Environmental Impact Assessment Report For Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project E2858 v3 Shanxi Academy of Environmental Sciences Sept, 2011 I TABLE OF CONTENT 1. GENERAL .................................................................................. 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................1 1.2 BASIS FOR ASSESSMENT ..............................................................................................2 1.3 PURPOSE OF ASSESSMENT AND GUIDELINES .................................................................4 1.4 PROJECT CLASSIFICATION ...........................................................................................5 1.5 ASSESSMENT CLASS AND COVERAGE ..........................................................................6 1.6 IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ......8 1.7 ASSESSMENT FOCUS ...................................................................................................1 1.8 APPLICABLE ASSESSMENT STANDARD ..........................................................................1 1.9 POLLUTION CONTROL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TARGETS .............................5 2. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ................................................................ 2.1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT............................................................................................3 2.2 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................13 2.3 URBAN TRANSPORTATION .........................................................................................16 2.4 RELEVANT TRANSPORTATION PLANS ..........................................................................18 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................ 3.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..............................................................................................23 3.2 MAJOR PROJECT COMPONENTS ..................................................................................23 3.3 INTEGRATED CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT ....................................................................24 3.4 PUBLIC TRANSIT SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................51 3.5 INTELLIGENT URBAN TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ........................................56 3.6 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT.................................................................56 3.7 SCHEDULES OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................57 3.8 TRAFFIC VOLUME PROJECTION ..................................................................................57 4 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES ............................................................ 4.1 COMPARISON OF “WITH� AND “WITHOUT� PROJECT SCENARIO .................................66 4.2 ANALYSIS OF SITE SELECTION FOR PARKING LOT AND BUS DEPOTS ..............................68 4.3 COMPARISON OF BUS LANE ALTERNATIVES.................................................................69 4.4 COMPARISON OF FUEL AT GAS STATION ......................................................................72 4.5 COMPARISON OF ROAD SELECTION ............................................................................72 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND ITS MITIGATION AND CONTROL MEASURE .................................................................................... 5.1 DESIGN PHASE ..........................................................................................................74 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURE DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ........74 II 5.3 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT AND POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURE DURING OPERATION PHASE ......................................................................................................................................87 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................... 112 6.1 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 112 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS ...................................................... 112 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SUPERVISION PLAN ..................................................................... 114 6.4 SUMMARY OF MITIGATIONS .................................................................................... 115 6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ..................................................................... 121 6.6 CAPACITY BUILDING .............................................................................................. 125 6.7 PUBLIC COMPLAINING PROCEDURES ....................................................................... 126 6.8 REPORTING PROCEDURES ....................................................................................... 126 6.9 COST ESTIMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT......................................... 127 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE .................129 7.1 GUIDANCE AND PRINCIPLES .................................................................................... 129 7.2 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 129 7.3 METHOD, TIMING AND CONTENT ............................................................................ 129 7.4 RESULTS ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION ........................................................ 135 7.5 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE .................................................................................... 137 7.6 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 138 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................ 139 8.1 BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................................ 139 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL QAULITY CONDITION .................................................................. 139 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ......................... 139 8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS DURING THE OPERATION PHASE ......................... 140 8.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING ................................................. 140 8.6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ........................................................................................... 140 8.7 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 141 8.8 SUGGESTION .......................................................................................................... 141 APPENDIX 1 NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENT FOR INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ................................................................................... III 1. General 1.1 Project background 1.1.1 Project background Changzhi is located in the southeast part of Shanxi Province. It is surrounded by Taihang Mountain, and Changzhi is acknowledged as a gifted place. In recent years, rapid development has seen in its social, economic and cultural aspects, the urban development of Changzhi has also accomplished. In 2004, Changzhi was named one of the Ten Charming Cities in china; later in 2006, it was named National Garden City. As the first city awarded such titles in Shanxi Province, it is also leading in integrated city management and ‘green’ development. However, the private vehicle ownership in Changzhi is growing rapidly, leading to severe emissions, safety, congestion and other negative impacts. It has been well recognized that the roadway capacity expansion can not catch up with the growing private vehicle demand, the Municipal Government of Changzhi (MGC) has established “Suggestions of urban development master plan and integrated transportation master plan for Changzhi�, “Plan of public transport development for Changzhi�, “Study of traffic safety and its management and monitoring for Changzhi� under the aid from GEF China Urban Transport Partnership Project. This project is proposed based on the GEF project, and financially supported by World Bank. The successful completion of this project could improve the efficiency of transportation in the city, improve the public travel method, and promote traffic safety and green idea into the city development. Overall, it is very important for the sustainable development of Changzhi. 1.1.2 Objective of EA Based on the requirement from “The environment protection law of the people's republic of china�, “Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment� and “Ordinance on administration for environmental protection of construction projects�, the project impact on the environment need to be assessed and the environmental impact assessment report needs to be prepared. In July 2011, Changzhi project management office engaged Shanxi Academy of Environment Sciences (SAES hereafter) for carrying out the environmental impact assessment of this project. After receiving engagement, the SAES primarily organized relevant staff to conduct field investigation and collection of relevant information. Public consultation and information disclosure were also conducted. The SAES also communicates with related units and departments on the feasibility study of this project. In accordance with related national policy, instruction and regulations, approved by Changzhi Environmental Protection Bureau about the applicable standards on environment quality and pollution control, the SAES finished the draft for ‘Environment Impact Assessment Report for the Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project’ and the Environmental Management Plan. 1 1.2 Basis for assessment 1.2.1 Major basis (1) Engagement for “Environmental assessment impact report for Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project�, Project management office, July 20th, 2011. (2) Standards for “Environmental impact assessment for Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project�, Environment protection Bureau of Changzhi city, # 480, 2011. 1.2.2 Laws, policies and regulations (1) “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Protection�, December 1989. (2) “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment�, September 2003. (3) “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Land Management�, August 2004. (4) “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Protection from Atmospheric Contamination�, April, 2000. (5) “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Protection from Water Contamination�, 28 February 2008. (6) “Enforcement Regulations for Law on Prevention of water Pollution of the People's Republic of China�, March, 2000. (7) “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Protection from Noise Contamination�, 1 March 1997. (8) “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Protection from Contamination by Solid Wastes�, 1 April 2005 (9) “Law of the People's Republic of China on Conserving Energy�, Oct, 2007 (10) “Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics�, Oct, 2002. (11) “The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Soil and Water Conservation�, 29 June 1991. (12) “Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of Soil and Water Conservation�, Aug 1st, 1993. (13) Administration of Construction Project Environmental Impact Assessment by Means of Classification Catalogue, Sept 2nd, 2008. (14) “Management Regulations on Environmental Protection of Construction Project�, 253# [1998] Decree of the State Council. (15) Regulations on “Grading Approval for Environmental Impact Assessment Documents of Construction Project�, Nov 1st, 2002. (16) “Temporary Method of Public Participating in Environmental Impact Assessment�, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, 14 February 2006. (17) “Management Method of Environmental Protection of Traffic Construction Project�, 2003, 5# Decree of Minister of Transport. (18) “Program of National Ecological and Environmental Protection�, 38# November 2000. 2 (19) Decision of the State Council on “Several Issues Concerning Environmental Protection�, Aug 1996. (20) Notice on Enhancing management of land use for protection of cultivated land , # 11, 1997. (21) Notice on implementation of “Decision of the State Council on Several Issues Concerning Environmental Protection� for Shanxi Province, 1997 #1, Shanxi. (22) Notice on implementation of Opinions on outlines for ecological and environmental protection , Provincial government of Shanxi, # 45, Shanxi Province, Dec 2001. (23) “Environmental Protection Regulation of Shanxi Province�, July 1997. (24) “Protection and Control Regulation for Atmospheric Contamination of Shanxi Province�, 3 December 1996. (25) “Management plan of surface watershed for Shanxi Province�, May 2005. (26) Notice on disclosure of Environmental protection management plan for construction project and its appendix, Environmental protection agency of Shanxi Province, #193, 2002. (27) Implementation methods of Public Participation for Environmental Impact Assessment, State agency for Environmental Protection , Feb 14th, 2006. (28) “Opinions on Environmental noise protection and improve the environmental acoustic quality of cities�, 144#, Minister of environmental protection, 2010. (29) Notice on disclosure of Management plan of urban flying Particle pollution for Changzhi�, #29, city government of Changzhi, 2009. (30) Notice on Enhancing the environmental impact assessment for international financial institute loan construction project State agency of Environmental Protection, #324, 1993. (31) Regulations on the Administration of Transportation Project Environmental Protection, 17# Decree of Minister of Transport, 1990. 1.2.3 Requirement from the World Bank (1) Safeguard Policies of the World Bank (2) Environment, Health and Safety Guideline, International Financial Corporation. 1.2.4 Related city planning and environmental function zoning documents (1) Master plan for City of Changzhi (2001-2020 Municipal Government of Changzhi, Urban Planning Design and Research Institute of Tongji, Shanghai. (2) Specific planning of urban district of Changzhi Urban Planning Design and Research Institute of Tongji, Shanghai cooperated with Urban Planning Design and Research Institute of Changzhi April, 2011. 3 (3) Ecology function zoning of Changzhi Shanxi University Environmental Protection Bureau of Changzhi, July, 2007. 1.2.5 Engineering Design Documents (1) “Feasibility Study Report for Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project�, Shanghai WSP Consulting, Ltd, Changzhi transport project management office. (2) Relevant technical documents. 1.2.6 Technical basis (1) “Technical Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment –Generals�; (2) “Environmental and Surface Water Environment� HJ/T2.1-93 (3) “Technical Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment-Atmospheric Environment� HJ2.2-2008 (4) “Technical Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment-Surface Water Environment� HJ/T2.3-93 (5) “Technical Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment-Acoustic Environment� HJ2.4-2009 (6) “Technical Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment -Ecological Environment� HJ19-2011 (7) Notice on “Specification on Environmental Impact Assessment�, State agency of Environmental protection, Planning Commission of the State, #12, 2002; (8) Technical standards on Efficient Control of Urban Air-borne Dust Pollution, HJ/T393, 2007; (9) Specifications for Environment Impact Assessment of Highway (on trial), Ministry of Transport, JTJ005, 1996. 1.3 Purpose of assessment and guidelines 1.3.1 Purpose (1) We shall investigate and evaluate the social environment, ecological, atmospheric and acoustic environment situation along project route, gain comprehensive understanding of current environment situation. (2) We shall analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the environment impact during the construction and operation phase of the project, predicts and evaluates the range and magnitude of the impact, provide guidance for reasonable selection of project route; (3) We shall on basis of the magnitude and range of the impact, proposes feasible plans for environmental protection, as well as feeds back such plans to the engineering design so as to minimize the negative environmental impact due to project construction and achieve the goal of coordinated development of city and the environment. (4) We shall incorporate public consultation to eliminate possible oversight in environmental assessment, so that: the planning, design and management of the proposed project could be improved; environmental, social and economic benefit 4 can be optimized; guidelines could be provided for the stakeholders and policy makers to facilitate the project environmental management, development of economic and environmental plan of the impacted area. 1.3.2 Guidelines (1) Regulations, standards and technical specifications for environmental impact assessment of construction project from ministry of transportation and Shanxi province. (2) According to the project scope, type, location and sensitivity, formulate specific contents and methods to comprehensively analyze the impact on agricultural, atmospheric, surface water, acoustic, social and economic environment. (3) According to the nature of the project and environment characteristics of the affected area, find out the current condition, environment requirement and its characteristics, select the major environmental factors need assessment, predict range and magnitude of the environmental impact for the affected area after project construction, recommend rational control measures, so as to minimize the negative environmental impact due to project construction. (4) Through careful investigation of the affected area, enhance the quality of the assessment, give clear conclusion about the feasibility of project construction from environment protection perspective, provides basis for project construction and environment management. (5) Collect necessary information through comparison, analysis and on-site survey based on the characteristics of road construction. Use existing materials and results to reduce time consumption and maximize the benefit in environment assessment. (6) Make sure that the result of assessment is objective, accurate and equitable. 1.4 Project Classification 1.4.1 Classification of the project According to classifications of environmental assessment of the World Bank (OP4.01), select the major environmental impact factors. The environmental impact of this project is limited, not irreversible and not involve ecological or cultural sensitive areas. Therefore, the environmental impact assessment of the project is classified into category B. 1.4.2 Screening of safeguard policies of World Bank The World Bank’s safeguard policies includes 10 policies as following: 1. Environmental assessment (OP4.01) 2. Forests (OP4.36) 3. Natural habitat (OP4.04) 4. Safety of Dams (OP4.37) 5. Pest management (OP4.09) 6. Involuntary resettlement (OP4.12) 7. Indigenous peoples (OD4.20) 8. Physical cultural resources (OP4.11) 5 9. Disputed area (OP7.60) 10. International waterways (OP7.50). Among these policies, this project will involve with environmental assessment policy (OP4.11) and involuntary resettlement (OP4.12) due to land acquisition. The Resettlement Action Plan has been completed by the resettlement team with the major findings included in this report. This project does not involve Forests (OP/GP4.36), Natural habitat (OP4.04), safety of Dams (OP 4.37), Pest management (OP4.09), Indigenous peoples (OD4.20), Physical cultural resources (OP4.11), Disputed area (OP7.60) and International waterways (OP7.50). 1.5 Assessment Class and Coverage 1.5.1 Assessment Class In accordance with the technical guidance of the environmental impact assessment, on basis of the situation of pollution discharge as well as the regional environmental plan and function requirement, the class of the environmental factors in this environmental impact assessment is shown in the following: (1) Air environment Based on regulations in 5.3.2.3.5 of Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment---Ambient air, this project is an urban road reconstruction project, without expansion over the existing red line. In addition, the use of clean energy bus during the project operation period can reduce the emission from vehicles. Therefore, the ambient air impact assessment will follow class 3. (2) Acoustic environment According to Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment-Acoustic Environment, the affected area in this project has no GB3096-2008 regulated type 0 acoustic environmental functioning zone. The location for new construction of the South Parking and Maintenance Yard belongs to Class 2 acoustic environmental functioning zone. The increase of noise level in this location is less than 3dB (A) in project operation phase. All the rest are road reconstruction projects, so the acoustic environment impact is class 2. (3) Ecology environment According to the classifications of assessment grade in Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment-Ecological Environment, ecological environmental impact assessment is categorized by Class 1, 2 and 3. This project belongs to urban road reconstruction, there are no sensitive ecology sites in the assessment area. In addition, the impact of land occupation for construction is relatively small, so the ecological environmental impact assessment follows class 3. (4) Surface water environment 6 According to Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment---Surface Water Environment, the nature of this project is urban transportation improvement. Upon completion of the project, wastewater and rainwater are collected separately. Wastewater from demotic use is collected by the sewerage system. Rainwater is collected by storm water pipeline system. Demolition and reconstruction of 2 bridges are involved in this project. The size and elevation of these two bridges can not be determined from the feasibility study due to lack of essential information on the river channel planning and flood control. The design of the bridge will start upon the information collection. The surface water environmental impact is determined to be limited to site specific analysis. (5) Environmental risk The environmental risk involved in this project is the storage of diesel and natural gas at the oil and gas station in the South Parking and Maintenance Yard. The amount of storage for diesel is less than 40t (limit), and 10t (limit) for CNG, which should not be categorized as highly dangerous source. The area is not located in environmental sensitive zone, but it is involved with flammable material. According to standards in “Specifications on Environmental Risk Assessment of Construction Project� (HJ/T169-2004), the environmental risk of this project is class 2. (6) Social environment The Social environment impact assessment should be on basis of the requirement in Specifications for Environment Impact Assessment of Highway (on trial). 1.5.2 Assessment Coverage In accordance with guidelines for environmental impact assessment, the coverage of this environmental impact assessment is shown in table 1-1. Table 1-1 List of environmental impact assessment range Environmental No Assessment range factor Within 200m from both side of central line of 1 Ambient air road within 2.5km of the center of parking and maintenance yards Water 2 Receiving water body-Zhuozhang River environment Within 200m from both side of central line of Acoustic 3 road within 200m of the center of parking and Environment maintenance yards Ecological Within 200m from the road within 300m from the 4 Environment parking and maintenance yards 5 Social Impacted area along the road; schools and residential Environment area around the parking and maintenance yards 7 Environment area around the parking and maintenance yards 1.6 Identification of major environmental issue and environmental factors 1.6.1 Major environmental issues According to the features of this project and the environmental characteristics in the area, the major environmental issues are identified as the following table 1-2. Table 1-2 Major environmental issues Construction Most of the project is reconstruction of existing roads and facilities, no demolition of houses involved. Land Phase acquisition will pose impact on relevant population by the Demolition of houses construction of South Parking and Maintenance Yard. Road Temporary interruption of traffic will affect travel of construction people. Due to the enclosure of the road section, the normal Social Business operation of the commercial business along the road will environment be affected. Access to the hospitals and schools will be affected, the safety of people when crossing the roads will be affected; Traffic safety construction fleet may be a source for traffic accidents Demolition of Demolition of pipelines underground will affect normal pipelines daily life of people Cultural relics No important cultural relics recorded by local cultural preservation bureau along the project road Construction will damage or occupy the isolation grassland, reducing green area. Removal of median and isolation belt Operation of the machinery, land excavation, demolition Ecology of the and relocation of underground pipeline will damage city Various municipal road, affecting landscaping, generating some construction construction wastewater. activities Spoil and construction waste will occupy municipal land, affecting the ecology environment of the city, may causing Earth excavation soil erosion in the area. 8 Excavation, filling, demolition during construction and Road transport of cement, clay and gravel will cause air-borne construction, dust. Vehicle transportation, Air Demolition of environment road surface Increase of transportation vehicle and construction Construction machinery will cause increase of pollutant emission. machinery Various construction machineries like excavator, drilling Demolition, and piling machine, air compressor, road roller as well as transportation, the demolition of road surface and road excavation will Noise generate noise. use of various machinery Domestic wastewater, construction wastewater, Construction and Wastewater wastewater from washing the machinery. workers Solid waste generated from excavation, building Construction and demolition, and workers. Solid waste workers Operation By alleviating the stress on transportation facilities and emphasizing bus priority, the project will develop Phase sustainable transport system for the city. The benefit is the Transportation reduced time in public travel and freight transport, decreased fuel consumption and emission. Social environment Influence caused by increased vehicle speed need to be mitigated by using the best practices for traffic safety to Traffic safety prevent traffic accident It can increase road landscaping in the city, bring benefit Ecology of the Urban greening to the ecology and landscape of the city. city Increasing traffic volume, emissions from vehicle include pollutants like CO, Knox, may increase the air pollution Air Vehicle load along the road. From the perspective of the whole environment transportation city, it will improve the air quality. Noise level will be the same or better along the road; traffic noise will affect the sensitive receptors along the Vehicle Noise roads. transportation 9 Vehicle Vibration Movement of vehicles will cause vibration on the road. transportation Bus station, Wastewater and rainwater will be collected separately; Parking and Water operation of bus station, parking and maintenance yards maintenance environment and parking yards will generate wastewater; wastewater yards, parking from washing the bus will be generated yards Solid waste will be collected and sent to landfill for further Solid waste and treatment; waste oil and sludge will be collected as Solid waste dangerous waste dangerous waste and treated by qualified department. Integrated Corridor Improvement doesn’t change the type Land of land use; Construction of the parking and maintenance Function change utilization yard located at south of the city will change the land use type from agriculture. Safety issues Operation of the oil and gas station in the South Parking Risk of at oil and gas and Maintenance Yard may cause serious environmental explosion station impact such as explosion and leakage. 1.6.2 Identification of environmental factors According to the feature of this project and the major environmental issues identified, the environmental factors affected by this project are identified and selected as the following matrix table 1-3. 10 Environment Social environment Ecology in the city Natural environment al factors Transportatio Social Traffic Green Solid Water Air Item Landscape Noise Vibration n life Safety waste Environment Environment area Road -1S +1L -2S -1S -1S -1S demolition Construction -2S -1S -1S -2S machinery Pipeline -1S -2S -2S -1S Construction demolition Removal of phase Isolation -1S -2S -2S -1S grassland Earth -1S -2S -1S -1S excavation Construction -2S -1S -1S staff Operation Vehicle +2L +1L -2S +1L - L -1L running phase Greening -2S +1L +1L Table 1-3 Identified environmental factors Note “ �denotes positive impact “ �denotes negative impact “1� denotes limited impact “2� denotes medium impact “3� denotes large impact “S� denotes temporary impact “L� denotes long-term impact. 1 1.7 Assessment focus Based on the identification and selection of the environmental issues and impact factors, the focus of this assessment is the ambient air impact, acoustic environmental impact, traffic safety impact, and social impact during the project construction and operation phase. In addition, the assessment should recommend rational mitigation measures for the negative environmental impact during the project construction and operation phase. 1.8 Applicable assessment standard 1.8.1 Environmental Quality Standard (1) Ambient air TSP PM10 SO2 CO shall be applicable to criteria grade-II of “Ambient air quality standard� (GB3095-1996); NO2 shall be applicable to criteria grade-II of “Ambient air quality standard� (GB3095-1996) modified (Jan, 2000); There is no environmental quality standard for NMHC, so 2 mg/m3 is used as the standard based on the explanations in page 243 of “Standards for Air pollutant emission�. Detailed standard is shown in table 1-4. Table 1-4 ambient air quality standards item TSP PM10 SO2 NO2 CO NMHC Annual 0.20 0.10 0.06 0.08 / / average Daily average 0.30 0.15 0.15 0.12 4.00 / Hourly / / 0.50 0.24 10.00 2 average (2) Surface water The involved roads in this project are all located in the city. The major Rivers in the city area are Heishui River and Shizi River. Heishui River is the major branch of Shizi River. Heishui River originates from Liing village, Handian town, Changzhi district. It enters urban Changzhi passing villages of Liulin, Linyi, Sima, Ancheng, Beiguo from south to north. Then it continues flow in the west of the urban to the north through villages of Zhenzhang, Xinanguan, Zhangzimen, finally it reaches Shizi River in the southeast part of Zifang village in the city. The entire stretch of the River is 15.1 Km, with an average slope of 3.6‰, the drainage area is 108.45 km2. Currently in Heishui River, the water flow volume is small and the water quality is poor. Shizi River is the major branch of South Zhuozhang River the entire stretch of Shizi River is 46km, the drainage area is 385.33km2. It originates from east of Panmachi village, Shipo xiang, Huguan district, continues to flow northwest through villages of Beizhuang, Xiqili, Jinzhuang, Dongchongxian, Zhuangtou dam, Dujiahe, Jidian and enters urban changzhi. Flowing through villages of Shiqiao, Hukou, Taoyuan, it passes through the north part of 1 urban Changzhi, continues to flow north through villages of Zifang, Qiucun and Jiangcun, reaches to South Zhuozhang River at western Beizhai village. Shizi River passes through urban Changzhi, is the major landscape waterway, part of it has no water flow. According to “surface watershed environment management function zoning of Shanxi Province�, the River from the outlet of Shizi River dam to Baomaduan is subject to environmental monitoring. Its current and major planning function is agricultural water supply. The type of functioning zone is protective water supply River, which is applicable to type-1 standard of environmental monitoring. The rest part of the River is applicable to type- standard of Surface water environment quality standard (GB3838-2002). The standard is shown in table 1-5. Heishui River finally reaches to Shizhi River, so there is function zoning, the surface water quality standard is adopted from that of the Shizi River from the outlet of Shizi River dam to Baomaduan. In addition, the west part of the project is close to Zhuozhang River. According to “surface watershed environment management function zoning of Shanxi Province�, the River upstream of Zezhang dam is subject to environmental monitoring. Its Current function is industrial and domestic water supply. The planned function is agricultural water supply. The type of functioning zone is protective water supply River, which is applicable to type-1 standard of environmental monitoring. The rest part of the River is applicable to type- standard of Surface water environment quality standard (GB3838-2002). Table 1-5 Environmental quality standards of Heishui River from outlet of Shizihe dam and Baomaduan. Unit:mg/l Total salt Pollutant BOD5 CODcr NH3-N content Standard mg/l ≤20 ≤60 ≤5.0 ≤1000 Pollutant BaP Oil PH Standard mg/l ≤0.00003 ≤1.0 6-9 Table 1-6 Environmental quality standards of Shizi River upstream of Zezhang dam Unit:mg/l Total salt Pollutant BOD5 CODcr NH3-N content Standard mg/l ≤20 ≤60 ≤5.0 ≤1000 Pollutant BaP Oil PH Standard mg/l ≤0.00003 ≤1.0 6-9 (3) Groundwater The groundwater of the project location is mainly used for domestic water supply, agricultural and industrial consumption, belongs to type- function zoning, is applicable to type- standard of groundwater environment quality standard (GB/T14848-93), which is shown in table 1-7. 