Former Yugoslavia Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Kosovo BY ZARKO PAPIC . great impact on their internal situation. The conflict in Kosovo started at the end of the ig8os and is still underway. SARAJEVO. MARCH 2002- although not in a military form. National divisions ("passive conflicts") have existed for years in Macedonia, until last BY THE END OF THE 1 990s. due to the erosion of the year's eruption. The NGOs. and civil society by extension. did Milosevic regime, the development process of civil society not have a tradition and they developed in conflict situations: changed. The great success of the democratic opposition at the therefore, in a very specific environment. local elections in 1997, in 3o towns, can be considered as the civil awakening of Serbia. Milosevic accepted it only after sev- Nationalist regimes eral month of citizen protest. This led to real co-operation between the democratic opposition and the NGO sector, in THE ABSENCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY, which could have pairticular in the towns where the democratic opposition was expressed citizens' will and fostered grass-roots initiative at in power. International organizations and bilateral donors the closure of socialism, is one of the factors that enabled eth- recognized the NGO sector in Serbia as a possible motor for nic conflicts and aggressive wars in this area. The rapid erosion democratic change. Strong support for NGOs. financial and of socialism in ex-Yugoslavia led to a transition from one col- otherwise, began in particular in the area of human rights. lectivist ideology and practice to another nationalism. The advocacy and think-tank activities. In this period, G-17, an former communist nomenclature changed its ideological NGO that engages independent experts. was established. This umbrella in order to keep power. There was no civil society to NGO prepared the political and economic program of the stop the transition from one system of totalitarianism to Demiiocratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS). which won the elec- another. The wars in ex-Yugoslavia. in particular the war in tion in the fall of 2ooo. Bosnia and Herzegovina, are a consequence of the new regimes. especially of the Milosevic regime in Serbia. Civil societv in ex-socialist countries Therefore, the development of civil society took place not only in a conflict environment. but also in conditions that repressed CIVIL SOCIETY IN SOME AREAS of ex-Yugoslavia (Serbia, civil engagement opposing nationalism and the policy of ethnic Montenegro. Macedonia. Kosovo) presents features specif- homogenization. ic to that region. They are the result of the post-conflict sit- Civil society in Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo, in ihe uation, as well as of the role of the non-governmental see- last decade of the 2oth century. developed in strong conflict tor in ex-socialist countries. Civil society is a very broad with the regime. In Macedonia, the political environment term. but for the purpose of this article we will be focusing was more favorable. On the other hand. this period is also on the NGO sector. characterized by the arrival of masses of refugees. which Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in the modern generated humanitarian problems and general poverty. sense of the word, began to appear in the area at the beginning Political pluralism and the numerous opposition parties of the 9ggos, immediately before the conflicts began. The war (which in large part are also nationally oriented) did not in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which Serbia and provide substantial support for NGOs until the end of the Montenegro were strongly involved from i99i to 1992, had a < decade. In addition, these regimes are weak in public goods To Developniterit Outreacth IsI FL BAK LS INK I FUTEU - ~ ~ ~ ~ $ -a r- - ,,~~~~~~~I -.-a -II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. delivery, often display a strong link between the public sec- ¶ In this context, the local NGO sector developed very rapidly tor and organized crime, and show corruption and the lack of and replaced public functions. The NGO sector was very active any form of human security. and mostly financed from local sources until the beginning of The NGO sector in Serbia and Montenegro developed as a the war. Although most of the NCOs were ethnically Albanian, form of anti-war movement, in the area of human rights and they were oriented toward helping the whole of society in the democratization. But, NGOs that deliver social services were area of human rights and gender issues. also being developed. According to official statistics, during that decade 5,500 NGOs were established in Serbia. Other Rebuilding civil society data reveal a smaller number of NGOs, about 2,ooo. The fact is that the number of registcred NCOs is not important. Avery KO SOVO HAD EXPERIENCED a dramatic step backward. small number of them are really active, and most of them The state terrorism of the Milosevi6's regime during the i998 operate on a minimal budget (in 0ooo, only i5 percent of forced migrations of the population into neighbor countries, NGOs had more then -0.ooo EU in their budgets; see. "NGO and the domination of Albanian nationalism, destroyed civil Policy Group). In Montenegro, the attitude of the authorities society to a great extent and blocked the activities of the NGOs. towards NGOs is changing, thanks to the separation from the The NATO intervention too has temporarily blocked the NGO Milosevie's regime. These NGOs (1,05o approximately) had sector, in many cases accused to be traitors to the country. But similar characteristics as those in Serbia. In Macedonia, the the rehabilitation was very rapid and the NGOs were then mas- development of NGOs was more "normal" and, paradoxically, sively included in the DOS's pre- election campaign. As soon as less intense. It should also be noted that those NGOs were ori- DOS seized power, some NGOs were given a very important ented toward think-tank organizations, and that they showed role (for instance, G- i7) and their leaders became a part of the ethnic divisions. governments of Serbia and FR Yugoslavia. Moreover, other The situation in Kosovo is specific to that area. After the government members had direct experience working with the abolition of Kosovo's autonomy in 1998. the Albanians devel- NGO sector. The situation developed differently in other areas. oped parallel social structures (education, culture, social sec- In Montenegro a cooperation between the Government and tor, etc.). which were not part of the government institutions. . NGOs was still developing. In Macedonia the armed conflicts W I N T F R ' O n 2 IT THE ABSENCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IS ONE OF THE FACTORS THAT ENABLED ETHNIC CONFLICTS AND AGGRESSIVE WARS IN THIS AREA. strengthened the ethnic division between Macedonians and component is not integrated in other forms of international Albanians, and blocked the development of civil society. support. Moreover, the implementation of support does not The consequences of war that affect the development of rely on local capacities. This is true in European countries as civil society depend on the conflict resolution. They are more well. Therefore. we do not talk only about weaknesses of the positive in areas where real democratization is underway, than international support policy for civil society development, we in those where the ethnic conflict is being resolved by the talk about weaknesses of the entire support policies. establishment of an international "protectorate." The real problem is that civil society in Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo N'hat needs to be done and Macedonia has not yet been stabilized. FULL SU PPOET for the development of local capacities should Mlore support is needed be the basis for international support policies, from the very beginning. Local organizations, NGOs. governmental and other CIVIL SOCIETY organizations canplay an important role inthe public institutions at the local and national/state levels should reconstruction of society in post-conflict situations. This be partners in the implementation of projects.T'lhey can be rap- depends on two factors, the attitude of the new, democratic idly and effectively enabled, in particular in the region under governments toward the development of civil society and analysis. where the tradition of local institutions and human international support policies. The democratically oriented resources exists. In this way. sectoral support programs would governments, however, do not show an inclination to support gain indirect advantages and additional multi-sectoral results. civil society. For instance, the new laws that would enable the The early reliance on local capacities in the implementation of establishment of NGOs and support policies is an impor- facilitate their development is ' ' ~ tant condition for the realiza- were not passed. On the other - - > t , ition of sustainable economic hand, they claim "'uncondi- , and social development. tional" support for civil socie- - I It is necessary to develop ty. Attempts to use NGOs (as .. mechanisms that will preven- well as the independent ' .-- tively act against the "depend- media) for political purposes ency syndrome". i.e. to clearly are obvious. A number of define the methods of realiza- NGOs are faced with the tion of self-sustainability as a dilemma of being too close : component of all sectoral poli- with the authorities and the cies of international assistance. need to reaffirm its civil posi- It is also necessar' to radical- tion. The main problem is that - ly change the methodology of the authorities still do not - - - implementation (programs. understand the concept of civil society, and consider the NGOs projects, criteria for selection of partners. etc.). Currently. it is either as allies or adversaries. The NGOs that rely on the grass- expected that the implementing partner be an international NGO root approach. carrying out activities in local communities and (in particular. one of the big transnational NGOs). which will providing necessary social services do not get enough support. implement the project for a fixed period and then move on to where International donors did not learn the lesson from themarketofdonationsismorefavorabletotheaidindustry. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Support for grass-root activ- Rather. the implementation methodology should be ori- ities is missing. and the bottom-up approach is an excep- ented toward a new target, a local NGO partner. for long-term tion. They provide support for a small number of NGOs, projects, to promote sustainability as the basic criteria. Donor mainly in the area of democratization, which is often countries should not require. directly or indirectly. that their reduced to training and advocacy activities. This leads to the national NGOs implement projects financed by their dona- establishment of an NGO elite and creates a rosy picture of tions. On the contrary, they should allow local NGOs or other the real situation. As a result, support for civil society is organizations to implement them. This will strengthen the insufficient. Resources allocated to the key aims of interna- democratic character of co-operation as well as the globaliza- tional intervention, for instance in Kosovo, are inadequate. tion of an open society. If democratization and human rights are understood to be the justification for the war, it is difficull to understand why Zarko Papic is director of IBHI-BiH, vice-chair of Open Society Fund, the budget of the OSCE Democratization Program amounted BiH Management Board. to only 3 million USD in 2ooo. Reference: "The third sector in Serb a- situation and perspectives," NGO Policy The main problem is that the civil society development * Group, www.crrps.org.yu 12 Development Outreach WORLD) IANK IN' II ITI THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING ARGENTINA'S SOCIAL UNREST LIES IN THE LOT OF THE COUNTRY'S MIDDLE CLASS. Argentina's Middle Class Revolt street," and as lacking in legitimacy. On the other hand, "the people in the street" are mainly the middle class. It is teachers' C O N T I N U E D EFR O M P AGC E 8 and other unions, public sector workers and pensioners that are Menem reforms became clear, the government increasingly lost systematically and efficiently organized, rather than the poor. support of organized labor (as well as the other middle-income Therefore, an unencumbered participatory framework for civil groups). and relations between the government and the move- society to work with government on making fiscal choices would ment became strained. Moreover, the thousands of state probably yield an outcome that could quell social unrest in the employees that were laid off through privatization and civil short run, but would not be pro-poor and could erode service reform were not consulted and little effort was made to Argentina's mid-term development prospects. In the short run, compensate them for their losses. This top-down approach to it would be wise for the government to consult with civil society policy- making thus helped sow the seeds of today's unrest. organizations representing the masses in the streets, but it When growth started to slump in the wake of the Tequila crisis, should also reach out to the organizations representing the poor. and then collapsed in the late 190os, it hit an Argentine middle In that way. government decision-making would not take place class that had been weakened by a decade of debt crisis and a sub - in isolation, but would ensure that all voices -not just the loud- sequent decade of structural reforms. The last drop came when, in est-are taken into account. & late 2ool, the country's leaders-again without any consultation attempted to avert the collapse of the currency board system Rosa Alonso is an economist at the PREM Unit of The World Bank through measures that would make the country's middle class pay Institute and an adjunct professor at the School of Foreign Service for the bill. Indeed, partial freezing of bank deposits, forcing pri- at Georgetown University. vate pension funds to exchange bank deposits for public debt, and fiscal tightening featuring a delay in the payment of state pensions and cuts in public sector salaries would again be borne mainly by the country's middle class. Hence the pot - banging, the burning of the Congress building and generalized social anger. . Hard choices 7- UNFORTUNATELY. Argentina's current economic j -, and political crisis poses more questions than it answers. Although default has provided some short-term fiscal breathing space. hard choices will eventually have to be made. In the medium- term, income tax reform could significantly raise the amount of resources available to both the poor and the middle class. This could help improve the quality and enrollment rates in secondary educa- tion. which is necessary for Argentina's middle class to recover the wages and standard of living it enjoyed in the past. The immediate conundrum -r from a fiscal perspective, however, resides in K. deciding whether to squeeze resources devoted to - long-term social investment and poverty-allevia- tion programs in order to avoid cutting public sec- -, tor wages and pensions, thus temporarily allaying the anger of the pot-banging middle class. This is a hard choice and one about which it is A interesting to ask what the respective roles of gov- ernment and civil society should be. If the govern- ment were to make tough choices, without consul- tation with civil society, its decisions would likely . i be perceived as detaclhed from "the people in the - W I NYFF 13 ngili/g.l of Civill SocielM -i~~~~~~~~t~P 3.'t. AwA !