Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 From World Development Indicators © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 21 20 19 18 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The fi ndings, interpretations, and con- clusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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Foreword The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) they help shape development interventions represent the world’s most ambitious plan to and approaches so that we can all make better promote the sustainable development of our decisions about our lives and the resources we people and planet—and are fully aligned with manage. the World Bank Group’s twin goals to end extreme poverty and build shared prosperity The  Atlas draws on the World Bank Group’s in a sustainable manner. World Development Indicators, a database of more than 1,400 indicators for more than 220 Achieving the SDGs by 2030 will require more economies, many going back over 50 years. and better financing, a renewed focus on It also explores new data from scientists and implementation to improve the lives of those researchers where standards for measuring hardest to reach, and significant improve- SDG targets are still being developed. ments in data collection and analysis. Data are critical for decision making and The World Bank Group’s country-led pro- accountability. While analysis of big data is cesses have shown us that countries have a commonplace in the private sector, similar strong desire to meet the objectives of the techniques can be adopted by development 2030 Agenda, and as a result, our support professionals to gain real-time insights into for this work continues to grow. The profes- people’s well-being and to better target aid sionals in our sectoral global practices already interventions for vulnerable groups. possess deep knowledge of and experience in regard to all 17 of the SDGs. Ultimately, the purpose of managing data in this way is to produce measurable results— That expertise is reflected in this Atlas of improved resilience to economic, environ- Sustainable Development Goals 2018 , which mental, and humanitarian shocks; more jobs presents a visual guide to key trends and the and opportunities; and improved education, issues that surround them. It aims to help us health, nutrition, and gender equality—while better understand progress on the SDGs and leaving no one behind. to aid policy makers engaging with them in their everyday work. The SDGs have energized our efforts to work with partners to reach these ambitious This Atlas would not be possible without the targets—and this Atlas provides the type of efforts of statisticians and data scientists knowledge we need to most efficiently direct working in national and international agencies our efforts to achieve them. around the world. By quantifying our work, Mahmoud Mohieldin Senior Vice President World Bank Group Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 iii Acknowledgments The Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals Rigaud, David A. Robalino, Claudia Rodriguez 2018 was produced by the Development Alas, Jorge Rodriguez Meza, Eliana Carolina Economics Data Group of the World Bank, in Rubiano Matulevich, Evis Rucaj, Fernanda Ruiz collaboration with the Global Practices and Nunez, Valentina Saltane, Umar Serajuddin, Cross-Cutting Solution Areas of the World Dorothe Singer, Avjeet Singh, Danett Song, Bank and the Office of the Senior Vice Pres- Rubena Sukaj, Emi Suzuki, Siv Elin Tokle, ident for the 2030 Development Agenda, Wendy Ven-dee Huang, Michael Weber, United Nations Relations, and Partnerships. Andrew Whitby, Dereje Wolde, Elisson Wright, Yi Xu, and Urska Zrinski. The publication was prepared by a team led by Tariq Khokhar and Andrew Whitby, under the Guidance and comments were provided by management of Umar Serajuddin and the over- the Office of the Senior Vice President for the all direction of Haishan Fu. The maps and data 2030 Development Agenda, United Nations visualizations were produced by Meera Desai, Relations, and Partnerships, particularly Farida Tariq Khokhar, Karthik Ramanathan Dhanal- Aboulmagd, Mike Kelleher, and Marco Scuri- akshmi Ramanathan, and Andrew Whitby. atti. The report benefi ted from comments and suggestions from David Rosenblatt of Elizabeth Purdie managed the editorial pro- the Development Economics Operations and cess, and contributions were received from Strategy Unit. Husein Abdul-Hamid, Paola Agostini, Luis Alberto Andres, Saniya Ansar, Raka Banerjee, Bruno Bonansea provided guidance on maps. Daron Bedrosyan, Juliette Besnard, Hasita Michael Harrup, Jewel McFadden, and Yaneisy Bhammar, Randall Brummett, Ana Elisa Bucher, Martinez oversaw printing and distribution. Eliana Carranza, Simon Davies, Klaus Deininger, A team at Communications Development Harun Dogo, Vivien Foster, Alvaro Gonzalez, Incorporated—led by Bruce Ross-Larson and Stephanie Hallegatte, Ellen Hamilton, Naga- including Joe Caponio, Christopher Trott, and raja Rao Harshadeep, Lewis Hawke, Tim Her- Elaine Wilson—managed the design, editing, zog, Barbro Hexeberg, Thea Hilhorst, Masako and layout. Jomo Tariku managed the print Hiraga, Patrick Hoang-Vu Eozenou, Aira Maria and digital publication process, designed Htenas, Atsushi Iimi, Oleksiy Ivaschenko, Chris the cover, and produced promotional materi- Jackson, Arvind Jain, Filip Jolevski, Bala Bhas- als with David Mariano. Lisa Burke provided kar Naidu Kalimili, Haruna Kashiwase, Buyant administrative support. Malarvizhi Veerappan Khaltarkhuu, Tariq Khokhar, Silvia Kirova, Leora led the systems team managing data from Klapper, Charles Kouame, Jens Kristensen, which much of this publication draws. Craig P. Kullmann, Yunziyi Lang, Samuel Lantei Mills, Jia Jun Lee, Joseph Lemoine, Shiqing Li, The authors are grateful to the communities Libbet Loughnan, Hiroko Maeda, David Mari- behind the multiple open-source software ano, Dino Merotto, Ines Mugica, Silvia Muzi, packages used to develop this publication. In Petra Nahmias, Esther Naikal, Marco