Industry and Energy Department )7Hg2 Industry and Mining Division The Clean Coal Inltiative Summjiary of the Proceedinigs of a koiuuidtable Held at the World Bank,June 24-25, 1996 The World Bank Industry and Energy Department Industry and Mining Division December 1996 The Clean Coal Inltiative Summary of the Proceedings of a Roundtable Held at the World Bank,June 24-25, 1996 The World Bank The Clean Coal Initiative Contents Preface v Abbreviiations and Acronyms vi Introduction: The Clean Coal Challenge 1 Session 1: Incentives for an Efficient and Environmentally Sound Coal-Energy Chain 2 Session 2: Improving Efficiency and Environmental Performnance in the Coal-Energy Chain: Country Programs and Plans 5 Discussion 7 Session 3: Environmental Strategies and Clean Coal Technologies 9 Discussion 12 Session 4: Perspectives on Improving the Coal-Energy Chain 14 The Developers' Perspectives 14 Country Perspective 15 Discussion 16 Session 5: Closing 17 List of Participants 18 International Participants 18 World EBank Participants 22 iii The Clean Coal Initiative Pref-ace Energy, generally, and coal, specifically, are critical compo- chain (mining-preparation-transportation, power and heat nents oC sustainable economic development. For the foresee- conversion, and clean coal technologies). The Clean Coal able future, coal will remain an important and primary fuel Initiative aims to assist client countries in (a) identifying bar- source for power generation as well as for industrial and riers to improve the efficiency and environmental perfor- domestic applications. Over the next 15 years, world coal mance of the coal-energy chain; (b) removing these barriers use is expected to increase more than 2 percent annually. by developing and implementing reforms and restructuring Growth in China and India alone will account for more the coal, transportation, and conversion sectors; (c) develop- than 60 percent of this incremental coal demand and 40 ing and enforcing appropriate environmental standards; and percent of world coal use projected for 2010. (d) demonstrating clean coal technologies. Coal use in developing countries has negative environmental There is a wealth of international experience as well as sig- impacts and projected growth could exacerbate these effects. nificant differences among developing countries on the Principal environmental concerns are adverse health effects, issues affecting the efficiency and environmental perfor- from high ambient levels of particulate and sulfur dioxide; mance of the coal-energy chain. As a result, the Bank held major land disturbances and solid waste disposal problems; the Clean Coal Initiative Roundtable onJune 24-25,1996. regional ecosystem effects, from increased levels of sulfur and Participants included leaders from private and public enter- nitrogen oxides; and global effects, from increased carbon prises representing all segments of the coal-energy chain dioxide and methane emissions. The latter is exacerbated (mining, preparation, transportation, electricity and heat pro- by low thermal conversion efficiencies that cause many ducers, and equipment suppliers), bilateral and multilateral developing countries to use 15 to 30 percent more fuel to agencies, policy and research institutes, and other non- produce a given level of energy. governmental organizations. The ability of developing countries to meet the challenge of The purpose of the Roundtable was to provide a forum to developing a clean coal-energy chain is constrained by their review the performance of and plans for the integrated coal- limited financial resources and the lack of a legal, regulatory, energy chain in developing and transitional economies and fiscal and institutional framework that would provide incen- to identify next steps. Presentations and discussions reviewed tives to reduce costs in the coal-energy chain and to the effectiveness of industrialized and developing country improve its environmental performance. Inefficient frame- policy, legal/regulatory, and institutional frameworks in pro- works are characterized by pricing, allocation controls or viding incentives for an efficient and environmentally sound both; parastatal organizations with monopoly power result- coal-energy chain. Country representatives from China, ing in investment and licensing constraints, and other India, Indonesia and South Africa presented overviews of the exit/entry barriers; subsidies or cross-subsidies; weak envi- plans and programs to improve the efficiency and environ- ronmental laws and regulations and/or enforcement; and mental performance of the coal-energy chain. The Bank limited investment in clean coal technologies. These frame- presented information on reform strategies, environmental works provide little to no incentive to capture the low guidelines, and Global Environmental Facility (GEF) financ- cost/no cost improvements in managerial and operational ing. Several participants presented assessments of the effec- perforrnance across the coal-energy chain or to select the tiveness of alternative technology approaches and alternative most appropriate of higher cost options. mechanisms to finance clean coal technology projects. The World Bank response to this challenge is the Clean The information that follows is derived from meeting notes Coal Initiative, a forum to catalyze appropriate actions and and transcripts. It simply aims to summarize presentations to build upon ongoing activities. Rather than using the tra- and comments and does not attempt to bring closure to ditional sector-by-sector approach, the Clean Coal Initiative issues that were not resolved during the meeting. is a cross-sectoral effort to address the integrated coal-energy V The Clean Coal Initiative Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank CIAB Coal Industry Advisory Board (U.S.) COW contract of work EU European Union GAP Green Aid Program GEF Global Environment Facility IEA International Energy Agency IGCC integrated gas combined-cycle OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development TSP total suspended particulates TVA Tennessee Valley Authority vi The Clean Coal Initiative Introduction: The Clean Coal Challenge Mr.Jean-Fran,ois Rischard,Vice President, Finance and Mr. Peter van derVeen, Chief of the Industry and Mining Private Sector Development for the Bank, opened the meet- Division of the World Bank, outlined the Bank's Clean ing by explaining the importance of energy in developing Coal Initiative. The Clean Coal Initiative is based on the and transitional economies and the Bank's involvement in principle that achieving optimal solutions to environmental energy. Energy continues to be essential to economic devel- and efficiency problems requires an integrated approach opment but the inability of the public sector to provide for across the coal-energy chain. By adopting an integrated growing energy needs has led the Bank to explore new sup- approach, cross-sectoral issues of environmental degradation ply side and competitive options based on private invest- and efficiency can be addressed in a rational and cost-effec- ment. Progress also requires that local, regional, and global tive manner. An efficient legislative, regulatory, and institu- enviromnental challenges on the utilization and supply side tional framework that creates a conmnercial market structure be addressed. Technology is opening possibilities, and inter- and that covers the entire coal-energy chain is a precondi- national energy markets now include transnational strategic tion to a cost-effective environmental policy. From an insti- alliances and new institutional schemes for producing, trans- tutional perspective, the Clean Coal Initiative provides a porting, and distributing energy that will require the devel- framework for action to coordinate and optimize policy, opment of transborder investment codes. The Clean Coal technical assistance, and environmental programs. The Clean Initiative is one of several Bank energy initiatives; it exem- Coal Initiative aims to assist client countries in (a) identify- plifies the new approach of the Bank to partner with other ing barriers to improve the efficiency and environmental stakeholders to catalyze change and solve complex problems. performance of the coal-energy chain; (b) removing these barriers by developing and implementing reforms and Mr. Maurice Strong, Senior Advisor to the President of the restructuring the coal, transportation, and conversion sectors; World Bank, discussed the challenge for coal: how to (c) developing and enforcing appropriate environmental become the fuel of first choice rather than the fuel of reluc- standards; and (d) demonstrating clean coal technologies. tant acceptance in the context of continuing efforts to reduce the proportion of fossil fuels in the energy mix. Clearly, the cleanest energy resources that are affordable should be used first. But, coal is not going to go away It is often the most available and least-cost energy resource for countries that need to grow to alleviate poverty; poor coun- tries that need to use coal cannot forego using it. These countries must be helped in concrete ways. The best com- panies have demonstrated that environmental effects of coal development and use can be reduced significantly and that coal car be made more acceptable and can retain a role in the primary energy mix for an extended period of time. For coal to continue to have a role, the entire coal-energy chain mnust universally adopt best practices (production, transport, conversion and institutional) and full-cycle effi- ciency. Related institutions must adopt practices that enable the coal industry to develop projects that are environmental- ly and socially acceptable if coal is to maintain a primary role in the energy mix for an extended period of time. The Clean Coal Initiative Session 1: Incentives for an Efficient and Environmentally Sound Coal-Energy Chain Mr. Christopher Wardell, principal mining engineer for the investment typically made in exploration and resource World Bank, chaired the sessions for the remainder of the assessment. It should be a negotiated contract, typically 25 first day. Allen Roy ofVWhite Industries, a private Australian or more years in duration with transfer and joint venture company, provided an example of the turnkey implementa- rights. Terms in the license, lease, or concession agreement tion of a successful high-volume, high coal quality opencast should include (a) period of performance with automatic mine and preparation plant (6.5 million tonne per annum) renewal rights, (b) minimum expenditure levels based on an that has demonstrated state-of-the-art technology and effi- approved work program, (c) reporting requirements, (d) the cient and environmentally sound operating practices in right to withdraw after a minimum expenditure, and (e) India. The mine's development illuminated many of the bar- land relinquishment. Mr. Mathew also described the bene- riers to sustained foreign investment in Indian coal mines. fits of miiremouth generation. Several countries, including Difficulties that were overcome included government deci- the United States and South Africa, have successfully sionmaking delays, customs and import restrictions, lack of employed minemouth generating facilities. infrastructure and communication facilities, shortages of skilled labor and labor willing to accept the commercial Mr. Donovan Symonds, President of NorWest Mine work culture, regional disturbances and demonstrations, and Services, Inc., described the numerous benefits of coal wash- problems with implementing safety and environmental stan- ing and the significant lack of incentives for its widespread dards. Responsibility for operating the mine and prepara- use in developing and transition economies. These include tion plant will soon be transferred to Coal India Limited, market pricing policies, lack of capital, coal supply monopo- the state-owned Indian coal production company. In lies, and limrited understanding of the combustion and envi- response to questions, Mr. Roy commented that future suc- ronmental benefits associated with prepared coal. Coal cess of the project will depend on whether the operator has washing does increase the cost of coal on a per tonne basis; adequate incentives to continue to provide a superior quality the fuel bill, however, often does not increase significantly product