-. ' s 7 p T > mV. W w~~~~~~~~ Cvi S ieQt I P. T. Wg -F g;!,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .- n il, | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~b i si 3i1i1- n= w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z t' '' zi -1t-}--. w <' .=:::~~~~~~~A : : ,_ . ,At _ ; t -Y-;4 3i-3. F _ -,;+ ,,: --' &Mr BY NATACHA MEDEN N MAY 20, 2002. East Timor will become an internationally recognized sovereign state after 400 years of Portuguese colonial rule and - Of WS Indonesian occupation. As the Constituent Assemi-bly-elected on August 3o, 2ooi by 91 q".. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~percent of registered voters-is writing the country's conistituL- tion, it seems an opportune timae to reflect on the role civil society has played in l-ast Timor'a recent past and the chal- lenges it is facing on the eve of independence. The following is an eyewitness's account from an individual who has had the privilege to witness the last three years of the East Timorese's 9'-_ for self-determination, and the opportunity to -~~ 41 ~observe East Timor's transition to nationhood under a UN A ~~~~~~~ ~ Transitional Adm-inistration (UNTAET'). Clvil society in the Resistance MY ACQUAIN TANC E with the East Timorese civil society start - i~~~iif . ~~~~~~ed in late i996, when I met political leaders in exile, former -' .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~guerrilla figbters trying to adapt to life in Portugal. a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, a priest judged too close to the resistance 7 who had been sent cut of the territory to "study". or East 40 Tim~~~~~~~~orese youths who studied in Indonesia and were transiting * ~~~~~~~~~~~~' ~~~~~~~via Lisbon on their way to Geneva to testify, before the tIN S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Human Rights Commission-all stunningly courageous. com- mttted and resilient individuals who repeatedly overcame their j~~~~__ differences in the defence of a commron cause, their people's right to determine their own future. As Taur Matan Ruak, then MS ~~~~~Commander of the resistance's guerrilla force (FALINTIL), once put it: "If we were to recognize all those who supported :2: our struiggle, we would have to extend this recognition to most of the population, as all have, at some point in time and in their ~~~1*5: ~~~~~~~~~~own way, par-ticipated in the liberation of our nation." .UM After the Referendum, the qu-estion the East Timorese Resistance umbrella organization (Conselho Nocionol do m ~ ,. s I . i p eResistencia Timoreose, CNRT) and society at large faced was how to redefine their role in an environment where the opportunity -4w:; privi-to lead their own destiny was a reality for the first time. As a CNRT3 meniber putt i fieii,"whiatdowe dowithhe 'R'.tnow that we no longer need to resist?" The shift in mentality require d by t the new hand East Timor had been dealt was a challenging one. Under intense scrutiny from the international media, amongst lthe smoldering ashes the Indonesian military and pro-integra- tion militias left behind, as international relief agencies, aid workers, international institutions arrived in waves. expecta- - tions were high that tomorrow wold be better than yesterday, WVI 1I.INT R 2 0 02 I5 xaf- ~ . PaePieluet.apretjde o ls oterssac better than today. It had to be. And it had to be now. Yet. when tive body which preceded the Constituent Assembly (CA); what little existing infrastructure was burnt to the ground or Consultative Commissions were held in the districts prior to the damaged beyond repair, when a large number of teachers, doc- elections to inform the work of the CA. which has also planned tors and civil servants have gone, never to return, how do youL a period of socialization prior to the proclamation of the turn from one day to the next into a confident and reassuring Constitution; the National Planning Commission established leader, a service provider to your community, an expert coun- by the Second Transitional Government following the CA elec- terpart to donors. an accountable local partner to an interna- tions is composed of Government Officials and representatives tional NGO. an administrator, a short, medium and long term from the Youth, Women's groups. NGOs and the Church as well planner? East Timor never had the institutions of a sovereign as a representative of the Consultative Commission of Civil state, but those of a remote colonial outpost of Portugal or the SocietyonDevelopmentledbyXanana GusmAo: in addition, the makings of a provincial administration implementing Jakarta's Planning Commission has just launched a process for civil soci- decisions and policies. Under Indonesian rule, East Timorese ety to participate directly in development planning. in the civil service were confined to the lower rungs of the hier- archical ladder, while the top positions were held by Civil society's rights and responsibilities Indonesians who left before or shortly after the Referendum. TO THIS DAY. the East Timorese have perceived government as Civil society in transition an imposition front the outside-surely undei Portuguese and Indonesian rule, but also to a certain degree under the UN AS THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY set about its relief and TransitionalAdministration. Thishasresultedinageneralreluc- reconstruction business while the transitional administration tance on society's part to engage with government on a construc- established itself and attempted to restore basic service deliv- tive basis, and on the leadership's part to take responsibility for a ery, communities and civil society organizations (NGOs. process over which they felt they had little control. Important women's groups and the Church) played an active role in these steps were taken in the course of the past two years that have led efforts. NGOs entered into partnerships with the transitional the East Timorese g'adually closer to the driver's seat. administration in the execution of projects administered by In spite of its "R" dilemma, the CNRT continued. andwhile the World Bank and other donors. They manufactured, assem- the umbrella organization first positioned itself in the famil- bled and distributed school furniture or repaired water sys- iar role of "opposition." it remained UNTAET's main coun- tems. Community agreements were established with villagers terpart until June 50ool, when it disbanded to allow the parties and civil society groups (women and church) which gave them that had remained under its umbrella to contend in the the means to become actors in the rehabilitation of their Constituent Assembly elections on partisan platforms. By schools. irrigation systems and roads. election time. in August 2ooa. i6 political parties had regis- Emerging for the most part from the resistance and clandes- tered and campaigned. While five of these parties were tine moventent. the number of national NGOs that were estab- formed in 1974-75, the ii others had for the most part estab- lished in the months following the ballot skyrocketed. As of lished themselves in 2000, or even 2ooi, which had not given September 2001, 197 were registered with the NGO Forum. a them time to reflect much beyond campaign slogans and body acting as coordination instrument for both national and strategies on what governing a country really meant. international NGOs. While a few have a pre-referendum track- As the high percentage of participation in both the 1999 record, these national NGOs sometimes consist of a couple of Referendum and the 2ooi Constituent Assembly elections people who got together for a one-off project for which they show. the East Timorese society is a highly politicized one, but needed funding. with little hope of and interest in developing not in a modern way and politics are still very much personal- programs that would be sustainable over time. As a friend of ity as opposed to program driven. Ironically, many would have mine-a former student leader, still active in one of the most preferred the 2oni elections to result in historical resistance respected NGOs in East Timor puts it with a fair dose of self- leader Xanana Gusmao's election as president rather than in a deprecating humor, 'Welcome under the roof of this self- Constituent Assembly. To these people, the prospects of mul- appointed, unaccountable, unrepresentative and self-serving tiparty politics brought back the memory of the civil war and civil society organization of which I am a proud member." Joke the ghost of violence. aside, one has to note that the most serious civil society groups have come a long way in recognizing that along with rights came Reconciliation effort responsibility. They have reviewed the scope of their advocacy or activities as they became conscious that the legitimacy of their IT IS INTERESTING to notethe role the Catholic Churchhasbeen voice was based on their ability to contribute to the process. playing throughout the transition period. Although priests and Through the NGO Forum, the NGO communityhas also been nuns were not spared in the 1999 violence, the structures of the engaged as well in driving policy very early on NGOs participat- Church proved more resilient than the traditional and resistance ed in the Joint Assessment Mission in October 1999 and have structures, though these are still well anchored in society. As the been delegates in Donors' Meetings from day one (Tokyo. Dec NDI Representative in East Timor, Jim Della Giacoma observes: I99). NGOs, women's gToups and business community repre- "Besidethe Church, organized civil societyisverylimited outside sentatives sat on the National Council - an appointed consulta- * Dili (capital of East Timor)," which has allowed the Church to I6 Development Outreach WORLD BANK IN< I IITF maintain a strong influence on society: Although the East Timorese society still Natacha Meden has been working with the participating actively in reconstruction appears to be growing out of its historical World Bank Mission in East Timor since efforts as we have seen, participating inthe reactive nature and resistance culture, civil January 2000. She worked as Jose Ramos- civic education campaign that preceded society gToups have been brought on board Horta's (end 1996-end 1998) then Xanana the CA elections and promoting a code of as a matter of principle in the transition Gusmao's (1999) Press Attache and conduct for peaceful elections, strongly process. They have been given a stage and Diplomatic Liaison. supporting reconciliation efforts and have not shied from it. Civil society needs advocatingthat justice be done. tofurtherexplorewaysinwhichitcancon- Miss on to East Tor, Wcrld Bank, 1999. Pat Reconciliation is central to peace and tinue to make its voice heard after the end Walsh, East Timor's Political Parties and stability in a post-conflict society. of the transitionperiod. 41 Groupings, ACFOA, April 2001. Although the roots of the East Timor con- flict were those of a foreign occupation, which rendered the immediate post-con- flict period easier to manage as the cause for conflict was removed with Indonesia's fuill withdrawal from the territory. recon- T Iie n e v jou r ial f tor ciliation is not a matter to be overlooked. Years of occupation have led people to find Eopropean foreign poliC)' their own survival method and it is not always clear who was working for whom, or who was working both sides-although settling of such scores does not appear to . rI '' . i be an issue of major concern at the .- u.. n moment. Since the end of 1999, the East - Timorese society has been experiencing :. :. '! ! '' i I . .tr I i on and off a series of tensions inherent to r '15' * 'Ikir,;r 1I. . its fabric, such as the generation divide r-j , h.-';i, along language lines or the return of the . ., D . . r a, Ii. diaspora. Whereas the older generation- elite and diaspora for the most part- speak Portuguese, the "language of the ... .. Resistance." the younger generation .. ........ that grew up under Indonesian occupa- e - i 3'I.I. . ; .. I tion speaks Indonesian. e -e Furthermore, the militias set up and maintained by the Indonesian military operated for the most part in their area of origin. Most militia members fled to West . .- ..- '- " '. , I Timor after the proclamation of the results,leavingbehindthematrailofrape. ,A.-s" ' ' . ; death and ruins. To date, it is encouraging i to note that very few incidents have occurred upon the return of former militia members according to the agencies facili- tating these returns (UNHCR, IOM). However, the fact that some of the violence which sporadically erupted in some parts ---------- ------- ----------------------...-.-----..-_-.-.-. of the territory over the past two years were rooted in disputes dating back centuries 'ext 4 suxes 539.Sil ' Namne l2cr x8ssc.,, S 9 isjei 5-1. 1 . 251 si,;lseltlttl Adre's __________ - __--------____-- does show that the matter cannot be ...t.. li.se] 5 l ss,s,etiO ('it/X.IP_ _______- ignored. On January t2. 0oo2. a |ym ,,e, ,n0 t -sse-,ed H Bill nte Chare mey VMisteeed -1 Visa Am1,ex Reception, Truth and Reconciliation llleaxe mar-it n,rchi.s -th icr- hal metheFe Account# _ __ _ t__ Fp.Y DUtCe __ Commission took office in Dili. pledging ejse sabsceptia rate Signature to promuote reconciliatioii national unity| and peace." It wrill have a complementarv Please send your subscription order or your request for a free copy to TIP-Subscription Service c/o Aluta Company 5108 Wally Drive El Paso, TX 7 99 24-99 06 mandate to the courts, dealing with less Fax (915)755-4806 e-Mail: tip©fsd.de fnm. sat-Iea iqip ,:r, cr1n55, 0 note e hin, serious human rights abuses. 'V I N r E R 2 I ( 2 17 ts;r tt;.