2 Table 1-7 Groundwater environment quality standards No Pollutant Standard No Pollutant Standard ammonia nitrogen 1 PH 6.5 8.5 13 ≤0.2 (mg/L) total hardness volatile phenol 2 ≤450 14 ≤0.002 (mg/L) (mg/L) Dissolved 3 ≤1000 15 Cyanide (mg/L) ≤0.05 solid(mg/L) 4 As(mg/L) ≤0.05 16 Nitrate(mg/L) ≤20 5 Hg(mg/L) ≤0.001 17 Nitrite (mg/L) ≤0.02 Permanganate Index 6 Pb(mg/L) ≤0.05 18 ≤3.0 (mg/L) 7 Cd(mg/L) ≤0.01 19 Sulfate(mg/L) ≤250 8 Cr+6(mg/L) ≤0.05 20 Chloride(mg/L) ≤250 9 Fe(mg/L) ≤0.3 21 Fluoride (mg/L) ≤1.0 total bacteria 10 Mn(mg/L) ≤0.1 22 ≤100 (No./ml) 11 Cu(mg/L) ≤1.0 23 total coliforms (no/L) ≤3.0 12 Zn(mg/L) ≤1.0 Note pH has no unit unit for total bacteria is number/ml for total coliforms is number/L rest are mg/L. (4) Acoustic environment The involved roads in this project are all located in the city. Therefore, for buildings more than three (including three) stories, the first row of the building facing the road will adopt Class 4a of “Acoustic environmental quality standard�(GB3096-2008) for assessment. If the buildings adjacent to road has less than three stories (including open area), the Class 1 area within 40m of the redline of road, Class 2 area within 30m of the redline of road, Class 3 area within 20m of the redline of road will adopt Class 4a standard for assessment, area outside should be applicable to standards corresponding to its functioning zone. The standards are shown in table 1-8. Table 1-8 Acoustic environmental quality standards. Unit: dB A Time Day Night Classification Class 1 55 45 Class 2 60 50 Class 3 65 55 Class 4a 70 55 (5) Vibration 3 The vibration generated by this project is applicable to “Urban regional environment vibration standard� GB10070-88 , which is shown in table 1-9. Table 1-9 Vibration standards Applicable area Day dB Night(dB) Special residential area 65 65 Residential, school and 70 67 cultural area Area mixed with residence, 75 72 commerce and industry Industrial area 75 72 Areas along the main road 75 72 1.8.2 Pollution discharge standard (1) Air pollutant Emissions from motor vehicles: motor vehicles based on different type are applicable to the following standards: “Light weight vehicle emission limit and measurement ( , level)� (GB18352.3-2005), “Compression ignition engine emission limit and measurement� (GB3847-2005), “Ignition engine emission limit and measurement� (GB18285-2005), “Motorcycle and scoter emission limit and measurement� (GB19758-2005), etc. (2) Water pollutant The roads in this project are all located in the city. The waste water generated during the construction period is discharged to the municipal sewage network. The water quality standard is applicable to Class 3 of “Comprehensive standards for wastewater discharge� (GB8978-1996). Detailed information is shown in table 1-10. Table 1-10: Water quality standard Item pH SS BOD5 COD Standard 6-9 400 300 500 Animal and Anionic Item NH3-N Oil vegetable oils surfactant Standard --- 100 20 20 (3) Construction noise During construction period, the noise shall be controlled in accordance with “Limits of noise of construction sites boundaries� (GB12523-90), shown in Table 1-11. Table 1-11 Limits for noise of construction sites boundaries Construction Standard value (dB) Major noise source phase Day Night 4 Excavation Dozer, excavator and loader 75 55 Construction Piling Piling machine 85 is banned Concrete mixer, vibrator Structure 70 55 and electric saw Decoration Crane and lift 65 55 (4) Noise from bus depots The boundary noise of bus depots shall be applicable to Class 2 of “Boundary noise standard of industry enterprises� (GB12348-90), which is 60dB(A) in daytime and 50dB(A) at night. (5) Solid waste Construction spoil, domestic solid waste shall be applicable to standards of “Pollutant control standard of industrial solid waste storage and treatment� (GB18599-2001); domestic sold waste during the operation phase is collected and treated by the municipal sanitation department. According to EHS Guidelines, for the waste generated after adoption of prevention, minimization, reuse, recycle and recovery measures, proper disposal is needed. Final waste shall be sent to dedicated, licensed facility for disposal. Small amount of hazardous waste will be stored, transported and managed according to relevant regulations, and disposed of by licensed facility. 1.9 Pollution control and environmental protection targets (1) Pollution control targets i. Control pollutants from motor vehicle emissions, protect the ambient air quality of urban district in Changzhi. ii. Control noise generated from motor vehicles, protect centralized residential area, hospitals, schools, kindergartens, parks and temples along the road from noise impact. iii. Protect grass lawn, roadside trees along the road from damage by project construction. iv. Make sure the social life of the communities along road not affected by project construction. v. Protect the water quality of Shizi River and Heihe River. (2) Environmental protection targets Environmental protection targets denote the targets in the area to be affected by the project construction, in another word, the receptors sensitive to the environmental impact, called sensitive receptor. The selection of environmental protection targets are based on the following criteria: a. Located along the project roads; b. Mainly focuses on the first row of building, which could be school, hospital and beadhouse. Based on field investigation, there are 11 environmental protection objectives along the 5 project roads, as shown in table 1-12 and figure 1-1. Table 1-12 Environmental protection objectives Hospital School Beadhouse Type Toil Name # of Number Number # of people Number beds Yingxiong Road / / 3 1450 / 3 Taihang Street 1 500 3 6600 / 4 Fuhou Street / / 1 2500 / 1 Chengxi Road 1 120 2 3400 / 3 Parking and maintenance yard in / / / / / 0 bus company South Parking and / / / / / 0 maintenance yard Total 2 620 9 13950/ / 11 6 Chengxi road No.4 No.9 No.1 No.5 No.2 Taihang No.6 No.7 No.10 No.11 No.8 Yingxiong No.3 Figure 1-1: Environmental protection objectives for this project. Note: Number in the map is corresponding to the objectives in table 1-13. 1 Table 1-13: Environmental protection targets along the project roads # of first No Distance to center # of windows Name Targets row # of floor # of student/bed of the road (m) facing road building 1 Yingxiong Road elementary school 58 3 2-5 400 36 Yingxiong Road 2 Xiaolingtong kindergarten 46 1 2 300 12 3 Xianan Street elementary school 58 1 2-5 750 20 4 Huoju middle school 96 2 3-4 2800 60 5 No.12 middle school 69 2 2-5 1800 74 Taihang Street 6 Jiandong Road elementary school 44 1 4 2000 88 glass curtain 7 Heji hospital 63 3 2-4 500 wall Fuhou Street 8 No.2 middle school 85 / / 2500 / 9 Changzhi Academy of Education 23 2 2-3 400 30 Maternal and Child Care Service Chengxi Road 10 47.8 3 3-6 120 45 Center 11 No.7 middle school 99 3 4-8 3000 / 2 2. Environmental Baseline 2.1 Natural Environment 2.1.1 Geographical Location Changzhi is located in southeast of Shanxi Province, with its east in the Taihang Mountain and adjacent to Hebei and Henan province; and in the west, contiguous to Taiyue Mountain, it is connected with Linfen area; Jinzhong and Jincheng are located in its north and south. The longest distance in its east-west direction is 150km and 140km wide for its south-north direction, the total area is 13896km2. The urban district of Changzhi is in the eastern part of Shangdang basin, which is contiguous to Taihang Mountain and Zhanghe River. Located in the center of the triangle area constructed by Taiyuan, Handan and Zhengzhou, with Taijiao Railway, Changhan Highway and State Highway 207 passing through, the urban district is the political, economic, cultural, technology, information and transportation center of Changzhi city. total area of the urban area is 55.6 km2. The project consists of Integrated Corridor Improvement, Intelligent Urban Transport Management System, Public Transit Supporting Infrastructure and Institutional Capacity Development. All the four components are located in the urban district, the project involved are Taihang Street, Yingxiong Road, Chengxi Road, Fuhou Street, Baiyi Square transit hub and underground parking lot, public bus terminal station, parking and maintenance yards. The location of involved area is shown in figure 2-1. 3 Legend Project roads Connecting roads Terminal station Bayi Square bus transit hub Mafangtou parking yard Underground parking lot Jiahui shopping center Parking lot Figure 2-1: Project location 2.1.2 Topography The topography of urban Changzhi is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The highest point is the ridge of Song Mountain, which has an elevation of 1180.3m, the lowest point is the estuary of Shizi River, with the evelation of 908.00m. The type of the 4 topography mainly include: Dong Mountain is located in the east with north-sourth direction, the topography fluctuates a lot; On top of Dong Mountain is rocky area, under the mountain is Loess Hilly-gullied Region with mild slope, mainly for terrace. In the west, the topography is mainly alluvial plain, which is flat and is the major agricultural and industrial area. In the urban area, hilly-gullied region and rocky region accounts for 14km2, the flat plain accounts for 41km2. The project is located in the west plain area. 2.1.3 Geological structure The geology of Changzhi is complex. Which is a mixture of the weathered bedrock and alluvial areas. This project is located within the urban area of Changzhi where the geology is stable. 2.1.4 Climate condition Changzhi City is located in the continental warm temperate zone with semi-dry monsoon climate. It has four distinct seasons with cold and little precipitation/snow in the winter season; windy in the spring season; hot in the summer season and precipitation is concentertaed; sunny and cool in the fall season. The long term annual precipitation in Changzhi is 599.0mm, the maximum daily precipitation is 145.8mm, the annual number of precipitation day is 92.8. The precipitation seasonality is in June, July, August and September, which accounts for 73.94% of the total precipitation. The largest precipitation month is July, with average precipitation of 167.6mm. Winter precipitation is little and only accounts for 2.75% of the total annual precipitation. The long term average temperature is 9.1 , average temperature for the coldest month (Jan) is 6.9 , for the hottest month (Jul) is 22.8 . The historical extreme high temperature is 37.16 and 29.3 for the extreme low temperature. the annual average air pressure is 91.08kPa, air pressure in the winter is 91.58kPa and 90.38kpa in the summer. The seasonality of wind direction is obvious, calm wind accounts for 36% of the annual wind, followed by S wind, which is 8% in frequency. The dominant wind direction for Jan, Mar, April, May, June, Oct and Nov is S wind; for Feb and Jul is SSW wind; for Aug and Sept is NE wind and SSE wind for Dec. The annual average wind speed is 1.6m/s, with the highest wind speed of 2.3m/s in April, the average wind speed in Sept and Dec is relatively low (l.2m/s), the maximum wind speed is 20.0m/s. The annual average evaporation is 1551.1mm, which is 2.51 times of the annual average precipitation. The evaporation is consistent with the temperature change, with the maximum evaporation between May and June. The annual average relative humidity is 65% and 77% in the hottest month (Jul). The maximum snow thickness is 18cm; the maximum depth of the frozen soil is 0.73m; the annual number of day without frost is 152, the beginning of frost period is in Oct and the end of the frost period is in May next year. 5 2.1.5 Ambient air quality Monitoring data from three stations (Auditing bureau Monitoring station, Aoruite) and “2010 announcement bulletin of Environment quality for Changzhi City� are used for Hydraulic Monitoring Aoruite Figure 2-2: Locations of three monitoring stations The ambient air quality assessment. among these stations, Auditing bureau and Monitoring station are located within the urban area, Aoruite is located in northeast of urban area, as shown in figure2-2. The monitoring pollutants are SO2 NO2 PM10. 6 According to “2010 announcement bulletin of environment quality for Changzhi City�, the ambient air pollutant is mainly PM10, then SO2 and NO2. The largest loading of the pollutants is PM10, which accounts for 51.9%, followed by SO2, which accounts for 28.1%; and then NO2, which accounts for 20.0%, the percentage of pollutant is shown in figure 2- 3. NO2 PM10 20% 51.9% SO2 28.1 Figure 2-3: Air pollutant loading. In urban area of Changzhi, 2010 The monitoring statistics of ambient air quality for Changzhi in 2010 is shown in Table 2-1 Table 2-1 Daily average concentration of SO2 NO2 PM10 at the monitoring stations in Changzhi. Percentage # of Exceedance of Air Concentration # of sample No Standard Probability Maximum pollutant range sample exceeding (%) Loading the limit % SO2 0.15 0.016 0.045 365 0 0 30 Monitoring NO2 0.12 0.015 0.033 365 0 0 27.5 Station PM10 0.15 0.065 0.115 365 0 0 76.7 SO2 0.15 0.013 0.048 365 0 0 32 Auditing NO2 0.12 0.018 0.042 365 0 0 35 Bureau PM10 0.15 0.062 0.109 365 0 0 72.7 SO2 0.15 0.023 0.053 365 0 0 35.3 Aoruite NO2 0.12 0.017 0.035 365 0 0 29.2 PM10 0.15 0.065 0.104 365 0 0 69.3 7 From the monitoring result of the three stations, we can see that all the air pollutant concentration meet grade 2 of “Ambient air quality standards� (GB3095-1996). Therefore, the ambient air quality in Changzhi city is good. 2.1.6 Surface water quality 2.1.6.1 Surface water system Changzhi is crossing Haihe River basin and Yellow River basin. The boundary of the basin is defined by Taihang mountain and Taiyue mountain, with Haihe River basin located in the east, which belongs to South Zhangwei Canal , the major rivers in this area are Zhuozhang River, Qingzhang River and Wei River; Yellow River is located in the west, the major River is Qin River. The major rivers in urban area of Changzhi are: Heshui River, Shizi River and South Zhuozhang River, which are all seasonally storm-typed river. Heishui River originates from Liing village, Handian town, Changzhi county. It enters urban Changzhi passing villages of Liulin, Linyi, Sima, Ancheng, Beiguo from south to north. Then it continues flow in the west of the urban to the north through villages of Zhenzhang, Xinanguan, Zhangzimen, finally it reaches Shizi River in the southeast part of Zifang village in the city. The entire stretch of the River is 15.1 km, with an average slope of 3.6‰, the drainage area is 108.45 km2. The water flow in Heshui River is small, and water quality is poor. Shizi River is the major branch of South Zhuozhang River it originates from east of Panmachi village, Shipo xiang, Huguan county, continues to flow northwest through villages of Beizhuang, Xiqili, Jinzhuang, Dongchongxian, Zhuangtou dam, Dujiahe, Jidian and enters urban changzhi. Flowing through villages of Shiqiao, Hukou, Taoyuan, it passes through the north part of urban Changzhi, continues to flow north through villages of Zifang, Qiucun and Jiangcun, reaches to South Zhuozhang River at western Beizhai village. The drainage area is 385.33km2 and the main channel of Shizi River is 49km. The river channel upstream of Shizi River is rocky or earth-rock area. It is normally dry and empty, runoff only generates during storm events. The width of the upstream of Shizi River is over 50m, the average slope is 12.1‰, which poses a high risk during flood condition. The width of downstream Shizi River is between 10m and 25m, with an average slope of 2.52‰. The River section within urban Changzhi is collected to serve as landscaping purpose. South Zhuozhang River is one of the three major branches (South Zhuozhang River, West Zhuozhang River and North Zhuozhang River) of Zhuozhang River, which belongs to Hai River basin and South Zhuowei Cannal water system. South Zhuozhang River originates from Fajiu mountain in Zhangzi county, flows through Changzhi county, urban and suburban area of Changzhi city, enters Lucheng city at north Huangnian and flows out at Xishan village, Shiku town in Lucheng, it reaches west Zhuozhang River at Gan village in Xiangyuan county and finally enters Hai River and Bohai Sea. The length of major south Zhuozhang River is 104km, with drainage area of 3522km2, the long term average annual stream flow is 0.265 billion m3 . The seasonality is distinct, during flood condition, the maximum stream flow is 3780m3/s, during drought condition, part of the River dries up with no flowing water. 8 The Bayi bridge on Yingxiong Road crosses Shizi River, the major section of the bridge is built in 1960 for motor vehicle transportation and the auxiliary section is built in 1980 for non-motor vehicle use; The Qiyi bridge at Chengxi Road also crosses Shizi River, it is built in 1970. Both bridges are old and lack of maintenance, in addition, the cross-section of these bridges does not meet the requirement for bus priority lane. Therefore, it is suggested by related department that both bridges should be demolished and reconstructed. The river system of Changzhi City is shown in figure 2-4. N Zhuozhan g River Heishu Shizi i River River 9 Figure 2-4: Surface water system of Changzhi area. 2.1.6.2 Surface water quality The surface water quality assessment is finished based on the monitoring data of the River section of Baoma at Zhuozhang River in 2010. The monitoring pollutants are pH COD BOD5, Ammonia Nitrogen, oil, sulfide, fluoride, cyanide and phenol compounds. Among these, pH COD BOD5, Ammonia Nitrogen, oil are selected for assessment. According to the indexes provided above, the average concentrations of the pollutants in the river cross-section are calculated and evaluated, as shown in table 2-2. Table 2-2: Surface water quality environmental assessment result Ammonia Item pH CODcr BOD5 Oil Nitrogen Mean 6.9-8.53 2.46 48 22.3 0.052 Standard - 0.49 0.80 1.11 0.05 Deviation Meets standard Y Y Y N Y (Y/N) Exceedance - - - 0.11 - index At the monitoring section at Baoma, the BOD5 is exceeding the Class 1 standard a little (0.11 times), ammonia Nitrogen and COD meet the type 1 standard, the rests meet the type standard of “Surface water quality standard� (GB3838-2002). 2.1.7 Acoustic environment quality (1) Regional environmental noise According to “2010 announcement bulletin of Environment quality for Changzhi�, there are 202 effective grid used to monitor the regional noise, the equivalent sound level for the noise is 52.4dB. Based on “Acoustic environment quality standard� (GB3096 2008), 189 grids meet the standard, which accounts for 93.6% of the total grids. Among the grids, 85 grids belong to type I region, in which 75 grids (88.2%) meet the standard; 66 grids belong to type region, in which 63 grids (95.5%) meet the standard; 51 grids belong to type region, in which all grids (100%) meet the standard. (2) Functioning zone noise 10 The city is divided by four functioning zones (class 1 4) to monitor environmental noise, each zone has 2 monitoring points, the total number is 8. The monitoring work is done once every season for consecutive 24 hours. The monitoring results are: The average equivalent should level for class 1 is 53.2dB(A) during daytime and 46.0dB(A) at night; the average equivalent should level for class 2 is 59.3dB(A) during daytime and 49.9dB(A) at night; the average equivalent should level for class 3 is 56.0dB(A) during daytime and 49.5dB(A) at night; the average equivalent should level for class 4 is 63.6dB(A) during daytime and 56.9dB(A) at night. The noise in class 1 and 4 at night exceeds the limit, the rests meet the standard. (3) Traffic noise in urban area According to the environmental monitoring station in Changzhi, monitoring program has been done for 14 main roads and 73 sections in 2010, including Taihang Street, Yingixaong Road, Fuhou Street and Chengxi Road, the total distance of road under monitoring is 51.9km. The equivalent sound level for traffic noise of the city is 67.9dB(A), which is increased by 0.1dB from 2009. In urban area, except for road sections at hydraulic station, Physical Culture and Sports Commission, New Huaibei Community, oil company city 1st coach station, bureau of health where the noise level exceed the class 4a standard (70dB) of “Acoustic environment quality standard� (GB3096 2008), the rest sections all meet the class 4a standard. 10 monitoring points are located along Taihang Street, the range of the sound level is 64.1 70.1dB, one of the ten points (10%) exceeds the standard by 0.1dB; 5 monitoring points are located along Fuhou Street, the range of the sound level is 66.9 70.3dB, one of the five points (20%) exceeds the standard by 0.3dB; 7 monitoring points are located along Yingxiong Road, the range of the sound level is 64.4 72.2dB, one of the seven points (14%) exceeds the standard by 2.2dB; 4 monitoring points are located along Chengxi Road, the range of the sound level is 67.4 68.6dB, noise level at all the points exceed the standard. (4) Noise at sensitive receptors According to the monitoring results, the noise at sensitive receptors is shown in table 2-3. From the result, it is shown that the noise level at sensitive receptors meets the class 2 standard of “Acoustic environment quality standard� (GB3096 2008), the acoustic environment meets the standard. Table 2-3 Results of monitoring for sensitive receptors Sound level Standard Road name Objective Period L10 L50 L90 Leq Yingxiong Yingxiong road elementary daytime 57.6 52 50.3 53.8 60 Road school night 44.6 42.2 41 43.6 50 daytime 58.1 54 51.4 55.4 60 Xiaolingtong kindergarten night 48.6 43.6 40 45.7 50 Xianan Street elementary daytime 52.3 51.5 44.0 50.2 55 school 11 Sound level Standard Road name Objective Period L10 L50 L90 Leq school night 43.5 40.6 39.1 41.4 45 daytime 53.5 52 51.1 52.3 60 Huoju middle school night 42.4 42.1 41.9 42.3 50 daytime 56.3 54.8 53 55 60 No.12 middle school night 48.4 40 37.3 44.3 50 Taihang Street Jiandong Road elementary daytime 59.2 55.5 50.3 56.6 60 school night 46.8 43.4 41.9 44.1 50 daytime 56.4 54.3 52.9 54.7 60 Heji hospital night 43.8 42.8 41.8 42.9 50 daytime 55.8 47.9 44.8 51.8 55 Fuhou Street No. 2 middle school night 43.3 40.7 38.1 41.4 45 Changzhi academy of daytime 56.4 54.3 52.9 54.7 60 education night 43.8 42.8 41.8 42.9 50 Chengxi Maternal and Child Care daytime 56.4 54.3 52.9 54.7 60 Road Service Center night 43.8 42.8 41.8 42.9 50 daytime 54.8 51.4 48.3 52.4 55 No.7 middle school night 42.8 41.5 40.3 41.7 45 Parking and daytime 49.5 45.0 42.8 47.7 55 maintenance Mafangtou yard night 35.6 33.8 32.5 35.2 45 2.1.8 Groundwater The groundwater resource within Changzhi area is 0.664 billion m3, the resource within urban area is 5 million m3. Xinai spring within Changzhi is the second largest spring in Shanxi Province, the outlet is located at the 16km long valley of Zhuozhang River between Xiliu village in Lucheng city and Beidanche village in Pingshun. The boundaries of the spring are: surface water of Zhuozhang River and Qinhe River is the northern boundary; the border of Qin county and Qinyuan county serves as the western boundary; surface water divide between Zhuozhang River, Qinhe River and Danhe River is the southern boundary; surface water divide between Zhuozhang River and Qingzhang River and Niangziguan spring is the eastern boundary. Xiliu source is located at the Zhuozhang River beach in Xiliu village, Lucheng city. It is 36km away from urban Changzhi and is the major source for domestic water supply. 12 2.1.9 Mineral resources The mineral resources detected in Changzhi area are coal, iron, manganese, aluminum, sulfur, limestone, plaster, quartz and marble etc. Among these 40 mineral resources, more than 20 of them have good mining economics, especially for coal, which has 90.6 billion ton reserve as predicted, 34.6 billion ton are detected, which accounts for 12% of total detected coal reserve in China. The type of coal in the area is diverse and the quality is good, it is buried shallow and easy for mining. There are reserves for sulfurous iron ore, evasive, bauxite, Quartz, refractory clay, marble, oil, rocks, clay, etc, which are all has potential for mining. The mineral resources in urban are are limestone, refractory clay. 2.1.10 Earthquake According to national standards for seismic fortification intensity, design basic acceleration of ground motion and designed seismic category for major city area, the project construction area is degree 7 for the seismic fortification intensity and group 2 for the designed category. 2.2 Social environment 2.2.1 Administrative divisions and population Changzhi has over 10 counties, 2 districts and 1 county-level city, these are: Changzhi County, Zhangzi county, Tunliu County, Huguan County, Licheng County, Pingshun county, Xiangyuan County, Wuxiang County, Qinxian county, Qinyuan county and Lucheng city. There are 247 towns within this administrative area and the total area of land is about 13896km2, total population is around 329.91 million. The urban area is the political, economic, cultural, information and bussiness center, where the government agencies, such as city government of Changzhi and city committee of Changzhi, are located It has 10 subdistrict offices, which are: East street office, South Yingxiong road office, West street office, Middle Yingxiong road office, Zijin street office, Changqing street office, South Yanan street office, Mawu street office, Taidong street office, Taixi street office. Moreover, it has 49 communities, 28 grocery markets and more than 1600 institutions, military units, schools and enterprises. Population in urban area is 0.4162 million, with a density of 7376 people/km2. There are ten ethnic groups, which are: Han, Hui, Man, Mogolia, Miao, Bai, Chaoxian, Tujia and Naxi, etc. 2.2.2 Regional economic situation The GDP of Changzhi city in 2009 is 77.53 billion yuan, which is increased by 10% from 2008. The GDP of the primary industry is 3.52 billion yuan, which is decreased by 3.5%; the GDP of the secondary industry is 48.67 billion yuan, which is increased by 11.7%; the GDP of the tertiary industry is 25.34 billion yuan, which is increased by 9.5%. The ratio of 13 the three industries is adjusted from 4.8 63.4 31.8 to 4.5 62.8 32.7. GDP per capita is 23,558 yuan, which is increased by 9.5% from 2008. The consumer price index (CPI) of 2009 is increased by 0.3%, among which the food price is increased by 2.5%, price of commercial product is decreased by 6.4% and price of Raw materials, fuel and power is decreased by 6.7%. The total population with employment at the end of 2009 is about 1.5 million, which is increased by 21,900. Among these, the population in the primary industry is 0.65 million, which is decreased by 6,000; the population in the secondary industry is about 0.41 million, which is increased by 5,500; the population in the tertiary industry is about 0.48 million, which is increased by 22,400. The total nmber of increased jobs across the year is 39,000 and the unemployment rate is 2.16%, which is increased by 0.11% from last year. The total gross financial revenue is 17.79 billion yuan, which is increased by 11.5% from last year. Among these, general budget revenue accounts for 6.96 billion, which is increased by 11.1%. The net financial revenue is 16.91 billion yuan and the general budget revenue accounts for 6.08 billion yuan, which are increased by 10.3% and 7.9% respectively. The general budget expenditure is 11.24 billion yuan, increased by 15.7% from last year. Among these, expenditures for social security and employment increased 9.8%, medical and health expenditures increased 21.3%, technology, education and agriculture expenditures increased 20.7%, 18.9 and 19.3% respectively. 2.2.3 Quality of life The population in the city in 2009 is 3.29 million, increased by 16,300 from last year. The birth rate and death is 11.12‰ and 6.18‰, the population increase rate is 4.94‰. Urban population accounts for 41.04%, which is increased by 0.59%. The sex ratio is 105.73 (female=100). The annual net income for rural population per capita is 5,357 yuan, which is increased by 8.0%; in urban area, the per capita disposable income is 15,494.4 yuan, which is increased by 8.5%. The average per capita wage is 28,773 yuan, which is increased by 2,250 yuan (increased 8.4% ). The average per capita house area in 2009 is 32m2, for rural resident, the average per capita housing area is 36.5 m2. . Urban population with basic endowment insurance is 334,100, which is increased by 21,200. Among these, staffs account for 252,700, retirees account for 815,000. Staffs with basic health insurance are 449,600, which is increased by 465,000; staffs with unemployment insurance are 246,100, people with unemployment insurance 14 paid are 10525. There are 173 various social welfare institutions, which is increased by 27; number of beds are 9,473, which accommodates 304 people. 95 community service facilities are constructed. Amount of social welfare lotteries sold is 112.92 million yuan, donations from the society is 7.55 million yuan. Urban population with minimum standard of living are 55,419, rural population with minimum standard of living are 123,746. 2.2.4 Land use The land area in urban area of Changzhi is 55km2, which accounts for 17.1% of the total land area. Among these, the planting area of corps is 6626mu, the planting area of vegetable is 5634mu. Other types of land use such as industry, business, house and road account for 4557.5mu, which is 82.9% of the total land area. The land use at different suburban office is shown in table 2-4. Table 2-4 Land use condition at different xiang/town Xiang/town/suburban area percentage cultivated percentage 2 Other(ha office km total % land (ha road % East street office 4.97 8.94 0 497 100 South Yingxiong 4.35 7.82 0 435 100 street office West street office 4.09 7.36 0 409 100 Middle Yingxiong 4.21 7.57 0 421 100 street office Zijing street office 4.94 8.88 0 494 100 Changqing street 7.23 13 452.4 270.6 37.4 office South Yanan street 5.95 10.7 0 595 100 office Wuma street office 6.55 11.8 490.1 164.9 25.2 Taidong street office 6.81 12.2 0 681 100 Taixi street office 6.50 11.73 0 650 100 2.2.5 Physical cultural resources There are 5 provincial level cultural sites within Changzhi area. Among these, 2 sites are key cultural relic under the State-level protection: Luanfu Temple and Guanyin Temple ; 3 sites are key cultural relic under the province-level protection: relic of Bitou, Chongjiao Temple and Shangdang Gate. 15 Verified by the Municipal Bureau of Culture in Changzhi city, there is no important cultural relic sites at any level protection within the assessment area of the project. Based on field survey, there are two PCR near Yingxiong Roads, i.e. a West Mosque and Huayan Temple. While these two sites are outside the right-of-way of the road, and will not be subject to direct impact from the project activity. 2.2.6 City construction Changzhi is awarded “one of the ten charming cities in Chaing�, “national garden city�, “National Sanitary City� and “Provincial Model City for Environmental Protection". In 2009, the constructed urban area is 45.3 million m2, urban building area is 53.56 million m2, which is increased by 14.1% from last year. Urban green coverage of the constructed area is 47.8%, which is increased by 1%. There are 557 operational vehicles for urban transportation and 1800 taxies. There are 4 parks within in the urban area, the total area is 127ha. In 2009, the total water supply is 84.58 million ton, daily average domestic water per capita use is 160L. The total supply for LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas is 53.1 million ton and 15.92 million m3 for that of natural gas. The total supply for coal gas is 110 million m3 and 40.86 million m3 of these are for domestic use. Popularization rate of gas is 82.81%, which is improved by 12.53%. The area for centralized heat supply is increased from 13.74 million m2 to 18.54 million m2. Among these, 14.81 million m2 are for residence use, which is increased by 3.83 million m2. The sewage plant in the city has the capacity of 140,000 ton/day, the total amount of waste water treated are 51.13 million ton. Total amount of solid waste collected are 220,000 ton, the safety disposal rate is 100%. This project includes four main roads in urban area of Changzhi. Most of the roadside units are business, residential buildings, administration, medical and health department. The drainage system was built long time ago. Combined system is prevailing. The current drainage pipelines and channels under the four roads have two types: single pipeline and double pipeline. Part of the narrow road sections uses single pipeline, with diameter of d500 1100×2000. This project mainly focuses on replacing the non motor vehicle lane with bus priority lane or auxiliary road for mixed motor vehicle and non motor vehicle. The surface of road where the section is damaged by poor maintenance will be removed and repaved. The pipelines under the bus priority lane and the auxiliary road need to be protected. 2.3 Urban transportation 2.3.1 Road network (1) Connection between cities: Urban area of Changzhi has 4 highway entrances/exits. These are Taichang Highway (G208) entrance/exit in the west, Taichang Highway 16 (S326) entrance/exit in the south, Changhan Highway (S103) entrance/exit at Anyang, Changhan Highway (G207) entrance/exit at Xicun. (2) Road in the city: the layout of the road network of urban Changzhi is grid network, the main roads are in south-north direction and east-west direction. The Yixiong road is the vertical axis of south-north direction, the Taihang Street is the horizontal axis of east-west direction, which together constitute the road frame horizontally and vertically. The roads to outside urban are outer ring road, West Taihang street, west section of 1st ring road, South Yingxiong road, East Jiefang street, etc. The total distance of the road network in the urban area is 215.8km, the density of road network is 3.88km/ km2, urban road area ratio is 8.6%, average road area per capita is 7.87 m2. Ratio of major, branch and secondary road is 1:0.27:1.72, in which the ratio of branch and secondary road are too small compared with the standard 1:1.2:3. (3) In conclusion, the density of the road network within urban area is relatively low, the road area is relatively small and the ratio of road mixture is not proper. In addition, the scale of motor vehicle lane in the major roads is small, which is difficult for road expansion; the entrance of the building along the route direct connects with the major road, which makes the traffic efficiency low in the major road; the connectivity of the roads is not enough, where dead ends are common, which makes the traffic capacity low for the entire major roads. 2.3.2 Urban transportation infrastructure First of all, there is no bus priority lane in Changzhi, the public transit system is not complete. Currently, the bus company in Changzhi has 621 buses and the total area for bus parking is 73,000 m2 which can only satisfy the basic need for bus parking and maintenance. The number of bus terminal stations within the urban area is 40. Among there, 11 terminal stations has more than 2 bus routes. Bus stops are located along the major road including Yingxiong Road, Jiefang Street, Yanan Road, Changxing Road and Chengdong Road, usually they are harbor-typed stops with a total number of 50. In addition, included in the current intelligent urban transport management system, signal facilities (all single point signal control), e-police, CCTV monitoring, Traffic Guidance using VMS, License Plate Recognition System and traffic guidance screen have been installed for some of the road section. However, these facilities are not well maintained and the coverage is not large enough. Moreover, most of these facilities are not functioning. Third, parking facilities in the urban area are limited especially in the central area. Parking without permit and occupation of road shoulder disturbs the normal traffic flow, which could potentially cause safety issues. 17 2.3.3 Traffic condition The major way of transportation for the resident is on foot, which accounts for 4.3%, bicycle for 27%, public transportation for 12%, scoters for 8% and private vehicles for 8%. The traffic rush hour in the morning is 7:30-8:30 and 17:30-18:30 in the evening. According to the observation, the traffic volume at south-north direction of Chengxi Road, Yingxiong Road, Changxing Road, Yanan Road and the east-west direction of Taihang Street, Zijin Street, South West Street, central area of Jiefang Road are relatively high. Traffic volume for the section from West Jiefang Road to Bayi Square at Yingxiong Road is especially high. Currently, the urban transportation at Changzhi is showing congestion especially during morning and evening hours. 2.3.4 Traffic safety Every year in Changzhi, injury and death from traffic accident are high. The average number of death from each accident is 0.47, which is 1.68 time of the national average. Compared with other cities of similar size, this number is high for Changzhi, denoting that it faces serious problem in traffic safety. Studies of traffic accident from the past 3 years show that 5 roads in Changzhi have high risk of accident: West outer ring, East outer ring, Taihang Road, Yingxiong Road and Wuzhen Street. 