and to operate in an efficient, environmentally and can decline if the transportation distances are long sound manner. (+500 km). The benefits of coal preparation to the coal- energy chain include reduced emissions and transportation Mr. David Mathew, Manager of Coal Exploration for BHP capacity requirements and greater plant utilization and avail- Minerals (Kuala Lampur Office), presented the views of a ability. large Australian coal mining company with international operations on the factors that create sufficient incentive and Mr. Michael Karl, retiredVice President, Burlington security to invest in a new coal mine. The first step is to Northern Railroad (United States), and Mr.Thomas identify an opportunity-a reserve with high market poten- Jacobsen, Coal Acquisition and Transportation Manager for tial. For the opportunity to become a project, the regulato- Texas Utilities (United States), described the dramatic ry environment governing the reserve should provide for improvements in U.S. rail performance induced by greater security of tenure, management control, equity control, the competition. No component of the U.S. coal-energy chain right to repatriate profits, and stable tax terms. A modern has increased its efficiency and reduced its costs and rates mining law, with consistent and constant policies should be more than the U.S. rail industry. The dramatic improve- in effect. Reconnaissance licenses should be simple-that is ments demonstrate the effect of increased competition creat- ideally a memorandum of understanding for 12 months ed by new laws and streamnlined regulatory oversight. with possible extension for an additional 12 months and Competition spurred a 25 to 50 percent decline in rail costs with provisions for the right of first refusal to negotiate a and rates over the past decade. The rate reductions reflect full exploration and exploitation agreement.A combined improved management, investments in equipment, improve- exploration and mining license is a precondition to the large ments in equipment usage, and increased collaboration 2 The Clean Coal Initiative Box 1 Railroad Productivity Improvements: Effects on Rail Costs Action Power configuration Average Cycle Estimated crew size hours cost/ton Base operation 5 (40) DC 3.7 141 $10.00 Power redeployment 2 (60) DC 2 (40) DC 3.7 141 $9.52 Two man crews 2 (60) DC 2.0 141 $9.06 Improved cycle time 2 (60) DC 2 (40) DC 2.0 134 $8.92 AC locomotives (new design) 3 (70) AC 2.0 134 $8.63 Shipper aluminum cars 3 (70) AC 2.0 134 $7.63 MaximLIm train length 3 (70) AC 2.0 134 $6.63 between the railroad company and the customer, all responses dioxide trading systems and joint implementation can help to a more competitive market. Box 1 illustrates the effects to finance clean technologies at lower costs. of these responses on the cost of moving a ton of coal in a unit train. Mr.John Strongman, Principal Economist, Industry and Mining Division of the World Bank, summarized the policy Mr. Jerry Golden, Manager of Advanced Production and framework elements that create incentives for an efficient, Environmental Technology, represented the Tennessee Valley environmentally sound coal-energy chain. Coal-energy Authority (TVA), the largest U.S. government-owned elec- chain enterprises operating in an efficient market structure tric utility and the largest single coal consumer in the coun- are profit driven and able to sustain financing, have the try. He explained how the TVA reduced its costs and resources to deploy modern technology, are sensitive to fuel improved its performance to levels that are comparable to quality, and can be environmentally responsive. The policy those of private utilities over the past decade. The primary framework spurs efficient, environmentally sound perfor- forces driving TVA's success were the granting of greater mance and requires a consultative process with those people autonomy to the utility, the removal of government subsidies affected by the coal-energy chain. The following actions are for the production and distribution of electricity, increased required to create an appropriate market structure: competition from other power systems, more stringent envi- * First, the government must establish sector development ronmental regulations, and increased flexibility to meet envi- policy by defining roles to separate government regulatory ronmental requirements. TVA's strategic response to these and enterprise commercial responsibilities. forces is described in Box 2. * Second, governments must enact laws and regulations to implement this policy. Mr. Ned Helme, President of the Center for Clean Air * Finally, governments must create the institutional arrange- Policy (United States), acknowledged that coal would con- ments to enforce this policy through their ministries and tinue tco be important in countries where it is an indigenous government agencies. resource. He emphasized the need for an environmental regulatory structure that provides clear incentives. This structure should: be created up front, clearly prioritize pollu- tants to be controlled, provide incentives to use lower pol- luting coal technologies, and encourage the use of alterna- tive fuels where coal's economic advantage is relatively small. The sulfur dioxide emissions trading system used in the United States and the emissions fee systems are examples of regulatory systems that create incentives for low cost, early compliance and technological innovation. International carbon 3 v 11.1 : I1. .1 . .I.- - . I I I . -1-  I  II... 1. .. 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In general, there is not a plan to break up Commission (China), spoke on Chinese initiatives to the national rail system or to allow its segments to establish improve the environmental performance of coal. Mr. Li tariffs. With regard to technology, Mr.Wang stated that the represented the clean coal leader group that was established priorities are for coal preparation and flue gas cleaning. by the State Council and resides in the State Planning China expects to rely on pulverized coal technologies for Commission. The clean coal leader group reflects the high power generation but will consider technologies that are priority that China is giving to clean coal technology. demonstrated to be econoitcally and technically feasible in China faces special challenges because it is the world's China. Mr. Michael Willingham of the United Nations largest producer and consumer of coal; its coal reserves are Secretariat described several mining, combustion-related concentrated in the northeastern provinces while use is most emission control and coal-bed methane projects that the intense in the southeastern provinces. In addition, coal use United Nations and China are jointly carrying out, using differs substantially from the industrialized countries, where them as examples of China's interest in the coal-energy cycle. most coal is used to produce electricity. In China, electricity production represents 36 percent of total coal use while resi- Mr. Emil Rorke of INGWE Coal and Mr. Gregory Tosen of dential and industrial consumption account for 10 percent ESKOM (South Africa) described coal-energy chain reform and 49 percent, respectively.The share of coal use in elec- in South Africa. INGWE is a private coal company, a major tricity generation is growing as new capacity is added. coal exporter, and the largest supplier to ESKOM, the South African electric utility and generator of 60 percent of China's clean coal technology strategy has four major com- Africa's electricity. South African energy policy is in transi- ponents: coal processing, coal combustion, coal conversion, tion, moving from an emphasis on laws providing secure, and post-combustion emission control technologies. artificially low-cost supplies to a more open and competitive Currently, China washes only about 130 million tonnes of framework that emphasizes integrated development and coal, and the Ninth 5-Year Plan requires all new and many equity. Change is the watchword-an extensive mining law existing, coal mines to install coal preparation facilities. By is about to go into effect, the electricity supply industry is 2000, the goal is to wash 30 percent of all coal produced being restructured, and an energy policy white paper that and 58 percent of that produced by state-owned enterprises. considers, among other issues, externalities and their effect Other major initiatives in the Ninth 5-Year Plan include on energy prices is being prepared. All of this requires inten- improving the efficiency of conversion, the construction of sive state, industry, and labor negotiation; public involve- additional minemouth capacity, and the installation of ash ment; and re-evaluation of coal contracting practices and and sulFur dioxide emission control technology on new taxation policies. Environmental regulations have successful- power plants. To accomplish these goals, China welcomes ly governed mining and reclamation. international technical and financial assistance to address these problems. An example of such assistance is cooperation For ESKOM, environmental investments reflect evaluation with Japan to reduce low-level emissions from industrial boilers. of multiple options. Power plants are concentrated in one China also wants to expand its use of fluidized bed combustion area and are only subject to particulate control; households by importing foreign technology and producing units domestically. in poor urban neighborhoods use wood and coal that create high levels of particulate and sulfur dioxide pollution. The discussion that followed Mr. Li's presentation addressed ESKOM evaluations indicate that the "bang for the buck" is transportation issues and technology priorities. Mr.Wang in electrifying urban homes.With almost 1 million of these Zhong-an, speaking on behalf of Mr. Li, clarified that main- residences already electrified, the goal is to use ESKOM line rail investments are underway and that local railway funds to electrify 300,000 houses per year until 2000. companies are being established to construct and operate Mr. Rid-wan Mahmud, President Director, PT Pacific Selatan 5 The Clean Coal Initiative Resources (Indonesia) and formerly of the Ministry of Box.3 Mines and Energy of Indonesia, provided an example of the tElndonesira successful institutionaization of a predictable mining and An Eamip le ofUthe Eff ectof S: be Iblnvestmtent investment policy that has attracted local and international Trnims and Cond.tions .... .. ..... investors and the application of cost-effective environmental policy. Key elements of the Indonesian investment strategy Fa ed witt.declining0ol produ:ction andA u te iabil.ity tomeet were the adoption of the National Energy Policy that recog- dgrowngdem andgwith reneble sources of energy,. nized the importance of coal to the country's energy securi- Indonesia adopted its- Nat ioa in ty and the use of the Coal Contract ofWork, which pro- .f_Policy :enco)'uraged privateAirnvestmbent in:oarlde velopMent vides clear terms and conditions for investors. When t;.;SE-through; the .coal Cont act ofWWrkCOW),h which permi0ts Indonesia began this process, it was a country with little cOal deve!opers tochoose the market, for d its Ipt experience in coal development. In the past decade, howev- allows the governmoent .andtcoall enterpr_ses to eet a er, it has become an efficient coal producer, consumer, and stble and preditable set .ofinvesmen condtions.: These-- exporter. Indonesia is also the first Asian country to instaH a conditions indlude du e grequirements) for expo-. large privately owned power plant that uses indigenous coal. ration rand developme.nt I royalty terms reso ble taxes i Blessed with relatively low sulfur coal, Indonesia's environ- and foreign-exch nge li mitati.To:4 begin producon the mental policy has been directed to enabling households to compny mus submit a fsibility study prio to the com- use briquettes and planning to use power plants at sites off m:- enceMn :bof construtn. .0JThe environmentl Ila gov- the highly populated islands with transmission ines moving erning Mining operations that Was established in 1982 power to densely populated demand centers. requOwes thatIJaplan for environm entacompl impance be s- mt fnitted pandapproed befoeremininge om menes.. ....... Mr. D.K. Biswas, chairman of the Central Pollution Control .. .. .. .... Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests (India), high- Overmthe.past.six yeasrs, Indonesia has -inresed cit coal.:: lighted issues and options for improving the environmental pruction 565 1perent to 41.8 millio tonne More thani performance of coal in India. Coal is the primary fuel 70 percent of.the coalo Is produced. by: toreign comaes source in India with steady increases in production expected and another 10 percent by privte Indonesianifi lrms. Toa, to continue. Indian coal is high in ash, low in sulfur, and -ztheretare cont ractors producing coal, 29 contractors amenable to opencast mining. Major environmental issues :* eld ppin es and' 83 appicants fornew coa COs.: include land disruption, suspended particulate levels, mine Indonesia' expors abouttwo thrds of4 is coal production fires, and discharges from coal preparation plants. Areas of ::V (about .21 rmillionjtonn esLearning6 overfUS$1 bil in fo- expected intense development will need coherent plans eign exchange revenues. including areavvide groundwater surveys and water manage- --- ment systems. The coal transportation network is overbur- The discussion focused on the environmental effects of coal dened; the problem is expected to worsen as demand for coal preparation and the role of the private sector in the Indian grows. Transportation reforms to date include engine-on- coal industry. When asked about the hesitancy to install coal load, own-your-own-wagon, and unit train operations; addi- washing plants because they would further disrupt the envi- tional investment, however, is required. An immediate objec- ronment, Mr. Biswas responded that investment in coal tive is to use coal preparation to reduce the volume of ther- washing facilities could provide an opportunity to clean up mal coal ash transported by rail.Washing plants are planned already disturbed sites and provide an opportunity for pri- for several major thermal coal fields. All new and eventually vate sector investment. Mr. Sadham Chattopadhya of the all nonminemouth power stations will be required to use Industry and Mining Division of the World Bank pointed washed coal. Imported coal appears to be a better option for out that 19 blocks have been given to private companies, coastal plants. Generation options are evaluated from a tech- but they are giving the property back. Mr. S.K.Varmar, nical and economical perspective; factors considered include Director of Technical Planning and Design, Coal India ash disposal, minemouth generation (which requires addi- Limited, indicated that the new government is considering tional transmission capacity), or local generation (which guidelines to improve the conditions for private sector requires rail and intercoastal transport improvements). There investment in coal mining. are opportunities to upgrade many plants and adopt clean coal technology. Deployment of coal technology will require technology demonstrations and international assistance. 6 The Clean Coal Initiative Discussions investors. Mr. Roy (Australia) identified two problems for foreign investment in preparation plants. First, Mr.Wardell summarized the three main points made in the preparation plant operators cannot control the quality presentations and comments made during the day. First, of the raw coal feed; and second, the price structure governments not only have an important role to play in does not provide incentives to wash coal. Mr. Roy also terms of developing appropriate environmental regulations, commented that the blocks that have been given to but also in creating a competitive environment that encour- independent power companies for captive mines in ages enterprises to improve their efficiency and environ- India will not be profitable until the operators can sell mental performance. Second, it is important for the compa- the surplus coal to the general market. nies in the coal-energy chain to restructure themselves in * Mr. Karl (United States) advised that to accommodate response to regulations and competitive forces. Third, these increased volumes transportation systems should actions take time. Clearly, there are many long-term oppor- improve productivity on the basis of cost-benefit analy- tunities to improve environmental performance, but it is also sis of technology alternatives and improved manage- important to identify short term actions that governments ment. This process took twenty years in the United or companies can take. States and mistakes were made, but the knowledge can be transferred with fewer mistakes. Mr. Jacobsen Mr. Wardell asked the participants, beginning with the (United States) encouraged the countries to introduce speakers, to share their suggestions on appropriate short- competitive forces in transportation to help identify the term actions. They commented as follows: priorities and create incentives for cost-effective action. * Mr. Mathews (Australia) using Indonesia as an example, Mr. All Sabeti (World Bank) emphasized that the suggested that governments could improve the efficien- United States had accomplished productivities several cy of private power development by disseminating times that of China and India with proven technologies information on the coal resource base. This is impor- that can be evaluated on a cost-benefit basis. Countries tant because power developers are not aware of the like China that manufacture their own equipment have variety of coal reserves available. A more coordinated an advantage in upgrading their equipment and choos- approach would enable the country to decide which ing investments that are cost-effective for the end-user coals should be developed for export and which should and that have positive effects on the environment. be used domestically. * Mr. Golden (United States) and Mr. Helme (United * Mr. Symonds (United States) asked how coal prepara- States) encouraged the application of a competitive tion plants are going to be funded. He suggested that marketplace to find the least-cost power options and U.S. companies would invest in preparation plants if the the use of competitive approaches to environmental rules were clear, particularly those regarding the buying control. Mr. Helme emphasized that governments price for the raw coal, the selling price for the clean should focus on establishing priorities early and on coal, and the market for the final product. Mr. Li identifying which pollutants and environmental effects (China) responded that funding is included in China's to control first, based on health effects. In addition, Ninth Five-Year Plan. The proposed sources of funding support ofJoint Implementation under the climate for mnining projects include the central government, treaty would create opportunities forWestern invest- local governments and coal mines, other sectors, inter- ment in conventional and new technologies. Baseline national agencies or companies, and a fund that has performance must be established so that credit can be been set up to build mining facilities. Mr. Biswas given for the environmental benefits of all actions (such (India) responded that government funding and possibly as reduced fuel use in the transportation sector resulting private build-own-operate facilities are potential from productivity gains). As competition is increased, answers to funding problems. Some private operators appropriate requirements must be built in to internalize have become involved, but their projects are not mov- the environmental costs. In addition, emissions trading ing forward. Actions need to be taken to speed up systems will require good baseline data; it is important these efforts. Mr. Chattopadhya (World Bank) pointed to begin to collect it as soon as possible. out a regulatory issue, conmmenting that the program in * Mr. Jan Piekorz, from the Energy Restructuring Group, India that allows the preparation company to wash the Ministry of Trade and Industry (Poland), encouraged coal, but not sell it, has proven unacceptable to strong cooperation between the coal and power sectors 7 The Clean Coal Initiative and emphasized the importance of solving social problems. . Mr. Pdchard Stern, Director of the Energy and Industry * Mr.VK. Roy (India) summarized the progress of Indian Department of the World Bank, commented that the Railways. Since 1980, productivity has improved about morning presentations linked improved environmental 60 percent in terms of net tonne kilometer per wagon performance with fundamental reform. In contrast, the day and wagon turnaround. Indian Rail is continuing afternoon country presentations emphasized resources, to improve productivity with higher powered locomo- problems, projections and new environmental regula- tives, higher axle load on wagons, heavier rail, and con- tions but limited emphasis on general reform. General crete sleepers. The company will be adding to some system reform is difficult and is limnited by labor and coal routes cars with 25 tonne axle load and 7500 social problems. The only way to mobilize resources is tonne trains. These additions will reach the technical to improve efficiency and improve environmental per- limits of the system because bridge and overpasses can- formance is to rely on private savings. General system not handle heavier axle loads. It is important to note reforrn takes a long time but short term actions should that freight in India must share the track with passenger first anticipate environmental requirements early; sec- traffic (eleven million people per day) and that the ond, institute structural price reform as early as possible; needs of both must be met. Nevertheless, most of the and tlhird, ensure that the rules of the game are explicit coal routes are saturated. Unless investment is made in for new entrants (public or private). Mr. Stern invited improving capacity, future coal transportation needs will participants to comment on these suggestions during not be met. In a point of correction, Mr. Roy com- the second day. mented that U.S. railways are 4, not 10 times, more pro- ductive than Indian Rail. Indian railway productivity is comparable to that of the Japanese. Mr. Wang Zhong-an (China) commented that the Chinese delegation agreed with much that had been said. China, however, has special circumstances to con- sider. For example, increasing competition in the rail- way sector is different because China cannot afford to make large investments in competitive networks while it still needs additional capacity. Transportation compe- tition is being increased by mines that are authorized to operate their own railways. A new 900 kilometer rail- road from the Shaanxi province to the port has been authorized. Reform in any sector must conform to the principles governing the national economy. For exam- ple, state-owned mines can follow national principles, but privatizing them is not possible. China must also consider employment impacts because many companies have surplus employees. * Mr. Greg Tosen (South Africa) commented that central and southern African nations view the Joint Implementation process with extreme caution. Industrialized nations must carefully construct "win-win" scenarios for Joint Implementation. * Mr. Alfred Schieb of Rheinbraun Engineering (Germany) commented that lignite and the non-power markets are critical parts of the coal industry and thus should be included in the initiative. Simple projects often offer important opportunities in these markets. 