E2354 v1 The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Infrastructure Development Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS) Central Transport Corridor Project (CTCP) NDF Cryeedit No. 415 TA Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for the Rehabilitation of the Arusha - Minjingu Road and Construction of New Arusha Western Bypass Environmental and Social Impact Statement September 2008 Proponent: Submitted to: Prepared by: TANROADS National Environmental Bibi Titi Mohamed Road Management Council (NEMC) Maktaba Complex in association with Sokoine Drive, TANCOT House P. O. Box 11364 P. O. Box 63154 Tanzania Dar es Salaam, TANZANIA Dar es Salaam, Tanzania P. O. Box 1007, Dar es Salaam Phone: +255 22 215 09 32 Phone: +255 22 212 52 45 Phone: +255 22 266 61 61 Email: tanroadshq@tanroads.org Email: nemc@nemctan.org Email: cowi@cowi.co.tz The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Infrastructure Development Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS) Central Transport Corridor Project (CTCP) NDF Credit No. 415 TA Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for the Rehabilitation of the Arusha - Minjingu Road and Construction of New Arusha Western Bypass Environmental and Social Impact Statement September 2008 Report no. 67193 / FESIA Issue no. 01 Date of issue 26 September 2008 Prepared FARX/STX Checked KFJ Approved KFJ Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page i Table of Contents i Declaration iv Acknowledgement v List of Abbreviations vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of Work 1 1.2 Methodology 2 1.3 Report Structure 3 2 Project Background and Description 4 2.1 Project Rationale 4 2.2 Description of the Proposed Project 6 2.3 Works during Construction and Operation 8 2.3.1 Specific Project Data 8 2.3.2 Project Phases 12 3 Policy Legal and Administrative Framework 13 3.1 National Policies 13 3.1.1 Transport Policy, 2002 13 3.1.2 The National Environmental Policy (NEP, 1997) 13 3.1.3 Tanzania Wildlife Policy, 1998 13 3.1.4 National Land Policy, 1995 14 3.1.5 National Water Policy, 2002 14 3.1.6 Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997) 15 3.1.7 National Mining Policy, 1997 15 3.2 Legislations, Regulations and Guideline 15 3.2.1 Highway Ordinance, Cap. 1967 15 3.2.2 The Environmental Management Act (EMA) No 20 of 2004 16 3.2.3 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, revised 1961 16 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page ii 3.2.4 The Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations, 2001 16 3.2.5 The Wildlife Conservation Act (No. 12), 1974 17 3.2.6 National Parks Ordinance, Cap 142 17 3.2.7 National Land Use Planning Commission Act 3/84 18 3.2.8 Land and Village Lands Act, 1999 18 3.2.9 Water Act, 1974 and Amendment, 1981 18 3.2.10 The Mining Act (No. 5), 1998 18 3.2.11 Explosives Act, 538 19 3.2.12 Local Government Act, 1982 19 3.3 Administrative Framework 19 4 The Project Environment 20 4.1 Physical Environment 20 4.2 Biological Environment 23 4.3 Social Cultural Environment 25 4.4 Structures/ Utilities 30 5 Identification, Assessment and Analysis of Impacts 32 5.1 Identification of Issues 32 5.2 Assessment of Impacts 35 5.3 Analysis of Impacts 35 5.4 Resettlement 42 5.5 Analysis of Alternatives 46 5.5.1 Rehabilitation Alternatives 47 5.5.2 Stabilisation Alternatives 47 5.5.3 Bypass Alignment and Junction with Namanga Road 47 5.5.4 No Project Alternative 48 6 Mitigation Measures 49 6.1 Environmental Issues 49 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan 54 8 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan 62 9 Resource Evaluation 68 10 Decommissioning 69 11 Summary and Conclusions 70 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page iii APPENDICES 72 Appendix 1: Bibliography and References 72 Appendix 2: List of Report Preparers 72 Appendix 3A: Arusha ­ Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project Background Information Document 73 Appendix 3B: Ukarabati wa Barabara ya Arusha - Minjingu Nyaraka Ya Taarifa 75 Appendix 4: Terms of Reference for the EIA / SIA 79 Appendix 5: List of IAPs and Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings 84 Appendix 6: Landuse Pattern along Arusha - Minjingu Road 123 Appendix 7: Typical Photographs along Arusha - Minjingu Road 125 Appendix 8: Photographs along Arusha Western Bypass 126 Appendix 9: Satellite Image of Arusha Western Bypass Corridor 128 Appendix 10: Compensation Rates 129 Appendix 11: Preliminary Compensation Estimate 132 Appendix 12: Location Plans 133 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page iv Declaration COWI A/S (Denmark) in association with COWI Tanzania declares that this Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS) has been prepared for the Arusha - Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project in Arusha Municipal, Arusha, Meru, Monduli and Babati Rural Districts of Arusha and Manyara Regions, Tanzania. We declare that the findings and recommendations found herein are based on our own understanding, observations, analyses and interpretation of the Project and its associated impacts and that no national or international law or right was violated in obtaining information upon which this report is based. Signed: Kent Falck-Jensen Team Leader P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page v Acknowledgement The authors of this ESIS would like to acknowledge input from all the stake- holders consulted for the Arusha - Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project par- ticularly the Municipal and District officers for effective cooperation and provi- sion of information. Likewise the planning sector of Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA) and the Arusha Airport management is acknowledged for their contribution concerning wildlife and aviation in relation to the road. The communities along the road provided key information that has enabled the preparation of the ESIS and this is appreciated. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page vi List of Abbreviations AC Asphalt Concrete ADT Average Daily Traffic AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ARV Anti-Retro Viral BOQ Bill of Quantities CBO Community Based Organisation CML Central Materials Laboratory (now TANLAB) CRR Crushed Rock (aggregate base course) CSO Civil Society Organisation CTC Care and Treatment Centre CTCP Central Transport Corridor Project db decibel DBSD Double Bituminous Surface Dressing DoE Division of Environment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EMO Environmental Management Officer ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESIS Environmental and Social Impact Statement GDP Gross Domestic Product GoT Government of the United Republic of Tanzania HBC Home based care HIV Human Immuno-deficiency Virus HQ Head Quarters IAPs Interested and Affected Parties ICB International Competitive Bidding km kilometre LGA Local Government Authority LHS Left Hand Side m metre MoID Ministry of Infrastructure Development P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page vii MP Member of Parliament MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NDF Nordic Development Fund NEMC National Environment Management Council NEP National Environmental Policy NGO Non Governmental Organisation OP Operational Policies (World Bank) PAP Project Affected People PLHIV People living with HIV RAP Resettlement Action Plan RHS Right Hand Side ROW Right of Way SBSD Single Bituminous Surface Dressing SIA Social Impact Assessment STI Sexually Transmitted Infections TANAPA Tanzania National Parks Authority TANROADS Tanzania National Roads Agency TCA Technical College Arusha ToR Terms of Reference TRC Technical Review Committee TZS Tanzania Shillings USD United States Dollar VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing VOC Vehicle Operating Costs P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania through the Tanzania Na- tional Roads Agency (TANROADS) and with financial assistance from Nordic Development Fund (NDF) have commissioned consultancy services for de- tailed engineering design and preparation of tender documents for the rehabili- tation of the existing Arusha - Minjingu Road and construction of a new Arusha Western Bypass together with a new Access Road to the Arusha Airport. The Arusha - Minjingu Road is part of the Great North Road (T5) and serves as the main gateway to the famous Northern Circuit National Parks namely: Seren- geti, Ngorongoro Crater, Manyara and Tarangire. It is also a primary route for agricultural products from Singida, Babati, Hanang, Karatu and Mbulu. To ascertain that the proposed rehabilitation project, if implemented, will have minimal environmental impacts COWI has prepared this Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS). 1. Title and location of the Project The proposed project is known as `Detailed Engineering Design and Prepara- tion of Tender Documents for the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass'. A general location plan of the project area is shown overleaf in Figure 0-1, while more detailed location plans of the project road based on 1:50,000 topog- raphical maps are included in Appendix 12. The road section is located in Arusha and Manyara regions of Tanzania. 2. Name of the proponent The proponent is the Tanzania National Roads Agency, TANROADS, P. O Box 11364, Dar es Salaam. 3. Names and addresses of firm conducting the ESIS The consultant firm commissioned to conduct the ESIS is COWI A/S (Den- mark) in association with COWI Tanzania, P.O. Box 1007, Dar es Salaam. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page ix Figure 0-1: General Location Plan, Arusha - Minjingu Road 4. Outline and justification of the proposed project The objective of the proposed project is threefold: (a) Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road (103.77 km) The bituminous resealing and shallow asphalt overlay interventions during the last 8 - 12 years of various road sections of Arusha - Minjingu road have been carried out in an attempt to maintain the road and arrest ravelling. However, the road is now due for rehabilitation and strengthening. (b) New Arusha Western Bypass (5.19 km) To reduce the through passage of heavy goods vehicles into the city centre of Arusha, the project will include a new Arusha Western Bypass. The Consultant has identified a suitable alignment for this Western Bypass start- ing at the Arusha - Minjingu Road just east of the boundary of the Moshi International School, Arusha Branch, from where it is traversing flat grass- land and farmland (except for about 300 m through coffee plantation), pass- ing on the west and north side of the M'ringa Estates main buildings before joining the Namanga Road about 5.5 km from the TCA Junction. (c) New Access Road to Arusha Airport (1.82 km + 3.2 km realignment) A third aspect of the project is to improve the access to Arusha Airport as well as realigning the Arusha - Minjingu road along the runway of Arusha Airport. Currently, the road runs parallel and close to the runway; a phe- nomenon that is not advisable for safety reasons. To comply with Airport Regulations an approximately 3.2 km long section of the Arusha - Minjingu Road (from about km 4.1 to km 7.3) must be relocated about 125m north- wards to be at least 200m from the centreline of the Arusha Airport runway. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page x 4.1 Description of the proposed project environment (a) Arusha - Minjingu Road The Arusha - Minjingu Road is located in the Regions of Arusha and Manyara and runs through the Arusha Municipality, Arusha, Meru, Monduli and Babati Rural Districts (refer Figure 0-2. The area is divided into highlands and low- lands and receives an annual rainfall ranging from around 1000 mm at Arusha decreasing to around 700 mm at Minjingu. Despite the rainfall there is not much retention and water is scarce in the area. Figure 0-2: Administrative Districts traversed by the Arusha - Minjingu Road The Arusha - Minjingu Road runs close to the Tarangire National Park and cuts the wildlife migratory routes between Tarangire National Park and the Lake Manyara and Lake Natron. There are a large number of pastoralist communities in the area. (b) Arusha Western Bypass As mentioned in Section 1.3 above a suitable alignment for the new Arusha Western Bypass has been identified, minimising the social and environmental impacts. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xi (c) Arusha Airport Access Road The planned new access road to Arusha Airport traverses flat terrain within the Airport boundaries and generally located about 400 m south of the runway in accordance with the airport masterplan. 4.2 Project stakeholders and their involvement in the EIA Interested and affected parties (IAPs) for the project were categorised into the following interest/ functional groups: · Proponent: TANROADS · Central Government and environmental regulators · Local Government, Arusha Municipality Council; Arusha District Council; Meru District Council; Monduli District Council; Babati Rural District Council. The identified IAPs were invited for a consultative meeting through the rele- vant officer (details of the consulted officers is presented in Appendix 5). Min- utes of the public consultation meetings and persons present at the meetings are also provided in Appendix 5. 4.3 Explanation on why some impacts are not addressed In conducting the EIA, the Consultant has endeavoured to follow the EIA and Audit Regulations, 2005 ­ G.N. No. 349 of 2005 and best practises. In the consultation process it was found that the newly established Districts like that of Arusha lack basic data to support the baseline studies. This is due to in- frastructure and facilities for gathering such data not having been established. For this project this was particularly difficult as the planned Arusha Western Bypass is within the Arusha District Council. 4.4 List of developer, consultant, local planning authorities and other people and organisations consulted The developer and consultant details are given in Sections 1.1 and 1.2 above. The consulted parties are included in Appendix 5. 4.5 Results of public consultation Stakeholders during the Scoping and ESIS consultative meetings raised the fol- lowing issues on environmental and social matters including Resettlement Ac- tion Plan (RAP): Biophysical issues · Wildlife migratory routes: The Arusha - Minjingu Road crosses the wildlife migratory routes between the Tarangire ecosystem and the Lake Manyara and Lake Natron. Migration is generally around the time of the long and short rains. Higher vehicle speed as a result of improved road condition would potentially increase the impacts including higher number of road kills. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xii · Water: There are several shallow wells and only one borehole in Min- jingu village. Water from this bore was used in previous road construc- tion. The other villages along the road would have to be assessed for water availability. · Material sources: The villages along the Arusha - Minjingu Road have previously supplied material for road construction. Rehabilitation of borrow pits and quarries was not done adequately and in obtaining ac- cess to pits farms were ruined. On the other hand many of the previous borrow areas are now serving as water reservoirs providing water for extended periods for the local communities and their cattle. · Natural resources: Improvement of the Arusha - Minjingu Road may generate an increased population influx which would put increased pressure on already depleted natural resources particularly wood for fuel and construction. · Land take: It is also expected that land availability will be an issue as there is no surplus land to allocate migrants if need be. Likewise there are concerns for the new Arusha Western Bypass that the value of the land not taken by the Bypass will diminish as the plots / farms will be split. Social matters including RAP issues · Market of agriculture produce and livestock: The Arusha ­ Minjingu Road serve a number of villages with quite large populations. The ma- jority of people in the villages rely on this road for transporting agricul- ture produce and livestock to major markets in Babati, Arusha, Tanga and Dar es Salaam. The planned New Arusha Western Bypass together with provision of dual carriageway on the first 2.7 km of Arusha - Min- jingu Road including service roads and traffic signals at Ngarenaro and Mbauda junctions will enhance social and economic services to cater for the large population at Arusha. · Road safety: Where the new Arusha Western Bypass joins the Na- manga Road there is a horizontal curve, which is suspected to affect the visibility and safety. At the other end of the Bypass the junction be- tween the Bypass and the Arusha - Minjingu Road is close to the Moshi International School (Arusha Branch), which is a potential safety prob- lem. However, roundabouts will be provided at both ends of the Bypass minimising these potential impacts. The existing skew junction for the access road to Tarangire National Park is reported to frequently lead to accidents, wherefore the junction should be relocated and with proper sight conditions · Public health: Prevalence of preventive diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia and water borne diseases is high in some of communities along the road; and may increase with influx of people due to the road rehabilitation. Limited supply of clean and safe water was mentioned as a factors attributing to this, coupled with unplanned settlements, inade- quate and limited access to health services. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xiii · HIV/AIDS: Awareness is high among the community members and lo- cal leaders, however, services such Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) and condom access are limited. Community members, espe- cially, the young people continue with practices and behaviour, which put them at risk of new HIV infection. The current HIV prevalence rate for Arusha and Manyara regions is 5.3% and 2% respectively. Accord- ing to the medical practitioners and key informants, the prevalence rate varies between districts and is thought to be much higher than stated on the National Survey. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and other Civil Society Organisation (CSOs) continue to educate people on risk concerning social, economic and cultural factors; and urge the gov- ernment to ensure assess to relevant social services. · Trade/petty business: Access to businesses and trading places will be hampered during the rehabilitation works. The concern is on the loss of income and hence livelihood of the population involved. · Employment: Local people expect that the project will create jobs di- rectly to skilled and unskilled people; and several indirect local jobs. Therefore, increasing local employment opportunities. · Settlements: There will be an influx of people in the project area, which may cause antagonism among local community inhabitants and may raise security concerns. The workmen's camps may also provide a nuclear for a new settlement. Major trading centres are expected to ex- pand as an impact from improved communication systems. · Resettlement and land take (a) Arusha - Minjingu Road The widening to dual carriageway including service roads and side- walks on the first 2.7 km of the Arusha - Minjingu Road requires a total width of 36m. Side drains and embankment slope can also be accom- modated within the 45m road reserve. There is a number of buildings inside this 45 m wide road reserve (in particular at 0.35 - 0.55 LHS, 0.60 RHS, 0.73 - 0.90 LHS & RHS, 1.06 - 1.15 RHS, 1.27 - 1.36 LHS and 1.63 - 1.76 LHS & RHS). According to TANROADS Regional Of- fice, existing Project Affected Persons (PAPs) along this road section were compensated during the previous road works in 1986 - 1990. It is understood that the associated compensation records are well kept within TANROADS and Arusha Regional Land Registry. Since that time, TANROADS has on regular basis provided letter of Notification to all PAPs, which has in turn created their better understanding of the importance of the road reserve. The realignment from km 4.1 to km 7.3 will traverse farmland belong- ing to Selian Institute with the Staff Quarters and a transformer just out- side the road reserve on RHS at km 4.84. For the remainder of Arusha - Minjingu Road the existing horizontal alignment will be maintained. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xiv (b) New Arusha Western Bypass The new bypass will require land take and demolition of two concrete water reservoirs as listed in the table overleaf. Section (km) Description From To Length 0.00 1.03 1.03 Fallow land belonging to Prima Gems 1.03 1.71 0.68 Fallow land belonging to M'ringa Estate 1.71 2.00 0.29 Newly established teak plantation bor- dered with chain link fence 2.00 4.59 2.59 Farmland belonging to M'ringa Estate 4.59 4.90 0.31 At outer limit of coffee farm 4.90 4.92 0.02 Two concrete water reservoirs of 15 x 15 m and 6 x 20 m to be demolished 4.92 5.18 0.26 Fallow land at edge of a water reservoir (c) New Access Road to Arusha Airport The planned new access road to Arusha Airport traverses flat terrain within the Airport boundaries, and does not affect any buildings. 4.6 Description of the major significant impacts Based on findings from the baseline information the impact assessment sug- gests that the majority of impacts are restricted to the construction phase of the road as summarised in the table overleaf: P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xv Table 0-1: Impact identification and significance for the Arusha ­ Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project including new Arusha Western Bypass Impacts Scale of impact Positive / Project Phase Negative where impact(s) most significant 1 a) Air Pollution (dust) from vehicle and machinery opera- Moderate Negative Construction tions, along the ROW (in particular from detour routes) as well as in borrow areas and quarry sites and haul the routes. 1 b) Air Pollution (noise) Moderate Negative Construction and operation 2. Erosion Moderate Negative Construction Mass movements in borrow areas. 3. Water resources Moderate Negative Construction and operation Increased sediments in streams caused by erosion at construc- tion sites and fresh road cuts (for access roads), fills and waste dumps. Poor design of culverts (elevation not in line with flow of run-off and streams). Depletion of meagre water resources for construction activity. 4. Wildlife Increased interruption of migratory routes and in- Moderate Negative Construction and creased road kills. operation 5. Poor/ lack of rehabilitation of borrow pits and quarries Moderate Negative Construction and leads to health hazards. operation 6. Natural resources: Increased pressure on natural resources Moderate Negative Construction and (wood fuel). operation 7. Land take: Loss/ reduced utility of land where realignment Significant Negative Planning and/ or splitting is necessary. 8. Impact on tourism (indirect) Moderate Positive Operation Improved access and construction of appropriately placed sce- nic rest areas will improve the tourism potential of the area. 9. Reduced vehicle operating costs Significant Positive Operation 10. Reduced road maintenance costs Significant Positive Operation 11. Access to market of agriculture and livestock produce. Moderate Positive Operation 12. Road Safety: Hazardous driving conditions where con- Significant Negative Construction struction interferes with public traffic on the existing roads. Higher vehicle travel speed as a result of improved road condi- tion increase the risk and severity of accidents. On the other Moderate Negative & Operation hand the road safety conditions are improved by provision of Positive durable road marking including acoustic edge lines, road signs, road studs, speed humps, rumble strips, street lighting, traffic signals. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xvi Impacts Scale of impact Positive / Project Phase Negative where impact(s) most significant 13. Public health: Possible increase in water borne diseases Moderate Negative Construction due to pressure on domestic water supply and lack of public toilets along the road. Transmission of communicable diseases between workforce Moderate Negative Construction and local population particularly tuberculosis and pneumonia. Creation of temporary breeding habitats (borrow pits) for mos- quito vectors of disease. Moderate Negative Construction and operation 14. HIV and AIDS: Increase in number of new HIV infections Moderate Negative Construction and and increased number of orphans and child headed house- operation holds. 15. Trade/petty business: Disruption of road side activities Moderate Negative Construction during the construction works such as petty businesses and other commercial activity. 16 a) Employment: Influx of labourers from neighbouring Moderate Negative Construction and communities that denies local people opportunity to work as operation skilled and/or casual labourers during construction. Child labour may increase and contribute to increased primary school dropout and number of Most Vulnerable Children there- Moderate Negative Construction and after. operation 16 b) Employment: Opportunity for local people to be em- Moderate Positive Construction and ployed by the Contractor and thereby obtain skills that will be operation beneficial in their future life. 17. Community access: Temporary disturbance in access to Moderate Negative Construction important services such as schools, health centres, cultural sites etc., increasing travel times. 18. Gender: Increased numbers of women especially girls en- Moderate Negative Construction and gaged in alcohol and those who trade sex as a mean to gener- operation ate income. Increased men involvement on income generating activities that Moderate Negative Construction and are commonly done by women who participate in road works. operation 19. Transport and transportation: Road improvement will Moderate Positive Operation encourage more transporters to provide service along the road, and therefore create competition, which may result into reduced transportation time and cost. 20. Settlements: There will be a temporary influx of people in Moderate Negative Construction the project area, which may cause antagonism among local community inhabitants and may raise security concerns. The Contractor's camps may also provide a nuclear for new settle- ments. Major trading centres are expected to expand as an impact Moderate Positive Operation from improved communication systems. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xvii 4.7 Alternatives considered Two pavement rehabilitation options for the Arusha - Minjingu Road have been analysed: Option 1: Overlay with strengthening by Crushed Aggregate Base Course (CRR) and Asphalt Concrete (AC). Option 2: Reconstruction by reworking & stabilisation of existing base course and bituminous surfacing plus new CRR & AC. For this Reconstruction Option two stabilisation methods have been evalu- ated: either dry mixing-in-place or slurry injection method. For the planned Arusha Western Bypass two alternative locations for the junc- tion with the Namanga Road has been considered. 4.8 Recommendations and plan for mitigation of the impacts Mitigation measured recommended to minimise the identified negative impacts are indicated in the table below. Impacts Recommended mitigation measure(s) 1 a) Air Pollution (dust) from vehicle and machinery op- Spray all exposed working areas that can generate dust erations, along the ROW (in particular from detour routes) with water (in particular detour rotes), as well as in borrow areas and quarry sites and haul the Fine particle materials on site like cement should be en- routes. closed and covered. Wheel washing facilities shall be installed and used by all vehicles leaving the site; and At the end of the works, all bare surface to be re- vegetated as soon as possible. 1 b) Air Pollution (noise) Use appropriate mode of operation to produce less noise (e.g. mufflers on equipment). Where appropriate (e.g. quarry site) a buffer zone should be considered. Due notification to communities and staff when blasting is to be done. Limit works to daylight hours. 2. Erosion Provide drainage works as needed to reduce risk, accord- Mass movements in borrow areas. ing to prior surveys 3. Water resources Increased sediment in streams affected by erosion at con- Protect susceptible surfaces with mulch, and plant erod- struction sites and fresh road cuts (for access roads), fills ible surfaces as soon as possible and waste dumps Poor design of culverts (elevation not in line with flow of run off and streams) 4. Wildlife Increased interruption of migratory routes and increased Provide signs indicating animal crossings so drivers re- road kills. duce speed. Animal (domestic and wild) crossing the southern part of Enforce speed limit. Arusha - Minjingu Road a safety risk and poaching of wild- Restrict intensity of construction works close to Tarangire. life by construction staff and migrant population especially in southern park of Arusha - Minjingu Road. Prohibit construction camp close to sensitive areas. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xviii Impacts Recommended mitigation measure(s) Limit construction activity to timing outside migration pe- riod. Include area in village land use plans. Prohibit hunting under terms of employment of the Con- tractor staff. 5. Rehabilitation of borrow pits Potential safety hazard to people and animals Rehabilitate existing and new borrow areas and quarries such that communities benefit from the potential water holes by trimming with shallow slopes allowing livestock access. 6. Natural Resources Increased pressure on wood resources Limit extraction by providing contractual obligations to Contractor. Assist afforestation efforts by communities. 7. Land take Increased pressure on scarce land resources Discourage immigrants from settling in the area. Promote community awareness on risks associated with sale of land 8. Impact on tourism (indirect) Improved access and construction of appropriately placed Design and construct appropriately located rest areas at resting points will improve the tourist potential of the area scenic location. 9. Reduced vehicle operating costs Ensure that the road is designed and build with most suit- able road surface taking into account the road roughness. 10. Reduced road maintenance costs Ensure that the designed road is build to acceptable standards. 