~~~~~t- -d 4 ' r+-s;t>F A p . _ 1 &1 1 &~, W. s-h4. < , **'- CIVIL. I IN ]4t IVA: Defining Civil Society: The Elusive Term one relationship with the state. It is largely autonomous of BY THOMAS CAROTHERS the state but may in parts overlap with or depend upon the AND MARINA OTTAWAY state. Although parts of civil society may interact regularly with the state, others are remote from it. Understandably, ALTHOUGH 'CIVIL SOCIETY " has become a very familiar this broad view of civil society has little appeal for donors, term in development circles, its meaning is still often elusive. given that it points to an entity or sector too encompassing Among political scientists and philosophers, an active debate and inchoate, and insufficiently democratic to boot, for them has emerged in recent years over the definition of the term. to consider supporting. These debates are not purely academic. On the contrary, each definition implies a different course donors should pursue to The role of civil society promote civil society and, through it. democracy. It is thus worth briefly reviewing some of the major points of this ANOTHER INFLUENTIAL ALTERNATIVE conception of civil debate before turning to what aid providers and democracy society focuses less on the importance of specific types of promoters mean when they talk of civil society. organizations or associations than on the role that certain A fair amount of scholarly consensus exists around a broad associations play in fostering norms of reciprocity and trust. view of civil society as one of the basic elements of a society, or what Robert Putnam calls "social capital." These norms alongside the state and the market. As the British scholar, provide the cultural pedestal on which democratic institu- Gordon White, wrote in the journal Democratization in 1994, tions are built. Putnam argues that citizen participation in civil society is: chorus groups, bowling leagues, parent-teacher associa- An intermediate associational realm between state and tions, and other civic groups generates "mutual reciprocity, family populated by organizations which are separate from the resolution of dilemmas of collective action, and the the state, enjoy autonomy in relation to the state and are broadening of social identities," all of which contribute formed voluntarily by members of the society to protect or directly and indirectly to social cohesion and democratiza- extend their interests or values. tion. This view of civil society also held little appeal for This associational realm is highly varied in most societies, donors. With finite amounts of money and the need to pro- being made up of groups that vary duce visible results in a short time, donors can hardly get in Between "modern" interest groups such as trade unions or the business of setting up bowling leagues in the name of professional associations and "traditional" ascriptive development and democracy. organizations based on kinship, ethnicity, culture or A further issue that provokes disagreement in scholarly region; between formal organizations and informal social debates on civil society is the relationship of civil society to networks based on patrimonial or clientelistic allegiances; political society. A majority of writers hold that political soci- between those institutions with specifically political roles ety-that is, political parties and other groups that explicitly as pressure or advocacy groups and those whose activities seek to gain political control of the state-is separate from civil remain largely outside the political system; between legal society. Some, however, assert that the line between the two or open associations and secret or illegal organizations concepts is often not clear. Michael Foley and Bob Edwards such as the Freemasons, the Mafia or the Triads; between argue. for example, that social movements and other explicit- associations which accept the political status quo or those ly political groups effectively play the pro-democratic role who seek to transform it by changing the political regime. that civil society is thought to perform. As they wrote in the In this view, civil society is not a normative concept. In the Journal of Democracy in 1996, "decidedly political associations words of Jean-Franqois Bayart, "there is no teleological may play the roles attributed to civil associations in the civil virtue in the notion of civil society.' Moreover, civil society society argument, and may play them better." Some authors does not play any simple well-defined role or maintain any * writing about non-Western societies have argued for the W' I N T E R 2 0 0 2 I9 WHEN THEY ATTEMPT TO STRENGTHEN CIVIL SOCIETY AS A MEANS OF PROMOTING DEMOCRACY, AID PROVIDERS END UP CONCENTRATING ON A VERY NARROW SET OF ORGANIZATIONS. inclusion of political parties in civil society. Donors have cho t specifically political ones. These may include environmenmal sen to consider civil and political society as separate realms groups, women s organizations. indigenous people's groups. because, as we shall see later. doing so helps defend the claim tenants' associations, business associations. and others. that it is possible to support democracy without becoming Additionally. they are shifting emphasis away from groups involved in partisan politics or otherwise interfering unduly based in the capital cities of the recipient countries which in the domestic politics of another country. typically received much of the donors' attention in the initial Tlhe view that has most influenced donors, especially in the phase of civil society assistance-to more local groups operat- U.S. government, is one according to which civil society con ing in smaller cities, towns, or villages. But this broadening sists only of voluntary associations that directly foster democ process has been slow and cautious. and in their democracy racyand promote democratic consolidation. These are associ- oriented programs. donors continue supporting above all ations that specifically seek interaction with the state,nwhether urban-based advocacv and civic education NGOs. to advocate interests of the citizens. to oppose nondemocratic There are several reasons for this emphasis. To start with. behavior of the state. or to hold states accountable to citizens advocacy and civic education are activities that seek to bave a for their actions. Donors favor groups that interact with the direct impact on political development. It is through advocacy state through advocacy work and those that do not explicitly workthat NGOs perform some of the keypro democratic roles compete for political office. In its purest form, this normative of civil society-articulating citizens' interests and disciplininog conception also insists that not only must a group actively the state. Civic education. usually involving efforts to teach promote democracy to be part of civil society but must also people the basic principles and procedures of democracy, sim- follow internal democratic procedures. ilarlv connects directly to donors' democratic goals. In addi tion, democracy promoters are attracted bv the idea of nonpar- Promoting civil society in practice tisan civic engagement as a means of producing political change. This idea has appeal as a technocratic. peaceful. ratio- WHIEN THEY ATTEM PT to strengthen civil society as a means nalistic mode of activity that permits external actors to have of promoting democracy, aid providers (from the United influence on the political life of other countries without explic- States and most donor countries) end up concentrating on a itly "playing politics." NGOs are attractive because they seek to very narrow set of organizations: professionalized NGOs ded perform many of the same roles as political parties-repre icated to advocacy or civic education work on public interest senting interests. building participation, and checking the issues directly relating to democratization. such as election state-not through ideological appeals and organized competi - 'I...... voter education, governmental transparency. and tion among different political groupings. but on the basis of political and civil rights generally. These are organization set nonpartisan civic engagement. Civil society actors, which sup up along the lines of advocacv NGOs in the L nited States and posedly seek to make their countries better by influencing gov other established democracies. with designated management. ernment policies but not bv seeking power. can thus appear to full-time staff, an office. an a charter or statement of mission. make up an antipolitical domain, a pristine realm in which a Some U.S. aid providers have taken to calling such organiza- commitment to civic values and the public interest rules in tions "democracy groups." a term that rarely has much cur- place of traditional divisions, beliefs, and interests. .s rency in the recipient countries themselves. Many of these groups. though by no means all, have very small Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway, co-directors of the Democracy mcmnberships and thus speak in the name of constituencies that and Rule of Law Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International have given them no mandate. Absent from most civil society Peace, are co-editors of Funding Virtue: Civil Society Aid and assistance programs is the wide range of other types of organiza- Democracy Promotion (Carnegie Endowment, 2000), from which this tions ihat oypically snake up civil society in most countries, from essay is drawn. sports clubs and cultural associations to religious organizations and less formalized social networks. Such groups, which would References: Jean-Frangois Bayart, Civil Soc ety in Africa," in Patrick undc,ubtedlv be difficult to assist, often play important roles in Chabal, ed., Political Domination in Africa (Cambr dge. UK: Canbridge political transitions. Media and trade unions do frequently Unversity Press, 1986) Thomas Carothers, "Think Again: Civil Soc ety," Fore gn Po icy. No. 117 receive support through democracy programs. but outside of the efforts specificallv desigrnated as civil societv aid.(itr19-00 eospfa denated as civil society' aid. Michael Foley and Bob Edwards, "The Paradox of Cma Society.' Journal of Following their initial surge of interest in this ver, narrow Democracy, vol. 7, no. 3 (Ju y 1996) band of advocacy and civic education NGOs. donors have Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling A one: America's Declin ng Social Capital," started broadening the scope of civil society programns that Journa of Democracy, vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1995) have a democratic focus. They increasingly reach NGOs whose Gordon Wh te, "Civil Soc ety, Democratization and Deve opment (I): C earing advocacy work aims at social and economic issues rather than 4 the Analyt cal Ground," Democratizat on. vol. 1, no. 3 (ALtumn 19941 no Development Outreach \5 e1 a n ii \ i i u i CIVIL Tr11T Ii' IN DEVELOPMENT Global Is Good, Global Is lad BY JOHN D. CLARK ing, These CSOs not only achieve greater credibility among policy-makers, but also appear to develop social advantage SINCE THE RIOTS onthestreetsofSeattleduringtheWorld amongpotentialsupporterscomparedwiththeircompetitors. Trade Organization ministerial meeting in 1999, there has If we view civil society as the marketplace of ideas, ideals and been much discussion in academic circles and the media of ideologies. then it is a fast-globalizing market and -as with the emergence of Global Civil Society. While the growth of other markets-there is a keen advantage for the trans- civil society organizations (CSOs) in almost all countries has national pioneers. long been recognized. as has their powerful contribution to While much of the leadership resides in the North, we are local and national development, the new phenomenon in this starting to see the emergence of influential trans-national era of globalization is the associational activity of citizens at a networks led from the South such as Social Watch. Third trans-national and sometimes a global level, particularly for World Network and the recent campaign (led by the Treatment advocacy purposes. Previously civil society has been defined Action Campaign of South Africa) to press for cheaper gener- in termns of citizens' relations with the nation state: now such ic drugs to treat HIV/AIDS for poor countries. Some southern definitions appear too limiting. leaders, however, are frustrated that progress is slow, because The trend is due partly to perceived need and partly to northern civil society is reluctant to hand over the reins opportunity. Policies and practices that affect peoples' lives (Chiriboga. 2ooi). Globalization has been faster inthe private are increasingly forged at supranational levels, within inter- sector than CSOs, because in the latter there is a tendency for governmental bodies - such as World Trade Organization northern hegemony. (WTO), World Bank or Internatioinal Monetary Fund (IMF), in regional blocs (such as NAFTA, El-. APEC or MERCOSUR), Organizational challenges or in Trans-national Corporations. Hence the pre-eminence of national governments in policy-making has lessened. To GOING GLOBAL entailsniajorchallengesforCSOs. Inaverywide influence policy, CSOs increasingly believe it is now neces- range of organizations and networks a remarkably similar array of sary to act globally, coordinating actions across relevant problems encountered in terms of organizational arrangements, countries. Modern information technology, cheap telecom- accountability and other governance matters. institutional man- munications and air travel, and the increased prominence of date, and adjusting to new organizational cultures. English as the language for international communications, There are interesting parallels with the private sector. provide opportunity for trans-national civil society co-oper- Many CSOs (such as consumers associations or development ation and networking. NGOs) are evolving from a classic hierarchy or federation Global CSO advocacy has grown in a wide range of organi- structure, where the identity of the CSO at national level is zations: development NGOs, human rights organizations. paramount, towards a network mode in which topic specialists environment and other pressure groups, trade unions. con- from different countries collaborate in opportunistic sumers' organizations, faith-based and inter-faith groups, alliances with counterparts in other countries. In this iiet- and certain professional associations. As with the private sec- work age" we are also seeing trans-sectoral linkages. It is tor, each segment has seen the emergence of "market leaders" increasingly common to find NGOs, trade unions, faith and these are generally CSOs that are either better placed for groups. professional associations, think tanks and social or have more energetically pursued trans-national network- < movements cooperating together. WX' I N I I R 2 0 0 2 21 Global civil society can take three forms. The first com- I where major decisions are agreed internationally or globally prises international organizations. such as the environ- (such asAmnesty or some of the newprotest groups): c) those mental group, GreenPeace, tlhe International Trade whichtend to make decisions globally, but by secretariat staff, Secretariats (the sectoral service and coordinating agen- rather than volunteers, (such as GreenPeace or Tlirid World cies for trade unions, such as Public Service International, Network); and d) those which are staff-led, but where deci- which links to national unions of public sector workers sions are taken largely at the national level (such as most throughout the world), and Consumers International. faith-based organizations and consumers' associations). The These have international boards for key decision-making diagram is schematic and approximate. intended to illustrate and accountability and secretariats for implementing the a useful CSO taxonomy rather than comment on the work of international work program. Some (such as the Catholic any organization. Church) are highly centralized, unitary organizations. while others (such as Amnesty International) are federa- New forms: the "dot.causes" tions practicing subsidiarity, with maximum authority del- and the protest movement gn h lobal poetm v m n egated to national sections. The second comprises networkss of CSOs. These can either TWO NEW IMPOBTANT civil society entrants, both of which be formal confederations, such as Oxfam International or have important implications for development policy. are: a) Friends of the Earth International (comprising fully cause-promoting groups whose organizational realm falls autonomous NGOs based at national level), or informal net- largely within Internet-space; we call these "dot.causes" works such as the Nobel _ _ agand b) mass protests Prkze-winning Inter- eagan st global capr tal- national Campaign to ism, characterized by Ban Landmines and ._ disruptive and some- Jubilee 2000 (the inter- a in times violent direct- national campaign for J 5 action tactics. Though Third World debt N Ol. different trends, there relief). Also included is a strong link between are the recernt interna- Pw' E 1JAi|\ the two phenomena. tional inter-religious - !'dt)'fj2 The first examples networks (such as the of dot.causes were United Religions Initi- the international cam- ative, launched in t996. 1 .