8 The Clean Coal Initiative Session 3: Environmental Strategies and Clean Coal Technologies Mr.Joseph Giling (World Bank) chaired the sessions for the Box 4 second (lay. Mr. Richard Ackermann, Chief of the World Bank Group Draft Environmental Technology and Pollution Policy Urnit of the World Bank, Guidelines presented a summary of the Bank Group's environmental guidelines. In presenting these guidelines, he emphasized Coal Mining and Production Practice that each country must establish its environmental policy Coal mining and production practices normally required by and ambient standards through political consensus building. the Bank Group are as follows: Development and imple- Therefore, OECD environmental standards might not be mentation of a comprehensive environmental and mine easily transferable to developing and transitional countries. management plan, including restoration and rehabilitation of These countries also must balance their investments in envi- disturbed areas; minimization of land subsidence; identifica- ronmental improvements with other needs that economic tion and management of acid mine drainage sources; water policy can address. In accordance with these principles, the management for operations and postclosure conditions; and Bank's environmental guidelines reflect a process of consen- management and seating of pyrite containing piles to sus builcing that focuses on a range of alternatives to achieve reduce acid mine drainage formation. enviromnental objectives and maintaining or improving enviromnental quality on an on-going basis, not just at the Development and implementation of a postciosure plan, start of a new project. including restoration of disturbed areas; long-term geotech- nical and geochemical stability of waste piles; and restora- The most relevant guidelines pertain to coal mining and tion of acceptable iong-term surface and groundwater flow production, and to thermal power plants, as described in patterns. Box 4. These are part of a larger set of guidelines contained in the Bank Group's Pollution Prevention and Abatement Proposed New Power Plant Maximum Emission Levels Handbook, which is scheduled to be published and become Proposed new power piant maximum emission levels nor- effective in early 1997. The Handbook consists of three mally required (subject to the results of the environmental parts: Part I addresses the key policy issues related to urban assessment) are the following: and industrial pollution management. Part II provides a * Particulates. Main concern is fine particulates (< than series of practical summaries on how to implement policies. l0pm in size), because of their serious impact on human This part includes good practice guidelines ranging from the health. Fine particulate removal requires high removal environmental assessment process, to comparative risk assess- rates of total suspended particulates (TSP). Draft guide- ment, public involvement, airshed modeling, environmental line proposes 50mg/Nm3 or 99.9 percent removal effi- managemnent systems, and environmental financing, to trans- ciency {if 50mg/Nm3 is not achievable) for TSP boundary and global issues. Part III contains what the Bank * Nitrogen oxides. Main concerns are contribution to Group normally requires as a basis for the projects it ground-level ozone, acidification, and visibility. Draft finances. This part is subdivided into three sections: major guideline proposes 750 mg/Nm3 for a coal-fired power pollutan.ts, pollutant control technologies, and industry sec- plant. tor requirements. * Sulfur dioxide. Main concerns are local impact of SO2 and sulfates on health, and long-range transport, causing acid- ification and affecting visibility. Draft guideline proposes MaxiMum S02 load of 0.2 tonnes per day (tpd) per MW up to 1,000 MW plus 0.1 tpd/MW above that, and a maxi- mum emission level of 2000 mg/ Nm3 and 500 tpd (no separate plants to circumvent this limit). 9 The Clean Coal Initiative The proposed guidelines for thermal power plants present technology in terms of cost, local fuel and operating condi- maximumn emission levels that can be achieved at low cost tions, and risk (performance, reliability, availability, and start- for all new plants, and a process for establishing stricter up). Because these factors change as experience with the emission levels in response to local ambient conditions. technology accumulates, plant costs tend to rise in the early These guidelines emphasize the use of cleaner fuels wherev- stages of development and then fall as the second and third er these are economically feasible, and focus on the opera- applications are actualized. With regard to the specific tech- tional performance of controls as well as their design stan- nologies, Mr. Eskinazi provided the following information: dards. In the exceptional circumstances where new plants * Supercritical boilers have achieved efficiencies of 42 to are proposed in significantly polluted areas, the guidelines 43 percent with capital costs of US$1,400 to $1,600 require that an initial, design phase Environmental and nonfuel operating costs of about $50 kW/year. To Assessment consider offset measures within the whole air- date, developing countries have limited experience with shed and water basin, rather than just controls at the plant this technology so the effects of design material require- itself. The core principle is that there should be no signifi- ments and operating complexity in these situations are cant deterioration in the ambient concentration of any pol- not known. lutant for which the airshed is "saturated," i.e., exceeds a * Fluidized bed combustion boilers have costs and emis- "trigger value" as determined by the country standards or sion performance that are comparable to pulverized the proposed guidelines. The "trigger value" is not an ambi- coal systems. ent standard; it merely signals the need for an environmental * For integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC), analysis that should identify least-cost alternatives. To pro- there is a good base of experience worldwide that is mote long-term compliance, the guidelines also suggest growing dramatically. The emissions are very low and short-term daily average values that, if exceeded, should costs are falling, which is why we should focus more on trigger an emergency response plan when the power plant is development. being operated. * For particulate control, there are several technologies that are selected according to conditions and vary in The discussion focused on monitoring. Mr. Biswas (India) costs. commented that in India operating sulfur dioxide monitor- * For nitrogen oxide control, the low-cost option (and ing equipment in tropical conditions and with low levels of those associated with the lowest level of control) is emissions had been problematic. Mr. Ackermann responded combustion optimization; the mid-cost options have that continuous monitoring is not required but is encour- higher efficiencies; and the highest cost option is selec- aged where appropriate equipment is available and that sur- tive catalytic reduction. rogate modeling may also be appropriate. The adaptation of monitoring technologies should be considered for further Mr. Eskinazi also affirmed Mr. Symonds' presentation on the work. economic benefits of washed coal in power production and reconunended rehabilitation of existing plants as an impor- Mr. David Eskinazi, senior Washington representative for the tant topic be discussed in the future. He also said that it is Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI; United States), important to monitor and assess the performance of clean provided an overview of the spectrum of clean coal tech- coal technologies and to communicate the results, including nologies. EPRI is focusing on the application of technolo- new training and education programs. gies developed in the industrialized world to the problems of developing and transitional economies. According to The discussion that followed raised questions about appro- Mr. Eskinazi, the challenge for the Bank is to develop a pol- priate boiler size, matches to fuel quality, and responsibility icy that keeps pace with the rapid pace of change in tech- for developing new technology. Mr. Biswas asked about the nologies while promoting economic reform and environ- optimum size of fluidized bed boilers, especially as it relates mental control.The spectrum of technologies includes to burning waste products from coal washeries. Mr. Eskinazi supercritical pulverized coal boilers, atmnospheric fluidized respondecl that the fluidized bed combustion technology is bed combustion boilers, integrated gasification combined commercially proven for 200 to 250 MW units, with the cycle units, coal cleaning, and plant rehabilitation and size chosen depending on the application; he added that upgrading. Important performance factors to be considered gasification technology is also appropriate for lower quality include emission control and efficiency, applicability of the fuels. Mr Dyk (United States) commented that the added 10 The Clean Coal Initiative capital costs of new technologies can often be justified when and located in an industrialized country, assuming EU emis- they enable the use of iow-quality fuel. Mr. Willingham of sion guidelines would apply. The study considered the emis- the UJnited Nations asked whether the industrialized coun- sions, efficiency, and costs for five technologies (flue gas tries would develop and transfer the new technologies or cleaning, atmospheric and circulating fluidized bed, pressur- whether individual countries would develop technologies ized and bubbling fluidized bed, pressurized and circulating according to their specific coal types. Mr. Eskinazi respond- fluidized bed, and integrated gasification with combined ed that much of the lead will be in the developing countries cycle). All technologies met the emnission standards, with the with many organizations, like multilaterals, participating in IGCC far exceeding them. For total electricity cost, the cir- consortia to advance the technologies. Ultimately, technolo- culating atmospheric fluidized bed and the pressurized flu- gies commercialized in developing countries may be trans- idized bed systems had the lowest costs. Overall, the study ferred back to industrialized countries. Mr. Gilbng urged found that the atmospheric fluidized bed system is the most that the developing and transitional countries be involved promising for near term needs and the circulating pressur- early in the cycle ized fluidized bed system is the most promising for future applications, particularly because of the fuel flexibility of flu- Mr. Shen Longhai, from the Embassy of the People's idized bed technology. Republic of China, described the Industrial Boiler Efficiency Program in China. Mr. Shen was involved in that Box 5 program in his former position with the State Planning China's Approach to Environmental Conrrimission. He estimated that 90 percent of sulfur diox- Improvements for Industrial Boilers ide, 70 percent of ash, 87 percent of nitrogen oxide, and 85 percent of carbon dioxide emissions in China are the result China has adopted a multistep program to improve the of coal combustion. There are over 300,000 industrial units industrial boiler environmental performance. Several air (including a relatively small number of gas and oil fired pollution and energy efficiency regulations have been adopt- units) consurming about 400 million tonnes of coal annually. ed. A team to promote clean coal technologies has been Most industrial units are small-about 90 percent have a established. Improved industrial boiler designs have been capacity below 6 tonnes per hour of steam output, with an recommended. Options for reducing sulfur dioxide emis- average of 2.6 tonnes per hour. With increasing coal use, sions are being considered. Cogeneration and central heat- environmental protection and control of emissions from ing and power are being encouraged. In addition, China has industrial boilers has become more important. The boilers been working multilaterally with the United Nations, the have low thermal efficiencies and emit about 500 million World Bank, and other agencies and bilaterally with Japan tonnes of carbon dioxide annually, 36.6 percent of particu- to study issues and options for pollution control as weli as lates and 38.8 percent of sulfur dioxide. The contribution to demonstrate technologies. of these pollutants to local ambient pollution is exacerbated by low emission stacks. With a growing econonmy, the China will continue to seek international cooperation to demand for industrial boilers will increase. If the emissions demonstrate environmental projects. Projects of interest are not reduced, the pollution problems will increase. China include dry scrubbing systems for industrial boilers, practi- has adopted a multistep program to improve the industrial cal applications of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide control boiler environmental performance, as described in Box 5. equipment, and construction of an integrated gasification Mr. John Topper of the Coal Research Establishment combined cycle plant, a 150 MW pressurized fluidized bed (Un-ited Kingdom) commented that finding sufficient quan- combustion combined-cycle demonstration plant, and a tities of appropriate quality coal for industrial boilers could nuclear heating plant. be a problem. Mr. Wang responded that coal briquettes could be used in industrialized boilers. Mr. Seen Kjaer, representing ELSAMPROJEKT (Denmark), commented that supercritical pulverized fuel technology is Mr. Fran,ois Giger, Deputy Director, Thermal Department, highly efficient and should be used in developing countries. Electricite de France, presented the results of a study of the He also noted that the waste product from pulverized coal environmental performance of several generation technolo- units is recyclable, but the waste product from fluidized bed gies.The objective of the study was to identify the appropri- systems is not. Mr. Rorke (South Africa) asked about the ate technology for two 350 MW units using imported coal ability of the technologies to handle variable quality fuels. 