62812 Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians Compiled by Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh., Clark, E.L., Munkhbat, J. and Monks, E.M. Edited by Munkhbaatar, M., Baillie, J.E.M., Borkin, L., Batsaikhan, N., Samiya, R. and Semenov, D.V. SITY O VER F NI E STATE U ED UCATION TH MO NGOLIA THE WORLD BANK i ii This publication has been funded by the World Bank’s Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform. The ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily re ect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colours, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) have contributed to the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians, providing technical support, staff time, and data. IUCN supports the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians, but the information contained in this document does not necessarily represent the views of IUCN. Published by: Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY Copyright: © Zoological Society of London and contributors 2006. All rights reserved. The use and reproduction of any part of this publication is welcomed for non- commercial purposes only, provided that the source is acknowledged. ISSN: 1751-0031 Citation: Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh., Clark, E.L., Munkhbat, J., Monks, E.M., Munkhbaatar, M., Baillie, J.E.M., Borkin, L., Batsaikhan, N., Samiya, R. and Semenov, D.V. (compilers and editors) (2006). Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians. Regional Red List Series Vol. 6. Zoological Society of London, London. (In English and Mongolian) Keywords: Conservation measures, summary conservation action plans, reptiles, amphibians, Mongolia, threats Printed by: ADMON Printing, Ulaanbaatar Front cover: Hyla japonica courtesy of Terbish, Kh.; Cyrtopodion elongatus courtesy of Terbish, Kh. The Mongolian Biodiversity Databank holds further details on all the species listed in this book. It is available to the public and can be accessed through: Kh. Terbish Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar Tel: + 976 99194746 E-mail: terbish@biology.num.edu.mn As only a limited number of hard copies will be produced, electronic versions of this report will be available through the ZSL library (http://library.zsl.org) and www.regionalredlist.com. iii iv CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 INTRODUCTION TO THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS 5 FORMAT OF THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS 7 REFERENCES 9 SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS 11 Vulnerable - Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii) 11 - Pewzow’s toad (Bufo pewzowi) 17 - Far Eastern treefrog (Hyla japonica) 22 - Asiatic grass frog (Rana chensinensis) 26 - Gobi naked-toed gecko (Cyrtopodion elongatus) 30 - Adder (Vipera berus) 34 Data De cient - Stepperunner (Eremias arguta) 37 ANNEXES I. List 1: Species identi ed as occurring within Mongolia and assessed at the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop List 2: Possible species occurring within Mongolia 41 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production of this book would not have been possible without the support and commitment of a large community of experts on Mongolian reptiles and amphibians. The compilation and production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians is the result of the dedication and knowledge of all of the experts who participated in the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop. We would like to thank all participants for their contributions (in alphabetical order): B. Altantuya, J.E.M. Baillie, Batbayar, N. Batsaikhan, A. Bayambasuren, V.V. Bobrov, S. Bolortsetseg, L.Y. Borkin, E.L. Clark, V.K. Ermchencko, A. Fine, E. Hurelbaatar, J. Jargal, N. Javzmaa, S.R.B. King, M. Munkhbaatar, J. Munkhbat, Kh. Munkhbayar, B. Munkhchuluun, D. Murun, B. Nyambayar, Ts. Odbayar, O. Onon, B. Oyunatuya, D.V. Semenov, B. Taivanjargal, Kh. Terbish, N. Tseveenmyadag, J. Uransaihan, Sh. Usukhbayar, O. Uuganbadrakh and M. Zorigt. We would like to thank those who kindly contributed the use of images for this document: Kh. Terbish and Kh. Munkhbayar. The three day Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop was run by J.E.M. Baillie, N. Batsaikhan, E.L. Clark, J. Jargal, S.R.B. King and J. Munkhbat. The Taxon Steering Committee, chaired by Prof. R. Samiya and consisting of representatives from non- government organisations, academic institutions, and the Mongolian government, provided support and guidance throughout the development and implementation of the workshop. We would like to thank all members of the Taxon Steering Committee for these contributions: R. Samiya, Kh. Munkhbayar, Kh. Terbish, M. Munkhbaatar, B. Tsetseg, Sh. Boldbaatar, N. Batsaikhan and J. Jargal. Thanks are also extended to the staff of Hustai National Park for hosting the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop. We would also like to extend special thanks to Kh. Terbish, Kh. Munkhbayar, L. Borkin, and D.V. Semenov for their thorough reviews and expert advice on taxonomy and species information. This book is one of the outputs of the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Project, which was initiated and funded by the World Bank and implemented by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) (regionally represented by the Steppe Forward Programme) and the National University of Mongolia, in collaboration with the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Nature and Environment, the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and many other regional and international organisations. We would like to speci cally highlight the following organisations which played an important role in the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Project: 3 The World Bank (with funding from the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Beijing) initiated the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Project, and provided generous nancial support, without which production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians would not have been possible. Special thanks are extended to Tony Whitten, who has guided this project at every stage of its development. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) played a fundamental role in the production of this book and associated documents. We thank IUCN for use of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, technical advice, data, and for staff participation. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) led the implementation of the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Project. Jonathan Baillie (project leader) and Emma Clark (project co- ordinator) are both based at ZSL. Special thanks are extended to Glyn Davies, Director of Conservation Programmes, for leadership and guidance throughout the project. Steppe Forward Programme (SFP) started as a Darwin initiative (UK DEFRA) and has been running in Mongolia since 2003. This project is administered by ZSL and works in collaboration with the National University of Mongolia. We would like to thank all the staff at this programme, particularly Munkhbat Javzansuren for his research skills and dedication, Sarah King for advice and guidance, and Jargal Jamsranjav for her advice, excellent translation work and important role as a workshop group leader. The National University of Mongolia (NUM) provided the venue for the workshop and is home to the Steppe Forward Programme and the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank. The university was actively involved in supporting the project throughout its development and implementation. Special thanks go to Samiya Ravchig for guidance, support and contributions, to Terbish Khayankhyarvaa for his expert advice, and to Batsaikhan Nyamsuren for his contribution to the workshop. The Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS) are thanked for their sharing of knowledge and for contributing to the effectiveness of the workshop. We would like to thank all the dedicated biologists who contributed their time and knowledge to this project, many of whom also participated in the workshop. Special thanks are extended to Tsetseg Baljinova. The Ministry of Nature and Environment (MNE) supported the project and its aims throughout its development and implementation. The Mongolian State University of Education (MSUE) actively participated in and supported this project. Special thanks go to Munkhbayar Khorloo and Munkhbaatar Munkhbayar from the Ecological Centre of the State University of Education for sharing their vast knowledge and for their dedication throughout the process. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecological and Evolution, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Biology and the Kirgizian Academy of Sciences are thanked for their support and involvement in this project. Special thanks are extended to V.V. Bobrov, D.V. Semenov, L.Y. Borkin and V.K. Eremchenko for their valuable advice. 4 INTRODUCTION TO THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS The reptiles and amphibians of Mongolia were recently assessed using the ‘IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria’ (IUCN, 2001) in conjunction with the ‘Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels’ (IUCN, 2003). The assessments were carried out during the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop from the 11th to 15th September 2006. This was the rst time that regional guidelines had been applied to Mongolian reptiles and amphibians and the results of the assessment provided an overview of their conservation status. A full list of species occurring in Mongolia along with possible species is included in Annex I. During the assessment process, groups of participants formulated summary conservation action plans for both threatened and Data De cient species, outlining recommended conservation measures that could be implemented to help arrest population declines or learn more about their conservation status. Following the workshop, these documents were extensively reviewed by participants and other experts who were unable to attend the workshop. The assessments revealed a number of trends affecting the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Six Mongolian reptile and amphibian species were identi ed as regionally threatened. Of these, four species are amphibians and two are reptiles. One species, the stepperunner (Eremias arguta) is categorised as Data De cient. This does not necessarily imply that it is facing a lower risk of extinction than those identi ed as threatened, but highlights a requirement for more extensive research. Each species assessed as threatened is the subject of a summary conservation action plan in this document. It should be noted that the quantity and quality of available data varies between species. These summary conservation action plans are intended to highlight species of particular concern, and to alert policy-makers, conservationists, and government and planning authorities of actions that will help to ensure that all reptiles and amphibians of Mongolia maintain viable populations into the future. Detailed action plans are already in place for some of the species in this document; the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians are not intended to replace these documents, but to accompany them, and further details are provided for action plans already available. Each summary conservation action plan presents information about the status of the species, the current known distribution, threats faced, conservation measures presently established, and recommended conservation measures. The future of Mongolia’s herpetological biodiversity depends on the response of the Mongolian and global community to the plight of the species discussed in these summary conservation action plans. 5 6 FORMAT OF THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS The Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians are arranged according to the IUCN threat categories, with the most threatened listed rst. Within each threat category, higher-level taxonomy follows that de ned by the North Eurasian Reptile Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Each summary conservation action plan follows the format outlined below: Species name and taxonomic authority Common names (English and Mongolian) Subspecies in Mongolia (if applicable) Synonyms (if applicable) Description Brief information on the physical characteristics of the species. Conservation overview Global status (global risk of extinction) IUCN global population assessment for each species given in the ‘2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species’ (IUCN, 2007). Alteration of an existing global assessment during the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop is denoted by a single black circle symbol ( ). If this was the rst assessment for the species using the ‘IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria’ (IUCN, 2001) and it is pending evaluation by IUCN Red List Authorities, this is denoted with two black circle symbols ( ). Regional status (risk of extinction within Mongolia) Regional assessments conducted for the rst time for Mongolian reptiles and amphibians using the ‘IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1’ (IUCN, 2001) and the ‘Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels: Version 3.0’ (IUCN, 2003). For further details please refer to Terbish et al. (2006b), or the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank. Conservation assessments are identical to global status if endemic to Mongolia. Legal status Existing protective legislature for Mongolian reptiles and amphibians, including both Mongolian laws (e.g. the Law on Fauna) and international laws (e.g. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): see UNEP-WCMC (2006)). For each species, the percentage of the Mongolian range occurring within protected areas has been estimated using the UNEP-WCMC World Database on Protected Areas (http://sea.unep-wcmc. org/wdpa/). For further details please refer to Terbish et al. (2006b). Within protected areas, species are conserved under Mongolian Laws of Protected Areas. Distribution Global distribution Listed from west to east and based largely on IUCN (2006) and the EMBL Database (Uetz et al., 2006). Current distributions that include introductions into countries outside the native global range, or reintroductions following regional extinction, are indicated by [int] or [re-int] respectively. 7 Regional distribution Place names and general regions of Mongolia are included, accompanied by a distribution map for Mongolia. These maps were updated during the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop, based on Terbish et al. (2006a) and Borkin et al. (1990), and were enriched with new information from the scienti c literature, museum records, government and conservation organisation documents, and expert observations (see Terbish et al. (2006b) for further details on the production of maps). Although these are as accurate and up to date as possible, it should be noted that many species are lacking in distribution data. As further research is conducted, changes to these maps are likely to occur. Distributions outside Mongolia were not updated. Abundance Historic population trends and recent population estimates within Mongolia. Habitat and ecology Habitat preferences within Mongolia and general comments on ecology. Dominant threats Brief outline of dominant threats and their causes, identi ed as being of immediate and primary concern by participants during the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop. Threat processes can be complex and re ect multiple factors; for more detailed information please refer to the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank. Conservation measures in place Speci c conservation actions currently established. Conservation measures required Actions suggested by experts at the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop, and specialists in subsequent reviews, which are expected to reduce the negative impact of threats and ensure the future persistence of the species. All summary conservation action plans have been compiled and reviewed by participants of the workshop and other specialists. 8 REFERENCES Ananjeva, N.B., Munkhbayar, Kh., Orlov, N.L., Orlova, V.F., Semenov, D.V. and Terbish, Kh. (1997). Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Reptiles of Mongolia. In: V.E. Sokolov (ed.) Vertebrates of Mongolia. KMK Limited, Moscow. 416 pp. (In Russian) Borkin, L.J., Vorobyeva, E.I., Darevsky, I.S., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Kuzmin, S.L. (1988). Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolian People’s Republic. Amphibian, Nauka, Moscow. 284 pp. (In Russian) IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. ii + 30 pp. IUCN (2003). Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List Criteria at regional levels version: 3.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. ii + 26 pp. IUCN (2007). 2007 IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available online at http://www. iucnredlist.org. Accessed 25 March, 2007. Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Munkhbayar, M. (2006a). A guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Munkhiin Useg. Ulaanbaatar. 72 pp. (In English and Mongolian) Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh., Clark, E.L., Munkhbat, J., Monks, E.M., Munkhbaatar, M., Baillie, J.E.M., Borkin, L., Batsaikhan, N., Samiya, R., and Semenov, D.V., (compilers and editors) (2006b). Mongolian Red List of Reptiles and Amphibians. Regional Red List Series Vol. 5. Zoological Society of London, London. (In English and Mongolian) UNEP-WCMC (2006). UNEP-WCMC species database: CITES-listed species. Available online at http://www.cites.org/. Accessed 25 March. 2006. 9 10 SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS VULNERABLE Salamandrella keyserlingii Dybowski, 1870 Order: Caudata Family: Hynobiidae Common names: Siberian salamander, Siberian newt or Dybowski’s salamander (English) (Frank and Ramus, 1996); Shiver gulmer (Mongolian) Subspecies in Mongolia: No subspecies are Photograph courtesy of Kh. Terbish currently recognised (Kuzmin, 1999; Frost, 2007) Synonyms: Hynobius keyserlingii Boulenger, 1910 (speci c to Mongolia); Hynobius michnoi Nikolskii, 1925 (speci c to Russia and northern Mongolia) (information from Gumilevskii, 1932); Isodactylium schrenckii Strauch, 1870 Taxonomic notes: Recently sibling species were described from Far Eastern Russia. Despite a lack of morphological differences, molecular evidence indicates they are distinct species (L. Borkin, pers. comm.). Salamandrella and Hynobius genuses are from one line of the phylogenetic tree and are therefore closely related (Frost, 1985). This species has a wide distribution, however it is dif cult to determine how many subspecies are present in Mongolia, due to a lack of geographical evolution studies. The rst discovery of this species was very close to the Russian-Mongolian border, so this species may be represented by a nominative subspecies in Mongolia (Borkin et al., 1988). Description During a study in Shaamar, along the Orkhon river, nine individuals were captured and their dimensions measured. It was found that females are similar to males in total length and body mass, with the average female measurements being 54.35-66.84mm (61.53±5.92) and 3.50- 6.55g (5.14±1.27) compared to males which are 51.80-68.17mm (62.28±5.09) and 3.35-7.80g (5.99±1.37) (Khongorzul et al., 2006). More detailed body measurements include: Snout-vent length 52.88mm±1.39mm (67.60mm±3.20mm in females); tail length 38.97mm±1.52mm (55.34mm±3.28mm in females); head width 7.83mm±0.25mm (10.18mm±0.47mm in females); body width 9.3mm±0.21mm (13.46mm±0.97mm in females); forelimbs 11.23mm±0.45mm (13mm±0.3mm in females) and hindlimbs 12.90mm±0.27mm (15.6mm±0.48mm in females) (Chashchukhin and Skopin, 2000). The post metamorphosis size is 25-26 mm (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). At maturity males reach 50-57 mm and females reach 44-68 mm (Hasumi et al., 2004). The species has well developed limbs with four toes on each foot and no claws. The front legs are always smaller than the hind legs. Vomerine teeth are present in a V-shaped series (Terbish et al., 2006). The tail is compressed laterally and may be slightly shorter than, equal to, or longer than the length of the head and body. 11 The lateral side of the head has three deep grooves. The rst (‘under-eye groove’) forms a semi-circle under the eye. The next (‘eye groove’) forms a wave from the eyes to the neck. The third groove passes from the eye down to the hind corner of the chin. This species has smooth skin, of brown, bronze-brown, olive or greyish colouration, with a light golden or silver longitudinal dorsal band, and dark spots (Terbish et al., 2006). The under parts and neck are pale in colour and have no spots. The species’ colour varies between water and land (dark in water, bright yellow on land). During the terrestrial breeding phase (April/ May), the males’ throats become bright yellow in colour, which may be a relevant factor in sexual selection (Hasumi, 2001). The under part of the throat is variable in colour. It is grey in June/August, white in September and dirty white in October. In females, ovisac development is a secondary sexual characteristic. During the breeding season (May), a pair of beige ovisacs become visable through the skin on the ventral side of the torso near the hindlimbs. At other times of the year this region of the body is a pale pinkish colour (Hasumi, 2001). Conservation overview Global status: Least Concern Regional status: Vulnerable, A3c Legal status: Included as Rare in the 1987 and 1997 ‘Mongolian Red Book’ (Munkhbayar, 1987; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Approximately 16% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas. Distribution Global distribution: Russian Federation; Kazakhstan; China; Mongolia; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Japan (IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006; IUCN, 2007). Possesses the widest geographical range of any recent amphibian species, spanning approximately 12 million km2 globally (IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006). Regional distribution: Coniferous forest and steppe habitats associated with freshwater sources in northern Mongolia. Distribution includes Hövsgöl Lake, Hentii Mountain Range along the Bogd and Tuul rivers, Northern Bayanzurkh, Huder, Shaamar and Zuunburen along Orkhon and Selenge rivers, Hongor Tolgoi along Eg River, Darkhad Depression along Shishhed River, and in Tes and Onon rivers (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997; Terbish, et al., 2006). This species is distributed in Selenge, Orkhon, and Tuul and along associated rivers including Shishkhed, Ukhert, Arsai, Khug, Guna, and Tengis in Khoridol Saridag, Ulaan taiga mountain and the Arctic drainage basin (Munkhbayar, 1976b; Kuzimin et al., 1986; Ulykpan and Munkhbayar, 1982; Litvinov et al., 1986; Terbish et al., 2006). It is also distributed along the Onon river in Hentii Mountain Range (Munkhbaatar, 2000), the upper part of Herlen River (Hotolkhuu, 1969), and Tes river which runs from Hangai Mountain Range to Uvs Lake of the Great Lake Depression (Dawaa et al., 1990; Terbish et al., 2006). It occurs at elevations of 600-2,250 metres above sea level in Mongolia (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988), and has been recorded at elevations of 2,200 metres in alpine habitats on the southern slopes of Munkhsaridag Mountain along the Arig River (Litvinov, 1981; Litvinov and Skuratov, 1986). This species has an estimated extent of occurrence of around 202,083 km2. 12 Abundance Once relatively abundant (particularly in the vicinity of Bayanzurkh), this species is currently believed to be rare, existing in isolated populations and possibly undergoing population declines in Mongolia (Munkhbayar, 1987; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Although there is no data available to con rm this, numbers sighted on expeditions continue to decline. Abundance may be greatest along the Shished River of the Darkhad Depression in the Hövsgöl Mountain Range, and lowest in Bayanzurkh and other parts of the Mongolian range (Obst, 1962; Kuzymin et al., 1986; Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996). No population estimates for the Mongolian population are available, but studies in Shaamar recorded the larval density as 0.004-0.027 per litre and 18 individuals per 10m2 in the morphogenesis stage (Borkin and Kuzymin, 1988; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Habitat and ecology Fragmented into several subpopulations, distribution in Mongolia is associated with swampy lowlands. There are several fragmented populations in coniferous forest (taiga) and forest steppe habitats (Borkin and Kuzymin, 1988; Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996). One case of a high mountain population was recorded in the Hövsgol Lake area, at elevations of 2,200 metres on the southern slopes of Munkhsardig Mountain, however this is an unusual case (Litvinov, 1981; Litvinov and Skuratov, 1986). Globally, suitable habitats include wet conifer, mixed, deciduous forests in the taiga zone and riparian groves in tundra and forest steppe (AmphibiaWeb, 2006). Specimens are often found under fallen rotten trees and branches, in the Darkhad Depression of the Hovsgol Mountain Range. Studies in the Orkhon River basin and Shaamar have found 70.4% (n=19) in burrows, 18.5 % (n=5) in fallen rotten trees and 11.1% (n=3) near the roots and shoots of plants. The distance between burrow and pool was 0.7-9.9m (n=27, 4.17±8.5), depth of burrow 7-39cm (n=19, 15.4±8.5), and size of fallen rotten tree surface was 160-1000cm2 (n=5, 659±390) (Khongorzul et al., 2006). Salamandrella keyserlingii is a unique amphibian in its freeze-tolerance: adults are able to survive freezing to -35 - -40 C and can move at +0.5- +1.0 C. The spawn can survive short- term freezing in the ice and frozen adults have been observed to revive after being found in permafrost of 4-14 metres in depth (AmphibiaWeb, 2006). Hibernation occurs between October and mid-April in Mongolia (Borkin et al., 1988). The total duration of over-wintering increases northwards to about 75% of the year in the far north. Hibernation occurs in groups in rotten trees, under logs, or in holes (AmphibiaWeb, 