- paigns for free Burma, and the World Faiths justice for the Ogoni Dialogue on Develop- people in their struggle ment, started in '998). against oil giants, a ban The third form of on landmines, and global civil society com- against the Multilateral prises the trans- _ Agreement on Invest- national social more- ment. All arose in the ments, such as the women's movement and, highly topical late gos as loose coalitions of organizations and individuals, today, the current protest movement, often labeled the "anti- largely mediated through the worldwide web. A1l were globalization" movement but probably more accurately extremely successful; they demonstrated both the power of the described as the "anti global capitalism movement". This is Internet as a campaigning tool, and that successful campaigns the most fluid, difficult to define form, but which is clearly no longer depended on. conventional media. having a major impact today, not least because policy makers The second phenomenon is more difficult to define. in governrnents and inter-governmental organizations do not Mass protests on international issues are not new: they have know how to respond. greeted the annual meetings of the IMF and World Bank Two key variables influencing global citizen action are the since Berlin in 1988 and Madrid in 1994. And in May 1998 degree of decentralisation and the degree to which they are 6o,ooo people joined hands for debt relief, encircling the driven by grassroots members or by professional secretariats G7 meeting in Birmingham. However there is something (the former are more evidently representative and democrat- quite new about the protests of Seattle and since, and they ic: the latter usually hiave swifter, clearer decision-making have the features of an international social movement. The and may appear more professional). The diagram uses these goals are not as clear as with other movements; the leader- variables to present ataxonomy ofglobal CSO networks in four ship is very vague: but the ability of the movement to con- quadrants: a) those which are strongly member-controlled nect with citizens (especially disaffected youth) is unparal- and where decisions are taken largely at the local or national leled, as is its use of the Internet to spread information, level (such as trade unions or international peasants' move- organize events, and demystify inter-governmental deci- ments); b) those which are also member-controlled, but 4 sion-making. 22 Development Oitreach vs' P IF) A N I IN SI IT -T I Conclusions 4 at the 1999 Internat onal NGO Conference, Birmingham University; now pub- lished (same title) in Edwards and Gaventa, 2001 THE EMERGENCE of global civil society, and in particular the Clark, J.D. 2001. "Trans-national Civil Society: issues of Governance and newest phenomena of dot.causes anid the global protest move- Organisaticn" Issues paper for the LSE Seminar (sarme title), June 1-2, 2001 ment. are geo-political fault-lines which cannot be ignored, Clark, J.D. and N. Themudo. 2001 (draft) "Organizing dissent: the anti-global capitalism movement and Internet-based 'dot-causes"', Centre for Civil Society, but which present great challenges to civil society and policy- London School of Economics makers alike. Edwards, M. and J. Gaventa (Eds). 2001. Global Citizen Action. Boulder, CO: Traditional civil society needs to work betterwith counter- Lynne Reinner. parts in other countries and other sectors if they are to forge Florini, A. (Ed) 2000. The Third Force: the Rise of Transnational Civil Society. effective alliances. For example trade unions and environ- Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ment groups in the North have been at odds with developing "Global Civil Society Yearbook" series (LSE, Centre for Civil Society 2001) country NGOs over the inclusion of social and environmental Keck, M. and K. Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks issues in trade negotiations. They must also think carefully in International Politics. Ithaca and Londcn: Cornell University Press. ssues~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lno Scoo ofad Economics,s 200ey must Anhseo Mhm Gcarefanully or how to relate to the protest movement. While they might agree Lcndon Schooc of Ecanomics,o 20dosford University Press, on some issues (such as debt) they disagree on others (such as L iloe ocrg ty a ryant, 2001. Going Gol astormg la Lindenberg, M and C. Bryant. 2001 . Going Global: Transforming Relief and the importance of markets) and on tactics (particularly the use Development NGOs. Bloomfield CT: Kurmar an Press. of violence). Identifying too closely will lose them members Vianna, A. "The Work of Braz lian NGOs on the International Level: D scussion and certain credibility. too great a distance will alienate them Paper" (Mimeo), INESC, Brazil, August 2000 from younger potential supporters. Po lic-v-mak-ers need to respond mnore strate - DIAGRAM 1: THE ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS OF SELECTED CSO NETWORKS gically. Holding international meetings pro- tected by ever-stronger policing will erode public credibility, as will retreatingto undemo- Peoples Global Units Human cratic or difficult to reach venues such as Doha. i Global , Rights 'J Action DEGR EE OF B'hai Catholic Watch Governments and inter-governmental organi- CIVICUS DECENTR %LIZATION Faith Church zations must make determined effort to engage T Jubilee ICRC critics in serious and genuine debate, and 2000 address the widespread and growing public FOCUS on perception of a "democracy deficit". Tradition- Ge e Global South al democracy stops at national frontiers, while L increasingly citizens are concerned about mat- ATTACCARE ters of global governance. National parlia- Amnesty ments, political parties, media, and watchdogs International Vtork Network have little sway over inter-governmental L processes, hence the mounting sense that crit- I CEE-Bandwatch ALOP ical decisions driving globalization are made by . network Social Watch unaccountable bureaucrats in shadowy global A\ CODE-NGO institutions. For continued globalization to be T ct L O DE ! possible, it is vital that policy-makers engage Oxfam with the critical currents of global civil society International to ensure that global governance is seen to be N Friends of t e N_ transparent, accountable, and responsive to Earthdron citizens. M , -r:1 tir,t ,r,.] ~~~~~~PRIA IBS IBASE John Clark is currently Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Civil Society, London School of Economics, while F Trade Unions Save'th on leave from the World Bank, where he was Lead Save the Ml Children Social Development Specialist. This article draws on E International two papers he has been working on at LSE: Clark, 2001 and Clark and Themudo, 2001 Consumers Associations References: Chiriboga, M. 2001. "Constructing a Southern L ISTR Constituency for Global Advocacy: the Experience of Latin Local A tonomy American NGOs and the World Bank" in M. Edwards and J. Gaventa (Eds). 2001. Global Citizen Action. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner. Code: ITS = Internat onal Trade Secretariats (trade union umbre la organizations); ISTR = lnternational Soc ety for Third Sector Research; ICRC = International Committee of the Red Cross: ATTAC is the French- Clark, J. D. 1999. "Ethical Globalization: the Dilemmas and based internat onal campa gn for a Tobin Tax; PRIA = Participatory Research in Asia; IBASE, CODE-NGO, Challenges of Internationalizing Civ I Society"; paper given ALOP are NGO networks n Brazil, Philippines, and Latin America respectively. 'X I N I 2 R 2 0 0 23 kL 'I SOCIETY I DEVELOPMENT Africa and I ecentralization: Enter the Citizens BY GEORGE W. M. MATOVU * civil society oranizations adhere to the followin principles IH F .0CAL GOVEIRNMENT transformation and decentral- participation, transparency. accountabilitv. equity, effectiveness ization processes underway in Sub-Saharan Africa have and efficiency. strategic vision. and good management. opened space for civil society empowerment. giving citizens In tbeory, a vibrant civil society can contribute to effective opportunities to better participate in decision-making institutional development and democratic decentralization. processes and administration. The challenge facing decision- enhance the responsiveness of government institutions, incre,ase makers is to develop models of local governance that can best the information flow betveen governm-enti and the people, maie facilitate the involvement of civil society. Houw and how mutch development projects more sustainable, enhance accountabiltv. civil society can contribute to the establishment of good gov- transparency and integrity-all of which constitute good govier- ernance in a sustainable fashion is the question at the core of nance. However. considering the I ,1 that face local gov- the current debate on lie subject. ernmients. iil might be dillicult for the gowernments LO fLllI Writers have provided varied definitions of the concept of emnbrace civil society as a pillar of democratic decentralization. civil society. In general. the term may refer to the organizations throughwhich citizens participate and exertcilifuence over pub- Civil society in the African context lic life. James Manor maintains that it can be understood as organizcd inierests with a signlificant degree of autoniomy froni TlIE SOICO --POLITICAL and ceonomic crisis lhat engulfed Sub- the state." '. f, ,1 1, offers the view that it consists of locally Saharan Africa in the 1990S has persuaded state and non-state constituted voluntary associations, wvhich have the capacity to actors to reviewpolicyand institutional mechanisms for delivering influence and even determine the structure of power and the services and foster development. Citizens demand quality sertic- allocation of material resources. These are institutions that exert es, while city managers lack the resources and morale to perform. pressure and control as "watch- dogs" on state institutions in the One of the reasons civil society groups sprung up in the 19g9s was area of governance and development, and jealously guard their the incapability of local governments to deliver services and fig,ht auronomy and identitv. Mamadou Dia argues that many African against poverty and environmental destruction on their own. countries are characterized by an institutional disconnect It is unfortunate, as country experiences reveal, that the Iwo between formal modern institutions transplanted from outside parties have difficulties engaging in a productive relationship. and indigenous, informal institutions rooted in local culture. Goran Heyden had earlier observed that in most African cotin- Formal institutions include the entire government machinery, tries, governmental staff tended to be quite arbitrary in their from ministries to local governments. Civil societyorganizations approach to the people for whom they were designling or exe- exist as political organizations, trade unions, httman rights cuting policies. If the people questioned or resisted arbitrary groups, community-based organizations. and others. As a rule. * tactics, the officials resorted to intimidation or other measures 24 Developnicnt Outreach v ii ) 1iA N K I I\1 II I s . _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~K -in As'. t- - --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r -rl j aimed at punishing the vocal citizens. This culture continues are interested in establishing independent space outside the unabated in spite of decentralization and democratization of direct control of the state to escape political and economic governance. In Uganda public officials are wary of civic associ- oppression and improve their living conditions. Secondly. ations. not least because of their role as vocal advocates for the indigenous associations receive external assistance from disadvantaged, and are therefore reluctant to allow them to international organizations. Thirdly. the conditionalities play a more active role in public affairs. Councilors tend to imposed on governments to liberalize and democratize lead to believe that civil society thrives on sowing seeds of political state withdrawal from the provision of basic services. discontent and on challenging the legitimacy of the councils. An interesting example... Urbanization and the rise of civil societv THE CLU RRENT LOCAL government in Zimbabwe is a product of both the colonial era arid the post-colonial reconstruction of cen- AFRI CA S URBAN SETTLEM ENTS are growing in both number ter-local relationships. In 1980, Zimbabwe inherited a system of and size faster than in any other region of the world. Recent local government racially divided. The colonial system consisted reviews of urbanization trends show that the urban population of Rural Councils and Urban Councils for the white settler popu- of Africa is growing by 6 percent per annum. twice as fast as lation. and African Councils for the politically repressed black that of Latin America or East Asia. It is projected that at the population. The two types of local authority were placed under current rate. the urban population is likely to reach 500 mil- different ministries, the Rural and Urban Councils came under lion by the year 2o25 due to increased massive migration from the Ministry of Local Government and Town Planning. while the rural to urban centers. in addition to natural growth within the African Councils came under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In urban centers themselves. The high rates of urban population 1993. the Rural Councils and District Councils were amalgamated growth raise the need for a corresponding increase in the pro - into one single Rural District Council with the purpose of remov- vision of services. However. urban local authorities lack ade- ingraciallybaseddevelopmentandstrengtheningtheroleoflocal quate resources to meet the demand for quality services, government in rural areas. In 1998, the Government of Zimbabwe which is on the rise as a consequence of political emancipa- adopted the widely known Thirteen Principles to Guide the tion. high literacy rates and increased global communication. Decentralization Process. The first principle relates to strength- Various factors are cited as the cause of civil society's rapid eniig democracy anid citizen paiticipation in plan formulation growth. Firstly, urban citizens are more enlightened and and implementation. sophisticated than their rural counterparts. As a result, they 4 Decentralization has the potential to contribute to the N I N I F R 2 1, 2 25 democratization of society, promotion of efficient delivery of * problems of unemployment. These are challenges for both the public ser-vices, and bridging the gap between the state and central and the local governments and the city council. civic groups. It is the basis for local self-government, which The Citv of Harare Combined Residents Association wor:ks eventually leads to good governance. In the context of to help the overnment meet those challeniges. CHRAAhas four Zimbabwe. civil society organizations play a critical role in major goals: representing citizens on social, political and econonmic issues. * To provide unitv, understanding and friendship among r s- One clear example of improved governance due to citizen idents. involvement is the case of the City of Harare Combined . To develop and enlighten residents opinion on the affairs of Residents Association (CHRA). the city. * To encourage the growvth or development of constructive r1 he case of the City of Harare civic, economic. educational and social activities of the res- Combined Residents Association (CHRA) idents. * To draw the attention of appropriate authorities to probleins HABARE, TH E CA P I TAL of Zimbabwe. is located in the north- and needs of residenits. eastern part of the country. The city's population is estimated to be 1.5 million. The grow-th rate of the city is approximately 6 Conflicts and tension percent per annum, which is a high rate in terms of providing In recent times. the residents association has played avisible role basic services and accommodation. Harare has attracted a large in the management and conduct of Harare politics and admini s- number of migrants from both ruLral areas and other urban tration. The main area of concern between residents and council centers. Several satellite towns have grown around it-Ruwa. is the management of public finance. There is a general percep- Chitung-wiza. and Norton-, which are verv mnuch dependent on tion among urban residents that they are being short-changed it for services. The rapid populatiom grolth has resulted in and are not gettingvalue for money they pay in the form of rates pressure on the meager services in the city. and has created * and other accompaniying charges. Refuse is piling up in most CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS IN ZIMBABWE, WHICH PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN REPRESENTING CITIZENS ON SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES. Clientele Institution Trade Unions Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) Gender Based Organizations Women's Action Group (WAG) Consumer Organizations Consumer Council of Zimbabwe (CCZ) Residents And Ratepayers Associations Combined Harare Residents Association (CHRA) Neighborhood Watch Committees Highlands Neighborhood Watch Committee Community Based Organizations Zororai Old Peoples Home Vendors Association Green Market Vendor's Association Research And Training Ruwa Training Center Religious Organizations Anglican Young Peoples Association (AYPA) Non-Governmental Organizations Plan International Development Associations Mashonaland Development Association (MDA) Human Rights Groups ZimRights 76 Developinent Outreach o ORI II) APN K IN1 I LIl parts of the city, roads particularlyinhighdensityareashave pot- December 28. 