11. Marketing of produce: The design should take into account villagers and pro- duce access to markets and the establishment of reliable market places along the road. 12. Road safety Higher vehicle travel speed as a result of improved road Design should provide roundabout where the Western condition increase the risk and severity of accidents, with Bypass joins the Namanga Road for visibility and provi- wildlife, livestock and pedestrians exposed to danger. sion of a safe U-Turn possibility for traffic. Roundabout shall also be provided for the Bypass connection to Arusha - Minjingu Road to ensure reduced vehicle speed at the International School The junction for the access road to Tarangire National Park shall be relocated to ensure improved sight condi- tions. The project design should provide for speed limits, speed humps, rumble strips, durable road marking including acoustic edge lines, road signs, road studs, street light- ing, traffic signals to enhance road safety. Road safety education campaign must be implemented during and after the project targeting school pupils and community members along the road, drivers and commu- nity at large. Traffic officers should maintain surveillance to control careless driving and enforce speed limits. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xix Impacts Recommended mitigation measure(s) 13. Public health Possible increase in water borne diseases due to pressure Local Government Authorities should continue to promote on domestic water supply and lack of public toilets along preventive measures against communicable diseases, the road. especially water borne diseases. Transmission of communicable diseases between work- The design should include public toilets and other solid force and local population particularly tuberculosis and waste disposal facilities pneumonia. Creation of temporary breeding habitats (borrow pits) for Contractor to provide periodic health examination and mosquito vectors of disease. treatment of workers. 14. HIV/AIDS Increase in number of new HIV infections and increased Implement HIV/AIDS awareness campaign, for Contrac- number of orphans and child headed households. tor's employees, including distribution of condoms HIV/AIDS awareness seminars held regularly for com- munities to advocate change in behaviour 15. Trade/petty business Disruption of road side activities during the construction Include areas for road side trade in road design works such as petty businesses and other commercial ac- Allocate land/sites with equivalent value and potential for tivity. petty businesses and trading activities 16. Employment It is anticipated that jobs will be available during construc- In collaboration with the Local Government, carry out tion. The downside of this is that it may increase in child campaign to discourage child labour labour and contribute to increased primary school dropout. 17. Community access: Temporary disturbance in access Works contract agreement to include requirements that to important services such as schools, health centres, cul- the Contractor must plan his works to minimise distur- tural sites etc., increasing travel times. bance to local community services etc. 18. Gender Increased numbers of women especially girls engaged in Both men and women should get equal opportunity as alcohol and those who trade sex as a mean to generate skilled and unskilled labour income. Local Government Authorities should disseminate infor- Increased men involvement on income generating activities mation and create awareness on existing opportunities to that are commonly done by women who participate in road ensure equality. works. 19. Transport and transportation Road improvement will encourage more transporters to Ensure design include laybys and parking lanes in towns provide service along the road, and therefore create com- and villages for safe parking of trucks and buses. petition, which may result into reduced transportation time and cost. 20. Settlements Unplanned ribbon development is likely to occur along the Contractor's should be discouraged the workmen from project road. The major trading centres will also expand as seeking permanent residence. a result of long-term impact from improved road and com- District councils should plan for possible expansion of munications. trading within the area of influence. Residential and commercial areas will have to be demar- cated and ribbon development controlled. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page xx A very large part of the mitigation is to be undertaken by the Contractor under the civil works contract. However, a relatively small amount of 40,000 USD (forty thousand US Dollars) will have to be included for the Local Government Authorities (LGAs) to conduct awareness raising on road safety and HIV/AIDS; TANAPA to provide expertise during construction close to Tarangire National Park; and for the construction of public toilets and waste disposal facilities along the road. A Provisional Sum has been included in Item 17.02 to cover these requirements. Provisional Sum is included in Item 12.01 for Land Acquisition and this sum should also cover the cost of implementing the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). 4.9 Environmental and social management The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) details the commit- ments necessary for the proponent and construction contractor to meet the rele- vant environmental requirements in line with the recommendations in this ESIS. The full ESMP is contained in Chapter 7 of this report and the roles and line of communication summarised therein. 4.10 Proposed monitoring and auditing Monitoring and auditing for the project is proposed to take place during con- struction as indicated in the Environmental Monitoring Plan presented in Chap- ter 9 and under the responsibility of an appointed Environmental Management Officer (EMO). 4.11 Resource evaluation TANROADS as the proponent, is responsible for the preparation of the Envi- ronmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS) and for implementation and monitoring of the environmental management plan, and RAP. Preparation of the ESIS has actually been prepared for TANROADS under the Consultancy Services Contract by COWI. 4.12 Decommissioning It is not expected that the road will be decommissioned. However, the Contrac- tors' camp will need decommissioning. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 1 1 Introduction The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania through the Tanzania Na- tional Roads Agency (TANROADS) with financial assistance from the Nordic Development Fund (NDF) have engaged COWI (Denmark) in association with COWI (Tanzania) to carry out detailed engineering design including environ- mental and social impact assessment (EIA and SIA) including Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the rehabilitation of the existing Arusha - Minjingu Road (approx. 103.77 km) and construction of a new Arusha Western Bypass (approx. 5.19 km) together with a new Access Road to the Arusha Airport (approx. 1.82 km). The current traffic volume on the Arusha - Minjingu varies from an Average Daily Traffic (ADT) of more than 14,000 (total in both directions) near the starting point in Arusha, declining to around 2,000 between Kisongo (km 12) and Monduli Junction (km 25) and 1,400 at Makuyuni (km 75), whereafter it drops to around 700 on the last 28 km between Makuyuni and Minjingu. 1.1 Scope of Work The objective of the consultancy is to carry out feasibility study and detailed engineering design for the approximately 103.77 km long road section and to prepare tender documents for International Competitive Bidding (ICB) for the rehabilitation of the Arusha - Minjingu road; and constructing the approx. 5.19 km long new Arusha Western Bypass and an approx. 1.82 km long new Access Road to the Arusha Airport to cater for the next 20 year's traffic in a cost effec- tive and safe manner. The consulting services are split into two phases, as shown below: Phase I comprises the following: (i) carry out a preliminary surveys and investigations (ii) prepare a preliminary design (iii) conduct an environmental and social impact assessment (iv) perform an economic analysis to confirm if there is economic justifica- tion for the road project; Phase II includes the following: (v) preparation of a detailed engineering design P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 2 (vi) review of the environmental and social impact assessments (ESIA) completed under Phase I including preparation of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) (vii) prepare pre-qualification and bidding documents for the implementation of the project. This Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS) presents the environ- mental and social impact assessment completed during parts (iii) and (vi) of the consultancy services. The ESIS has been carried out in three phases: 1. Registration Form was prepared by the Consultant and submitted to NEMC by the proponent, TANROADS (Registration No. 430 DEIA). 2. Scoping Report was prepared by the Consultant and submitted to TANROADS on 4th February 2008. 3. The present Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS) with re- view periods prior to the start of each subsequent phase. The ESIS including the provision of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) have been completed in accordance with the requirements of the Terms of Reference (ToR) and national rules and regulations for EIA and SIA as part of the services. The period of study and reporting was from November 2007 - February 2008. Construction/ implementation of the project will depend on the outcome of the EIA and SIA including RAP, the feasibility analysis and availability of funds within TANROADS. 1.2 Methodology Recommended standard methods for conducting ESIA (Morris and Therviel, 1995) were used in this study. Briefly, the specific Terms of Reference (ToR) outlined in the scoping study (January 2008) are used to define the depth of the ESIA. Baseline information was gathered using field observations along the routes; consultation with interested and affected parties (IAPs) and reference to rele- vant secondary information. The baseline information to substantiate the im- pacts and provide an overview of the projects biophysical environment was col- lected. At district and community level, key informant interviews and consultative meetings with villagers were held. The interviews and meetings provided an opportunity to learn and share the salient information with stakeholders about the project. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 3 1.3 Report Structure In accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and Au- dit Regulations (2005) reporting requirements the first three chapters present an overview of the project, location, proposed activities and the policy and legisla- tive framework for the proposed project. Chapter 4 provides a description of the project environment divided into physi- cal, biological and social-cultural setting. Chapter 5, the heart of this report, identifies and details the potential impacts including analysis of alternatives. Chapter 6 presents outlines mitigation measures for the identified impacts. Chapter 7 and 8 are managerial sections presenting the environmental and so- cial management plan and the monitoring plan respectively. Chapter 9 presents' resources required, while decommissioning is discussed in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 provides a summary of recommendations and conclusions of the ESIS for the project. In addition a number of appendices are included in this report as follows: Appendix 1: Bibliography and References Appendix 2: List of Report Preparers Appendix 3: Arusha ­ Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project Background Information Document (English and Kiswahili edition) Appendix 4: Terms of Reference for the EIA / SIA Appendix 5: List of IAPs and Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings Appendix 6: Landuse Pattern along Arusha - Minjingu Road Appendix 7: Typical Photographs along Arusha Western Bypass Appendix 8: Photographs along Arusha Western Bypass Appendix 9: Sattelite Image of Arusha Western Bypass Corridor Appendix 10: Compensation Rates Appendix 11: Compensation Estimate Appendix 12: Location Plans of the Arusha - Minjingu road including the proposed alignment of the planned Arusha Western Bypass and the new Access Road to Arusha Airport. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 4 2 Project Background and Description 2.1 Project Rationale The Arusha - Minjingu Road is part of the Great North Road (T5), which con- nects Namanga at the Kenyan border and the TANZAM Highway at Iringa through the regions of Arusha, Manyara, Dodoma and Iringa. The road serves in particular as the main gateway to the famous Northern Circuit National Parks namely: Serengeti, Ngorongoro Crater, Manyara and Tarangire. It is also the main route for agricultural products from Singida, Babati, Hanang, Karatu and Mbulu. A general location plan of the project area is shown overleaf in Figure 2-1, while more detailed location plans of the project road based on 1:50,000 topog- raphical maps are included in Appendix 12. The road section is located in Arusha and Manyara regions of Tanzania. Figure 2-1: General Location Plan, Arusha - Minjingu Road 4. Outline and justification of the proposed project The Arusha - Minjingu Road is passing a number of towns and villages as listed in Table 2-1 and close to a few more small settlements of Maasai tribes- men (Bomas). P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 5 Table 2-1: Towns and Villages along Arusha - Minjingu Road Location Length (km) Name of Town / Village km 8.35 - 8.90 0.55 Ngaramtoni ya Chini km 12.30 - 13.05 0.75 Kisongo km 22.65 - 23.40 0.75 Duka Bovu / Meserani km 26.08 - 27.23 1.15 TPDF camp (LHS) km 42.70 - 43.10 0.40 Mti Mmoja km 48.68 - 49.05 0.37 Nanja km 55.60 - 55.70 0.10 Kiloriti km 59.53 - 60.05 0.52 Mbuyuni km 63.89 - 64.00 0.11 Duka Moja km 74.65 - 75.60 0.95 Makuyuni km 88.95 - 89.20 0.25 Mswakini km 97.40 - 97.60 0.20 Kwa Kuchinja km 100.55 - 103.77 3.22 Minjingu Construction of the Arusha - Minjingu road in its present alignment was com- pleted in 1992 with a double bituminous surface dressing on the 6.50m wide carriageway and 1.50m wide shoulders each side, whereof about 1.00m with single bituminous surface dressing. Generally, the road was constructed adja- cent to an existing narrow bitumen-surfaced road, but with considerable hori- zontal and vertical alignment improvements to comply with a design speed of 100 km/h. In 1994 it became apparent that the applied double bituminous surface dressing had started ravelling on the carriageway, exposing the crusher-run stone base course. Since then, several bituminous resealing or shallow asphalt overlay in- terventions of various sections have been carried out through periodic mainte- nance programmes in an attempt to arrest the ravelling problem (See Photo 1). The road is now due for rehabilitation and strengthening. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 6 Photo 1: Failed resealing with extensive scabbing causing high road roughness of road sectios along Arusha - Minjingu Road 2.2 Description of the Proposed Project Location plans compiled from 1:50,000 scale topographical maps are included in Appendix 12, Sheet 1 - 5. The proposed alignment for the Arusha Western Bypass and the Access Road to Arusha Airport is included on Sheet 1. The present rehabilitation project for Arusha - Minjingu Road starts at the Nga- renaro Junction at Nairobi Street (also called the Inner Ring Road) in Arusha, about 2.4 km before the Burka River crossing being the Arusha Municipality Boundary. The road terminates at end of the existing asphalt road some 200 m beyond the entrance to the Phosphate Factory in Minjingu (See Photo 2). As part of the assignment an approximately 3.2 km long section of the Arusha - Minjingu Road (from about km 4.1 to km 7.3) must be relocated about 125m northwards to be at least 200m from the centreline of the Arusha Airport run- way. Also a new 1.82 km long access road to the airport is designed as part of the consultancy assignment. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 7 Photo 2: Minjingu Phosphate Factory at km 103.5 Furthermore, to reduce the through passage of heavy goods vehicles into the city centre of Arusha, a new Arusha Western Bypass is being planned. A suit- able alignment for this Bypass has been identified starting at the Arusha - Min- jingu Road immediately east of the Moshi International School (Arusha Cam- pus), passing along the existing dirt track immediately east of the boundary of the school (see Photo 3) crossing farmland primarily belonging to M'ringa Es- tates; and joining Namanga Road about 5.5 km from the Technical College Arusha (TCA) Junction. Photo 3: Track close to the Moshi International School, Arusha Campus where the Bypass is proposed to join Arusha - Minjingu road. Note the seasonal farm- ing / fallow land on LHS of picture. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 8 2.3 Works during Construction and Operation The construction phase of the project is mainly civil works for pavement reha- bilitation of the Arusha - Minjingu Road including upgrading the first 2.7 km inside Arusha Municipal to dual carriageway with service roads and 2.4 km realignment of Arusha - Minjingu Road along Arusha Airport (km 4.1 - km 7.3) as well as construction of the new Arusha Western Bypass (5.2 km) and a new Access Road to Arusha Airport (1.82 km). The main concerns for environ- mental management are the Contractor's camp; the access roads and natural material extraction points. During operation the road is not anticipated to have environmental and social economic risks if all considerations for impact mitigation measures are taken into account. 2.3.1 Specific Project Data Contractors' camp The rehabilitation works will be tendered to a civil works contractor who will mobilise his personnel and facilities (office, laboratory, workshop, stores, living accommodation etc.). The Contractor is at liberty to decide on the location for a camp along the route to minimise his construction costs, provided such location is in compliance with the relevant laws and regulations. It is not anticipated that more than one camp for the Contractor will be neces- sary and it will located along the Arusha - Minjingu road section. A suitable location of the Contractor's camp including the site office, laboratory and houses for the Engineer would be around km 42.4 LHS of the road in view of: (i) This location is a central location in relation to the construction workload of the Project. (ii) Relatively close to the Nanja Quarry at km 47.8, but still in about 5 km distance being sufficient to abate the dust and noise impacts from the quarry operations. (iii) There are no rivers or major streams in this area that might be contami- nated. (iv) There are no forests in the area or other biologically sensitive areas nearby. (v) There is ample fallow land in this area, such that no existing buildings or other developments and crops will be affected. Presently the maintenance contractor Mecco has some material depots in minor part of this potential camp area. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 9 Pavement Rehabilitation/Strengthening Options The relevant rehabilitation/strengthening options, which have been subjected to economic evaluation as part of the engineering and feasibility studies for the Arusha - Minjingu Road, included: Option 1A: Overlay with strengthening by Crushed Rock (CRR) and Asphalt Concrete (AC) surfacing, 20-year design life Option 1B: Overlay with strengthening by CRR and AC, 15-year design life Option 2A: Reconstruction by reworking & stabilisation of existing base course and bituminous surfacing plus new CRR & AC, 20 year de- sign life Option 2B: Reconstruction by reworking & stabilisation of existing base course and bituminous surfacing plus new CRR & AC, 15 year de- sign life The pavement quantities for the 4 options are summarised in Table 2-2 below. Table 2-2: Potential Rehabilitation Options for Arusha - Minjingu Road, Option 1A Option 1B Option 2A Option 2B Rehabilitation Option Overlay Overlay Reconstruction Reconstruction 20-year design life 15-year design life 20-year design life 15-year design life New AC thickness 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm 50 mm New AC total quantity 61,640 m3 61,000 m3 61,640 m3 61,000 m3 New CRR quantity 376,700 m3 268,500 m3 265,200 m3 162,100 m3 3 3 3 New CM sub base quantity 19,000 m 17,200 m 19,000 m 17,200 m3 Stabilise exist. pavement 0 0 131,000 m3 131,000 m3 Total qty. of new material 457,340 m3 346,700 m3 345,840 m3 240,300 m3 Option 2 optimise the reuse of existing pavement materials and in comparison to Option 1, the need for new pavement materials is reduced by 25 - 30%. Hence, Option 2 is preferred from environmental point of view, but it is actu- ally also the technical and economical most viable solution. More than 90% of the quantity of new pavement materials required shall be crushed rock and totally about 500,000 m3 of hard rock, including waste, will be required. Road Construction Materials Materials investigations were carried out as part of the consultancy services along the project road corridor aiming at identifying suitable and sufficient sources of pavement construction materials within economical haulage distance of the project road. The investigations included identification of: P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 10 · Borrow Areas: sources of natural granular materials for subbase course, improved subgrade and fill. · Quarry Sites: sources of hard rock for asphalt concrete surfacing, crushed aggregate base course and coarse aggregates for concrete works. · Sand Deposits: sources of natural sand suitable as fine aggregates for concrete works. · Water Sources for compaction of fill and gravel pavement layers. Initially a study was made of previous pavement and materials investigations and in particular: · CML Report No. C 039, "Pavement Evaluation of the Arusha - Minjingu Road" dated March 2002 and · TECHNITAL Materials Report for the Arusha - Minjingu section, dated April 1983. The TECHNITAL report does not include data on quarry material. The CML report tested material samples from the Nanja quarry at km 47.8 LHS for bitu- men affinity which was reported as less than 95%. However, according to CML the result was not conclusive. Both CML and TECHNITAL listed a number of potential borrow areas along the road alignment, but only TECHNITAL sampled and tested material from any of these areas. Borrow Areas The Consultant's have investigated 8 potential borrow areas as listed in Table 2-3, indicating the location of each source together with estimated exploitable quantities and potential usage of the material according to the pavement and subgrade soil classes defined in the MOW Pavement and Materials Design Manual 1999. Table 2-3: Potential Borrow Areas Borrow Station Distance from Nearby Village Estimated avail- Usage of pit no (km) the road able quantity material (km LHS/RHS) (m3) BA 29.95 29.95 0.30 RHS Ardai 19,000 G15 BA 36.50 36.50 0.15 RHS Nadosoito Hill 20,000 G15 / G25 BA 47.44 47.44 1.60 LHS Ninja 12,000 G15 BA 54.05 54.05 0.25 RHS Kilobit kwa Lemomo 13,000 G15 BA 66.50 66.50 0.18 RHS Kwa Lengobo 21,000 G3 / G7 BA 73.30 73.30 0.25 LHS Makuyuni 16,000 G15 BA 78.20 78.20 0.20 RHS Naitolia 18,000 G15 BA 97.56 97.56 0.30 LHS Kwa Kuchinja 18,000 G15 / G25 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 11 Quarries The following is a list of existing quarries along the project road. Station Village Road side Off set distance (LHS/ RHS) (m) 30+700 Meserani RHS 150 47+840 Nanja Quarry LHS 600 67+400 Kwa Msomali RHS 200 As mentioned about 500,000 cubic metre of crushed rock will be required for the pavement rehabilitation/strengthening works. The potentially most suitable source will be the existing Nanja Quarry located about 600m LHS at km 47.84. This quarry was also used for the upgrading of the road in the early 1990'ies (see Photo 4). Photo 4: Existing Nanja Quarry at km 47.84, 600m LHS P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 12 Sand Sources Two sand deposits were identified and sampled for laboratory testing. The loca- tion of the sand deposits is given in Table 2-4. Table 2-4 Location of sand deposits Chainage (km) Location 74.36 Makuyuni, 13.2 km LHS 103.10 Minjingu, 8.9 km LHS Water Sources Two perennial water sources were identified and sampled for laboratory testing. The location of the water sources is given in Table 2-5. Table 2-5: Location of water sources Chainage (km) Location 2.45 Burka river 75.50 Mto wa Mbu River, 35 km RHS As for the Contractor's camp he is not bound to sourcing material from the sites suggested by the Consultant, however the above mentioned sources are recom- mended. 2.3.2 Project Phases The rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and construction of a new Arusha Western Bypass as well as new Access Road to Arusha Airport can be divided into the following three phases; · Planning including detailed design and tendering (this assignment) · Construction to be done as a one off activity (this includes mobilisa- tion, construction, repair of any defects and demobilisa- tion/commissioning) · Operation for the planned 20 years life span of the road or until addi- tional rehabilitation is deemed necessary. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 13 3 Policy Legal and Administrative Framework For sustainable environmental management of the environment in which the proposed rehabilitation works are to be carried out the proponent (TANROADS), the Contractor and other stakeholders (local government, NGO's etc.) are guided by a number of policies and legislation. 3.1 National Policies 3.1.1 Transport Policy, 2002 The main objective of this policy is to enhance transport and promote environ- mental protection. Environmental problems created by the transport sector are pollution and safety. Emission into the environment from vehicles is beginning to take its toll in Tanzania. The majority of fuel is leaded and a lot of the vehi- cles are in poor condition. Furthermore, improper disposal of oils, fuels, and other pollutants from garages and petrol stations may contaminate soils and wa- ter sources. 3.1.2 The National Environmental Policy (NEP, 1997) This policy provides the framework for the formulation of plans, programmes and guidelines for the achievement of sustainable development. Key objectives of this policy with regards the road rehabilitation project is to: · Ensure sustainability, security and equity in the use of resources; · Prevent and control degradation of life supporting land, water, vegeta- tion and air; · Conserve and enhance natural and man-made heritage; The policy promotes the use of EIA's as a planning tool that integrates envi- ronmental issues into the planning process. The road project as a development initiative falls under the framework of the policy whereby an inter-sectoral ap- proach to environmental management is recommended. 3.1.3 Tanzania Wildlife Policy, 1998 The aim of this policy and regulatory framework is to involve a broader section of the society in wildlife protection, utilization, management and development of protected areas. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 14 The wildlife sector mandate is sustainable utilization of the wildlife resources. Anti-poaching activities have been intensified resulting in the decrease of poaching incidences. The wildlife policy and legislation focuses on peoples' participation in the conservation and protection of the resources. The policy has facilitated improvement in performance of the sector in attaining the overall goal of effective conservation and sustainable utilization of the wildlife re- sources. The road rehabilitation project is in the vicinity of the Tarangire - Manyara eco- system. There are some concerns for wildlife corridors crossing the Arusha - Minjingu Road that have been addressed in the Environmental and Social Man- agement Plan (ESMP). 3.1.4 National Land Policy, 1995 This policy advocates equitable distribution and access to land by all citizens. It aims to ensure that existing rights in land especially customary rights of small holders (i.e. peasants and herdsmen who form the majority of the country's population) are recognized, clarified, and secured in law. Under the policy framework land is to be put to its most productive use to promote rapid social and economic development of the country among other objectives. The reha- bilitation of the Arusha - Minjingu road thus needs to conform to existing land use practises particularly pastoralism and the presence of settlements. 3.1.5 National Water Policy, 2002 Three components from the National Water Policy have a bearing on the road rehabilitation project. These address proper use, conservation and protection of water sources for avoiding impacts on human consumption and the environ- ment. (i) Socio-Economic and Water Allocation: Water is a basic need and its use is to be determined by and have consistence in the legisla- tion, the allocation system should distinguish and separate water use permit from land titles and a sufficient supply of water and an ade- quate means of sanitation are prioritised. (ii) Protection and Conservation of Water Resources: The "polluter pays principle" shall apply and water conservation for all aspects of water use are to be enforced. "Demand Management" is to be used in conjunction with water supply provision. (iii) Water and the Environment: Water related activities should aim to enhance or to cause least detrimental effect on the natural environ- ment. Furthermore the allocation and consumption of water for en- vironmental purposes shall be recognized and given appropriate considerations. Water in the project environment is critically scarce and for implementation of the project scientific information available considering both the temporal and P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 15 spatial water requirements to maintain the health and viability of riverine and estuary eco-systems is necessary. 3.1.6 Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997) The number and nature of guidelines that constitute Tanzanian Agricultural and Livestock policy is complex. However, the overall aim is to promote and en- sure a secure land tenure system to encourage the optimal use of land resources, and facilitate broad-based social and economic development without upsetting or endangering the ecological balance of the environment. The communities in the project environment are largely livestock keepers and there is potential conflict of interest with the road rehabilitation and livestock keeping as it is mainly free ranging. The slopes of the road and the bitumen are not always easily crossed by ungulates. 3.1.7 National Mining Policy, 1997 The Mineral Policy covers all activities regarding extraction from the ground. This includes minerals and material such as that for construction. The policy however, promotes private sector led mineral development relegating the role of the Government to regulation, promotion and facilitation. The responsibilities of the Government include monitoring of mining activities, collection and maintenance of geo-technical data for promotional purposes and administration and inspection of mining activities, and environmental manage- ment with regards to mining. The project sourcing for materials should be guided under this policy as extrac- tion of sand and gravel are considered mining. 