2.4 Relevant transportation plans 2.4.1 Relevant plans (1) Urban master plan of Changzhi From the master plan, it is determined that the city should develop toward the north. Based on this strategy, planning of various infrastructures and facilities are finished. Moreover, planning of an integrated transportation system including railway, road and airport is determined. The overall layout of the urban road network shows south-north direction. According to the urban master plan of Changzhi (2001-2020), the structure of the road network should form “grided road network with ring road circulated from inside and outside and radiated development � based on existing situation. These are: grided road within the urban central area; four inner and outer ring roads. The major road network for the central urban area should be “vertically six and horizontally seven�, which means: vertically layout for six roads, including West outer ring road, Luze Street, Chengxi Road, Yanan Road, Chengdong Road, East outer ring road; horizontally layout for seven roads, including North outer ring road, North 1st ring road, Chengbei Street, East and West Taihang Street, Wuzhen Street, South outer ring road. 18 (2) Master plan of central urban area of Changzhi Objective of the plan: lead the urban development, provide guideline and regulation for strategically arrangement of the land use, transportation and public municipal facilities. This plan further implement the requirement form the city master plan. It provides plans for the land use, building density, floor-area ratio, greening rate, building height, parking spots and related facilities within the 49.59 km2 urban area; it also sets guideline and standards for other urban design contents. According to “Master plan of central urban area of Changzhi 2011-2020 �, the road network of urban Changzhi should be “vertical nine and horizontal nine�, which means: vertically layout for nine roads, including East ring road, Chengdong Road, Yanan Road, Changxing Road, Yingxiong Road, Chengxi Road, West ring road, Zhanqian road and West outer ring road; horizontally layout for nine roads, including North ring road, Chengbei Street, Taihang Street, Zijin Street, Fuhou Street, East West Street, Jiefang Street, Heping Street and Chengnan Street. (3) Strategy development of “1+6� metropolitan area Objective: Through development, make Changzhi a hub for the economic development of southeast Shanxi. Enhance the connections and cooperation with the adjacent cities so that capital, technology, information and talent can flow and communicate within the area. The plan lays down various development objectives for the “1+6� metropolitan area, proposes plans and strategies for industrial development, municipal and countryside development, environment protection, policy enhancement, regional development and supportive basic infrastructure development. According to “Strategy and guidance for development of “1+6� metropolitan area� (2008- 2030), urban transportation of Changzhi will have the capability to reach between urban area and adjacent counties and towns via the rapid transport system within 20 minutes. According to the planning for road network of urban area of Changzhi and inter-city connection roads, the major roads connecting with the inter-city connection roads are Tianwanji Road (toward south), Fuhou Street (toward east), Chengdong Road (toward north), Taihang Street and West Street (toward west). (4) Integrated transportation master plan According to the integrated transportation planning from GEF project, the road network of urban area of Changzhi is shown in figure 2-5. For the four transport corridors, only Fuhou Street is the secondary main road and the other three are primary main roads. 19 Yingxiong Chengxi Taihang Fuhou Express road Primary trunk road Figure 2-5: Seco. trunk road Location of the transport corridors. Branch road 2.4.2 Relationship between this project and the transportation master plan 2.4.2.1 Relationship between the transport corridors and the transport master plan According to the introduction from the master plan, Yingxiong Road, Taihang Street, Chengxi Road and Fuhou Road in this project are the main road in the city. In accordance with different plan contents, Fuhou Street and Taihang Street are connected with the inter- city route. The functioning definitions of the four corridors are: (1) Yingxiong Road 20 Planned as the main road; its service function for south of the city will be reduced in the future due to the construction of inter-city rapid route between Tianwanji Road and Changzhi county; as the business corridor in the old city district, the axle function will be reduced due to the development, but the business and recreational function will be maintained considering the exist of Bayi Square; The design of bus route can support the business and recreational function. (2) Taihang Street Planned as the main road; Served as the axle for the development in east-west direction; the development of new city district will be to its west; it is connected with Laoding Mountain in the east, so it is the key axle for supporting the city development. In the west, it is connected with the inter-city rapid route to Tunliu district. Before the construction of West outer ring road, it also serves as the transportation axles for the traffic outside the city, with the construction of the rapid transit road, this function will be weakened, which will enhance its function as the bus corridor. (3) Chengxi Road Planned as the main road; the development of new city district toward the south will make this corridor the most important axle in the south-north direction. The bus passenger volume will increase in the future. For the time being, it is the center bus route in the west part of the city and rapid transit will be added in the plan in the future. Its main function will be serving as a bus axle in the future because it is not connected with the inter-city rapid route according to the master transportation plan. (4) Fuhou Street Planned as the secondary main road; will begin the construction of inter-city rapid route recently, with the reconstruction of its eastern section in the meantime, the function as the bus corridor will be enhanced; it is connected with the coach station and foreign trade business market, the coach station will be also served as tourist coach station with its bus depot function enhanced; it is also a bus corridor crossing the old city district. (5) Analysis and conclusion The existing integrated transportation master plan provides a reasonable objective, which mainly includes bus improvement strategy in the future. The integrated corridor improvement in this project is the major component and it will improve the bus transportation ratio by enhancing the bus transportation attraction, in the meantime, it is of great importance for accomplishment of environment-friendly transportation in the city. Taihang Street is the axle in the east-west direction of the city, which plays a key role in supporting the development of the new city district and Laoding mountain area; Yingxiong Road is the most important axle in the south-north direction in the current road system; Chengxi Road is the axle in the future of the city; Fuhou Street is the important axle in the future for the east-west direction. The implementation of these integrated corridors and bus priority lane will not only improve the transportation in the city, but also enhance and lead the development along the corridors and the new city district, achieve the planning objectives of the city. 21 2.4.2.2 Relationship between public transportation infrastructure and relevant city planning The number of bus in urban Changzhi is not enough and part of the buses are in a poor operation condition; the parking space of buses is very limited; the location and type of the bus station is not proper ; the auxiliary facilities is old. Therefore, the construction of the bus terminal stations and the parking and maintenance yard will improve the bus operation condition and provide basis and support for the bus prior development in Changzhi. The number of parking facilities is too limited, in addition, the lack of comprehensive planning and management is the main reason causing this problem. Currently, there is no specific planning for parking yard in Changzhi, the construction of parking yard is not under guidance. The available parking space cannot meet the requirement and the layout of the parking yard is not proper. The facilities and management of the parking yard is poor, the auxiliary facilities are not complete and have no safety guarantee. Therefore, comprehensive plannig and management of parking space and facilities requires integrated parking management. 22 3 Project Descriptions 3.1 Project description Objective of the project is to improve transport mobility in the central city of Changzhi in a safe, sustainable, and efficient manner for all users. Implementing department: Changzhi Urban Transport Project Management Office Project location: Urban area of Changzhi Construction period: 2012-2015 3.2 Major project components Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project has four components, they are: Integrated Corridor Improvement; Intelligent Urban Transport Management System; Public Transit Supporting Infrastructure; and Institutional Capacity Development. The total investment for this project is about 1.29 billion yuan, about 0.2 billion dolor, among which, 0.1 billion will be from the World Bank loan, the rest is from the counterpart funding of the city. The main project construction contents are shown in table 3-1. Table 3-1: Project Components Amount Percentage (%) No Project components Construction Contents investment (10,000 yuan) Bus priority lane 90302.69 69.9 Road reconstruction Bridge works Water supply and drainage pipeline Integrated Corridor Transportation 1 Improvement facilities “Green� area relocation and renovation Parking improvement 23 Urban transport 21007.47 11.6 database platform Intelligent Traffic Management and Intelligent Urban Control System 2 Transport Management Intelligent bus System operation and service platform Traffic Management Auxiliary System Bus Depot at Bayi 14973.8 16.3 Public Transit Square 3 Supporting Bus Terminal Station Infrastructure Park and Maintenance Yard Institutional 2832.4 2.2 investigation, training, research and Institutional Capacity 4 workshop, related Development technical consulting and related technical facilities and materials 5 Project Front-End Fee - 159.75 0.1 Total 129276.11 3.3 Integrated Corridor Improvement Integrated Corridor Improvement is one of the important components for this project. The goal is to establish an integrated fast transport system of public transit, pedestrians and bicycles. The involved corridors are Taihang Street, Yingxiong Road, Chengxi Road and Fuhou Street. The start and end location as well as the distance for the reconstruction of the four corridors are shown in table 3-2, the detailed location is shown in figure 2-1. Table 3-2: Start location, end location and distance Start and End Road Name Pile No. Distance(km) Location Hubin Taihang Street Street Jinkou K0+068.609 K8+708.693 8.64 Road Yingxiong West Outer Ring K0+300 K9+049.634 8.75 Road Road Mafangtou West Outer Ring Chengxi Road K0+190.02 K5+215.797 5.03 Road Wuyi Street 24 Zhanqian Fuhou Street. Road Middle K0+194.127 K3+885.682 3.69 Changxing Road Total 26.1 3.3.1 Major engineering criteria (1) Road construction technical criteria The main indexes are shown in table 3-3. Table 3-3: Main technical standards for road construction Item Criteria Main road Secondary main road for Fuhou Road type, class Street Two ways six lines two ways four motor Number of Lanes vehicle lanes+two ways two bus priority lanes Designed pavement structure life(year) 15 Designed running speed(km h) 40 60 Designed road load BZZ 100 standard car Road section 3.25 3.75 Line Intersection 3 3.25 width(m) Bay-typed bus stop 2.5 3 Latitudinal Motor vehicle lane 2% slope Pedestrian lane Inverse 2% Motor vehicle ≥5.0 Height(m) Non motor vehicle and ≥2.5 pedestrian Distance between bus stop 500 800 Min. radius(m) 1000 Min. length of horizontal curve (m) 50 stopping sight distance (m) 70 Max. longitudinal 2.6% slope Min. distance of longitudinal 110 slope (m) min. radius of vertical curve 1800(convex) 1500(concave) (m) min. length of vertical curve 40 25 (m) (2) Tunnel engineering technical criteria Tunnel is constructed for entry/exit of the underground parking yard under the platform of Baiyi Square, it is the ramp of the parking lot. The maximum slope is 12%, the width is 7m, degree 7 for the seismic fortification intensity. (3) Rainwater drainage engineering technical criteria The drainage system for city of Changzhi is a combination of rainwater and sewage water, which is collected together by the drainage pipeline. Collection time: t1=10min; designed storm return period: P=1 year; runoff coefficient: 0.9 for road, green area for 0.15, weighted average is 0.6; based on the precipitation condition recently, recommend to use larger runoff coefficient. (4) Lighting technical criteria Criteria for the road: Average illuminance 30(1x) ; average brightness 2.O(cd m2). 3.3.2 General plan (1) General layout plan Taihang Street and Fuhou Street are designed for bus running at both sides of the bus priority lane, Yingxiong Road and Chengxi Road are designed for bus running at the middle of the bus priority lane. The layout of the bus route is adjusted based on the integrated transportation master plan, the current locations of bus stops are mostly remained, bus stops close to intersections are designed to integrate with the intersections, the type of the bus stop is changed to bay- typed. The general layout plan is shown in table 3-4. (2) Major layout factors for the bus priority lane a. Length of mixing section Non- parking zone of 50m-100m long should be used in proximity of the intersection to ensure the smooth running of the vehicle. b. Transition section No transition between the normal road and bus priority lane, using signal to ensure the bus priority. c. Bus priority lane at the interaction d. Bus stop design There are three types of bust stops: bay-typed, dot-painted bay-type and junction integrated type. dot-painted bay-type: 2 3 depots, platform needs to be 30m 45m. Bay-typed: 65m for two depots, platform is 30m; 80m for three spots, platform is 45m. intersection integrated type: consistent with the design of integrated intersection. 26 Table 3-4: Integrated corridors master plan Designed Redline Priority Number of Bus route and the adjustment Entry/exit No Name speed Width lane Junction Intersection management (km/h) (m) type Channelization Current Plannin Add 3 b typed west di side par stop ch Taihang Plain 1 60 40 60 Side Right turn 11 16 bus stops along the road side, route 1, 2, 5, 13, 14, 313 1 2 3 Street Junction branch station 6 9 1 all need Heji ho Add 1 b to bay- type; ch renovat 40,60 reconst 18 bus stops, 5 bay-type, rest along road side, route Yingxiong (south of South e 2 40 60 Middle 6 tong1 2 3 6 8 10 red 10 blue 12 13 14 16 16 Road ecology north d branch 19 20 313 garden) institute route to blue 1 1 20 airport 27 8 chang Chengxi 12 bus stops along the road side, route 3 40 40 60 Middle 6 type, re Road 3 5 7 13 14 18 302 303 307 310 tong18 2 chang 2 chang Fuhou 7 bus stops along the road side, route, 4 40 50 Side 3 tong2 Street tong13 17 2 7 5 6 8 16 21 302 303 307 310 and rec directio 28 3.3.3 Road construction In order to fully utilize the existing facilities and minimize the influence on urban transportation, the center of the horizontal curve should be maintained with existing condition on basis of meeting the design requirement. The road profile should be aligned based on the center of the current road, the shape and height of the profile should keep consistent with current design so that it can be connected smoothly with other roads, entrance/exit of department and residential area. 3.3.3.1 Profile for Taihang Street According to different type of profiles, Taihang Street is divided by 5 sections, which are shown in figure 3-1. West 1st Chengxi Chengdong Jinkou Road~ Ring Road Road End point 1 2 3 4 5 Figure 3-1: Taihang Street. Bayi East Outer Hubin Road~Start Taijiao Square Ring point Railway 1. Hubin Road Tiyu Road The isolation belt between motor vehicle lane and non motor vehicle lane is kept the same, the 6m non motor vehicle lane is changed to 4m bus priority lane, the rest 2m, together with the current pedestrian lane are changed to pedestrian and non- motor vehicle integrated lane, the width is 6.5m. The trees beside the road should be maintained. This section of road is 2.2km long, the current and designed profiles are shown in figure 3- 2 and 3-3. Figure 3-2 Current profile for Hubin Road Taijiao railway 29 Figure 3-3 Profile design for Hubin Road Taijiao railway 2. Taijiao Railway This section of the road is 0.6km, the current profile is maintained, there is no bus priority lane here, but bus priority signals are used. The current profile is shown in figure 3-4. Figure 3-4: Current profile for the tunnel under Taijiao railway 3. West 1st ring Chengdong Road The isolation belt between motor vehicle lane and non motor vehicle lane will be maintained. The 7m wide non motor vehicle lane is changed to 4m wide bus priority lane and 3m wide non motor vehicle lane as pedestrian and non-motor vehicle integrated lane, the green belt and pedestrian lane are kept the unchanged. The profile design of the section in Bayi Square is shown in the figure for the junction design of Bayi Square. This section of the road is 4km, the current and designed profile are shown in figure 3-5 and figure 3-6. 30 Figure 3-5: Current profile for West 1st Ring Road Chengdong Road Figure 3-6: Profile design for West 1st Ring Road Chengdong Road 4. Chengdong Road East Outer Ring Road The motor vehicle lane will be maintained, the 6m wide non motor vehicle lane is changed to 4m wide bus priority lane, the rest 2m, together with the pedestrian lane or green belt are changed to 3m non motor vehicle lane as pedestrian and non-motor vehicle integrated lane. This section of the road is 1.3km, the current and designed profile is shown in figure 3-7 and figure 3-8. Figure 3-7: Current profile for Chengdong Road East Outer Ring Road 31 Figure 3-8: Profile design for Chengdong Road East Outer Ring Road 5. East Outer Ring Road Jinkou Village The current profile will be maintained and bus priority is denoted using painting on the road. This section of the road is 0.5km, the current profile is shown in figure 3-9. Figure 3-9: Profile design for East Outer Ring Road Jinkou Village 3.3.3.2 Yingxiong Road According to different type of profiles, Yingxiong Road is divided by 7 sections, which are shown in figure 3-10. Heping Fuhou Street Mafangtou end Street Bayi Square Dongdajie North Outer Taihang Wuzhen Ring start Street Street Figure3-10: Yingxiong Road profile 1. North Outer Ring Road Taihang Street The motor vehicle lane will be maintained; for the road section from West Street to Taihang Street, the non motor vehicle lane (5.5m) and green belt (3m) are changed to green belt 32 (2.5m)+ auxiliary road (6m), the pedestrian lane, green belt outside and other road section is kept the same with current design. This section of the road is 2.7km, the current and designed profiles are shown in figure 3-11 and 3-12. Figure 3-11: Current profile for North Outer Ring Road Taihang Street Figure 3-12: Profile design for North Outer Ring Road Taihang Street 2. Taihang Street Fuhou Street The motor vehicle lane and green belt will be maintained, the 5m wide non motor vehicle lane will be expanded to 6m as an auxiliary road. The profile for Bayi Square is kept the same with the current design, one bus priority lane is added, the detailed design is shown in Bayi Square junction design figure. This section of the road is 1.7km, the current and designed profiles are shown in figure 3-13 and 3-14. 33 21 Figure 3-13: Current profile for Taihang Street Fuhou Street Figure 3-14: Profile design for Taihang Street Fuhou Street 3. Fuhou Street Dongdajie The current design is one slab, the width will be maintained. For the road section from Xinshi Street to Dongdajie, the current mixed traffic line (13m) is changed to motor vehicle lane of the same width, with four lines in two ways. The pedestrian line outside will be changed to 4.5m wide pedestrian and non-mechanical-vehicle integrated slab. This section of the road is 0.9km, the current profile is shown in figure 3-15. Figure 3-15: Current profile for Fuhou Street Dongdajie 4. Dongdajie Heping Street This section of the road is 1.3km and the profile will be maintained, the 6m wide non motor vehicle lane is changed to auxiliary road. The current and designed profiles are shown in figure 3-16 and figure 3-17. 34 Figure 3-16: Current profile for Dongdajie Heping Street Figure 3-17: Profile design for Dongdajie Heping Street 5. Heping Street Wuzhen Street The current profile is motor vehicle lane (16m) + side isolation belt (6m) + non motor vehicle lane (8m) = 30m, the surrounding building is around 0 2.5m away from the edge of the non motor vehicle lane. This section of the road is 1.1km and will be changed to one lane, as shown in figure 3-18. 35 Figure 3-18: Current profile for Heping Street Wuzhen Street 6. Wuzhen Street 25th Wei Road The current profile will be maintained, the motor vehicle lane in the center will be changed to bus priority lane + motor vehicle lane. This section of the road is 0.7km, the current and designed profiles are shown in figure 3-19 and figure 3-20. 1~5 6 4 10 10 4 6 2~5 42~50 Figure 3-19: Current profile for Wuzhen Street 25th Wei Road Figure 3-20: Profile design for Wuzhen Street 25th Wei Road 7. 25th Wei Road Mafangtou The current profile is a 20m wide road, which will be maintained with no bus priority lane. This section of the road is 0.7km, the current profile is shown in figure 3-21. 36 Figure 3-21: Current profile for 25th Wei Road Mafangtou 3.3.3.3 Chengxi Road According to different types of profile, Chenxi Road is divided by 2 sections, as shown in figure 3-22. North Outer Ring Road-Start 2 1 3rd Wei road Wuyi Street-end Figure 3-22 Chengxi Road profile 1. North Outer Ring Road 3rd Wei Road The motor vehicle lane will be maintained, the pedestrian lane will be changed to motor vehicle lane (3.5m) and a non motor vehicle lane (2.5m) with pedestrian and non-motor vehicle integrated. The road side trees should be maintained. This section of the road is 0.4km, the current and designed profiles are shown in figure 3-23 and 3-24. 37 Figure 3-23: Current profile for North Outer Ring Road 3rd Wei Road Figure 3-24: Profile design for North Outer Ring Road 3rd Wei Road 2. 3rd Wei Road Wuyi Street The motor vehicle lane and the isolation belt will be maintained, the non motor vehicle lane (5-6m) will be changed to motor vehicle lane (3.5m) and non motor vehicle lane (2.5m) with pedestrian and non- motor vehicle lane integrated, extra width required will be satisfied by expanding to pedestrian lane to replace the green belt. This section of the road is 4.6km, the current and designed profiles are shown in figure 3-25 and 3-26. Figure 3-25: Current profile for 3rd Wei Road Wuyi Street 38 Figure 3-26: Profile design for 3rd Wei Road Wuyi Street 3.3.3.4 Fuhou Street The profile will be maintained except for the section from Zhangqian Road to Changxing Road (the width is different), as shown in figure 3-28 Zhanqian Road West 1st Chengxi Yingxiong Changxing Road Road Figure 3-28: Fuhou Street profile Figure 3-28: Fuhou Street profile The current 16m wide motor vehicle lane, the outside pedestrian lane and the green belt are changed to 21.5m wide motor vehicle lane + 9m pedestrian and non- motor vehicle integrated section. The current and designed profiles are shown in figure 3-29 and figure 3-30. 6~17 5.5~17 27.5~50 Figure 3-29: Current profile for Zhangqian Road Changxing Road 39 Figure 3-30: Profile design for Zhangqian Road Changxing Road 3.3.3.5 South 1st Ring Road (Connected with South parking and maintenance yard) The South 1st Ring Road, a new road, is 180m long and located at the south area of Changzhi, 500m from the Ecology garden, currently it is agricultural land. This road is a service functioning road for the parking and maintenance yard and will not be funded by this project. The profile is shown in figure 3-31. Figure 3-31: Designed profile for South 1st Ring Road (Connected with Parking and Maintenance Yard) The environmental impact assessment report for the construction of South 1st Ring Road has been submitted by Shanxi Academy of Environmental Sciences for review of the City environmental protection agency. According to the progress, construction of South 1st Ring Road starts on July, 2011 and will complete on Dec, 2011. The operation of Parking and Maintenance Yard will be satisfied upon completion of the South 1st Ring Road. 3.3.3.6 Roadbed design In order to reduce the roadbed settlement and improve the driving condition of vehicles, the project use different layers of soil filling above the roadbed. Before the filing, the original soil should be leveled and rolled. In order to prevent the uneven settlement and crack, the road pavement at 2m around the junction place will be removed. Geogrid of 2m wide will be used between the roadbed surface and the bottom of the pavement, so as to integrate the new pavement with the old roadbed. 40 3.3.3.7 Pavement structure design Pavement structure design is shown in table 3-5. 3.3.3.8 Other designs (1) Bus station The type of the bus station will influence the traffic capacity and delay time. The design of bus station will be determined by the type of the road section for bus priority lane, bus traffic volume and passenger volume. The plan of bus station is shown in table 3-6 and the design is shown in figure 3-32~3-35. 41 Table 3-5: Design for road structure Reconstructed Planning and covering for Planning and covering New, reconstructed auxiliary road New motor vehicle New pedestrian Type New bus priority lane colored bus priority lane for motor vehicle lane motor vehicle lane (Mixed slab for MV lane line and NMV) 4cm Color asphalt 4cm Color asphalt 4cm Color asphalt mastic SMA-13 SBS mastic SMA- 13 SBS modified modified asphalt ; 4cm Color asphalt asphalt ; 6cm 6cm medium grained mastic SMA- 4cm Color asphalt medium grained mastic SMA-13 SBS asphalt concrete AC- 13 SBS modified mastic SMA- 4cm fine grained asphalt concrete AC- modified asphalt ; 20C, SBS modified ; asphalt ; 13 SBS modified asphalt 20C, SBS modified ; 6cm medium grained Gross Layer thickness 6cm medium grained asphalt ; concrete AC-13C ; asphalt concrete AC- 10cm. asphalt concrete AC- 8cm coarse grained 6cm granite tile; 6cm medium grained 8cm coarse grained 20C, SBS modified ; Used for Bus priority 20C, SBS modified ; asphalt asphalt asphalt concrete AC- Gross Layer thickness lane at Yingxiong Road 8cm coarse grained concrete AC-25C ; concrete AC-20C, 25C ; 10cm with good asphalt concrete AC- 1cm asphalt surface 3cm M10 cement SBS modified ; condition(North Outer 25C ; treatment; mortar; Parameter 1cm aphalt surface 1cm Asphalt surface Ring~Mafangtou); 1cm Asphalt surface 18cm cement for design treatment; 4cm Color asphalt treatment; 15cm cement 4cm asphalt treatment; stabilized materials 18cm cement stabilized mastic SMA-13 SBS 18cm cement macadam 4.0MPa ; stabilized macadam 2.5%); modified asphalt ; stabilized 18cm cement 18cm cement macadam 2.5MPa ; 15cm cement mastic SMA-13 SBS 6cm medium grained macadam 4.0MPa ; stabilized stabilized 20cm cement stabilized modified asphalt ; asphalt concrete AC- 18cm cement macadam 3.0MPa ; soil 12 ; macadam 4.0MPa ; stabilized 6cm medium grained 20C, SBS modified ; stabilized 20cm cement Gross Layer asphalt concrete AC- soil 12 ; thickness 39cm 8cm coarse grained macadam 3.0MPa ; stabilized 20C, SBS modified ; Gross Layer 18cm cement asphalt concrete AC- 20cm cement soil 12 ; 8cm coarse grained thickness 49cm stabilized 25C ; stabilized soil 12 ; Gross Layer macadam 3.0MPa ; asphalt concrete AC- 1cm Asphalt surface Gross Layer thickness thickness 69cm. 25C ; treatment; 75cm. 1cm Asphalt surface Gross Layer thickness 20cm cement treatment; 19cm. stabilized Gross Layer thickness soil 12 ; 42 soil 12 ; 19cm Gross Layer thickness 75cm Bus priority lane at Yingxiong Road with Yingxiong Taihang Street (Hubin good condition(North Chengxi Road with poor Road North Outer Road~East Outer Outer Ring~Mafangtou) condition (North Outer Ring~Wuzhen Ring); Bus priority Road Ring~Wuyi Road, Fuhou Road around Bayi Street lane and Fuhou Street — — section Chengxi Road with Street (Zhanqian Square Reconstructed side (Zhangqian Road~Changxing Road) road of Chengxi Road~Chengxi Road); MV line in the middle Road North Outer expanded MV line poor condition (North Ring~Wuyi Road Outer Ring~Wuyi Road, Fuhou Street (Zhanqian Road~Changxing Road) Bus priority lane in the middle and along side. 43 Table 3-6: Reconstruction design for bus stop Location of Bus Type Design parameter Applicable situation Priority lane 1 Bay-type transition section 15— 1. Less incoming 25m platform length 45m width 2.5m 3 bus, enough traffic Single parking spots capacity 2 Non bay-type platform length 2. No enough traffic 45m width 2.5m 3 parking spots capacity At side 1. More incoming transition section 25—30m platform length bus, traffic capacity Double 30m width 2.5m 2 parking spots for each is limited platform, totally 4 2. Wider space for the platform 1 Bay-type transition section 1. Land development Stops at 30m platform length 45m width 2.5m 3 along the corridor is junction parking spots intense exit 2 Non bay-type platform length 2. Enough road 45m width 2.5m 3 parking spots width In the 1 Bay-type transition section 12— middle Stops in 20m bump section 15m acceleration 1. Long road section the section 25m platform length 45m width 2. High traffic middle 2.5m 3 parking spots attraction point of the 2. Non bay-type transition section along road. road 25m platform length 45m width 2.5m 3 parking spots Figure 3-32: Road side single stop Figure 3-33: Road side double stop 44 Figure 3-34: Single stop in the middle Figure 3-35: Double stop in the middle (2) Intersection Channelization The entrance lanes will be expanded to 3-4 lanes where there are 2 lines; the entrance lines will be expanded to 4-5 lines where there are 3 lines. Length of the Channelization section: 20-30m for gradual change section and 50-60m for the expansion section, as shown in figure 3-36 and 3-37. Figure 3-36: Intersection Channelization Figure 3-37: intersection Channelization (Taihang Street and Yingxiong Road) (Chengxi Road and Zijin Street) (3) Exit along the road Along the road there are a lot of entrance and exits for residential buildings, enterprises and businesses. Construction on such sections needs to be well organized to reduce the disturbance and interruption to the people and commercial activities and improve traffic safety. Through the use of signals, right turn policy, the design and organization of these entrances will be improved so that the traffic capacity and safety is enhanced. When using right turn policy, left turn should be allowed at proper location in order to reduce the travel distance of the vehicles, the distance between two entrances allowing left turn is set to be around 300m. 45 The plan for the entrance is shown in table 3-7, the design of the entrance is shown in figure 3-38~40. Table 3-7 Planning of the entrance Type Applicable situation 1.applicable to the lines in the middle 1 right turn, giving way to buses 2.traffic volume is limited around the building aside the road 1. Medium traffic volume around the building aside the road 2 left and right turn without signal control 2.Medium requirement for straight-going , giving way to buses traffic 3.In the middle of the road 1.High traffic volume 3 signal controlled left turn 2.High traffic volume around the building aside the road (4) Side belt entrance design The road profiles of Taihang Street, Yingxiong Street and Chengxi Road have main and auxiliary (bus priority lane) lanes isolated with side belt. In order for traffic exchange between the main road and the auxiliary road, and for ease of maintenance and emergency, the distance between each two entrances of the side belt is to be 200-300m. Figure 3-38: Plan 1 Entrance/exit design Figure 3-39: Plan (2 Entrance/exit design 46 Figure 3-40: Plan 3 Entrance/exit design (5) Slow traffic Plan for slow traffic is shown in table 3-8, the design of slow traffic is shown in figure 3- 41~3-43. Table 3-8 Plan for slow traffic Details Applicable situations 1.Applicable to entrance to areas with high density of people (1) Pedestrian cross for bus stops in transition (administration school transportation area: with signal control depot) 2. Applicable to areas with medium traffic flow. 1. Applicable to road with limited traffic (2) Pedestrian cross for bus stops: without volume and flows smooth. signal control 2.Applicable to corridors with slow traffic 1. Applicable to entrance to areas with high (3) Pedestrian cross in the road section with density of people signal control 2. Applicable to junctions with frequent traffic accident Figure 3-41 Plan 1 design Figure 3-42 Plan 2 design Figure 3-43 Plan 3 design (6) Speed bump Speed bump is widely used in foreign countries, it is designed in this project to lower the traffic speed so that the safety of pedestrian and non motor vehicle is enhanced. 47 (7) Signal controlled bus priority Signals before the inter sections can improve the traffic capacity and efficiency of the bus, especially for the roads without right turn policy. 3.3.4 Bridge works Bayi Bridge at Yingxiong Road is over Shizi River, the main section is built for motor vehicle in 1960, the auxiliary section is built for non motor vehicle in 1970; Qiyi Bridge at Chengxi Road is on Shizi River, it is built in 1970; the profile of both bridges does not meet the design requirement for bus priority lane, in addition, the bridges are old and poorly maintained, therefore, it is suggested by related department that the two bridges be demolished an rebuilt to the new standard. There are no information (planned blue line and flood control standard) available for the river channel, therefore the size and height of the bridge can not be determined in current stage. Design will be finished based on completion of information collection. During the preparation of feasibility study report, experts suggest that a Pedestrian Bridge be added at the junction of Yingxiong Road and Zijin Road due to high volume of motor vehicles and pedestrians. The initial design for the pedestrian bridge is 5m in width. 3.3.5 Drainage system New pipelines will be constructed under the four corridors. Rainwater and sewage water will be collected separately, the existing pipeline will be used for sewage water only. The planning for sewerage system is that the separate system will be phases in urban area. The initial design of the rainwater pipeline is to install along the sides of the corridors, with pipeline diameter 1000mm. Spaces for connecting pipes and rainwater inception well are reserved on both side of the corridor. For the road section (720m) from Fuhou Street to Xidajie at Chengxi Road, the diameter of the drainage pipeline is 600mm and depth is 1.88m. It is suggested that the pipeline be replaced with diameter of 1000mm. 3.3.6 Water supply Through communication with relevant department, water supply network will be added in the four corridors, the plan for each of the corridor is show in table 3-9. Table 3-9 Plans for water supply network Corridors name Start and end Length Depth Radius Type location (m) (m) (mm) Taihang East Outer Ring- 450 1.5 400 Replacement Street(Hubin Road- Jinkou Village Jinkou Village) Hubin Road- 2260 1.5 500 New building 48 Fuhou Street Zhanqian Road- 3670 1.5 400 Replacement (Zhanqian Road- Changxing Road Changxing Road) Yingxiong Road North Outer Ring- 1240 1.5 300 New (North Outer Ring- Zhuoma building Mafangtou) Bayi Square- 2950 1.5 400 Replacement Chengnan Road Chengxi Road North Outer Ring- 5030 1.5 500 Replacement (North Outer Ring- Wuyi Bridge Wuyi Bridge) Total 15600 3.3.7 Transportation This project involves transportation signs, signals and isolation facilities. The installation of the facilities are in accordance with the regulations in “Traffic Signals and Signs� . Isolation facility: Considering the traffic safety, isolation facilities will be placed near the auxiliary road and the intersections. 