2006). Eggs are laid at the end of April and the beginning of May. The egg sac is half moon shaped and surrounded by a thin colourless cover (Munkhbayar, 1976). During the breeding season the species is active during the day. A study by Munkhbayar (1976) found the average number of eggs in a female ovisac to be 60. A study by Kuzmin (Kuzmin et al., 1986) observed two females and found one of them to contain 150 eggs (94 of which were fully developed), and another to contain 298 eggs. The average egg diameter was 2.5mm (n = 86). This study took place in Tuul river of Bayanzurkh on 19th May 1969. Litvinov and Skuratov (1986) observed many egg sacs in alpine pools on Munkhsaridag mountain, west of Hövsgöl Lake on 10th June 1981. Egg sac diameter was 1.5-2.0cm, and egg diameter was 5mm, containing a large, motile embryo. All egg sacs were near the edge of the pool, in water 20-30cm deep. Suitable places to breed were small pools with water up to 40cm deep (approximately 0.25m2) (Hasumi and Kanda, 1998). Some studies of embryo development in this species have been conducted in Mongolia (Kuzmin et al., 1986; Litvinov and Skuratov, 1986). The results of these studies have shown 13 that it takes approximately three months from the egg being layed to the young adult emerging from the water. This time includes the embryonic and larval stages of development. However, when situated in high mountain areas this process may take 2-3 weeks longer (Borkin et al., 1988). The freshwater larva are generally 8-10 mm in length, feeding on benthic and phytophilous invertebrates, and a small percentage of plankton. Terrestrial adults feed mainly on slugs and arthropods. Aquatic insects such as water beetles (Dytiscidae spp.) prey on the larvae of this species (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997), and larger vertebrates such as snakes and raptors prey on the adults (AmphibiaWeb, 2006). Migrations may be undertaken to search for food or better conditions but this species rarely travels further than 500 metres from a water source, and as Mongolia is an arid country, distances travelled will be shorter (L. Borkin, pers. comm.). This species has an average longevity of approximately nine years (Hasumi et al., 2004). Dominant threats Habitat degradation and loss, primarily caused by marsh drainage and water pollution (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Water pollution is a particular problem around Ulaanbaatar and Shaamar, in Mongol Daguur Steppe. This situation occurred along Tuul river and Uu Bulan, caused by sewage release, and domestic, industrial and agricultural waste. Other causes of habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss include resource extraction (gold mining and logging), establishment of human settlements, and wild res (particularly in coniferous forest habitats). Intrinsic factors such as limited dispersal, low densities and restricted range make this species vulnerable to stochastic events. Drying of water sources and droughts threaten this species, although it remains unclear if these represent natural environmental changes or are driven by anthropogenic activity. Parasites are also a problem. The lungs of a one-year-old Siberian salamander found in Shaamar were found to be infected with a nematode species (Rhabdias spp.) (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Conservation measures in place Approximately 16% of this species’ range in Mongolia is included within Hövsgöl National Park, Hordil saridag Strictly Protected Area and Han Hentii Strictly Protected Area, Ulaan taiga National Park, Onon balj National Park, Tujiin Nars National Park and Uvs Nuur Strictly Protected Area (Terbish et al., 2006). Included as Rare in the 1987 and 1997 ‘Mongolian Red Book’ (Munkhbayar, 1987; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Conservation measures required Munkhbayar and Terbish (1997) recommend extending the current protected areas to cover more of its distribution, ecological studies, and annual monitoring at Shaamar. This would also bene t other species occurring in this area, including Rana amurensis, Bufo raddei, and Salamandrella keyserlingii, along with four reptile species; Natrix natrix; Eremias argus; Elaphe dione and Gloydius halys. This species has a similar distribution to that of the Far Eastern treefrog (Hyla japonica), therefore joint monitoring programmes and conservation efforts could be conducted. Measures should include: research on distributions in lowland habitats in Selenge River Basin, taxonomy, biology and ecology, life histories, effects of threats, and conservation measures required. Recommend that local authorities act to protect the areas where this species occurs, such as river valleys, pools and marsh areas. 14 Research on all aspects of this species, including population numbers and range, biology and ecology, threats faced and conservation measures which will be of bene t. Establish a community based education programme on threats to this species and the effects of habitat degradation and loss on this species. Details of this species should be included in school textbooks, as a species which requires conservation. Resources required for conservation Ecological studies and research in Shaamar. Establishment of a protected area at Shaamar or an extension to Tujiin Nars National Park (depending on the research results for distribution). Establishment of annual population monitoring. Maintenance of protected areas. Establishment of an education programme and community based initiatives. Compilers and reviewers: B. Altantuya, J.E.M. Baillie, L. Borkin, A. Byambasuren, E.L. Clark, E. Hurelbaatar, J. Munkhbat, B. Munkhchuluun, B. Oyuntuya, Kh. Terbish and J. Uransakhan. References AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. (2006). Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: March 30, 2007). Borkin, L.J. and Kuzmin, S.L. (1988). Amphibians of Mongolia: species accounts. In: E.I. Vorobyeva and I.S. Darevsky (eds.) Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolian People’s Republic. General problems, Chapter 3. Nauka, Moscow. Pp. 30-197. (In Russian) Chashchukhin, V.A. and Skopin, A.E. (2000). New records of the Siberian newt (Salamandrella keyserlingii) in the Kirovskaya Province. Advances in Amphibian Research in the Former Soviet Union 5: 271-272. Chongorzul, Ts., Terbish, Kh., Hasumi, M., Munkhchuluun, B. and Taivanjargal, B. (2007). Ecological and Biochemisty study for Siberian Newt (Salamandrella keyserlingii) in Shaamar in Selenge province. Ulaanbaatar. Arildal printing. 70p. Chotolhu, N. (1969). New distribution point of the Siberian newt in Mongolia. Proceeding of the Academy Science of People’s Republic of Mongolian. No 2. Ulaanbaatar. 99-102. Dawaa, N., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Lkhamsuren, N. (1990). New point of the Siberian Newt (Hinobius keyserlingii). Science and Life. No 3. (In Mongolian) Frank, N. and Ramus, E. (1996). A complete guide to scienti c and common names of reptiles and amphibians of the world. NG Publishing Inc. Pottsville, PA. 377 pp. (In English) Frost, D.R. (2007). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.0 (1 February, 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/ amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Accessed: 30 March, 2007. 15 Gumilevskii, B.A. (1932). The faune amphibian in Baical lake and aroud Baical. Dokl. ASc of SSSR. Ser. A. N.15. 374-382. (In Russian) Hasumi, M. (2001). Secondary sexual characteristics of the salamander Salamandrella keyserlingii: throat colouration. Herpetological Review 32(4): 223-225. Hasumi, M. and Kanda, F. (1998). Breeding habitats of the Siberian Salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii) within a Fen I Kushiro Marsh, Japan. Herpetological Review 29(3): 150-153. Hasumi, T., Taivanjargal, B., Hongorzul, Ts., Nakagawa, M. and Nishida, H. (2004). Microhabitats of the salamander Salamandrella keyserlingii, inhabiting Darkhadyn Wetland, Mongolia: a 2004 examination. Proceedings: The research Papers of Darkhadyn Wetland in Mongolia II. Mongolian Ecology Information Center, Kanazawam Japan/ Mongolian State University of Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 112-123. IUCN (2007). 2007 IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available online at http://www. iucnredlist.org. Accessed 25 March, 2007. IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe (2006). Global Amphibian Assessment. . Downloaded on 23 March 2007. Kuzmin, S.L. (1999). The amphibians of the Former Soviet Union. Pensoft Series Faunistica No. 12. So a, Moscow. 298p. (In Russian) Kuzmin, S.L., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Oyunchimeg, J. (1986). The ecology and distribution of Siberian salamander (Hynobius keyserlingii Dyb) in Mongolia. Herpetological study of MPR. Moscow. IEMEJ. Academy Science of SSSR. 59-73. (In Russian) Litvinov, N.I. (1981). Siberian salamander in Trans Huvsgul. Natural condition and biological resources of some regions of MPR. Irkutsk. 82-83. (In Russian) Litvinov, N.I. and Skuratov, N.V. (1986). The ecology of Siberian salamander in mountain of Trans Huvsgul. Natural condition and biological resources of Trans Huvsgul. Irkutsk. 131-134. (In Russian) Munkhbaatar, M. and Ariunbold, J. (2001). Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii Dyb.) found in Onon river basin. Centrel Asian Ecosystem. 197.p. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1976). Mongolian amphibians and reptiles. Ulaanbaatar. Publishing House. 167p. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1987). Amphibian and Reptiles. Mongolian Red book. Section III. Ulaanbaatar. 63-96. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. and Terbish, Kh. (1997). Amphibian and reptiles. Mongolian Red Book. Section III, IV. Ulaanbaatar. 133-150. (In Mongolian and English) 16 Obst, F.-J. (1962). Eine herpotologsche Sammelreise nach der Mongolei // Aquarien- Merraien. Jhrg. 9. Hf. Semenov, D.V. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1996). Class. Amphibian and Reptile (Amphibia et Reptilia). Mongolian rare animals. (Podvonochnyie). Section II. 40-71. (In Russian) Solovjov, A.N. (1997). Records of the Siberian newt (Salamandrella keyserlingii) in Kirov Province. Advances in Amphibian Research in the Former Soviet Union 2: 137-142. Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Munkhbayar, M. (2006). A guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Munkhiin Useg. Ulaanbaatar. 72 pp. (In English and Mongolian) Ulyikpan, K. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1982). New species Siberian salamander found from Shaamar. Science and Life. N.2. 89-90. (In Mongolian) Bufo pewzowi Bedriaga, 1898 Order: Anura Family: Bufonidae Common names: Pewzow’s toad, Central Asian green toad (English); nogoon bakh or tovaziin bakh (Mongolian) Subspecies in Mongolia: No subspecies are currently recognised, further research is required (Kh. Terbish, pers. comm.). Synonyms: Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768; Bufo danatensis Pisanetz, 1978 Photograph courtesy of Kh. Terbish Taxonomic notes: Research has shown that Bufo viridis is widely distributed in the Palearctic region, from Western Africa to Southern Siberia and Central Asia. During the 1970s, genetic studies determined that this species has tetraploid populations in Mongolia and other regions in Central Asia, differing from other populations globally (Masik et al., 1976; Pisanets, 1978; Bassalayeva et al., 1998; Borkin et al., 2001). Researchers were rstly concerned with Bufo viridis in Mongolia (Peters, 1971; Munkhbayar, 1976b), although confusion with Bufo oblongus and Bufo danatensis still occurred (Stöeck et al., 2001). The results of genetic studies indicated that this species has tetraploid chromosomes (4n=44, NF=88) so renamed it Bufo pewzowi (Borkin et al., 1986). Bufo pewzowi was recognised as a distinct species three or four years ago, and was re-named the Central Asian green toad or Pewzow’s toad (L. Borkin, pers. comm.). It is partly in sympatry with Bufo viridis turanensis, which is sometimes confused with this species (IUCN, 2007). The species has special scienti c signi cance due to its polyploid speciation, a rare phenomenon in animals in general (Borkin et al., 1986). Polyploid species occur in fewer than 5% of the world’s amphibian species (Kh. Terbish, pers. comm.). 