11 The Clean Coal Initiative Mr. Giger indicated that fluidized bed technologies appeared coal technology are underway. Projects are demonstrating to have stability when using fuels of variable quality. Mr. and adapting technologies for flue gas clean-up, circulating Ackermann (World Bank) pointed out that the assumption fluidized bed combustion and coal preparation (including that high levels of flue gas clean-up would be required is not briquetting, water-conserving coal washing, and coal water necessarily applicable in developing and transitional coun- mixture processes). Technical successes are accumulating. tries; moreover, advanced technologies have special person- There is concern, however, that the absence of political nel and institutional requirements associated with more commitment to enact and enforce appropriate environmen- sophisticated plant maintenance and operating requirements. tal laws and that the unwilingness to share the costs of clean If sulfur is not a problem, lower cost pulverized coal plants coal projects wiDl limit the adoption and long-term success are available. Mr. Giger commented that when transferring of these technologies. advanced technology, it is likely that the cost differences between conventional and new technologies would be Mr. Ken Newcombe, Chief of Global Environmental about the same for both developing and industrial countries. Cooperation of the World Bank, discussed the Global Mr. Krishna Pillai,Vice President, ABB Carbon (Sweden), Environmental Facility, a multilateral financing mechanism commented that a major barrier to deploying clean coal set up under the Climate Change Convention. Under the technologies is defining what is clean. Convention, the first priority is to address problems that we think we have with measures that have minimal costs, so Dr. Lowell Miller, Associate Deputy Assistant Secretary for called win-win options. The Bank has responsibility for Clean Coal Technology, Department of Energy (United mobilizing private funding and investment and for admninis- States), discussed the barriers to using clean coal technology. tering the GEF grant fund. Over the next four years, an Efficient use of clean coal technology requires a legal, regu- estimated US$500 million is expected to be used to invest latory, and institutional framework that provides a level in demonstrations of climate change mitigation approaches. playing field for all energy resources and incentives for an Part of the GEF funds are directed to options that reduce efficient coal-energy chain. The rate at which enviromnen- carbon emissions at the cost of a few dollars per tonne. The tal regulations are introduced and the effect of the global GEF also seeks to advance new technologies by using its climate change issue affect a country's technology choice. resources in combination with resources provided by others, In economies that are introducing market forces, the com- especially the private sector, to share in the risks of new petitive position of both coal and clean coal technologies is technology development and advance the "learning curve." changing. The key factors affecting the introduction of GEF resources are frequently directed to noncarbon, renew- clean coal technologies in the United States are economic able technologies. In countries where expanded coal use is risk (i.e., utilities believe that they should use proven tech- unavoidable, thie GEF seeks to mitigate greenhouse gas nologies with proven cost structures) and regulatory risk, emissions associated by financing improvements in the effi- given greater reliance on markets. In developing countries, ciency of coal use. The GEF has already provided a US$30 major risks include fuel supply quality and reliability, the milion grant to help improve the efficiency of industrial commercial and regulatory institutional framework, financial (midsize) boilers in China. It is also considering joining risks for investors, lack of information on how the technolo- other investors to demonstrate an integrated gasification gy would perform, and higher costs. Ultimately, the lack of combined-cycle facility in India. enforced environmental standards is the major barrier to the application of clean coal technologies. Discussion Mr. Kamao Hosaka, Managing Director, Center for Coal Mr. John Tilley of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Utilization (apan), presented an overview of the Green Aid served as moderator for the discussion on clean coal tech- Program (GAP). Its primary goals are to promote sustain- nologies. He defined the issues as (a) linking upstream and able economic development and to encourage stability in downstream activities, (b) matching fuels and technologies, the world's energy supply. The GAP supports the efforts of and (c) matching technologies with the desired outcomes. Asian developing countries to alleviate energy-environmen- He asked the participants to focus on the costs and per- tal problems. Based on policy discussions with the partici- ceived risks of using clean coal technologies. pating governments and the importance of coal to the * On the topic of IGCC, Mr. Golden (United States) respective economies, several model projects affecting clean indicated that Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has 12 The Clean Coal Initiative recently evaluated several clean coal technologies. TVA will cost less in China are dubious for the short term; found that IGCC, combined with coproduction, could costs are likely to decrease with experience. be competitive if TVA were building today but that * Mr.V Bohun, Deputy Director of Infrastructure, Energy IGCC does not have a clear commercial advantage. and Financial Sectors, Asian Development Bank, stated Ulncertainty about natural gas prices and electricity that the ADB is financing actual projects in China, ir[dustry restructuring risk would be factors that would Mongolia, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Kazakstan to alfect a decision to build IGCC. Mr.John Stork, repre- demonstrate technology performance because the ADB senting NOVEM (the Netherlands), stated that the does not believe that additional paper studies will yield Netherlands is interested in cooperating with India and the information needed. Clhina to demonstrate fuel coprocessing using the Shell * Dr. Giap van Dang, Director,Asian Institute of IGCC, a process that is extremely clean. About 25 per- Technology, supported Mr. Eskinazi and Dr. Miller's cent of the components could be produced in China. comments that more information on clean coal tech- On the topic of supercritical boilers, Mr. John Wootten, nologies in Asia is critical. Vice President, Technology and Environment, Peabody Holding Company (United States), summarized the findings of the Coal Industry Advisory Board, an indus- try committee that reports to the IEA. He noted sub- stantial misunderstanding about alternative steam cycles, especially supercritical applications. The CIAB has fbund them to be competitive in many situations and has comrmissioned additional work to understand inde- pendent power producers' attitudes toward alternative technologies, to assess costs of technologies, and finally, to assess by region the factors affecting the uptake of technologies. Mr. Don Lane, representingVEBA X raftwerke Ruhr AG (Germany), supported the posi- tion that supercritical technology would be low cost. * 'With regard to existing plants, Mr. Lane said that upgrading the performance of existing power plants has lower costs; India alone has about 12,000 MW that can be modernized with immediate reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Mr.Wootten commented that coal preparation is a proven technology and recommended that it be considered on a case-by-case basis. * Mr. Pillai (Sweden) indicated that bid processes that specifically call for conventional plants preclude manu- facturers from bidding new technologies, regardless of costs and benefits. * Country participants discussed the problems of financ- ing new technologies. Mr. Piekorz (Poland) comment- ed that Poland is involved in a costly restructuring pro- gram that includes construction of coal preparation plants. This program will require Bank financial assis- tance for completion. Mr. Biswas (India) indicated that financially insolvent state electricity boards would need foreign assistance to invest in technology demonstra- tions. Mr.Wang (China) commented that China also is seeking funds to finance new technology demonstra- tions. Nevertheless, estimates that new technologies 13 The Clean Coal Initiative Session 4: Perspectives on Improving the Coal-Energy Chain The Developers' Perspectives that stable and competitive coal production and transport sectors, based on a stable and predictable legal framework, is Mr. Philip Dyk, Director International Project Finance for critical to the development of privately owned power plants. FosterWheeler Corporation (United Kingdom/United Such a legal framework should be in place before a country States), presented a case study of a clean coal technology attempts to purchase power from independent developers, project located in Turow, Poland. The Turow project provid- especially if the plant is to be coal fired. The long construc- ed an example of financing new technologies with com- tion lead times and high capital investment associated with bined sources, including borrowings from the Polish govern- coal-fired power plants make investors particularly averse to ment, local markets, and international financial institutions. unmanageable risk in project conditions and to the coal It also illustrated the importance of developer flexibility and supply arrangements. strong political support in bringing a project to completion. Turow is the second largest power plant in Poland (10 X B ox & 200 MW units) located at the mouth of a ligrite mine. It Designing En ironmental Strat that Meet. has also been one of the argest polluters in the region. The LOCa INeeds: iniitial cleanup program envisioned retrofitting three units, rebuilding six and closing one, with the rebuilding of Units Indonesia, South Africa, Poland and the ech epublc e pro-l 1 and 2 at a cost of US$370 milion financed with a con- vfdeecxaWm.ples o6f hloalnconditions affectte aimp.Iemen-::-.: tract to sell power to export markets. Ultimately, it was not taio ofa cst-effective environmental strate ClI i possible to secure the power export contract, and the project A Inesia and Souh Arica e t lo in:w u uur. was reformulated as a domestic power project selling power The efore,::power plantI - .are pve d coal ut s equipped to the Polish National Grid. With this change, the project with. pfaticulater emissionsbcontrols but wth.no6sulfur.d1oX- risks increased, forcing changes in the financing package. E ideontrols. Emissions controls for householdsusing coalI iS-e a . Pr C E OEt-T;t-i!:0-RR tEaai -Ee i ,0t-i 0--I ;e- n i n e t0-ia, St1a Lt6 LY..1:E i-Et -V d Locally financed debt syndicated by the Bank Handlowy fare a ma or focus ofthe environmental strategy. InSouth (mixed dollar and zloty credits valued at about US$215 mil- Aica, househod abeing e f a t rt of lion), a soft loan from the Polish National Fund for the 300,000 per year.: AInlndornesi a,heeolicyis directed to Environment (about US$55 miion), and a US$100 milion en hblingh usehold :touseb riqettes.t guarantee from the Ministry of Finance formed the back- bone of the financing plan. Reassured by the local commit- In Poland an,cIthef Cze Republuic, hir lur content in ment, loans from international investment banks and