0oon. While upholding the ruling of the High holes,street-lightingispoor,trafficlightsarenotworking,grass- Court, the Supreme Court has advised the two parties - the cutting is sporadic. Residents feel that councils are not transpar- association and the government - to sit down together and ami- ent and accountable enough for their actions. As a result. cases of cably agree on possible dates on which elections should be held. corruption are not effectively investigated. For example. there are constant complaints that prospective home seekers are conned Issues to consider out of thousands of dollars through the bureaucratic machine where some city council employees demand between Z$3,000.00 TO WHAT EXT E N T does the leadership of civil society reflect the toZ$7,000.00 tospeeduptheprocessingofresidentialstands. In concerns of the grass roots is difficult to establish. Jesse Ribot general. residents are of the view that councilors do not really notes that many groups whether unions, cooperatives, NGOs or represent local interests, but rather, they are using communities association, do not necessarily reflect the concerns of a village to achieve selfish political and economic gains. as a whole. While they are often treated as if they were repre- sentatives. they are not. They represent their particular inter- Actions by CHRA ests and their representatives or leaders are accountable to their As a consequence of displeasure with respect to the handling particular constituencies -and often only to themselves. of council affairs, CHRA drafted a petition, which 11,95O The Municipal Development Program. with financial sup- Harare residents signed and handed to the Ministry of Local port from the Government of Finland, has over the last three Government and National Housing on December 1998. The years been supporting pilots for enhancing civic participation said petition read: "We the undersignled Ratepayers, in nusuicipal governance in Easterni and Southern Africa. The Residents and Tenants of Greater Harare call on the Minister thrust was to establish the capacity for both municipal authori- of Local Government and National Housing to immediately ties and civil society to work together more productively in the remove from office the Executive Mayor and the entire interest of local communities. It is clear from the experiences Council of Harare for failure to ensure good governance in gainedthatwhiletheinclusionofthecivilsocietyinlocalgover- the Greater Harare area and gross incompetence and mis- nance is appreciated and gaining acceptance, it has been a dra- management". matic turn around for local officials who are used to hierarchi- To make sure that the petition was fully understood by the cal management structures. It is clear that local governments signatories, the text was also in Shona and Ndebele. are weak in provision of services while civil society has the Subsequent to the CHRA petition, on 25 February 1999, the potential to provide services. That represents a missing link in Minister of Local Government and National Housing suspend- bringing together the two parties. There is therefore a need to ed the City of Harare Council in accordance with the terms of facilitate the forging of partnerslhips. As Jean Bossuyt rightly Section 114 (i) of the Urban Councils Act. In pursuit of its noted. opening up governance to non-state actors is a learning declared vision-to be an effective watchdog and a vehicle of process, requiring time, experimentation, stock taking of best good governance in Harare and a model for advocacy-CHRA practices, flexibility and institutional innovation. assigned three individuals to sue the City Council in 1999 for unlawful increasing rates. The case was filed with the High George W.M. Matovu is executive director of the Municipal Court. which finally judged in favor of the rate-payers. Development Programme, Eastern and Southern Africa. Subsequently. CHBA challenged the Commission currently Visit: www.mdpesa.co.wz nrunning the affairs of the City of Harare not to make any deci- sion on the fate of the well publicized council-built $8 million mayoral mansion situated in Gunhill. They advanced the posi- References: Africa Community Publishing and Development Trust (ACPD) 1987. Let Us Build Zfmbabwe Together (Harare: Ministry of Commumnty tion that decssions on that property should only be made by a Development and Women's Affairs) democratically elected council and not by the Commission Bossuyt, Jean. Involving Non-State Actors and Local Governments in ACP-EU appointed by the Ministry. Dialogue (European, 2000) Over the past year, the primary concern of HCRAwas to hold Heyden, Goran. No Shortcuts to Progress: African Development Management mayoral and council elections. The association describes the in Perspective (Heinemann Publishers,1983) current City Commission as "a central government agency, not Lwanga-Ntale, Golooba-Mutebi and Awoori Taaka. Civic Participation in Municipal Govemance: The Case of Uganda, A Case Study prepared for a people's organ". At the time of writing, it was 3o months after Municipal Development Programme, 1999 the elections were due, and the association argued that the Mamadou, Dia. Africa's Management in the 1990a and beyond; Reconciling council affairs could not continue to be managed by a commis- Indigenous and Transplanted Institutions (Washington: IBRD/The World Bank, sion whose "legality" was questionable. As stated above, HCRA 1996) has continuously challenged the legality of the City Commission Manor, James. The Pclitical Economy of Decentralization (without date) because it has outlived its constitutional timeframe. The associ- Ribot, Jesse C. Local Actors, Powers and Accountability In African ation argued that elections should have been held within nine Decentralization: A Review of Issues 12001) Swilling, Mark. Socialism, Democracy and Civil Society: The Case for months of the dismissal of the last elected mayor and council, as Associational Socialism (1992) stipulated by the Urban Councils Act. HCRA took the matter to Supreme Court to Set Dates for Harare Polls," The Herald (December 2001 High Court where the Judge ruled in favor of the association and p. 1), Harare ordered the Registrar General to have elections held by United Development Report, The Human Development Report 2000, Zimbabwe WI I N T E R 2 0 0 2 27 L'iI SOCIETY I DEVELOPMENT Engaging the Poor BY MARY McNEIL rotating credit groups. and labor unions. as well as many more formal and informal associations too numerous to list. It is seen The art of association then becomes. as I have said before. as a countervailing force to government and. more recently. to the tnother of all action. studied and applied b l all big business. A strong civil society granted civil liberties such as Alexis de Tocqueville. Democracy in Americao a free press and the right to open public discussion has been shown not only to be necessary for effective participatory I N J U N E 1 9 9 8 a group of young, motivated Romanians met in democracv, but also to hold governments accountable and effi- the village of Mocieu to attend a week-long training in com- cient in much of the world (Pritchett and Kaufmann. 1993)1. munity facilitation. All were culled from the poorest districts Civil society is therefore a potent political force. which has been of Romania-none had any experience in community develop- bolstered by the information age and the greater dissemination ment. They were teachers, nurses, social workers, engineers, and transparency of information that it brings. journalists. and factory workers. Ilalf were men. half were But what about civil society and the poor'? What is the nec- women, and almost all of them were under age 3o. essarv connection between a strong. vibrant civil society and Three years later they have joined with other young the inclusion of poor groups in government decision-making. Romanians to create a culture of community development in in setting priorities within a country, and in ensuring these Romania. and in the process launched a new profession of less powerful are not excluded from basic rights, services and cornmunity development specialists. The group they formed- freedoms? As pointed out by the World Bank's recent study. the Romanian Association of Community Development-has Voices of the Poor (Narayan, 2000). the poor are often gone on to work in poor towns and villages across the country. untouched by formal civil society organizations: instead th ey conduct training programs for community schools, sponsor rely on a host of informal associations within their commuti- study tours and mentoring for community leaders, and-in ties that often lack the ability to effect government decision general-build much-needed bridges between communities making. These groups are by and large limited in number, and local authorities. resources and leverage. They rarely connect with similar This group is not the traditional NGO so often referred to groups across communities or with resources of the state or antl read about in development literature. It is home-grown- other agencies. Social capital within these organizations is not internationally driven-and self-sustaining through a mix often strong; it provides essential safety nets for those living of small grants and training fees. The people wvho work in it on the edge of survival. But rarely are such networks sufficient have direct contact with the poorest groups in Romania. Why? to be used as bargaining power when facinlgr formal institu- Because they come from those groups themselves, and their tions of the state, market and civil society. motivation and commitment are based on personal experi- If civil society is key to effective development. how can it be ences that resonate with the people they serve. mobilized to help the poor? More importantly. how can the poor themselves be empowered to gain greater voice, to butld What is civil society? their power through association and lobbying, to enjoy eco- nomic improvement and basic rights? Clv I L SOCIETY. AS WE SO OFTEN refer to it in development literature-is a term whose definition is constantly being How to empower the poor rewritten. In this issue of Development Outreach, Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway define it as the "third sector." GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT. orthe "bottomupapproach" existingalongside the state and the market. But even if this def- has been a theme in development circles since as early as the inition is accepted as given, the nuances and diversity within the 19g70s. In 1983. the Wlorld Bank published Learning b - doing: term '"civil society" aregreat. Broadlyspeakingitincludesaca- World Bank lending for urban development. 1972-1982. which demics. the media, parliamentarians. community groups. pro- emphasized directing investments toward the urban poor, with fessional associations. political parties. religious organizations. the use of low-cost technologies, paid for and maintained by 28 Development Outreach WI 'RI. II'NK IN IIII ] F -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I -At- '- x- Ai.J -'--- local communities. What has given added power to these con- public institutions to encourage greater civic participation, cepts is the analytical and theoretical work done in recent years there must also be the capacity to participate among the poor- on the importance of social capital-i.e.. the norms and net- est of the poor. We must address both supply and demand works that enable collective action. It is generally accepted that when it comes to good governance. the practice of civic action by communities is closely linked to A renewed emphasis on community-driven development the formation of social capital, and that 'the'traditional types of provides the opportunity to look beyond project implementa- capital (natural, physical and human) determine only partially tion to building this long-term capacity to organize and to the process of economic growth.... .The missing link- is social therefore "participate" effectively. Community-driven capital." (Grootaert. 1998). development projects (CDD) now comprise tz billion of the Facilitating the organizational capacity of communities- World Bank's lending portfolio. Within these activities there their ability to join together across groups to build coalitions needs to be a focus oni promoting the autonomous develop- and link constituencies-is thus one of the most important ment of civil society organizations and their ability to generate functions an active "civil society" can play in helping the poor. and carr-y out their ownl community initiatives. This involves Basic organizational skills-the ability, for example, to think government (and donor) support for independent civic action analytically in developing lobbying and advocacy strategies. in and the formation of social capital, which has not necessarily communicating local priorities to the media, or in monitoring been the focus of many of these projects. local authorities actions-is a capacity that needs to be devel- An important issue is bow can civil society organizations oped at the grassroots level. And there is increasing, demand improve the capacity of the poor to engage in civic action? The for horizontal information sharing and learning. The official selection of competent NGOs as intermediaries for executing development community has a role to play in facilitating this capacity-building operations often becomes the most decisive capacity. While much has been written of the need to reform factor in the success of the programs. More important, how- W[ N TFFR 2 U0U2 29 CIVIL SOCIETY IS A POTENT POLITICAL FORCE, WHICH HAS BEEN BOLSTERED BY THE INFORMATION AGE AND THE GREATER __ DISSEMINATION AND TRANSPARENCY OF INFORMATION THAT IT BRINGS. ever, is to identify and build on existing local capacity. The * level-projects must combine building community organiza- development community has a role to play as a catalyst for the tional capacity with a strengthening of capacity within local creation of indigenous civil society associations that have a governments themselves. Tools and mechanisms for doing ver-y vested interest in improving the lives of the excluded this-participatory budgeting and strategic planning and uise within their own countries. of citizen report cards, for example-are increasingly being Several mechanisms for facilitating this exist. Community used to empower local governments. Municipal reforms are Development Foundations-an inherently "civil society' needed to create a supportive framework for community par- organization-offer tremendous opportunities for civic ticipation. Promoting positive attitudes towards community groups to join with the private sector in building grassroots participation can produce perhaps the greatest change in organizational (and economic) capacity. Social funds provide municipal capacity (Matovu. 