17 Description The average body size of the toad is 7-9cm. A study at Uench, in the Bulgan river basin of western Mongolia found size to range from 65.44±1.023mm in females (n=22), to 69.68±1.023mm in males (n=16) (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988). The head length is about one third of the body length (Terbish et al., 2006). The ear drum is distinct, and is less than half the diameter of the eye. The eyes are bulging. The parotid gland is located in the postieral bone of the head. It is kidney-like in shape, with a wider anterior region. The hind legs are always shorter than the front legs. The skin between the ngers is not well developed. It does not reach the third phalange of the fourth nger. The skin surface is blistered. Body colour differs between males and females. The female is more sharply coloured. Many individuals have small dark spots arranged in longitudinal rows (Bassalayeva et al., 1998), however, specimens from western Mongolia often display combinations of small irregular spots fused together to form reticulate patterns (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Dorsal colouration changes throughout the year, with males appearing lighter during the breeding season (Bassalayeva et al., 1998). Many specimens display wide dark stripes on the limbs, with large elongate or rounded separate spots surrounded by scattered specks on the dorsal sides. A study of adult female individuals found 52% to have a light wide stripe from the head to the end of the body. Dorsal colour is light greyish-green and the belly is white (Bassalayeva et al., 1998; Terbish et al., 2006). Males are not sharply coloured. Dorsal colour is light green, or green with a little brown. It has no dark spots, or specks on its back. The throat is white, without spots (Terbish, 1989; Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Conservation overview Global status: Least Concern Regional status: Vulnerable, B1ab(iii) Legal status: Included as Rare in the 1997 ‘Mongolian Red Book’ (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Less than one percent of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas. Distribution Global distribution: Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; China; Mongolia; Kyrgyzstan; possibly Afghanistan and Tajikistan (IUCN, 2007). Regional distribution: Meadows, marshes, pond banks, streams and rivers in mountain-steppe, oases, and desert habitats (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Distributed in Bulgan and Uench rivers in the south western part of the Mongol Altai Mountain Range in western Mongolia and Uushig and Damjigiin Us in Dzungarian Govi Desert (Munkhbayar, 1976; Orlova and Terbish, 1986; Borkin et al., 1988; Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996; Terbish et al., 2006). Its distribution in Mongolia is sporadic and con ned to water bodies, therefore it often exists in isolated populations. Details on occurrence in each water body are available in Borkin and Kuzmin (1988). It occurs at elevations of 1,150-2,000 metres above sea level in Mongolia (Borkin et al., 1986; Borkin and Kuzymin, 1988). This species has an estimated extent of occurrence of around 11,870 km2. Abundance This species has variable abundance depending on weather conditions. Although rare in some locations, it can become locally abundant in small areas (comments from workshop 18 participants). Estimates conducted in May 1981 (by Kh. Terbish and Kuzymin) in Huiten Bulag during night surveys recorded 65-150 toads along a 200 x 4 metre line transect (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988; Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Later in 1984 in Ulaan Uzuuriin Bulag during night surveys, 149-194 toads were recorded along a 240 x 2 metre line transect (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988; Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). During 1-2 hour night transects along the Uliastai River, between ve and 30 individuals were sighted (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Habitat and ecology Inhabits oases, springs or small rivers in true desert habitats (areas with annual precipitation levels of less than 100mm) and steppe habitats (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). The species is found in grass and shrubs on the banks of rivers (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988). It also occurs under stones, in rodent burrows, and between plant roots during the day (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). The species digs 20-30mm deep in soft sandy soil. This species reaches maturity at three years old. Eggs are laid in arti cial small ponds, pools and ditches. Running water is avoided, perhaps due to the low temperatures affecting larval development (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988; Bassalayeva et al., 1998). In Huiten Bulag, three couples were found to lay eggs in temperatures of 6-130C, on the 15th of May (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988). A study of four females in Uench in September found that one clutch of 2.182-2.623 eggs is produced per year (average 2.391±112.6) (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988). The larvae appear in early July. Young individuals are 1.3-1.35cm in size (Peters, 1971). In Mongolia, embrionic and larval stages take place over 1.5-2 months (Terbish, 1985; Borkin et al., 1988). The larvae feed on algae (Zygnemalis, Hormogonales, Ulotrichales, Bacillariophta and Phaeophyta) and water plants. During metamorphosis (stages 51 and 52), the individuals do not feed (Terbish and Kuzmin, 1987). After metamorphosis, the young toads feed on y larvae, ants, and butter y larvae. Adults feed on insects, arthropods and molluscs such as ies, mosquitos, crabs (Carabidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae), butter ys, ants, locusts, bedbugs, saxual spiders, molluscs and shell sh (Munkhbayar, 1976; Terbish and Kuzmin, 1988; Borkin et al., 1988; Peters, 1971). The highest elevations of occurrence for this species are in mountain steppe habitats, with a minimum elevation of 1,150 metres above sea level and a maximum of 2,000 metres above sea level throughout its global range (Borkin and Semenov, 1986). Longevity is at least four years based on skeltochronology studies (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Speci cally to Mongolia, this species is described as crepuscular and nocturnal in May, June and September (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Dominant threats Water pollution through releases of domestic sewage and agricultural, industrial, and commercial waste (L. Borkin and Kh. Terbish, pers. comm.). Resource extraction (mining) is a cause of habitat loss and pollution. Human settlements and livestock grazing near to oases are a likely source of habitat loss, as springs can be destroyed through trampling. Drying of water sources and droughts also threaten this species, although it remains unclear if these represent natural environmental changes or are driven by anthropogenic activity. Intrinsic factors such as limited dispersal, low densities, and a restricted range also affect this species. Conservation measures in place The species occurs in GGSPA section B and Bulgan Gol Nature Reserve (Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996; Terbish et al., 2006). 19 Conservation measures required Establish an education programme informing local people of the effects of habitat loss on this species. This species congregates in areas of suitable habitat and hibernates, therefore disturbance or destruction of these areas can destroy an entire population. Lea ets (prepared by Kh. Terbish) should be circulated throughout its range and in adjacent areas. Sample water bodies in western Mongolia to identify accurate limits of distribution. Further research on all aspects of this species, including taxonomy, biology and ecology, population sizes, effective conservation measures, and the impact of threats, particularly mining and water pollution, needs to be conducted. Collect tissue samples to evaluate the genetic evolutionary diversity between isolated populations. If isolated localities are inhabited by evolutionarily distinct populations these must be conserved in order to retain maximum genetic diversity within the species’ gene pool. Monitor population sizes and trends by training students and establishing a programme which can then be continued annually producing reliable data on population trends and dynamics. Maintain and expand existing protected areas to include a micro-protected area, leading to 100% of its Mongolian distribution to be within protected areas. Resources required for conservation One expedition to cover the rst four points listed above. Advise the Ministry of Nature and Environment on the results of this expedition. Train students and establish an annual monitoring programme. Create a genome bank, using samples collected during a eld trip. Teaching in schools on the importance of habitat conservation and polyploid species. Compilers and reviewers: B. Altantuya, J.E.M. Baillie, L. Borkin, A. Byambasuren, E.L. Clark, E. Hurelbaatar, J. Munkhbat, B. Munkhchuluun, B. Oyuntuya, Kh. Terbish and J. Uransakhan. References Bassalayeva, S.A., Kolbintzev, V.G., Dujsebayeva, T.N. and Castellano, S. (1988). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the Middle Asiatic Toad (Bufo danatensis) from the Aksu –Dzhabagly Nature Reserve, Western Tien-Shan Mountains. Advances in Amphibian Research in the Former Soviet Union 3: 163-177. (In English) Borkin, L. and Semenov, D.V. (1986). The temperature and the daily activity in the motley round-headed lizard, Phrynocephalus versicolor (Reptilia, agamidae), in the Transaltai Gobi Desert. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 65(11): 1655-1663. (In Russian with an English summary) Borkin, L.J. and Kuzmin, S.L. (1988). Amphibians of Mongolia: species accounts. In: E.I. Vorobyeva and I.S. Darevsky (eds.) Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolian People’s Republic. General problems, Chapter 3. Nauka, Moscow. Pp. 30-197. (In Russian) Borkin, L.J., Eremchenko, V.K., Helfenberger, N., Pan lov, M. and Rosanov, J.M. (2001). On the distribution of diploid, triploid and tetraploid green toads (Bufo viridis complex) in south-eastern Kazakhstan. Russian Journal of Herpetology 8(1): 45-53. (In English) 20 Borkin, L., Terbish, Kh. and Tsaune, I.A. (1986). Tetraploid and diploid populations of toad of the Bufo viridis group from Mongolia. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 287(3): 760- 764. (In Russian) IUCN (2007). 2007 IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available online at http://www. iucnredlist.org. Accessed 25 March, 2007. Masik, E.Yu., Kadyirova, B.K. and Toktosunov, A.T. (1976). Kariotypes difference of toad (Bufo viridis) in Kirgis. Zool. Jour. T. 55. 1740-1742. (In Russian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1976). Mongolian amphibians and reptiles. Ulaanbaatar. Publishing House. 167p. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. and Terbish, Kh. (1997). Amphibian and reptiles. Mongolian Red Book. Section III, IV. Ulaanbaatar. 133-150. (In Mongolian and English) Orlova, V.F. and Terbish, Kh. (1986). Data of Herpetofaune in Dzungarian Govi. Herpetological study of MPR. Moscow. IEMEJ ASc of SSSR. 95-110. (In Russian) Peters, G. (1971). Die Wirtelschwanze Zentralasiens (Agamidae, Agama) // Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin. Bd. 47. Hf. 2. S. 357-381. (In German) Pisanets, E.M. (1979). The new poliploid toad species Bufo danatensis Pisanetz sp. n. from Turkmen. Doc. ASc of SSSR. Geo. Chim. and Biol. Scie. N.3. 280-284. (In Russian) Shiirevdamba, Ts., Shagdarsuren, O., Erdenejav, G., Amgalan, Ts. and Tsetsegmaa, Ts. (eds.) (1997). Mongolian red book. Ministry of Nature and Environment. ADMON Printing, Ulaanbaatar. 388 pp. (In Mongolian with English summaries) Stöeck, M., Bretschneider, P. and Grosse, W. (2001). The mating call and male release call of Bufo raddei Strauch, 1876 with some phylogenetic implications. Russian Journal of Herpetology 7(3): 215-226. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh. (1985). The note of amphibians and reptiles in Dzungarian Govi Desert of PRM. Proceeding of Mongolian State University of Education in Hovd. Issue II. Ulaanbaatar, 39-48. Terbish, Kh. (1989). Herpetofauna in Western and South Western Mongolia, its importance for nature Ph.D. Thesis, Ulaan Baatar. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh. and Kuzmin, S.L. (1985). About toad in Western Mongolia. Proceeding of NUM. ¹1, 2. Ulaanbaatar. 83-93. Terbish, Kh. and Kuzmin, S.L. (1988). On the ecology of toads of western Mongolia. Mongol Ulsyn Ikh Surguul Erdem Shinzhilgeenii Bichig 1, 2(80-90): 83-93. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Munkhbayar, M. (2006). A guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Munkhiin Useg. Ulaanbaatar. 