3.2 Legislations, Regulations and Guideline 3.2.1 Highway Ordinance, Cap. 1967 The Ordinance aims to regulate construction and building of highways and roads and execution of works thereto, as well as to regulate the use of high- ways. There is little in the Ordinance that is directed specifically to the protec- tion of the environment and thus an indirect translation of some of the provi- sions serves to regulate negative impacts from the transport sector. Road authorities are allowed to prohibit any particular class of traffic on a road in public interest. Similarly, use of public highways may be restricted to the exclusive use of any specified kinds of traffic. The provisions protecting high- ways do not address health of the public, or the possible effects of highway degradation on humans (i.e. damaged roads leading to hazardous chemical spills, increased accidents etc.). However, section 44 gives the road authority power to regulate maximum weights and speeds of vehicles, which may law- fully be driven or hauled over any part of highway. Failure to abide by posted regulations is an offence. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 16 3.2.2 The Environmental Management Act (EMA) No 20 of 2004 The Act aims to provide a legal and institutional framework for sustainable management of the environment in implementing the National Environment Policy. The Act allows for impact and risk assessments, prevention and control of pollution, waste management, environmental quality standards (public par- ticipation) as well as compliance and enforcement. This Act establishes the En- vironmental Appeals Tribunal and the National Environmental Trust Fund, re- pealing the National Environment Management Act, No 19 of 1983. The Act is presented in 20 parts with each part dealing with specific provisions of envi- ronmental management. Part VI provides for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and other as- sessments. This is further elaborated in the guidelines and regulations that have been used and referred to, to give more detailed instructions on how each stage of the assessment is to take place. Environmental Impact Assessment and Au- dit Regulations of 2005 (made under sections 82 (1) and 230 (2) (h) and (q)). The project road falls under mandatory projects to be subjected to the EIA process. 3.2.3 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, revised 1961 Under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Ordinance the Presi- dent is empowered to acquire any land for a project of public interest. The 1956 ordinance after its revision in 1961, states: "Where it appears to the President that it is necessary to acquire any land within a planning area for the scheme applicable thereto and agreement for the acquisition thereof between the Local Authority and the owner of such land cannot be reached, the President may acquire such land under any law relating to the compulsory acquisition of land". Without prejudice to the generality of the provision of subsection (1) of this section, the power of the President hereunder shall extend to the acquisition of land which has not been developed in accordance with the scheme applicable thereto which, in his opinion, it is necessary to acquire in order to secure its good development or the proper, orderly and continuous development of a planning area or any part of it or the good development of neighbouring land. Without prejudice to the provisions of any law relating to the compulsory ac- quisition of land, the purposes for which land may be acquired under the provi- sions of this ordinance shall be deemed to be the public purposes. This legisla- tion could provide for land acquisition envisioned for the Arusha Western By- pass. 3.2.4 The Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations, 2001 These regulations provide criteria for the assessment of compensation of land, as per market value for real property; disturbance allowance is calculated as a percentage of market value of the acquired assets over twelve months; and P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 17 transport allowance calculated at the cost of 12 tons hauled over a distance not exceeding 20 km. The other criteria includes loss of profit on accommodation based on business audited accounts and accommodation allowance equivalent to the rent of the acquired property per month over a 36 month period. This legislation should be considered in development of the RAP baseline and valuation of properties for compensation. 3.2.5 The Wildlife Conservation Act (No. 12), 1974 In Wildlife Conservation activities, including related environmental legislation dates back to 1914 when the Wildlife Conservation Act was adopted. The Game Preservation Ordinance, 1921, established game reserves and the Game Preservation Ordinance 1940, made provision for National Parks as subse- quently created under the National Parks Ordinance, 1948. The legislation was consolidated under the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 12 of 1974 and amended 1978. Among the many objectives and strategies that the act sets the following are major ones: · To promote conservation of wildlife and its habitat (Protection); · To regulate development, projects/activities in protected areas (Devel- opment); · To conserve viable populations of species making up Tanzania's fauna and flora with emphasis on endangered, threatened, endemic species and their habitats; · Enforcing EIA process for proposed developments in protected areas and requesting for environmental planning for developments to be car- ried out in the wildlife areas outside protected areas in order to mini- mize negative impacts. The Tarangire ecosystem is protected by this Act. 3.2.6 National Parks Ordinance, Cap 142 The Ordinance establishes a mechanism for the creation of National Parks that extinguishes all rights of use (except mining rights) previously associated with the area. It creates a management authority of trustees for the parks, the Tanza- nia National Parks Authority (TANAPA) under the Minister for National Re- sources and Tourism. Control of the Parks prohibits unauthorised entry and a violation of this is a prosecutable offence. Likewise destruction of wildlife and the introduction of vegetation are strongly discouraged and if caught one is subject to prosecution. The National Parks Ordinance has been amended and complemented by several Acts, including the Game Parks (Miscellaneous Amendments) Laws, 14/75. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 18 For purposes of the nearby National Parks the construction crew would benefit information on the regulations for permitted activity around these areas. 3.2.7 National Land Use Planning Commission Act 3/84 In addition to the Local Government Act another act that regulates land use is the National Land Use Planning Commission Act. This Act creates the National Land Use Planning Commission with the main function to prepare regional physical land use plans, formulate land use policies for implementation by the government (Central and Local) and to specify standards, norms and criteria for the protection of beneficial use and maintenance of land. 3.2.8 Land and Village Lands Act, 1999 Land Act 4 (1999) and the Village Land Act (1999) replace previous legislation on land, consolidating all provisions by the earlier legislation. The current Acts divide land into public land (Village land), reserved land (land set aside for conservation e.g. National Parks etc.) and hazardous land (that poses danger if developed e.g. 60m from rivers, mangroves etc.). The Arusha - Minjingu road traverses through mainly two of the land catego- ries, and as such use of these lands for project activity would necessitate con- sultation with the appropriate authority. For public lands Village and local gov- ernments are responsible and for hazardous land NEMC is to be consulted. 3.2.9 Water Act, 1974 and Amendment, 1981 The Water Act principally seeks to ensure water use without sectoral conflicts and without pollution. This is the spirit of both Act No. 42 of 1974 and amendment No. 10 of 1981, which is enacted, to control and protect water re- sources. The legislation defines water as all water flowing over the surface of the ground or contained or flowing or from a spring or stream or natural lake, swamp or beneath a watercourse. The Act places a regime of water rights to govern access to water use. Pollution control norms and standards are embod- ied in the water rights. Apart from incorporating pollution control and prevention conditionality in wa- ter rights, the Act goes a step further to put in place a regime in consent for the discharge of effluent. Under section 15A (1) of the Act, no person may dis- charge effluent from any commercial, industrial or other trade waste systems into receiving water bodies without consent duly granted by a Water Officer. The Act also contains two schedules which, set standards for receiving waters and effluents. There are few water bodies in the area traversed by the road due for rehabilita- tion. The presence of bridges and culverts suggest that care should be taken to observe the requirements of the Water Act. 3.2.10 The Mining Act (No. 5), 1998 This is the principal legislation for the management of all mining activities in the country. The Act and its associated Regulations govern the environmental management of mining projects. This act is highlighted here because crushed P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 19 rock material to be used in the rehabilitation of the Arusha - Minjingu Road, as well as the construction of the Arusha Western Bypass and the Access Road to Arusha Airport will have to be quarried. As such, the act and some of regulations, i.e., Mining (Environmental Man- agement and Protection) Regulations, 1999 (hereby called "Environmental Regulations"), will need to be reviewed to ensure that proper environmental guidelines are followed. 3.2.11 Explosives Act, 538 This Act requires all persons wanting to use explosives in their activities to hold an explosive licence. For the Arusha ­ Minjingu road rehabilitation this applies to use of material from any quarry and borrow pit where blasting is to be employed. 3.2.12 Local Government Act, 1982 The Local Government Acts 7 & 8 (1982) gives authority to local governments to regulate matters that are local. A pertinent example of such authority to the Arusha ­ Minjingu road rehabilitation project is that the local government may opt to regulate extraction of minerals or building material, through their bylaws. Despite the authority of local governments the bylaws should not derogate any principal legislation e.g. in the case of extraction of material, the Mining Act. 3.3 Administrative Framework The geographic boundaries of the Arusha - Minjingu road rehabilitation project are within the regions of Arusha and Manyara. All environmental issues in Tanzania are regulated and controlled by the Minis- ter for the Environment under the Vice Presidents Office. Under the Ministers command is the Division of Environment (DoE), which is the authority that issues all environmental certificates based on advice from the Technical Re- view Committee (TRC). The National Environmental Management Council reviews the EIA process and the management plans are likewise monitored by the same. For the Arusha - Minjingu road rehabilitation and the Arusha Western Bypass project, TANROADS as the proponent, is responsible for the preparation of the EIA and for implementation and monitoring of the environmental management plan, and RAP. The preparation of the EIA can be contracted as with this assignment, but it has to involve all potential stakeholders. At the local level government authorities such as the Arusha Municipal council, Arusha District, Monduli District and Babati District councils and the respec- tive ward and village governments are responsible for ensuring the communi- ties concerns and rights are protected in the implementation and operation of the project. Thus the proponent and the consultant should ensure that the local governments are adequately informed and involved in the project planning, de- sign and implementation phases. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 20 4 The Project Environment 4.1 Physical Environment The physical environment of the project area is presented in the sections below. a) Climate: The Arusha and Manyara regions have two types of rainfall pat- terns; monomodal and bimodal. Monomodal rainfall is found in Babati where rains are from November and end in April. The annual rainfall is usually reliable, ranging from around 1000 mm at Arusha decreasing to around 700mm at Minjingu as indicated in the Rainfall Map in Figure 4-1. The municipal of Arusha and districts of Monduli and Meru usually get both short and long rains. The short rains start in October and end up in December, whilst the long rains start in February and end up in June. Figure 4-1: Mean Annual Rainfall Based on rainfall data for Tingatinga Coffee Estate and Mto wa Mbu Agric Of- fice, as shown graphically in Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3, it can be seen that the monthly maximum rainfall ranges between 127 - 800 mm, while monthly mean ranges between 64 - 204 mm. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 21 Figure 4-2: Monthly Rainfall Data, Tingatinga Coffee Estate, from 1971 - 1989 Rainfall Data, Tingatinga Coffee Estate 4000 3500 3000 2500 mm/month 2000 Monthly Total Monthly mean 1500 Monthly maximum 1000 500 0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Figure 4-3: Monthly Rainfall Data, Mto wa Mbu Agric Office between 1961 and 1982 Rainfall Data, Mto wa Mbu Agric Office 2000.0 1800.0 1600.0 1400.0 1200.0 mm/month 1000.0 Monthly means Monthly total 800.0 Monthly maximim 600.0 400.0 200.0 0.0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month The average yearly temperature in the Arusha area is 21ºC according to Arusha Regional Chamber (http://www.tccia.com/tccia/arusha-page.htm). The mean minimum temperature is recorded as low as 12ºC during the months June/July, whilst the mean maximum temperature is as high as 30ºC during the months of December and January. b) Topography: Arusha and Manyara regions are divided into the highlands (Mt Meru, Hanang, Oldeani), and the lowlands, which are mainly plains P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 22 and scattered hills covered with bush and grasslands. East of the rift valley wall, the landscape gently undulates with intermittent extinct volcanoes in- cluding the Ngorongoro crater highlands, the Gol Mountains and Loliondo hills. On the west of the rift valley there are areas with vast selberges and large scarps including low and flat lands near soda lakes, this is in the five districts of Ngorongoro, Karatu, Mbulu, Hanang and Babati. The other dis- tricts of Monduli, Arusha, Meru, Arusha, Simanjiro and Kiteto lie in gently rolling hills characteristic of the topography in the east of the rift valley. The topography of the road can be described as gently rolling with four river crossings and numerous smaller stream crossings. The four river crossings with catchment areas of more than 100 km2, as follows and indi- cated in Figure 4-4: km 29.65: Ardai River km 48.33: Luigumashi River km 67.20: Mbuyuni River km 76.82: Makuyuni River In conjunction with some of the waterway crossings, gradients up to 6% are encountered, but only on relatively short section of about 200 - 300 m. Figure 4-4: Arusha - Minjingu Road, Longitudinal Profile Arusha - Minjingu Road Longitudinal Profile 1500 Km 48.01: Luigumashi River 1450 Km 29.37: Ardai River 1400 1350 Km 66.91: Mbuyuni River Altitude [m] 1300 1250 Km 76.50: Makuyuni 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 Chainage [km] The altitude of the project road varies from about 1,400 m near Arusha, with the highest altitude of 1,438 m found at km 53.4 from where it is dropping to around 1,000 m near Minjingu, being located in the lake Manyara basin. c) Geology and Soil: The geological outline of the area traversed by the Arusha - Minjingu Road consists of various fairly homogenous lithological P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 23 groups of soils. Distinctive soil elements include Debris, Alluvial and Col- luvial Deposits, Talus, River Sand and Agricultural Soils. Volcanic rock outcrops are common in the area. Soils along the road range from sandy to clay loams with variable texture from coarse to fine. Erosion is common throughout the region, some old caravats are full of silt, and thus project activity may potentially aggravate the erosion problem if not properly ad- dressed in the design. d) Hydrology: There are four river crossings along the project road with catchment areas of more than 100 km2 as listed in Table 4-1. However none of the rivers have flowing water all year round. In addition to these main rivers there are several seasonal streams, which are catered for by culverts. Table 4-1: Rivers crossing Arusha - Minjingu Road Location Name of River Catchment Area km 29.65 Ardai River 254 km2 km 48.33 Luigumashi River 152 km2 km 67.20 Mbuyuni River 111 km2 km 76.82 Makuyuni River 2390 km2 4.2 Biological Environment a) Vegetation: Arusha District is made up of four natural vegetation zones. These are: woodland, wooded grasslands, bushed grasslands, and open grasslands. These cover approximately 80% of the vegetation in the region. The vegetation along the Arusha - Minjingu Road is primarily bushed and open grasslands which is predominant on about 29% and 25.6% respec- tively, while wooded grassland with Acacia trees (thicket) is found at two short sections, km 72.5 - 74.0 and km 97.0 - 97.4, totalling about 1.8% of the alignment as shown in Table 4-2. Table 4-2: Summary of Landuse Pattern along Arusha - Minjingu Road Length in metre Wooded Bushed Coffee Farm- Grassland Grassland Open Towns Villages Settlements Farm land (Thicket) (Scrub) Grassland Riverine Left Hand Side 2750 6950 2070 1400 27670 1900 26730 32210 2090 Right Hand Side 2750 6660 1190 2600 32230 1900 26330 28020 2090 Average 2750 6805 1630 2000 29950 1900 26530 30115 2090 Percentage 2.7% 6.6% 1.6% 1.9% 28.9% 1.8% 25.6% 29.0% 2.0% P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 24 b) Land Use: Pastoralist activities dominate the project area and farmland predominate for about 29% of the Arusha - Minjingu Road as shown in Table 4-2. Details of landuse pattern along the road is given in Appendix 6. Grazing and climatic conditions of the area have contributed to the evident degradation of the environment evident in the area. Maasai own huge herds of cattle and move from one area to another in search of pasture. The land available for grazing is not always able to support the herd sizes and thus the degradation. In addition to pastoralism there are some small-scale farms in the area. Major crops grown are maize and sorghum. The Arusha Western Bypass area falls into one of Arusha's agro-economic zones for growing Bananas and Coffee. This zone has approximately over 1000mm rainfall per annum, and occurs on the slopes of Mt. Meru in Meru and Arusha District. However, along the proposed alignment of the new Bypass there is primarily farmland with seasonal crops and fallow land as shown in Table 4-3. Table 4-3: Summary of Landuse along Planned Arusha Western Bypass Landuse Length Percentage Farmland 2.59 km 50.0% Fallow land 1.97 km 38.0% Plantation with young teak trees 0.29 km 5.6% Coffee farm 0.31 km 6.0% Concrete water reservoirs 0.02 km 0.4% c) Fauna: The Arusha - Minjingu Road is passing near the Tarangire Na- tional Park. The Tarangire National Park occupies an area of nearly 2,600 sq km in an ecosystem of nearly 8,358 sq km that combines the National Park and an adjacent conservation area. The park was established to pro- tect the dry season refuge surrounding the Tarangire River. During the wet season from mid November to end of May, up to 80% of all wildlife (ze- bras, gnus, elephants, buffaloes etc.) migrates from the National Park and heads into the adjacent village lands and on to the Manyara National Park or the Serengeti with the Lake Natron. The Arusha - Minjingu Road does not go through the Tarangire National Park, but acts as an access route to the Park. However, the road cuts the important wildlife migration corridor between Tarangire, Manyara Na- tional Park and the Lake Natron area. Wildlife crosses both the Arusha - Minjingu road and the Arusha - Mto wa Mbu road at several points. Mi- gratory wildlife crosses both the Arusha - Minjingu road and the Arusha - Mto wa Mbu road at several points. There are no fixed crossings for wild- life, but the existing road has been built with this consideration to allow for the ungulates (hoofed animals) to cross. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 25 4.3 Social Cultural Environment The Arusha - Minjingu road project lies in Arusha Municipality, Arusha Dis- trict, Meru District and Monduli District in Arusha Region; and Babati Rural District in Manyara Region (see Figure 4-5: Administrative Districts traversed by Arusha - Minjingu Road Socio-economic environment for Arusha and Manyara regions is quite similar with slight variation as discussed below. a) Population: Based on 2002 Population Census, the total population in Arusha and Manyara Region is 2,402,094, of which 1,288,088 is in Arusha; and 1,114,000 in Manyara. The districts in which the project road is located have the following population: District Population House Holds Population 2007 2002 2002 (projection) Arusha District 281,608 72,444 366,309 Arumeru District 514,651 113,002 608,297 Monduli District 184,516 41,112 222,342 Babati District 303,013 59,970 330,000 The population of wards traversed by the road is shown in Table 4-4. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 26 Table 4-4: Population along Arusha - Minjingu Road District Ward Village Population Road Section Total Male Female (Arusha - Minjingu) Arusha Ngarenaro Urban Ward total 15,729 7,777 7,952 km 0 - 8.6 * District Mita mia Mbili 2,153 1,034 1,119 Olmatejo 2,894 1,473 1,421 Darajani 2,105 1,043 1,062 Unga Ltd. Urban Ward total 18,633 9,208 9,425 Oster Bay 2,733 1,296 1,437 Darajani 2,809 1,391 1,418 Meru Kiranyi Mixed Ward total 38,677 18,686 19,991 km 8.6 - 11.7 District Ilkiurei Urban 12,093 5,957 6,136 Olorien Urban 6,114 2,908 3,206 Olorien 1,871 913 958 Olosiva Urban 5,307 2,530 2,777 Kiranyi Urban 2,807 1,352 1,455 Kiranyi 2,868 1,420 1,448 Saitabau 2,603 1,250 1,353 Siwandeti 4,677 2,198 2,479 Kisongo Rural Ward total 7,474 3,477 3,997 km 11.7 - 20.0 Ilkerin 2,085 970 1,115 Engorola 2,375 1,127 1,248 Loovilukunya 1,317 617 700 Lesiraa 1,697 763 934 Monduli Sepeko Rural Ward total 21,717 10,024 11,693 km 20.0 - 53.0 District Meserani Chini 1,101 498 603 km 22.7 - 23.4 Meserani Juu 3,831 1,881 1,950 km 22.7 - 23.4 Mti Mmoja 1,221 528 693 km 42.7 -43.1 Nanja km 48.7 - 49.0 Losimingori 2,441 1,159 1,282 Makuyuni Rural Ward total 12,231 6,152 6,079 km 53.0 - 96.6 Mbuyuni 2,143 1,007 1,136 km 59.5 - 60.0 Makuyuni 4,362 2,413 1,949 km 74.7 - 76.6 Naiti 1,861 884 977 Naitolia 1,295 610 685 km 78.2 Mswakini Chini 1,246 574 672 km 89.0 - 89.2 Mswakini Juu 1,324 664 660 km 89.0 - 89.2 Babati Nkaiti Rural Ward total 10,468 5,327 5,141 km 96.6 - 103.8 Rural Kwa Kuchinja Included in Minjingu data km 97.3 - 97.6 District Minjingu 8135 4122 4019 km 100.6 - 103.7 * Including Access Road to Arusha Airport and Arusha Western Bypass P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 27 b) Ethnic Groups: The main ethnic groups in Arusha region are the Arusha, Meru and Masaai; and in Manyara are Iraqw, Barbaigs and Masaai. The Maasai are found in both regions, specifically in Kiteto, Simanjiro, Monduli and Ngorongoro districts; and Iragw in Karatu, Mbulu and Hanang. Other population in small numbers found in both regions are Sonjo, Gorowa, Tatoga, Rangi, Chagga, Par, Tatoga and Nguu. c) Settlements: Settlement patterns vary within the project area and along the length of the Arusha - Minjingu Road, where the highest densities are found in the towns and villages/mitaa, and scattered in between. Table 4-5: Towns and Villages along Arusha - Minjingu Road Location Length (km) Name of Town / Village km 8.35 - 8.90 0.55 Ngaramtoni ya Chini km 12.30 - 13.05 0.75 Kisongo km 22.65 - 23.40 0.75 Duka Bovu / Meserani km 26.08 - 27.23 1.15 TPDF camp (LHS) km 42.70 - 43.10 0.40 Mti Mmoja km 48.68 - 49.05 0.37 Nanja km 55.60 - 55.70 0.10 Kiloriti km 59.53 - 60.05 0.52 Mbuyuni km 63.89 - 64.00 0.11 Duka Moja km 74.65 - 75.60 0.95 Makuyuni km 88.95 - 89.20 0.25 Mswakini km 97.40 - 97.60 0.20 Kwa Kuchinja km 100.55 - 103.77 3.22 Minjingu d) Education: Adult literacy in both Arusha and Manyara regions range from 61% to 79%. Primary school coverage is generally good in the project districts with each village having at least one primary school. Primary school enrolment figure is above 85% in all project districts. Primary school enrolment figure for boys and girls in Arusha indicate that in rural areas more boys enrol than girls by about 4.6%; however, in urban areas the enrolment for the same is almost equal. Absence from school is quite common in rural areas, and the reason for it being livestock herding. Enrolment to secondary schools has improved. In 2007 all pupils who passed their Standard IV exams were enrolled in secondary schools, while only 68% were enrolled in 2006. However, the enrolment in ru- ral areas was lower than in urban, indicating that few children in rural areas go to secondary school after primary education. This might have attributed to poverty. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 28 e) Public Health: Malaria is considered to be the number one cause of morbidity and mortality, followed by tuberculosis, pneumonia and wa- ter borne diseases in that order account for more than 77% of the deaths due to the top ten most common diseases. Severe malnutrition, eye dis- ease and skin infections are also common because of the poor hygienic condition especially in rural areas. Generally the number of health facilities in the project area is low (ex- cept for Arusha Municipal) for the number of people they are expected to serve; and most are understaffed. Distances to health facilities ranges from 2 km and 6 km in rural areas; while travel distance to the hospital in regional towns exceed 30 km. Most people cannot afford the trans- port cost; i.e., cost of return bus ticket from Minjingu village to Mt. Meru Hospital in Arusha is TZS 6,000/=; and going to Babati is TZS 10,000/=. f) HIV/AIDS prevalence rates vary from 5.3 % in Arusha and 2% in Manyara region (THIS, 2004). Women and youth are mostly infected and affected. People are aware of the pandemic to a large extent, but they continue with behaviour and practices, which put them at risk. Some of the common practices include Female Genital Mutilation, po- lygamy, and wives sharing among people of same age, widow inheri- tance, early marriages, and ceremony of new born baby. g) Agriculture: Agriculture is the main economic activity, followed by livestock keeping. Agriculture contributes up to 40% of the regional gross domestic product (GDP) and also account for more than 75% of the export earnings. Both commercial and peasantry farming are carried out in both regions. Commercial farming for coffee and flori culture in Arusha Municipality, Arusha and Meru districts; wheat in Hanang and Karatu districts, seed beans in Simanjiro and Monduli districts. Maize, banana, millet, paddy, Irish potatoes and beans though produced by smallholders are grown widely and substantially contribute to the re- gion's economy. And, the large livestock population is contributing to about 20% of the GDP. There is still vast agriculture potential unex- ploited; the cultivated land is only about 25% of the arable land in the project area. h) Tourism: Tourism is an important economic activity contributing ade- quately to the region's economy. It is estimated that this activity alone contributes to 20% of the GDP. i) Industry and Mining: These sectors also contribute to about 5% and 2% of the GDP respectively. Small-scale miners have for many years dominated the mining sector in the region. It is only recently that the Government policy has changed to encourage commercial mining. The regions are endowed by a diversity of mineral resources, which can categorise in three groups: gemstones, industrial minerals and others. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 29 j) Trade/Petty Business: In the urban areas of the project area, i.e., Nga- renaro junction, Mbauda, Kisongo, Duka Bovu (Meserani), Duka Moja, Makuyuni, Tarangire, Minjingu trade and commerce is also a signifi- cant activity. There are food vendors, running kiosks (genge's), guest- houses, marketing places, etc. These activities depend on passengers of public transport and a few individuals such as tourists to earn in- come. It is expected that the income from potential businesses will increase from the influx of people and cash flow. k) Marketing of Agriculture and Livestock Produce: There are planned market arrangements in the area used by community members as selling points of agriculture and livestock produce. The main external market is Arusha City and local markets to a lesser extent. l) Transport and Transportation: most commonly used means to trans- portation from farm to the markets include by foot with head loads, bi- cycles, horse carts, hand carts and old 109 Land Rovers, commonly named as "Mandolin". Cost of motorised transport is in most cases not affordable. For example, from Olerieni 1 in Kiranyi ward to Kisongo markets of hardly 5 kms, but one need to travel to Arusha city, then to Kisongo by public buses. Cost of return trip is approx. TZS 2,000/=. Villagers have to pay TZS 5,000/= to reach Babati from Minjingu which is approx. 