3.3.8 Greening work Range: side belt for Taihang Street, Yingxiong Road, Chengxi Road and Fuhou Street and the green belt besides the pedestrian line. Normally, evergreen flowers and shrubs are selected for the road side, flower can be seen all the season; focus on the important landscape section, which should form a unique green belt; planting arbor should not be used because it will shelter the landscape along road; island inside the channelized junction should highlight the local cultural characteristic. Design of greening and landscaping should focus on “quality� and “quantity�, especially for the isolation green belt, which should mainly use flower, shrub and lawn, large arbor should be used for the upper layer, trees with low branch and large crown is not proper for use; should guarantee the safety sight distance, which is controlled in 80~100m side belt should use Bauhinia variegata, cassia surattensis, Oleander Allemanda and decorated with yellow plum blossom; Trees along the road should use banyan; away from the road, the Bauhinia variegata, goldenrain tree and purple plum blossom should be used. This project involves relocation of 746 trees and replanting of 17897.021m2 green area. 3.3.9 Integrated Corridor Improvement (1) Current parking situation Currently, many on-road parking spots exist on both sides of the four corridors, the integrated corridor improvement will require removal of these on-road parking spots, which 49 will pose certain negative effects on the functioning area along the corridor. Therefore, the parking issue with the integrated corridor improvement needs to be investigated more. Currently, a lot of residential and public buildings are located along both sides of the corridors, including community, government agency, school, hospital, business building and facility, transportation hub, square, super-market and entertaining facilities. These facilities will attract large amount of people and the corresponding parking needs. The parking spots along the four corridors are in serious shortage, the construction of public parking yard is slow. Currently, a lot of parking spots are placed along the side of the corridors to satisfy the parking needs generated along the corridor, most of them are on the non motor vehicle lane. The parking situation along the corridor is shown in table 3-10. Table 3-10 Parking condition along the corridor Length for Number of Number of spots Road name parking section spot every 10m km Taihang Street Taijiao 5.5 1056 1.92 Railway East Outer Ring Yingxiong Road Old Yingxiong Road South city 7 586 0.84 Ecology garden Chengxi Road North 1st Ring 3.2 146 0.46 Road 15th Wei Road Fuhou Street West 1st Ring 2.9 468 1.61 Road Changxing Road Total 18.6 2256 1.21 (2) Parking strategy After removal of the on-road parking spots along the corridor, ways to solve the parking issue by: a. Promoting three-dimension parking for the units along the corridor, open to public with parking fee. Currently, there are around 2900 parking spots on ground for the units along the corridors, half of them can be designed as two floor parking lot, which can increase around 1400 parking spots. These parking spots can be placed at market and business building along Taihang Street, Chengxi Road and Fuhou Street. b. Building a public parking lot for Huijia shopping market at Yingxiong Road, which can increase 230 parking spots. The parking lot can be built as a four- story building to meet the parking needs around the business center. c. Building an underground parking lot integrated with the renovation of Bayi Square, which can add 400 public parking spots. 50 d. Providing temporary parking spots during non-rush hour along some of the branch roads. e. Providing parking facilities for non motor vehicles at important sections. The increased parking spots at Jiahui shopping market and Bayi Square are public parking lots, which are included in this project. The city government will be responsible for the cost of construction, the revenue will be used for public transit fund in Changzhi. (3) Plan for underground parking lot at Bayi Square The underground parking lot is a medium size parking facility, which is 9m in length, 2.5m in width and 3.2m in height; the area of each parking spot is 25 m2. Two underground parking lots area designed, which can totally provide 400 parking spots. Each underground paring lot at the east and west of the square is 2500 m2 respectively and provides 200 parking spots (two layer machinery parking). The design is shown in figure 3- 44 and 3-45. The access lane to the underground parking lot is 4m wide; the minimum slope is 8% and the maximum slope can reach 12%. Figure 3-44 Parking lot at West of Bayi Square Figure 3-45 East of Bayi Square. 3.4 Public Transit Supporting Infrastructure These include: Bayi Square bus depot, Bus terminal stations and parking and maintenance yard. 3.4.1 Bayi Square bus depot Suggested plan for Bayi Square bus depot: integrated bus station with two ways traffic flow. 51 (1) Layout plan The south part of the square is cone shaped and will be connected in the east-west direction at the Y-shape junction; bus stops will be placed in east-west direction on both side of the square, these are route 10 and route 7 terminal station; bus stops along Taihang Road will be moved to the both side of Bayi Square, where passengers can change bus route 1, 2, 13 and 19; add taxi waiting area and non motor vehicle parking space for bus terminal station at Yingxiong Road beside the square; the entrance/exit of the underground parking lot in the west is located at West Square Road; the entrance/exit of the underground parking lot in the west is located at South Square Road and East Square Road. The details are shown in figure 3-46. Figure 3-46: Design for Baiyi Square (2) Slow traffic Channelization of key junctions and installation of pedestrian crossing facilities; parking for non motor vehicles are located around the bus depot, which is convenient for parking and transfer. (3) Control of motor vehicles Place signal control for 6 junctions that have traffic conflict; Yingxiong Road at both side of the square is for bus use only; the traffic going straight at Taihang Road use detour of the road besides the underground parking lot, and is controlled by the signal at the junction of Taihang Road. 52 (4) Organization of bus route Bus terminal stations of route 3 and 12 are placed at the east side of the square, the buses are running beside the square counter clockwise; bus terminal stations of route 10 and 7 are placed at the west side of the square, the buses are running beside the square counter clockwise; bus stops for route 13 in east-west direction run beside the square clockwise. The design of bus depot at Bayi Square is shown in table 3-11. Table 3-11 Design standards for bus depot at Bayi Square. Area and green 2 Station parameters Area m area Note occupied m2 Area for auxiliary Terminal station of route 7 and 10, 4 facilities West parking spots; bus stops of route 1, 2 3000 800 840m2 area side and 13, 5 parking spots for road construction 21560m2 Area for auxiliary Terminal station of route 3 and 12, 4 facilities East parking spots; bus stops of route 1, 3000 800 840m2 area side 2, 13 and 19, 5 parking spots for road construction 21560m2 Area for rental 6000 1600 280m2 The bus stations at the east and west side of Bayi Square is designed as figure 3-47 and 3- 48. 53 Figure 3-47 Bus stations in the west Figure 3-48 Bus stations in the east 3.4.2 Bus terminal stations in the bus company The bus terminal stations are located in the bus company at North Yingxiong Road, the planned area is 1.7ha, which is shown in table 3-12. The plan view of the bus stations in bus company are shown in figure 3-49. Table 3-12: Area of buildings for the bus terminal stations Building name Area m2 Note Bus parking yard 4000 40 spots Integrated administrative building 1200 Business building along street 1200 Administrative building 1400 Facilities for Business building along street 2800 Parking yard for staff 600 Maintenance yard 1200 2 Staff apartment, Other auxiliary building 1000 restroom Bus platform and terminal station 2000 2 route in service 54 Figure 3-49: Plan view of the terminal stations in the bus company. Currently, there are 6 arranged service route for the urban area: route 3, route 8, route 10, route 12, route 14 and route 16, number of buses in service is 80, the terminal stations of route 12 and 16 are located here. In 2015, there will be 7 arranged service route for the urban area: route 12, route 16, route 19, route 3, route N3, route N_air2 and route N_air3. In 2030, there will be 6 arranged service route for the urban area: route 12, route 16, route 19, route N3, route N10 and route N25. The area of terminal stations is 2000 m2, 2 bus routes are in service currently. 3.4.3 South parking and maintenance yard The South parking and maintenance yard is located at the south of Mafangtou Village in the sub-urban district of Changzhi, it is adjacent to Changhan Highway. The planned area is 1.3ha, as shown in table 3-13. The plan view of the parking and maintenance yard is shown in figure 3-50. Table 3-13: Building area of the South parking and maintenance yard at Mafangtou Building name Area m2 Note Integrated administrative building 800 Repair and maintenance building 600 Auxiliary building and staff apartment 500 Oil and gas station 600 Reception house 30 Parking yard 6000 60 parking spots Terminal station 3000 55 Figure 3-50: Plan view of the parking and maintenance yard The designed parking capacity is 100 standard buses, 6 terminal station are planned, these are route 1, route 2, route 18, route N1, route N6 and route N18, 3 routes are in service currently, 6 routes will be in service in the future. 3.5 Intelligent Urban Transport Management System The major components are: Urban transport database platform, Intelligent Traffic Management and Control System, Intelligent bus operation and service platform, integrated transport management and decision making system, Traffic Management Auxiliary System. The structure of this constitute is shown in figure 3-51. Figure 3-51: Structure of Intelligent Urban Transport Management System 3.6 Institutional Capacity Development Mainly include: Plans and evolutions for Institutional Capacity Development, field trip in both China and foreign countries, professional training, expert consultancy, workshop discussion, institutional operation development, etc. 56 3.7 Schedules of project construction The schedule for Integrated Corridor Improvement and Public Transit Supporting Infrastructure are shown in table 3-14. Table 3-14 Project construction schedule Project content Construction period Note Two construction sections working Chengxi Road May-Oct,2012 simultaneously at different section Two construction sections working Taihang Street May-Oct,2013 simultaneously at different section Two construction sections working Yingxiong Road May-Oct,2014 simultaneously at different section Two construction sections working Fuhou Street May-Oct,2015 simultaneously at different section Parking and maintenance yard 2012 Bus depot at Bayi Square 2013 Bus terminal stations 2014 3.8 Traffic volume projection (1) Taihang Street According to the project feasibility study, the traffic volume of Taihang Street in 2015 and 2030 are predicted as shown in table 3-16 and 3-17. (2) Yingxiong Road According to the project feasibility study, the traffic volume of Yingxiong Road in 2015 and 2030 are predicted as shown in table 3-18 and 3-19. (3) Chengxi Road According to the project feasibility study, the traffic volume of Chengxi Road in 2015 and 2030 are predicted as shown in table 3-20 and 3-21. (4) Fuhou Street According to the project feasibility study, the traffic volume of Fuhou Street in 2015 and 2030 are predicted as shown in table 3-22 and 3-23. 57 Table 3-16: Light weight vehicles and buses traffic volume projection at different sections of Chengxi Road in 2015 # of Light weight # of # of Taxies vehicle Passengers on bus Road section Length Time Length Prt East-West West- East- West- East- West- (Km) Period (Km) Speed East West East West East East Taihang Street (Yanshan Road~East Outer Ring) 1.405 10.053 East Taihang Street (East Outer Ring ~North Chengdong Road) 1.241 28.058 East Taihang Street (North Chengdong Road ~Mid. Yanan Road) 0.586 14.121 East Taihang Street (Mid. Yanan Road ~Mid. Changxing Road) 0.335 5.848 East Taihang Street ( Mid. Changxing Road ~Mid. Yingxiong Road ) 0.353 12.754 West Taihang Street ( Mid. Yingxiong Road ~Gongyixiang ) 0.8 37.658 West Taihang Street ( Gongyixiang ~Chengxi Road ) 0.343 14.394 West Taihang Street ( Chengxi Road ~South Taihang Road ) 0.852 32.505 West Taihang Street ( South Taihang Road ~West 1st Ring Road ) 0.539 24.189 West Taihang Street ( West 1st Ring Road ~West Outer Ring Road ) 1.208 48.649 G208 ( West Outer Ring Road~Hubin Road) 1.224 22.24 58 Table 3-17: Light weight vehicles and buses traffic volume projection at different sections of Chengix Road in 2030 # of Light weight # of # of Taxies vehicle Passegeners on bus Road section Length Time Length Prt East-West West- East- West- East- West- (Km) Period (Km) Speed East West East West East East Taihang Street (Yanshan Road~East Outer Ring) East Taihang Street (East Outer Ring ~North Chengdong Road) East Taihang Street (North Chengdong Road ~Mid. Yanan Road) East Taihang Street (Mid. Yanan Road ~Mid. Changxing Road) East Taihang Street ( Mid. Changxing Road ~Mid. Yingxiong Road ) West Taihang Street ( Mid. Yingxiong Road ~Gongyixiang ) West Taihang Street ( Gongyixiang ~Chengxi Road ) West Taihang Street ( Chengxi Road ~South Taihang Road ) West Taihang Street ( South Taihang Road ~West 1st Ring Road ) West Taihang Street ( West 1st Ring Road ~West Outer Ring Road ) G208 ( West Outer Ring Road~Hubin Road) 59 Table 3-18: Light weight vehicles and buses traffic volume projection at different sections of Yingxiong Road in 2015 # of Light weight # of # of Taxies vehicle Passegeners on bus Road section Length Time Length Prt East-West West- East- West- East- West- (Km) Period (Km) Speed East West East West East North Yingxiong Road (North Outer Ring~North 2nd Ring) North Yingxiong Road ( North 2nd Ring ~North 1st Ring) North Yingxiong Road ( North 1st Ring ~East Chengbei Street) North Yingxiong Road ( East Chengbei Street ~East Taihang Street) Mid. Yingxiong Road ( East Taihang Street ~East Zijin Street) Mid. Yingxiong Road ( East Zijin Street ~East Fuhou Street) Mid. Yingxiong Road ( East Fuhou Street ~Dongdajie) Mid. Yingxiong Road ( Dongdajie ~West Jiefang Road) South Yingxiong Road ( West Jiefang Road ~Chengnan Road) South Yingxiong Road ( Chengnan Road ~Wuzhen Road) South Yingxiong Road ( Wuzhen Road ~Sourth 1st Ring Road) South Yingxiong Road (Sourth 1st Ring Road ~Sourth Outer Ring) 60 Table 3-19: Light weight vehicles and buses traffic volume projection at different sections of Yingxiong Road in 2030 # of Light weight # of # of Taxies vehicle Passegeners on bus Road section Length Time Length Prt East-West West- East- West- East- West- (Km) Period (Km) Speed East West East West East North Yingxiong Road (North Outer Ring~North 2nd Ring) North Yingxiong Road ( North 2nd Ring ~North 1st Ring) North Yingxiong Road ( North 1st Ring ~East Chengbei Street) North Yingxiong Road ( East Chengbei Street ~East Taihang Street) Mid. Yingxiong Road ( East Taihang Street ~East Zijin Street) Mid. Yingxiong Road ( East Zijin Street ~East Fuhou Street) Mid. Yingxiong Road ( East Fuhou Street ~Dongdajie) Mid. Yingxiong Road ( Dongdajie ~West Jiefang Road) South Yingxiong Road ( West Jiefang Road ~Chengnan Road) South Yingxiong Road ( Chengnan Road ~Wuzhen Road) South Yingxiong Road ( Wuzhen Road ~Sourth 1st Ring Road) South Yingxiong Road (Sourth 1st Ring Road ~Sourth Outer Ring) 61 Table 3-20: Light weight vehicles and buses traffic volume projection at different sections of Chengxi Road in 2015 # of Light weight # of # of Taxies vehicle Passegeners on bus Road section Length Time Length Prt East-West West- East- West- East- West- (Km) Period (Km) Speed East West East West East Chengxi Road (North Outer Ring~North 2nd Ring) Chengxi Road ( North 2nd Ring ~North 1st Ring) Chengxi Road ( North 1st Ring ~West Chengbei Street) Chengxi Road ( West Chengbei Street ~ West Taihang Street) Chengxi Road ( West Taihang Street ~ West Zijin Street) Chengxi Road ( West Zijin Street ~ West Fuhou Street) Chengxi Road ( West Fuhou Street ~Wuyi Street) Table 3-21: Light weight vehicles and buses traffic volume projection at different sections of Chengxi Road in 2030 62 # of Light weight # of # of Taxies vehicle Passegeners on bus Road section Length Time Length Prt East-West West- East- West- East- West- (Km) Period (Km) Speed East West East West East Chengxi Road (North Outer Ring~North 2nd Ring) Chengxi Road ( North 2nd Ring ~North 1st Ring) Chengxi Road ( North 1st Ring ~West Chengbei Street) Chengxi Road ( West Chengbei Street ~ West Taihang Street) Chengxi Road ( West Taihang Street ~ West Zijin Street) Chengxi Road ( West Zijin Street ~ West Fuhou Street) Chengxi Road ( West Fuhou Street ~Wuyi Street) Table 3-22: Light weight vehicles and buses traffic volume projection at different sections of Fuhou Street in 2015 63 # of Light weight # of # of Taxies vehicle Passegeners on bus Road section Length Time Length Prt East-West West- East- West- East- West- (Km) Period (Km) Speed East West East West East East Fuhou Street (East Outer Ring~Chengdong Road) East Fuhou Street ( Chengdong Road ~Mid. Yanan Road) East Fuhou Street (Mid. Yanan Road ~Mid. Changxing Road) East Fuhou Street ( Mid. Changxing Road ~ Mid. Yingxiong Road ) Fuhou Street ( Mid. Yingxiong Road ~ Fuxi Road) Fuhou Street ( Fuxi Road ~ Chengxi Road) West Fuhou Street ( Chengxi Road ~South Taihang Road) West Fuhou Street ( South Taihang Road ~West 1st Road) West Fuhou Street ( West 1st Road ~Tiedong Road) Table 3-22: Light weight vehicles and buses traffic volume projection at different sections of Fuhou Street in 2030 64 # of Light weight # of # of Taxies vehicle Passegeners on bus Road section Length Time Length Prt East-West West- East- West- East- West- (Km) Period (Km) Speed East West East West East East Fuhou Street (East Outer Ring~Chengdong Road) East Fuhou Street ( Chengdong Road ~Mid. Yanan Road) East Fuhou Street (Mid. Yanan Road ~Mid. Changxing Road) East Fuhou Street ( Mid. Changxing Road ~ Mid. Yingxiong Road ) Fuhou Street ( Mid. Yingxiong Road ~ Fuxi Road) Fuhou Street ( Fuxi Road ~ Chengxi Road) West Fuhou Street ( Chengxi Road ~South Taihang Road) West Fuhou Street ( South Taihang Road ~West 1st Road) West Fuhou Street ( West 1st Road ~Tiedong Road) 65 4 Comparison of Alternatives 4.1 Comparison of “With� and “Without� Project Scenario “Without project� means remaining the current status of the road conditions in the project area. Under the context of “without project� development, with population growth, economic development, infrastructure development, and evaluations of the social, economic and environmental impact are the main analysis in this comparison. 4.1.1 Analysis of social impact (1) Traffic flow, traffic safety and residents traveling In recent years, the economic development of Changzhi is fast. Accomplishment has been achieved in many aspects, especially in urban construction. It was named one of the ten charming cities in China in 2004 and national-level garden city by the Ministry of Construction in 2006. However, with the rapid growth of private vehicle ownership, the traffic congestion is a growing issue. Intensive vehicle traveling has caused air pollution, safety and traffic congestion and other negative effects. Implementation of this project will help alleviate local traffic congestion and parking difficulties. It can also improve the satisfaction of the residents travel demand and meet the travel requirements of residents. (2) Social services function Based on the implementation of this project, increasing requirements for social services function will be met in the area. However, the “without project� has no improvement to the regional social service, thus it cannot meet the growing demand. (3) Production resource For the impact on the production resource, as the scenario of “without project� will not cause land occupation and resident relocation, “without project� will not impact the production resource. While the “with project� will occupy some of the farm land and thus reduce the production resource of the people. (4) Cultural resources and scenic spots In the respect of cultural relics and scenic spots protection, the “without project� does not require land acquisition, relocation and other large-scale civil works. In this way, the “without project� has the benefit in local cultural relics and scenic protection. The “with project� does not pass any cultural sites or scenic spots, thus the implementation of the project will not affect it. 4.1.2 Analysis of economic impact Although “without project� requires no additional investment, the current status of traffic conditions is poor and will not be improved in future. It is clear that “without project� cannot meet the needs of regional public transport and local social development and thus confining the economic development in the future. Implementation of this project will greatly improve the local traffic environmental and public transport. It can also provide solid foundation for economic development of Changzhi. 66 4.1.3 Analysis of environmental impact (1) Atmosphere With the increasing trend of regional traffic volume, “without project� will cause increase of vehicle emission and transportation dust. With the development of Changzhi, “without project� obviously cannot meet the requirement of the regional and public transportation demand. It can even cause more serious traffic congestion, which will result in longer time of vehicle idling, thereby increasing vehicle emission. It can be seen that “without project� cannot reduce the pollution source intensity thus it is not capable of improving the local air quality. (2) Acoustic environment The percentage of transportation land is relatively small compared with the construction land in the area. Thus it cannot meet the future demand for transport development and causing traffic congestion. With the natural increase of regional traffic volume, noise impact on the environment will increase. Thus, “without project� does not offer any advantages in controlling the noise form overall perspective. By improving the road condition and diverting majority of traffic flow into bus priority transport system, the “with project� alternative will improve the acoustic environment quality, compared with the “without project� alternative, in the project area. (3) Water environment The drainage system is relatively complete and covers wastewater collection and treatment facilities. “without project� does not affect much the regional water environment. Establishment of “with project� can further improve the drainage system in the project area. Wastewater along the route will be collected through the municipal sewage pipeline network and discharged after treatment by municipal wastewater treatment system. Storm water will be collected through rainwater pipeline network. “with project� can have a favorable impact on the water environment. In addition, “with project� will help complete the drainage planning of the city by constructing separate system in urban area. (4) Environmental risks “Without project� cannot meet the requirement for regional public transportation in Changzhi, further may lead to traffic congestion, resulting in longer time of vehicle idling, thereby increasing the regional environmental risk. For the sake of this reason, “without project� is not conducive to control the environmental risk in the area. (5) Analysis of environment impact “Without project� does not need additional land acquisition and relocation, so it will not change the land use nature. Therefore, “without project� will not pose obvious impact on land utilization. The parking and maintenance yard in “with project� needs land occupation, and it will change the land use. However, “with project� will add more public green space through greening. 67 “Without project� and “with project� have their own advantages in social, economic and environmental impact, the comparison is shown in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 Comparison of “without project� and “with project� No. Factors “Without project� “with project� 1 Traffic volume It cannot meet future Improve the quality of current development demand of traffic. roads and thus supporting regional transport development. 2 Traffic safety As the regional transport Help improve regional traffic development has lagged behind, safety. it will lead to regional traffic congestion and traffic safety problems. 3 Satisfaction of Cannot meet the requirements Improve traffic quality, improve the residents of residents’ traveling. transport facilities and improve traveling residents travel satisfaction. 4 Social services Cannot meet the growing Infrastructure construction will function demand for social services. improve the quality of the region social services. 5 Production Do not occupy land, no Will change some production resource relocation of residents, will not resource, but very minor impact affect production resource. 6 Cultural relics There are not any important There are not any important and scenic spots cultural relics or scenic spots in cultural relics or scenic spots in the project area. the project area. 7 public transport Cannot meet development Will improve the capacity and demand. quality of regional traffic. 8 Economic It will limit future economic Conducive to investment development development. environment and economic development. 9 Atmosphere Poor transportation and The use of clean energy and automobile exhaust emissions smooth flow of traffic will help will adversely affect the air improve air quality in Changzhi. environment. 10 Noise Increasing noise can not be Beneficial in controlling the controlled in the project area. environmental noise of the project area. 11 Water No significant effect. Improve the regional sewerage facilities. It is supportive to water environment protection in the planned new city district. 12 Land use No land acquisition or Parking and maintenance yard in relocation requirement. No south of city will occupy some significant effect. farm land. No house demolition. 13 Animals and No significant effect. No significant effect. plants 14 Habitats no effect on natural habitats. All land occupation of this program located in the city, no effect on natural habitats. 15 Soil erosion Has benefit in soil and water Planning to take protective conservation. measures such as slope protection works and green compensation. 4.2 Analysis of site selection for parking lot and bus depots Integrated corridor improvement is all located in the urban area on existing roads. No site selection is required. Only analysis needs to be done is the comparison of site alternatives for parking and maintenance yard and bus depot. 68 (1) Bayi Square bus depot Bayi Square is located in the central area of urban area of Changzhi. It is an important hub at the intersection of Yingxiong Road (south-north axle) and Taihang Street (east-west axle). It is also the important hub connecting the urban area with the airport and external traffic. The transportation network coverage is very high in Bayi Square area. All roads have bus lines except West Square road and East Square road. Each road has at least three bus routes. There are 7 bus routes in Yingxiong Road and 5 in Taihang Street. As an important transportation hub, Bayi Square is capable of controlling the traffic. Construction of parking and transfer facility can meet the requirement for fast traffic and bus transfer. Development of the surrounding land, especially the use of underground space could also be an important part of the transportation hub. The establishment of commercial and financial center in this area as required by the master plan, makes the hub really play an important role in urban development. Therefore, construction of bus depot at Bayi Square is necessary. (2) Public Transport Company terminal depot Construction of bus terminal station is located in the bus company at North Yingxiong Road. This site is identified as public transport facility sites by the urban development master plan. Besides, this is a reconstruction of existing bus terminals, so there is no alternative comparison. (3) South parking and maintenance yard at south of city The South Parking and Maintenance Yard is located at Mafangtou Village in the south of Changhzi. In 2006, city government decided to build a bus parking lot in Mafangtou Village to improve the public transportation infrastructure. The Shanxi Province Land Bureau issued the land quota in December 2006 and completed the initial site selection, construction land use permission. Development and Reform Commission of Changzhi approved the project in 2008. This project is the extension of the existing parking project, so there is no need for site selection and no sensitive points are located within 300m around the site. 4.3 Comparison of bus lane alternatives According to the location of bus priority lane in the road profile, two options are available for selection, these are central bus priority lane and side bus priority lane. Option One: central bus priority lane • The central of the road is designated as the bus priority lane; platform in the side of bus priority lane, bus door on the right side; expand both side of the road section with bus stop; pedestrian lane is provided. • According to the location of the median line for bus priority lane, there are two type of layout for the priority lane: on both sides of the median line or between the 69 median line. Option Two: road side bus priority lane Bus priority lane is located on both road sides. Taking the three lanes road as example, three layout options are available due to the use of bus lines: a. bus priority lanes located along the MV line on the left side of the barrier between MV and NMV line Bus priority lane is located on the left side of the motor vehicle lines, the platform, based on the location of the bus door, and could be located at the barrier between MV and NMV or at the pedestrian line. b. bus priority lanes located along the NMV line on the left side of the pedestrian line c. bus priority lanes located along the NMV line on right left side of the barrier between MV and NMV line See the detail on table 4-2 about comparison of alternatives. 70 Table 4-2 Comparison of bus lane alternatives Option Two Alternatives Option One a b c Advantage Safe and reliable; facilitate future Less profile change, This option separates the bus from similar to current bus operation, upgrades to high-capacity transit simple design; similar the motor vehicle and does not passengers do not need to re- system to provide sufficient road to current bus change the status of motor vehicle understand the system; bay-typed stop space, reflecting sustainable operation, passengers lanes, which means it improves the is convenient for buses to skip stop and development. The right door do not do not need to re- driving conditions on MV lines. turn right. Non-motor vehicle does not require new bus model; after understand the Continue to use existing bus affect the bus operation. Less compression of a motor vehicle lane, system; bay-typed priority lanes, does not need much reconstruction of existing roads, only an exit lane is obtained on NMVs stop is more reconstruction, only require an require an isolated zone between bus lane or isolated zone, which convenient for bus to isolated zone between bus priority priority lane and NMVs lane, cost is improves the exit passing capacity. run over stops. But it lane and NMVs lane. Cost is low low. After the isolation of bus priority Because the vehicle can be is less significance lane, operation of NMVs doesn’t integrated inside or outside the for too many bus change much, only squeezed the NMVs system, it is suitable for open routes. width. The NMVs driving changes a systems, trunk-branch system or a little at the bus stop. combination of escort-service approach, it is more flexible. Disadvantage The turn left traffic and bus traffic Turn right traffic and Turn right traffic and bus traffic Turn right traffic and bus traffic conflicts; bus turn right is more bus traffic conflicts; conflicts; NMVs disturbs bus conflicts; bus right turn is difficult; difficult; passenger transfer for NMVs disturbs bus operation at stops; bay-typed stop bay-typed stop take some sidewalk opposite direction requires to cross operation at stops; will take up some sidewalk space. space; passengers in and out of at least one lane; with no passing bay-typed stop will Affect the degree of freedom for platform conflicts with NMVs. lanes, it is easy for buses to stay take up some NMV, but not affecting its normal long at the bus station, sidewalk space; with running. With isolation for bus no isolation, only one priority lane, the NMVs are motor vehicle lane is pushed into the isolation facilities left inside. In rush and isolated zone. Make it unable hour, traffic have to to move to both sides of the use bus lane to pass, corridor, and lose its advantage of which is similar to and easily produce more disturb; the current condition with no isolation, NMVs move can affect the traffic speed for buses. Applicable applicable for the corridor intersects suitable for wide suitable for road section with large suitable for road section with large Conditions with the branch road, main road slow traffic line, or bicycle traffic and the barrier is bicycle traffic and the barrier is wide, NMVs lane is narrow, left turn at the small bicycle traffic wide, small right turn traffic. small right turn traffic intersection is prohibited line, right turn traffic is small. 71 According to the actual situation, Taihang Street and Fuhou Street select road side bus priority lane; Yingxiong Road and Chengxi Road select central bus priority lane. 4.4 Comparison of fuel at gas station A CNG and diesel station will be built within the South Parking and Maintenance Yard in south of the city, see below the comparison between CNG and other fuels, in table 4-3: Table 4-3 Comparison of CNG, LNG, LPG Items CNG LNG LPG #93 gasoline #0 diesel Resource of gas Good Very bad Fair Emission reduction Good Good Fair Price stability Stable Stable Not stable Price (Yuan) 3.7/Nm3 4.5/Nm3 3.75/L 5.12 5.12 gas consumption per 10 Nm3 9.5 Nm3 12.5L 10L 8L 100 km for taxi cost per 100 km for taxi 37 42.75 42.5 51.2 40.96 (Yuan) gas consumption per 52 50 65 52 40 100 km for bus gas cost per 100 km for 192.4 225 243.75 266.24 204.8 bus(Yuan) Pressure (MPa) 20 1.6 0.1 Technology maturity Mature Pilot phase Mature National Standards Complete Not set yet Complete Facilities at gas station Domestic Parts abroad Domestic good good Percentage share of the 60% Pilot phase 40% domestic gas vehicles (Increasing rapidly) After the analysis, we see that CNG vehicle has more advantages in the environmental, economic and safety aspects than gasoline, diesel and LPG vehicles. In addition, compared with LPG vehicles, the technology is more mature for CNG vehicles. Although the storage advantage is obvious for LPG, the price is high and the gas source is limited, so it is still not suitable for promotion in current stage. Overall, it is necessary and urgent to promote the use of CNG vehicle in Changzhi. 