72 pp. (In English and Mongolian) 21 Hyla japonica Günther, 1859 Order: Anura Family: Hylidae Common names: Far Eastern tree frog or Japanese tree frog (English) (Frank and Ramus, 1996); modny melkhii (Mongolian) Subspecies in Mongolia: H. j. stepheni Boulenger, 1887 Synonyms: Hyla stepheni Boulenger, 1887; H. ussuriensis Nikolsky, 1918 Taxonomic notes: Previously Photograph courtesy of Kh. Terbish considered to be a subspecies of the Hyla arborea complex, however, biochemical and morphological studies have now shown this to be incorrect (Daito, 1968; Kawamura and Nishioka, 1977; Kuramoto, 1984; Nishioka et al., 1990; Kuzmin, 1999; Frost, 2007; IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006). Here we consider H. ussuriensis to be a synonym of H. japonica pending further taxonomic work on this complex, although further research on the position of H. japonica in Central Asia and Mongolia is recommended. Description After metamorphosis this species can grow up to 20mm (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988), and by maturity the average snout-vent length for males is 29mm, with a maximum recorded size of 42mm (Munkhbayar, 1976; Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988; Terbish et al., 2006). The head is wide and at, a quarter of the body size. The ear drum is distinct, and is smaller than the eye. The eyes are oval and bulging. Front legs and ngers are well developed. Skin between the ngers is almost absent. Hind legs are long, and if stretched forwards they may reach the back of the eye. The tips of the ngers and toes have round adhesive disks. The forelimb webbing is poorly developed (AmphibiaWeb, 2006). The dorsal skin is smooth and the ventral skin is granular. This small pale green frog is very similar to the common tree frog (Hyla arborea), but has a dark spot on the upper lip below the eye, has no inguinal loop, and has slightly shorter hind legs. Its colour is changeable. It is light green when temperature and light levels are high, and becomes dark green at night. Colouration and sexual dimorphism are similar to those in the common tree frog (the main difference is the absence of the inguinal loop). The male frog has a single balloon-like resonator, made of skin (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Karyotype: Diploid chromosomes (2n=24, NF=48) with six large pairs and six small pairs, making a total of 24 chromosomes (Kuramoto et al., 1973; Kuramoto, 1980; Borkin and Kuzymin, 1988; AmphibiaWeb, 2006). Conservation overview Global status: Least Concern Regional status: Vulnerable, D2 Legal status: Included as Rare in the 1997 ‘Mongolian Red Book’ (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). None of its range is included within protected areas (Terbish et al., 2006; protected area data provided by UNEP-WCMC, 2006). 22 Distribution Global distribution: Russian Federation; China; Mongolia; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Republic of Korea; Japan (Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996; IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006; IUCN, 2007). Regional distribution: Meadows and swampy areas in steppe and forest steppe habitats associated with freshwater sources (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Distribution includes lower Selenge and Orhon rivers, Ikh and Baga Buureg Tolgoi hills in Shaamar, and Eroo and Haraa rivers in Mongol Daguur Steppe. It also occurs in Tulgat Hill in Bulgan Province in the north-eastern Hangaii Mountain Range (Munkhbayar, 1976; Borkin et al., 1988; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997; Terbish et al., 2006). It occurs at elevations of 600 metres above sea level in the lowlands of Mongolia (Borkin et al.,1988). Its estimated extent of occurrence in Mongolia is 19,980 km2. Abundance Globally, the Japanese tree frog is common throughout its range, but is considered rare and sporadically distributed in northern parts of its range, including the Lake Baikal area and Mongolia (Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006). Within Mongolia, this species is rare with a limited range (Terbish et al., 2006), although no population estimates or trend data for the total Mongolian population are available (L. Borkin and Kh. Terbish, pers. comm.). The species was most abundant in 1965 in Shaamar Ikh Bureg, where 30 individuals were recorded along a 1,000 x 3m transect survey, but later in 1968, only 23 individuals were recorded along the same transect (Munkhbayar, 1976, Borkin and Kuzymin, 1988). In 1984 in Shaamar, in different water bodies, 60-68 individuals were recorded in 1000m2 (Borkin et al., 1988). Adults often occur in swampy areas between July and August and in some years as many as 100-500 can occur in a single area (Borkin and Kuzymin, 1988). Habitat and ecology This species occurs in forest steppe habitats in northern Mongolia with permanent stagnant water bodies such as marshes, bogs and swamps in which they can breed (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Following rain it is frequently found on rocks. No information exists on seasonal activity. A study in the Baikal region found hibernation was likely to occur from the end of September to the end of April/beginning of May (Shevtsov, 1973; Shkatulova et al., 1978). It is found in abandoned rodent burrows, in crevices between rocks, under stones, in holes in trees, and in leaf litter (Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006). Adults are noctural. In Shaamar, they are active from the evening to the morning, but are most active around 9-10pm (Borkin et al., 1988). The larvae are active during the day and swim and feed at the water surface. In northern Mongolia it lays eggs from the middle of May to the beginning of June. Females lay around 760, 2mm eggs, once per year (Munkhbayar, 1976). Larvae appear in the water at the end of June. Metamorphosis takes place from the end of July to the end of August, after which young adults appear on land. Young adults are less than 20mm in size. Newly metamorphosed froglets feed on algae such as Hormogonals, Chlorococcales, Zygnemales and Mesotaeniales, whereas late froglets feed on invertebrates. Adults which are greater than one year old feed on earthworms, molluscs, spiders and insects 23 (dragon ies, butter ies, beetles, ants, ies). Seventy percent of the diet is made up of spiders, Coleoptera, and Diptera (Kuzymin, 1988; Borkin et al., 1988). Dominant threats Water pollution through releases of domestic waste and sewage and small scale agricultural waste. This species may experience population uctuations related to weather conditions, as populations decline during dry conditions, this constitutes a threat. Resource extraction (gold mining) also contributes to pollution and results in habitat loss. Oswaldocruzia bialata parasites were found on individuals examined in Shaamar and of these, 3% were infected with helminths (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Conservation measures in place Despite being listed as Rare in the ‘Mongolian Red Book’ of 1997, the only other conservation measure currently established for this species is research at an international level into its taxonomic status (L. Borkin, pers. comm.). Conservation measures required Shiirevdamba et al. (1997) recommend further habitat protection. This species has a similar distribution to that of the Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii), therefore joint monitoring programmes and conservation efforts could be conducted. Measures should include: research on distributions in lowland habitats in the Selenge River Basin, taxonomy, biology and ecology, life histories, effects of threats, and conservation measures required. Maintenance of existing protected areas. Resources required for conservation Ecological studies and research in Shaamar. Establishment of a protected area at Shaamar or an extension to Tujiin Nars National Park (depending on the research results for distribution). Establishment of annual population monitoring. Compilers and reviewers: B. Altantuya, J.E.M. Baillie, L. Borkin, A. Byambasuren, E.L. Clark, E. Hurelbaatar, J. Munkhbat, B. Munkhchuluun, B. Oyuntuya, Kh. Terbish and J. Uransakhan. References AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. (2006). Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: March 30, 2007). Borkin, L.J. and Kuzmin, S.L. (1988). Amphibians of Mongolia: species accounts. In: E.I. Vorobyeva and I.S. Darevsky (eds.) Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolian People’s Republic. General problems, Chapter 3. Nauka, Moscow. Pp. 30-197. (In Russian) Daito, J. (1968). Interspeci c hybrids between Japanese and European treefrogs. Zool. Mag., Tokyo 77(4): 117-127. (In Chinese) 24 Fei, L., Ye, C.-Y., Huang, Y.-A. and Liu, M.-Y. (1999). Atlas of Amphibians of China. Henan Science and Technical Press, Zhengzhou. (In English) Frank, N. and Ramus, E. (1996). A complete guide to scienti c and common names of reptiles and amphibians of the world. NG Publishing Inc. Pottsville, PA. 377 pp. (In English) Frost, D.R. (2007). Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.0 (1 February, 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/ amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Accessed: March 30, 2007. IUCN (2007). 2007 IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available online at http://www. iucnredlist.org. Accessed 25 March, 2007. IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe (2006). Global Amphibian Assessment. . Downloaded on 23 March 2007. Kawamura, T. and Nishioka, M. (1977). Aspects of the reproductive biology of Japanese anurans. Reproductive biology of amphibians. New York. L. Plenum press, P. 103-139. (In English) Kuramoto, M. (1980). Mating calls of treefrogs of genus Hyla in the Far East, with description of a new species from Korea. Copeia. ¹1. 100-108. (In English) Kuramoto, M. (1984). Systematic implications of hybridization experiments with some Eurasian treefrogs (genus Hyla). Ibid. ¹3. P. 100-108. (In English) Kuramoto, M., Furuya, E., Takegami, M. and Yano, K. (1973). Karyotypes of several species of frogs from Japan and Taiwan. Bull. Fukuoka Univ. Educat. Vol. 3. pt 3. 67-78. (In Japanese with English summary) Kuzmin, S.L. (1999). The amphibians of the Former Soviet Union. Pensoft Series Faunistica No. 12. So a, Moscow. (In Russian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1976). Mongolian amphibians and reptiles. Ulaanbaatar. Publishing House. 167p. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. and Terbish, Kh. (1997). Amphibian and reptiles. Mongolian Red Book. Section III, IV. Ulaanbaatar. 133-150. (In Mongolian and English) Semenov, D.V. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1996). Class. Amphibian and Reptile (Amphibia et Reptilia). Mongolian rare animals. (Podvonochnyie). Section II. 40-71. (In Russian) Shevtsov, Yu.G. (1973). Distribution of amphibians and reptile in general landshaft of south western Baikal. Response of herpetology. Leningrad. Nauka. 210-213. 25 Shkatulova, A.P., Karasev, G.L. and Khundanov, L.E. (1978). Amphibians and reptile in Transbaikal. (People’s Republic of Buriatian Autonomic and Chita region). Ulan-Ude. Buratiya. Kn. Izd-vo. 58pp. Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Munkhbayar, M. (2006). A guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Munkhiin Useg. Ulaanbaatar. 72 pp. (In English and Mongolian) Rana chensinensis David, 1875 Order: Anura Family: Ranidae Common names: Asiatic grass frog, Chinese brown frog or inkiapo frog (English) (Frank and Ramus, 1996); dornodiin melkhii (Mongolian) Subspecies in Mongolia: Further research into the designation of subspecies within Photograph courtesy of Kh. Terbish Mongolia is required. Synonyms: Rana nigromaculata Hallowell, 1860 (Munkhbayar and Eregdendagva, 1970). Taxonomic notes: In the past (and sometimes at present), this species has been considered synonymous with Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758. Later studies revealed R. chensinensis to be part of a species complex, although it is now commonly accepted to consider this species (along with R. ornativentris, R. dybowskii, and R. pirica) as distinct, as it has 24 chromosomes (Borkin, 1975). However, the status of other species in this complex remains unresolved (AmphibiaWeb, 2006; IUCN, 2007). The taxonomic position of this species in Mongolia should be investigated, as there are two isolated populations in Dariganga and Ikh Hyangan Mountain Range, which may represent genetically different forms, subspecies or even species (L. Borkin, pers. comm.). Description The average body size is 64mm; females (n=13) 31.2-51.7mm (43.62± 6.02), males (n=13) 31.5-51.0mm (43.7±5.88) (Munkhbaatar, 2004). The ear drum is well developed, and is more than half the size of the eye. The body and lateral sides have many tubercles surrounded by brown patches which merge together (Terbish et al., 2006). It has a brown, olive or greyish dorsal colouration, occasionally with dark spots. It has vomerine teeth and the posterior part of the tongue is free and forked. Its toes are webbed and its omosternum and sternum are ossi ed. The pupils of its eye are horizontal and the skin on its anks and thighs is smooth or slightly granular. Along the upper lip there is a white stripe, and a dark stripe around the shoulder. It has a large temporal spot and a light coloured ventral side. The lower surface of the hind part of the belly and hind legs is orange-pink in females (Borkin et al., 1988; Munkhbaatar, 2004). Conservation overview Global status: Least Concern 26 Regional status: Vulnerable, B1ab(iii) Legal status: Included as Rare in the 1987 and 1997 ‘Mongolian Red Books’ (Munkhbayar, 1987; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Approximately 15% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas (Terbish et al., 2006; protected area data provided by UNEP- WCMC, 2006). Distribution Global distribution: China; Mongolia; possibly Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Russian Federation (IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006; IUCN, 2007). Regional distribution: Steppe and forest steppe habitats associated with freshwater sources such as marshes, springs, oases and lakes (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988; Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996). Isolated populations are located in Galt Mountain in Sukhbaatar Aimag, and around Buir Lake and Halkh River in Ikh Hyangan Mountain Range and Eastern Mongolia (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988; Munkhbaatar, 