60 km; against TZS 3,000/= to Arusha a distance of 104 km due to bad road condition. The well to do people transport produce by motorised means of trans- port; and a common man use animal carts and walk long distances to the market place. Women compose the majority of pedestrians walking long distances with head loads, transporting horticulture produce and small livestock such as chicken to the markets, taking children to health care services, etc. m) Employment and Recruitment: Agriculture and livestock sectors em- ploy more than 80% of the rural population. There is still vast agricul- ture potential unexploited; the cultivated land is only about 25% of the arable land in the project area. Increasingly, male youth are reported to migrate from rural areas into mining centres to work as casual labour- ers. n) Road Reserve: TANROADS continue to maintain the road reserve with provision of awareness and regular notice to encroachers; and mark "X" on properties places within the ROW. Between Ngarenaro and TANAPA Junction (approx.2.7 km): there are properties marked "X" in this road section. However, passing along the said road one cannot easily see the "X" marks because some were deliberately faded away. Consultations with the Local Government Leaders and the respective property owners in Ngarenaro, Unga Ltd, Sombetini and Olerieni wards in Arusha Municipal Council revealed P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 30 that they are quite aware of road reserve and of properties that need to be removed. Removal of all properties within the 45 m ROW is necessary for the upgrading of this 2.7 km section to dual carriageway including services roads and sidewalks for pedestrians, bus stops etc. According to TANROADS and Arusha Municipality officials all fixed assets includ- ing housing properties were identified, valued and compensated as per laws of the land in the previous Road Construction Period (1986 - 1990). New Arusha Western Bypass: The proposed alignment will on about 4.6 km (corresponding to ~88%) traverse farmland or fallow land, which will be divided and thereby possibly diminish the value of the land, as utilisation is hampered. The construction on the Bypass will also lead to the loss of land, seasonal crops, and 1.4 ha coffee farm as well as two concrete water reservoirs of 15 x 15 m and 6 x 20 m. Realignment of the road section along the Arusha Airport: The re- alignment is on land belonging to Selian Institute. As the realignment shall be in a distance of 200m from the runway centreline, it will result in a 10 - 40 m wide strip of land between the ROW of the existing road and the realignment. Selian Institute will find it difficult to use this strip of land and Airport regulations may restrict its use. Therefore owner- ship of this strip of land as well as the existing ROW is recommended to be transferred to the Airport Authorities. This should be a formality as all parties involved are government bodies. 4.4 Structures/ Utilities a) Powerlines: A total of 40 powerline poles as listed in Table 4-6 are in- side the 45 m ROW on the first 2.7 km of Arusha - Minjingu Road. They will be affected by the widening of this section to dual carriage- way with service roads, wherefore about 2700 m of 33 kV powerlines and these 40 poles must be relocated. There is also a HT-powerline at Minjingu on the RHS, but it is situated just outside the ROW and will therefore not be affected by the road re- habilitation works b) Telephone lines: About ten telephone poles will have to be relocated as they conflict with the service roads between Mbauda junction and TANAPA junction. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 31 Table 4-6: List of Powerline Poles to be Relocated along Arusha - Minjingu Road Location of Pole Length of Line Location of Pole Length of Line No. Station Offset L/R Affected No. Station Offset L/R Affected 1R 185 26 R 100 2R 222 25 R 100 1L 330 15 L 87 3R 372 15 R 60 2L 427 15 L 4R 420 6 R 50 3L 475 16 L 195 5R 632 10.5 R 60 4L 518 16 L 6R 678 13 R 60 5L 848 16 L 120 7R 737 11 R 60 6L 967 15 L 106 8R 775 11 R 60 7L 1076 15.5 L 120 9R 815 12 R 60 8L 1177 16.5 L 10R 851 12 R 60 140 9L 1245 16.5 L 11R 890 9 R 60 10L 1519 17.5 L 80 12R 904 9.5 R 60 11L 1617 15 L 110 13R 955 9.5 R 60 12L 1745 17.5 L 14R 1039 11.5 R 60 13L 1801 15.5 L 15R 1075 11 R 60 245 14L 1832 15.5 L 16R 1101 9.5 R 60 15L 1876 15 L 17R 1574 14.5 R 60 16L 1985 14.5 L 18R 1661 9 R 60 17L 2039 13.5 L 19R 1733 9.5 R 60 217 18L 2094 14 L 20 1777 9.5 R 60 19L 2128 16.5 L 21R 1917 13 R 60 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 32 5 Identification, Assessment and Analysis of Impacts The Project can be divided into: 1) Rehabilitation works for 97.9 km of the Arusha - Minjingu Road, exclud- ing the 3.2 km section (km 3.1 - 7.3) which shall be realigned and therefore new construction and the first 2.7 km which shall be upgraded to dual car- riageway with service roads. 2) Upgrading of 2.7 km to dual carriageway with service roads inside Arusha. 3) New road construction of 10.2 km, namely the new Arusha Western By- pass (5.19 km), the new Access Road to Arusha Airport (1.82 km) and re- alignment of km 3.1 - 7.3 section of the Arusha - Minjingu Road. Impacts of road rehabilitation are usually limited, but may have some signifi- cance on natural resource systems and the social and cultural environment, while new construction in addition thereto also require land take, which may cause significant impacts. The impacts were identified using standard ESIA methodology i.e., field obser- vations, consultation and reference to relevant secondary information. Expert opinion provided the basis of the analysis of the significance of the individual impacts and for each a brief assessment is presented in the following sections. 5.1 Identification of Issues The following impacts were identified in consultation with TANROADS and other IAPs. These were raised particularly around the planned Arusha Western Bypass, and with regards to design in terms of allowing for wildlife to have an easy passage when migrating across the Arusha - Minjingu road sections. A tabulated impact assessment is presented in Table 5-1 (see Section 5.3 be- low). The table highlights in which project phase (Planning, Construction, Op- eration) the identified impacts are most significant. 1) Air Pollution (dust & noise) from vehicle and machinery operation, along the ROW (in particular from detour routes) as well as in borrow ar- eas and quarry sites and the haul routes to these natural materials sources. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 33 2) Erosion: Erosion caused by mass excavations of natural materials in bor- row areas. Also sheet erosion caused by the heavy winds in the area as a result of the fine soils (volcanic dust) easily being moved from one point to another. There may also be increased sediment in streams due to erosion at construction sites, fills and waste dumps. 3) Water: There are several shallow wells and only one borehole in Min- jingu village. Water from this bore was used in previous road construction. The other villages along the road would have to be assessed for water availability to avoid depletion of meagre water resources. Increased sediments in streams caused by erosion at construction sites and fresh road cuts (for access roads), fills and waste dumps. Poor design of culverts (elevation not in line with flow of run-off and streams). 4) Wildlife migratory routes: The project would potentially increase the in- terruption of migratory routes of wildlife between the Tarangire ecosystem and the Lake Manyara and the Lake Natron. Migration is generally around the time of the long and short rains. 5) Material sources: The villages along the road have previously supplied material for road construction. Rehabilitation of borrow pits and quarries was not adequately done and in obtaining access to pits farms were ruined. 6) Natural resources: With an increased population influx it is anticipated that there will be pressure on already depleted natural resources particu- larly wood for fuel and construction. 7) Land take: The proposed 3.2 km long realignment along the Arusha Air- port and the new Arusha Western Bypass will involve loss of land, loss of seasonal crops and loss of 1.4 ha coffee farm. Also the land take will in- volve division of land which may reduced the value of land. 8) Impact on tourism (indirect): The rehabilitated road will improve access to the famous Northern Circuit National Parks namely: Serengeti, Ngorongoro Crater, Manyara and Tarangire National Park. 9) Reduced vehicle operating costs will be realised with a rehabilitated road primarily due to the even carriageway surface after rehabilitation. 10) Reduced road maintenance costs will be realised with a rehabilitated road. 11) Access to markets: There are planned market arrangements in the area used by community members as selling points of crops and livestock pro- duce. The main external market is Arusha City and local markets to a lesser extent. Access of community members to the markets centres is P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 34 constrained by high and un-affordable travel and transportation fare. Sometimes, due to limited transportation facilities. 12) Road safety: Where the Western Bypass joins the Namanga Road there is a horizontal curve nearby on Arusha side, which is suspected to affect the visibility and safety. The start of the Bypass on Arusha-Minjingu road is close to the Moshi International School (Arusha Branch) which is a safety hazard. The Arusha - Minjingu Road provide access to the Tarangire National Park. The start of the access route to Tarangire is reported to frequently lead to accidents. In Minjingu, the primary school is located on the right hand side (north- western side), while villagers reside on the left hand side. A number of road accidents are reported despite the existing Zebra crossing; and Pupils may be denied access during the road rehabilitation if there will be limited consideration. 13) Public health: Possible increase in water borne diseases due to pressure on domestic water supply and lack of public toilets along the road. Transmission of communicable diseases between workforce and local population particularly tuberculosis and pneumonia. Creation of temporary breeding habitats (borrow pits) for mosquito vectors of disease. 14) HIV/AIDS: Prevalence of HIV, tuberculosis, pneumonia and water borne diseases may increase with influx of people during the road rehabilitation. HIV/AIDS awareness is high, however, services such VCT and condom access are limited. The current HIV prevalence rate for Arusha and Manyara regions is 5.3% and 2% respectively. 15) Trade/petty business: There are petty traders and small-scale businesses, which seem important for the livelihoods of families residing along the project road. 16) Employment and recruitment: The project will create jobs during the implementation, some of which will include local people. Each direct job will create several indirect local jobs, increasing local employment oppor- tunities. During the previous road works, women in Mti Moja and from the neighbourhood were involved in crushing and supplying quarries from Nanja Quarry; and as food vendors. Unskilled youth from the locality were directly involved as casual labourer. 17) Community access: Temporary disturbance in access to important ser- vices such as schools, health centres, cultural sites etc. increasing travel times. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 35 18) Gender: Increased numbers of women especially girls engaged in alcohol and those who trade sex as a means to generate income. Also increased men involvement on income generating activities that are commonly done by women who participate in road works. 19) Transport and transportation: Road improvement will encourage more transporters to provide service along the road, and therefore create compe- tition, which may result into reduced transportation time and cost. Con- struction of the New Western Bypass is expected to provide a good link to people and services between the Arusha - Minjingu road and Arusha- Namanga road. 20) Settlements: There will be a temporary influx of people in the project area, which may cause antagonism among local community inhabitants and may raise security concerns. The Contractor's camps may also pro- vide a nuclear for a new settlement. Major trading centres are expected to expand as an impact from improved communication systems. 5.2 Assessment of Impacts A tabulated impact assessment is presented in Table 5-1 below. Here all identi- fied impacts are scaled as being Significant, Moderate or Low in the absence of mitigation. Significant impacts are considered to be those where natural and/ or social processes are significantly altered. Moderate impacts are those where alterations are notable and low impacts are those where alteration is insignifi- cant. The phase of project activity in which the impact is most significant is also in- cluded. Some of the impacts are of a temporary nature and limited to the con- struction phase, but most of the above-described impacts have effects from the time the project is initiated and continues in the operation phase as indicated in the overview in Figure 5-1. 5.3 Analysis of Impacts 1) Pollution (dust and noise) from vehicle and machinery operation, along the ROW particularly densely settled rural areas may lead to increased levels of respiratory diseases. Lack of communication prior to project ac- tivities such as blasting close to settlements could lead to risks of heart at- tacks and shock related problems. Likewise the vibrations caused by the machines may affect houses and other structures. 2) Erosion: The soils in the project area are very light and prone to dust and project activity will only serve to aggravate the movement of particles from one area to another. Where streams are crossing the road these are particularly sensitive areas where culverts and rivers can be silted if cau- tion is not taken. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 36 Figure 5-1: Overview of Identified Impacts Impact Significance Positive/ Project Phase Negative Planning (1 year) Construction (2½ years) Operation (20 years) 1a Air pollution (dust) Moderate Negative 1b Air pollution (noise) Moderate Negative 2 Erosion of soil Moderate Negative 3 Water resources depletion Moderate Negative 4 Wildlife migration interruption Moderate / Low Negative 5 Borrow pits (lack of reinstatement) Moderate Negative 6 Fuel wood (meagre resources) Moderate Negative 7 Land take (loss of farmland) Significant Negative 8 Tourism (increase by better road) Moderate Positive 9 Vehicle operating costs minimised Significant Positive 10 Road maintenance costs minimised Significant Positive 11 Access to market improved Moderate Positive 12a Road safety (temporary conflicts) Significant Negative 12b Road safety (long-term improvements) Moderate Positive 13 Public health Moderate Negative 14 HIV / AIDS Moderate Negative 15 Trade / petty business (disruption) Moderate Negative 16a Employment (child labour) Moderate Negative 16b Employment (opportunity/training) Moderate Positive 17 Community access (disturbance) Moderate Negative 18 Gender Moderate Negative 19 Reduced transport costs Moderate Positive 20a Settlements (temporary) Moderate Negative 20b Settlements (permanent) Moderate Positive P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 37 3) Water sources: In conjunction with the concerns for erosion, poor design of culverts can compound water movement increasing or causing sheet erosion. As a basic need for project activity water is required in significant amounts and thus the meagre resources in the project area may be severely affected. 4) Wildlife migratory routes: Project activity during the migration period could potentially cause increased numbers of road kill as animals are un- aware of the changes in road use. 5) Rehabilitation of borrow pits: The borrow pits left from previous road construction activity were not rehabilitated particularly close to Minjingu such that projected use as watering holes for livestock were not realised. Two borrow pits in Monduli district were excavated and thus are being used as watering points for livestock. 6) Natural resources: There are hardly any woodlands or forests along the Arusha - Minjingu Road and thus wood is a scarce resource. Project staff will need to seek alternative energy sources so the limited woodlands are preserved. Land in the project area is a key resource and pastoralists are already un- der significant pressure for grazing and farming. Migrants seeking perma- nent residence would have difficulties in attaining land. 7) Land take: At present land in most of the villages is allocated for individ- ual use and there is very little additional land for distribution to migrants. The area is sparsely vegetated and thus clearance for access to material sites and related activity will infringe the biodiversity and aesthetic value of the area. 8) Tourism: Tarangire National Park is part of the Northern tourism circuit that also includes the parks of Manyara, Ngorogoro Crater and Serengeti. Since the road is deteriorating tourists are subjected to a relatively rough ride to the Parks and this can lead to that they will not recommend the Parks to other tourists or revisit the Parks themselves. 9) Reduced vehicle operating costs: According to the economic feasibility analysis the most significant economic benefit of the project is by far the reduced vehicle operating costs as a result of the even road surface after rehabilitation. 10) Reduced road maintenance costs: The strengthening of the pavement and paving of the shoulders will reduce future road maintenance costs to a minimum. 11) Market of agriculture and livestock produce: The Arusha - Minjingu Road serves a number of villages with large populations. The majority of people in the villages from Olerieni 1, Kisongo, Makuyuni and Minjingu rely on this road for transport of agricultural products, livestock from farm gate to major markets in Babati, Arusha, Tanga and Dar es Salaam. Live- stock products such as cow, cattle, goats and pigs are also transported from these locations to markets via this road. The planned new Arusha Western Bypass will provide an important link of services to cater for large population. For villagers in Kiranyi ward this P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 38 road will facilitate access to agriculture and livestock produce markets for the produce, especially along the Coffee Estates where access is con- strained due to prohibitive access barriers put by the Estate owners includ- ing the electrical wiring. Villagers in Olerieni 1 in Kiranyi ward have a better access to Kisongo market and a government dispensary in Oltrument, after the construction of the Bypass. However, responsible District Councils should include the rehabilitation of access and feeder roads in its development plan. These are important in linking the travel and transport needs of villagers with the Bypass. 12) Road safety: Where the new Arusha Western Bypass joins the Namanga Road there is a horizontal curve, which is suspected to affect the visibility and safety. At the other end of the Bypass, the junction between the By- pass and the Arusha-Minjingu road is close to the Moshi International School (Arusha Campus) which is a potential safety problem. The existing skew junction for the access road to Tarangire National Park is reported to frequently lead to accidents, wherefore the junction should be relocated and with proper sight conditions Photo 5: Access road to Tarangire National Park from Arusha ­ Minjingu road In Minjingu, the primary school is located on the right hand side (western side) of the project road, while villagers primarily reside on the left hand side. A number of road accidents are reported despite the existing zebra crossing; and pupils may be denied access during the road rehabilitation if there will be limited consideration. There are limited well planned bus stands and lay bays along the road. Signboards are potentially affected. However, these signboards have tem- porary renewable permits. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 39 13) Public Health: Prevalence of preventive diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia and water borne diseases is high in some of communities along the road; and may increase with influx of people due to the road rehabilita- tion. Limited supply of clean and safe water was mentioned as a factors attributing to this, coupled with unplanned settlements, inadequate and limited access to health services. However, local government continues with community education and ad- vocacy for provision of relevant social services to people. During the community consultation meeting Ward Executive Officer of Kiranyi ward in Arusha District Council reported that the ward received a National Award as overall winners of clean ward in the country in 2006. In Unga Ltd, the Ward Health Officer reported to have reduced incidences of communicable and water borne diseases. 14) HIV/AIDS: Awareness is high among the community members and local leaders, however, services such VCT and condom access are limited. Community members, especially, the young people continue with prac- tices and behaviour, which put them at risk of new HIV infection. The current HIV prevalence rate for Arusha and Manyara regions is 5.3% and 2% respectively. According to the medical practitioners and key infor- mants, the prevalence rate vary between districts and is ought to be much higher than the started on the National Survey. NGOs and other CSOs continue to educate people on risk social, economic and cultural factors; and urge the government to ensure assess to relevant social services. 15) Trade/petty business: access to businesses and trading places will have to be taken into account during the construction to avoid loss of income and hence livelihood of the population involved. 16) Employment and recruitment: The project will create jobs during the implementation, some of which will include local people. Each direct job will create several indirect local jobs, increasing local employment oppor- tunities. 17) Community access: Temporary disturbance in access to important ser- vices such as schools, health centres, cultural sites etc., increasing travel times. 18) Gender: Increased numbers of women especially girls engaged in alcohol and those who trade sex as a mean to generate in-come. Increased men involvement on income generating activities that are com- monly done by women who participate in road works. 19) Transport and transportation: Road improvement will encourage more transporters to provide service along the road, and therefore create compe- tition, which may result into reduced transportation time and cost. 20) Settlements: These will be affected in a number of ways. There will be a temporary influx of people in the project area, which may cause antago- nism among local community inhabitants and may raise security concerns. The workmen's/contractor's camps may also provide a nuclear for a new settlement. Major trading centres are expected to expand as an impact from improved communication systems. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 40 Table 5-1: Impact identification and significance for the Arusha ­ Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project including new Arusha Western Bypass Impacts Scale of impact Positive / Project Phase Negative where impact(s) most significant 1 a) Air Pollution (dust) from vehicle and machinery opera- Moderate Negative Construction tions, along the ROW (in particular from detour routes) as well as in borrow areas and quarry sites and haul the routes. 1 b) Air Pollution (noise) Moderate Negative Construction and operation 2. Erosion Moderate Negative Construction Mass movements in borrow areas. 3. Water resources Moderate Negative Construction and operation Increased sediments in streams caused by erosion at construc- tion sites and fresh road cuts (for access roads), fills and waste dumps. Poor design of culverts (elevation not in line with flow of run-off and streams). Depletion of meagre water resources for construction activity. 4. Wildlife Increased interruption of migratory routes and in- Moderate Negative Construction and creased road kills. operation 5. Poor/ lack of rehabilitation of borrow pits and quarries Moderate Negative Construction and leads to health hazards. operation 6. Natural resources: Increased pressure on natural resources Moderate Negative Construction and (wood fuel). operation 7. Land take: Loss/ reduced utility of land where realignment Significant Negative Planning and/ or splitting is necessary. 8. Impact on tourism (indirect) Moderate Positive Operation Improved access and construction of appropriately placed sce- nic rest areas will improve the tourism potential of the area. 9. Reduced vehicle operating costs Significant Positive Operation 10. Reduced road maintenance costs Significant Positive Operation 11. Access to market of agriculture and livestock produce. Moderate Positive Operation 12. Road Safety: Hazardous driving conditions where con- Significant Negative Construction struction interferes with public traffic on the existing roads. Higher vehicle travel speed as a result of improved road condi- tion increase the risk and severity of accidents. On the other Moderate Negative & Operation hand the road safety conditions are improved by provision of Positive durable road marking including acoustic edge lines, road signs, road studs, speed humps, rumble strips, street lighting, traffic signals. 13. Public health: Possible increase in water borne diseases Moderate Negative Construction due to pressure on domestic water supply and lack of public P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 41 Impacts Scale of impact Positive / Project Phase Negative where impact(s) most significant toilets along the road. Transmission of communicable diseases between workforce Moderate Negative Construction and local population particularly tuberculosis and pneumonia. Creation of temporary breeding habitats (borrow pits) for mos- quito vectors of disease. Moderate Negative Construction and operation 14. HIV and AIDS: Increase in number of new HIV infections Moderate Negative Construction and and increased number of orphans and child headed house- operation holds. 15. Trade/petty business: Disruption of road side activities Moderate Negative Construction during the construction works such as petty businesses and other commercial activity. 16 a) Employment: Influx of labourers from neighbouring Moderate Negative Construction and communities that denies local people opportunity to work as operation skilled and/or casual labourers during construction. Child labour may increase and contribute to increased primary school dropout and number of Most Vulnerable Children there- Moderate Negative Construction and after. operation 16 b) Employment: Opportunity for local people to be em- Moderate Positive Construction and ployed by the Contractor and thereby obtain skills that will be operation beneficial in their future life. 17. Community access: Temporary disturbance in access to Moderate Negative Construction important services such as schools, health centres, cultural sites etc., increasing travel times. 18. Gender: Increased numbers of women especially girls en- Moderate Negative Construction and gaged in alcohol and those who trade sex as a mean to gener- operation ate income. Increased men involvement on income generating activities that Moderate Negative Construction and are commonly done by women who participate in road works. operation 19. Transport and transportation: Road improvement will Moderate Positive Operation encourage more transporters to provide service along the road, and therefore create competition, which may result into reduced transportation time and cost. 20. Settlements: There will be a temporary influx of people in Moderate Negative Construction the project area, which may cause antagonism among local community inhabitants and may raise security concerns. The Contractor's camps may also provide a nuclear for new settle- ments. Major trading centres are expected to expand as an impact Moderate Positive Operation from improved communication systems. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 42 5.4 Resettlement An overview of land acquisition needs and required scope of compensation for crops and developments is given in Table 5-2 overleaf. The total land take is 44.39 hectare, whereof 23.16 for the Western Bypass, 13.32 hectare for the 3.2 km long realignment along Arusha Airport and 7.91 hectare for the Access Road to Arusha Airport. Only about 23.86 hectare is privately owned, while the remaining 20.43 hectare is owned by Government institutions (Selian Institute and Airport Authorities). No residential buildings will be affected wherefore no resettlement is required. Furthermore, land acquisition will be temporarily required during construction for borrow areas and quarry site. Currently, there is no Resettlement Policy in Tanzania, compensation process for land and unexhausted improvements is guided by the Land Act No. 4 of 1999 and Land regulations 2001, the latter expressed by Government Notice No. 78 published on effect 1/5/2001, whereby compensation for loss of any in- terest in Land include: land, value of un-exhausted improvement, disturbance allowance, transport allowance, accommodation allowance and loss of profit. The Government has a draft National Resettlement Policy Framework which was prepared in 2003 based on the World Bank's OP 4.12 on involuntary Re- settlement, and requires that (a) involuntary resettlement should be avoided or minimised were feasible, or explore all viable alternative project designs; (b) if not feasible resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sus- tainable development programmes where PAPs share project benefits; (c) dis- placed persons should be fully consulted and have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programmes; and (d) displaced per- sons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and stan- dards of living or at least restore them, in real terms, before displacement or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher. Land in Tanzania is vested in the President as trustee on behalf of all. The fol- lowing instruments provide the legal framework for compensation and reset- tlement in Tanzania: · Constitution of the Federal Republic of Tanzania (1997) · Land Act (1999) · The Village Land Act (1999) · The Land Regulations (2001) · The Local Government (Districts Authorities) Act · The Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act · Land Acquisition Act (1997) · The Highway Ordinance Cap. 167 · Town and Country Planning Ordinance Cap. 378 · Land By Laws P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 43 Table 5-2: Overview of Land Acquisition and Compensation Station (m) Length Width Area Landuse Crops Developments Owner (m) (m) (m2) From To Upgrading km 0.0 - 2.7 of Arusha - Minjingu Road to Dual Carriageway with Service Roads 0 2700 2700 Nil Existing road reserve Nil Relocate 2700 m powerline and 40 poles TANESCO Realignment km 4.1 - 7.3 of Arusha - Minjingu Road 4240 6800 2560 45 115,200 Farmland Seasonal crops Nil Selian Institute 6800 7200 400 45 18,000 Farmland Seasonal crops Nil Prima Gems Subtotal 133,200 Arusha Western Bypass 22.5 1032 1010 45 45,428 Fallow land / farmland Nil Nil Prima Gems 1032 1714 682 45 30,690 Fallow land / farmland Nil Nil M'ringa Estate 1714 2002 288 45 12,960 Teak plantation About 500 young teak trees 324 m chain link fence, remove 140m ???? 