4.5 Comparison of road selection The existing city road pavement material include: ordinary asphalt pavement, concrete pavement and road noise reduction pavement, etc. The project selects the plan by comparing these types of materials, as table 4-4 shows. Table 4-4: Comparison of materials Materials Asphalt pavement Concrete pavement Noise reduced Comparison pavement Environmental impact Maintenance with high Normal operating Less maintenance frequency, likely to conditions demand less frequency than asphalt cause secondary maintenance, hard to pavement, not easy to pollution cause secondary cause secondary pollution pollution Impact during Asphalt paving process Produce wastewater, Asphalt paving process construction phase produces smoke, construction period is produces smoke, pollution of the long, affect the normal pollution of the 72 environment life of residents. environment Noise sound level Flat and smooth, ride High noise Pavement containing comfort, low noise noise absorption material, reduce noise 2-3 dB compared with asphalt road Compressive strength Good Fair Good and flexural strength Applicability of the asphalt melts at high High heat resistance Fair temperature temperature, easily damaged Yield value Fair Bad, easy cracks Better scalability Pavement quality Fair Wear-resistant, but half thinner than prone to cracks; easy ordinary asphalt and for surface wear; small life can be doubled holes easy to appear Features of anti-slip Good Fair Icy on surface in winter and waterproof Investment Initial investment is One-time investment is Due to the use of low, but higher cost of large, a relatively small sound-absorbing repair and maintenance repair and maintenance material, investment is the largest Based on this comparative analysis, it is clear that: Asphalt pavement has a low initial investment, smooth surface, low noise, anti-slip and waterproof performance. Disadvantages are high frequency of maintenance; high frequency and cost for maintenance, produces asphalt smoke (secondary pollution). Concrete pavement has the advantage of less frequent maintenance requirements, low cost, but has a larger initial investment, construction period is long and need for maintenance after construction (resulting in wastewater). In addition, high and low temperature flexibility for the cement pavement is poor, easy to cracks and other damage. Compressive strength and tensile strength is poor, anti-slip and waterproof less effective and noise is high. Noise reduction pavement has the advantage of good quality, long life, low maintenance frequency, construction and maintenance process produces less pollution, good scalability, has good resistance to deformation. Since it contains acoustic materials, road noises reduce 2-3 dB than ordinary asphalt pavement. However, it is easy to freeze in winter, and large initial investment makes it hard to build. Based on considerations from initial investment, maintenance, pavement quality, environmental pollution and other aspects, asphalt pavement has relatively low investment costs, it is smoothness, resistance to deformation, waterproof, anti-slip, cause less environmental pollution. Therefore, this project selects asphalt as the pavement material. 73 5 Environmental impact and its mitigation and control measure 5.1 Design phase 5.1.1 Environmental impact during design phase This is a transportation improvement project, several aspects should be given consideration during the design phase in order to avoid, minimize or mitigate adverse environmental impacts: This project involves reconstruction of Bayi Bridge and Qiyi Bridge, construction of pedestrian bridge at the junction of Yingxiong Road and Zijin Street as well as the reestablishment of green belt along the transport corridors. Therefore, the landscape design should be kept consistent with surrounding area; Design of traffic safety facilities should be well finished during construction phase and operation phase; Ensuring reasonable selection of routes for transport corridors, the route should be kept away from the environmental sensitive receptors as much as possible, and it should also reduce the demolition and land acquisition. 5.1.2 Mitigation measures at the design stage During feasibility study, EIA tem and feasibility study team should conduct a brief analysis on the environmental impact based on the environmental characteristics of the area and consultation from the local environmental protection agency. Project management office should engage qualified institute for drafting the environmental impact assessment report. During preliminary design and construction drawing design, environmental protection should be included as a chapter based on the environmental impact assessment report and the EMP. This can serve as basis for environment management and can guide the project construction. 5.2 Environmental impact mitigation measure during construction phase 5.2.1 Social impact and mitigation measure The major construction content in this project include Integrated Corridor Improvement, new building and reconstruction of parking and maintenance yard, reconstruction of bus depot, etc. The construction contents are all located in urban area of Changzhi. Along the construction route, a lot of business enterprise, community, hospital, school, administrative institute and some city parks are distributed. According to investigation, 66% of the total urban population, 77% of the total employment, 81% of the total business opportunities and 70% of the total student are concentrated in this area which only accounts for 55% of the urban land. It is the business, residential, job market and education center of Changzhi. The construction period is relatively long, several aspect of impact could be considered on the social environment, as the following: 5.2.1.1 Impact on transportation and traffic safety (1) The project corridors (Taihang Street, Yingxiong Road, Chengxi Road and Fuhou Street) are all major roads in urban area of Changzhi, the traffic volume is large especially for the business area crossed by Yingxiong Road, where the traffic of pedestrian and motor vehicle are mixed together. During the construction phase, construction work will be carried out section by section to expedite the construction progress and mitigate the safety risk. Along the above road section, traffic congestion and blocking will happen during the rush hour. (2) A lot of construction and transportation machinery are used during construction phase, which will increase the traffic volume in the area and disturb the normal 74 traffic, or even cause traffic safety problem where the pedestrians interact with construction vehicles . 5.2.1.2 Impact on resident life (1) Business operation: A lot of commercial businesses are active along the transport corridors. The roadside commercial businesses would be affected by the road construction by blocking the access to the businesses. Construction work should be confined within the redline by the fence. Temporary access roads should be provided during the construction of this section so that the entrance/exit of the consumers will not be blocked and the impact is limited and temporary and will disappear once the completion of the construction. (2) Resident communities: Urban transportation is disturbed during the construction phase, which will cause traffic congestion and blocking. Bus route will be adjusted at places where traffic separation and detour are used, this will cause inconvenience for the commuters, work and life of the resident. (3) Administration work: A lot of administrative institutes are along the route, like the city government, police station, tax department and city court, etc. In order to reduce the impact on normal administrative work, announcement should be provided before construction. (4) Normal life: The above and underground facilities like water supply, drainage system, electricity, telecommunication, heating pipeline system need to be relocated , but normal usage will not be paused for the resident. 5.2.1.3 Social impact mitigation measure (1) Preparation work should be finished before construction, detailed investigation on the construction contents such as road, electricity, and telecommunication should be conducted and relocation plan should be determined by cooperation with relevant department. Emergency plan should be provided for the construction contents to facilitate the normal social life. (2) Traffic separation should be planned during construction phase in order to prevent traffic congestion and reduce the impact on urban transportation and resident life. Cooperation with police, traffic control department should be provided and announced using radio, TV and newspaper when necessary to ensure the smooth of the traffic flow. (3) Announcement plate should be installed at the construction site, explaining the contents, construction period, petition for public understanding and providing contact and complaint method. (4) Large amount of electricity and water will be used during construction, the construction unit should contact relevant department to determine plan for pipeline connection of electricity and water and prepare for connection work, for the area with limited regional capacity, reconstruction of the pipeline should be finished to prevent temporary pause of water and electricity use along the route. 75 (5) Temporary pedestrian bridge should be installed at sensitive road section such as school, hospital, home for the aged, business building to ensure the safety of pedestrian. (6) Construction at night is prohibited. (7) Minimizing pedestrian interaction with construction vehicles. (8) Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to minimize transport distance. Locating associated facilities such as worker bus transport to minimizing external traffic. 5.2.2 Noise impact and mitigation measures 5.2.2.1 Noise source and its characteristic Noise from road construction is mainly from the operation of construction and transportation machinery, which can generate very high noise and can not be predicted, its impact on the environment is temporary and will disappear with the completion of construction. However, the sound level for the noise generated from the machinery is very high, which can pose large impact on the sensitive receptors like surrounding village, school, and hospital if it is poorly controlled. According to investigation, the major machinery used for road construction are loading machine, excavator, leveler, road roller and pavers, etc, with their corresponding sound level shown in table 5-1. Table 5-1: Road construction machinery noise sound level. Distance to construction No Type machinery(m) Lmax(dB) 1 Wheel loading machine 5 90 2 Road leveler 5 90 3 Vibration road roller 5 86 4 Wheel road roller 5 76 5 Bulldozer 5 86 6 Excavator 5 84 7 Pavers 5 82 Road construction is different with other construction, the noise generated has the following characteristics: (1) Various kind of machinery at different construction stage, the number of machinery used at the same construction stage is different, which makes the noise hard to predict. (2) Noise characteristic of different machinery is different, some of the noise are vibrated and intermediate, which has great impact; some of the machinery () has low frequency, but lasts long. The sound level of all the noise is relatively high, but the difference between them is also big, some of the noise could reach above 90dB. (3) Noise from road construction is not usual, both fixed source and moving source are expected. This will increased the range of area affected by noise during this time period. But compared with moving sources, the construction noise is still regionally limited. 76 (4) Construction machinery has a small range of impact and it can be defined as point source. (5) For specific road section, construction noise only happens within certain period. Most of the machinery used for construction are moving sources, which is not fixed and intermediate. The transportation machinery has a large range of impact and the bulldozer have limited moving range, which is different with the transportation machinery. Therefore, it is obvious that the impact is time limited. 5.2.2.2 Noise impact analysis and prediction The construction noise of this project is using the standards in “Noise sound standard for construction site� (GB12523-90). The noise from the construction machinery are treated as point source, of which the range of impact will be calculated in order for the construction team to control the noise based on actual situation. The model used for noise prediction is as follows: a. Distance of noise attenuation equation: L(r)=L(r0)-20Lg(r/r0) in which, r is the distance from the prediction point to noise source; r0 is the distance from the reference location to noise source; L(r) is the sound level for the point with distance r; L(r0) is the sound level for the point with distance r0; Additional attenuation generated by barrier, vegetation and air are not considered. b. Noise superposition For impact generated by multiple machineries, noise superposition should be considered, as the following equation: L=10Lg(100.1L1+100.1L2+……+100.1Ln) in which, L is the total sound level; L1……Ln are the sound levels for noise sources of 1, 2 ,…,n. 5.2.2.3 Range calculation for construction noise According to the above model, by only considering the distance attenuation, the noise sound level for different machineries with different distance is predicted as table 5-2. Table 5-2: Construction noise sound level prediction. Unit Leq(dB(A)) Standard Distance meet Distance from construction(m) Type dB(A) standard m 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 daytime night daytime night Loading 90 84 78 71.9 68.4 65.9 64 75 55 28 281 machine Leveler 90 84 78 71.9 68.4 65.9 64 75 55 28 281 77 Vibration roller 86 80 74 67.9 64.4 61.9 60 70 55 32 177 Wheel roller 76 70 64 58 54.4 52 50 70 55 10 56 Excavator 86 80 74 67.9 64.4 61.9 60 75 55 18 177 Hydraulic 84 78 72 66 62.4 60 58 75 55 14 141 excavator Pavers 82 76 70 64 60 58 56 70 55 20 112 Percussive drill 87 81 75 69 65 63 61 85 ─ 6 ─ 5.2.2.4 Construction noise environmental impact analysis (1) From table 5-2, based on the standards in “Noise sound level standard for construction site� (GB12523-90). if a single machinery has a sound level of 90dB(A), the area within 35m from the construction will exceed 75 dB(A) during daytime, the within 281m from the construction will exceed 55 dB(A) at night. For actual construction, multiple machineries are used at the same time, the affected range will be larger, especially at night. However, the noise is intermediate and within a short time period, it will disappear with the completion of construction, which is normally acceptable for the resident. The contractor should use proper noise management and control measure, to reduce its impact on the environment so that the normal life of the resident along route will be maintained. According to investigation, the major noise sensitive receptors along route are : Yingxiong Road elementary school, Xiaolingtong Kindergarten, Xianan Street elementary school, Huoju middle school, No.12 middle, Jiandong Road elementary school, Heji hospital, No.2 middle school, Changzhi academy of education, Maternal and Child Care Service Centre and No.7 middle school. Except for these, resident building and administrative agency are located along the road and will be affected during construction to some extent. (2) From table 5-2, the noise level for is normally above 80dB(A), some of which will reach 90dB(A), this will damage the health of the construction staff especially for the machinery operator. 5.2.2.5 Construction noise control measure (1) The construction team should strictly executed “Measures for construction noise management�, during the construction period, and keep the fixed machinery away from the sensitive receptors. (2) Use low noise machinery, keep good maintenance of the machinery. (3) Choose proper construction time period on sensitive road sections. (4) Enhance the management of construction and transportation machinery, slow down when entering the vicinity of sensitive area, reduce or prohibit horn. (5) Construction at night (22:00 6:00) is prohibited. (6) Should keep the machinery well maintained to minimize the noise level. (7) Should rotate the operators of the machinery to reduce the time exposure to high noise; should protect construction staff working long near noise source by using ear plug. 78 (8) Construction near school should be arranged during the weekend or holiday, transportation of materials should also be kept away from school. (9) Prohibit the operation of high noise, high vibration machinery during the rest time in the noon. 5.2.3 Vibration impact and it mitigation measure 5.2.3.1 Vibration level The vibration source in this project is mainly from drill, heavy-duty transporter, compressor airpick pile driver excavator bulldozer road roller, etc. The vibration level of these machineries is shown in table 5-3. No Type Vibration level 10m away DB 1 drill-grouter 63 2 heavy-duty transporter 74-76 3 compressor 81 4 airpick 83-85 5 Vibration pile driver 79 6 Concrete pile driver 50-67 caterpillar 72-80 7 excavator wheel 65-70 Vibration moving 71 8 Vibration roller Non-vibration moving 55 running 78 9 bulldozer operating 70 5.2.3.2 Vibration impact analysis (1) Prediction model Prediction of vibration could use the following equation: r VLZ = VLZ 0 − 20 Log( ) − ∆LZ r0 in which, VLZ is the vibration level at r m away form the machinery, dB VLZ 0 is the vibration level at r0 m away form the machinery dB r is the distance between the prediction point and the machinery, m r0 is the reference distance to the machinery m ∆LZ is the additional damping adjustment factor dB (2) Prediction result The result of the damping distance for vibrations from construction machinery is shown in table 5-4. 79 Table 5-4: Vibration level for typical construction machinery No Distance to vibration source m Type 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 drill-grouter 63 56.98 53.46 50.96 49.02 47.44 46.10 44.94 43.92 43 2 heavy-duty transporter 76 69.98 66.46 63.96 62.02 60.44 59.1 57.94 56.92 56 3 compressor 81 74.98 71.46 68.96 67.02 65.44 64.10 62.94 61.92 61 4 airpick 85 78.98 75.46 72.96 71.02 69.44 68.10 66.94 65.92 65 5 Vibration pile driver 79 72.98 69.46 66.96 65.02 63.44 62.10 60.94 59.92 59 6 Concrete pile driver 67 60.98 57.46 54.96 53.02 51.44 50.10 48.94 47.92 47 7 caterpillar 80 73.98 70.46 67.96 66.02 64.44 63.10 61.94 60.92 60 excavator wheel 70 63.98 60.46 57.96 56.02 54.44 53.10 51.94 50.92 50 8 Vibration 64.98 61.46 58.96 57.02 55.44 54.10 52.94 51.92 51 moving 71 Vibration roller Non-vibration 48.98 45.46 42.96 41.02 39.44 38.10 36.94 35.92 35 moving 55 9 running 78 71.98 68.46 65.96 64.02 62.44 61.10 59.94 58.92 58 bulldozer operating 70 63.98 60.46 57.96 56.02 54.44 53.10 51.94 50.92 50 (3) Impact analysis From table 5-4, the area 40 50m away from the vibration source will reach 75 dB(A), in another words, the project construction will pose obvious impact for areas within 50m of the vibration source. Residents are located within 50 240m away from the construction machinery, therefore the vibration will affect the resident in this range of area to different magnitude. 5.2.3.3 Vibration impact mitigation and control measure (1) Proper planning should be given to machinery with high vibration level according to the actual condition. (2) Construction activities with high vibration should be prohibited at night and noon. (3) Enhance construction management, reduce the vibration impact on surrounding environment as much as possible. 5.2.4 Air pollutant impact and mitigation measure. 5.2.4.1 Ambient air impact analysis The air pollutant sources during the construction may include: excavation; material loading/unloading and transportation; flying dust from machinery operation, earth piling; emissions from construction and transportation equipment. This project will purchase commercial asphalt product for road pavement, which could prevent generating pollutant when melting the asphalt. The only impact will be from little air pollutant produced from 80 the asphalt pavement, the temperature of the asphalt mixture is controlled between 135 and 165 , the pavement is one-step forming, of which the impact on the atmospheric environment is limited. The materials used during construction such as lime, cement and stone are already processed; solid waste generated from the construction site will be collected in a timely manner; no temporary construction station is used in this project. The major impact during construction period on atmospheric environment is dust. Excavation and drilling of the ground will generate dust, some of the dust will suspend in the air, some of the dust will land on the ground and building in vicinity; dust will generate from the earth pile during large wind; dust can generate during material load/unload; earth contained in the rainwater when dried will generate dust though vehicle moving or wind; excavation and filling will generate a lot of dust. The pollution from dust during construction period should not be ignored. Once inhaled by the construction staff or the resident, it can cause respiratory disease. In addition, suspended dust can reduce the invisibility and cause traffic accident. Dust on building and tree can influence landscape. Therefore, construction unit should enforce strict management and measures to prevent dust generation during construction. 5.2.4.2 Ambient air pollution mitigation measures In order to reduce the impact on surrounding environment, construction units should enforce the regulations in “Notice on implementation of (Measures for dust control and management in Changzhi)� and adopt the following measures: (1) Street water sprinkling should be applied for the sensitive section such as hospital and school along the corridor, especially before and after school; the surface of the road should be maintained clean. (2) Construction of the parking and maintenance yard at south of city should prepare construction road to prevent the generation of dust from transportation vehicle on earth ground. Before earth excavation, solidification of the door, fence, ground at construction site, entrance/exit should be done. Washing facilities should be provided for the vehicle. (3) During excavation, the site should be sprayed with water to maintain certain humidity, especially for the loose surface soil at construction site; during filling, the site should also be sprayed to prevent the flying of dust. (4) Enhance the management of temporary storage of the materials, sprinkle water or cover the materials prone to air-borne dust; spoil, construction waste should be collected as soon as possible. (5) The transportation vehicle should be covered and not loaded too much to prevent leakage from the vehicle; make specific plan of the route and schedule for the transportation vehicle, prevent the vehicle running at central area, large traffic area and resident area; for road section that needs strict standard, transportation should be done at night according to the actual condition. The leakage of soil from the transportation should be cleaned up as soon as possible to reduce dust. 81 (6) Steel fence higher than 2.5m should be used at construction site, the height should be higher than 3m for road section with sensitive receptors. 5.2.5 Construction wastewater impact and mitigation measure 5.2.5.1 Source of construction wastewater and its intensity This project is located at the urban area, no construction station is built during construction period, wastewater from the construction staff does not exist. The major source of wastewater is construction wastewater and wastewater from washing the machinery. The main pollutant in the wastewater is SS, which is settled and collected by the drainage system and does not affect the surface water environment much. 5.2.5.2 Environmental impact analysis and mitigation measures During construction period, contractors should organize facilities for the discharge of wastewater, as the following measures: (1) Construction wastewater contains a lot of SS and is prohibited to discharge directly. Proper settlement should be applied to the wastewater. (2) Shizi River is a human controlled landscaping river, most of the time it is dry according to investigation. The bridge construction can carry out during the dry period. Construction waste soil should be cleaned up from the river channel, the transportation and storage of the waste soil should be supervised by people, it is prohibited to throw the waste soil. 5.2.6 Solid waste impact and the mitigation measure. 5.2.6.1 Solid waste impact Solid waste during construction period is mainly from road pavement reconstruction, underground parking lot excavation, construction and domestic solid waste. The road surface reconstruction will generate 7830m3 waste spoil from the underground parking lot construction is 23320m3 construction waste is 6820m3 waste from the construction staff is 2.7t (May to Oct). Domestic solid waste during construction period can pollute the environment and affect landscaping and traffic if not properly disposed; other construction waste will cause dust pollutant and silt during windy and rainy days. The running of cleaning vehicles on urban road will increase the traffic volume and more importantly the lose of soil from it can influence the environmental health of the city. 5.2.6.2 Solid waste pollution control measure Following measures are suggested in order to reduce the impact of solid waste on environment: (1) Domestic solid waste: contractors should set up solid waste collection tank, and engage relevant department for disposal. (2) Construction spoil: contractors should have plans for spoil disposal before construction and keep balance of the soil inside the project. Spoil should be reused 82 as much as possible, if not, it should be disposed at the construction waste landfill located at Shuangqiaozhuang Village though payment of related fees. The environmental sanitation department will be in charge of recovering the ecological environment for this landfill. (3) Construction waste: all disposed to the construction landfill located at Shuangqiaozhuang Village through payment of related fees. The environmental health department will be in charge of recovering the ecological environment for this landfill. (4) Construction unit should enforce the management standards established by relevant responsible administrative institute and control the construction waste and soil from its source. (5) Clean up as soon as possible, covered transportation to prevent lose. (6) Construction waste and soil should be transported by qualified department with covering capability. (7) Transportation vehicle for construction waste and soil should run and dispose according to regulated time, route and location. (8) Transportation vehicle for materials should avoid rush hours at sensitive receptors. Transportation should be confined within regulated time period and route. Cover should be provided for transportation of loose material and waste, wash from outside before transportation. 5.2.7 Urban ecology impact and mitigation measures 5.2.7.1 Urban ecology impact analysis This project involves the construction of 4 integrated corridors, 2 parking and maintenance yard and 1 traffic depot, the urban ecology impact during the construction period is mainly from the green belt excavation and renovation, spoil, construction waste and transportation vehicle. (1) Vegetation removal and replanting Table 5-5: Impact on the vegetation within the green belt number of trees to be No Corridor Increased green area m 2 relocated 1 Taihang Street 17897 746 Yingxiong 2 18374 530 Road 3 Chengxi Road 12475 140 4 Fuhou Street 19740 805 Total 68486 2221 From table 5-5, the construction of this project will not damage the green belt along the route, in opposition, it will increase the vegetation area in the green belt along route. During the construction period, the traffic volume is large, which will greatly influence or even demolish the vegetation around the construction site if construction is not properly managed. 83 (2) Construction spoiled oil will occupy cultivated land, which can reduce the per capita cultivated area. In the meantime, due to the increase of population and consumption level, increased pressure has been added for the cultivated land, which will cause conflict between human and land as well as causing environment ecological issues. All construction spoil will be disposed to the construction landfill located at Shuangqiaozhuang Village through payment of related fees. The environmental health department will be in charge of recovering the ecological environment for this landfill. Therefore the spoil is not affecting the land use much. (3) The major construction contents are located in the flat urban area with little high filling or deep excavation, so erosion is hardly seen. However, the temporary storage of construction materials and waste materials such as soil, cement and clay will cause impact on the ecological environment of the city. Especially for the spoil, if not well protected, it will be flushed by rainwater into the drainage pipeline and cause congestion. (4) During construction period, the transportation of construction materials will cause a lot of dust if poorly managed, which will cause dust impact on the ground, green belt and resident along the road. The environmental health of the city is also affected to some extent. 5.2.7.2 Analysis of impact on city landscaping The following aspects of impact on the city landscaping are considered: (1) Pipeline demolition and relocation will affect the landscape within limited range, but this impact is temporary, will diminish upon the completion of the project. On other hand, the landscaping will be enhanced through road greening. (2) The storage of excavated soil and construction material, especially the spoil and construction waste will affect landscaping and environmental sanitation of the city. (3) The temporary building and parking of machinery will also affect landscaping. (4) The use of isolation fence and cover will affect landscaping to some extent. (5) Noise, dust, emission, construction waste and waste water generated from the construction period will cause pollution; the business unit and administrative institute beside the reconstruction road will be affected. 5.2.7.3 Mitigation measure during construction period The following aspects should be given consideration in order to protect the landscaping along route: (1) The vegetation and trees in the middle or at side of the road should be protected and then relocated, rather than replanting after demolition. The trees and green area near the construction site should be protected. (2) The construction should be confined within the redline range, storage of the soil and material should not occupy the land near the site. 84 (3) Plan ahead the management of excavation and filling, protection should be given to the temporary spoil. Avoid excavation and filling activities when it is raining so that there will be no erosion, pollution and congestion happening. (4) Should enact contract with the soil usage department about recovery of the ecology for spoil on sale. (5) Should minimize the land occupation as much as possible and make proper arrangement on the construction progress. Clean the construction site after completion of construction, retreat from the occupied land, recover previous road and greening. 5.2.8 Cultural resources impact and the mitigation measure 5.2.8.1 Cultural resources There are no important cultural sites at any protection levels as recorded in local cultural bureau. According to field investigation, there is a “West mosque� to the north of the junction at Yingxiong Road and West Heping Street, this mosque was built in 1947, it is the normal worship place for people believe in Islamism in Changzhi. There are 5 worships everyday (5:00, 13:00, 17:30, 19:30, 20:30) with 50 people attending each time. The important dates for Islamism are Mohammed's Birthday (March 12th in Islamism calendar), Fast-Breaking Ceremony (Oct 1st in Islamism calendar) and Corban Festival (Dec 12th in Islamism calendar). During these dates, devotees will gather in the mosque to celebrate, the number of people is around 100-300. “West Mosque� is along the road side of Yingxiong Road and is outside the redline. Huayan Temple is located to the south of West Taihang Street, 730m away from east of Hubin Road and 54m from Taihang Street. It is used for Buddhism worship and was built in 2001, the area is 300m2. Inside the temple, there is “Sansheng� palace hall with statures inside. There are no important events during normal days. Worship activities will happen during the 1st and 15th day of each month in Buddhism calendar. The “West Mosque� is close to Yingxiong Road. Construction should be carefully scheduled to avoid the above mentioned dates. Announcement and information plate should be available before construction on such sections to ensure the arrangement by the host of the temple and the mosque. For construction in this section, temporary road should be made available to the mosque, good construction management should be enforced. Huayan temple is away from West Taihang Street and there is 30m green barrier in between. In addition, it is a small temple and the worship activities are not frequent, therefore the impact on this temple during construction period is minor. 5.2.8.2 Measures for cultural relics during construction (Chance Find) In accordance with regulations and laws from� Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics�, “Rules for the implementation of Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics�, and “Implementation of Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics in Shanxi Province�, following procedures should be used when cultural relics are found during construction period: 85 (1) Any unit or personnel when find cultural relics during construction should protect the site and report to the local cultural administrative institute. Upon receiving the report, the cultural administrative institute should arrive at the site within 24 hours and provide protection opinion within 7 days. The cultural administrative institute can report to the police department and ask for protection of the site; if important cultural relics are found, it should be reported to the state cultural administrative institute, which should provide protection opinion within 15 days. Construction should be paused before the completion of the relic excavation. (2) The cultural relics found should be preserved by the public museum, library or other public units designated by the cultural administrative institute of the city, province or state. Permission should be obtained from the cultural administrative institute of the city, province or state in order to keep a sample of the cultural relics found. (3) The cultural relic found belongs to the state, any unit or personnel should not keep it privately. 5.2.9 Traffic safety Four main roads in urban Changzhi are involved during construction period. Since the construction is section by section, the section without construction will be used normally. The settle of construction vehicle and staff will increase the pedestrian and vehicle traffic in very short time, this will bring traffic safety issue. During construction period, all the project staff entering or leaving the construction site as well as operating the machinery on road should maintain traffic safety. Safety measures preventing and controlling injury and death from accident should focus on the project staff and pedestrians, including these prone to be harmed by traffic. The safety measures should include following contents according to the size and characteristic of the activity: (1) Underscore safety regulations for the driver; (2) Improve driving technique and use licensed driver; (3) Limit driving time, rotate drivers; (4) Avoid dangerous road and time, minimize the chance of traffic accident; (5) Install speed control system on the truck and supervise the driver; (6) Maintenance in a timely manner using parts from the dealer, prevent accident happening due to out of order for the parts; (7) Minimize situations that pedestrian and construction vehicle use the road at the same time; (8) Improve the visibility of the signal to enhance overall traffic safety; (9) Education on traffic safety and pedestrian safety should be provided at communities near school; (10) Cooperate with the emergency responding staff to provide proper first aid when accident happens; purchase local materials as much as possible to minimize transportation; use large vans around construction site to reduce the traffic volume; adoption of traffic safety control measure, use traffic signal and staff to remind the pedestrian and vehicle of dangerous situation. 