2004; IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006; IUCN, 2007). Its distribution is restricted to Eastern Mongolia and includes Ganga Lake in Sukhbaatar Province, Dagsh River, Duut Lake, and Hukh Lake. It also occurs in Hongor, Ar Nömrög, Hus, Bichigt, Azarga, Degee, and Halkh rivers and tributaries (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997; Terbish et al., 2006). The species occurs at elevations of 583-1,500 metres above sea level in Mongolia (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Its estimated extent of occurrence in Mongolia is 19,995 km2. Abundance The population in Mongolia is believed to be small and is considered rare with a limited range (Terbish et al., 2006), although no population data for the total Mongolian population exists. Studies recorded approximately 60 individuals along a 1km transect along the Dagsh River (Mukhbayar, 1987; Munkhbayar, Terbish, 1997), 34 individuals along a 100m transect in Dariganga (during the breeding season when activity is at its highest), 20 individuals in the Hingan Mountain Range (later in the year but also during breeding time) over two days of sampling (Munkhbayar, 1976; N, Batsaikhan, pers. comm.), 10 individuals along a 1km transect of the Nariin river of Nömrög river basin in June 1999 and 35 individuals along a 500m transect of the Khanyn river on 28th May 2000 (Munkhbaatar, 2004). Habitat and ecology Occurs in eastern steppe and forest steppe habitats, in permanent rivers and streams, bogs, marshes and swamps, and permanent freshwater lakes, springs and oases. The species also occurs in permanent brackish, saline or alkaline lakes. This species is active in the evening in Dariganga (E.V. Rotshild, pers. comm.), however, in the Nömrög river and Nariin river in June 1999, the species was found to be active between three and four o’clock in the afternoon (Munkhbaatar, 2004). There is no information about seasonal activity in Mongolia. In Dariganga the species was found on the 17th of October (Munkhbaatar, 2004). This species hibernates underwater in streams and rivers (Conservation International, and NatureServe, 2006). Reproduction takes place from February to June, depending on latitude and altitude. Females laid eggs in shallow water in Dariganga on 2nd May 2002. Each clutch contained around 1800 eggs. The fact that eggs remained in 27 the oviducts of two females studied (73 and 26 eggs), suggests that this species deliberately stops laying around this date. Breeding occurs in pools around Beijing in May, and in June in Sychuan and eastern Tibet (Lui and Hu, 1961; Lui, 1950). In the Far East it lays eggs after it comes out of hibernation in April. Each clutch contains 2100-3500 eggs (Korotkon, 1974). Many larvae were found in the Nömrög river of the Ikh Khyngan mountain range in the second half of July (Munkhbaatar, 2004). There is a lack of information on development and longevity in Mongolia. In Dariganga, the average body length of females is 64mm, males 51mm. Males are therefore smaller than females. Tadpoles feed on algae, detritus and higher plants, and parts of plant tissue such as leaves, whereas adults feed on invertebrates. Adults greater than one year old in Dariganga and Nömrög river feed on cray sh (Gammaridae), spiders, mites, Myriapods, Collembola, Aphidinea, Cicadodea, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera (Borkin et al., 1988; AmphibiaWeb, 2006). Land cover generally includes shrub or herbaceous cover. This species is found at elevations between 583 and 1,500 metres above sea level throughout its global range (Borkin and Kuzmin, 1988). Dominant threats As this species has a restricted range and exists in isolated populations it is vulnerable to stochastic events such as extreme weather conditions. Habitat degradation constitutes a threat through wild res (particularly in Ikh Hyangan Mountain Range). Establishment of human settlements near water sources, grazing by increasing numbers of livestock, and infrastructure development (to some extent) pose further threats. In some areas, particularly Dariganga, pollution through release of domestic waste is also a threat (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Conservation measures in place Parts of the species’ range occur within the Dariganga National Reserve and Nömrög Strictly Protected Area in Eastern Steppe and the Ikh Hyangan Mountain Range (Terbish et al, 2006). Conservation measures required Establish an education programme to raise awareness on the effect of waste release and the improper use of water resources. This programme should also identify key areas for hibernation, to prevent disturbance or destruction of these habitats. This species congregates when hibernating, so entire populations can easily be destroyed. Information would be primarily distributed via lea ets. Agree on land management techniques or protected areas with local authorities to prevent habitat degradation. Conduct further research on population trends and sizes, taxonomy, habitat and ecology, disease and pathogen management, and threats. Resources required for conservation Education programme. Land management or protected areas. Further research on all aspects of this species. Population monitoring programme. Development of existing legislation regarding this species. Compilers and reviewers: B. Altantuya, J.E.M. Baillie, L. Borkin, A. Byambasuren, E.L. Clark, E. Hurelbaatar, J. Munkhbat, B. Munkhchuluun, B. Oyuntuya, Kh. Terbish and J. Uransakhan. 28 References AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. (2006). Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. Accessed: 30 March, 2007. Borkin, L.J. and Kuzmin, S.L. (1988). Amphibians of Mongolia: species accounts. In: E.I. Vorobyeva and I.S. Darevsky (eds.) Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolian People’s Republic. General problems, Chapter 3. Nauka, Moscow. Pp. 30-197. (In Russian) Frank, N. and Ramus, E. (1996). A complete guide to scienti c and common names of reptiles and amphibians of the world. NG Publishing Inc. Pottsville, PA. 377 pp. (In English) Günther, A. (1876). Description of a new frog from Northeastern Asia // Ann. and Mag. Natur. Hist. Ser. 4. Vol. 17, ¹101. P. 387. IUCN (2007). 2007 IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available online at http://www. iucnredlist.org. Accessed 25 March, 2007. IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe (2006). Global Amphibian Assessment. . Downloaded on 23 March 2007. Kokrotkov, Yu.M. (1974). Materials of diet, distribution and ecology of Asiatic grass frog Rana semiplicata Nikolsky. Fauna and Ecology of terrestrial vertebrates in Far East of SSSR. Vladivostok. 172-180. (In Russian) Lui, Ch. (1950). Amphibians of Western China // Fieldiana: Zool. 1950. Vol. 2. P. 1-400. Lui, Ch. and Hu, Sh. (1961). The tailes amphibians of China. Beijing: Kexue chubangshe, 1961. (In Chinese) Munkhbaatar, M. (2003). The amphibians and reptiles of Eastern Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 76p. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1976). Mongolian amphibians and reptiles. Ulaanbaatar. Publishing House. 167p. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1987). Amphibian and Reptiles. Mongolian Red book. Section III. Ulaanbaatar. 63-96. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. and Eregdendagva. D. (1970). About amphibian and reptiles in Eastern Mongolia. Proceeding of Mongolian State University of Education. ¹27. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. and Terbish, Kh. (1997). Amphibian and reptiles. Mongolian Red Book. Section III, IV. Ulaanbaatar. 133-150. (In Mongolian and English) Nikolsky, A.M. (1918). Amphibians (Amphibia). Ptr. 311p (The fauna of Russia and adjacent country). 29 Semenov, D.V. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1996). Class. Amphibian and Reptile (Amphibia et Reptilia). Mongolian rare animals. (Podvonochnyie). Section II. 40-71. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Munkhbayar, M. (2006). A guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Munkhiin Useg. Ulaanbaatar. 72 pp. (In English and Mongolian) Cyrtopodion elongatus (Blanford,1875) Order: Squamata Family: Gekkonidae Common names: Gobi naked-toed gecko or yangihissar gecko (English); Gobi Goviin makhir huruut or Goviin nutsgen huruut (Mongolian) Subspecies in Mongolia: Further research into the designation of subspecies within Mongolia Photograph courtesy of Kh. Terbish is required. Synonyms: Gymnodactylus elongatus Boulenger, 1885 (Uetz et al., 2006) Taxonomic notes: Often considered to be a different species in Mongolia. Taxonomic research is required to resolve this issue, and other issues relating to this genus at subgenus level (Ananjeva et al., 1997). Description The average length of the head and body is 5.8cm (Terbish et al., 2006), with a tail of maximum length 7.5cm (Ananjeva et al., 1997). The ratio of body length to tail length is 0.7-0.8. The nostrils are located among the rostral, one of the upper labials and two of the nasal shields (Terbish et al., 2006). The upper side of the head is covered with small granular scales, and the dorsal scales are triangular in shape, no larger than the diameter of the ear canal, and do not form regular transverse or longitudinal rows (Terbish et al., 2006). The tail is covered with trapezoid scales that form rings on the upper surface, and one row of larger scales cover the lower tail surface (Terbish et al., 2006). The species has long legs. The front leg reaches forward to the snout and the hind leg reaches as far forward as the shoulder. The dorsal colouration is a greyish brown with transverse dark brown or black stripes on the back and upper sides of the tail and limbs (Terbish et al., 2006). Young adults display more sharply coloured stripes. The ventral side and under tail are both white (Terbish, 1989; Terbish et al., 2006). Conservation overview Global status: Not Evaluated Regional status: Vulnerable, D2 Legal status: Included as Rare in the ‘Mongolian Red Book’ of 1987 and 1997 (Munkhbayar, 1987; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Approximately 55% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas (Terbish et al., 2006; protected area data provided by UNEP- WCMC, 2006). 30 Distribution Global distribution: Turkmenistan; China (Gansu and Yangigissar); Mongolia (Zhoa and Adler, 1993; Uetz et al., 2006). Regional distribution: Inhabits gravel desert habitats and rocky foothills, ravines and dry river beds in mountainous regions (Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). The species is distributed in Shar Huls Oasis, Nogoon Tsav, Ingen Hoovoriin Hooloi, and Tsuglabar Mountain Range in Trans Altai Govi Desert. It also occurs around Tsuvaraa Har, Hermiin Tsav, Naran Bulag and Haich mountains in Trans Altai Govi Desert (Munkhbayar, 1976; 1977; Gorelov, 1977; Munkhbayar, 1981; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997; Terbish et al., 2006). In addition, it is found in the Zulganain oasis, Bugiin tsav in Trans Altai Govi Desert (Kh. Terbish and N. Batsaikhan, pers. comm.). It occurs at elevations of 700-1,300 metres above sea level in Mongolia (Borkin et al., 1990). This species inhabits extreme environments, limited by food availability (Borkin et al., 1990; Anenjeva et al., 1997). Its estimated extent of occurrence in Mongolia is 28,549 km2. Abundance There is little information concerning the density and population size of this species in Mongolia. It was rst recorded in Mongolia during the 1960s (Munkhbayar, 1981). One individual was observed for an hour one night, along a 1km route near Shar Hulstain Oasis in Trans Altai Govi. Another six to eight individuals were observed for an hour, again at night time, along a 1km route in rocky foothills in Nogoon Tsaviin Hooloi (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1988; Anenjeva et al., 1997). Additionally, ve individuals were observed by ve people for half an hour during a day survey at the Shar Hulstain Oasis. A single individual was observed for one hour by two people in Tsugalbaryn us. Five individuals were observed for two hours by three people in Tsuvraa Khar around Ekhiin Gol Oasis (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1988). The species is generally considered to be rare in Mongolia, occurring in isolated populations, however, no total population estimates are available at present. Habitat and ecology This species inhabits rock crevices and caves, abandoned rodent holes, and the underside of stones and the roots of bushy plants (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1988; Terbish, 1989). A study of this species found high activity from the evening to one o’clock in the morning, but not after 4am in Nogoon Tsaviin Khooloi of the Trans Altai Govi Desert. They may also become active during the day, when seasonal and daily temperature is unusually cool (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1988). They were found to be active in the daytime on dark, cloudy days in Khutsiin Khar Mountain and Shar Khulstai mountain range in Trans Altai Govi Desert (Terbish, 1989). The expedition group, led by P.K. Kozlov, collected this species on the 10th- 12th December 1926 from Eznii gol and Khar Khot in China (Russian Acedemy Science, Collection of Zoological Institute, Shevtsov and Golubev, 1986). There is a distinct lack of information on