2002 2535 533 45 23,985 Farmland Seasonal crops M'ringa Estate 2535 4066 1531 45 68,895 Farmland Seasonal crops M'ringa Estate 4066 4582 516 45 23,220 Farmland Seasonal flowers M'ringa Estate 4582 4592 10 45 450 Gravel road Nil M'ringa Estate 4592 4860 268 45 12,060 Coffee farm ~1200 coffee trees M'ringa Estate 4860 4866 6 45 270 Track ~25 Grevillea trees M'ringa Estate 4866 4925 59 45 2,655 Coffee plantation ~250 coffee trees M'ringa Estate 4925 4940 15 45 675 Concrete water reservoirs Nil Two concrete water reservoirs M'ringa Estate 4940 5170 230 45 10,350 Unused water reservoir Nil ????? Subtotal 231,638 Arusha Airport Access Road 66 150 84 45 3,780 Farmland Seasonal crops Nil Burka Estate 150 184 34 45 1,530 Gravel road Nil Nil District 184 1823 1638.95 45 73,753 Farmland Seasonal crops Airport Authority Subtotal 79,063 Grand Total 443,900 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 44 Compensation for land is guided by the Land Act No.4 of 1999 and Land Regu- lations 2001, the latter expressed by Government Notice No 78 published on 4/5/2001, whereby compensation for Loss of any interest in Land include value of unexhausted improvement, disturbance allowance, transport allowance, ac- commodation allowance and loss of profit as follows: No. ITEM GUIDE 1 LAND VALUE TZS 5,000/= per square metre 2 ACCOMMODATION The market rent of the building per month ALLOWANCE times 36 months 3 LOSS OF PROFIT The net monthly profit of the business car- ried out on the land multiply by 36 months 4 DISTURBANCE Multiply value of the land by average per- ALLOWANCE centage rate of interest offered by the com- mercial banks on fixed Deposit for 12 months 5 TRANSPORT The actual costs of transporting twelve tons ALLOWANCE of luggage within 20 km from the point of displacement 6 UNOCCUPIED LAND The elements of transport allowance, ac- commodation allowance and loss of profit shall not be payable for unoccupied Land at the date of loss of interest in Land. 7 INTEREST Where amount of compensation due/ unpaid for six months, interest at average percent- age rate of interest offered by commercial banks on fixed deposits shall be recoverable until such compensation is paid. 8 UNEXHAUSTED The market rate for each property will be IMPROVEMENT applied depending on adjustment of all fac- tors affecting value Methodology and Scope The scoping exercise was conducted in April 2008 to establish assets, which are within the ROW and a spot value estimate, which shall be used to inform a de- cision-making. Resettlement Action Plan will be developed after conducting a Valuation of Assets and Losses and establishment of compensation characteris- tics based on Affected Property by Category and Location. The Scoping exercise focused on two major road sections: (i) the 5.19 km New Western Bypass, with the goal to provide information that will facilitate deci- sion making on the best alternative track at the joint of New Western Bypass to Namanga road; and (ii) Arusha ­ Minjingu, specifically 2.7 km from Ngarenaro Junction where properties are found within the road reserve. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 45 Potential Impact Road upgrading along Ngarenaro Junction to TANAPA section (2.7 km) will affect properties marked "X", which shall be relocated from the road reserve. According to TANROADS Regional Office, existing PAPs along this road sec- tion were compensated during the previous road works in 1986 ­ 1990. Since that time, TANROADS has on regular basis provided letter of Notification to all PAPs, which has in turn created their better understanding of the importance of the road reserve. The surveyors were informed that the associated compen- sation records are well kept within TANROADS and Arusha Regional Land Registry. The scoping survey revealed that all PAPs along the road section under discus- sion are willing to voluntarily relocate; however they are request for the com- pensation. TANROADS should ensure availability of the previous compensation records to allow the Consultant propose the best strategy for relocation of assets within the road reserve. In the absence on these records, a detail to Valuation of As- sets and Losses to establish both cost of compensation and relocation will have to be conducted. Photo 6: Properties marked "X" along Ngarenaro junction, in the Unga Ltd In the New Western Bypass approx. 5.2 km, the most significant social im- pact will results from reduced value of land, loss of land, loss of properties, crops and business due to acquisition of land for new alignments and for prop- erties destroyed by construction activities. Two alternative alignments for join- ing the Bypass with Arusha - Namanga road are discussed in Sub-section 5.5.3 below. Conclusion 1. Detailed survey for Valuation of Asset and Losses for the RAP will be started in the last week of September 2008 for the required land acquisition as listed in Table 5-2. During the preliminary surveys the appropriate rates of compensation was obtained from Arusha Municipal Council as shown in Appendix 10. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 46 By TANROADS letter dated 18.02.2008 (Ref. TNR/RM/AR/CON/6/57) the Consultant was provided with cadastral sheet covering the first approx. 2 km of the proposed alignment of the Bypass. The sheet show most recent subdivision of Farm No. 181/3/2 into plots and the Consultant's surveyor has actually been able to survey the relevant plot beacons on site such that the alignment of the Bypass could take this into account. Preliminary estimate of the required land acquisition, including compensa- tion for crops, developments and existing services, is presented in Appendix 11 as summarised in Table 5-3. Table 5-3: Summary of Preliminary Cost Estimate for Land Acquisition Section Land Area Estimated Cost (mill TZS) Required Land Crops Developments Total Upgrading Exist. 0 0 27.0 27.0 km 0 - 2.7 ROW Realignment 133,200 799.2 11.7 0 810.9 km 4.1 - 7.3 m2 Western 231,638 1,389.8 62.3 49.7 1,501.8 Bypass m2 Airport Ac- 79,063 m2 474.4 6.8 0 481.2 cess Road Total 443,900 m2 2,663.4 80.8 76.7 2,820.9 2. TANROADS shall ensure public awareness by putting announcement about the "cut-off date" on the mass media channels; at least 30 days before start of detail Valuation of Assets and Losses study. This announcement is im- portant in ensuring that asset owners on both road sections are aware, ready to cooperate and fully participate in providing necessary information to the surveyors. And, those relevant local government leaders at village/mtaa and ward level are kept informed and ready to identify asset owners; and to address issue arising for security purposes. 5.5 Analysis of Alternatives Two pavement rehabilitation options for the Arusha - Minjingu Road have been analysed: Option 1: Overlay with strengthening by Crushed Aggregate Base Course (CRR) and Asphalt Concrete (AC). Option 2: Reconstruction by reworking & stabilisation of existing base course and bituminous surfacing plus new CRR & AC. For this Reconstruction Option two stabilisation methods have been evalu- ated: either dry mixing-in-place or slurry injection method. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 47 For the planned Arusha Western Bypass two alternative locations for the junc- tion with the Namanga Road has been considered. 5.5.1 Rehabilitation Alternatives Option 2 (Reconstruction) optimise the reuse of existing pavement materials and in comparison to Option 1, the need for new pavement materials is reduced by 25 - 30%. Hence, Option 2 is preferred from environmental point of view, but it is actually also the technical and economical most viable solution. Detailed design is therefore with reworking and stabilisation with cement of the existing base course of Arusha - Minjingu Road km 7.3 - 103.8 i.e. 96.5 km. 5.5.2 Stabilisation Alternatives The mixing-in of cement stabiliser could be by one of the following methods: Method 1 Dry mixing-in-place method where the dry cement is spread on the road, whereafter it is mixed into the existing pavement by a soil stabiliser/recycler. This method will expose the cement to wind and is therefore environmentally problematic. Method 2 Slurry injection method where a special slurry mixing plant, such as Wirtgen WM1000) is mixing the cement with water and the slurry is pumped into the milling drum chamber of the soil stabi- liser/recycling machine, such as Wirtgen WR2500S. By this method the cement is not exposed to wind and by bulk supply of cement to the slurry mixer the handling of cement bags is avoided. By the slurry injection method the amount of stabiliser can be kept at a mini- mum as a homogeneous mixing-in of the cement and in full depth can be en- sured. Therefore this method is also economically and technically most feasi- ble. Hence, the Special Specifications (Clause 3803) specifies that the Contractor shall use the slurry injection method. 5.5.3 Bypass Alignment and Junction with Namanga Road The Bypass is intended to solve the problems of traffic congestion in the Arusha city centre by rerouting heavy goods vehicles. The initial proposal for the Bypass by the proponent was to follow an existing earth track, 4.3 km long, through the M'ringa and Selian Coffee Estates. However, the necessary widen- ing and smoother horizontal alignment would involve cutting of at least one row of tall Grevillea trees on about 2.5 km and some 1.7 km would need to be realigned through coffee plantation. This would be environmentally and social economically unacceptable. This option is also technically unacceptable as it would not allow for future extension into a Southern Bypass as this is being considered by the Arusha Municipal Council. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 48 Hence, the Consultant has identified an alternative route for the planned Arusha Western Bypass and that has been negotiated and agreed with the proponent (TANROADS letter ref. no. TRD/HQ/11/85/12 of 12th October 2007). How- ever, two alternative locations for the junction with Namanga Road have been evaluated: Alt. 1) Junction with Namanga Road near a dried out reservoir about 100m from the Burka River crossing of Namanga Road (approx. 5.5 km from the TCA junction). Alt. 2) Junction with Namanga Road approx. 6.1 km from TCA Road where the Old Dodoma Road joins the Namanga Road There is better visibility at the junction by Alternative 2, but more than 10 resi- dential houses would have to be demolished. No residential houses will be affected by Alternative 1, only two concrete water reservoirs, and the visibility problem of Alternative 1 can be fully mitigated by providing a roundabout at the junction. Further to solving the visibility problem the roundabout will also provide safe U-turn possibility at this junction espe- cially for minibuses plying the Namanga Road. Hence, the Alternative 1 has been approved by TANROADS. Roundabout will also be provided at the junction between the Bypass and the Arusha - Minjingu Road to ensure reduction of speed and thereby minimise the health and safety hazard in view of the junctions close proximity to the Moshi International School, Arusha Branch. 5.5.4 No Project Alternative The `no project' alternative implies that the Arusha - Minjingu road is not reha- bilitated and the Western Bypass not built or the spur and realignment at the Arusha Airport not constructed. Thus doing the concerns for traffic inflow into Arusha Municipal will continue to persist and even increase and the carriage- way to Minjingu will deteriorate to a state that requires re-construction rather than rehabilitation being a more costly venture. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 49 6 Mitigation Measures For the impacts identified, a number of mitigation measures have been sug- gested based on stakeholder input, expert analysis, experience with similar and or related projects and best practises. 6.1 Environmental Issues 1) Air Pollution (Dust and Noise): Best practise recommends good site prac- tice as the major mitigation measure for prevention or minimisation of air pollution from construction activities. Construction equipment emits noise ranging from 70 ­ 110 decibels (db) and vehicles have noise levels up to 80db depending on the type and condi- tion of the equipment and vehicle. Following the World Health Organisa- tion standards noise levels increments as low as 5db is considered an ad- verse impact. In the absence of baseline information on noise levels along the ROW, mitigation measures based on best practise are to be included in the impact assessment. 2) Erosion: Construction activity that necessitates clearance of areas is best scheduled to seasons when there weather conditions favour less erosion. 3) Water Resources: The project would need to establish appropriate water for its activities and ensure little damage to riverbanks and proper disposal of wastes so as not to contaminate water sources. 4) Wildlife: The technical design of the road should take into account the wild life crossing around the Tarangire National Park. Where possible, construc- tion activities in the crossing areas should fall outside the months of No- vember and May, allowing the animals to move freely during periods of known movement. The presence of the construction population may work to the advantage of conservation in that the disturbances would chase away the animals and poachers would be less confident to frequent the area fearing being re- ported. Slopes along the road should adhere to proposed levels by TANAPA (2001). It should be noted that TANAPA does not advocate for bitumen standard roads to be constructed in areas where wildlife cross. However for purposes of this project the road section close to Tarangire National Park is equated to the Class I type park road, which would ideally have a 7m width. Such a road should have a maximum camber slope of 1 in 40 to 1 in 33. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 50 5) Material sources: Rehabilitation of existing and new borrows pits and quarries should be included in the Works Contract. 6) Natural resources: The project should support afforestation efforts where possible. 7) Land take: Where additional land is sought, mitigation measures govern- ing specific site selection for the various construction activities are to be considered depending on the sensitivity of the area. For vegetation, unnec- essary clearance should be avoided so that the biodiversity and aesthetic value of the area is not compromised. 8) Tourism: Enhance tourism potential of the area by including appropriately located rest areas at scenic locations in the project. 9) Vehicle operating cost minimisation: Ensure that the road is designed and build with the most suitable road surface taking into account the road roughness. 10) Road maintenance costs minimised: Ensure that the designed road is built to acceptable standard. 11) Marketing of produce: design should take into account villagers and pro- duce access to markets and the establishment of reliable market places along the road. 12) Road safety: With improvement of the road it is expected than the number of accidents will increase, and wildlife, livestock and pedestrians exposed to danger. The project design should provide for speed limits/humps, warning signs and zebra crossing be installed in urban centres and other highly populated areas along the road. A Road Safety awareness campaign must be implemented during and after the project targeting school pupils and community members along the road. 13) Public health: Local Government Authorities should continue to promote preventive measures against communicable diseases, especially water borne diseases. 14) HIV/AIDS: A management plan is developed in collaboration with respec- tive Council Officials and local NGOs. The plan shall be implemented by local existing NGOs and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) during the project implementation and beyond the project. 15) Trade/petty business: improved access to trading places will promote live- lihoods of the families and dependants 16) Employment: It is anticipated that jobs will be available during construc- tion. The downside of this is that it may result in increase in child labour. 18) Gender: awareness seminars and campaign be implemented by Local Gov- ernment Authorities to ensure equality. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 51 19) Transport and transportation: Ensure design include laybys for safe parking of trucks and buses. 20) Settlements/road reserve: Contractor's should be discouraged the work- men from seeking permanent residence. District Council Officials must plan for growth and expansion of the trading centres within the area of road influence. Housing within the ROW and Bypass will be removed and PAP compensated and/or their assets relocated. RAP for compensation and relo- cation will be prepared and presented with Draft RAP report. During the operation, unplanned ribbon development is likely to occur along the project road. The major trading centres will also expand as a re- sult of long-term impact from improved road and communications. This must be taken into account by District Officials, especially town planners by allowing for possible expansion of trading within the area of influence of the road in their development plans and Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEFs). Residential and commercial areas will have to be demarcated and ribbon development controlled. Table 6-1: Mitigation measures for the identified impacts Impacts Recommended mitigation measure(s) 1 a) Air Pollution (dust) from vehicle and machinery op- Spray all exposed working areas that can generate dust erations, along the ROW (in particular from detour routes) with water (in particular detour rotes), as well as in borrow areas and quarry sites and haul the Fine particle materials on site like cement should be en- routes. closed and covered. Wheel washing facilities shall be installed and used by all vehicles leaving the site; and At the end of the works, all bare surface to be re- vegetated as soon as possible. 1 b) Air Pollution (noise) Use appropriate mode of operation to produce less noise (e.g. mufflers on equipment). Where appropriate (e.g. quarry site) a buffer zone should be considered. Due notification to communities and staff when blasting is to be done. Limit works to daylight hours. 2. Erosion Mass movements in borrow areas. Provide drainage works as needed to reduce risk, accord- ing to prior surveys 3. Water resources Increased sediment in streams affected by erosion at con- Protect susceptible surfaces with mulch, and plant erod- struction sites and fresh road cuts (for access roads), fills ible surfaces as soon as possible and waste dumps Poor design of culverts (elevation not in line with flow of run off and streams) 4. Wildlife Increased interruption of migratory routes and increased Provide signs indicating animal crossings so drivers re- road kills. duce speed. Animal (domestic and wild) crossing the southern part of Enforce speed limit. Arusha - Minjingu Road a safety risk and poaching of wild- Restrict intensity of construction works close to Tarangire. life by construction staff and migrant population especially P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 52 Impacts Recommended mitigation measure(s) in southern park of Arusha - Minjingu Road. Prohibit construction camp close to sensitive areas. Limit construction activity to timing outside migration pe- riod. Include area in village land use plans. Prohibit hunting under terms of employment of the Con- tractor staff. 5. Rehabilitation of borrow pits Potential safety hazard to people and animals Rehabilitate existing and new borrow areas and quarries such that communities benefit from the potential water holes by trimming with shallow slopes allowing livestock access. 6. Natural Resources Increased pressure on wood resources Limit extraction by providing contractual obligations to Contractor. Assist afforestation efforts by communities. 7. Land take Increased pressure on scarce land resources Discourage immigrants from settling in the area. Promote community awareness on risks associated with sale of land. 8. Impact on tourism (indirect) Improved access and construction of appropriately placed Design and construct appropriately located rest areas at resting points will improve the tourist potential of the area scenic location. 9. Reduced vehicle operating costs Ensure that the road is designed and build with most suit- able road surface taking into account the road roughness. 10. Reduced road maintenance costs Ensure that the designed road is build to acceptable standards. 11. Marketing of produce: The design should take into account villagers and pro- duce access to markets and the establishment of reliable market places along the road. 12. Road safety Higher vehicle travel speed as a result of improved road Design should provide roundabout where the Western condition increase the risk and severity of accidents, with Bypass joins the Namanga Road for visibility and provi- wildlife, livestock and pedestrians exposed to danger. sion of a safe U-Turn possibility for traffic. Roundabout shall also be provided for the Bypass connection to Arusha - Minjingu Road to ensure reduced vehicle speed at the International School The junction for the access road to Tarangire National Park shall be relocated to ensure improved sight condi- tions. The project design should provide for speed limits, speed humps, rumble strips, durable road marking including acoustic edge lines, road signs, road studs, street light- ing, traffic signals to enhance road safety. Road safety education campaign must be implemented during and after the project targeting school pupils and community members along the road, drivers and commu- nity at large. Traffic officers should maintain surveillance to control careless driving and enforce speed limits. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 53 Impacts Recommended mitigation measure(s) 13. Public health Possible increase in water borne diseases due to pressure Local Government Authorities should continue to promote on domestic water supply and lack of public toilets along preventive measures against communicable diseases, the road. especially water borne diseases. Transmission of communicable diseases between work- The design should include public toilets and other solid force and local population particularly tuberculosis and waste disposal facilities pneumonia. Creation of temporary breeding habitats (borrow pits) for Contractor to provide periodic health examination and mosquito vectors of disease. treatment of workers. 14. HIV/AIDS Increase in number of new HIV infections and increased Implement HIV/AIDS awareness campaign, for Contrac- number of orphans and child headed households. tor's employees, including distribution of condoms HIV/AIDS awareness seminars held regularly for com- munities to advocate change in behaviour 15. Trade/petty business: Disruption of road side activi- Include areas for road side trade in road design ties during the construction works such as petty busi- Allocate land/sites with equivalent value and potential for nesses and other commercial activity. petty businesses and trading activities 16. Employment It is anticipated that jobs will be available during construc- In collaboration with the Local Government, carry out tion. The downside of this is that it may increase in child campaign to discourage child labour labour and contribute to increased primary school dropout. 17. Community access: Temporary disturbance in access Works contract agreement to include requirements that to important services such as schools, health centres, cul- the Contractor must plan his works to minimise distur- tural sites etc., increasing travel times. bance to local community services etc. 18. Gender Increased numbers of women especially girls engaged in Both men and women should get equal opportunity as alcohol and those who trade sex as a mean to generate skilled and unskilled labour income. Local Government Authorities should disseminate infor- Increased men involvement on income generating activities mation and create awareness on existing opportunities to that are commonly done by women who participate in road ensure equality. works. 19. Transport and transportation Road improvement will encourage more transporters to Ensure design include laybys for safe parking of trucks provide service along the road, and therefore create com- and buses. petition, which may result into reduced transportation time and cost. 20. Settlements Unplanned ribbon development is likely to occur along the Contractor's should be discouraged the workmen from project road. The major trading centres will also expand as seeking permanent residence. a result of long-term impact from improved road and com- District councils should plan for possible expansion of munications. trading within the area of influence. Residential and commercial areas will have to be demar- cated and ribbon development controlled. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 54 7 Environmental and Social Management Plan For the Arusha - Minjingu road rehabilitation project an environmental and so- cial management plan (ESMP) that consists of mitigation and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels is presented. The ESMP identifies feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce po- tentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. These mitigation measures follow on from those identified in the impact assessment presented in Table 6-1 in the previous chapter. To ensure that the mitigation measures are implemented and any additional impacts mitigated the ESMP in- cludes a monitoring component to be carried out during project implementa- tion. Monitoring ensures early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures, and furnishes information on the progress and results of mitigation. The Contractor is the implementing organisation responsible for carrying out the mitigation measures pertinent to the construction phase. Other parties such as Local government and other stakeholders are responsible to liaise/ cooperate with TANROADS on the implementation of operation phase mitigation. The ESMP provides (a) an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with over- all project implementation plans; and (b) the capital and recurrent cost esti- mates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP. These figures are also integrated into the total project cost tables. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 55 Table 7-1: Environmental and Social Management Plan Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be Implementing Responsible Organisation Monitoring Provisional Cost taken Organization 1 a) Air Pollution (dust) Spray all exposed working areas that can Contractor Resident Engineer/ Environ- 6 month ESO reports Covered by the Standard from vehicle and machin- generate dust with water (in particular de- mental Officer (Consultant) Specifications Section 1700, ery operations, along the tour rotes), but no separate payment ROW (in particular from Fine particle materials on site like cement (refer Clause 1714) detour routes) as well as should be enclosed and covered. in borrow areas and Wheel washing facilities shall be installed quarry sites and haul the and used by all vehicles leaving the site. routes. At the end of the works, all bare surface to be re-vegetated as soon as possible. 1b) Air Pollution (noise) Use appropriate mode of operation to re- Contractor Resident Engineer/ Environ- 6 month ESO reports Covered by the Standard duce noise (e.g. mufflers on equipment). mental Officer (Consultant) Specifications Section 1700, Where appropriate (e.g. quarry site) a but no separate payment buffer zone should be considered. (refer Clause 1714) Due notification to communities and staff when blasting is to be done. Limit works to daylight hours. 2. Erosion Covered by the Standard Mass movements in bor- Provide drainage works as needed to re- Contractor Resident Engineer/ Environ- 3 month ESO reports Specifications Section 1700, row areas. duce risk, according to prior surveys mental Officer (Consultant) but no separate payment (refer Clause 1714) 3. Water resources Increased sediment in Protect susceptible surfaces with mulch, Contractor Resident Engineer/ Environ- Before and after rain Covered by the Standard streams affected by ero- and plant erodible surfaces as soon as mental Officer (Consultant) season and 6 Specifications Section 1700, sion at construction sites possible TANROADS months after project but no separate payment and fresh road cuts (for operation (refer Clause 1714) access roads), fills and (TANROADS) waste dumps Poor design of culverts Culvert design should benefit irrigation Covered by Consultancy (elevation not in line with efforts for communities along ROW Services Contract flow of run-off & streams) P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 56 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be Implementing Responsible Organisation Monitoring Provisional Cost taken Organization 4. Wildlife Interruption of migratory Provide signs indicating animal crossings Contractor Resident Engineer/ Environ- During migratory Covered by the Special routes and increased so drivers reduce speed mental Officer (Consultant) season twice annu- Specifications Clause 1716, road kill Restrict intensity of construction works ally for about 2 but no separate payment Poaching by construction along these areas. weeks each time (refer Standard Specification staff and migrant popula- Prohibit camping close to sensitive areas Clause 1714) tion especially in a wildlife Prohibit hunting under terms of employ- For the duration of rich sections ment construction and 1 year following project completion 5. Rehabilitation of bor- row pits Rehabilitate existing and new borrow areas Contractor Resident Engineer/ Environ- In last phase of con- Covered by the Standard Potential safety hazard to and quarries such that communities benefit mental Officer (Consultant) struction works to Specifications Section 1700, people and animals from the potential water holes by trimming project hand over but no separate payment with shallow slopes allowing livestock ac- (refer Clause 1714) cess. 6. Natural Resources Increased pressure on Limit extraction by providing contractual District Natural Resident Engineer/ Environ- Once annually wet 5,000 USD wood resources obligations to Contractor. Restrict access Resources Of- mental Officer (Consultant) and dry season for to sensitive areas. ficers sup- duration of construc- Assist afforestation efforts by communities ported by the tion and 1 year fol- Contractor lowing project com- pletion 7. Land take Increased pressure on Discourage immigrants from settling in the District, Ward District Executive Directors Quarterly during Pro- 5,000 USD for project period scarce land resources area. Promote community awareness on and Village ject period To be included in Local risks associated with sale of land. government Provision of semi- Government Budget follow- nars ing project construction pe- riod P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 57 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be Implementing Responsible Organisation Monitoring Provisional Cost taken Organization 8. Tourism (indirect) Improved access and construction of ap- TANAPA TANAPA Semi-annual records TANAPA visitors query form Improved access and propriately placed resting points will im- from Tarangire Na- construction of appropri- prove the tourist potential of the area tional Park ately placed resting points will improve tourist potential of the area 9. Reduced vehicle op- Ensure that the road is designed and build TANROADS / TANROADS / Consultant Design review by Covered by Consultancy erating costs with most suitable road surface taking into Consultant TANROADS Services Contract account the road roughness. 