86 5.3 Environment impact and pollution control measure during operation phase 5.3.1 Social environmental impact analysis (1) Improving traffic condition and organization The operation of this project will pose new requirement for the facilities related to buses, logistics and parking lots. Upon finishing of this project, resident travel will be more convenient due to improved public transportation and good management of parking for private vehicles. In addition, the improvement of the traffic condition and road network will enhance the people and goods transportation with vicinity area. This project is World Bank loan project, which will help improve the transportation development. The determination of “green city and green transportation� as well as promoting bus priority can improve the public transport system comprehensively, which will solve the traffic congestion issue. (2) Reducing vehicle emission and traffic noise Through green transport system of “bus+bicycle+pedestrian�, traffic within the urban area will be smoother. In addition, vehicle running speed on the road will increase to some extent due to enhanced management of traffic. The traffic distribution in space will be more even, which will reduce traffic congestion and keep the vehicle running at a constant speed so that frequent idling and horning will be reduced significantly. The emission discharge from the vehicle is the smallest when running at a constant speed, therefore the emission and noise will also be reduced, which is vital in improving the ambient air quality and acoustic environment. In the meantime, the green transport system in the project can also reduce the emission discharge significantly. (3) Improving city landscaping The proposed green isolation belt and new green area during the construction phase will improve the ecological environment and landscape. In the meantime, demolition and reconstruction along the route as well as reconstructions for municipal water supply, thermal, gas, electricity, drainage system can greatly improve the city landscaping. (4) Improving the life standard Real estate industry is one of the industries that will be influenced by transportation, it also requires a lot on transportation. The improvement of transportation will change the evaluation standard for the valuation and social function of the community. Generally, the community with accessible transportation and related facilities will have high value. Therefore, upon the improvement of transportation condition, the valuation of the community along the route will increase, which will improve the life quality of the resident. (5) Impact on vulnerable groups For transportation system, people with non motor vehicle is the vulnerable group compared with that with the motor vehicle, pedestrian is the vulnerable group compared with vehicle, disabled people is the vulnerable group compared with healthy people, bus is the focused group compared with other vehicles. While improving the transportation condition, 87 considerations should be given to the vulnerable group and focused group. The design of sidewalk for the blind has been considered during the plan and design of pedestrian lane. Moreover, during actual design and construction, care should be given to the pedestrian, older people, blind people and disabled people by incorporating the design of pedestrian, sidewalk for the blind and cross street tunnel. The improved public transport system and policy subsidy can provide better service for low income people, which is important for enhancing the harmony society. Overall, upon completion of the project, the transportation infrastructure of urban Changzhi is better and the traffic capacity of the road network is enhanced; the city landscape is better and the commute time is less for the city resident; the valuation of the land along route will increase; economic development could be promoted through the development of industry, real estate, business, service, information technology; investment environment and tourist industry can also be enhanced. 5.3.2 Noise impact and mitigation measures 5.3.2.1 Traffic volume The short term and long term traffic volume projection is shown in table 5-6 according to the feasibility study. Table 5-6: short term and long term hourly traffic volume project for sensitive receptors. Unit: vehicle per hour receptors name Traffic volume Road name No 2015 2030 Yingxiong Road 1 elementary school 1850 2143 Yingxiong 2 Xiaolingtong Kindergarten 1850 2143 Road Xianan Street elementary 3 school 1253 1858 4 Huoju middle school 2335 3028 5 No.12 middle school 2442 2616 Taihang Jiandong Road elementary Street 6 school 918 1224 7 Heji hospital 1268 2273 Fuhou Street 8 No.2 middle school 1009 1005 Changzhi academy of 9 3112 3125 education Chengxi Road Maternal and Child Care 10 2689 2772 Service Centre 11 No.7 middle school 1881 1940 5.3.2.2 Noise level 88 CADNA/A method is used in this report to calculate the environment noise impact, the result is shown in table 5-7. Table 5-7: Noise level for single vehicle during operation phase Short term single Long term single Road Objective name No vehicle sound level vehicle sound level name daytime night daytime night Yingxiong Road 1 60.8 53.4 61.5 54.1 Yingxio elementary school ng 2 Xiaolingtong Kindergarten 60.8 53.4 61.5 54.1 Road Xianan Street elementary 3 59.1 50.4 60.8 52.1 school 4 Huoju middle school 64.4 55.6 65.5 56.8 5 No.12 middle school 64.6 55.8 64.9 56.1 Taihang Jiandong Road elementary Street 6 60.3 51.6 61.6 52.8 school 7 Heji hospital 61.7 53 64.3 55.5 Fuhou 8 No.2 middle school 58.2 49.2 58.3 49.4 Street Changzhi academy of 9 63.1 54.3 63.2 54.4 education Chengxi Maternal and Child Care Road 10 62.4 53.7 62.6 53.8 Service Centre 11 No.7 middle school 60.9 52.1 61 52.3 5.3.2.3 Projection model and parameter Based on the characteristic of proposed project and it environmental feature along route, RLS90 projection method from Germany is used in CADNA/A software. The model is simulated for the buildings within 200m from the road side, which can reflect the use of building as a barrier for blocking the noise. (1) Calculation model for road sound level Noise Lm E generated by the vehicle is defined as: Lm,E=L(25)m+Dv+Dsurf+Dslope…………………………………………………………(1) L(25)m=37.3+10lg[M(1+0.082p)] ………………………………………………(2) 10(Ltruck- Lcar)-1 Dv=Lcar-37.3+10lg [100+ p ] ……………………………(3) 100+ 8.23p Lcar=27.7+10lg[1+(0.02Vcar)3] ……………………………………………… (4) Ltruck=23.1+12.5lg(Vtruck) ………………………………………………………(5) in which, M is the mean traffic volume for single line; P is the ratio of large vehicles which is more than 2.8 t; Vcar Vtruck are speed limit for small vehicle and truck, km/h; Dslope is 0 when slope G≤5%, Dslope=60G-3 when G>5% 89 (2) Calculation for the traffic noise level of the projection point Divide the vehicle line into i sections, the noise sources are located at 0.5m above the center of each section, the length of each section li should not be greater than half the distance between the noise source and the projection point, the noise sound level Lm at the projection point is the superposition of the mean sound level Lm, i at each section, Lm, i is calculated by adjustment of section length Dl, i , atmospheric absorption and distance damp Ds, i , ground absorption and climate influence DBm, i , reflections between the parallel plains aside the road Drefl, i, noise reduction by barrier Dbar, i. Lm = 10 lg ∑10 0.1( Lm ,E + Dl ,i + Ds ,i + DBm ,i + Dref ,li − Dbar ,i ) i Dl ,i = 10 lg(li ) Ds ,i = 11.2 − 20 lg( Si ) − Si / 200 DBm,i = (h / Si )(34 + 600 / Si ) − 4.8 ≤ 0 4hbuild ,i / wi ≤ 3.2reflection Dref ,li =   2hbuild ,i / wi ≤ 1.6absortion    1 Ai Bi Si  − 2000 2δ i  Dbar ,i = 10 lg 3 + 80δ i e       In which Si is the distance from ith section to the projection point h is the height for the projection point hbuild, i is the height for the reflection plain of the ith section wi is the distance between the reflection plain of the ith section Ai is the distance from ith section to the top of the sound barrier Bi is the distance from projection point to the top of the sound barrier δi is the difference between the sound distance,δi=Ai+Bi-Si For road with multiple lines, the noise sound level Lm of the projection point is calculated by superposition of the sound level for the closest line Lm, n and the farest line Lm, f. (3) Parameter determination A. single vehicle The average sound level for single vehicle of different type during operation phase is shown in table 3-11. B. Adjustment for road section with curve and limited length Φ (Ψ ,Ψ ) ∆L1 = 10 lg[ a 1 2a ] π Φa (Ψ 1 ,Ψ 2 ) = ∫ (cos Ψ ) dΨ Ψ2 Ψ1 π π − ≤Ψ ≤ In which 2 2 90 Φa Ψ 1 Ψ 2 are the angle for ——adjustment function for road with limited length the limited length, as shown in figure 5-1. A B Ψ Ψ Ψ P In the figure AB is the road section P is the projection point Figure 5-1: Section with limited length C. Adjustment for barriers in between∆Lbarrier ∆L barrier = ∆L forest + ∆L house + ∆L shadowarea a. Lforest is the damping amount caused by forest which is normally calculated by ∆L = k ⋅ b In which k――damping index for the forest use k= 0.1dB/m b――width of the forest m The amount damp caused by forest has little difference among areas which is usually less than 10dB. For example, density of forest in the north is small, damp amount is low. b. Lhouse is the damping amount from village house. The distribution of village house is scatter, the projection point usually is located in front of the window for the first row of house, sound levl of the rest house is calculated based on table 7-18 and figure 7-19. c. Lis the damping amount caused by the sound shadow due to the levee side. When projection point is outside the shadow area, L 0 When projection point is inside the shadow area, L 0 is determined by δ, Nmax is defined as: 2δ N max = λ In which Nmax——Fresnel Number λ——wave length of the sound m δ—— ACOUSTIC-PATH DIFFERENCE m calculated by figure 8- 4 δ a b c a ——distance from the source to the road side m b ——distance from the projection point to the road side m c ——distance between the source and projection point, m. 91 Table 5-8: noise damping from building Building condition Damping amount ∆L note Area of the first row accounts -3 dB The area of the building for 40 60% is calculated by figure8- Area of the first row accounts -5 dB 3 for 70 90% One more row of building -1.5 dB maximum ≤10dB Note this table is only applicable to buildings aside the plain road embankment. Vehicle line S∆ Area of the building S=S1+S2+……+Sn 1st S1 S2 S3 Sn Area of the triangle S0=S∆ row S ○ Projection point Percentage of building area= × 100% SO Figure 5-2: calculation of the area for 1st row building. Figure 5-3 Calculation of δ Calculation of damping from the shadow area is as following equation:  3×π × (1 − t 2 )  −10 × lg( ) (t ≤ 1)  (1 − t )  4 × tan −1 ∆Lshadow =  (1 + t )  −10 × lg( 3× π × (t 2 −1) ) (t > 1)  2 × ln(t + (t 2 −1))  In which t=20×Nmax/3. 5.3.2.4 Projection result 92 Based on the selected model and parameter, the sound level of noise at sensitive receptors during the operation period (short term: 2015; long term:2030) are calculated as table 5-9 and figure 5-4. According to table 5-9, only the short term and long term noise sound level at Changzhi academy of education exceed the standard. 5.3.2.5 Noise pollution control measure During the operation period, in order to minimize the traffic noise impact on Changzhi academy of education, the buildings along the route will be installed noise-isolation window, which can reduce the noise by more than10dB(A), and the impact will be limited after that. 93 Table 5-9: Noise projection for environmental protection objectives (Meets standard? Y/N) Distance Short term projection Long term projection Objective 2015 2030 Road to center No name name of line m daytime standard Y/N night standard Y/N daytime standard Y/N night standard Y/N Yingxiong Road 1 58 55 60 Y 47.6 50 Y 55.7 60 Y 48.3 50 Y elementary school Yingxiong Xiaolingtong 2 46 56.8 60 Y 49.5 50 Y 57.5 60 Y 50.1 50 Y Road Kindergarten Xianan Street 3 58 53.2 55 Y 44.4 45 Y 54.9 55 Y 46.1 45 Y elementary school Huoju 4 middle 96 55 60 Y 46.2 50 Y 56.1 60 Y 47.4 50 Y school No.12 5 middle 69 57.3 60 Y 48.6 50 Y 57.6 60 Y 48.9 50 Y Taihang school Street Jiandong Road 6 44 56.8 60 Y 48.1 50 Y 58.1 60 Y 49.3 50 Y elementary school 7 Heji hospital 63 55.2 60 Y 46.5 50 Y 57.8 60 Y 49 50 Y Fuhou No.2 middle 8 85 49.6 55 Y 40.9 45 Y 49.5 55 Y 40.8 45 Y Street school Changzhi 9 academy of 23 64.1 60 N 55.3 50 N 64.2 60 N 55.4 50 N education Maternal Chengxi and Child Road 10 Care 47.8 57.7 60 Y 49 50 Y 57.9 60 Y 49.1 50 Y Service Centre No.7 middle 11 99 50.7 55 Y 42 45 Y 50.9 55 Y 42.1 45 Y school 94 5.3.3 Ambient air impact and mitigation measures 5.3.3.1 Air pollution impact analysis The major air pollution source during the operation phase is the vehicle emission, in addition, dust from vehicle running will also affect the ambient air. (1) Emission impact on atmospheric environmental The major pollutants for vehicle emission is CO NOX , which is scattered and moving non-point source, the height of the emission source is low and the range of emission is small. The pollution in daytime is usually higher than at night due to the traffic volume change, the pollution down the wind is higher than the windward, the pollution during no wind days will be higher than heavy wind days. The pollution load is determined by fuel type, vehicle type and fuel consumption, normally large size vehicle is higher than medium and small vehicle. Emission of CO and hydrocarbon for gasoline vehicles is higher while emission of SO2 PM CH2O for diesel vehicles is higher. With the increase of traffic volume, the pollutant discharge will also increase, as a consequence, the pollution for atmospheric environment along the route will increase. The pollutant discharge along the route during the operation period is low and the impact range is limited within 50m based on the investigation result on existing environmental assessment for other projects. In addition, with the increase of state emission standards, the pollutant discharge will also decrease. Percentage of vehicles with high fuel consumption and pollution will be phased out by higher fuel price and the range of impact on the ambient air along route will be reduced, therefore the overall impact is limited. (2) Dust from vehicle running Vehicle running on the road will cause flying of dust, the involved corridors are all urban road, the occurrence of dust is not serious based on the routinely sprinkle and clean. Therefore, the dust impact is light if proper environmental health work is enhanced. 5.3.3.2 Air pollution mitigation measure The impact of traffic on ambient air will be more serious with the development of the motor vehicle industry. According to prediction, upon completion of the project, the vehicle emission discharge will increase year by year due to the increase of traffic volume, hence, following measures should be considered to mitigate the impact: (1) Control measure for the pollutant source The air pollution source in this project is the vehicle running on the road. This is a moving pollution source, which make it difficult and not efficient to control only on one or several roads. According to experience in foreign countries, the control of motor vehicle emission should be conducted systematically within a city or an area. Therefore, the emission control of this project is closely related to the regulations and policies form the city government, Shanxi province or even the national level. The management unit in this project should enforce the regulations and polices 95 strictly and use proper measures to mitigate and control the emission discharge. Overall, several measures are suggested as follows: a. Prohibit the running of vehicle exceeding the emission standard In April 16th, 2001, Limits and measurement methods for emissions of pollutants from light-duty vehicles(I) (GB 18352.1-2001) is enacted from the state level; following this Limits and measurement methods for emissions of pollutants from light-duty vehicles II (GB 18352.2-2001) is enacted and with the first being replaced. Currently, annual inspection for emission discharge from motor vehicles is conducted in Changzhi. In order to reduce the emission discharge, the vehicles exceeding the standard can be prohibited on the road in this project, this could to some extent mitigate the ambient air pollution for this project. More strict standards should be enforced to reduce the pollution caused by motor vehicle emission. Examples from foreign countries show that ambient air quality could be maintained or not decreased by reducing the emission discharge for a single vehicle through more strict standards. b. Carry out Inspection and Maintenance system for in-use vehicles (I/M) vehicle Typically, the amount pollution caused by motor vehicle emission is highly related to the working condition of the engine. It is possible that the vehicle exceeds the standard due to poor maintenance and repair. Thus, routinely maintenance and repair work should be done to keep good working conditions for the engine, this can help reduce the emission discharge. The pollutant discharge standard in Changzhi will be more strictly, various control measures will be used. To ensure the effectiveness of these measures and control the emission discharge, the vehicle maintenance and repair work in Changzhi should be enhanced and proper inspection method should be placed on agenda. c. Reduce dust on road This can reduce pollutant source because it comes from the particles on road. d. Support and cooperate with local government for emission control Control of motor vehicle emission should be conducted systematically within a city or area. Therefore, the road management unit should cooperate with the local government and environmental protection agency to better control the emission discharge. e. Promote the use of clean fuel Currently, natural gas station has been constructed in Changzhi, part of the vehicle have started using liquid gas as fuel. It would further reduce emission discharge if more motor vehicles are using clean fuel. Therefore, government should support and give subsidy for the use of clean fuel; or enact law of policy for the use of clean fuel in order to reduce the emission discharge. 96 (2) Keep new sensitive receptors away from the road This could reduce the impact of emission pollution. Based on investigation, the concentration of the pollutant for the receptors will be directly affected by the distance to the pollutant source. Therefore, by increasing the distance between the sensitive receptors and the road, pollutant could be diluted during transport and the concentration of the pollutant at the receptor will be reduced. Hence, it is suggested that sensitive receptors should not be added within 50m of the road side. The sensitive receptors should be relocated or reconstructed to isolated building such as business center, building or warehouse, the first row of building should be settled back from the road, this could reduce the negative impact of vehicle emission and dust. (3) Utilize vegetation to clean the air According to experiment, vegetations along the road side have certain capability of dust control and pollutant clean, thus the greening along route in this project could be utilized for cleaning of the atmosphere. (4) Use bus priority lane and increase green area Bus priority lane could attract more resident due to its convenience, it can also reduce the use of private vehicle and related maintenance cost, thereby reduce emission from its source; in the meantime, increase the green area along road side could improve the air quality to some extent. 5.3.4 Water environmental impact and mitigation measures: 5.3.4.1 Water pollutants During the projection operation phase, wastewater is mainly generated from the parking and maintenance yard and bus washing. Domestic wastewater goes into the municipal sewage pipe network after pre-digestion by septic tank. Bus wash water goes into the municipal sewage pipe after grease separator and goes to Changzhi wastewater treatment plant together with domestic wastewater. All the wastewater discharges into the Zhuozhang South source after meeting the standard. 5.3.4.2 Water pollution control measures (1) Domestic wastewater: all the domestic wastewater during the project operation phase access to Changzhi wastewater treatment plant. Changzhi wastewater treatment plant is located at Qiu Village, west of the city. The treatment capacity is 100,000m3wastewater per day, which can process all domestic water of the city. It uses nitrogen and phosphorus removal A2/O plant and can reach the Class A standard of the national “Standards for integrated wastewater discharge�. The project has passed environmental impact assessment and environmental inspection. 97 Discharge from the parking and maintenance yard is small. The existing wastewater treatment plants have the ability to accept all the wastewater from project construction. Construction departments should make sure that the project wastewater discharges to municipal sewage pipe, underscore the management of water during the project operation period, and emphasize water conservation and water reuse, avoiding lose of water. In this way, it can be ensured that all the domestic wastewater get collected and treated to reach the standard. (2)Treatment measures for wastewater from bus washing: install a washing water circulation deposit tank in the park and maintenance yard, and use grease water separator to separate the waste grease. The bus wash water will entry municipal sewage pipe network and discharge after reach the standard. 5.3.5 Solid waste impact and reduce measures: 5.3.5.1 Statistics of source of solid waste Solid waste generated from this project mainly include waste from staff at park and maintenance yard, transit hub garbage and the waste grease and sludge from grease water separator. The garbage from bus station and passengers at square are managed by the municipal solid water management department. (1) Garbage: the garbage generated during the period of the project operation is about 535.5kg and 195.5t annually. All of them are collected by local sanitation department and sent to Changzhi solid waste treatment plant. (2) Hazardous waste: the waste grease and sludge from grease water separator about 1.0 t/a, belongs to HW08 hazardous waste. 5.3.5.2 Solid waste disposal and related facilities (1) Garbage: construction unit will set garbage collection point with necessary collection bins to prevent the dumping of garbage at park and maintenance yard. Collected garbage will send to Changzhi solid waste treatment plant for treatment and disposal by municipal department of environmental health management. Currently, there is one solid waste treatment and disposal facility in Changzhi. Construction started in 2006 and finished in 2008. The daily process capacity is 500t. Now daily process is about 400t, which it have a certain margin to make sure process the garbage during the period of project operation. (2) Hazardous waste: The hazardous waste generated by the project is mainly grease water separator sludge. The park and maintenance yard entrust qualified units to process. For hazardous waste, the operation department must pay special attention to the collection, storage, transportation and disposal. It must be operated according to the national regulations and measures to collection, storage, transportation and disposal. First of all, based on the nature of hazardous waste, use different 98 containers which reach the standard and difficult to damage, deformation, aging and can avoid leakage and proliferation effectively. And label on container with details about name, weight, composition, characteristics, and leakage, spread of pollution incident emergency measures. In addition, hazardous waste should be stored in special room, designated people should be in charge of the management work. Prohibit dumping outdoors to prevent infiltration of pollutant generated from runoff in the case of rain and snow. By taking above preventive measures, solid waste from planning project has little effect on the environment. 5.3.6 Traffic safety 5.3.6.1 Impact analysis During the project operation phase, due to increase in traffic volume and speed, it will directly result in increase of traffic safety risk. On the one hand, risk of crossing roads is increased, especial for area with intense residential, commercial, school, hospitals and other activities closely related with people’s lives. Due to pedestrian crossing roads, the traffic status will become more complex and risk factor will increase. It is necessary to consider the traffic lights, pedestrian crossing, pedestrian overpasses and other settings in these areas. Especially schools, the school time will cause congestion on the walkway, resulting in safety risks. On the other hand, in driving along the roads, between vehicles, between vehicles and pedestrians, there are also traffic risks. Due to speed difference and traffic requirement difference between motor vehicles, non-motorized vehicles and buses, increased traffic risk will happen if these factors are not considered in the road planning and design. According to the city actual traffic demand, traffic risk could be avoided though the following measures: separate the fast lane and slow lane, bus lane and other motor vehicle lane, motor vehicle lane and non-motorized vehicle lane as well as planning of non-motorized vehicle lane and sidewalks with reasonable traffic volume. In addition, the entrance and exit of the parking and maintenance yards, bus depots and terminals have large traffic volume due to increase bus fleet, it is necessary to be rational planning to ensure safety. 5.3.6.2 Measures for traffic safety in operation phase Emphasizing safety aspects among drivers; Improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers; Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver rosters to avoid overtiredness; Use of speed control devices on trucks, and remote monitoring of driver actions; Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure; Collaborating with local communities on education about traffic and pedestrian safety. Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents; 99 Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. 5.3.7 Safety assessment and emergency response measures for gas and diesel station There is a 600m2 gas station in the South Parking and Maintenance Yard at south of city. The capacity and capability is not determined yet. It requires risk assessment and proposes emergency response measures. 5.3.7.1 Risk assessment and safety measures of gas station (1) Feature of fuels The fuels stored in this project are diesel and CNG. Hazardous properties and their physical and chemical properties are shown in Table 5-9, Table 5-10 respectively. Table 5-9 Hazardous properties, physical and chemical properties of fuel Part one: Hazards Category: Class 3.1 low flash Blasting risk: Flammable point flammable liquid. Intake: Inhaled, ingested, Hazardous CO, CO2 absorption by skin combustion products: Health hazards: Major act on central nervous system. Symptoms of acute poisoning are dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, unsteady gait, and ataxia. Environmental It is hazardous for environment. Pay attention to surface water, hazards: soil, air and drinking water pollution. Part two: physical and chemical properties Appearance and Colorless or light yellow volatile liquid with special odor character Melting point ( ) <-60 Relative density 0.70~0.79 (water=1) Flash point( ) -50 Relative density 3.5 (air=1) Ignition 415~530 Explosion upper 6.0 temperature( ) limit%(V/V) Boiling point( ) 40~200 Explosion lower 1.3 limit% (V/V) Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, alcohol and fat Main purpose Mainly used for gasoline engine, used in rubber, footwear, printing, tanning, etc. Part three: stability and chemical activity 100 Stability Stable Avoid conditions Fire, high temperature Avoid materials Strong oxidants Polymerization Not aggregate hazardous Decomposition CO, CO2 products Part four: toxicological information Acute toxicity LD50 67,000mg/kg (mice), (120 solvent naphtha) LC50 103,000mg/m3, 2 hours (120 solvent naphtha) Acute poisoning: Inhalation of high concentrations of toxic encephalopathy. Inhalation of high concentrations lead to sudden loss of consciousness, stop breathing reflex and chemical pneumonia. Can cause corneal ulceration, perforation and even blindness. Acute skin contact dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis. Acute oral poisoning caused by acute gastroenteritis; severe acute inhalation poisoning symptoms appear similar. Chronic poisoning: Neurasthenic syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, skin lesions Irritation: Human eye: 140ppm (8 hours), a mild irritant Maximum 300mg/m3 allowable concentration Table 5-10 Hazardous properties, physical and chemical properties of diesel Part one: Hazards Category: Class 3.3 high flash Blasting risk: Flammable point flammable liquid. Intake: Inhaled, ingested, Hazardous CO, CO2 absorption by skin combustion products: Environmental It is hazardous for environment. Pay attention to surface water, hazards: soil, air and drinking water pollution. Part two: physical and chemical properties Appearance and Slightly viscous Main purpose Mainly use for character brown liquid diesel engine, etc. Flash point( ) 44-55 Relative density 0.87~0.9 (water=1) Boiling point( ) 200~350 Explosion upper 4.5 limit%(V/V) Ignition point( ) 257 Explosion lower 1.0 limit% (V/V) Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, alcohol 101 and fat Main purpose Mainly used for gasoline engine, used in rubber, footwear, printing, tanning, etc. Part three: stability and chemical activity Stability Stable Avoid conditions Fire, high temperature Avoid materials Strong oxidants, Polymerization Not aggregate halogen hazardous Decomposition CO, CO2 products Part four: toxicological information Acute toxicity LD50 LC50 Acute poisoning: Skin contact may cause contact dermatitis, oil acne, inhalation may cause aspiration pneumonia. Can into fetus by blood through the placenta Chronic poisoning: Diesel exhaust can cause eye, nose irritation, headaches Irritation: Stimulus Maximum No standard currently allowable concentration (2) Analysis of accident classification The station’s main function is to store fuel and fuel buses. The process includes vehicle unloading, storage and oil distribution. According to the characteristics and accident types, the project can be divided into fire and explosion, spill and leak two categories. A. Fire and explosion Data shows that when fueling, due to the drop of liquid surface, the increasing of air space in tank makes the tank gas pressure lower than atmospheric pressure, a lot of air added into the tank. Once meeting the explosion limit, it will explode with fire. Meanwhile, the oil outlet make the negative pressure in tank, the burning flame will be sucked inside the tank and make tank explode. According to national statistics, tank fire probability is much lower than 3.1*10-5 times/year. B. Spill and leakage Tanks are easier to leak or spill. Therefore, the leakage and spill of storage tanks and pipelines cannot be ignored. According to statistics, the reasons tank overflow are as follows: a. tank measuring instrument failure, resulting in the process of filling the tank filled with overflow; b. for the tank during refueling, the gas barrier because of air resistance, resulting in oil spill ; c. in the refueling process, due to the different interfaces, convergence is not tight, causing oil spill. The possible reasons for tank leak are as follows: a. pipeline corrosion resulting in oil spills; b. damage due to construction structures on pipeline; c. in the process of sending and 102 receiving the oil, due to operational errors, resulting in oil spills; d. all pipe joints loose, resulting in run, emit, drip. A large area spill accident is not happen in China, but small spill happened before. Spills and leaks pollute surface water, ground water and also potential for adverse effects on regional water resources. Once contaminated, it will be difficult to eliminate, and will also cause fire and explosion hazards. C. Accident risk identification Analysis from above paragraph shows that the first kind of accident has a low possibility to occur, but it is more dangerous, because the damage can be completed instantly and is very difficult for rescue and emergency response. The project proposed to set horizontal tank buried. According to GB50156-2002 “vehicle refueling stations design and construction standards (specific explanation)�, it will be safer by setting horizontal underground oil tank. From abroad and our country’s survey statistics, the chance of fire of underground tank is very low. Even if the tank caught, it is easy to put out the fire. The second kind accident occurs frequency is higher than first. It occurs with significant randomness and chance. Such accident will impact the environment for some time and cause serious consequences. The pipelines and tanks of this project should design and construct according to the specifications, and take effective leak detection facilities. The probability of such accident will be small, as long as operation in practices. (3) Environment impact of accident According to “accident risk identification�, “Class I oil (i.e., gasoline) has no possibility of fire as long as stored in the underground tank. Therefore, this EIA will focus on the second accident. A. Pollution of surface water Once leakage or seepage of oil into the river, it will cause pollution of surface water. As the volume of the project tank is small, ditches are set near the tank, and the nearest river Shizi River is 2.1km away, once leakage or seepage happened, the oil will accumulate in the tank area. There is neither possible overflow area nor entering the surface water. B. Pollution of groundwater Groundwater pollution by leakage and seepage from storage tanks and pipelines are more serious. Once the groundwater polluted by oil, the water would have serious odor and is teratogenic and carcinogenic, which is completely undrinkable. According to survey, surrounded villages’ drinking water is supplied by municipal distribution network, not from the groundwater directly. In the meantime, the project proposed using FRP corrosion anti-seepage technology. Once leakage and seepage happened, because of protection from the impermeable layer, it will accumulate in the reservoir area. Therefore, leaks or seepage will not affect groundwater. C. Pollution of atmosphere 103 According to the researches in our country and abroad, for unexpected accidents oil spill, oil distribute on the surface irregularly. The evaporation rate of oil depends on oil vapor pressure, on-site wind speed, the oil spill area and the average heavy oil vapor molecules. This project uses buried storage tank technology, once leakage or overflow accident happened, testing facilities such as anti-leakage inspection hole can find the tank leakage in time. Because of the anti-leakage technology and small amount of leaking oil, the leakage will accumulate in the storage area. Storage area surface is hardened by concrete, which is more closed. Oil will primarily volatilize through the ventilator and manhole, and will not cause large area spread. So it has small impact to atmosphere. D. Impact on the surrounding sensitive points The nearest sensitive point of the project is Manfangtou Village which is 350m away to the north. Once leakage and spill accident, the sphere of influence can be controlled in project site area. To prevent leakage and overflow resulting fire, explosion to affect the villagers, the project construction department should strengthen management and prepare control measures. 