breeding and development of this species in Mongolia. The minimum recorded elevation for this species is 700 metres above sea level and the maximum is 1,300 metres above sea level throughout its global range (Borkin et al., 1990; Ananjeva et al., 1997). A study of the diet of 26 individuals collected from Trans Altai Govi Desert, found that 40% of the diet consisted of beetles (Scarabaeidae, Buprestidae and Tenebrionidae) and that 31 33.3% consisted of Dipterian insects (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1988). Long eared hedgehogs (Hemiechinus auritus) and steppe ribbon snakes (Psammophis lineolatus) are key predators of this species (Munkhbayar, Terbish, 1997). Dominant threats As this is a nocturnal species, many of the insects which comprise the majority of its diet are not active during its foraging time, so prey is scarce. Changes in native species dynamics (a decline in its prey base) therefore poses a threat to this species. As the population is not contiguous, any change in the environment or natural disasters (particularly mining or temperature extremes) could have severe stochastic impacts. Conservation measures in place Parts of its range are included within the borders of the Great Gobi (Section A) Strictly Protected Area and Govi Gurvan Saikhan National Park (Zulganain Oasis) (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1981; Terbish and Munkhbayar, 2001; Terbish, 2004). Conservation measures required Conservation measures recommended in the ‘Mongolian Red Book, 1997’ include further ecological research and inclusion in the list of rare species. Habitat protection is very important as the species is specialised to a speci c habitat type. An education programme is recommended for both locals and foreigners in the area to inform them of the threats to this species, particularly habitat alteration. Research and monitoring of all aspects of this species. Investigate the effectiveness of captive breeding programmes for re-introductions. Establish a new micro-protected area, and develop the existing protected area. Resources required for conservation Further research on taxonomy, population numbers and range, and biology and ecology. Establish a micro-protected area or extend the Great Gobi (Section A) Strictly Protected Area to include the entire species’ range. Education and awareness programme, in the form of information lea ets and talks in the area. Investigate the effectiveness of captive breeding for the re-introduction of this species. Compilers and reviewers: J.E.M. Baillie, N. Batsaikhan, V. Eremchenko, S. King, Kh. Munkhbayar and D. Semenov. References Ananjeva, N.B. and Orlov, N.L. (1995). Communal clutches in Alsophylax pipiens in southern Mongolia. Russian Journal of Herpetology 2(2): 142-147. (In English) Ananjeva, N.B., Munkhbayar, K., Orlov, N.L., Orlova, V.F., Semenov, D.V. and Terbish, Kh. (1997). Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Reptiles of Mongolia. In: V.E. Sokolov (ed.) Vertebrates of Mongolia. KMK Limited, Moscow. 416 pp. (In Russian) Borkin, L.Ya., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Semenov, D.V. (1983). Amphibian and Reptile in Trans Altai Govi Desert. Priroda. ¹10. 68-75. (In Russian) 32 Borkin, L.Ya., Munkhbayar, Kh., Orlov, N.L., Semenov, D.V. and Terbish, Kh. (1990). Distribution of reptiles in Mongolia. Reptile of mountain and arid territory: systematic and distribution. Tr. Zool. In-ta AN. SSSR. T. 207. 22-138. (In Russian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1976). Gekkos in Govi Desert. Science and Technique. ¹6. 88-92. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1977). Gymodactylus elongatus Blanford new species of reptile for Mongolia. Trudy Zool. Instituta ASc of SSSR. T. 74. 73-74. (In Russian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1981). New data on the distribution of some amphibians and reptiles in Mongolia. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 101: 52-56. (In Russian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1987). Amphibian and Reptiles. Mongolian Red book. Section III. Ulaanbaatar. 63-96. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. and Terbish, Kh. (1981). Notes of Reptiles in Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area Section A. Proceeding of Mongolian State University of Education in Hovd. No. 1. Ulaanbaatar. 35-41. Munkhbayar, Kh. and Terbish, Kh. (1988). Materials of study Gobi naked-toed gecko (Cyrtopodion elongatus Blanford, 1857). Proceeding of Mongolian State University of Education in Hovd. ¹4. Issue 29. Ulaanbaatar. 33-41. Munkhbayar, Kh. and Terbish, Kh. (1997). Amphibian and reptiles. Mongolian Red Book. Section III, IV. Ulaanbaatar. 133-150. (In Mongolian and English) Semenov, D.V. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1996). Class. Amphibian and Reptile (Amphibia et Reptilia). Mongolian rare animals. (Podvonochnyie). Section II. 40-71. (In Russian) Szczerbak, N.N. and Golubev, M.L. (1986). Gecko fauna of the USSR and contiguous regions. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. (In Russian, English version published in 1996) Terbish, Kh. (1989). Herpetofauna in Western and South Western Mongolia, its importance for nature. Ph.D. Thesis, Ulaan Baatar. 259pp. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh. (2004). Some studies on ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the Trans Altai Govi Desert, Mongolia. Some studies in the Trans Altai Govi Ecosystem. Ulaanbaatar. 122-144. (In Mongolian with English summary) Terbish, Kh. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (2001). Amphibian and Reptile in Protected Areas of South Govi. Proceeding of National University of Mongolia. No. 12. Ulaanbaatar. 172p. Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Munkhbayar, M. (2006). A guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 72 pp. (In English and Mongolian) Uetz, P. et al. (2006). The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed March 23, 2007. 33 Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758) Order: Squamata Family: Viperidae Common names: Adder, northern viper or sand viper (English) (Frank and Ramus, 1996); egel zagalmait mogoi (Mongolian) Subspecies in Mongolia: V. b. berus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Uetz et al., 2006) Synonyms: Coluber berus Linnaeus, 1758 (Uetz et al., 2006) Photograph courtesy of Kh. Terbish Taxonomic notes: Originally described as Coluber berus from a specimen in Sweden, it was later placed in the genus Vipera as Vipera berus in 1803 by Daudin (Mallow et al., 2003). Description This snake may reach 740mm in length (Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996; Terbish et al., 2006). The tail length is 80-120mm in males, 65-98mm in females. The ventral tail has 32-48 pairs of scales in the male and 24-38 pairs in the female. Only one anal sac is present. There are 19-23 scales around the middle of the body (Ananjeva et al., 1997). The nostril is located between two nasal scales. The head is large and the neck is narrow. The head is covered with granular scales, including three large scales (two interparietals and one parietal). The eyes are isolated by one or two rows of subocular scales. This species varies in colouration from light brown, brown, orange, grey, dark grey, to black on the back (Ananjeva et al., 1997; Coote, 2000; Milto and Zinenko, 2005). Adults are dark grey or black and juveniles range from orange to dark brown, with a thick dark brown zigzag extending from the head down the back. The head also displays zigzag colouration. The underside is dark grey with many dark spots. The tip of the tail is light yellow and orange (Terbish et al., 2006). Conservation overview Global status: Not Evaluated Regional status: Vulnerable, D2 Legal status: Approximately 9% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas, in Altai Tavan Bogd National Park (Terbish et al., 2006). Distribution Global distribution: France; England; Belgium; Netherlands; Germany; Norway; Switzerland; northern Italy; Denmark; Austria; Slovenia; Czech Republic (formerly Czechoslovakia); Croatia; Sweden; Poland; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Serbia and Montenegro; Hungary; Finland; Albania; Romania; Bulgaria; the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Estonia; Russian Federation; north-western 34 China (northern Xinjiang, Jilin); Mongolia; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (Uetz et al., 2006). Regional distribution: Coniferous forest habitats in rocky mountain areas including the Eroo river in Hentii, Hövsgöl and Mongol Altai mountain ranges (Terbish and Munkhbayar, 1989; Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996; Terbish et al., 2006). However, all point locality data for northern Mongolia dates from 100 years ago, so is likely to have changed signi cantly during this time. This should be considered if utilising the distribution data, and further research is strongly recommended as this species is threatened. It occurs at elevations of 1,000-2,750 metres above sea level in Mongolia, with 1,800 metres being optimal (Ananieva et al., 1997). Abundance This species is believed to be very rare in Mongolia, although no population estimates exist. Four individuals of various ages were observed along a 10km transect during the day, in the second half of July in the Songintiin gol river basin. Here the dominant habitat is forest steppe and mountain steppe (Terbish, 1989). Habitat and ecology Habitat preferences are not clearly established, but it is know to inhabit coniferous forests, mountainous forests with rocky outcrops, and herb meadows. In Mongolia it is mostly found in forest steppe and mountain steppe habitats (Terbish, 1989; Semenov, Munkhbayar, 1996; Ananjeva et al., 1997). No information exists on daily and seasonal activity, development, breeding, habitat selection or diet, in Mongolia. The European population is active during the day. Sexual maturity is reached at two years in females and between three and four years in males (Mallow et al., 2003). The species breeds two to four weeks following hibernation, and gastrulation occurs after three months. Between July and September, females give birth to 6- 12 live young, which are 160mm long. Breeding females do not feed until they have given birth (Mallow et al., 2003). Young adders feed themselves once they have shed their rst skin. This species is known to prey mainly upon small mammals such as voles, shrews, and mice, but also upon lizards, newts, salamanders, frogs (but not toads), nestling birds, and eggs (Semenov, Munkhbayar, 1996; Mallow et al., 2003; Coote, 2000). It hibernates inside dead wood, in rock cavities, rodent burrows and burrows that have been dug under the permafrost. Suitable hibernation sites must not be less than 2-40 C (Bannikov et al., 1977; Bojanskii, 1986; Ananjeva et al., 1997; Mallow et al., 2003). Prey are stalked slowly and attacked from an ‘S’ posture. Once struck, the prey is released and tracked using the scent of its venom. This reduces the possibility of the predator being injured by its prey and may also lead it back to a litter of young (Mallow et al., 2003; Coote, 2000). Adders are eaten by hedgehogs, polecats, wild pigs, foxes, badgers and birds (Mallow et al., 2003). The species is found at elevations ranging from 1,000 to 2,750 metres above sea level, throughout its global range, but in Mongolia it is generally most suited to elevations of 1,800 metres. Dominant threats Little is known about threats to this species, although in the western Hentii Mountain Range, resource extraction (mining) is a threat, causing habitat loss and pollution. As this activity increases this may become a threat in other parts of its range too. Conservation measures in place Part of its range is included in the Altai Tavan Bogd National Park (Terbish et al., 2006). 35 Conservation measures required Conduct further research on distribution, population sizes, biology, ecology and threats impacting on this species. Establish a monitoring programme to evaluate population sizes and trends. Establish a new micro-protected area and develop the existing protected area. Resources required for conservation Further research on all aspects of this species. Establish a population monitoring programme. Compilers and reviewers: J.E.M. Baillie, V. Bobrov, J. Jargal, M. Munkhbayar and Ts. Odbayar. References Ananjeva, N.B., Munkhbayar, K., Orlov, N.L., Orlova, V.F., Semenov, D.V. and Terbish, K. (1997). Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Reptiles of Mongolia. In: V.E. Sokolov (ed.) Vertebrates of Mongolia. KMK Limited, Moscow. 416 pp. (In Russian) Bannikov, A.G., Darevsky, I.S., Ishchenko, V.G., Rustamov, A.K. and Szczerbak, N.N. (1977). Opredelitel Zemnovodnykh i Presmyikaushikhsya. Prosveshchenie, Moscow. (In Russian) Bojanskii, A.T. (1986). Biology, conservation and use of common adder and Kazakhstan adder. Autoreferat dissertation of Biological Science. Moscow. 20p. Coote, J. (2000). Vipera berus. Reptilia (GB)10: 43-47. (In English) Frank, N. and Ramus, E. (1996). A complete guide to scienti c and common names of reptiles and amphibians of the world. NG Publishing Inc. Pottsville, PA. 377 pp. (In English) Mallow, D., Ludwig, D. and Nilson, G. (2003). True vipers: natural history and toxinology of Old World vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Florida. 