10. Reduced road main- Ensure that the designed road is build to Contractor Resident Engineer/ Environ- Maintenance de- Regional Road Fund tenance costs acceptable standards. mental Officer (Consultant) partment records TANROADS regional officers 11. Access to markets The design should take into account villag- Local Govern- TANRODS Operation Council MTEF ers and produce access to markets and the ment Authority establishment of market places along the road. 12. Road safety Design should provide roundabout where Contractor TANROADS / Consultant Construction and 7,000 USD Hazardous driving condi- the Western Bypass joins the Namanga operation tions where construction Road for visibility reasons and provision of interferes with pre- a safe U-Turn possibility for traffic. Round- existing roads about shall also be provided for the Bypass connection to Arusha - Minjingu Road to ensure reduced vehicle speed at the Inter- Accident risks associated national School with vehicular traffic and transport that may result The junction for the access road to Contractor TANROADS / Consultant Construction and from spills, injuries or loss Tarangire National Park shall be relocated operation of life. to ensure improved sight conditions. The project design should provide for Contractor TANROADS / Consultant Construction and speed limits, speed humps, rumble strips, operation durable road marking including acoustic edge lines, road signs, road studs, street lighting, traffic signals to enhance road safety. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 58 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be Implementing Responsible Organisation Monitoring Provisional Cost taken Organization Road safety education campaign must be CSOs /Local Local Government Authority Construction and implemented during and after the project Government operation targeting school pupils and community Authority members along the road, drivers and community at large. Traffic officers should maintain surveillance Traffic officers Ministry of Home Affairs Construction and to control careless driving and enforce operation speed limits. 13. Public health Possible increase in wa- Periodic health examination and treatment Contractor Resident Engineer / District Construction Covered by the Special ter borne diseases due to of workers Medical Officer Specifications Clause 1715, pressure on domestic and BOQ Item 17.01 water supply and lack of public toilets along the Provide well-located adequately main- Contractor Construction and road. tained toilets and other disposal facilities operation Transmission of commu- nicable diseases between Community awareness on public health Local Govern- Construction and 10,000 USD workforce and local popu- issues and improvement of health services ment Authority operation lation particularly tubercu- losis and pneumonia. Encourage anti-littering laws and regula- Local Govern- Construction and Creation of temporary tions operation ment Authority breeding habitats (borrow pits) for mosquito vectors of disease. 14. HIV and AIDS Increase in number of Implement HIV/AIDS awareness campaign, Contractor Resident Engineer Construction Covered by the Special new HIV infections and for Contractor's employees, including dis- Specifications Clause 1715, increased number of or- tribution of condoms and BOQ Item 17.01 phans and child headed HIV/AIDS awareness seminars held regu- CSOs/ Local Council Mutlisectoral AIDS Construction and 15,000 USD households. larly for communities to advocate change Government Committee / TACAIDS operation in behaviour Authority P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 59 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be Implementing Responsible Organisation Monitoring Provisional Cost taken Organization 15. Trade/petty busi- ness Include areas for road side trade in road Contractor Resident Engineer Construction Covered by Consultancy Disruption of road side design Services Contract activities during the con- Allocate land/sites with equivalent value struction works such as and potential for petty businesses and trad- petty businesses and ing activities other commercial activity. 16. Employment It is anticipated that jobs In collaboration with the Local Government, Local Govern- District Community Devel- Construction and Council MTEF will be available during carry out campaign to discourage child ment Authority opment Officer operation construction. The down- labour side of this is that it may increase in child labour and contribute to in- creased primary school dropout. 17. Community access Temporary disturbance in Works contract agreement to include re- Contractor Resident Engineer Construction Covered by Section 1500 of access to important ser- quirements that the Contractor must plan the Standard and Special vices such as schools, his works to minimise disturbance to local Specifications, but no sepa- health centres, cultural community services etc. rate payment (refer Clause sites etc., increasing 1516) travel times. 18. Gender Increased numbers of Both men and women should get equal CSOs/ Local District Community Devel- Construction and Council MTEF women especially girls opportunity as skilled and unskilled labour Government opment Officer operation engaged in alcohol and Local Government Authorities should dis- Authority those who trade sex as a seminate information and create aware- mean to generate income ness on existing opportunities to ensure Increased men involve- equality by awareness seminars and cam- ment on income generat- paigns. ing activities commonly done by women partici- pating in road works. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 60 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be Implementing Responsible Organisation Monitoring Provisional Cost taken Organization 19. Transport and transportation Ensure design include laybys and parking Contractor Resident Engineer Construction Covered by Consultancy Road improvement will lanes for safe parking of trucks and buses Services Contract encourage more trans- porters to provide service along the road, and there- fore create competition, which may result into reduced transportation time and cost. 20. Resettlement Unplanned ribbon devel- Ensure removal of properties, which are Arusha Munici- TANROADS Before start of pro- TANROADS to compensate opment is likely to occur within the road reserve. pal/ Arusha ject, during the con- using costs and plan to be along the project road. District Coun- struction, and after shown in RAP The major trading centres cils construction on an- will also expand as a re- Compensate according to RAP nual basis sult of long-term impact from improved road and communications. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 61 Table 7-2 HIV Management Plan with activities to be carried out to reduce Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and the risk of new HIV infection Mitigation Activity Expected Output Propose and specify preventive measures to be un- Design appropriate measures to include in employ- Employee contracts with clause on HIV/ AIDS prevention dertaken in all employment letters and contracts. ment contract Staff and labourers to attend regular HIV/Awareness Human resources department to inform staff and la- Staff and labourers attend at least 2 seminars per year and education sessions bourers of seminars Conduct HIV/AIDS education campaign using com- Using appropriate measures (flyers, banners, theatre) Banners, flyers available in community. At least one theatre munity theatre as integral part of the construction con- raise awareness on HIV and AIDS performance per village shown twice a year tract. Peer educators from all age groups and sex be estab- Identify and train peer educators among construction At least two peer educators per village per trained from the lished and trained workers and villagers various groups; and # of peer educators among construction workers Employers and other service providers avail condoms Supply condoms for workers is guaranteed Incidence of STIs infections reduced Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) services Establish VCT centres, use mobile facility Counselling services improved in community, positive attitude should be made available (mobile if necessary) of People Living with HIV (PLHIVs) Facilitated a referral system and linkage for further Identify referral sources for care and treatment (CTCs) Patients have access to referral centres and ARVs services such as care and treatment and Anti-Retro Viral (ARV) drugs Existing NGOs, CBOs and local media collaborate LGA to coordinate efforts from existing NGOs and Effective anti HIV and AIDS campaign with Local Government Authorities to implement HIV CBOs prevention plan Identify and recruit qualified home based care service LGA to coordinate recruitment of qualified home Re-orient home based care (HBC) service providers attached providers based care to CTCs and villages along the road Enhance capacity of Multi-Sectoral HIV/AIDS Commit- Members of HIV/AIDS committees (MPs, councillors, Orient individuals within the communities to disseminate in- tees from Village to Ward and District levels (accepted PLHIVs, CSOs and technicians from different devel- formation and coordinated HIV activities and sustainable government structures with legal opment sectors). standing) P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 62 8 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan Monitoring of the ESMP as is the responsibility of TANROADS. On site the Resident Engineer is to hire an environmental officer who is to ensure imple- mentation of the ESMP and report to TANROADS through the resident engi- neer. The environmental officer should be at minimum a BSc holder with train- ing in environmental science/ engineering with some experience with road con- struction. The costs for hiring this individual are to be borne by the Resident Engineers office at the prevailing market rate for similar expertise and qualifi- cations. A schedule of activity and monitoring parameters is presented in Table 8-1. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 63 Table 8-1: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Monitoring Activity Monitoring Schedule Provisional Cost 1 a) Air Pollution (dust) Spray all exposed working areas that can generate dust with Contractor / Daily Covered by the Standard from vehicle and machinery water (in particular detour rotes), Resident Engineer Specifications Section 1700, operations, along the ROW Fine particle materials on site like cement should be enclosed but no separate payment (in particular from detour and covered. (refer Clause 1714) routes) as well as in borrow Wheel washing facilities shall be installed and used by all vehi- areas and quarry sites and cles leaving the site. haul the routes. At the end of the works, all bare surface to be re-vegetated as soon as possible. 1b) Air Pollution (noise) Use appropriate mode of operation to reduce noise (e.g. muf- Contractor / Daily Covered by the Standard flers on equipment). Resident Engineer Specifications Section 1700, Where appropriate (e.g. quarry site) a buffer zone should be but no separate payment considered. (refer Clause 1714) Due notification to communities and staff when blasting is to be done. Limit works to daylight hours. 2. Erosion Contractor / Daily during clearance Covered by the Standard Mass movements in borrow Provide drainage works as needed to reduce risk, according to Resident Engineer and weekly during rainy Specifications Section 1700, areas. prior surveys season but no separate payment (refer Clause 1714) 3. Water resources Increased sediment in Protect susceptible surfaces with mulch, and plant erodible sur- Contractor / Weekly during construc- Covered by the Standard streams affected by erosion faces as soon as possible Resident Engineer tion in rainy season Specifications Section 1700, at construction sites and but no separate payment fresh road cuts (for access (refer Clause 1714) roads), fills & waste dumps Covered by Consultancy Poor design of culverts Culvert design should benefit irrigation efforts for communities Services Contract (elevation not in line with along ROW flow of run-off & streams) orts\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 64 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Monitoring Activity Monitoring Schedule Provisional Cost 4. Wildlife Interruption of migratory Provide signs indicating animal crossings so drivers reduce Contractor Weekly during construc- Covered by the Special routes and increased road speed tion around Tarangire Specifications Clause 1716, kill Restrict intensity of construction works along these areas. area and during migra- but no separate payment Poaching by construction Prohibit camping close to sensitive areas tory periods (refer Standard Specification staff and migrant population Clause 1714) Prohibit hunting under terms of employment especially in a wildlife rich sections 5. Rehabilitation of bor- row pits Rehabilitate existing and new borrow areas and quarries such Contractor / Monthly during use and Covered by the Standard Potential safety hazard to that communities benefit from the potential water holes by trim- Resident Engineer on completion Specifications Section 1700, people and animals ming with shallow slopes allowing livestock access. but no separate payment (refer Clause 1714) 6. Natural Resources Increased pressure on Limit extraction by providing contractual obligations to Contrac- District Natural Re- Monthly 5,000 USD wood resources tor. Restrict access to sensitive areas. sources Officers sup- Assist afforestation efforts by communities ported by the Con- tractor 7. Land take Increased pressure on Discourage immigrants from settling in the area. Promote com- District, Ward and Quarterly during Project 5,000 USD for project period scarce land resources munity awareness on risks associated with sale of land. Village government period To be included in Local Government Budget follow- ing project construction pe- riod 8. Tourism (indirect) Improved access and construction of appropriately placed rest- TANAPA Semi-annual records TANAPA visitors query form Improved access and con- ing points will improve the tourist potential of the area from Tarangire National struction of appropriately Park placed resting points will improve tourist potential 9. Reduced vehicle operat- Ensure that the road is designed and build with most suitable TANROADS / Con- Prior to start of con- Covered by Consultancy ing costs road surface taking into account the road roughness. sultant struction Services Contract orts\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 65 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Monitoring Activity Monitoring Schedule Provisional Cost 10. Reduced road mainte- Ensure that the designed road is build to acceptable standards. Contractor / Annual maintenance Regional Road Fund nance costs Resident Engineer records during operation phase 11. Access to markets The design should take into account villagers and produce ac- Resident Engineer During construction Council MTEF cess to markets and the establishment of market places along (as per need) the road. 12. Road safety Design should provide roundabout where the Western Bypass Contractor / During construction Hazardous driving condi- joins the Namanga Road for visibility reasons and provision of a Resident Engineer tions where construction safe U-Turn possibility for traffic. Roundabout shall also be pro- interferes with pre-existing vided for the Bypass connection to Arusha - Minjingu Road to roads ensure reduced vehicle speed at the International School The junction for the access road to Tarangire National Park Accident risks associated shall be relocated to ensure improved sight conditions. with vehicular traffic and The project design should provide for speed limits, speed transport that may result humps, rumble strips, durable road marking including acoustic from spills, injuries or loss edge lines, road signs, road studs, street lighting, traffic signals of life. to enhance road safety. Road safety education campaign must be implemented during CSOs /Local Gov- Construction and opera- 7,000 USD and after the project targeting school pupils and community ernment Authority tion members along the road, drivers and community at large. Traffic officers should maintain surveillance to control careless Ministry of Home Construction and opera- driving and enforce speed limits. Affairs tion 13. Public health Possible increase in water Periodic health examination and treatment of workers Contractor / Construction Covered by the Special borne diseases due to Resident Engineer Specifications Clause 1715, Provide well-located adequately maintained toilets and other pressure on domestic water and BOQ Item 17.01 disposal facilities supply and lack of public toilets along the road. Transmission of communi- Community awareness on public health issues and improve- Local Government Construction and opera- cable diseases between ment of health services Authority tion 10,000 USD workforce and local popula- Encourage anti-littering laws and regulations tion particularly tuberculosis and pneumonia. orts\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 66 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Monitoring Activity Monitoring Schedule Provisional Cost Creation of temporary breeding habitats (borrow pits) for mosquitos. 14. HIV and AIDS Increase in number of new Implement HIV/AIDS awareness campaign, for Contractor's Contractor / Every second month Covered by BOQ Item 17.01 HIV infections and in- employees, including distribution of condoms Resident Engineer during construction creased number of orphans and child headed house- Construction and opera- 15,000 USD HIV/AIDS awareness seminars held regularly for communities CSOs/ Local Gov- holds. to advocate change in behaviour ernment Authority tion 15. Trade/petty business Disruption of road side ac- Include areas for road side trade in road design Contractor / Daily during construc- Covered by Consultancy tivities during the construc- Allocate land/sites with equivalent value and potential for petty Resident Engineer tion Services Contract tion works such as petty businesses and trading activities businesses and other com- mercial activity. 16. Employment It is anticipated that jobs will In collaboration with the Local Government, carry out campaign Local Government Construction and opera- Council MTEF be available during con- to discourage child labour Authority tion struction. The downside of this is that it may increase in child labour and primary school dropout. 17. Community access Temporary disturbance in Works contract agreement to include requirements that the TANROADS / Con- Prior to start of con- Covered by Section 1500 of access to important ser- Contractor must plan his works to minimise disturbance to local sultant struction the Standard and Special vices such as schools, community services etc. Specifications, but no sepa- health centres, cultural sites rate payment (refer Clause etc., increasing travel times. 1516) orts\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 67 Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Monitoring Activity Monitoring Schedule Provisional Cost 18. Gender Increased numbers of Both men and women should get equal opportunity as skilled CSOs/ Local Gov- Every six months during Council MTEF women especially girls en- and unskilled labour ernment Authority the construction period gaged in alcohol and those Local Government Authorities should disseminate information who trade sex as a mean to and create awareness on existing opportunities to ensure equal- generate income. ity by awareness seminars and campaigns. 19. Transport and trans- portation Road improvement will en- Construct laybys and parking lanes in towns and villages for Contractor / Daily during construc- Covered by Consultancy courage more transporters safe parking of trucks and buses Resident Engineer tion Services Contract to provide service along the road, and therefore create competition, which may result into reduced transpor- tation time and cost. 20. Resettlement Unplanned ribbon develop- Ensure removal of properties, which are within the road reserve. Arusha Municipal/ Before start of project, TANROADS to compensate ment is likely to occur along Arusha District Coun- during the construction, using costs and plan to be the project road. The major cils and after construction shown in RAP trading centres will also Compensate according to RAP on annual basis expand as a result of long- term impact from improved road and communications. orts\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 68 9 Resource Evaluation TANROADS as the proponent, is responsible for the preparation of the Envi- ronmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS) and for implementation and monitoring of the environmental management plan, and RAP. Preparation of the ESIS has actually been prepared for TANROADS under the Consultancy Services Contract by COWI. Provisional Sum is included in Item 12.01 for Land Acquisition and this sum should also cover the cost of implementing the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). A very large part of the mitigation is to be undertaken by the Contractor under the civil works contract. However, a relatively small amount of 40,000 USD (forty thousand US Dollars) will have to be included for the Local Government Authorities (LGAs) to conduct awareness raising on road safety and HIV/AIDS; TANAPA to provide expertise during construction close to Tarangire National Park; and for the construction of public toilets and waste disposal facilities along the road. A Provisional Sum has been included in Item 17.02 to cover these requirements. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 69 10 Decommissioning It is on very rare occasions that a highway is decommissioned. Decommission- ing implies that the road is no longer used for transport and is generally left to deteriorate. Impacts to the environment by this are difficult to discern due to; · The scale of disturbance from abandonment, in general terms, is less than that when the road was initially constructed. · The land is not available for alternative land use without significant cost as the compacted earth has to intensively tilled before it can be used for farming or even as an area to build structures. · Environmental issues considered during the construction and opera- tion focus on a long-term use and associated impacts rather than lack of use. However, it is important that TANROADS through the life span of the road establishes a monitoring programme for the environment and the findings of these studies be included in the audit reports that would feed into a decommis- sioning plan if necessary. If the Contractor does set up a camp then depending on the structures erected this may be one component that would need to be decommissioned. Due to the need for infrastructure experience has shown that where road construction camps are built these are of a permanent nature and later converted to use as schools or health facilities as means of social benefit for the communities. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 70 11 Summary and Conclusions The Arusha - Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project comprises: 1) Rehabilitation works for 97.9 km of the Arusha - Minjingu Road, exclud- ing the 3.2 km section (km 3.1 - 7.3) which shall be realigned and therefore new construction and the first 2.7 km which shall be upgraded to dual car- riageway with service roads. 2) Upgrading of 2.7 km to dual carriageway with service roads inside Arusha. 3) New road construction of 10.2 km, namely the new Arusha Western By- pass (5.19 km), the new Access Road to Arusha Airport (1.82 km) and re- alignment of km 3.1 - 7.3 section of the Arusha - Minjingu Road. Impacts of road rehabilitation are usually limited, but may have some signifi- cance on natural resource systems and the social and cultural environment, while new construction in addition thereto also require land take, which may cause significant impacts. From the EIA and SIA study it can be concluded that the Project does not pose significant risk to the biophysical and socio cultural environment provided the mitigation measures as highlighted in the Environmental and Social Manage- ment Plan are implemented. The most significant impacts have been found to be the land take for new alignments, especially for the planned Arusha Western Bypass, as well as traf- fic safety during the construction period as indicated in Figure 11-1. Concerning the land take for the planned Arusha Western Bypass it should however be noted that the Bypass will follow the alignment of an already planned local road on the first 1.7 km to provide access to a recent subdivision of Farm No. 181/3/2 (refer TANROADS letter dated 18 February 2008, Ref. No. TNR/RM/AR/CON/6/57). The potential traffic safety risks during construction can to a great extent be mitigated by appropriate measures as part of the Contractor's obligations under the Works Contract. As specified in Section 1500 of the Specifications, the Contractor shall prepare a Programme for Safe Passage of Traffic and specific measures shall include various traffic control devices such as road signs, barri- cades, warning devices, traffic lights, road marking etc. In view of that the mitigation measures are part of the Works Contract the Resident Engineer can enforce that they are actually implemented including even unforeseen necessary measures. Compliance with the ESMP should be monitored closely in conjunction with local authorities such as the natural resources officers and the social/ commu- P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 71 nity development officer in order that unforeseen impacts can be dealt with be- fore scheduled monitoring. It is recommended that project considers scheduling heavy activity outside of the migration season for wildlife crossing between the Manyara and Tarangire ecosystem to minimise poaching, accidents and unnecessary road kill. Project implementation should commence with the given time frame (24 months from approval) of this ESIA to avoid the need for an update or revision of the findings here presented, as the biophysical and socio-economic environ- ments are dynamic and subject to change. Figure 11-1: Identified Impacts, Significance, Positive/Negative and Time of Occurrence Impact Significance Positive/ Project Phase Planning Construction Operation Negative (1 year) (2½ years) (20 years) 1a Air pollution (dust) Moderate Negative 1b Air pollution (noise) Moderate Negative 2 Erosion of soil Moderate Negative 3 Water resources depletion Moderate Negative 4 Wildlife migration interruption Moderate / Low Negative 5 Borrow pits (lack of reinstatement) Moderate Negative 6 Fuel wood (meagre resources) Moderate Negative 7 Land take (loss of farmland) Significant Negative 8 Tourism (increase by better road) Moderate Positive 9 Vehicle operating costs minimised Significant Positive 10 Road maintenance costs minimised Significant Positive 11 Access to market improved Moderate Positive 12a Road safety (temporary conflicts) Significant Negative 12b Road safety (long-term improvements) Moderate Positive 13 Public health Moderate Negative 14 HIV / AIDS Moderate Negative 15 Trade / petty business (disruption) Moderate Negative 16a Employment (child labour) Moderate Negative 16b Employment (opportunity/training) Moderate Positive 17 Community access (disturbance) Moderate Negative 18 Gender Moderate Negative 19 Reduced transport costs Moderate Positive 20a Settlements (temporary) Moderate Negative 20b Settlements (permanent) Moderate Positive As can be seen from Figure 11-1 there will also be significant positive impacts from the Project namely reduction in both the vehicle operating costs and re- duction in future road maintenance costs as well as employment opportunity both during construction and afterwards. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 72 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Bibliography and References 1. Arusha Regional Profile (2001) 2. CML Report No. C 039, "Pavement Evaluation of the Arusha - Min- jingu Road" (March 2002) 3. Morris, P and Therivel, R (1995): Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment: The Natural and Built Environment Series 2. UCL Press.378pp. 4. TECHNICAL Materials Report for the Arusha - Minjingu section, (April 1983) 5. TANAPA Reviews for Environmental Procedures of Road Improve- ments (2001) 6. TANAPA Environmental Management Plan for Guidelines for Road Improvements (2001) Appendix 2: List of Report Preparers F. AR. Ismail ­ Environmental Impact Assessment Expert J. Mboneko ­ Environmental Scientist Stigmata C. Tenga - Sociologist Judas Mahuma - Valuer P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 73 Appendix 3A: Arusha ­ Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project Background Information Document Introduction The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania (GoT) via its agency TANROADS with financial assistance from the NORDIC Development Fund have engaged COWI (Denmark) in association with COWI (Tanzania) to carry out detailed engineering design and preparation of tender documents for the rehabilitation of the existing Arusha- Minjingu Road (approx.103.3 km) and construction of a New Arusha Western Bypass (approx.5.2 km) together with a new Access Road to Arusha Airport (approx. 2.0 km). Project Location The figure below is an extract from the road map of Tanzania showing the length of the road section for the road rehabilitation project. General Location Plan, Arusha - Minjingu Road Project Description The Arusha - Minjingu Road is 103.7 km in length, and is the main road used heading to the national parks in the Northern Tourist circuits. It is part of the Great North Road, which connects Namanga at the Kenyan border and the TANZAM Highway at Iringa through the regions of Arusha, Manyara, Do- doma and Iringa. The road serves in particular as the main gateway to the fa- mous Northern Circuit National Parks namely: Serengeti, Ngorongoro crater, Manyara and Tarangire (approx. 90% of all tourists to Tanzania are believed to use this road. It is also the main route used to transport agricultural products from Babati, Hanang and Mbulu. Currently, the rehabilitation project for Arusha - Minjingu Road starts at the Ngarenaro Junction at Nairobi Street (also called the Inner Ring Road) in Arusha, about 2.4 km before the Burka River crossing being the Arusha Mu- nicipality Boundary. The road terminates at end of the existing asphalt road some 200 m beyond the entrance to the Phosphate Factory in Minjingu. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 74 Construction of the Arusha - Minjingu road in its present alignment was com- pleted in 1992 with a double bituminous surface dressing (DBSD) on the 6.50m wide carriageway and 1.50m wide shoulders each side, whereof about 1.00m with single bituminous surface dressing (SBSD). Generally, the road was con- structed adjacent to an existing narrow bitumen-surfaced road, but with consid- erable horizontal and vertical alignment improvements to comply with a design speed of 100 km/h, but mostly even better. In 1994 it became apparent that the applied DBSD had started raveling on the carriageway, exposing the crusher-run stone base course. Since then, several bituminous resealing or shallow asphalt overlay interventions of various sec- tions have been carried out through periodic maintenance programmes in an attempt to arrest the raveling problem. The road is now due for rehabilitation and strengthening. The project activity is divided into three main components: Section 1: Rehabilitation of the 103.7 km Arusha - Minjingu Road Section 2: Construction of a new Arusha Western Bypass (~5.2 km) Section 3: Construction of a new access road to the Arusha Airport (~1.9km) At this stage it has not been established where material will be sourced for con- struction. A number of borrow pits and quarries located away from the road alignment that were used to supply materials for construction of the original road may be reopened to provide materials for the roadwork. Environmental Impact Assessment The Environment Impact Assessment guidelines and Audit Regulations (2005) require that environmental and social impact assessments (EIA & SIA) be un- dertaken for all engineering works on trunk roads. This requirement applies to the Arusha - Minjingu road section as part of the Great North trunk road. In addition to the EIA/SIA, TANROADS emphasises the need for resettlement planning (RAP) and HIV/ AIDS programme development in places where there is none. This document serves to provide people that may be interested in or potentially affected by the Project with background information on both the Project and the environmental impact assessment process. This sharing of information forms part of a public involvement program and is an important component of the EIA/SIA. Through the public involvement program interested and affected parties will be given the opportunity to raise concerns regarding the proposed Project and pro- vide input into decisions on the management of its positive and negative envi- ronmental and socio-economic impacts. TANROADS has appointed COWI Tanzania to undertake the ESIA including its related public involvement programme. The product of the EIA/SIA will be an environmental and social management plan (ESMP), which states how the positive environmental impacts of the Pro- ject will be enhanced and how the negative impacts will be mitigated. In addi- tion to the management plan a resettlement action plan (RAP) and public health programme focused on HIV/ AIDS will be prepared. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 75 Some environmental impacts that would likely be assessed in the EIA/SIA for mitigation include: · Loss of biodiversity (plants and animals) during construction and opera- tion · Changes in land use patterns · Disturbance to sites of cultural and historical significance · Pollution of water, air (noise, dust fumes) and soil from works and camp sites · Disease spread from un-rehabilitated borrow pits · Potential socio-economic impacts resulting from a population influx into nearby communities · Potential positive socio-economic impacts including those related to improved transport means such as increased local business and em- ployment opportunities Your involvement in the EIA process Public involvement is an essential component of an environmental impact as- sessment. It provides the authorities, and interested and affected people, an op- portunity to have input into Project related decisions. After reading this back- ground information document, you are welcome to submit your comments, questions or concerns regarding the Project to COWI Tanzania as indicated be- low. In addition, your input will be sought at various stages throughout the en- vironmental impact assessment. COWI Tanzania welcomes your input and looks forward to your participation in the public involvement program. WHO TO CONTACT ABOUT THIS PROJECT TANROADS COWI Tanzania Sanjo M. Mgeta Kent Falck-Jensen Senior Environmentalist Project Manager P.O Box 11364, P. O Box 1007 Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Sanjo.Mgeta@tanroads.org kfj@cowi.dk +255 744373630 +255 744465240 Appendix 3B: Ukarabati wa Barabara ya Arusha - Minjingu Nyaraka Ya Taarifa Utangulizi Serikali ya Tanzania kwa kupitia taasisi yake ya barabara TANROADS, pamoja na msaada wa kifedha kutoka Nordic Development Fund (NDF), wa- meipa kazi COWI (Denmark) kwa ushirikiano na COWI (Tanzania) jukumu la kufanya tathmini ya ukandarasi na matayarisho ya nyaraka za zabuni kwa ajili ya barabara Arusha hadi Minjingu (~103.7 km). Zoezi hili linajumuisha pia tathmini ya ujenzi wa barabara mpya ya mkato, Arusha Western By Pass P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 76 (~5.2km) pamoja na barabara ya kuelekea kiwanja cha ndege cha Arusha (~2.0km). Eneo la Mradi Ramani iliyonyeshwa hapa ni sehemu tu ya ramani ya barabara za Tanzania. Kipande hiki kinaonyesha urefu wa barabara unaotarajiwa kukarabatiwa. Wasifu wa Mradi: Barabara ya Arusha Minjingu ina urefu wa kilometa 103.7 na ni barabara kuu inayotumika kwenda kwenye mbuga za wa nyama kaskazini mwa nchi. Hii barabara imeainishwa kuwa kwenye tabaka ya barabara kuu inayounganisha mpaka wa Tanzania na Kenya iliyopo Namanga na barabara kuu ya TANZAM iliyopo Iringa kupitia mikoa ya Arusha, Manyara, na Dodoma. Barabara ya Arusha Minjingu ni njia kuu inayotumika kuunganisha mbuga za wanyama kama: Serengeti; Ngorongoro, Manyara na Tarangire, kadri ya 90% ya watalii wanaotembelea mbuga hizi wanatumia barabara hii. Pamoja na hayo,ni bara- bara muhimu itumikayo kusafirishia mazao kutoka Babati, Hanang and Mbulu. Ukarabati wa barabara ya Arusha Minjingu inategemewa kuanza kwenye ma- kutano ya Ngarenaro na Nairobi Street (ambayo pia hujulikana kama barabara ya mzunguko wa ndani) manispaa ya Arusha, kiasi cha kilometa 2.4 kabla ya kivuko cha mto Burka ambao ni mpaka wa Manispaa ya Arusha. Barabara inai- sha kiasi cha mita 200 kabla ya kiingilio cha kiwanda cha fosfati, Minjingu. Ujenzi wa barabara ya Arusha Minjingu iliboreshwa kwa kiwango cha lami mnamo mwaka 1992 kwa kutumia ujazo marambili ya bitumen (DBSD) kwa mita 6.50 ya barabara ya kati, na mita 1.50m pembeni mwa barabara. Mnamo mwaka 1994, ili wahandisi walitambua kuwa ile DBSD imeanza ku- haribika na hivyo walifanya jitihada kukimu barabara kwa kuziba viraka. Se- P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 77 hemu nyingi za barabara hiii zimezibwa kwa kipindi kirefu kujaribu kuepuka matatizo zaidi. Ila kwa sasa barabara ina hali inayostahili kukarabatiwa na kui- marishwa kwa hadhi ya barabara kuu. Kazi za barabara ya Arusha Minjingu zimegawanya kwa mafungu matatu kuto- kana na kiasi cha ukandarasi unaohitajika: 1. Ukarabati kilomita 103.7 ya barabara ya Arusha Minjingu 2. Ujenzi mpya wa kilomita 5.2 ya barabara Arusha Western By pass 3. Uboreshwaji wa kilomita 1.9 kwenda uwanja wa ndege Arusha Kwa sasa hivi haijajulikana kuwa kifusi cha kujengea barabara kitapatikana wapi, ila kuna machimbo yaliyotumika wakati wa ujenzi wa awali ambazo mkandarasi anahiari ya kuyatumia. Tathmini ya athari kwa mazingira Miongozo ya Tathmini ya Athari kwa Mazingira na Ukaguzi (2005) inashurutisha kuwa thathmini ya athari kwa mazingira ikiwa pamoja na thathmini ya athari kwa jamii na uchumi (TAM) ifanyike kwa kazi ya ukandarasi yoyote inayohusu barabara kuu. Mradi wa ukarabati wa barabara ya Arusha hadi Minjingu unahusika na shurutisho hili kwa kuwa sehemu ya barabara kuu ya Kaskazini. Pamoja na kuandaa mpango wa usimamizi wa mazingira Taasisi ya TANROADS inasisitiza kuwepo na mpango madhubuti wa uhamishwaji makazi na mali pamoja na mpango wa kudhibiti UKIMWI. Nyaraka hii inalenga kutoa taarifa kwa watu wote wenye shauku ya kujua, washika dau au watakao athirika kwa namna moja au nyingine, vizuri au vibaya kuhusu mradi pamoja na zoezi la tathmini ya athari kwa mazingira. Kugawana taarifa ni moja kati ya malengo ya mpango wa uhusishwaji wa jamii ambayo ni sehemu muhimu ya TAM. Kwa kupitia mpango wa uhusishwaji wa jamii wale wote wote wenye shauku ya kujua, washika dau au watakao athirika kwa namna moja au nyingine wanapewa nafasi ya kutoa shauku zao kuhusu mradi unaotarajiwa na vile vile kutoa mchango wao katika maamuzi wa usimamizi ya athari nzuri na mbaya zitakazo jitokeza kwa mazingira pamoja na jamii na uchumi. Tathmini ya athari kwa mazingira itazingatia miongozo ya Tanzania pamoja ikiwemo ya sekta ya barabara. TANROADS imewateua COWI Tanzania kutekeleza zoezi la tathmini ya athari kwa mazingira pamoja na kuandaa mipango wa kudhibiti UKIMWI na uhamishwaji watu patakapo kuwa na ulazima. Matokeo ya thathmini ya athari kwa mazingira ni mpango wa usimamizi utakao ainisha jinsi gani athari nzuri kwa mazingira, jamii na uchumi zitokanazo na Mradi zitaboreshwa na jinsi gani athari mbaya zita dhibitiwa. Baadhi ya athari kwa mazingira ambazo zinaweza kuthaminiwa katika na kuhitaji udhibiti ni pamoja na: Uwezekano wa athari zitokanazo na shughuli za Mradi kwenye maji ya ardhini na yaliyo juu pamoja na uwezekano wa usumbufu utakaotokana na ujenzi wa barabara. Kupotea kwa bio-anuai kutokana na shughuli za Mradi Kuvurugika kwa maeneo ya kihistoria au kiutamaduni P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 78 Uwezekano wa athari zitokanazo na nyenzo na shughuli za Mradi kwa hali ya hewa, viwango vya kelele na mtikisiko. Uwezekano wa athari kwa jamii na uchumi zitokanazo na mabadiliko ya matumizi ya ardhi toka kwenye mfumo wa matumizi ya asili na kilimo na kutumika sasa kwa ajili ya Mradi. Uwezekano wa athari kwa jamii na uchumi zitokanazo na ongezeko la watu katika vijiji jirani. Kuenea kwa magonjwa kutokana na maeneo machimbo kutokabaratiwa vizuri baada ya mradi kuisha. Uwezekano wa athari nzuri pamoja na zile zitakazoleta uwezekano wa ongezeko la biashara, ajira, jitihada za maendeleo ya jamii na manufaa ya kifedha kwa hali ya uchumi kwa taifa kwa ujumla. Uhusishwaji wako katika zoezi la thathmini ya athari kwa mazingira Uhusishwaji wa jamii ni sehemu muhimu ya tathmini ya athari kwa mazingira. Inatoa nafasi kwa uongozi, wadau, watu wenye shauku ya kujua, washika dau au watakao athirika kwa namna moja au nyingine kuchangia kwenye maamuzi yanayo husiana na Mradi. Baada ya kusoma nyaraka hii ya taarifa kuhusu Mradi, unakaribishwa kuwasilisha maoni yako, maswali au shauku kuhusu Mradi kwa TANROADS au COWI Tanzania kama ilivyo elekezwa hapo chini. Kwa nyongeza mchango wako utaombwa katika hatua mbali mbali za zoezi la thathmini ya athari kwa mazingira. Mchango wako unnakaribisha wako na uwakilishi wako unatarajiwa katika mpango wa usishwaji wa jamii. Watu wa kuwasiliana nao kuhusu Mradi huu TANROADS COWI Tanzania Sanjo M. Mgeta Kent Falck-Jensen Senior Environmentalist Project Manager P.O Box 11364, P. O Box 1007 Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Sanjo.Mgeta@tanroads.org kfj@cowi.dk +255 744373630 +255 744465240 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 79 Appendix 4: Terms of Reference for the EIA / SIA 1. Introduction The detailed scope for undertaking Environmental and Social Impact Assess- ment is intended to guide the Consultant to address relevant environmental and social issues during the assessment process. Among others, the EIA and SIA shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements of the National Envi- ronmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and Procedures and the World Bank Safeguard Policies. The Consultant shall do everything necessary to meet the objectives of the services and not less than the following tasks that should be undertaken during the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. In the process of consultation (Scoping process) with relevant stakeholders like the environmental authorities, the Consultant may further be required to finalize the TOR according to the agreement with these stakeholders. 2. Scope of Work Task 1: Description of the Proposed Project The Consultant shall provide a brief description of the relevant parts of the pro- ject using maps of appropriate scale where necessary and include the following information: Project justification Location General layout, size and capacity Area of influence of the road works Pre-construction activities Construction activities Schedule of project activities Staffing and support Facilities and services Operation and maintenance activities Required offsite investments Life span [Note: specify any other type of information relevant to the description of the project category] Task 2: Description of the Environment Assemble, evaluate, and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the study area. Include information on any changes antici- pated before the project commences. Modify the lists below to show the critical information for this project category or which is relevant to it. Environmental characteristics of the study area shall be presented on a map to facilitate the un- derstanding of the study area. (a) Physical environment: This shall cover geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology; ambient air quality; surface and ground- water hydrology; existing sources of air emissions; existing water pollution discharges; and receiving water quality. (b) Biological environment: flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; ecologically important or sensitive habitats including parks or re- serves, significant natural sites; species of commercial importance; and species with potential to become nuisances; vectors, or danger- ous (of project site and potential area of influence of the Project). P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 80 (c) Socio-cultural environment: population; land use; planned devel- opment activities; community structure; employment; distribution of income, goods and services; recreation; public health; gender is- sues and HIV/AIDS, cultural/ historic properties; tribal peoples; and customs, aspirations, and attitudes to the Project. Task 3: Legislative, Policies, Administration Framework Describe the pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental qual- ity, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, siting, and land use control at international, national, regional and local levels. The Consultant shall undertake a review of policies legislation and ad- ministrative framework within which the environmental management of the proposed road works will be carried out. The following and any other relevant legislation shall be reviewed: · Environmental Management Act · Wildlife Act · Tanzania Wildlife Policy, 1998 · National Environmental Policy, 1997 · Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and Procedures, 1997 · Local Government Act, 1982 · TANAPA Act · Land and Village Lands Act, 1999 · National Water Policy, 2002 · Highway Ordinance, Cap. 1967 · National Forest Policy, 1998 · Mining Act, 1998 · Institutional arrangement for environmental management in Tanzania and · World Bank Safeguards Policies Task 4: Assist in Interagency Coordination and Public/NGO Participation Assist in coordinating the EIA & SIA with other government agencies, in ob- taining the views of local NGOs and affected groups, and in keeping records of meetings and other activities, communications, and comments and their dispo- sition. Establish the views of the public with regards to the potential impacts of the proposed road works. Identify the different groups of stakeholders, and then use the most appropriate method to establish their views. Particular attention shall be paid to the disadvantaged groups (e.g. children, the elderly and women) that may be affected by the proposed road project. The Consultant shall undertake an open and transparent consultation process to ensure that the views of the interested and affected parties are and appropriately incorporated in the project design. Minutes of the meetings conducted during this public involvement should be recorded for submission as part of the report. At least one meeting with the En- vironmental Committee of each district council shall be held to obtain their views on the Project and its implication to the environmental and social aspects. Task 5: Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project Describe alternatives that were examined in the course of developing the pro- posed project and identify other alternatives, which would achieve the same P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 81 objectives. The concept of alternatives extends to siting, design, technology selection, construction techniques and phasing, and operating and maintenance procedures. Compare alternatives in terms of environmental and social impacts; capital and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. When describing the impacts, indicate which are irreversible or unavoidable and which can be mitigated. To the extent possible, quantify the costs and benefits of each alternative, incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigating measures. Include the alternative of not constructing the project to demonstrate environmental and social condi- tions without the project. Various environmental and social criteria should be developed to select the best road alternatives. Task 6: Identification, Analysis and Assessment of Potential Impacts The Consultant shall identify, analyse and assess environmental and social im- pacts of the proposed road works. The Consultant shall distinguish between positive and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible. Wher- ever possible, describe impacts quantitatively, in terms of environmental com- ponents affected (area, number) environmental and social costs and benefits. Assign economic values when feasible. Characterise the extent and quality of available data, explaining significant information deficiencies and any uncer- tainties associated with the predicted impacts. The Assessment should focus on the potential for negative environmental and social impacts caused by planned and unplanned (spontaneous) in-migration of people; clearing of forest lands for agriculture; increased pressure on fuel wood, fodder and water resources; social disruptions and conflicts; and threats to woodlands and important wildlife species. The Assessment should also examine the potential for linear resettlement that usually involves projects producing linear patterns of land acquisition. An overview shall be provided of different groups of people and their cultural, eth- nic, and socio-economic characteristics, and how they are likely to benefit and/ or be negatively affected by the Project. Negative impacts may include but not be limited to physical relocation, loss of land or other physical assets, or loss of access to livelihood. The significance of impacts of the proposed road works shall be assessed, and the basis of this assessment shall be specified. The Consultant should take into consideration existing by-laws, national and international environmental stan- dards, legislation, treaties, and conventions that may affect the significance of identified impacts. The Consultant shall use the most up to date data and meth- ods of analysing and assessing environmental and social impacts. Uncertainties concerning any impact shall be indicated. Task 7: Mitigation Measure The Consultant shall suggest cost-effective measures for minimizing or elimi- nating adverse impacts of the proposed road works. Measures for enhancing beneficial impacts should also be recommended. The costs of implementing these measures shall wherever possible be estimated and presented. If compen- P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 82 sation is recommended as one form of mitigation, the Consultant shall identify all the names and physical addresses of people to be compensated. Proposed mitigation measures and cost estimates shall be grouped in a separate Bills of Quantities (BOQ) for the project and should also include cost of super- vision for the implementation of mitigation measures. Task 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The Environmental Management Plan focuses on three generic areas: imple- mentation of mitigation measures, institutional strengthening and training, and monitoring. The Consultant shall prepare an Environmental and Social Man- agement Plan, which will include proposed work programme, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements and other necessary support ser- vices to implement the mitigation measures. Institutional arrangements required for implementing this management plan shall be indicated. The cost of imple- menting the monitoring and evaluation including staffing, training and institu- tional arrangements must be specified. Where monitoring and evaluation will require inter-agency collaboration, this should be indicated. Identify institutional needs to implement environmental assessment recommen- dations. Review the authority and capability of institutions at local, regional, and national levels and recommend how to strengthen the capacity to imple- ment the environmental and social management and monitoring plans. The rec- ommendations may cover such diverse topics as new laws and regulations, new agencies or agency functions, inter-sectoral arrangements, management proce- dures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting and financial support. Prepared detailed arrangement to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the Project during construction and operation. In- clude in the plan an estimate of capital and operating costs and a description of other required inputs. In the case of land acquisition, a Resettlement Action Plan should be prepared and implemented according to the National Land and Village Lands Act 1999 and the World Bank Safeguards Policies. 3. Reporting The EIA and SIA report should be concise and limited to significant environ- mental issues. The report is to be presented as a single environmental and social impact assessment statement (ESIS). The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data col- lected and citations for any references used in interpreting data. Detailed or un- interpreted data are not appropriate in the main text and should be presented in appendices or a separate volume. Unpublished documents used in the EIA and SIA may not be readily available and should also be assembled in appendices. Organize the EIA and SIA report according to the outline below: Cover Page with Declaration Acknowledgement List of Abbreviations (acronyms) P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 83 Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2. Project Background and Description 3. Policy, Administrative and Legal Framework 4. The Project Environment (existing conditions) 5. Identification and Assessment of Impacts incl. Analysis of Alternatives 6. Mitigation Measures 7. Environmental and Social Management Plan 8. Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan 9. Resource Evaluation 10. Decommissioning 11. Summary and Conclusions Appendices o List of References o List of names of the Consultant's team o Terms of Reference for the EIA / SIA o Records and/ or Minutes of Public Consultations o Any technical details used for the EIA/SIA (optional) 4. Staffing The Consultant should employ an Environmental Impact Assessment Expert and a Sociologist for carrying out the services. In addition, a qualified Land Valuer / Natural Resources Specialist will have to be employed as supporting staff to the experts. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 84 Appendix 5: List of IAPs and Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings Interested and Affected Parties (IAPs) for the proposed Arusha - Minjingu Road Rehabilitation Project that have been contacted at the time of the preparation of this ESIS report are presented in the table below, while names of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) present at Public Consultation Meetings are included at the end of this appendix. Interested and Affected Parties Consulted Agency Responsible officer Contact details TANROADS HQ Sanjo Mgeta ­ Senior Environmental Officer 0754 373 630 TANROADS HQ Angela Robert ­ Sociologist 0753 560 719 TANROADS HQ Boniface Malisa ­ Project Engineer TANROADS Arusha D.C.V. Kakoko - Regional Manager 0784 494 666 TANROADS Arusha Mr. Msama Kosani -Head of Planning Unit 0784 606 107 TANROADS Arusha Eng. Mgeni Mwanga 0754 312 545 TANROADS Arusha Eng. Ngosek James 0754 287 628 TANROADS Arusha Mr. Agustino Mnyari -Road Inspector Arusha Airport Maulid J Mohamed, (Ag Airports Manager) and 0754 974 789 Esther Dede, (Airports Manager) Arusha Municipality Mr. Kiwera ­ Municipal Land Officer 0784 826 513 Arusha Municipality Mr. Kirenga, Town Planner Arusha Municipality Mr. Judas Mahuma- Municipal Valuer 0754 826 453 Arusha District Council Juliana Letara - Head of Department of Land, Natural 0754 566 178 Resources and Environment Monduli District Council Ms. P. P. Ayo - Monduli District Planning Officer 0784 478 405 Nkaiti Ward (Babati District) Mr. Lembris Makau -Ward Executive Officer 0784 510 645 Minjingu Village (Babati District) Mr. Nicolaus Yuda Ari -Village Executive Officer 0784 889 031 Minjingu Village Irene Ne'ema - Extension Officer 0784 883 328 Makuyuni Village Mr. Mebukori -Village Executive Officer 0784 762 462 Makuyuni Village Ms. Ruthi Mashamba ­ Community Development 0754 232 122 Officer Makuyuni Village Mr. Martin Halid, Ward Executive Officer 0755 048 217 Kisongo Village Mr. Julius Mollel -Village Executive Officer 0755 953 976 Kiranyi ward Mr. Mohamed Alawi, Ward Executive Officer 0754 043385 Ngarenaro Mtaa Mrs. Judith Paul, Mtaa Executive Officer 0756 877887 Ngarenaro Mtaa Mr. Bernad J. Mahu, Mtaa Chairman Unga Ltd Mrs. Nimnyak Wilfred 0762 071228 Kiranyi ward Mr Mohamed Alawi, Ward Executive Officer Olerieni 1 Village Mr. Zachayo Lucas, Village Executive Officer Olerieni 1 Village Mr. Naiman Saitabau, Village Chairman Representatives of Selian & Maro Advocates M'ringa Estate TANAPA Arusha Francisca. I. Kanuti (Planning Dept) and + 255 272 504 082 Mr. Ezekiel Dembe (Head of Planning) Contact with identified IAPs was done using a combination of consultation and distribution of written information. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 85 A Background Information Document was prepared in both English and Kiswahili to facilitate continued reference to the project and allow for docu- mented evidence of the consultations (see Appendix 3A and Appendix 3B). The document presents project information for the IAPs, it particularly empha- sises the need for community involvement giving some background on the EIA process and regulation. At the districts and community level the document was given to the relevant officials and village government respectively on behalf of the communities. It is the intention that as leaders they are responsible to pass on the message provided by word of mouth or by availing access to the docu- ment for individuals in the absence of a public meeting. During consultation IAPs were briefed on the proposed project and the EIA process with emphasis on the current legislations. The IAPs were then allowed to voice their concerns, opinions and ask questions regarding the project all of which have been presented in the form of minutes. Several municipal and district authorities were consulted for their views on the proposed project. Opinions and suggestions for mitigation are as presented be- low Mr Kiwera ­ Municipal Land Officer, Arusha 13th December 2007& 25th January 2007 Road reserve: The difference in definition of the road reserve, the municipal requires 60m and TANROADS prescribes to 45m. There have been discussions between the two authorities and agreed that the municipal would relocate all structures within the 60m and TANROADS would abide by this standard inside the municipal boundary. Mr Kirenga ­ Municipal Planning Officer, Arusha 13th December 2007 & 29th January 2008 Road reserve: The 60m road reserve definition for the town includes the provi- sion of services lanes and this is thought to improve the safety of road users. Records on compensation done during the road construction between 1986 - 1990 are known to TANROADS. Records on compensation done during the road construction are not with the Municipal, maybe at TANROADS. Bypass: The proposed route cuts through estates and this would reduce the value of land and its utilisation, thus it should be re-considered. Furthermore, as most of the land that would be split is under mechanised cultivation movement of machinery would be limited. There are three alternatives that could be investigated; i. The existing track ii. The proposed bypass iii. An old track that is around km 7/8 The selection of the bypass should consider provision of service to farms giving improved access. The exit of the bypass being close to the IST campus is not advisable as it is too close to the school. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 86 Extension of the bypass: There are plans within the Municipal to alleviate traffic congestion along the Arusha -Kiteto road should the existing road be upgraded it would involve resettlement for over 30 km as the entrance to the municipal is heavily populated. It is proposed that a bypass that would link to the currently proposed Western bypass be considered in the design exercise. Ms J. Letara ­Head of Head of Department of Land, Natural Resources and Environment ­Arusha District Council 13th December 2007 25th January 2008 22nd April 2008 The bypass: The district participated in three consultative meetings with stake- holders and a site visit to assess options for the bypass. The idea of a bypass is favoured by the Municipal, as it would relieve traffic entering into town. Local landowners who are anticipating compensation prefer the proposed op- tion for the bypass. Foreign land owners are not entitled to be compensated for empty land and thus they would rather the bypass is aligned through permanent crops (Coffee) and property. The alignment as proposed has several properties including a borehole that would hinder construction and thus needs to be relo- cated. One of the two approaches from the Arusha Nairobi road is a coffee plantation and this would necessitate compensation. There is also a dried up reservoir on this route that used to be sacred ground for an Asian community. The other ap- proach will traverse a graveyard and some property. The third alternative proposed by the municipal planning officer was not con- sidered in the reconnaissance visit by the various officials as it is not passable at present. The district proposal is to survey and assess the existing track through Selian and the alignment proposed by the Consultant to ensure the best selection. Eng Kakoko ­TANROADS Arusha Regional Manager 13th Dec. 2007 Bypass: The owners from the various estates plantations remain negative about the Bypass and requested lawyers to represent them at the consultation meeting. The firm representing them is Maro Advocates. TANROADS is currently mak- ing consultations with Regional Secretariat on ways to facilitate land acquisi- tion. The Bypass as proposed traverses land that is seasonally cropped thus the pro- jected compensation costs should be affordable. The engineer acceded to the health hazard that may arise due to the Bypass ex- iting close to the Moshi International School (Arusha Campus) and proposed P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 87 that the consultant consider including a service road to allow vehicles going in and out of the school to use before entering the main road. The airport road section: Realignment some 100m away from the existing alignment is being proposed and has been accepted by the airports authority. The airport authority on its part is making efforts to acquire and fence off the land that is now the existing road to limit trespassing. The existing alignment section that will be included in airport property can be used in future for air traffic. Resettlement along Arusha ­ Minjingu: The road alignment is to be main- tained as there are no issues with the alignment with the exception of the airport section and the bypass. TANROADS has been regularly enforcing the mainte- nance of the road reserve as such no temporary or permanent properties will be affected by construction. At present the only structures along the road corridor are sign boards which have temporary renewable permits. Eng. Mgeni Mwanga ­TANROADS Arusha ­ Project Engineer 25th January 2008 Western Bypass: Key stakeholders are yet to be clear on the comparison be- tween the proposed Bypass and the new Bypass proposed by COWI Consult- ants. COWI need to give justification for choosing the viable road. Mr Agustino Mnyari ­TANROADS Arusha Road Inspector 26th January 2008 Resettlement along Arusha ­ Minjingu: Because the road alignment is to be maintained there is no need to carry out RAP. All PAPs were compensated during the road construction 1986 ­ 1990; and records are kept in respective files. Ever since, TANROADS has been regularly enforcing the maintenance of the road reserve as such no temporary or permanent properties will be affected by project. At present the only structures along the road corridor are sign boards which have temporary renewable permits. Ms F. Kanuti ­ Planning Officer, TANAPA 13th December 2007 Wildlife migratory routes: The project would potentially impact wildlife crossing around the Tarangire ecosystem. The migration season is generally around the time of the long and short rains i.e. late November to May where animals move from Tarangire to the Maasai Steppe. Ms E. Dede ­ Arusha Airport Manager 13th December, 2007 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 88 Realignment of the road section close to airport: The manager acknowl- edged having been visited by the regional TANROADS authority and the tech- nical team of the consultant (minutes appended to this report). The concern for moving the road close to the airport originated from discus- sions between TANROADS central office and the Airports authority in Dar es Salaam. The airport currently hosts 6 carriers (companies) that fly to various destina- tions including, Zanzibar, Dar es Salaam, Mwanza and several of the conserva- tion areas (national parks, game reserves etc.). Mr Makau ­ Ward Executive Officer ­ Nkaiti, Babati District, Manyara Region Mr N.Y Ari ­ Village Executive Officer ­ Minjingu 12th December 2007 Mr Mebukori ­ Village Executive Officer ­ Makuyuni, 25th January 2008 Mr Julius Mollel- Village Chairman ­ Kisongo, 26th January 2008 There are two villages along the road that would be affected by the road reha- bilitation project. These are Minjingu and Olasaiti. Livelihoods: The village is largely composed of livestock keepers and a few farmers. Farm products include water melons, pigeon peas, cow peas, maize, sunflower and sorghum. NGO activity: There is HIV/AIDS awareness in the village area, but social cultural factors and practices limits the efforts to behaviour change. Enyorata and Washauri Nasaha Miserani supported by TACAIDS are some of the local CBO for HIV/AIDS. There are several local self help groups such as Mwan- gaza which works with disabled children and some women groups. Pathfinder is supporting with Home Based Care service for the AIDS patients. NGOs such as Marie-Stoppes and AFNET are the only ones that have at- tempted any activity in the area. Water: There are several shallow wells and only one bore hole in the village. Water from this bore was used in previous road construction. Material sources: The village has previously supplied material for road con- struction as there are some murram borrow areas. However the contractors in the past took soil and gravel from Olasaiti. Issues associated with project activity: 1) Rehabilitation of borrow pits and quarries was not adequately done in past and in obtaining access to pits farms were ruined. 2) If properly rehabilitated borrow pits can serve as watering holes as was done in villages in Monduli District. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 89 3) Expected increase in income with potential for cafes and other small busi- nesses from population influx and improved cash flow. 4) Expected increase of divorce and abandoned pregnancies as was in the previous construction period. However due to increase awareness it is an- ticipated that these impacts will not be significant. 5) With an increased population influx it is anticipated that there will be pres- sure on already depleted natural resources particularly wood for fuel and construction. 6) It is also expected that land availability will be an issue as there is no sur- plus land to allocate migrants if need be. 7) Increased number of accidents particularly for children and livestock. Road maintenance: The communities have an unspoken understanding with TANROADS to protect the road edges and keep them clean as when the au- thority requests community help to cut the grass etc this is readily forthcoming. Ms. Judith Paul, Village Executive Officer, Ngarenaro 23rd April 2008 Road improvement from Ngarenaro junction: I hear about the road ex- pected road expansion and that some of people along the road maybe affected, but I do not know who these are. Having this information in hand I would inform them using regular mtaa meet- ings as a way to prepare them. PAPs : About notice provided to PAPs by TANROADS ­ I do not know about these because I have never been involved to discuss these matters with TANROADS, may be Mtaa Chairperson will have more information. Mr. Bernad Mahu, Chairman, Ngarenaro Mtaa 23rd April 2008 Mr. Miradi Kiluvia, Elder with Property along the road, 23rd April 2008 Road Reserve: I was here when the road was constructed from 1986 to 1991. Surveyors came to measure the road reserve and requested most properties which were located within the reserve to ne removed. Again, about 7 years ago, TANROADS came to again measure and order the owner of a container which was located at the corner of Nairobi road to remove it, which he did. Further, some houses such as the house of Mzee Kiluvia, Zebedayo and others was said to have their veranda located within the reserve. Now as TANROADS would like to have their reserve are back what they need to do is to carry out a new round of measurement and notify those with proper- ties along the road. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 90 People need the road to be improved with at least pedestrian route as currently we experience many accidents as pedestrians use the road as motor vehicles. I believe that everybody will support the project. Maintenance of road reserve: I cannot remember seeing TANROADS enforc- ing the maintenance of the road reserve since 7 years ago. However, people are currently aware of the effect from residing along the road reserve and therefore do not put permanent structures. Ms. Namnyak Wilfred, Ward Executive Officer, Unga Ltd. Mr. Ngowi,Informant 25th April 2008 Road improvement from Ngarenaro junction on Unga Ltd side: We are aware that the road will be rehabilitated. People along the road fear of their properties being demolished without any compensation. Their experience from last road construction on 1908's show that they were only asked to remove their houses from the road reserve, but not compensated for the associated loss. Mr. Ngowi, community members who participated in the discussion gave examples of house properties pf Mrs Asina and other community members, which were relo- cated in 1997 without any compensation. About TANROADS letters of notice to PAPs , the Ward Executive Director said, " I do not know about these, because I have never been involved in such discussions with TANROADS before. You are the ones mentioning this to me for the first time. I also wonder if my colleagues in Ngarenaro ward have this information. The Ward Executive Officer concluded that by saying that, it seems compensations were not given previously, and the good thing to do it to talk to people directly. She promised to inform all the 3 Mtaa Chairmen and selected property owners from her ward to a meeting on Monday 29th April 2008. Kiranyi ward, Olerieni 1 village consultation meeting, 22nd April 2008 The ward has total number of 6 villages, 26 hamlets, and 5 secondary schools, 7 primary schools with total number of 38,838 members (last censer.) . It is bouder- ing Ngaramtoni Ward. The villages in the ward are: Kiranyi, Olosiva, Olerieni 1, Ilkiurei, Siwandati, na Saitabau. The proposed new Arusha Western Bypass is lo- cated near Olerieni 1 village. Major economic activity is agriculture and livestock production. Some of the ma- jor crops include maize, beans, banana and wheat. There are tobacco plantations in the neighbouring Oltrument village. There are two industries in Kiranyi ward: TARPO producing tents and ATMISYA, which produce mosquito disinfectants. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 91 Choice of where the Bypass should join Namanga road: Community members pointed out that water reservoirs were built by Seliani to re- serve rainwater for use in Coffee plantation. Currently, the said water reservoirs are not utilized. The Estate owners have constructed bore holes for the purpose. One Mr. Ojari, the community members said; "those suggesting that the road pass via Old Dodoma road to consider loss of houses owned by villagers. With alterna- tive route only coffee trees will be effect." One old woman, Ms. Lillian gave the meeting a good historical background to the ownership of water reservoirs and the spiritual service by Baniani and Kalasinga's. The reservoirs were built by a Germany, Mr Orksy who left the country long ago, but continue to be responsible for the re-selling of Coffee Estates in Olerieni from one owner to another. In addition to water reservoirs, M'ringa Coffee Estate owns a borehole, which is constructed by cement located near the proposed Bypass. On the spiritual value of the water reservoirs to Baniani and Kalasinga's. s. Lillian whose house is located closer water reservoirs reported that, "they only come for a few while, mostly spend nights in the house, but, never on the reservoirs. The vil- lage leaders and other community members who attended the meeting also con- firmed this. Benefits from Bypass: · Easy access to the market places · Pupils will travel and return from school with limited problem · Reduced time of travel from one place to another · Increased household income through agriculture productivity · Easy transportation of pregnant women and the sick to hospital · It will help villagers in Ngaramtoni Chini to travel to Ngaramtoni Juu for health services Currently, public transport from Olerieni 1 in Kiranyi have to pay between TZS 800/= ­ TZS 1000/= to Kisongo market, which amount to a Total of TZS 1600/= - TZS 2000/= return fare. There are many people living along Old Dodoma Road. Despite, the road may lead to increased accidents. Health Services There is one Government Dispensary in Oltrument village, Ekenywa ward. This when accessible by road will serve many people; who currently opt to attend to the traditional healers. They also obtain health services in Seliani, a private Hospital owned under the Lutheran Church. Gender ­ with the Bypass women will travel and transport their produce to the market; currently they have to work with head load for about 5 km. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 92 Access to use of Estate land for farming: villagers reported to have less access to the Estate area. Some of the land plots under M'ringa Coffee Estate were sold out to people from outside the village, it was revealed during the meeting. Water supply Water is scarce in the area. They depend on TPRI water source, which allow them access to water twice a week. This is because they have to share with many other neighbouring villages such as Olerieni 1, Olevolosi and Ngaram- toni. Villagers in Olerieni 1, pay TZS 300-500 to buy 20ltrs of water during the dry season. Negative impact from the road: 1. Estate owners will loose some of their land, and may be properties, 2. In case TANROADS decide to use Old Dodoma road villagers will loose their properties, many trees and electric poles will also be affected. To conclude, the Village Chairman said, " we shall work in close collaboration with both district council, TANROADS and the Estate owners to minimize delay in road project implementation, we urgently need they road." Nkaiti ward, Minjingu village community meeting, 23rd April 2008 The road improvement is expected to bring development and communication closer to the people. However, we have many accidents here: animal, people, and cars. It will be good if the improvement will be associated with the construction of Bus stop in our village, roundabout to avoid more accidents on Tarangire junction, ac- cess roads to bring our produce from farms. The Village Chairman added that it would be good if the road will build access even to this Government office. Many of our visitors cannot find the service road to reach here. Floods are a big enemy to our road section. It is our hope that the improvement will use different material to ensure long-term durability of the road. Advantages from the road improvement · Easy travel and transportation of produce · Minjingu provide the main transport route of animals, especially cow from Mbulu and Babati to be exposed in Arusha, Tanga, Morogoro and Dar es Salaam market. · It will facilitate increased production of fertilizer as more buyers will find it easy to collect the purchase · Importantly, it will encourage more tourists to visit out National Parks, and hence more income to villagers Health services · There is one dispensary but with very limited services. Villagers have to travel to Monduli and Arusha · In collaboration with TANAPA, the village have a newly constructed Health Centre. However, the government is yet to allocate service provid- ers. Therefore, currently not operational. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 93 Disadvantages · Heavy tracks use the road from as far as Singida. We are hereby requesting that the road improvement be of high standard · There is a sharp corner at the Tarangire National Park access road. If a track is coming from Babati it is not possible to turn. This causes accidents more frequently. Mayne a roundabout could be considered in this regard. · Also, we witness accidents on pupils and animals because cars do over speed when the pass via our village. Speed bumps, crossings and other measures are required in order to avoid this. · There is no proper stand for public transport. · In our village we believe there is HIV and AIDS, our worry is that with in- flux of people with money from road construction, more HIV infection will occur. We suggest that owners on many Guest Houses in our village be educated on HIV as this will minimize the risk of new infection. Means of transportation of produce include bicycle, Mandolin (Land rover 109), Horse carts and handcarts, tractors, and held load especially for women. People walk between 1.5 and 15 km to their farming land. Transport fare: from Minjingu ­ Babati km 60 one have to pay TZS 5000/= one way; and Minjingu ­ Arusha which is 104 km, the fare is TZS 3000-4000/=. Ngarenaro Ward, Ngarenaro Mtaa, 23rd April 2008 Meeting with community members here revealed that people are aware of thee fact that his properties with mark "X" within the road reserve are to be relocated. There are only a few human settlements, most business properties. The marks were put from about 7 years ago. According to the Chairman, most human settlements will have their veranda af- fected not the entire house. During the meeting, community members including some of the property owners requested TANROADS to give them notice with adequate time to remove their properties. Unga Ltd, Ward and Unga Ltd Mtaa , 29th April 2008 The mtaa Chairman, Mr. Jummane informed a team of surveyors that relocation of properties along the road is awaited for by the PAPs. However, to the one of the property owners said that back in 1987 ­1998 the road was only passing via Ngarenaro side. After the destruction of the bridge on river between Darajani Street and Oyster bay street it was proposed to make the road straight, and therefore it is currently passes on the Unga Ltd as well. No compen- sation was given to the PAPs that time. This is conformed by the following testi- monies. The house of one, Ms. Asina Fadhili was marked "X" in 1997; she said, "I volun- tarily relocated the house and construct a new one within the same location but out- side the ROW. That time there was still a land space; the area has just a few P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 94 houses. After demolishing my first house, I wrote a letter to the DC requesting for compensation; here they asked me to take it to the Land Registry. To date, I have received no compensation". Bi Vicky Kaira, the widow of the late Mr. John Mashinga leaves in the area for more that 50 years. She is left with the daughter, Mary John. Their house is pre- sented with mark "X". She is willing to relocated, but, after having received a compensation cost and be given a new land to start a new life. Mr. Selemani Salehe, who is aware that he needs to relocate because his house has "X" mark, gives another testimony. However, he never receives any letter of noti- fication from TANROADS nor compensation. He owns a pierce of land since 1982. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 95 IAP meetings and consultations from Communities The following signatures are proof of consultations at community level. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 96 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . 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Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 123 Appendix 6: Landuse Pattern along Arusha - Minjingu Road Station (km) Length Landuse Remarks From To (m) LHS RHS 0.00 2.75 2,750 T T Arusha Township 2.75 4.15 1,400 C C Burka Coffee Estate 4.15 7.35 3,200 F F Realignment 7.35 7.50 150 F H International School RHS 7.50 7.84 340 F F 7.84 8.35 510 F C 8.35 8.50 150 V V Ngaramtoni ya Chini Village 8.50 8.58 80 R R Engare Olmotoni River 8.58 8.61 30 V V Ngaramtoni ya Chini Village 8.61 8.90 290 V C 8.90 9.30 400 F C 9.30 10.30 1,000 F G 10.30 10.57 270 H G 10.57 11.08 510 F F 11.08 11.26 180 F H 11.26 11.63 370 F F 11.63 11.71 80 H F 11.71 11.76 50 S H 11.76 12.00 240 F H 12.00 12.30 300 F F 12.30 13.05 750 V V Kisongo Village 13.05 14.30 1,250 F F 14.30 14.46 160 G F 14.46 14.54 80 F F 14.54 14.59 50 R R Nadaare River 14.59 15.69 1,100 F F 15.69 16.00 310 H H 16.00 17.35 1,350 G G 17.35 17.61 260 H H 17.61 22.65 5,040 F F 22.65 23.40 750 V V Duka Bovu / Meserani Village 23.40 23.71 310 R R Musa River 23.71 25.40 1,690 G G 25.40 26.08 680 S S 26.08 27.23 1,150 H F TPDF Camp LHS 27.23 29.50 2,270 F F 29.50 29.65 150 R R Ardai River 29.65 30.50 850 S F 30.50 33.50 3,000 S S 33.50 35.52 2,020 G F 35.52 36.46 940 F G 36.46 38.93 2,470 G G 38.93 39.05 120 G F 39.05 42.70 3,650 G G 42.70 43.10 400 V V Mti Mmoja Village 43.10 48.20 5,100 G F 48.20 48.50 300 R R Luigumashi River 48.50 48.68 180 F F P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 124 Station (km) Length Landuse Remarks From To (m) LHS RHS 48.68 49.05 370 V V Nanja Village 49.05 50.50 1,450 F F 50.50 55.60 5,100 S S 55.60 55.70 100 V V Kiloriti Settlement 55.70 57.40 1,700 S S 57.40 57.90 500 R R 57.90 58.60 700 S S 58.60 59.53 930 F F 59.53 60.05 520 V V Mbuyuni Village 60.05 60.60 550 F F 60.60 63.00 2,400 S S 63.00 63.80 800 F F 63.80 64.00 200 V V Duka Moja Village 64.00 64.50 500 F F 64.50 67.00 2,500 S S 67.00 67.30 300 R R Mbuyuni River 67.30 67.50 200 S S 67.50 68.00 500 F S 68.00 72.50 4,500 S S 72.50 74.00 1,500 TH TH 74.00 74.65 650 S S 74.65 75.60 950 V V Makuyuni Village 75.60 76.70 1,100 F F 76.70 77.10 400 R R Makuyuni River 77.10 80.00 2,900 S S 80.00 81.50 1,500 G G 81.50 82.50 1,000 S S 82.50 84.50 2,000 G G 84.50 85.00 500 S S 85.00 88.95 3,950 G G 88.95 89.20 250 V V Mswakini Settlement 89.20 94.00 4,800 G G 94.00 95.00 1,000 F G 95.00 95.50 500 G G 95.50 96.00 500 F F 96.00 97.00 1,000 G G 97.00 97.40 400 TH TH 97.40 97.60 200 V V Kwa Kuchinja Village 97.60 99.50 1,900 G G 99.50 100.58 1,080 F F 100.58 101.00 420 V V Tarangire Village 101.00 102.20 1,200 F F 102.20 103.77 1,570 V V Minjingu Village Abbreviations: 103,770 T: Township C: Coffee Farm TH: Thicket (Wooded Grassland) V: Village F: Farmland S: Scrub (Bushed Grassland) H: Houses / Huts R: Riverine G: Grassland (Open Grassland) P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 125 Appendix 7: Typical Photographs along Arusha - Minjingu Road Photo No. 1: km 1.66 looking backwards, Photo No. 2: km 2.61 looking ahead towards, Arusha township section km 0 - 2.76 Burka Coffee Estate km 2.76 - 4.17 Photo No. 3: km 4.37 looking ahead, realign- Photo No. 4: km 14.46 looking backwards, ment section km 4.2 - 7.4 to farmland RHS be- typical farmland section longing to Selian Research Institute. Photo No. 5: km 50.54 looking ahead; Photo No. 6: km 67.61 looking backward, typical open grassland section typical bushed grassland (scrub) section P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 126 Appendix 8: Photographs along Arusha Western Bypass Photo No. 1: Arusha - Minjingu Road at Arusha Photo No. 2: km 0.8 looking backward along International School facing Arusha. Start of the the proposed alignment of the Western Bypass, proposed Western Bypass (km 0) at junction passing through flat grassland area belonging to some 50 m east of the school boundary. Prima Gems. Photo No. 3: km 1.2 looking backward, passing Photo No. 4: km 3.0 looking backward, passing through flat grassland area belonging to Prima through flat farmland area belonging to M'ringa Gems Estates Ltd. Photo No. 5: km 3.0 looking ahead along the Photo No. 6: km 4.1 looking backward along the proposed alignment of the Western Bypass, proposed alignment of the Western Bypass, pass- passing through M'ringa Estates farmland ing through flat M'ringa Estates farmland P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 127 Photo No. 7: km 4.1 looking towards right hand Photo No. 8: km 4.1 looking ahead along the side of the proposed alignment of the Western proposed alignment of the Western Bypass, Bypass. M'ringa Estates buildings in background passing through flat farmland area until km 4.6. Photo No. 9: km 4.9 looking backward along the Photo No. 10: km 5.1 looking backward along proposed alignment of the Western Bypass, the proposed alignment of the Western Bypass, which passes through ~300m coffee plantation passing near an unused water reservoir. Photo No. 11: km 5.2 looking backward along Photo No. 12: km 5.2 facing Arusha, where the the proposed alignment of the Western Bypass. planned Western Bypass is proposed to join the Arusha - Namanga Road in a new roundabout. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 128 Appendix 9: Satellite Image of Arusha Western Bypass Corridor P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 129 Appendix 10: Compensation Rates ARUSHA MUNICIPAL COUNCIL GUIDELINES FOR LAND COMPENSATION AND CROPS SCHEDULE 1: DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROPS TYPE OF CROP MARKET VALUE PER STEM/CLUSTER IN TZS 1 SHADE TREES 6,000/= 2 SISAL 1,000/= 3 HARD WOOD TIMBER TREE 30,000/= 4 CASSAVA 600/= 5 ELEPHANT GRASS 400/= 6 MKULABI TREE 3,000/= 7 MKUNGU TREE(TERMINALIA CATAPA) 6,000/= 8 MBUYU TREE(BAOBAO) 20,000/= 9 MTOPETOPE TREE(ANONA SQUAMOSA) 5,000/= 10 MZAMBARAU (SYZYGIUM JAMBOLANUM) 6,000/= 11 MKWAJU (TAMARINDUS INDICA) 10,000/= 12 WATER MELLON 3,000/= 14 MKARATUSI 6,000/= 15 MFURU 1,500/= 16 PUMPKIN 3,000/= 17 MKUNDE (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) 500/= 18 MWAROBAINI 6,000/= 19 MNG'ONG'O(SDEROCARYA CAFFRA) 15,000/= 20 MLONGE(SINGH) 15,000/= 21 MPIRA (RUBBER TREE) 6,000/= 22 MGUNDI (GUM TREE) 6,000/= 23 SOFT WOOD TREE 10,000/= 24 CHRISTMAS TREE 6,000/= 25 GRAPE TREE 5,000/= 26 BAMIA 500/= 27 LUCINA TREE 6,000/= 28 MITUFAA 6,000/= 29 ASHOK TREE 6,000/= 30 MBAAZI(CAJANUS CAJAN) 300/= 31 MICHONGOMA(FLACOURLIA INDICA) 400/= 32 MISONOBARI 6,000/= 33 MIANZI(BAMBOO) 8,000/= 34 MBILIMBI 2,000/= P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 130 SCHEDULE 2: PERENIAL CROPS PLANT S/N TYPE OF CROP POPULATION MARKET VALUE IN TZS PER HECTARE PER HECTARE PER STEM OR CLUSTER AGED CROPS SAY 25% OF HERVEST SAY 50% OF "A" SEEDLINGS SAY 10% OF SEEDLINGS TO FIRST MATURE (SAY "A") AVERAGE CARED AVERAGE CARED CROP BETWEEN MATURE CROP "A" "A" CASH CROPS 1 COCONUT 125 3,000,000 24,000 12,000 6,000 2,400 2 CASHEW NUT 100 2,000,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,000 3 SUGAR CANE 12,500 12,500,000 1,000 500 250 100 4 OIL PALM 150 2,250,000 15,000 7,500 3,750 1,500 5 CLOVE 30,000 15,000 7,500 3,750 6 MSUFI 200 1,200,000 6,000 3,000 1,500 750 7 COFFEE 30,000 15,000 7,500 3,750 FRUITS 8 AVOCADO 75 1,125,000 15,000 7,500 3,750 1,500 9 TANGARINE 250 3,750,000 15,000 7,500 3,750 1,500 10 ORANGE 250 5,000,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,000 11 LEMON/LIME 250 1,500,000 6,000 3,000 1,500 750 12 MANGOE 75 1,500,000 20,000 10,000 5,000 2,000 13 GUAVA 150 1,200,000 8,000 4,000 2,000 800 14 JACKFRUIT 75 1,200,000 16,000 8,000 4,000 1,600 15 BANANA 750 9,750,000 13,000 6,500 3,250 1,300 16 PINEAPPLE 10,000 20,000,000 2,000 1,000 500 200 17 PAWPAW 800 4,000,000 5,000 2,500 1,250 500 18 MKWEME 150 2,250,000 15,000 7,500 3,750 1,500 19 KOMAMANGA 250 750,000 3,000 1,500 750 300 20 MISTAFERI 350 1,750,000 5,000 2,500 1,250 500 21 MITENDE 125 375,000 3,000 1,500 750 300 22 PASSION 5,000 2,500 1,250 500 SPICES 23 CARDAMON(ILIK)I 800 8,000,000 10,000 5,000 2,500 1,000 24 CINAMOMUM 1,500 3,000,000 2,000 1,000 500 200 25 BLACK PAPPER 1,500 3,750,000 2,500 1,250 625 250 26 GINGER 1,500 3,000,000 2,000 1,000 500 200 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 131 SCHEDULE 3: VALUE OF SEASONAL CROPS PER HECTARE S/N TYPE OF CROP MARKET VALUE IN TZS SEEDLINGS CROP SEEDLINGS AVERAGE CARED TO FIRST HARVEST MATURE CROPS CEREALS 1 MAIZE 22,000 110,000 220,000 2 PADDY 30,000 150,000 300,000 3 SORGHUM 16,000 80,000 160,000 OIL SEEDS 4 SUN FLOWER 34,000 170,000 340,000 5 GROUND NUTS 41,000 210,000 420,000 6 SIMSIM 62,170 310,850 621700 BEANS 7 GREEN GRAM 10,000 50,000 100,000 8 BEANS 17,400 87,000 174,000 9 PIGEON PEA 15,600 31,200 62,400 10 RUNNER BEAN 17,400 87,000 174,000 11 PEAS 130,000 650,000 1,300,000 ROOTS 12 COCOYAM 58,000 290,000 580,000 13 CASSAVA 95,000 475,000 950,000 14 SWEET POTATO 42,000 210,000 420,000 15 IRISH POTATO 140,000 700,000 1,400,000 VEGETABLES 16 OKRA 38,000 190,000 380,000 17 EGG PLANT 57,200 286,000 572,000 18 CABBAGE 120,000 600,000 1,200,000 19 CARROT 196,000 980,000 1,960,000 20 COLIFLOWER 55,000 275,000 550,000 21 PUMPKINS 60,000 300,000 600,000 22 COCUMBER 27,000 135,000 270,000 23 WATER MELLON 117,000 585,000 1,170,000 24 AFRICAN SPINACH 44,000 220,000 440,000 25 TOMATO 172,000 860,000 1,720,000 26 SWEET PEPPER 44,600 223,000 446,000 27 PEPPER 139,000 695,000 1,390,000 28 LETUCE 61,000 305,000 610,000 29 ONIONS 237,000 1,185,000 2,370,000 30 GARLIC 256,000 1,280,000 2,560,000 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 132 Appendix 11: Preliminary Compensation Estimate Cost Estimate (TZS) Station (m) Length Width Area Land Crops Developments Landuse Crops Developments Owner (m) (m) (m2) Disturb. Grand Total From To Rate Total Rate Total Rate Total Allow. Upgrading km 0.0 - 2.7 of Arusha - Minjingu Road to Dual Carriageway with Service Roads 2700 m powerline and 0 2700 2700 Nil Existing road reserve Nil - - 0 - - 10,000 27,000,000 27,000,000 TANESCO 40 poles to be Realignment km 4.1 - 7.3 of Arusha - Minjingu Road 4240 6800 2560 45 115,200 Farmland Seasonal crops Nil 5,000 20% 691,200,000 88 10,137,600 - - 701,337,600 Selian Institute 6800 7200 400 45 18,000 Farmland Seasonal crops Nil 5,000 20% 108,000,000 88 1,584,000 - - 109,584,000 Prima Gems Subtotal 133,200 799,200,000 11,721,600 810,921,600 Arusha Western Bypass 22.5 1032 1010 45 45,428 Fallow land / farmland Nil Nil 5,000 20% 272,565,000 88 3,997,620 - - 276,562,620 Prima Gems 1032 1714 682 45 30,690 Fallow land / farmland Nil Nil 5,000 20% 184,140,000 88 2,700,720 - - 186,840,720 M'ringa Estate About 500 young 324 m chain link fence, 1714 2002 288 45 12,960 Teak plantation 5,000 20% 77,760,000 3,000 1,500,000 12,000 3,888,000 83,148,000 ???? teak trees remove 140m 2002 2535 533 45 23,985 Farmland Seasonal crops 5,000 20% 143,910,000 88 2,110,680 - - 146,020,680 M'ringa Estate 2535 4066 1531 45 68,895 Farmland Seasonal crops 5,000 20% 413,370,000 89 6,131,655 - - 419,501,655 M'ringa Estate 4066 4582 516 45 23,220 Farmland Seasonal flowers 5,000 20% 139,320,000 90 2,089,800 - - 141,409,800 M'ringa Estate 4582 4592 10 45 450 Gravel road Nil 5,000 20% 2,700,000 - - - - 2,700,000 M'ringa Estate 4592 4860 268 45 12,060 Coffee farm ~1200 coffee trees 5,000 20% 72,360,000 30,000 36,000,000 - - 108,360,000 M'ringa Estate 4860 4866 6 45 270 Track ~25 Grevillea trees 5,000 20% 1,620,000 10,000 250,000 - - 1,870,000 M'ringa Estate 4866 4925 59 45 2,655 Coffee plantation ~250 coffee trees 5,000 20% 15,930,000 30,000 7,500,000 - - 23,430,000 M'ringa Estate Two concrete water 4925 4940 15 45 675 Concrete water reservoirs Nil 5,000 20% 4,050,000 - - - 45,782,500 49,832,500 M'ringa Estate reservoirs 4940 5170 230 45 10,350 Unused water reservoir Nil 5,000 20% 62,100,000 - - 62,100,000 ????? Subtotal 231,638 1,389,825,000 62,280,475 49,670,500 1,501,775,975 Arusha Airport Access Road 66 150 84 45 3,780 Farmland Seasonal crops Nil 5,000 20% 22,680,000 88 332,640 - - 23,012,640 Burka Estate 150 184 34 45 1,530 Gravel road Nil Nil 5,000 20% 9,180,000 - - - - 9,180,000 District 184 1823 1638.95 45 73,753 Farmland Seasonal crops 5,000 20% 442,516,500 88 6,490,242 - - 449,006,742 Airport Authority Subtotal 79,063 474,376,500 6,822,882 0 481,199,382 Grand Total 443,900 2,663,401,500 80,824,957 76,670,500 2,820,896,957 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc . Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 133 Appendix 12: Location Plans Location Plans based on topographical maps to scale 1:50,000 are included overleaf. P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 134 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 135 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 136 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 137 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc Detailed Engineering Design and Preparation of Tender Documents for Final ESIS Report the Rehabilitation of Arusha - Minjingu Road and New Arusha Western Bypass Page 138 P:\67193-D-1\09_Reports\ESIA Reports\Final ESIA Report\Final ESIA Report_26 Sep 2008.doc