5.3.7.2 The risk management and emergency response plan for gas station (1) Management requirements To prevent accidents, the project should be strictly comply with GB50156-2002 “vehicle fueling station design and construction standard� for design and construction. The preventive measures include: a. General layout should follow the requirements of design, control the security distance between every building. b. Design the effective fire protection system; c. Choose quality products for process equipments, transport facilities and process system. Selection, design, installation and maintenance of electrical equipment of gas station should comply with GB50058-82 “explosive fire danger design specifications of electrical equipment installation� and GB13955-92 “leakage protection and management�. d. Set combustible gas alarm device in possible leakage position and accumulation of volatile gas places. e. Set up anti-static charge and lightning grounding device at the beginning, end and branch of the oil pipelines. f. Adopt higher safety factor for anti-seismic in design of the station. g. Install low level alarms for tanks. Reduce line interface. Use metal hose connections at the import and export of pipe. (2) Emergency response plan for gas station a. When parts of the gas station are in fire, the people should immediately put the fire out using nearest equipment such as fire extinguisher. And report to the fire department for support. b. Loading, unloading and measurement operators should stop operating and close all valves. 104 c. The staff who are not on duty hear the fire signal should rush to the fire site and put the fire out by using fire fighting equipment such as fire extinguisher,. d. Logistics and communications defense group are responsible for all materials and equipment protection in the fire site, and call “119� asking for help. (3) Anti-leakage emergency measures a. Responded staff should collect oil by emergency supplies, explosion-proof equipment. b. When leakage happened, stop fueling vehicles and loading oil. c. Trained fireman rush to the site to prevent accidents d. Clear the remaining oil, repair equipment, make sure no hazardous material remains when it happens in tank area or fueling site. Continue operations after that. (4) Measures doe loading and unloading of fuel a. Metering operator should shut down valve immediately. Report to leaders (emergency group leader), and make the site of the safe. b. Site leader should organize rescue according to the emergency plan. c. All the emergency responders should follow the same order collecting oil by aluminum cone, aluminum dustpan and cotton yarn. The collected oil fills to the reserve barrels for recycle d. Site security staff and trained fireman should strengthen on-site monitoring to avoid fire accidents. (5) Emergency plan for pipeline spillage Staff of divisions of labor and safety are required to follow the same command, to collect remaining oil, using cork and roof screen plugging, and clearing site, then repair pipelines. (6) Plan for tank leakage a. Relevant team members in charge of tank oiling, should collect and transport the leaked oil immediately to other container (tank). b. When diesel storage tank leaks, personnel need to take safety measures. c. Divert oil to other stations. d. According to the situation, load water to the bottom of the tank. e. Record the leaking tank and report to the head of the monitoring team. f. When tank leakage occurs, the personnel should seriously and promptly report, in accordance with relevant regulations. (7) Emergency plan for power failure Store enough fuel for power generators. If the power does not start normally, report to the electricity sector and ask for help in order to make sure gas station safety. (8) Station emergency evacuation plan a. Immediately cut off all electrical power to prevent accidents. b. Firefighters catch a favorable position as soon as possible, and keep putting out the fire to prevent the spread of fire. c. Measurement operator should shut down all the valves. d. Maintenance staff will do their best to remove the equipment as many as possible to safe areas. 105 e. If there is tanker in unloading area, promptly notify the driver to drive out the station. f. Evacuating fueling vehicles and related person to ensure that access road open. 5.3.7.3 Risk assessment and measures of gas stations The parking and maintenance yard at south of city gas station is CNG gas station. Major risk factors are: fire, deflagration, choking poisoning, mechanical damage, electrical damage, accident, etc. One of the most damaging and the main hazards is detonation, which also makes greatest losses. The evaluation focused on the fire, explosion hazard. (1) Hazardous material identification The station mainly involves transporting flammable, explosive methane in a closed-system. The mainly risks are leakage, fire and explosion. According to “material risk standard’ in “Construction Project Environmental Risk Assessment Technical Guidelines� HJ/T169- 2004, hazardous material is identified during the project operation period. The composition feature of CNG is similar as natural gas. The main properties of natural gas in Table 5-11 Table 5-11Hazardous identification of natural gas Name Density Boiling Flash Explosion Hazard Risk point point limit classification identification Natural 0.72 -160 -188 5%-15% Class 2.1 Combustible gas flammable gases gases Note: 1. “hazard classification� is based on the “List of hazardous Chemicals (2002 edition)’ 2. “Risk identification� is based on “Construction Project Environmental Risk Assessment Technical Guidelines�. Table 1 shows that the proposed project involved material-CNG meet the “material risk standard� in “inflammable substances 1-flammable gas�, can be regarded as dangerous substances prone to fire and explosion. (2) Process risk identification The process includes: regulating, storage, pipeline transportation, car fueling. Involved dangerous substances are CNG; potential accident is leakage from damaged equipment and pipeline system. CNG leaks fast and explosion with fire. Process risk factors identified in Table 5-12. Table 5-12 Identification of process risk factors Class Type Risk items The risk Design and Regulator, metering facilities and related facilities such as of filling construction pressure equipment. Effect from outside, design, construction process and manufacturing defects may cause the physical burst in pipeline and equipment. 106 Equipment production equipment, pipelines, valves, flanges, etc. due to corrosion, caused by lightning or leak close to a fire source (such as static electricity, fire, etc.) leading to combustion, explosion. pressure gauge, valves, accessories and other equipment operating under pressure loss, faulty equipment or operation error will cause the explosion. Operation facility failure caused by improper operation overpressure of valve, the process is not smooth, such as the safety valve interlock alarm system failure, resulting in burning up a lot of gas. process replacement, maintenance, emergency handling, cut-off valve interlock, etc. when the gas is mixed with air, fire or explosion will occur. during the process of system operation, repair of leaking pipes, flanges and various valve devices, explosion may occur. The case of fire or shock, static electricity, electrical sparks caused by gas and other explosive hazards. (3) Accident with max. reliability and the probability of occurrence The compression system in gas station has a high filling pressure and changes frequently. It is prone to leakage and fire explosion. Combined with the result of the same type project, the most possible accident is compressor room methane leakage leading to fire explosion. Analog of gas engineering accident statistics, after leaked natural gas is ignited and the probability is 2.5*10-4. Except for the compressor room, CNG pipelines, control valves, fittings and flanges and similar storage can also have the likelihood of accidents. (4) Fire, explosion accident consequence analysis Fire, explosion, gas filling stations is the most serious accidents. CNG leak is caused by explosive combustion of the main stations. Possible CNG impact by leakage accident: a. Methane leakage accident, when the methane concentration in the air up to 25% - 30%, it will cause human discomfort, or even suffocation. b. When the concentration of methane reaches explosive limit, it will under heat, or fire. Fire thermal radiation will result in burns or death. CNG explosion will affect an area in a radius of 100m. The nearest village Mafangtou Village is 350m away, which is out of the influence radius. c. Where the leaked gas is directly ignited, a jet of flame will be caused. Jet flame radiation can cause burns or death. Assuming the thermal radiation intensity being 12.5KW/m2 as a standard to calculate the effects of the radiation intensity, within 10 seconds it will make the human body burned, there will be 1 minute 1% mortality. d. If the CNG is not directly ignited, the release of gas may form explosive clouds. When this cloud is ignited, it will produce a steam explosion smoke, or the 107 formation of flash fire. If the flickering flame is within the people, they will be burned to death or serious injured. When the resulting steam explosion smoke presents, its shock waves can harm a person other than smoke. (5) Environmental impact of associated accident with explosion When the leaked gas explodes on fire, burning hydrocarbons will produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water. Among them, carbon monoxide is toxic, which is harmful to human health. Inhalation of high concentrations of carbon monoxide also causes poison, or even death. Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons will produce carbon monoxide and its generation is generally between 1% to 10%. As the height of the CNG flame is high, with high temperature, a large amount of pollutants are lift to high-altitude. Therefore, ground CO concentration is low and will not reach the lethal concentrations. Main components of leaking CNG is methane, while a small amount of hydrocarbons, are non-toxic gases. However, accident caused by fire usually lasts long, thus the pollutants will still cause relatively large impact on the surrounding environment. 5.3.7.4 Gas station risk management and emergency plan (1) Risk management a. Strictly following “� for design and construction; b. Install various regulations and guidance, such as fire control in responsibility, safety operation guideline, routine inspection, etc; visible sign should be provided at the entrance of the station, “no smoking� warning should be proved on the wall or at the entrance; c. Enact emergency operation guideline, explaining the operation procedures during pipeline accident, regulate the repair progress, control the accident into a limited impact, safety problems of the operation staff should also be explained; d. Education should be provided in a weekly basis for the operation staff, improve the awareness of safety issue and understanding of the control measures before and after the accident happens; e. Inspection and maintenance method should be provided for the important facilities; inspect and maintain routinely; all documents on file; f. Accident emergency response plan should be provided for the staff with related equipment and facilities; the response plan should be on file in the safety supervision unit. (2) Emergency response plan The content of the response plan is shown in table 5-13. Table 5-13: content of the response plan No item Content and requirement 1 Response region Dangerous target storage and fill area of the station Response institute, 2 Gas station, regional emergency institute and staff staff 3 Conditions of Enact the level of the plan and its response procedure 108 response level emergency rescue 4 Emergency facility, equipment security Reporting, Reporting, communication method and transportation 5 communication security under emergency response method Emergency environmental Monitoring by professional team, evaluate the type, index 6 monitoring, rescue, and result of the accident, provide basis for decision and control making measure Emergency inspection, control On site, vicinity and nearby area, fire control region, 7 measure, leaking control and removal measure with related facility prevention measure and facility Staff repatriation, On site, vicinity and nearby area, fire control region, staff 8 evacuation evacuation plan, medical rescue and public health Emergency rescue Termination under emergency 9 close procedure and Follow up work and recovering measure recover measure Clear of warning in the vicinity and recovering measure 10 Emergency training After plan enacted, proved training and practice Public education Public education in the vicinity and information 11 and information disclosure Major risk control measures: a. Stop valve should be provided at gas entrance to prevent leaking under unusual condition. The installation location should be easy to access; b. Provide concentration warning system for flammable gas, so that control measure could be enforced before reaching the explosion limit; c. Gathering facility should be provided so that temporary storage can be provided during over pressure and pipeline inspection. In the meantime, fire blocking equipment should be placed at the end of the pipeline in the releasing system so that releasing safety can be ensured; d. Storage tank should install pressure releasing facility, which should have enough capacity. The releasing gas should meet the following regulations: A. If the releasing flow is small, such as the gas releasing from the safety valve and releasing valve, pipeline should be connected to safety area or releasing pipeline. B. If the releasing flow is greater than 2m3 and releasing frequency higher than 2 3 per hour, recycling tank should be provided. 109 C. If the releasing flow is greater than 500m3 (high pressure), such as gas releasing from the storage tank, fire accident or emergency facility inspection, should release to empty in half an hour using the releasing pipeline. e. Gas released from the gas dispenser should toward the safe direction, prevent the risk when releasing the high pressure gas; Emptying of the gas should meet the following requirement: A. Emptying system of different pressure level should be placed at different location so that each releasing pipeline can operate safely. B. Gas released from the safety valve can be discharged into the atmosphere, the pipeline should be in vertical direction and should be at least 2m higher than the facility platform and 5m higher than ground; C. Emptying pipeline should be placed outside the building and should be kept away from the operation area, the height of it should be at least 2m higher than the near building and infrastructure and the total height should not exceed 10m. (3) Risk control measure during transportation a. CNG transportation vehicle must satisfy “guidelines for dangerous freight transportation� enacted by the state council of transportation. Prevent heat, vibration and fire during transportation. b. The transportation vehicle should have warning sign painted or installed, with communication equipment, staff facility and first aid equipment. The exhaust system for the vehicle should install fire blocking equipment. c. The transportation vehicle, tank should have obvious dangerous sign. d. The transportation vehicle should keep safe distance and speed, speeding and overtaking is prohibited, entering into the prohibited zone is not allowed. e. When unusual condition happens during transportation, should report to the local police department. Should strictly follow the arranged time and path when crossing the urban area, no stop in the middle and at resident area, market, school, administrative agency, landscaping area. f. When leaking happens during transportation, should report immediately to the local police department, all possible warning measure should be applied. g. Enhance the training and education of the staff, improve their awareness and skills. In conclusion, the risk of accident can be minimized based on effective control measure and emergency response plan enacted. 5.3.8 Environmental benefit (1) Improve traffic environment, cut the resource use, and mitigate air pollution According to “Urban motor vehicle emission control�, the concentration of the air pollutant from the vehicle is closely related to the running condition of the vehicle. During morning and evening rush hours the vehicle speed is slow and is about 5km/h. Based on comparison, the average oil consumption at 5km/h is 0.02L/min. Currently, the morning rush hour in Changzhi is 7:30-8:30 and evening rush hour is 17:30-18:30. During the project operation phase, traffic condition will be greatly improved during the morning and 110 evening rush hour, the idling of vehicle will be decreased. The traffic volume during rush hour in Changzhi and the emission volume reduced is shown in table 5-14 and 5-15. Table 5-14: Rush hour traffic volume and the oil consumption Traffic volume during rush Road Oil consumption L hour private vehicle #/hour Taihang Street 2945 3534 Yingxiong Road 3872 4645 Chengxi Road 2464 2957 West Fuhou Street 1615 1938 The annual oil consumption during morning and evening rush hour for the motor vehicle is 13074L/h. According to the emission index in data handbook of practical environmental protection, the emission discharge volume reduced during morning and evening rush hours is shown in table 5-15. Table 5-15: Motor vehicle emission index and discharge volume reduced Emission index Discharge volume Discharge volume Pollutant (g/L) (t/h) (t/a) CO 169 4.4190 1612.94 NOX 21.1 0.5517 201.38 SO2 0.295 0.0077 2.82 HC 33.3 0.8707 317.82 We can see that the completion of this project could effectively reduce the emission pollutant from motor vehicles, the amount reduced are: CO, 1612.94t/a; NOX, 201.38t/a; SO2, 2.82t/a; HC, 317.82t/a . The environmental benefit obtained from this project is obvious. (2) Use clean fuel and reduce pollutant discharge During the operation phase, the use of CNG bus will greatly reduce the emission. Based on the initial planning, CNG bus accounts for 50% of the total bus, the discharge concentration and volume for NOX CO PM10 CO2 are greatly reduced. In the same time, the CO2 emission from CNG bus is reduced a lot, which could contribute to controlling the greenhouse gas emission. In addition, combustion for CNG bus is sufficient, emission of CO and SO2 are a lot less than the gasoline bus, which could reduce the opportunity of acid rain. During accident, leaking fuel will be diluted in the air quickly; no pollution will be caused for surface water and soil. (3) Reduce noise pollution 111 During the operation phase, low noise modified asphalt is used for road pavement. Friction could be reduced on flat road surface. Indicating signs for no horning and slow traffic are installed at sensitive road sections such as school and hospital, this could effectively reduce traffic noise and improve the acoustic environment in the city. 6 Environmental Management Plan 6.1 Objectives This project will have certain negative impacts on the surrounding social and natural environment in both the construction stage and operation stage. It is necessary to establish environmental management and monitoring plans for construction and operation period to implement effectively mitigation measures for the adverse impacts. 6.2 Environmental Management Institutions In order to protect the environment along the proposed alignment, and ensure the successful implementation of the mitigation plan, the institutional arrangements should be clearly established. Each of the institutions below will play its role respect to the project environmental management and impact mitigation. 6.2.1 Environmental Management in Construction Stage 6.2.1.1 Institutional arrangement The framework of environmental management institutions for Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project is illustrated in Figure 6-1. Environment Supervision and Implementation Environmental Supervision Agency Shanxi Government of Changzhi Changzhi EPB Changzhi Project Leading Office Project Management Office Design Environme Constructio Changzhi team nt n Monitori Design and supervision Contractor ng Construction Stage team Station Implementation agency of Environment Monitoring 112 Figure 6-1: Framework of Environmental Management Institutions in Construction Stage 6.2.1.2 Major Responsibility of Institutions The responsibility of environmental management institutions for the proposed project is introduced as follows. Report the implementation of environmental management to the World Bank, Changzhi government and Shanxi Province EPA, as well as to be supervised by those institutions. Supervise the implementation of environmental protection measures on the construction site. Organize and coordinate the air, noise and vibration monitoring during the construction and operation stage. Analyze and recommend pollution control measures to resolve raised environmental issues during the construction and operation stage. Investigate and resolve the issues that disturb residents. Comments or suggestion on the environmental protection measures and management plan should be considered and resolved properly. 6.2.1.3 Major Content of Environmental Management In order to effectively control the environmental pollution in construction of the project, it is required to manage not only the construction quality and progress but also the good practice of the construction, the implementation condition of environmental impact mitigation measures, as well as to supervise and check the execution of contract clauses in terms of environmental protection. The project management office should ensure that the total project contract include the environmental mitigation measures in construction in the Contract document and require the contractors to strictly implement the measures. The contractors shall organize the construction in accordance with the requirements in the project contract, and various laws and regulations on environmental protection and sanitation stipulated by the nation and the local government, meanwhile, carry out civilized construction as per the environmental control measures and suggestions in the Environmental Assessment Statement so as to protect the environment. The contractors shall assign fulltime (part-time) environmental management personnel on each construction sites to carry out on-spot supervision of mitigation measures implementation. It is particularly important to control the construction time of high-noise, and high-vibration construction equipment. Carry out publicizing. Because of limitation of technological facilities and construction environment, even if associated control measures are taken, environmental pollution along with the construction is unavoidable. Therefore, it is 113 necessary to publicize the project to citizens along the line and in affected areas so as to enhance their bearing capacity of bad impacts and gain their understanding in temporarily conquering the difficulty and in coordinating with the construction unit to complete the project construction. The administration departments and the construction unit shall set up office of calls and letters in particular, and install a special telephone line for complaints to receive the complaints from the public and immediately assign persons to solve the problems within a time limit. It is required to properly handle the complaints from the citizens. 6.2.2 Environmental Management in Operation Stage (1) Institutional arrangement The framework of environmental management institutions in the operation stage is illustrated in Figure 6-2. Management Office of Changzhi Sustainable Urban Changzhi EPB Transport Project Environment Protection Environment Department of Construction Monitoring Contractor Figure 6-2: Framework of Environmental Management Institutions in Operation Stage (2)Responsibility and Content In order to control the potential pollution impacts raised in the operation, environment management institution should be established to be responsible for the following aspects. Environment related law and regulations should be well enforced. Environment management procedures should be well followed and implemented. Periodically review, repair and maintain the roads to make sure the transportation is functioning properly. Environment monitoring should be conducted by professionals and documented properly. Investigate and resolve any pollution accident or resident complaints related to the proposed project. Periodically provide training programs to related personnel to develop capacity and improve the environment management. 6.3 Environmental Supervision Plan The institutional arrangement for environmental supervision are summarized in Table 6-1. 114 Table 6-1 Summary of Environmental Supervision Plan Supervision Phase Supervision Content Supervision Objectives Institution 1.Make sure the EIA report is prepared properly; Feasibility Shanxi 2.Make sure the potential impacts on the study and Province EPA environment are properly identified and 1. Review EIA report preliminary and Changzhi analyzed; design EPA 3. Make sure the control measures for environmental impacts are properly planned and implemented. 1. Check if the investment is implemented. 2. Check if the vegetation and 1. Make sure the investment is related ecological environment is implemented on the environmental restored during the construction protection. stage. 2. Make sure the surface water is not 3. Check if municipal and polluted. construction wastewater is 3. Make sure the construction wastewater Shanxi properly treated and discharged. meets the related standard before Construction Province EPA 4. Check the control measures for discharge. stage and Changzhi dust and noise and decide the 4. Make sure the ecological nature along EPA construction time slot the routes will be stored. accordingly. 5. Make sure the related environmental 5. Check the project progress and regulations and standards are implemented make sure it will be completed in properly to reduce the negative impacts. time. 6. Make sure the environmental protection 6. Check if the environmental facilities are functioning properly. protection equipment is functioning properly. 1. Review the implementation of monitoring plan. 2. Review if any further control is Shanxi needed to resolve any issue that is 1. Implement the monitoring plan. Operation Province EPA unexpected. 2. Protect the environment stage and Changzhi 3. Review if the environmental 3. Enhance the environmental EPA quality of sensitive areas meets management and protect the public health the related quality standard. 4. Check the solid waste is disposed properly. 6.4 Summary of Mitigations 115 Environmental impact and the mitigation measures Cost implementation estimation Source of Supervison Supervison Type Potential impact mitigation measure frequency institute (10,000 investment institute standard yuan ) A.design stage 1) further compare alternatives for route selection, Municipal leading engineering design for the Ecological avoid community and resident area, reducing committee for world route Resettlement route environment would land acquisition project Changzhi bank loan before research center of World Bank OP/ BP selection be affected by land 2) cooperate with people affected in the area in provision PMO sustainable urban construction Hehai University 4.12 involutary acquisition design and implementation of the resettlement transport project plan resettlement Municipal leading committee for world Landscape would 1) specific design for green belt along bridge, road project Changzhi before design institute bank loan greening design be damaged 2) need detailed plan for greening provision PMO construction sustainable urban transport project route design Inconvenient for 1) specific design (6 pedestrian bridge, signal and Municipal leading pedestrian crossing; 40 pedestrian crossing)for high pedestrian committee for world traffic safety risk; project Changzhi before density area such as school and community design institute bank loan Design for crossing facility difficult of disabled provision PMO construction 2) design for sidewalk and crossing facility for sustainable urban person to cross street disabled people transport project B. construction stage 1) Agreement has to be obtained for disposal of spoil (sent to construction waste land fill at Construction Municipal leading Shuangqiao Village) contractor committee for world 2) enhance the management of storage of soil that bank loan Dust, soil erosion, design institute is investment Spoil and is to be compacted, covered and sprinkled sustainable urban Spoiled soil TSP see Monitoring: landscaping, land responsible for 75.0 included in waste periodically; spoil and construction waste transport project; details in table 4.3-1 everyday occupation including it in the the contract should be transported out of sites quickly. Environmental contract 3) Construction should be limited within the monitoring unit at document readline, storage of soil and material should not Changzhi EPA occupy land out of the red line. 116 Cost implementation estimation Source of Supervison Supervison Type Potential impact mitigation measure frequency institute (10,000 investment institute standard yuan ) Municipal leading Construction committee for world contractor bank loan Monitoring: Construction 1) construction wastewater containing a lot of soil sustainable urban Wastewate should be everyday wastewater and and grease, should be sedimented before design party is investment Bayi bridge, transport project; discharged after sedimentation solid waste would discharge into municipal pipeline, prohibiting responsible for 15.0 included in Qiyi bridge Environmental SS cause pollution in direct discharge into surface water including it in the the contract monitoring unit at the river contract Changzhi EPA; document Environmental monitoring station Construction Municipal leading 1) install bulletin and safety fence contractor committee for world 2) solidify the ground at the construction site bank loan design party is investment 3) during excavation, drill, demolition and refill, sustainable urban public complain Monitoring: construction site responsible for 35.0 included in water should be sprinkled to prevent flying dust transport project; everyday including it in the the contract 4) should restore the vegetation and green area Environmental contract after construction monitoring unit at document Changzhi EPA; 5) prohibit the operation of machinery with high noise and vibration during the noon, use machinery with low noise or adopt noise barrier Municipal leading methods like isolation and fence whereas committee for world possible.. bank load 6) proper arrangement for construction time and Construction sustainable loan contractor investment Construction noise and noise location, for high noise construction, keep away transport project; Monitoring: construction noise 20.0 included in at sensitive receptors are from the sensitive receptors design party is Environmental everyday the contract shown in table 4.3-1 7) noise monitoring should be enforced at sensitive responsible for monitoring unit at receptors.. including it in the Changzhi EPA; 8) following measures should be taken when night contract Environmental construction is needed: send application to document monitoring station Changzhi EPB and announce at surrounding road communities and use noise barriers if necessary 117 Cost implementation estimation Source of Supervison Supervison Type Potential impact mitigation measure frequency institute (10,000 investment institute standard yuan ) construction Municipal leading 9) sprinkle water on the transportation road, committee for world reducing dust as much as possible Construction bank loan 10) prevent dust pollution by fencing the site during contractor sustainable urban sensitive receptors construction period, plan ahead the route and investment design party is transport project; Monitoring: Air-borne dust time for transportation, avoid running in 23.0 included in TSP detail shown in table responsible for Environmental everyday sensitive area such as business area and resident the contract 4.3 1 including it in the monitoring unit at area. contrct document Changzhi EPA; 11) construction waste is prohibited to use as fuel Environmental for heating. monitoring station 1) affected trees in the middle and along the road Construction Municipal leading side should be relocated, vegetation and green contractor committee for world area around the project route should be # of relocated tree bank loan protected during construction design party is investment ecological sustainable urban increased green area and Monitoring: 2) construction should be well managed to keep responsible for 20.0 included in environment transport project; tree everyday landscape clean including it in the the contract Environmental erosion 3) minimize land occupation, properly plan for the contract monitoring unit at construction progress. Clean the site, restore document Changzhi EPA; green area after construction completes 1) stop construction if cultural relics are found and report immediately to the local cultural bureau; 2) the site should be protected; 3) construction should be paused before permits from the local cultural bureau is granted. Municipal leading 4) communication with the hosts of the West committee for world Mosque and the Huayan Temple should be bank loan Cultural relics Contractor maintained during the construction on the sustainable urban section. The temporary access roads should be transport project; provided. Construction should be carefully scheduled to avoid the important event of the mosque and temple. Education for construction workers should be provided to avoid disturbance on the temple and mosque. 118 Cost implementation estimation Source of Supervison Supervison Type Potential impact mitigation measure frequency institute (10,000 investment institute standard yuan ) 1) make plans for traffic diversion and temporary access roads, set up enough TV and newspaper 2) pipeline connection (electricity and water) plans Construction Municipal leading should be determined through cooperation with contractor committee for world relevant units before construction. bank loan 3) height and direction of the lighting facility design institute is investment sustainable urban social environment should not affect resident at night. responsible for 15.0 included in public complain transport project; Monitoring: 4) collaboration with local communities and including it in the the contract Environmental everyday responsible authorities to improve signage, contract monitoring unit at visibility and overall safety of roads, document Changzhi EPA; particularly along stretches located near schools or other locations where children may be present C.operation stage Shanxi province traffic on 1) use low noise modified asphalt pavement, investment EPA; Changzhi Situation for noise control before ground install noise isolation window to reduce the noise Changzhi PMO 454.8 included in EPA; operation noise impact, details are shown in table2-2 the contract Changzhi use modified asphalt for repair work monitoring station monitoring value at sensitive receptors 119 Cost implementation estimation Source of Supervison Supervison Type Potential impact mitigation measure frequency institute (10,000 investment institute standard yuan ) 3) use pedestrian bridge and pedestrian crossing according to design 4) maintenance should be done regularly during operation stage 5) improve transportation management, traffic diversion should be properly used to ensure smooth traffic flow. 6) emphasizing safety aspects among drivers 1) improving driving skills and requiring licensing of drivers Changzhi PMO Traffic Police traffic safety 2) adopting limits for trip duration and arranging Changzhi Bus - - department in traffic safety every day driver rosters to avoid overtiredness Company Changzhi 3) avoiding dangerous routes and times of day to reduce the risk of accidents 4) use of speed control devices (governors) on trucks, and 5) remote monitoring of driver actions 6) regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure. 1) improve the management of motor vehicles, Shanxi province make sure the emission meets standard investment EPA; Changzhi before vehicle air pollution 2) complete the construction of green belt Changzhi PMO 11.7 included in EPA; operation emission NO2 PM 10 according to design and routinely maintenance the contract Changzhi should be provided monitoring station 120 Table 6-3 Control measures for sensitive receptors along Taihang Street, Yingxiong Road, Chengxi Road, West Fuhou Street meets meets cost Objective standard standard Road estimation No name Y/N Y/N control measures name 10,000 (short (long yuan term) term) Yingxiong Road Use low noise modified 1 Y Y - elementary asphalt pavement school Yingxiong Xiaolingtong Use low noise modified Road 2 Y Y - Kindergarden asphalt pavement Xianan Street Use low noise modified 3 elementary Y Y - asphalt pavement school Huoju middle Use low noise modified 4 Y Y - school asphalt pavement No.12 middle Use low noise modified 5 Y Y - school asphalt pavement Taihang Jiandong Street Road Use low noise modified 6 Y Y - elementary asphalt pavement school Use low noise modified 7 Heji hosptial Y Y - asphalt pavement Fuhou No.2 middle Use low noise modified 8 Y Y - Street school asphalt pavement Changzhi Use low noise modified 9 academy of N N 24 asphalt pavement+noise eduction isolation window Maternal and Chengxi Child Care Use low noise modified Road 10 Y Y - Service asphalt pavement Centre No.7 middle Use low noise modified 11 Y Y - school asphalt pavement 6.