2non). another valuable opportunity. The Mqlawi Social Action Fund Tmproving civic participation in governance is a theme (MASAF). for example. has used an innovative communica- being taken up at the national level in developed countries as tions strategy that encourages communities to insist on well. OECD's Public Management Service (PUMA) has accountability of local officials at all times. In Romania, the recently published a report (Citizens as Partners, OECD. 2001) Social Development Fund has made needed resources avail- on the results of a two-year project to survey the legal. policy able to communities to ensure the sustainabilitv and rele- and institutional frameworks in place in OECD countries to vance of community facilitation and mobilization. Beneficiary strengthen government-citizen connections. The study studies of both programs show a significant rise in social cap - argues that citizens are increasingly demanding greater trans - ital among communities, facilitating sustained collective parency and accountability from their governments, and want action over time, or the improved ability of communities to greater public participation in shaping policies that affect undertake and manage their own development. their lives. Accordingto the report. "Engaging citizens in pol- icy making allows governments to respond to these expecta- The Role of government tions and. at the same time. design better policies and improve their implementation." A companion handbook to oi'VERNMENT HAS AN INTEGRAL ROLE to play as well- the report outlines tools and actions governments can under- muoch more important than donors. Instruments, laws and take to improve the participation of their citizens in pulblic tools that encourage more active participation by civic groups. decision making (OECD, ?ooi). including the poor and those who represent them, provide an In conclusion, there will always be people who have less essential incentive for communities to come together and than others. But regardless how much people have, govern- build their capacity to participate. Studies show that services ments have an obligation and, in fact, were design to repre- can- be delivered more effectively and efficiently when civil sent all people. Poverty will always be with us. But it is not a society is involved throughout the design and implementation concern of governments alone. And neither is it a condition process. Without this reformation of public institutions- that can be addressed ad hoc. Systemic change at all levels- both national and local-no amount of grassroots organization micro. meso, and macro are needed; this change must involve will be truly effective. Much of this impetus is provided both citizen strengthening and public sector reform. Without through decentralization of governmcnt authority to local lev- this dual approach, governments will continue to fall shor: of els, but this alone is not sufficient. Most communities come adequately representing their constituents-most especially to the table with important local information related to pref- the poor and excluded. erences. norms of behavior, pitfalls to avoid: but they often _ __- lack other necessary forms of knowledge, skills and access to Mary McNeil is senior operations officer at the World Bank Institute. information that are needed for them to interact with govern- She is editor of Development OUTREACH and program leader of WBI's ment effectively. Local government must therefore play a role Community Empowerment and Social Inclusion Learning Program. in facilitating community capacity building not only for emrlpowerment. but to enhance the capacity of the community to act as a potential partner in the delivery of services (Matovu. References: Citizens as Partners, OECD. 2001 toac as At the same time local leaders within communities Matovu, George W. M."Considerations on the Decentralization, Municipal 2001). At the same time local leaders within communities Governance and Poverty Reduct on in Sub-Saharan Africa," paper from Africa rmulst be supported to help mobilize civic organizations that Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 2001 are powerful enough to hold local government accountable. Narayan, Deepa, Voices of the Poor, Can Anyone Hear Ls, World Rank, 2COO Similarlv. projects at the community level need to work to Pritchett, Lant and Daniel Kaufmann, "Civ Liberties, Democracy, and the bring about institutional change. Rather than bypassing the Performance of Government Projects," Finance and Development, March normal institutions of government particularly at the local * 1998 30 Developmenr Ourreach X "RI il BANK INS FTTUTE IN ']4' i 1VA Two Case Studies: Romania and India Getting Involved in Romania BY DANIEL SERBAN AND CLAUDIA PAMFIL ferent issueswere created, for example one onpublictrans- portation. one on education, and the like. THE DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER has played a significant * Citizen participation techniques to help solve local problerms. role in the transformation of the social structure of the former Twenty-six Romanian cities and towns received training socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). and technical assistance in planning. preparing and carry- Shortly after the introduction of systemic changes at the ing out their action plans to solve a local problem using par- national level, significant changes at the local level also ticipatory processes. Training and technical assistance were occurred. Beginning in the early 1990s, one of the most urgent carried out from March 2ooo to May 20po by two Romanian tasks of the new governments was to restructure local govern- non-governmental organizations, as subcontractors of the ments by decentralizing the public administration system. Research Triangle Institute within the USAID assistance For most of the CEE countries, including Romania, the program, Partners Romnania Foundation for Local greatest priority was to establish a legal and policy framework Development-FPDL (wwwr.fpdl.ro) and Civil Society consistent with decentralization and local autonomy. The Development Foundation-CSDF (www.csdf.ro). Tech- principles of the Charter of Local Self Government adopted by niques used in these communities included citizen task the Council of Europe were used as a guide to measure forces, surveys, focus groups. public meetings, public hear- progress in promoting administrative autonomy, fiscal auton- ings and public information campaigns. as well as articulat- omy, public property rights and decentralization of services. ed participatory processes using appropriate sequence of Much has been accomplished in the area of local govern- different techniques. The sustainability of the program can ment strengthening in Romania through different assistance be measured through the nuniber of local councils or mayor programs. It has been useful to think of citizen participation as decisions regarding community involvement through par- providing a consumer-oriented approach to the delivery of ticipatory techniques. services, one that regards the resident/voter as a customer. The 26 cities represented a whole range of population After two years of intensive work and commitment from both size (from less than io,ooo to over ioo,ooo inhabitants). sides, recipients and implementers, the citizen participa- The chart below shows the cities clustered by number of tion/citizen information projects managed by the authors, * inhabitants. under the Local Government Assistance Program (www.lga.ro) of the United States 14 - -. Agency for International Development 12 -- --- - (USAID) implemented by Research Triangle 10 _ Institute, show results indicating that Romania is on the way to democracy. 8 These are some examples: 6 - - - Budget transparency Several Local Govern 4; ' ' ment Units prepared budgets on programs 2 . - - and shared annual budget drafts with citi- zens through an open hearing. As a result s,ooo-1o,ooo 10,000-50,000 50,000-100,000 o100o000 of the budget public hearings, in some cities CitizenAdvisory Committees on dif- WIN I1 F 2 0 0 2 31 4 1 e reconsider these attitudes wheni the virtues of 3 t- transparency are presented in the abstract, 27 |1 ! .rather than when they are given the opportun ity ,FIM. -:TMI I5 6~ lT MW W~W WRT To see the benefits openness can bring: louer -'' 1Y. ~' '' ;:~w!e -ig - ' -' ' prices. better performance. greater public trust. nT 2 X v - In ourproject, citizenparticipationwas always o 0 ° associated with technical assistance. Before 'n z 2 I iz > attending training, representatives of local gov- Ra[ vNrller colae ernments were asked to identify an issue that w-as susceptible to resolution using participatory tools. The cities have been geographically spread all over Romania, Training and technical assistance included setting out an action representing 15 different counties as the chart above shows. plan to apply citizen participation tools to resolution of the speC Lf- * SupportJobr citizen information. The National Association of ic communityproblem. Associatedtechnical assistance was made Citizens Information Centers (NACIC) has become a juridi- available to Romanian local governments and the community cal person. built a data base through surveying its members, stakeholders in working through the action plan. established a dues structure and held its third annual meet- The Electoral Cycle should not be igniored. Participato,ry ing, without support from any outside donor. With Research projects that are too close to an election may be "hijacked" a ad Triangle Institute support, NACIC has written a manual on made into an electoral tool. Further, new projects beginning CIC operation that builds on the results of four years' expe- right before an election would generate opposition from thc se rience. It has also developed an interactive web page which not holding office and suspicion from ordinary citizens. will be an important tool for networking. exchange of infor- Several local governments that we vi orked with found utility mation and dissemination of Citizen Participation/Citizen service was an effective "entry point" into a closer dialog wnth Information materials (wviw.ancic.ro). citizens. In most cities, apartment block tenants' organizations * Self-dissemination of citizenparticipation materials. We have noted are being converted into owners' associations. Local govern- several examples of cities borrowing citizen participation teeh- ments supporting this process can play a potent role by allowing niquesfromeaehother.Foi !.rr,- ii i!! ;......l 1.1 '''Dcnahas owners to express these concerns effectively and by assisting borrowed citizen participation practices from Brasov. A Brasov them in dealing with utility service providers. representative who was involved in Solutions -1 ".. ,.1 Dialogue Some rural communities have a history of citizen participation activities prepared a catalog of useful practices from other juris- and voluntary community organization that were crushed under the dictions to share Nwith decision- makers in her own eity. heavily centralized former regime. Reviving such institutions can be We are now able to say that there is a considerable variety the first step to more vital local government (for example: coopei'a- anti volume of citizen participation and citizen information tivemanagementofconrnonpastures). Inlocalcommunitieswhere activity going on in Romania. Auto dissemination is occur- there are different ethnic groups, participatory problem solvmng ring, and we think sustainability is likely to be achieved. processes canbe beneficiallyusedasconflictpreventiontools.Acit- Growth and enhancement in the cadre of trained and experi- izen participation program ina limited geographie area that deliber- enced Bomanian trainers and consultants is also occurring. ately set out to unite different comniuunities around a comnmaon par- We found that some local government leaders are receptive to ticipatory goal wXould well serve the objective of increasing stability citizen participation and quickly adopt new tools for closer com- and enhancingthe growth of democratic ways of thinicng. mAnication with citizens, such as citizen advisory groups. public Some would say that Romanian democracy is too young to information campaigns, and ways of assessing public opinion address this difficult problem. But other countries have unique through surveys, focus groups. Their receptivity to such tools is experience with addressing ethnic tensions and honoring also illustrated by the spread of Citizen Information Centers. diversity, and we believe it is a tradition that should be shared There is a need to continue to work with leaders who are recep - within the Central and Eastern European context. ,> tive to these kinds of changes. supporting their step-by-step progress into transparent and participatory government. Daniel Serban is training and citizen participation specialist with But working with local government leaders is only part of Research Triangle Institute Romania. Claudia Pamfil is program the equation. It's also necessarv to work with citizens and manager with Partners Romania Foundation for Local Development members of local councils. In our experience, bringing the city council into the picture early and making them players References: Publicat ons available at www.lga.ro: A Practical Guide to Citizen wins their support, participation and understanding. Patticipation in Local Government in Romania; M1anual of Citizen Informa -on With respect to transparency, local governments often seem Centers; Training of Trainers in Citizen Participation (tra ner notes nclude(i) to find the idea surprising that budgeting orprocurement Training of Trainers in Citizen Information Centers (traner notes included) to find the idea surprising that budgeting or procurement should be a public process. In some cases. this reluctance may Publicat ons availab e upon request from Partners Roman a Foundation for be related to personal gain, but most often it seems to be sim- Local Government at www.fpd .ro Building Bridges Between Local ply to result from a habit of confidentiality and insufficient Governments and Citizens to Work More Effectively Together experience with accountability. Public officials are less likely to Conflicts and Differences, Vol 1; and Participatory Planning. Vol 2) 3z Development O)itrcach Vt (I R I l B % N K I N ', I1 U IF CIVIL. IN DEVEL l Dynamics of Participation in Bangalore 's Slums BY JOOP DE WIT alleviation.Anewinstitutional structurewithrelatedguidelines and monitoring systems was set up comprising an executive A SMALL BUT BATHER ambitious program, the Bangalore Steering Committee (SC) and a Program Support Unit for day- Urban Poverty Alleviation Program (BUPP). was implemented to-day management. New Slum Development Teams (SDTs) between 1993 and 1999 in the South Indian metropolis of with elected male/female members were created for decentral- Bangalore. The program was financially supported by The ized. 