359 pp. (In English) Milto, K.D. and Zinenko, O.I. (2005). Distribution and morphological variability of Vipera berus in Eastern Europe. Russian Journal of Herpetology (Supp. Herpetologia Petropolitana) 64-73. (In English) Semenov, D.V. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1996). Class. Amphibian and Reptile (Amphibia et Reptilia). Mongolian rare animals. (Podvonochnyie). Section II. 40-71. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1989). Found new species for Mongolia. Science and life. ¹3. 41-44. Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Munkhbayar, M. (2006). A guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Munkhiin Useg. Ulaanbaatar. 72 pp. (In English and Mongolian) Uetz, P. et al. (2006). The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed March 23, 2007. 36 DATA DEFICIENT Eremias arguta (Pallas, 1773) Order: Squamata Family: Lacertidae Common names: Stepperunner, racerunner or arguta (English); tolbot gurvel (Mongolian) Subspecies in Mongolia: E. a. potanini Bedriaga 1912 Synonyms: Lacerta arguta Pallas, 1773; Podarcis variabilis Wagler, 1830 Photograph courtesy of Kh. Terbish Description A study measuring this species took place in the western Govi of Mongolia. Body length was found to be 35-37mm (36.04±1.17)(n=49) and tail length 40-78mm (59.95±1.64). The ratio of body length to tail length is 0.8-1.32 (0.98±0.01). There are 47-58 underside scales (53.04±0.36). On one side of the hind legs are 6-14 femoral pores (8.68±0.14). This is a wide lizard, with a short thick tail which narrows at the very tip (Terbish, 1989; Terbish et al., 2006). The body is light or dark brown with large dark brown spots running along both dorsal sides in two rows; the ventral side is white (Terbish et al., 2006). Conservation overview Global status: Not Evaluated Regional status: Data De cient Legal status: Included as Rare in the ‘Mongolian Red Books’ of 1987 and 1997 (Munkhbayar, 1987; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Approximately 18% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas (Terbish et al., 2006; protected area data provided by UNEP- WCMC, 2006). Distribution Global distribution: North-eastern Romania; southern Ukraine; Turkey (Szczerbak, 1974); south-western Russian Federation (in the south to the northern Caucasus, east up to Ural River); eastern Georgia; southern Moldova; Armenia (Sevan River Basin); northern Islamic Republic of Iran; northern Azerbaijan; western and eastern Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; Tajikistan; Kyrgyzstan; north-western China (Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia); south-western Mongolia (Uetz et al., 2006). Regional distribution: The species occurs in gravel desert or low sandy hills in Baruun Khuurai, Davsan Khuurai, Yolkhon, Khonin Us and Takhiin Us Gobies and along river banks in Bulgan and Uyench in Dzungarian Govi Desert (Terbish and Munkhbayar, 1982; Terbish, 37 1985; Orlova and Terbish, 1986; Borkin et al., 1990). The range of this species in Mongolia constitutes the north-eastern boundary of its global range. It occurs at elevations of 1,200- 2,000 metres above sea level in Mongolia (Orlova and Terbish, 1986; Ananieva et al., 1997). Its estimated extent of occurrence in Mongolia is 20,811 km2. Abundance This species is considered rare in Mongolia, but occurs in relatively high abundance in small areas, however, no population data exists at present. In 1982 in Dzungarian Govi, a density of 29 individuals per hectare was recorded (Ananjeva et al., 1997), although details of the study are not provided. Habitat and ecology This species occurs in gravel desert with saxual (Haloxylon ammodendron), Ephedra przewalskii, and Anabasis brevifolia, Zygophyllum xanthoxylom and Eurotia ceratoidei, such as is found in the Dzungarian Govi Desert. It also occurs on low sandy hills along the banks of the Uench and Bodonch rivers, among Nitraria sphaerocarpa, Reaumuria songorica and Achnotherum spp., on the southern slope of mountains with Stipa spp., Caragana spp., Artemisia spp., and Oxytropis spp. (Terbish, 1989; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997; Terbish, 2003). It digs 15-32cm (24.52±3.03) deep burrows near the roots of bushes and shrubs. It also lives under rocks and in rodent burrows. The species appears in the middle of April and hibernates at the end of September and the beginning of October. Both sexes reach maturity after two years. Males and females breed in May (Terbish, 1989; Terbish, 2003). Up to 12 eggs are laid twice a year (2-6 each time) (Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996). The body size of the young reaches 3.4cm by the middle of September. This species usually feeds on insects. A study on diet in the Dzungarian Govi Desert recorded beetles (47.7%), butter ies and larvae (15.4%) and ants (13.4%) (Terbish, 1991). This species is preyed upon by long-eared hedgehogs (Erinaceus auritus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), corsac foxes (Vulpes corsac), Eurasian badgers (Meles meles), steppe eagles (Aquila rapax), falcons, northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), black kites (Milvus migrans), great bustards (Otis tarda), crows, bitterns, steppe ribbon snakes (Psammophis lineolatus), and Central Asian vipers (Gloydis halys) (Terbish, 1989; Munkhbayar, Terbish, 1997). Dominant threats The drying of water sources, and droughts threaten this species. The impact of carnivorous animals and raptors is less important in reducing populations of this species. Also habitat degradation and loss, due to bushes and shrubs being used for fuel, and land being used for agriculture, has an impact on this species’ future survival (Terbish, 1989; Semenov and Munkhbayar, 1996; Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Conservation measures in place Most of this species’ range is included within the Great Gobi (Section B) Strictly Protected Area (Munkhbayar and Terbish, 1997). Conservation measures required Conduct further research on population dynamics and sizes, distributions, biology and ecology. Establish monitoring programmes to record population sizes and trends. 38 Resources required for conservation Further research on all aspects of this species. Establish a population monitoring programme. Compilers and reviewers: J.E.M. Baillie, N. Batsaikhan, V. Eremchenko, S. King, Kh. Munkhbayar and D. Semenov. References Ananjeva, N.B., Munkhbayar, K., Orlov, N.L., Orlova, V.F., Semenov, D.V. and Terbish, K. (1997). Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Reptiles of Mongolia. In: V.E. Sokolov (ed.) Vertebrates of Mongolia. KMK Limited, Moscow. 416 pp. (In Russian) Borkin, L.Ya., Munkhbayar, Kh., Orlov, N.L., Semenov, D.V. and Terbish, Kh. (1990). Distribution of reptiles in Mongolia. In: Reptiles of mountain and arid territory, systematic and distribution. Academy Science of SSSR. Trudyi zoologicheskogo instituta. Leningrad. T 207. 22-138. (In Russian) Munkhbayar, Kh. (1987). Amphibian and Reptiles. Mongolian Red book. Section III. Ulaanbaatar. 63-96. (In Mongolian) Munkhbayar, Kh. and Terbish, Kh. (1997). Reptiles. Mongolian Red Book. Section III. Ulaanbaatar. 135-141. (In Mongolian and English) Orlova, V.F. and Terbish, Kh. (1986). Data of Herpetofaune in Dzungarian Govi. Herpetological study of MPR. Moscow. IEMEJ ASc of SSSR. 95-110. (In Russian) Semenov, D.V. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1996). Class. Amphibian and Reptile (Amphibia et Reptilia). Mongolian rare animals. (Podvonochnyie). Section II. 40-71. (In Russian) Sherbakh, N.N. (1974). Gekkos of Palearctic. Naukova Dumka. Kiev. 296p. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh. (1985). Amphibian and reptile in Dzungarian Govi Desert of People’s Republic of Mongolia. Proceeding of Mongolian State University of Education. ¹2. Ulaanbaatar. 39-48. (In Mongolian) Terbish, Kh. (1989). Herpetofauna in Western and South western Mongolia, its importance for nature. Ph.D. Thesis, Ulaan Baatar. 259pp. (In Russian). Terbish, Kh. (1991). Diet of Steprunner (Eremias arguta Pallas, 1773) in Mongolia. Proceeding of Mongolian State University of Education in Hovd. ¹6. Ulaanbaatar. 49- 56. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh. (2003) Ecology of Steprunner in Dzungarian Govi of Mongolia. Nature condition and history and culture of the north western Mongolia and its adjussent regions. Proceeding of International science conference. Hovd. 114-115. (In Russian) Terbish, Kh. and Munkhbayar, Kh. (1982). Two new issue of cold blood animals. Science and life. ¹2. 90-91. (In Mongolian) 39 Terbish, Kh., Munkhbayar, Kh. and Munkhbayar, M. (2006). A guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia. Munkhiin Useg. Ulaanbaatar. 72 pp. (In English and Mongolian) Uetz, P. et al. (2006). The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org. Accessed March 23, 2007. 40 ANNEXES Annex I. List 1: Species identi ed as occurring within Mongolia and assessed at the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop. N.B. The Red List of Mongolian Reptiles and Amphibians and its associated documents contain taxa that were on the agreed list for the Second International Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop, i.e. those that were known to occur in Mongolia in 2006. Subsequent to the workshop, several additional species have been suggested to occur in Mongolia, based on recent range expansions or their occurrence close to the Mongolian border. Those which are likely to occur in Mongolia have been added to List 1, but are marked with a plus sign (+) to indicate that they were not assessed during the workshop. a.) Amphibia Scienti c name Common name Regional assessment Global assessment Order Caudata Family Hynobiidae Salamandrella keyserlingii Siberian salamander Vulnerable, A3c Least Concern Dybowski, 1870 Order Anura Family Bufonidae Bufo pewzowi Pewzow’s toad Vulnerable, B1ab(iii) Least Concern Bedriaga, 1898 Bufo raddei Mongolian toad Least Concern Least Concern Strauch, 1876 Family Hylidae Hyla japonica Japanese treefrog Vulnerable, D2 Least Concern Güenther, 1859 Family Ranidae Rana amurensis Siberian wood frog Least Concern Least Concern Boulenger, 1886 Rana chensinensis Asiatic grass frog Vulnerable, B1ab(iii) Least Concern David, 1875 b). Reptilia Scienti c name Common name Regional assessment Global assessment Order Squamata Family Gekkonidae Alsophylax pipiens Kaspischer even- Least Concern Not Evaluated (Pallas, 1814) ngered gecko Cyrtopodion elongatus Gobi naked-toed gecko Vulnerable, D2 Not Evaluated (Blanford,1875) Teratoscincus przewalskii Przewalski’s wonder Near Threatened Not Evaluated Strauch, 1887 gecko 41 Scienti c name Common name Regional assessment Global assessment Family Agamidae Laudakia stoliczkana Mongolian agama Near Threatened Not Evaluated (Blanford, 1875) Phrynocephalus helioscopus Sunwatcher toadhead Not Applicable Not Evaluated (Pallas, 1771) agama Phrynocephalus versicolor Toad-headed agama Least Concern Not Evaluated Strauch, 1876 Family Lacertidae Eremias argus Mongolian racerunner Least Concern Not Evaluated Peters, 1869 Eremias arguta Stepperunner Data De cient Not Evaluated (Pallas, 1773) Eremias multiocellata Multi-ocellated Least Concern Not Evaluated Günther, 1872 racerunner Eremias przewalskii Gobi racerunner Least Concern Not Evaluated (Strauch, 1876) Eremias vermiculata Variegated racerunner Least Concern Not Evaluated Blanford, 1875 Lacerta agilis Sand lizard Not Applicable Not Evaluated Linnaeus, 1758 Zootoca vivipara Viviparous lizard Least Concern Least Concern Jacquin, 1787 Family Boidae Eryx tataricus Tatar sand boa Near Threatened Not Evaluated (Lichtenstein, 1823) Family Colubridae Coluber spinalis Slender racer Near Threatened Not Evaluated (Peters, 1866) Elaphe dione Steppes ratsnake Least Concern Not Evaluated (Pallas, 1773) Elaphe schrenckii Amur ratsnake Not Applicable Not Evaluated (Strauch, 1813) Natrix natrix European grass snake Near Threatened Least Concern (Linnaeus, 1758) Psammophis lineolatus Steppe ribbon racer Least Concern Not Evaluated (Brandt, 1838) Family Viperidae Gloydius halys Halys pit viper Least Concern Not Evaluated (Pallas, 1776) Vipera berus Northern viper Vulnerable, D2 Not Evaluated (Linnaeus, 1758) 42 List 2: Possible species occurring within Mongolia. N.B. Species included in the Red List relate to species known to occur in the country in 2005; additional species whose presence is suspected or likely based on occurrence close to the borders/expanding ranges but have not yet been con rmed are included in the possible species list. Scienti c name Common name Regional assessment Global assessment Class Amphibia Order Anura Family Bufonidae Bufo bufo Common toad Not Evaluated Least Concern Linnaeus, 1758 Bufo gargarizans Asiatic toad Not Evaluated Least Concern Cantor, 1842 Family Ranidae Rana arvalis Moor frog Not Evaluated Least Concern Nilsson, 1842 Rana nigromaculata Dark-spotted frog Not Evaluated Near Threatened Hallowell, 1860 Class Reptilia Order Squamata Family Agamidae Phrynocephalus axillaris Not Evaluated Not Evaluated Blanford 1875 Family Colubridae Coluber ravergieri Spotted wipe snake Not Evaluated Not Evaluated Ménétriés, 1832 Family Viperidae Vipera ursinii Meadow viper Not Evaluated Endangered, A1c+2c (Bonaparte, 1833) 43 44