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan 6.5.1 Objectives and Principles The purpose of environmental monitoring is to understand the status of pollutant discharge and the impact during the construction and operation period to ensure that 121 the mitigation measures be taken and the impact would be mitigated. The principles to prepare the monitoring plan should be focusing on major impacts on the environment in both the construction and operation stage. 6.5.2 Monitoring Items During the construction period, the monitoring items include TSP and PM10; during the operation period, the items include noise, CO and NOX. 6.5.3 Monitoring Plan The monitoring plans for construction and operation stage are shown in Table 6-4. Table 6-4 Monitoring Plan during Construction and Operation Stages Phased Monitoring Scheme Category Item Construction Phase Operation Phase Pollutant Source Construction dust Vehicle emissions Monitoring parameters TSP PM10 CO NOX PM10 “Quality standard of Quality “Quality standard of ambient ambient air� GB3095- standard air� GB3095-1996 1996 Standard “Limit and measurement Emission methods for emissions from - standard light-duty vehicles� GB18352.3-2005 Yingxiong Road elementary school Xiaolingtong kindergarten Xianan Street Air No.7 middle school elementary school Huoju Jiandong Road elementary middle school No.12 middle school school Jiandong Road Monitoring point Changzhi Academy of elementary school Heji education hospital No.2 middle school Changzhi Academy of Maternal and Child education Maternal and Care Service Centre Child Care Service Centre No.7 middle school 2 day per month, both in the Once (1~2 days) in both the Monitoring frequency morning and afternoon summer and winter Execution institution Changzhi monitoring station Changzhi monitoring station Supervision institution Construction contractor Construction contractor Noise Pollutant Source Construction equipment noise Traffic noise Monitoring parameters LAeq(dB) LAeq(dB) Urban Acoustic Quality Urban Acoustic Environment Standard Environment Standard standard Standard (GB3096-2008) (GB3096-2008) Emission standard for Boundary noise limit for Emission industrial enterprises noise construction site GB12523- standard at boundary (GB12348- 90 2008) 122 Urban Acoustic Monitoring Urban Acoustic Environment Environment Standard standard Standard (GB3096-2008) (GB3096-2008) No.7 middle school Yingxiong Road elementary Changzhi Academy of school No.12 middle education Monitoring point school Heji hospital No.2 Maternal and Child middle school Changzhi Academy of education Care Service Centre Xiaolingtong kindergarten 1 day/month, both in the Twice/year, both in the Monitoring frequency morning and night morning and night Execution institution Changzhi monitoring station Changzhi monitoring station Supervision institution Construction contractor Construction contractor Monitoring institution Changzhi EPA Changzhi EPA In addition to the monitoring activities, a periodical environmental monitoring program should also be carried out by construction contractors during the construction, as well as by project owners in operation phase. This program is mainly designed to reduce or mitigate the negative impacts on the environment. 6.5.4 Monitoring Procedures The environment monitoring procedures should be prepared in accordance with the characteristics of the project and the requirement of environmental management system (ISO14001). The environment monitoring procedures should include the following aspects. (1) The environment management system should be established to management the requirement of funding and personnel. (2) Environment management procedures, monitoring plan, training program and protection measures should be prepared as a part of the construction plan and the EIA report. (3) The training program should be implemented as planned. (4) Regular environment management should be implemented as planned to timely monitor the impacts on the environment. (5) The information share channel should be well established to respond any public complaint. (6) The monitoring plan should be periodically implemented as planned. The monitoring results need to be submitted to related agencies timely. (7) Any violation or issue that disturb nearby public during the construction and operation stage should be timely corrected. If necessary, related management plan should be revised accordingly. (8) The monitoring reports, public complaints and other documents should be well documented. (9) The environmental supervision should be reviewed and reported periodically to regulatory agencies. The environment management plan 123 should be revised to improve the management in response to the comments from regulatory agencies. 6.5.5 Monitoring Reporting (1)Environmental monitoring report in construction stage The construction of this project will take about 4 years. The environmental monitoring station should compile “progress report of environmental monitoring� (twice every year) according to the national environmental management codes of construction project and the requirement of World Bank, in order to ensure that the environmental mitigation measures are being taken as given in the approved environmental monitoring plan. The “Progress report of environment monitoring� should include: Setup of environmental management institutions, engineering progress, main constructing contents and methods, implementation of training program and mitigation measures, and the implementation and results of environmental monitoring plan. The establishment of public complaints response mechanism and response should also be included in the report. Except for the above monitoring report, the contractor should compile daily and monthly reports, submitting it to superior department in charge and local environmental protection department. (2)Environmental monitoring report in operation stage After this project being put into operation, the environmental monitoring station will compile “Environmental monitoring report� regularly (once a year). It should mainly include: setup of environmental management institutions and the project operation status, the implementation status of comments of the environmental protection department on previous report, the monitoring system (including timing, frequency, points and used instruments and devices, applicable standard), statistical analysis result of monitored data, and further mitigation measures to be taken. 6.5.6 Monitoring Cost The monitoring cost for one year in both the construction and operation stage is shown in Table 6-5 Table 6-5 Monitoring Cost during Construction and Operation Stages, Unit: 104 Yuan/year Monitoring Description Air Noise Total Items Construction 26.4 3.2 29.6 phase Transport project Operation 12.0 1.6 13.6 phase 124 Total 6.6 Capacity Building 6.5.1 Personnel Training Plan Personnel training on the environmental protection knowledge and skills will be provided in different stages of project implementation. Domestic and overseas training programs will be offered for personnel at different working positions, which are shown in Table 6-6 for more details. Table 6-6 Personnel Training Plan Time Cost(10,000 Personnel Training Content Mode Number (day) Yuan) Basic theory of Construction environment and 2 for each environmental Domestic monitoring method, construction 3 8.4 protection training writing monitoring section personnel report, position training Environmental 1-2 for each protection construction Relevant environmental supervision Domestic section; 2-4 regulations, policies, 3 engineers, training from standards and programs environmental construction 8.4 management party engineers form Control and monitoring construction knowledge and skills for Domestic 6 4 party air and noise Senior Abroad advantage environmental experience in management transportation Overseas 4 15 10 personnel and management and noise environment control engineers Gasoline and natural gas Gas and diesel station urgent Domestic 4 3 2.4 safety operation training management personnel Total 28 29.2 6.6.2 Equipment Procurement Plan In order to facilitate the environmental monitoring and management during the construction and operation stages, it is necessary to purchase the regular equipment, chemicals and supplies, as shown in Table 6-7. Table 6-7. Equipment Procurement Plan and Cost Estimate Cost (10,000 No. Instrument Name Unit Yuan) 125 1 Portable noise measurement meter 3 1.80 2 Air sampler 1 3.00 3 Analytical balance 1 1.00 Other experimental chemicals and 4 -- 3.00 supplies Total 8.8 6.7 Public Complaining Procedures It is necessary to carry out the public consultation and communications throughout the project construction stage. The objective is to inform the public of construction activities to gain their understanding and support, and to resolve any concerns they may have and suggestions for mitigation. The hotline of the administration office of Changzhi sustainable urban transport project will be announced to the public via local media such as website and newspaper, as well as the bulletin on construction sites. The administration office will record and document the complaints properly. A full-time staff in the project management office will be designated for recording, documenting and replying any public complaints, and report to the leaders of the PMO by whom the relevant regulatory agency will be informed. Any person affected by the project is provided the opportunity via oral or written to complain to the management office, which should be resolved within two weeks. If not satisfactory with the results, the complaint can be submitted and resolved by the local EPA, even by the local court as necessary. 6.8 Reporting Procedures Contractors, monitoring and supervision parties should be responsible to report to related regulatory institutions on the project progress, the implementation of environmental management plan and monitoring results, which include 6 components as shown below. (1) The environmental supervision engineers are required to record and report the implementation of EMP based on a monthly basis to the project owner and project administration office. The EMP implementation report may include the implementation of environmental protection, monitoring plan and results. (2) The contractors and operators are required to record and report the project progress and the implementation of EMP on a quarterly basis to the project administration office as well as local EPA. (3) The contractors and operators are required to record and report the project progress and the implementation of EMP on a quarterly basis to the project administration office as well as local EPA. 126 (4)The local project administration office should submit the project progress report to higher project administration office, which include the implementation of EMP and monitoring results. (5) Any violation on environmental protection should be reported to the related environmental protection agencies. (6) Annual EMP implementation report should be submitted to the World Bank prior to March, 31 in the following year. The EMP implementation report may include: a. implementation of training programs; b. progress of individual project components; c. implementation of environmental monitoring and control; d. resident’s complaints and responding solutions; e. following year’s EMP implementation requirements. 6.9 Cost Estimation for Environmental Management By the preliminary estimate, 24.13 million Yuan (24,13,76) will be invested in environmental protection for the proposed project as shown in Table 6-8. Table 6-8 Environmental Protection Cost, Unit: 10,000 Yuan Investment Period Content Estimation Total Surface and ground pipeline 10 investigation Social Media, public notice 6 44 environment Billboard in construction 8 site Bridge and safety fencing 20 Maintenance of stocked 10 soil Urban ecology 2114.56 Renewing of destroyed 2104.56 Urban vegetation Site preparation 20 Construction Vehicle washing 3 stage Air Spray 10 69.4 Construction site fencing 10 Monitoring 26.4 Temporary facilities for reducing 15 Noise noise 18.2 Monitoring 3.2 Wastewater Wastewater treatment 5 5 Disposal of used soil and 10 Solid waste construction waste 12 Disposal of MSW 2 Overhead 10 10 Total Operation stage Air Road repair and maintenance 50 62 127 Monitoring (year one) 12 24 (8000 Yuan per Noise isolation windows window, 30 windows total) Noise Monitoring (year one) 1.6 31.6 Noise monitoring for deciding if installing the noise control 6 windows Overhead 9 9 Total 102.6 Training 38 38 Total 2413.76 128 7 Public consultation and Information Disclosure 7.1 Guidance and Principles According to the Guidelines for Environmental Protection for Construction Projects of the State Council and World Bank Safeguards Policy OP4.01, the public directly affected by the specific project is required to be involved in the preparation of the EIA. The public consultation and information disclosure was carried out throughout the EA Preparation. 7.2 Objectives Public consultation is one of the key elements in the EIA, the objective of consultation is to promote the public awareness of the project construction and reduce the risk or negative impact so that the economic, social and environmental benefit can be optimally achieved. In addition, the public consultation will improve the public awareness of environment protection and better receive the support of the public and avoid or mitigate any potential adverse impacts. In order to fully understand the environmental impact of this project, and enhance the rationality and effectiveness of the environmental mitigation measure, public consultation is conducted during the environmental impact assessment. 7.3 Method, Timing and Content Two rounds of public consultation were conducted for this project. The EIA information was disseminated online through the government website since September 1 through September 10, 2011, a snapshot of which was provided in Figure 7-1, to solicit the general public comments on the project. The second round of the public consultation was implemented in the form of distributing questionnaires along the proposed transport corridors and public meetings near the two parking and maintenance yards. 7.3.1 Round One of Public consultation 129 According to The Provisional Measures for Public Participation in Environmental Assessment in PRC, the proposed project and related EIA information was disseminated online through the government website since September 1 through September 10, 2011. The snapshot of the website was shown in Figure 7-1, in which enclose: a. brief description of the project; b. contact of the construction party; c. contact of the agency to implement the EIA; d. major concerns; e. options for the public to participate; and f. the valid time slot for the participation. Figure 7-1. Changzhi Government Website for Project Announcement 130 No public comments were received during the period of September, 1 through 10, 2011. 7.3.2 Round Two Public consultation Round two public consultation was implemented on September 3, 2011, which included questionnaire distribution along the four proposed transport corridors and public meetings near two parking and maintenance yards. The coverage of public consultation mainly includes the sensitive receptors along the four corridors. These sensitive receptors include resident, school, hospital and enterprise and business unit, temples and others. Interviews have been conducted particularly for Huayan Temple on Taihang Street and the West Masque at Yingxiong Road. Totally 34 questionnaires were distributed along the road and all are returned. In addition, major environment issues and sensitive problems are introduced to the public before distributing the questionnaires. The public meeting at two parking and maintenance yards is conducted with participants being the directly affected people. Meeting rooms of the bus company and the village committee of Mafangtou are the places for public meeting. The project information and related impacts were presented to the participants at both public meetings. The EIA team also responded to the public questions, comments and opinions on the project to help the participants better understand the environmental implications of the project. The public consultation questionnaires were distributed among the peoples who have already better understanding of the project. Opinions, suggestions and requests from the people are recorded by the EIA team along with the returned 28 questionnaires. Table 7-1 through 7-3 was presented below. Table 7-1. Public consultation Questionnaire for Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project Project summary: Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project has five project constituents: Integrated Corridor Improvement; Intelligent Urban Transport Management System; Public Transit Supporting Infrastructure; Comprehensive Parking Management; Institutional Capacity Development. Integrated Corridor Improvement involves four implementation corridors: Taihang Street, Yingxiong Road, Chengxi Road and Fuhou Street. Taihang Street (Hubin Road~Jinkou Road) is 8.64km long Yingxiong Road (North Outer Ring Road~Mafangtou) is 8.75km long Chengxi Road (North Outer Ring Road~Wuyi Street) is 8.03km long Fuhou street (Zhanqian Road~Middle Changxing Road) is 3.69km long the total length is 26.1km. Taihang Street, Fuhou Street are designed to have road side bus priority lane, Yingxiong Road and Chengxi Road are designed to have bus priority lane in the center of road. Project Summary: Commute Purpose of Basic information for Occupation Gender Age method Commute the person participated in the 131 the person participated in the survey Questions General opinion on the project Residential housing along the Regular Others Relation to the project roads pedestrian Your attitude on the Agree Disagree Don’t Care proposed project Your opinion on the Excellent Satisfactory Unsatisfactory current road situations you are working or housing Current impacts of vehicle Serious Not serious Fair emissions to you Serious Not serious Fair Current impacts of noise to you Project Know very well Know little Know nothing Your routing knowledge on Partially Not the project If the routing Reasonable reasonable known is reasonable Not helpful at Positive impacts of the project Very helpful Little help all on the public transportation Acceptable with Acceptable Not acceptable control measures Noise Your attitude Dust on the project Waste water during the Inconvenience construction for pedestrian Negative impact on traffic Serious Not serious Acceptable Your Vehicle attitude on the emissions project during Noise the operation Vibration Others Is it beneficial to promote Yes No Economic benefits that the the development of other project brings to the local industry? community Is it beneficial to improve Yes No the local reputation? 132 Other comments or suggestion Table 7-2. Public consultation Questionnaire for Public Meeting in Bus Company Project summary: Parking and maintenance Yard located in the bus company has planned area of 1.7ha, the construction contents are listed as the following table: Project Description: the parking lot is located Building Name Area m2 Remarks Parking lot for buses 4000 40 Parking Spots Comprehensive office building 1200 Commercial buildings along 1200 the street Office building 1400 Commercial infrastructure 2800 along the street Parking lot for administration 600 Vehicle repair zone 1200 2 Zones Other buildings 1000 Employee Housing and gas station Two bus routes (short term), 6 bus Bus station 2000 routes in total (long term) Commute Purpose of Basic information for the Occupation Gender Age method commute person participated in the survey Questions General opinion on the project Residential housing along the Regular Others Relation to the project roads pedestrian Your attitude on the proposed Agree Disagree Don’t Care project Your opinion on the current road Excellent Satisfactory Unsatisfactory situations you are working or housing Current impacts of vehicle emissions Serious Not serious Fair to you Serious Not serious Fair Current impacts of noise to you Know very well Know little Know nothing Project routing Your knowledge on Partially the project If the routing is Reasonable Not known reasonable reasonable Positive impacts of the project on Very helpful Little help Not helpful at all the public transportation Acceptable with Your attitude Acceptable Not acceptable control measures on the project 133 on the project Noise during the Dust construction Waste water Inconvenience for pedestrian Negative impact on traffic due to the construction Serious Not serious Acceptable Your attitude Vehicle on the project emissions during the Noise operation Vibration Others Is it beneficial to promote the Yes No Economic benefits that the project development of other industry? brings to the local community Is it beneficial to improve the Yes No local reputation? Other comments or suggestion Table 7-3: Public consultation Questionnaire for Public Meeting in Bus Company Project summary: South parking and maintenance yard is located at Mafangtou Village in south of the city. Planned construction area is 1.3ha and designed parking capacity is 100 buses, terminal stations of 6 bus routes are planned, the construction contents is listed in the following table: Building Name Area m2 Remarks Parking lot for buses 4000 40 Parking Spots Comprehensive office building 1200 Commercial buildings along the street 1200 Office building 1400 Commercial infrastructure along the 2800 street Parking lot for administration 600 Vehicle repair zone 1200 2 Zones Other buildings 1000 Employee Housing and gas station Two bus routes (short term), 6 bus routes in Bus station 2000 total (long term) Commute Purpose of Basic information for the Occupation Gender Age method Commute person participated in the survey Questions General opinion on the project Residential housing along the Regular Others Relation to the project roads pedestrian Your attitude on the proposed Agree Disagree Don’t Care project 134 Your opinion on the current road Excellent Satisfactory Unsatisfactory situations you are working or housing Current impacts of vehicle emissions Serious Not serious Fair to you Serious Not serious Fair Current impacts of noise to you Know very well Know little Know nothing Project routing Your knowledge on Partially the project If the routing is Reasonable Not known reasonable reasonable Positive impacts of the project on Very helpful Little helpful Not helpful at all the public transportation Acceptable with Acceptable Not acceptable control measures Noise Your attitude Dust on the project Waste water during the Inconvenience for construction pedestrian Negative impact on traffic due to the construction Serious Not serious Acceptable Your attitude Vehicle on the project emissions during the Noise operation Vibration Others Is it beneficial to promote the Yes No Economic benefits that the project development of other industry? brings to the local community Is it beneficial to improve the Yes No local reputation? Other comments or suggestion 7.4 Results Analysis of Public Consultation The public opinions, as expressed in the questionnaire during the public consultation, are summarized in Table 7-4 and 7-5. Table 7-4: Demographic Statistics of Participants in Survey Male Female Gender 47 53% 135 Less Between 30 and Above 50 Age than 30 15% 50 52% 33% Public Teachers Wo Others Occupation servants 32.1% rker 11.5% 47 9.4% College High school % Less educated than high Education school background 44% 13 43% Table 7-5: Summary of Questionnaire Questions General opinion on the project Residential housing along Regular Others Relation to the project the roads pedestrian 18 39 5 Don’t Your attitude on the proposed Agree Disagree Care project 60 0 2 Your opinion on the current road Excellent Satisfactory Unsatisfactory situations you are working or housing 26 26 10 Current impacts of vehicle Serious Not serious Fair emissions to you 13 23 17 Serious Not serious Fair Current impacts of noise to you 16 20 17 Know very well Know little Know nothing Project routing Your 32 26 4 knowledge on Partially the project If the routing is Reasonable Not known reasonable reasonable 43 13 6 Positive impacts of the project on Very helpful Little helpful Not helpful at all the public transportation 58 4 0 Acceptable with Acceptable Not acceptable control measures Noise 42 20 0 Your attitude Dust 38 23 1 on the project Waste water 40 20 2 during the Inconvenience for construction 40 19 3 pedestrian Negative impact on traffic due to 39 20 3 the construction Your attitude Serious Not serious Acceptable on the project Vehicle emissions 2 26 34 during the Noise 2 28 32 operation Vibration 1 27 34 136 Others 1 28 33 Is it beneficial to promote the Yes No Economic benefits that the project development of other 62 0 brings to the local community industry? Is it beneficial to improve the Yes No local reputation? 62 0 Other comments or suggestion Comprehensive understanding of the project information has been accomplished through public consultation of the project. 34 questionnaires have been distributed and all of them are returned with effective answer. Combined with the questionnaires collected during the public meeting, 62 questionnaires are collected. The comments and suggestion raised in the public consultation are summarized below. (1) The environmental mitigation measures identified and described in this EIA report should be fully implemented during the construction stage to mitigate the adverse impacts on the nearby residents. (2) The illuminating on construction sites should be banned to use at night to mitigate the adverse impacts on the nearby residents. (3) The environment regulatory agency should be responsible to supervise and make sure the environmental mitigation measures are implemented properly. (4) All construction waste should be removed from the site promptly to avoid the adverse impacts on the environment and nearby residents. (5) The construction process should be well planned and organized. The damaged roads, sidewalks, greens, and other community facilities should be given priority in repairing, or rehabilitation to mitigate the inconvenience to nearby residents. (6) Personal interview has been conducted particularly for Huayan Temple and West Mosque, temporary access road should be provided for visitors and priors in construction stage. Close communication should be kept with the hosts of the temple and the mosque so as to well schedule the construction to avoid the important events of the temple and the mosque. In response to the comments and suggestion raised in the consultation process, some mitigation measures were designed and shown in chapter 5 in the EIA report. 7.5 Information Disclosure The EIA team released the project announcement on September 1, 2011 on the Changzhi government website to ask for any comments or suggestion from the public in accordance with domestic requirement. The hotline and e-mail address to receive public comments was also listed on the website. 137 The EIA team disclosed the full text of the EIA report and EMP from September 10, 2011. The hard copy and electronic copy of the full text of the EIA and EMP are placed in the project management office and Changzhi government website, respectively. In addition, the advertisement for public information to access to the EIA and EMP was published in the local primary newspaper as well. The information disclosure process is summarized in Table 7-6 and the scanned advertisement is attached in Appendix 1. . Table 7-6. Summary of Information Disclosure Content Date Place A brief September 1 Changzhi government website project through 10, 2011 description and invitation for public opinions Full text of September 12, Changzhi Project Management Office EIA report 2011 and Changzhi government website at and EMP :http://www.changzhi.gov.cn/info/news/2011/nry/2 11315.htm Newspaper September 10, Changzhi Daily advertiseme 2011 nt 7.6 Conclusion To conclude, the project received strong public support and the majority of the public believed the project will contribute to improvement of public transport and environment. In response to the comments and suggestion raised in the consultation process, the contractors should be responsible to implement the proper mitigation measures provided in this EIA report. 138 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 8.1 Benefit of the project The project will achieve a great net positive benefit. The successful completion of this project could improve the efficiency of transportation in the city, shifting the public travel behavior toward a more safe, efficient and environmentally friend manner,, and promoting safety and green idea in the city development. Overall, it is very important for the sustainable development of Changzhi. 8.2 Environmental Qaulity Condition (1) Ambient Air Based on the monitoring results from three monitoring points (Auditing bureau, Monitoring station, Aoruite), all the air pollutants concentration in urban area of Changzhi meet grade 2 of “Ambient air quality standards� (GB3095-1996). Therefore, the ambientl air quality in Changzhi city is good. (2) Acoustic environment According to the monitioring of traffic noise, 10 traffic monitoring points are located along Taihang Street, the range of the sound level is 64.1 70.1dB, one of the ten points (10%) exceeds the standard by 0.1dB; 5 traffic monitoring points are located along Fuhou Street, the range of the sound level is 66.9 70.3dB, one of the five points (20%) exceeds the standard by 0.3dB; 7 traffic monitoring points are located along Yingxiong Road, the range of the sound level is 64.4 72.2dB, one of the seven points (14%) exceeds the standard by 2.2dB; 4 traffic monitoring points are located along Chengxi Road, the range of the sound level is 67.4 68.6dB, all the points meet the standard. From the monitoring result, the noise level for environmental sensitive receptors meets the class 2 standard of “Acoustic environment quality standard� (GB3096 2008), the acoustic environment meets the standard. (3) Surface Water According to the monitoring result at Baoma section of Zhuozhang River, the BOD5 is exceeding the class 1 standard marginally (0.11 times), ammonia Nitrogen and COD meet the class 1 standard, the rest pollutants meet the class V standard of “Surface water quality standard� (GB3838-2002). 8.3 Environmental impact analysis during construction phase During the construction period, construction dust, noise could impose impact on the city’s social environment, ecological environment, ambient air quality, acoustic environment, and traffic safety. Hence, comprehensive mitigation measures have been 139 designed in this project for the construction period. Based on good management and mitigation measures, the environmental impact of construction could be reduced to minimum level. In addition, these impacts are temporary and will disappear upon the completion of the project construction. 8.4 Environmental impact analysis during the operation phase (1) Noise impact analysis According to the result of noise projection, traffic noise at some of the road section will be reduced upon completion of the project, which denotes that the construction of this project can bring positive impact on the acoustic environment. Traffic noise at some of the road section will be increased a little, however, the noise level is smaller in 2015 and 2030 under the “with project� alternative than that under the “without project� alternative, this is mainly due to the reason that noise reduced by improved road and traffic condition by the project. The noise level at some environmental sensitive receptors will exceed the standard upon completion of the project, however, by taking measures like noise reduction road surface, noise isolation windows and greening, the environmental noise level could reach the standard. (2) Atmospheric environment impact analysis With the increase of traffic volume, the pollutant discharge will also increase, as a consequence, the pollution on atmospheric environment along the transport corridor will increase. The pollutant discharge along the route during the operation period is low and the impact range is limited to within 50m. In addition, with the increase of state emission standards, the pollutant discharge will also decrease. Percentage of vehicles with high fuel consumption and pollution will be reduced and the range of impact on the ambient air along the corridors will be reduced, therefore the overall impact is limited. On the other hand, improved traffic condition could reduce the idling period of vehicles so as to reduce the emission. Overall, this project could improve the ambient air quality either at the road side or in the urban area. 8.5 Environmental management and monitoring Effective environmental management and monitoring should be conducted during construction and operation phase in order to mitigate the environmental impact of this project. The environmental monitoring plan and protection measure should also be carried out with necessary training provided for related staff. 8.6 Public consultation Public consultation have been done with the participation of the directly affected people. All the people participated in the consultation are voluntary and they consider the completion of this project a great accomplishment enhancing the economic development of the city and improving the life quality of the residents. For the 140 negative environmental impact during the project construction and operation phase, people along the route consider it acceptable and supportive if enhanced management and effective control measure are implemented. During operation phase, in order to mitigate the impact on acoustic environment, greening and installation of noise isolation window are widely accepted by the public. Overall, widely public support is seen for the construction of this project. 8.7 Conclusion In conclusion, the Changzhi Sustainable Urban Transport Project is consistent with the city development master planning. It can improve the traffic condition in Changzhi and thus decrease the traffic stress. In addition, the improvement of infrastructure construction can also be beneficial for rapid development of the city. The environmental impact on the surrounding area during construction phase in this project is temporary. Upon completion of construction, traffic flow will be smoother and emission from vehicle will be reduced so as to improve the ambient air quality. Moreover, through corresponding mitigation measure, the increased environmental noise due to increased traffic volume will be reduced to an acceptable level. Overall, this project can bring obvious social and economic benefit to Changzhi, it is environmentally feasible in the premise that all the environmental protection measures in this report could be enforced during project construction and operation phase. 8.8 Suggestion The construction of south parking and maintenance yard in the south of city could change the acoustic function zoning of this area, therefore, it is suggested that the acoustic function zoning of this area be changed before the completion of the project through authorization by the city government. 141 Appendix 1 Newspaper Advertisement for Information Disclosure 142 143 144