'bottom up' planning and implementation of slum activi- Netherlands and aimed on the one hand to alleviate poverty by ties. The program aimed to bring about a partnership between empowering the poor, and, on the other, to develop and test an Bangalore government agencies, NGOs and Community Based innovative institutional model of participatory urban poverty * Organizations. Akey program ideal was conoergence orthe link- ML. * F-.~~~~~~~~~p K ~.-' pW-_ N - P 2 t 0 2 33 ''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~X IX N X I21 '2 3 ing of various urban poverty reduction programs from govern- t organizational work ('advocacy tasks'). and less so in other areas mental agencies, local NGOs and foreign donors. such as providing basic physical services and employment/income generation opportunities. The NGOs did not always have sufficient Poverty alleviation impacts capacityto become deeplyinvolved in BUPP. and there was a certain reluctance on the part of NGOs to work together. B UJ P P was more effective in its poverty reduction strategies at the slum level than in institutional development. By the time it Slu m communities and organizations was completed in 1999, the program worked in 14 slums and directly or indirectly touched the lives of about 3,nooo slum IN ALL BANGALOBE SLLMS one oIr more 'slum leaders' are inhabitants. Seven (illegal, and/or privately owned) slums active. They are the mediators between poor, often illiterate were legalized through the program, contributing to increased slum inhabitants on the one hand, and important actor(s) security and assets amongthe poor. BUPP had a good impact in such as government officials, employers, politicians, and The terms of providing basic infrastructure (drinking water, toilet police on the other. The power basis of leaders can be politi- blocks. road paving. electricity). Also. community halls were cal (leading a local organization/faction allied to a political constructed-mostly by the slum inhabitants themselves- party); economic (plot transactions. money lending, job- which were subsequently used for community and Social brokerage): social (intervention in conflicts, solving police Development Team meetings, pre-schools and creches, and as problems) or religious (organizing and playing a key role in venues for health and immunization programs and training. religious slum festivals). BUPP was also responsible for setting up and managing a suc- It is not so surprisingthat in BUPP slums members of the new cessful savings and credit scheme. SDTs were often the former leaders of pre-existing organiza- BUPP was less effective in terms of building a new institu- tions. Sometimes they were unhelpful or even destructive. In tional structure. Attempts to create enabling conditions under other BUPP slums, established leaders proved to be of great help. which governmental, non-governmental and community being effective, well connected, respected by their communities organizations would jointly work towards poverty reduction and reliable. However, by and large, BUPP has been unable to were not stuccessful. and ha-ve not proven sustainable. effectively deal with the dilemma of forming new SDTs, where some form of community organization alreadv existed. Also, the Government agencies program was not quite successful in empowering women. AT THE STABT of the program, discussions between govern- Conclusion ment agencies, NGOs and community-based organizations (CB0s) representatives in the program's SC were lively and ON THE WHOLE. the organizational innovations and partici- constructive. However. the general practice of transferring offi- patory approaches introduced b- BUPP. were mostly seen by cials frequently affected program continuity, as new officials the people and SDTs alike as venues to gain access to the BU PP had to be briefed about BUPP philosophy and approaches time resources. This means that BUPP could not achieve its- and again. In contrast. the four NGO members have personally admittedly over-ambitious-objective of addressing the root participated through the program duration. causes of urban poverty, and at the slum level of empowering Integrated poverty alleviation was not fully achieved people. Rather. BUPP, like many programs before it, w-as because of the reluctance to channel funds to BUPP slums on effective in terms of alleviating poverty. but only in a limited the part of government agencies. The idea to channel program way. and only inthe project slums. It did notprovide an effec- funds and locally available funds to the Slum Development tive model for dealing through government-NGD-CBO part- Teams departed rather strongly from regular. "top down"gov- nerships with the urban poverty problem or its underlying ernment practices. Furthermore, 'SDT' was a new name for a causes and dynamics. Perhaps, that was also too much to ask new type of community organization that had not yet proved from a small program under conditions of large inequalities its mettle. Another adverse factor was the rigidity of formal and institutionalized power hierarchies typifying Bangalore. planning versus the need for flexible, bottom-up planning But BUPP did provide many lessons, which have proven to be systems characteristic of the BUPP approach. And there was very useful for other programs. . also not enough unity of purpose, partly due to the fact that government agencies, NGOs and CBOs had different percep- Joop de Wit is senior lecturer of Public Policy and Development tions and interests, resulting in a degree of mutual distrust. Management at the Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands. Visit: www.iss.nl N on-governmental organizations References: Phi I ps, S and Slater, R-1997 Bangalore Urban Poverty Project: NGOs were charged with the followingtasks: to help setup SDTs and Review Mission Report, London monitortheirpcrformanceandfunctioingathe slum level, andto Wit, J. de 1996 Poverty, Policy and Politics in Madras Slums: Dynamics of mtake up a ianagempentande andecision m Oakingrole. sereasthelat- Survival, Gender and Leadership, New Delh , Thousand Oaks and London: Sage take up a naunagement and decision making role. Whereas the lat- Wi, J. dn 2Q01,. Partnerships, Participation and Patronage, Realities of ter task was carried out well. there were problems at the slum level. Urban Poverty Alleviation in Bangalore Slums, ]SS Working paper No. 350. Bangalore NGOs appeared to be most experienced in community * The Hague: Institute of Soc al Studies. 34 Developmenr Outreach W'rui II) BnNIN IN -II t] I1 VOICES FROMI T'HE FIEL,I) Investing in Innovation BY SHEILA KINKADE ¶ the children play. a water holding tank, plainly visible from a distance, carries HINT/AIDS prevention messages aimed Energy-producing playground especially at young women, who are frequently charged with collectingwater for their households. To cover the cost "THERE'S NOTHING quite like children's power as a pure of maintaining the Playpumps, Roundabout Outdoor sells energy source." says Trevor Field, marketing director of ad space on the opposite side of the tanks to companies Roundabout Outdoor. Based in Johannesburg, South such as Unilever, ColgatePalmolive, Telkom. and Sasko. Africa. Roundabout is an outdoor advertisingcompanythat The funds and visibility that the project received through is also in the business of creating and marketing children's the DM prize turned out to be a catalyst for scaling up "Playpumps.' These simple merry-go-rounds installed the program. which is exactlv what the creators of the DM intended. Recently, the Kaiser Family Foundation provided Roundabout with ;o50.ooo to install an additional sixty Playpumps throughout the country. The Kaiser [ ' A afunding was contingent upon raising matching fl w 11 i o t * s , e funds through the South African Department of r- h , .nr - - - iWaterAffairs and Forestry, which agreed to offer =4 its support, bringing the total number of -:= - ' p ,- ~ Playpumps stations involved to i2o. I 3 9 e . v Alternative energy source THE FOLLOWING CASE is another example of - how to address development challenges by - ,-:-: "starting small." Roughly two-thirds of African fi --_a - f r _ ; - households-more than 350 million people- £ ' W , _ .--> - ,jt o depend on burning wood fuels for their daily -' _ 5-' .,- n. cooking. Not only is this practice unsustainable Al - under prevailing land and forestry resource use *q, -- r patterns. but burningwood fuels in poorly ven- tilated spaces also poses a serious health hazard above wells harness the power of children at play to pump for women who prepare meals. as well as their children. water to a holding tank accessible by community members. With wood fuel supplies diminishing and petroleum fuel Roundabout Outdoor installed Playpumps in forty rural prices expected to escalate, there is an urgent need to villages throughout South Africa where primar,y school invest in the development of alternative low cost and children can now be found laughing. playing. running. and renewable household fuels for Africa. joyfully extracting water from the ground for their entire It is against that backdrop that the Millennium Gelfuel community. "Once they're installed, you can't get the kids Initiative was launched. The project was financed through off them," says Field of the Playpumps. a $z3o,ooc DM award. Funds also came from tw-o project The funding for the projects, partners, a small Zimbabweani compa- $i65,ooo, came from the ny (MGC), which contributed Development Marketplace (DM). an "Voices from the Field" provides $ioo.ooo. and the World Bank's initiative launched by the World Bank first-hand insight into issues of Regional Program for the Traditional in 1998, which recognizes innovation current concern to the Energy Sector (RPTES), which con- and encourages creative partnerships development community. To tributed $so.ooo. among NGOs, businesses, develop- participate, send your stories to: The objectives of the initiative were ment agencies. and governments devoutreach@worldbank.org. to re-engineer MGC's "Greenheat around the world. Make your voice heard. Gelfuel" into a renewable. low cost. Just a few meters away from where safe and clean household cooking fuel: \X I N I F Rz 2 1) 1) 2 35 VOICES FRONI 't'HE FIELD to reduce its production, packaging and marketing costs: to ethanol inAfrica is 500 million liters. Supplying just thir design appropriate stoves for the fuel to assess its coom- ty percent of the African household market would require mercial viability in several representative African house- over ten billion liters of alcohol per year. and would hold energy- markets: and to identify potential follow-up require some US $to to $i5 billion of new investments. investment projects. After twelve months of work on the initiative, con- Expanding opportunities crete and encouraging results have been achieved. Experimentation with the Millennium Gelfuel's com- THE THIRD Development Marketplace event took place bustion and energy efficiency. and improvements in its in January 2oo2. when more than poo proposal teams frorr production process and packaging systems, have result- seventy countries competed for a share of $4.5 million ir ed in more than a fifty percent reduction of its final cost start-up funds. "For the grassroots visionaryv with a greal to consumers. Appropriate low-cost, high-efficiency idea, it can be very difficult to know where to go and how tc stoves have been developed specifically for the Gelfuel, gain access to funding and expertise to promote smallei and a Gelfuel burner has been designed, which can be projects,' says Arshad Sayed. NWorld Bank Senior Strategy retrofitted into more than fifteen traditional African Officer and Cluster Leader for Innovation. "By inviting cooking stoves. Consumer tests and marketing assess- diverse teams around the world to come to Washington to ments conducted in Ethiopia. Malawi, Mali. showcase their ideas, the DM provides a forum for the rich Mozambique. Senegal. anid Zimbabwe have overwhelm- exchange of knowledge and experience." he explains. This ingly affirmed the appeal and potential commercial via- year's winners have joined more than ninety projects. bility of the Gelfuel. which have received DM awards totaling $8.5 million over To date, the project team has managed to establish the the past four years. technical, economic, and market viability of Millenniumr Gelfuel as a household cooking fuel in Africa. The chal- Sheila Kinkade is an independent professional writer. lengenowisscalingupproductiontothelevelsrequiredbv For more information on the DM, visit the markets. Current annual production of biomass www.developmentmarketplace.org From 'Scavenger' to 'Worker' Garbage Collectors in Argentina BY CRISTINA LEZCANO AND VIOLETA URANGA THE GRAVE ECONOMIC PLIGHT of our country. where there are no jobs and, therefore, no housing, health, or edu- cation, led us to join forces and form the cooperative "El r Ceibo. " The business of the coop is to bring together the city "scavengers" (refusecollectors. ciTujas) and offer them sup- - port and advice in their dailv toil. Now. El Ceibo is working 14u r toward starting a garbage processing enterprise to recover - paper. glass. metals, plastics, and household items and recv- cle them. To achieve this goal, we need to get properly organ- ized and to involve public and private sector institutions. As then we saw how many were coming from different places. the first step. our cooperative has managed to sort out the This occurred thanks to the invitation issued by the World legal aspects and create an integral project. We use the word Bank office in Argentina and Asociacion Conciencia, which "integral" because the challenge we face comes from the allowed us, the most dispossessed segments of the popula squatters and shantytowns of the federal capital. tion, to have "our workshop" and share our experience. As a result, we were invited to take part in a meeting in There we began to discover a number of things. Previously. C6rdoba-the first meeting in our country on urban solid for instance, we had thought that " scavengers" only existed waste, in which we "scavengers" had a say. At first, prior to in the Federal Capital and the 26 municipalities of the the meeting, wethoughtthatthere were not many of us, but * province of Buenos Aires (conurbano). 36 Development Outreach W'j_RLL) BANK [N' tILTL VOICES FROM 'T'IIE FIELD From then on, the meeting became increasingly inter- t only on manual labor. but the idea is to eventually being able esting. Hearing ourselves speak out for the first time made to compete in both domestic and external markets. It is odd us feel that we had the same thoughts and problems, that that our country is importing recycled paper from Brazil we were able to be together, hear about our families, and that refuse is dumped here and not iecovered, while we organize our microenterprises, adjust to these dire times, pay the enterprise CEANMSE good money to pollute our land. andgrasp the opportunitywe were beinggivento strength- These are issues that began to emerge as a result of the en our proposals. Collectors arrived from different dis- meeting. along with some questions for which no answers tricts of the Federal Capital and greater Buenos Aires, as are yet available. As we move on. we are beginning to real- well as from other towns and cities. ize that apart from generating work and reducing poverty. Thanks to this exchange of experiences, we got to know how we are also taking care of our environment. This novel, we went about our work and came to realize our shortcomings. productive and sustainable project for the population at We found out that we need to form legal organizations, because risk in the city of Buenos Aires, may have a multiplier effect in our country collecting waste on the street is illegal. and and generate similar projects in other areas. 