com- asoe coals (i e., in excess f 1l:percent) and the ava ilabilit mercial banks with partial export credit agency cover com- , of alternaV efuels heaveresule in ifrenta appr hes . pleted the package (US$105 million). Given project success The Turw plant in Polan dis anfexample f a unit: rning to date, the next phase may not require a guarantee from the hig sulfur Tlignte. The Ilowestbcost option is to ur run-of- Ministry of Finance. In response to questions, Mr. Dyk nmine icoal at the minemouth, 5Wbut-s rsiuu d ide conto is:: indicated that fluidized bed technology was selected to bring - neessary to ring the plant into compliane with EU regu- the plant into compliance with European Union emission lations, Giver' this requirement and the lo caJ quality, cir-'t standards. cOulating fluuidiled beed tchno6gy::hasproven to beaC cot- i-0tefetive Esolut^ion. Fotir the Cec0h -Repubic,slfu taUr0diox ide00;00t Mr. Philip Lookadoo, from the law firm of Reid and Priest emissions are being reducedinstalling two fluidized bed LLP (United States), discussed the key elements that lead to AfScomtbustion units and retrfitting scrubrs to existng a successful coal supply agreement for an independent power facilities;. Inaddition,.household and. commercal power plant. In representing independent power producers coal consumers areaconvering to natural gasandIelectricit. (IPPis) in fuel supply negotiations, Mr. Lookadoo has found 14 The Clean Coal Initiative A privately financed power project is based on a set of con- Box 7 tracts that allocate risks. The developer takes the risk for the Expected Benefits of Coal Preparation: The plant's operations and seeks a fuel supply with manageable Example of India risks. The coal supplier and transporter guarantee that coal of an acceptable quality will be delivered on a reliable basis Several participants in the Roundtable cited the benefits of over several years. The fuel supply agreement must be signed hard coal washing in India. before the financing for the power plant can be obtained, * Mr. Symonds (United States) presented an example for which is often a problem for the fuel suppliers. In some Indian coals. Coal preparation would result in a 31 per- cases, the independent power producer (IPP) will take con- cent reduction in the volume of coal shipped. From an trol of a portion of the transport system (e.g., a port) to environmental standpoint, ash emissions (solid waste and guarantee deliverability.When a state-owned enterprise is atmospheric emissions} would decline 84 percent, and the supplier or transporter, the government must guarantee sulfur dioxide emissions would be reduced 59 percent. the contract. The ability to purchase fuel from alternate Better utilization of the power plant capacity would help suppliers, if the primary supplier fails to deliver, is also to lower carbon dioxide emissions. The most significant important. Fuel supply contracts typically contain damage benefit of coal washing would be the increase in power provisions to compensate the IPP if fuel is not delivered. plant avaitability, which could reduce the need to invest in Power purchasers have typically agreed to pay for reasonable new capacity. variations in fuel costs. Recently, however, market dispatch M Mr. Biswas (India) indicated that beneficiation of the clauses have required the power producer to obtain coal worst Indian coal in the year 2000-1 would reduce the priced so that the total electricity cost is competitive with volume of materials to be shipped by 11 MT, save other sources of electricity. These clauses add considerable US$240 million in transportation costs; reduce diesel con- risk and uncertainty for the power producer. sumption 64,750 kiloliters; and reduce bottom ash, fly ash, and carbon dioxide emissions. Country Perspective * Mr. Mohapatra {India) provided data on the performance improvements at the Satpura Thermal Power Station {21 0 Mr. M:troslavVlcek, Head of the Strategic Planning MW) when beneficiated coal was tested in the boiler. Department, CEZ (Czech Republic), illustrated how a utili- Plant utilization increased over 30 percent and boiler effi- ty in a transitional economy has approached environmental ciency increased 2 percent. Specific coal consumption improvements. CEZ is the state owned Czech Republic fell almost 40 percent and 1 less coal mill was needed to electric utility and the only investment-grade company in support generation. Downtime was reduced and mill the transitional countries of Central Europe. It produces 75 rejections were practically eliminated. percent of the country's electricity and has developed a comprehensive least cost capacity and environmental invest- Mr. R.N. Mohapatra, retired Chairman of the Orissa Power ment program, which includes increased hydro pumped Generation Corporation (India), provided the perspective of storage facilities and nuclear capacity. CEZ has also begun a power plant operator in a major Indian coal producing to bring thermal power plants into compliance with region. Since the introduction of coal-fired power in European Union standards. Two 250 MW fluidized bed Orissa, power plants have had operating problems. One of combustion units will be installed and 6,000 MW (15 to 20 the major causes has been coal quality that is below the plants) will be scrubbed. The utility has attracted foreign standard to which plants were built. Since 1976, the utility investors, but its ability to continue supplying electricity in and Coal India Limited have been discussing the construc- the next century is jeopardized by its revenues. Electricity tion of coal beneficiation plants to upgrade coal quality. and natural gas prices continue to be controlled. Low Studies have differed in their assessment of the value of coal power rates for household consumers do not (a) cover the beneficiation, but trials conducted in some power plants costs of serving them and (b) provide for the additional indicated that benefits included increased plant availability investmnent to continue to serve them as plants age and and utilization; lower coal, fuel oil, and electricity consump- demand grows. tion for each unit generated; higher boiler efficiencies; less downtime; and higher mill utilization. Studies at the mine site indicated that preparation would create reject disposal problems, but burning middlings in fluidized bed generators might help to solve that problem. Ash disposal at the power 15 The Clean Coal Initiative plant is also a problem; for India, as a whole, 1 1 0 million stration projects in a number of regions. Mr.Varma tonnes of ash will need to be disposed of annually. Mr. (India) added that operating demonstration projects in Mohapatra recommended a beneficiation program, starting developing countries are critical to assessing the tech- with coal that is being transported more than 1,000 kilome- nology. The multilateral banks can encourage countries ters. If this is successful, the program could be extended to to formulate project specifications that encourage clean coal that is transported more than 500 kilometers. Mr. coal technologies. Varma (India) commented that customers are not willing to * Mr. Ackermann (World Bank) commented that cleaner pay for beneficiated coal. coal should be addressed as a systems, not solely a tech- nology issue. A range of techniques can reduce coal- Discussion related pollution without emission control technology (e.g., coal washing, plant siting, or changing the merit Ms. Patricia Fry Godley, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, order of plant dispatch) and some may help to reduce U.S. Department of Energy led the discussion on environ- electricity costs. Environmental controls should convey mental and efficiency improvements in the coal-energy benefits that exceed their costs. On the issue of price chain. She posed two questions: (a) How can credible, time- increases, when environmental improvements are made, ly and objective information on clean coal technologies can low-income households have shown that they will pay be obtained and disseminated? (b) What should be the pri- more for a reliable service (though this is more the case orities for the World Bank Clean Coal Initiative? for safe water than for electricity). It is also important to On the subject of information, comments included: remember that a sustainable coal industry is a source of • Mr. Eskinazi (United States) suggested the information employment. gathering effort should assess who will use the informa- tion. It should then consider what the client needs to know and how the information can be maintained over time. * Mr. Dyk (United States) commented that users of flu- idized bed units have made performance data available through a trade association. - Mr. Ram Narula of Bechtel Power Corporation (United States) said that it is difficult to apply U.S. and European technology performance results to other countries. In particular, the fuel performance varies greatly * Mr. Graham Broadbent indicated that while IEA Coal Research (United Kingdom) compares coal technolo- gies for OECD countries and Poland, the scope might be extended to other countries. On the subject of the Bank priorities, comments included: * Mr. Peter Moore, Partners in Coal, IEEC (United Kingdom), commented that many of the important solutions increase costs to households, cause workers to lose jobs, or both. These issues should be addressed in the Clean Coal Initiative. Mr. Liberato Ramos, repre- senting National Power Company (Philippines), reaf- firmed Mr. Moore's point, stating that it would be diffi- cult to cover the costs of environmental improvements at a price that the consumer would accept. * Mr. Biswas (India) suggested that case studies of tech- nology successes would be valuable, as would demon- 16 The Clean Coal Initiative Session 5: Closing Mr. Stern (World Bank) urged the group to take a holistic * Mr. Roy (India) suggested that developing and transi- approach to improving the environmental performance of tional countries and the Bank work together to develop coal, considering all portions of the coal-energy chain. This a model commercial mine as a demonstration project. is a challenge because the issue is not only technologically, * Mr. Strongman (World Bank) suggested that there were but also organizationally fragmented. Price reform is a criti- already a large number of successful demonstrations cal first step. Structural reform is important to creating from which to draw experiences, such as the restructur- "win--win" situations and is occurring, as illustrated by ing of TVA and the environmental improvements in the China's economic growth without a proportional increase in Czech Republic. Visiting sites like these and drawing electricity demand. Ultimately, profitable investments (not from their experiences could save two to three years. subsiclies and grants) will be the funding source for environ- * Mr. David Osborne, Manager of Coal Technology for mental improvements. Household and industrial coal use CRA (Australia), suggested that coal producers and should be given high priority. Controlling household emis- consumers should work together to address the prob- sions, however, will take time because of consumer resistance lems with and costs of coal residue disposal as part of to higher prices. Actions will be based on locally developed the Clean Coal Initiative. and enforced environmental standards. Transferring knowl- edge about clean coal technologies throughout the globe is Mr. Peter van derVeen (World Bank) discussed approaches also important. Methods to improve the networking among to building a clean coal partnership to further the Clean technology developers and potential users must be identi- Coal Initiative. He encouraged Roundtable participants to fied, as we have begun to do in this meeting. join in a partnership to take the next steps to improve the = Mr. Piekorz (Poland) added that Poland is seeking envi- efficiency and environmental performance of coal in devel- ronmental improvements, but is finding declining inter- oping and transitional economies. The Bank will continue to national coal prices and the lack of foreign investment a pursue the Clean Coal Initiative and to identify specific barrier to success. Mr. Symonds (United States) rein- activities through dialogue with individual client countries. f:orced the point that financing is a problem and sug- The Bank will continue to work to identify mechanisms for gested that the Bank act as a facilitator or guarantor to funding the initiative and will contact the donor countries private investment. to idcntify efforts on which cooperation may be appropri- * A4r. Gilling (World Bank) responded that the Bank is ate. The Bank will also focus on identifying pilot projects using guarantees to facilitate private power investments, and using the experiences of organizations (e.g.,TVA and but the Bank needs to understand the risks and how the U.S. railroads) that have already achieved improvements they can be managed to develop programs for clean in efficiency and environmental performance over the past coal. Mr. van derVeen (World Bank) emphasized that ten to twenty years. It was agreed that the summary of the guarantees can only be used if there are clear legal and proceedings and a list of all participant names and addresses regulatory rules governing the coal-energy chain, would be distributed. These could help to induce short term improvements and to enable the use of guarantees. * Mr. Moore (United Kingdom) pointed out that to ensure cleaner coal use, Polish households would need legislation forcing them to use washed coal, as was the case in the United Kingdom and the United States. Mr. Ackermann (World Bank) conmented that people in the United Kingdom had actually chosen to switch to cleaner fuels before clean air legislation was adopted. 