'scavengers' work on their owvn and are totally disadvantaged. It also became clear at that meeting that there are different Cristina Lezcano is a member of El Ceibo; Violeta Uranga is a "social classes" of garbage collectors: those that have a pick-up member of Asociaci6n Conciencia. truck, a cart and horse, a two-wheeled barrow, a supermarket cart, or a stroller, down to those who work with a pouch or bag. collect the least, and receive only cents in payment. But the fact is: thousands of Argentineans live off garbage, however much M ore about the meeting the government claims that it is not profitable and opposes us. We became aware of the way in which we are exploited bythe big ON SEPTEM BER io and ii, oo i, a meeting was held in refuse dumps. which, in exchange for a cart, put us to work and the Saldan hotel resort, near C6rdoba. to share experi- oblige us to sell only to them at a very low price-an arrange- ences on refuse collection and recycling. It was organized ment in which the common denominator is maltreatment and by Asociaci6n Conciencia, with support from the World exploitation. Seeing ourselves in this light, we became con- Bank and the United Nations Development Program. vinced of the need to work together in a cooperative. It arose as a result of the scale and degree of organi- Our idea was to work together with everyone, but the zation now reached by "scavenging," which covers an government would have none of that. Following the economic and institutional gap by developing a socially C6rdoba meeting, the government invited us to attend a and environmentally useful activity. The idea was to roundtable discussion in order to find out what we were endow it with the tools needed to promote the develop- doing. The legislative branch reacted in much the same ment of those involved in it. way, inviting us to take part in drawing up a bill that would The conclusions of the meeting are the result of reflec- recognize the work done by refuse collectors and to make tions by a very diverse group of actors, including municipal sulgge stions regarding treatment of organic. inorganic, and representatives, representatives of NGOs, enterprises, and hazardous urban solid waste. That meeting caused quite a refuse collectors. The meeting triggered a series of very stir, so we had a lot of press coverage. People discovered positive developments for the discussion of this subject. that we are human beings, with feelings; that thanks to garbage we are able to feed our families; and that we do far The networks more than "the high and mighty" to protect the environ- ONE OF THE POSITIVE ASPECTS is the work done ment. by collecting urban solid waste. through the networks. which led to a valuable meeting Since the Cordoba meeting, the government of the City yielding meaningful results. Three very different enti- of Buenos Aires has paid us more attention, and now sees us ties worked together: Asociaci6n Conciencia. a non- in a new light, as workers rather than scavengers. But we party civic association, which contributed technical have to ensure that this work ceases to be marginalized. To assistance and training; grassroots organizations, this end, our cooperative has organized the integral project which provided insight into what refuse collectors go into several parts. First. our work has to become dignified. through, their needs and fears; and the World Bank, We must work in groups, so that we can improve our mar- which provided support as an international institution keting and compete with other markets. Second, we need to contributing to the empowerment of those who suffer train environmental promoters, 14 to 2a year-old boys. in most under this social and economic model. environmental conservation and proper treatment of urban solid waste. We also need training in public speaking. Our Visit: www.worldbank.orgtlaccs project was first implemented in a precarious way, based W' I N T F R 2 0 (1 2 37 KNOG\LEDGE RESOURCES 1:,. developmentinformOtion,. ;. PARTNERS ROMANIA opportunities, likeininded partners. a professional exchange? - . FOUNDATION FOR LOCAL F1. Y -1 ('g .oals is as close as your computer screen. -- ._ DEVELOPMENT - FPDL A- network of development websites ill take you to the four --. -. FPDL is a non governmental corners of the world and ,1 putinoua in touch with a - -. organization promoting multicultural cornucopia of know iedge. training and programs in public adiniirisl[-ation. PARTICIPATION TOOLKIT leadership and managemenit. organizational and comma- _ - - This toolkit is a joint nity development, and impact evaluation. initiative of three Dutch It manages capacity building programs in 33 organizations; the countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa. International Project Unit of the Association of Visit: www.fpdl.ro _. . - - Netherlands Municipalities (VNG), Novib, and The Habitat Platform. It includes practical examples of creative and innovative ideas to COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT strengthen citizen participation in local decision- AND SOCIAL INCLUSION making processes. LEARNING PROGRAM (CESI) This NVorld Bank Institute's Visit: www.toolkitparticipation.com program works to empower poor communities and other marginalized groups to drive CENTRO LATINOAMERICANO - their own development. The DE ADMINISTRACION PARA program looks at both citizen strengthening and institu LI: ~ . -EL DESARROLLO (CLAD) tional reform as kev elements of sustainable poverty l, ; . The Latin American reduction. Center for Developsenit Administration Visit: www. worldbank.org/wbi/communityempowerment was established in 19iy at the initiative of the governments of Mexico. Peru and Venezuela. Its mission is to promote the exchange of - NGO AND CIVIL SOCIETY experiences and knowledge on state reform and modern- , WEBSITE ization of public administration through meetings, j This is a Vkorld Bank website. books, papers. research and technical - whose purpose is to keep cooperation. civil socicty groups informed about increasing oppoltuniti Visit: www.clad.org.ve for interaction witlh tse Bank. The World Bank rec ognizes the important role that nongovernmental organi - - - :r- ~ VNG INTERNATIONAL zations play in meeting thc challengcs of developmcnt anc - The Association of welcomes the opportunity to work with civil society. Netherlands Municipalities (VNG) is committed to Visit: wbinOO18.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/ngos/home stl , il .;,,-:local governance worldwide. It provides expertise in decentralization and local government. and is currentlv involved in projects in Central and Eastern Europe and developing countries. The website carries informsation on the organization, its products. programs and projects. Visit: www.vng-internationalnlV 38 Dcxelopmneni Otitreach x P I AANI IN' I J I I I BOOKSHELF CITIZENS AS PARTNERS. byJoanne as to whether and when they actually contain seeds for Caddy with Christian Vergez. change. She concludes that greater attention needs to be - Organization for Economic Co- paid both to enabling people and to enhance operation and Development (OECD), accountability of local and global institutions. * 2001 This is a report based on extensive .t WHERE ON EARTH ARE WE GOING?. t. - i , ~sur'veys and case studies of OECD brW-laurice r, ,.Texere, 2001 . Member countries undertaken over the last two years. It provides r The book reveals the author's a unique source of comparative information on measures _ _ pivotal role in the political and adopted to strengthen citizens' access to information, to environmental activist enhance consultation and encourage their active movements, and talks plainly participation in policy-making. The volume comes with a -. about what remains to be done. handbook, which offers a practical "road map" for Strong provides a historical building robust frameworks for engaging citizens in , . context by which to judge our governance. progress in the struggle to save the planet from environmental degradation, and lends insight into where we are heading. Maurice Strong has made a FUNDING VIRTUE, byMarina contribution to the environment and to our sense of social *y IN \DIN;8 Ottaway and Thonias Carothers, responsibility which has been of extraordinary eds. Carnegie Endowmentfor significance. "This book should be read both as a L i m 1W lInternational Peace. 2000 chronicle of the journey of a remarkable individual and as * 031T Tipa stimulus to us all for further engagement." James D. Y 40 The book addresses the following Wolfensohn. President, The World Bank. questions What conceptions of . n). - n r.. . civil society do aid providers r! employ, and how do these MUNICIPALITIES AND conceptions relate to local *i1NlX1t1Xki* COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, realities in the recipient ' Ct)M['1 UNITY byjanelle Plummer. Departmentfor PARId ICI ATION countries? Where do the programs make a difference. Ai- .A International Development (DFID) and where do they fall short? How can civil society aid be and GHKInternational, 2000 improved? The authors provide contending perspectives. but generally agree that civil society development is an i-"7, ' This sourcebook provides essential area of focus for Western public and private aid. i , practical guidance for municipal However, they find many shortcominigs in tlhe day-to-day - :. officials, and others working in implementation of aid and point to some remedies. - ' .r - - urban development and poverty reduction, on the range of issues to be addressed in planning and managing cities with BENEFICIARY, CONSUMER, community participation. It explains the key elements of CITIZEN: PERSPECTIVES ON participation, identifies common constraints and PARTICIPATION FOR POVERTY opportunities, describes the vehicles for moving REDUCTION, byAndrea Cornwvell. participation forward and outlines the capacity building Sidastudies No. 2, 2001 needed to achive participatory goals. -. The development discourse includes buzz words, such as participation." S,,astudte '., empowerment," "partnership." Sidastudie .X, As Cornwell critically traces attributed meanings. arguments and practices through the past decades. she simultaneously puts forward arguments . W' I N I F R 2 ,1 1 2 39 CALENDAR APRIL 2002 22-24 Asset Price Bubble: 20-24 ESSD EuropeanForum Implications for Monetary. Berlin. Germanv 7-10 Fourth Mediterranean Regulatorv and International Development Forum Policies Conference Federal JUNE 2002 Amman. Jordan Beserve Bank of Chicago 3-7 Regional Workshop on Non iii. I mdi ~ ~ ~~"'~~' '''' ' - I ~~basik Financial Institutions: 8-12 Second World Assembly 29-30 o002 ABCDE Conference Development and Regulation on Ageing WashingMton DC Munabai, India Madrid, Spain htWps/io. C 1abcde wwst.xu. i.ii.ri ..,, I.1 .1 vw v. un.org/esa./soedev/ageing/wvaa 10-11 Conference on Education MAY 2002 10-13 World Food Summit Five Years Later for All (EFA) 8-10 UN Session on Children Rome, Italy The Hague, Netherlands Nwok Yxsx.a.r NewYork, iNY ss.a. 17-19 CERES goow Conference: wNnww.unicef.org 10-14 Meeting of the Caribbean Earth. rofshinVten DC 10-12 Annual Meeting of the Group for Cooperation in Ecc h ing ren. . Asian Development Bank Economic Development ens- .(eeres.org/co terence/200a Shanghai. China (CGCED) 18-20 China Business Summit annualmeeting@adb.org Washington, DC 2002. Beijing. China V , II _, 24-26 ABCDE Europe 21-22 World Bank/IMF 19-20 EBRD Annual Meeting Oslo. Norwvav Spring Meetings Bucharest. Romania htp //wbblno. .. l 1. \Vashington. DC aminvitations@ebrd.comf 26-18 G8 Summit suv% .illif,ong wmue .ebrd.org Kananaskis. Alberta, Canada 22-23 World Economic Forum ANWw V.g-.-utoronto.ca First Transatlantic Meeting DC 1) H \ E 1, 0 P 1' E _N T' Subscription Order Form NAME Please print or type 1ii mrir,,,ir TITLE U YES, sigin me up ORGANIZATION for Development ADDRESS_- Outreach for 2002 for just $24 CITY AND STATE OR PROVINCE _ (four issues per COUNTRY calendar year) ZIP / POSTAL CODE _ *Note: Fl-, :,; n1-i-ir;; :,jt..:,:i,:,i. r Jr PHONE _ for a cakr, ;r, r ,jl ijr -L'n,:elct,er l FAX E MAIL Subscription fee applies to readers in the following developed countries: Austraha, Austria, Belgium, Please Co not send cash. Make checks payable to Development OUTREACHIWBI Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, I Check no._in the amount ot $_ is enclosed. Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kiwait, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman. Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Mail order to: Sweden, Switzer and, United Arab Emirates, Editor, Development OUTREACH United Kingdom, Un ted States, and Vatican City. The World Bank Subscribers from developing countries will 1818 H Street, NW, Room J2-139 continue to receive the magazine free of charge. Washington, DC 20433 USA 1 st International Workshop on Enhancing Training Quality Through Customer Service (QCS-1): Caring for Clients Before, During and After Training Bali, Indonesia: June 5-11, 2002 j j The EXCEED YOUR CLIENTS' EXPECTATIONS: World SATISFIED CUSTOMERS WILL BECOME Bank YOUR REPEAT CLIENTS & BEST SALES AGENTS Univers ty of Surabaya World Bank Institute (WBI) / the World Bank in partnership with the University of Surabaya, Indonesia will jointly organize this QCS-1 Workshop as collaborative learning opportunity for training executives, managers & practitioners to discuss concepts/methods for creative customer care and personalized client service applicable to training institutions and services/products. In a competitive global training market of the 21st century, it is not enough for train- ing institutions to only provide high quality instruction or technical contents delivery. Poorly managed training institutions which do not provide quality and personalized cus- tomer service before, during, and after training, are unlikely to survive. Only by provid- ing training clients and their employers with a memorable "total" learning experience which exceeds their expectations, can we expect such satisfied customers to become "repeat" clients and "Knowledge Champions". For further information on this Workshop and/or to obtain the Application Form, please contact: Ronny Adhikarya Eric Wibisono World Bank Institute (WBI) Office of International Affairs The World Bank University of Surabaya 1818 H Street, N.W. Raya Kalirungkut Washington, DC 20433, USA Surabaya 60293, INDONESIA Fax: (1-202) 522-1492 Fax: (62-31) 298-1301 E-mail: radhikarya@worldbank.org E-mail: ewibisono@ia.ubaya.ac.id Workshop Website: www.worldbank.org/wbi/qcs-1 Workshop Sponsors 1~~a4)46ov ~nternational K iii~ 7kadj; - ^mpovin KOMPAS TEKO Radisson Bali Hotel rfoop Wbr TELaKOM ARGENYWA ul ~~NOS® ~~~~ IndQ fo~~~~od 0l11II EXPRES = + LAMBANG gMf 4NAN flEIIMUIU * TOURS & TRAVEL SERVICES ROME I WASHINGTON GarudaIndonesia I I INDONESIA N Subscribe to a flagship magazine that is on the cutting edge in the field of global knowledge for development, reaching 25,000 readers in 130 countries. DEVEL OP EN T Advertise to reach a unique international audience u reacn _(AW1 /of business leaders, policy makers, gov- ernment officials, academics, economic journalists, research institutions, and civic Annual subscription fee for readers in developed countries: organizations. $24 (four issues). Back issues: $6 per copy. See subscription form on page 40 About rates and deadlines, Readers in developing countries may subscribe email: devoutreachCaworldbank.org free of charge Visit: www.worldbank.org/devoutreach For further information, email: devoutreach@worldbank.org Visit: www.worldbank.org/devoutreach