17 The Clean Coal Initiative Clean Coal Initiative Roundtable, June 24-25, 1996 List of Participants International Participants Mr. Robert Burton Mr. de Millas Texaco Inc. Senior Engineer, Technical Department Mr. Yasuo Arai 2000 Westchester Avenue Kreditanstalt fiirWiederaufbau Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. White Plains, NY 10650 Palmengarrenstrasse 5-9 (EPDC) USA 60325 Frankfurt am Main 15-1 Ginza 6-chome Tel: (914) 253-7983 GERMANY Chuo-Ku Fax: (914) 253-4344 Tel: (49-69) 7431-0 Tokyo 104 Fax: (49-69) 7431-2944 JAPAN Mr. Karan Capoor Tel: (81-3) 3546-9375 Environmental Defense Fund Mr. Li Dong-xiang Fax: (81-3) 3546-9531 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W Project Officer, Energy, Transport and Washington, DC 20009 Industry Division, World Bank Department Mr. Ted Atwood USA Ministry of Finance Program Manager, International Activities Tel: (202) 387-3500 Beijing 100820 U.S. Department of Energy Fax: (202) 234-6049 CHINA 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W Tel: (86-10) 855-1551 Washington, DC 20585 Ms. Penny Chalmers Fax: (86-10) 851-6072 USA New Business Assessment Manager Tel: (301) 903-9445 British Gas Power Generation Mr. Philip Dyk Fax: (301) 903-2238 59 Bryanston Street Director, International Project Finance Marble Arch Foster Wheeler Corporation Mr. D.K. Biswas London WIA 2AZ Foster Wheeler House Chairman UNITED KINGDOM Station Road Central Pollution Control Board Tel: (44-171) 611-2271 Reading Berkshire RG1 1LX Ministry of Environment and Forests Fax: (44-171) 611-1107 UNITED KINGDOM Government of India Tel: (44-118) 960-0652 Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar Mr. Steven Chi Fax: (44-118) 939-7608 New Delhi 110032 President, Mining Group (44-1734) 397-608 INDIA Morrison Knudsen Corporation Tel: (91-11) 222-7233 7550 IH-10 West, Suite 1400 Mr. David Eskinazi Fax: (91-11) 220-4948 P.O. Box 400090 SeniorWashington Representative San Antonio, TX 78229 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Mr.V. Bohun USA 2000 L Street, N.W Deputy Director, Infrastructure, Energy and Tel: (210) 244-4660 Suite 805, 8th Floor Financial Sectors Department (East) Fax: (210) 244-4610 Washington, DC 20036 Asian Development Bank USA 6 ADB, Mandaluyong Mr. Michael Davidsen Tel: (202) 872-9222 Metro Manila, P.O. Box 789 Washington Liaison Fax: (202) 293-2697 Manila 0980 UNIDO PHILIPPINES 1775 K Street, N.W Dr. Atsushi Fukushima Tel: (63-2) 636-2422 Washington, DC 20006 Assistant General Manager Fax: (63-2) 632-6816 USA International Cooperation Department Tel: (202) 331-3779 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Mr. Graham A. Broadbent Fax: (202) 331-9363 (CCUJ) Managing Director and Head of Service Shuwa Kamiyacho Bldg. IEA Coal Research Mr. Bruce de Marcus 3-13 Toranomon 4-Chome, Minato-Ku Gemini House Morrison Knudsen Corporation Tokyo 105 10-18 Putney Hill Morrison Knudsen Plaza JAPAN London SW15 6AA 7550 IH-10, Suite 1400 Tel: (81-3) 5401-4323 UNITED KINGDOM P.O. Box 400090 Fax: (81-3) 5401-4330 Tel: (44-171) 780-2111 San Antonio, TX 78229 kokupuro(po.iijnet.orjp Fax: (44-171) 780-1746 USA g-broadbent@iea-coal.org.uk Tel: (210) 244-4660 Fax: (210) 244-4610 18 The Clean Coal Initiative Mr. Francois Giger Mr. James Heller Mr. David Jhirad Deputy Director,Thermal Department - President Deputy Assistant Secretary, Policy Engineering & Construction Division Fieldston Corporation US Department of Energy Electricite de France International 1800 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W Les Collines de l'Arche Washington, DC 20036 Washington, DC 20585 Immeuble Concorde USA USA 92057 Paris La Defense Cedex 24 Tel: (202) 775-0240 Tel: (202) 586-5493 FRANCE Fax: (202) 872-8045 Fax: (202) 586-3047 Tel: (33-1) 49.02.69.99 Fax: (33-1) 49.02.64.03 Mr. Ned Helme Mr. Christian Kampen President Project Manager, China Division Ms. Patricia Fry Godley Center for Clean Air Policy Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau Assistant Secretarv for Fossil Energy 444 North Capitol Street Palmengarrenstrasse 5-9 International Energy Agency - Fossil Fuels Suite 602 60325 Frankfurt am Main Working Party Washington, DC 20001 GERMANY 1000 Independence Avenue, NW. USA Tel: (49-69) 7431-0 Washington, DC 20585 Tel: (202) 624-5833 Fax: (49-69) 7431-2944 USA Fax: (202) 508-3829 Tel: (202) 586-6660 ned helme@ccap.ccmail.compuserve.com Mr. Michael H. Karl Fax: (202) 586-7847 Managing Director Mr. Li Hong-xun Michael H. Karl & Associates Mr. Jerry Golden Deputy Director, Department of H.C. 83 Box 1018 Manager, Advanced Production and Communications and Energy Crosslake, MN 56442 Environmental Technology State Planning Commission USA Tennessee Valley Authority 38,Yuetan Nanjie, Sanlihe Tel: (218) 692-2396 1101 Market Street West District Fax: (218) 692-2397 Chattanooga,TN 37402 Beijing 100824 USA CHINA Mr. Jan Ketelaar Tel: (423) 751-6779 Tel: (86-10) 6850-2487 MiningAdviser Fax: (423) 751-7545 Fax: (86-10) 6850-2728 Overseas Development Administration 94 Victoria Street Mr. John E. Gray Mr. Komao Hosaka London SWIE 5JL Vice Chairman Managing Director UNITED KINGDOM The Adantic Council Center for Coal Utilization,Japan (CCUJ) Tel: (44-171) 917-7000 910, 17th Street 2-3-4 Ohkubo Fax: (44-171) 917-0072 Washington, DC 20006 Shinjuku-Ku USA Tokvo 169 Mr. Sven Kjaer Tel: (202) 778-4963 JAPAN ELSAMPROJEKT Fax: (202) 463-7239 Tel: (81-3) 5273-3760 Kraftvaerksvej 53 Fax: (81-3) 5273-3765 Fredericia DK-7000 Ms. Charlotte Griffiths DENMARK Information Manager Mr. Robert Ichord Tel: (45-75) 56 44 11 World Coal Institute Chief, Energy and Infrastrucmre Division Fax: (45-75) 56 44 77 3 Logan Place USAID Kensington, London W8 6QN 3220, 21st Street, Room 4440-NS Mr. Keith Kozloff UNITED KINGDOM Washington, DC 20523-0053 World Resources Institute Tel: (44-171) 373-0799 USA 1709 NewYork Avenue, N.W Fax: (44-171) 835-1408 Tel: (202) 647-8274 Washington, DC 20006 cig(vwcicoal.demon.co.uk Fax: (202) 647-5194 USA Tel: (202) 662-3485 Dr. Donald Guertin Mr. Thomas Jacobson Fax: (202) 638-0036 Director, Program on Energy and the Coal Acquisition and Transportation Environment Manager Mr. Anssi Kujala The Atlantic Council TU Electric Counselor for Science andTechnology 910, 17th Street, Suite 100 1601 Brvan Street Embassy of Finland Washington. DC 20006 Suite 11-060 Office for Science and Technology USA Dallas,TX 75201-3411 3301 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W Tel: (202) 778-4963 Tel: (214) 812-3226 Washington, DC 20008 Fax: (202) 463-7239 Fax: (214) 812-8685 USA Tel: (202) 298-6040 Fax: (202) 298-5842 19 The Clean Coal Initiative Mr. Don Lane Mr. David Mathew Mr. A. Hassan Nazenii Consulting Business Development Manager Coal Exploration Environment and Energy Branch VEBA Kraftwerke Ruhr AG BHP Minerals UNIDO Postfach 10 01 25 Menara Tan & Tan PO. Box 300 Gelsenkirchen D-45801 9th Floor, 207 Jalan Tun Razak Vienna A-1400 GERMANY Kuala Lumpur 50400 AUSTRIA Tel: (49-209) 601-5717 MALAYSIA Tel: (43-1) 21131-5513 Fax: (49-209) 601-8516 Tel: (60-3) 264-1246 Fax: (43-1) 21131-6803 Fax: (60-3) 264-5477 Mr. Ken Langer Mr. Roger Nelson Consultant Mr. C. Lowell Miller Vice President, External Affairs US Department of Energy Associate Deputy Assistant Secretary for BHP Minerals International, Inc. 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W Clean Coal Technology 550 California Street Washington, DC 20585 US Department of Energy San Francisco, CA 94104-1020 USA 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W USA Tel: (202) 586-2443 Washington, DC Tel: (415) 774-2499 Fax: (202) 586-3047 USA Fax: (415) 774-2028 Tel: (301) 903-3452 Mr. Reinier Lock Fax: (301) 903-2238 Dr. Dave Osborne Partner Manager Coal Technology McKenna Ilp Mr. R.N. Mohapatra CRA 1800 M Street, N.W., Suite 600 South Ex. Officio Director, GRIDCO 1 Research Avenue Washington, DC 20036 c/o Grid Corporation of Orissa BundooraVic 3083 USA cdo N.B. Misra, Project Manager Melbourne Tel: (202) 466-9270 Power Sector Reform Project, UnitVIII AUSTRALIA Fax: (202) 466-3765 Bhubaneswar 751012 Tel: (61-3) 9242-3260 INDIA Fax: (61-3) 9242-3222 Mr. Brian Loff Tel: (91-674) 414-378 /487-214 d_osborne@am.atd.cra.com.au Managing Director International Mining Consultants Ltd. Mr. Peter Moore Mr. Jan Piekorz P.O. Box 18 Mill Lane Senior Consultant Energy Restructuring Group Hathwaite, Sutton-in-Ashfield International Economic and Energy Ministry ofTrade and Industry Nottinghamshire NG17 2NS Consultants Warsaw UNITED KINGDOM P.O Box 18 POLAND Tel: (44-1623) 441-444 Sutton-in-Ashfield Tel: (48-32) 106-9804 Fax: (44-1623) 440-333 Nottinghamshire NG17 2NS Fax: (48-32) 518-860 UNITED KINGDOM Mr. Shen Longbai Tel: (44-1623) 441-444 Dr. Krishna K. Pillai Economic Counselor Fax: (44-1623) 440-333 Vice President, Sales and Marketing Embassy of the People's Republic of China ABB Carbon AB 2300 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Mr. Ramn G. Narula S-612 82 Washington, DC 20008 Project Engineering Manager, Fossil Finspong USA Technology Group SWEDEN Tel: (202) 745-7629 Bechtel Power Corporation Tel: 46 (0) 122 81694 Fax: (202) 234-8629 9801 Washingtonian Boulevard Fax: 46 (0) 122 15820 Gaithersburg, MD 20878-5356 Mr. Philip Lookadoo USA Mr. Liberato F. Ramos Reid & Priest Ilp Tel: (301) 417-3570 Manager, Fuels Division Resource 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W Fax: (301) 869-4078 Utilization Planning Department Washington, DC 20004 National Power Company USA Dr. Natarajan Quezon Avenue & Agham Road Tel: (202) 508-4350 Senior Thermal Power Consultant Diliman Fax: (202) 508-4321 Monenco Agra Quezon City 1100 The Monenco Agra Building PHILIPPINES Mr. Ridwan Mahmud Oakville, Ontario L6H 6A3 Tel: (63-2) 921-3037 President Director CANADA Fax: (63-2) 921-3449 PT Pacific Selatan Resources Tel: (905) 829-5400 Plaza Bapindo, Menara I Lt. 20 Fax: (905) 829-1707 Mr. J.D. Riley JIJend Sudirman Kav 54-55 LURGI Corporation Jakarta Selatan 12190 3700 Koppers Street INDONESIA Suite 101 Tel: (62-21) 724-4343 Baltimore, MD 21227 Fax: (62-21) 722-6615 USA Tel: (410) 644-1307 Fax: (410) 368-6762 20 The Clean Coal Initiative Mr. Richard Ronchka Mr. Alfred F. Schieb Dr. John M. Topper Director, Business Analysis Director of Business Development Commercial Director Ontario-Hydro Rheinbraun Engineering Coal Research Establishment 700 University Avenue Stuettgenweg 2 Stoke Orchard HIOJ12 Koeln D-50935 Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 4RZ Toronto, Ontario M5G IX6 GERMANY UNITED KINGDOM CANADA Tel: (49-221) 480-1318 Tel: (44-1242) 673-361 Tel: (416) 592-5972 Fax: (49-221) 480-1350 Fax: (44-1242) 677-231 Fax: (416) 592-6161 101472.1222@compuserve.com Mr. Greg R. Tosen Mr. Ernil Rorke Mr. Jeff Seabright Environmental Research Manager Group Manager: Projects Bureau for Global Program Field Support ESKOM INGWE Coal Corporation and Research Office of Energy Private Bag 40175 P.O. Box 61820 Environment and Technology Cleveland 2022 Marshalltown 2017 USAID, Room 508, SA-18 SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA Washington, DC 20523-0053 Tel: (27-11) 629-5061 Tel: (27-11) 376-2421 USA Fax: (27-11) 629-5500 Fax: (27-11) 838-8825 Tel: (703) 875-4465 Tosen@TRI.ESKOM.co.za Fax: (703) 875-4053 Mr. Alan Roy Dr. Giap Van Dang Director International Mining Mr. Philip W. Sharman Senior Research Scientist on Energy White Mining Limited Programme Manager and Environment Level 7Victoria Cross Building ETSU Asian Institute ofTechnology 60 Miller Street Harwell, Didcot P.O. Box 4, Kong Luang 12120 North Sydney, NSW 2060 Oxfordshire OXI I ORA Pathum Thani AUSTRALIA UNITED KINGDOM THAILAND Tel: (61-2) 9964-4403 Tel: (1235) 432-669 Tel: (66-2) 524-5405 Fax: (61-2) 9954-4340 Fax: (1235) 432-753 Fax: (66-2) 516-2126 vdang(ait.ac.th Mr. V.K. Roy Mr. John Stork Chief'Transport Planning Manager Account Manager Coal Utilization Mr. S.K.Varma South Eastern Railways Novem Director Technical (Planning & Design) I 1 Garden Reach Road Department of Energy Supply and Coal Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Calcutta 700 043 Swentiboldstraat 21 Ltd. INDIA P.O. Box 17 Gondwana Place, Kanke Road Tel: (91-33) 492208 6130 AA Sitard Ranchi Fax: (91-33) 494913 /497826 THE NETHERLANDS INDIA Tel: (31-46) 420-2202 Tel: (91-651) 203-978 Mr. George Rudins Fax: (31-46) 452-8260 Fax: (91-651) 316-552 Deputy Assistant Secretary for Clean Coal Technology Mr. Donovan F. Synmonds Mr. Miroslav Vlcek U.S. Dlepartment of Energy President Head of Strategic Planning Department 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W Norwest Mine Services Inc. CEZ, a.s. Washington, DC 20585 175 South Main Street Jungmannova 29 USA 10th FloorWalker Building 11148 Prague 1 Tel: (202) 586-1650 Salt Lake City, UT 84111 CZECH REPUBLIC Fax: (301) 903-1591 USA Tel: (42-2) 2408-2345 Tel: (801) 539-0044 Fax: (42-2) 2408-2441 Mr. Peter F. Salminger Fax: (801) 539-005 Director, Liaison Office to International Mr. Craig Vogle Development Institutions Mr. John Tilley Manager Technical Marketing and Siemens Corporation Head of Energy Technology, Collaboration Customer Service 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W Division Cypress-Amax Corporation Washington, DC 20004 International Energy Agency /OECD 9100 Mineral Circle USA 2 rue Andre Pascal Englewood, CO 80112 Tel: (202) 434-4827 75775 Paris Cedex 16 USA Fax: (202) 347-4015 FRANCE Tel: (303) 643-5239 simsiemens(aol.com Tel: (33-1) 45.24.94.84 Fax: (303) 643-5002 Fax: (33-1) 45.24.94.75 john.tilley@iea.org 21 The Clean Coal Initiative Mr. Geoff Walduck World Bank Participants Mr. Jean-FranVois Bauer Mining Adviser Chief, Energy and Infrastructure Overseas Development Administration Mr. Richard Ackermann Operations Division 94Victoria Street Chief,Technology and Pollution Policy South Asia - Bhutan, India, and London SWlE 5JL Unit, Pollution and Environmental Nepal Department UNITED KINGDOM Economics Division Room G3-061 Tel: (44-171) 917-7000 Environment Department The World Bank Fax: (44-171) 917-0072 Room S3-063 1818 H Street, N.W. The World Bank Washington, DC 20433 Mr. Michael Willingham 1818 H Street, N.W. USA United Nations Washington, DC 20433 Tel: (202) 458-1470 Fax: (202) 477-8556 (DC1 Bldg) USA Email: jbauer@worldbank.org 1 United Nations Plaza Tel: (202) 473-2606 Fax: (202) 477-0968 New York, NY 10017 Email: rackermann@worldbank.org Mr. Henri Bretaudeau USA Office of the Director Tel: (212) 963-1234 Mr. Achilles Adamantiades Industry and Energy Department Fax: (212) 963-4340 Power Development Division Room G2-021 willingham@un.org Industry and Energy Department The World Bank Room G5-131 1818 H Street, N.W Mr. John M. Wootten The World Bank Washington, DC 20433 Vice President,Technology and 1818 H Street, N.W USA Environment Washington, DC 20433 Tel: (202) 473-3412 Fax: (202) 477-0545 Peabody Holding Company, Inc. USA Email: hbretaudeau@worldbank.org 701 Market Street Tel: (202) 473-2417 Fax: (202) 477-0558 Suite 825 Email: aadamantiades@worldbank.org Mr. Sadhan Chattopadhya St. Louis, MO 63101 Industry and Mining Division USA Mr. Dennis Anderson Industry and Energy Department Tel: (314) 342-7623 Office of the Director Room G2-020 Fax: (314) 342-7614 Industry and Energy Department The World Bank Room G2-007 1818 H Street, N.W Mr. Liu Xiu-yuan The World Bank Washington, DC 20433 Deputy Director of Science and Education 1818 H Street, N.W USA Department Washington, DC 20433 Tel: (202) 458-2885 Fax: (202) 477-6619 Ministry of Coal Industry USA Email: schattopadhya@worldbank.org 21 Helpingli Beijie Tel: (202) 473-1045 Fax: (202) 477-0545 Beijing 100713 Email: danderson2@worldbank.org Mr. Charles di Leva CHINA Environmental Affairs Unit Tel: (86-10) 6421-7766 Mr. Philip Anderson Legal Departmnent Fax: (86-10) 6423-5838 Transport Division Room MC5-319 Transportation,Water & Urban The World Bank Mr. Wang Zhong-an Development Dept. 1818 H Street, N.W Acting Director of Comprehensive Division Room S6-049 Washington, DC 20433 State Planning Commission The World Bank USA 38,Yuetan Najie, Sanlihe 1818 H Street, N.W. Tel: (202) 458-1745 Fax: (202) 522-1589 West District Washington, DC 20433 Email: cdileva(worldbank.org Beijing 100824 USA CHINA Tel: (202) 458-2919 Fax: (202) 522-3223 Mr. Charles Feinstein Tel: (86-10) 6850-1859 Email: eanderson2(worldbank.org Global Environment Division Fax: (86-10) 6851-2929 Environment Department Mr. Craig Andrews Room S2-137 Mr. Mei Zong-hua Industry and Mining Division The World Bank Division Chief of Planning Department Industry and Energy Department 1818 H Street, NW. Ministry of Electric Power Room G2-045 Washington, DC 20433 137 Fuyou Street The World Bank USA Beijing 100031 1818 H Street, N.W Tel: (202) 473-2896 Fax: (202) 522-3256 CHINA Washington, DC 20433 Email: cfeinstein~worldbank.org Tel: (86-10) 602-3831 USA Fax: (86-10) 601-6077 Tel: (202) 473-4275 Fax: (202) 477-6619 Email: candrews@worldbank.org 22 The Clean Coal Initiative Mr. Joseph Gilling Mr. Karl Jechoutek Mr. Kenneth Newcombe Power Development Division Chief, Power Development Divisioin Senior Adviser Industry and Energy Department Industry and Energy Department Environment Department Room G5-101 Room G5-121 Room S2-141 The World Bank The World Bank The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W 1818 H Street, N.W 1818 H Street, NW. Washington, DC 20433 Washington, DC 20433 Washington, DC20433 USA USA USA Tel: (202) 473-3230 Fax: (202) 477-0558 Tel: (202) 458-2872 Fax: (202) 477-0558 Tel: (202) 473-6010 Fax: (202) 522-3256 Email: jgilling@worldbank.org Email: kjechoutekWworldbank.org Email: knewcombe@worldbank.org Mr. Roger Heath Mr. Todd Johnson Mr. Kyran O'Sullivan Industry and Mining Division Environment & Municipal Development Energy Practice Manager Industry and Energy Department Division Industry and Energy Deparrment Room G2-029 East Asia & Pacific Country Department II Room G5-033 The World Bank Room MC7-374 The World Bank 1818 Fl Street, N.W The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W Washirngton, DC 20433 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433 USA Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: (202) 458-2266 Fax: (202) 477-6619 USA Tel: (202) 473-2722 Fax: (202) 477-0545 Email: rheath@aworldbank.org Tel: (202) 458-2435 Fax: (202) 522-1787 Email: kosullivan@worldbank.org Email: tjohnson@worldbank.org Mr. Garth Hedley Mr. Andreas Raczynski Technical Services Ms. Dominique Lallement Director IFC Technical & Environment Department Chief, Infrastructure Division IFC Technical & Environment Department Room. 1-10-139 Europe & Central Asia Countrv Room 1-10-187 International Finance Corporation Department IV International Finance Corporation 1818 1H Street, N.W. Room H6-009 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, D.C. 20433 The World Bank Washington, DC 20433 USA 1818 H Street, N.W USA Tel: (:202) 473-0640 Fax: (202) 676-1365 Washington, DC 20433 Tel: (202) 473-0634 Fax: (202) 676-1365 Email: ghedleyCworldbank.org USA Email: araczynski(worldbank.org Tel: (202) 458-2849 Fax: (202) 477-3285 Mr. Charles Husband Email: dlallement@worldbank.org Mr. Ramesh Ramankutty Industry and Mining Division Environment & Natural Resources Division Industry and Energv Department Ms. Magda Lovei Asia Technical Department Room G2-051 Pollution & Environmental Economics Room MC8-422 The World Bank Division The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W Environment Deparrment 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433 Room S3-065 Washington, DC 20433 USA The World Bank USA Tel: '202) 473-4232 Fax: (202) 477-6619 1818 H Street, N.W Tel: (202) 458-2725 Fax: (202) 522-1664 Email: chusband@xvorldbank.org Washington, DC 20433 Email: rramankutty@worldbank.org USA Mr. Mudassar Imran Tel: (202) 473-3986 Fax: (202) 477-0968 Mr. Jean-Fran,ois Rischard Energy & Infrastructure Operations Email: mlovei(worldbank.org Vice President, Finance and Private Sector Division Development South Asia - Bhutan, India and Nepal Mr. Anil Kumar Malhotra Room G8-099 Department Energy and Infrastructure Adviser The World Bank Room G3-079 Asia Technical Department 1818 H Street. NW. The World Bank Room MC8-314 Washington, DC 20433 1818 H Street, N.W The World Bank USA Washington, DC 20433 1818 H Street, N.W. Tel: (202) 458-0920 Fax: (202) 676-9245 USA Washington, DC 20433 Email: jrischard@worldbank.org Tel: (202) 473-3858 Fax: (202) 477-8556 USA Email: mimran@worldbank.org Tel: (202) 458-2874 Fax: (202) 522-1663 Email: amalhotra@worldbank.org 23 The Clean Coal Initiative Mr. AR Sabeti Mr. Maurice P. Strong Mr. Peter van der Veen Adviser, Office of the Director Senior Adviser to the President Chief, Industry and Mining Division Industry and Energy Department Room D1 1-041 Industry and Energy Department Room G2-013 The World Bank Room G2-035 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, DC 20433 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, DC 20433 USA Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: (202) 473-6556 Fax: (202) 477-6658 USA Tel: (202) 458-2855 Fax: (202) 477-0545 Email: mstronggworldbank.org Tel: (202) 473-4242 Fax: (202) 477-6619 Email: asabeti@worldbank.org Email: pvanderveen@worldbank.org Mr. John Strongman Mr. Richard Scurfield Industry and Mining Division Mr. Chris Wardel Chief, Infrastructure Division Industry and Energy Department Industry and Mining Division East Asia & Pacific Country Department II Room G2-027 Industry and Energy Department Room MC7-427 The World Bank Room G2-023 The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, DC 20433 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, DC 20433 USA Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: (202) 473-5530 USA Tel: (202) 473-4274 Fax: (202) 522-1556 Fax: (202) 477-6619 Tel: (202) 458-2884 Fax: (202) 477-6619 Email: rscurfieldgworldbank.org Email: jstrongman@worldbank.org Email: cwardell(worldbank.org Mr. Jitendra Shah Mr. Masaki Takabashi Ms. Cynthia Wilson Environment & Natural Resources Power Development Division Industry and Mining Division Division Industry and Energy Department Industry and Energy Department Asia Technical Department Room G5-024 Room G2-035 Room MC8-446 The World Bank The World Bank The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W 1818 H Street, N.W. 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, DC 20433 Washington, DC 20433 Washington, DC 20433 USA USA USA Tel: (202) 473-1269 Fax: (202) 477-0558 Tel: (202) 473-2429 Fax: (202) 477-6619 Tel: (202) 458-1598 Fax: (202) 522-1664 Email: mtakahashi@worldbank.org Email: cwilson@worldbank.org Email: jshah@worldbank.org Mr. Stratos Tavoulareas Mr. Viren Sirohi Power Development Division Environment Division Industry and Energy Department ECA/MNA Regions - Technical Room G5-101 Department The World Bank Room H8-028 1818 H Street, N.W The World Bank Washington, DC 20433 1818 H Street, N.W USA Washington, DC 20433 Tel: (202) Fax: (202) 477-0558 USA Email: stavoulareas@worldbank.org Tel: (202) 473-7395 Fax: (202) 477-0711 Email: vsirohi@worldbank.org Mr. Lou Thompson Transport Division Mr. Richard Stern Transportation,Water & Urban Director Development Dept. Industry and Energy Department Room S6-055 Room G2-005 The World Bank The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W 1818 H Street, N.W Washington, DC 20433 Washington, DC 20433 USA USA Tel: (202) 473-3785 Fax: (202) 522-3223 Tel: (202) 473-6826 Fax: (202) 477-0545 Email: lthompson@worldbank.org Email: rstern@worldbank.org 24