Nicoli, particular, the authors relied heavily on the R Marina Novikova, Tigran Parvanyan, Oya Pinar statistical computing environment, the ggplot2 Ardic Alper, Ana Florina Pirlea, Tanya Primiani, data visualization library, and the QGIS geo- Espen Beer Prydz, Elizabeth Purdie, Kanta graphic information system software. iv Acknowledgments About the Atlas The Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals The cutoff date for data included in this edi- 2018 presents maps, charts, and stories tion is March 30, 2018. related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It discusses trends, comparisons, and The 2018 Atlas uses two primary methods for measurement issues using accessible and classifying and aggregating countries and econ- shareable data visualizations. omies—by income (as defined for the World Bank’s 2018 fiscal year) and by region. These are The data draw on the World Development presented in the maps on pages viii–xi. Indicators (WDI) database—the World Bank’s compilation of internationally comparable For more information, including details on the statistics about global development and the structure of the coding scheme; the method- quality of people’s lives. For each of the SDGs, ology, concepts, definitions, coverage, peri- relevant indicators have been chosen to illus- odicity, and development relevance of all WDI trate important ideas. indicators; and the methods used for classify- ing countries for analytical purposes, please In some cases — for example, those in which refer to http://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org country or temporal coverage is limited— supplementary data from other databases or All the figures in this Atlas are produced in R published studies have been used. For some with ggplot2 or with QGIS. For a digital ver- targets, there may be no reliable data to use sion of this publication and the source code for comparisons between countries or to mea- for the majority of charts and maps, please sure progress. refer to http://data.worldbank.org/sdgatlas Example: Despite its importance, enrollment in pre-primary education is not universal. Gross pre-primary enrollment ratio, most recent value in 2011–16 (%) SDG 4.2 0–25 25–50 50–75 75 and over No data In figures the title The SDG target to tells the story; the which a figure relates subtitle contains is indicated here. the name of the A complete list of indicator shown, goals and targets its units, and the starts on page 70. years the data presented cover. Annotations like this add details and explanations to figures.a The source line includes the individuals and organizations responsible for producing the data. To access the data, search for these codes at http://datacatalog.worldbank.org Note: Explanations about data selection, calculations, and definitions appear in notes. a. Footnotes appear like this. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. World Development Indicators (SE.PRE.ENRR). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 v Introduction The World Bank is one of the world’s largest the ocean and the impact humans are having producers of development data and research. on those ecosystems. The Atlas moves beyond But our responsibility does not stop with averages and features local and disaggre- making these global public goods available; gated data. For instance, the discussion of air we need to make them understandable to pollution presents national estimates for most a general audience. When both the public countries, a subnational view showing varia- and policy makers share an evidence-based tions within large countries such as China and view of the world, real advances in social and India, and a year-long view showing a city’s economic development, such as achieving seasonal variation in pollution picked up by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), one sensor at Delhi Technological University. become possible. Given the breadth and scope of the SDGs, the This Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals Atlas is selective, emphasizing issues consid- 2018 is a visual guide to the data on each of ered important by subject experts, data scien- the 17 SDGs. With more than 180 annotated tists, and statisticians at the World Bank. charts and maps, it presents this information in a way that is easy to browse, share, teach, The foundation for any evidence is trust: trust and understand. that data have been collected, managed, and analyzed responsibly and trust that they have You’ll see both progress and possibility. Life been faithfully presented. The Atlas is the first expectancy has risen around the world since World Bank publication that sets out to be the 1960s, but even today, in low-income computationally reproducible—the majority countries a third of all deaths are among chil- of its charts and maps are produced with pub- dren under age 5. New data show that only 69 lished code, directly from public data sources percent of the world’s adults have an account such as the World Bank’s Open Data platform. with a financial institution or mobile money provider, and they’re even less likely to have The Atlas distills the World Bank’s knowledge an account if they’re women, younger, poorer, of data related to the SDGs. I hope it inspires or less educated. you to explore these issues further so that we can collectively accelerate progress toward The Atlas draws on World Development Indi- achieving the SDGs. cators but also incorporates data from other sources. For example, research by Global Fish- Shanta Devarajan ing Watch analyzes radio transmissions used Senior Director, Development Economics and by industrial fishing vessels for collision detec- Acting Chief Economist tion to show the most heavily fished regions of World Bank Group vi Introduction Contents Foreword iii Acknowledgments iv About the Atlas v Introduction vi The world by income viii The world by region x Sustainable Development Goals 1 No poverty 2 2 Zero hunger 6 3 Good health and well-being 10 4 Quality education 14 5 Gender equality 18 6 Clean water and sanitation 22 7 Affordable and clean energy 26 8 Decent work and economic growth 30 9 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure 34 10 Reduced inequalities 38 11 Sustainable cities and communities 42 12 Responsible consumption and production 46 13 Climate action 50 14 Life below water 54 15 Life on land 58 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions 62 17 Partnerships for the Goals 66 Sustainable Development Goals andbtargets 70 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 vii The world by income Classified according to World Bank estimates of 2016 GNI per capita (current US dollars, Atlas method) Low income (less than $1,005) Lower middle income ($1,006–$3,955) Upper middle income ($3,956–$12,235) High income (more than $12,235) No data Canada United States Bermuda (U.K.) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (U.K.) Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Caribbean Inset Bolivia American U.S. Virgin British Virgin Samoa (U.S.) Islands (U.S.) Islands (U.K.) Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji French Dominican Saint-Martin (Fr.) Paraguay Tonga Polynesia (Fr.) RepublicPuerto Rico Sint Maarten (Neth.) (U.S.) Saint-Barthélemy (Fr.) Saba (Neth.) Antigua and Barbuda Sint Eustatius (Neth.) Montserrat (U.K.) Saint Kitts and Nevis Guadeloupe (Fr.) Dominica Aruba (Neth.) Martinique (Fr.) Saint Lucia Chile Argentina Uruguay Curaçao (Neth.) Bonaire Saint Vincent & Barbados (Neth.) the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago Note: The World Bank classifies economies as low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income or high-income based on gross national income (GNI) per capita. For more information see https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/ articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. East Asia and Pacific Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Lower middle income Europe and Central Asia American Samoa Upper middle income Mongolia Lower middle income Albania Upper middle income Australia High income Myanmar Lower middle income Andorra High income Brunei Darussalam High income Nauru Upper middle income Armenia Lower middle income Cambodia Lower middle income New Caledonia High income Austria High income China Upper middle income New Zealand High income Azerbaijan Upper middle income Fiji Upper middle income Northern Mariana Belarus Upper middle income French Polynesia High income Islands High income Belgium High income Guam High income Palau High income Bosnia and Hong Kong SAR, China High income Papua New Guinea Lower middle income Herzegovina Upper middle income Indonesia Lower middle income Philippines Lower middle income Bulgaria Upper middle income Japan High income Samoa Upper middle income Channel Islands High income Kiribati Lower middle income Singapore High income Croatia Upper middle income Korea, Dem. Solomon Islands Lower middle income Cyprus High income People’s Rep. Low income Thailand Upper middle income Czech Republic High income Korea, Rep. High income Timor-Leste Lower middle income Denmark High income Lao PDR Lower middle income Tonga Upper middle income Estonia High income Macao SAR, China High income Tuvalu Upper middle income Faroe Islands High income Malaysia Upper middle income Vanuatu Lower middle income Finland High income Marshall Islands Upper middle income Vietnam Lower middle income France High income viii The world by income Greenland (Den.) Faroe Russian Federation Iceland Islands (Den.) Norway Sweden Finland Netherlands Estonia Isle of Man (U.K.) Latvia Russian Denmark Fed. Lithuania Ireland U.K. Germany Poland Belarus Belgium Channel Islands (U.K.) Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia Luxembourg France Moldova Switzerland Romania Uzbekistan Dem.People’s Liechtenstein BulgariaGeorgia Azer- Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Monaco Rep. Japan Spain Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Rep.of Portugal Greece Turkey Tajikistan Andorra Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Malta Cyprus Syrian China Arab Afghanistan Tunisia Lebanon Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Israel Morocco West Bank and Gaza Jordan of Iran Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Pakistan Libya Arab Rep. Bahrain Western of Egypt Saudi Qatar Bangladesh Sahara Arabia United Arab India Hong Kong, SAR Emirates Myanmar Lao Macao, SAR Cabo Mauritania Oman P.D.R. N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) Burkina Yemen Marshall The Cambodia Philippines Gambia Faso Djibouti Federated States Islands Guinea Benin Guinea- Brunei of Micronesia Sri Bissau CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Lanka Darussalam Sierra Leone African Liberia d’Ivoire Cameroon Republic Sudan Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Maldives Uganda São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Rep. of Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Congo Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi of Congo Indonesia Papua Solomon Tanzania Comoros Seychelles New Guinea Islands Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Madagascar Botswana Poland Germany La Réunion Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina Bulgaria Italy New Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Georgia Lower middle income Montenegro Upper middle income Latin America and the Caribbean Germany High income Netherlands High income Antigua and Barbuda High income Gibraltar High income Norway High income Argentina Upper middle income Greece High income Poland High income Aruba High income Greenland High income Portugal High income Bahamas, The High income Hungary High income Romania Upper middle income Barbados High income Iceland High income Russian Federation Upper middle income Belize Upper middle income Ireland High income San Marino High income Bolivia Lower middle income Isle of Man High income Serbia Upper middle income Brazil Upper middle income Italy High income Slovak Republic High income British Virgin Islands High income Kazakhstan Upper middle income Slovenia High income Cayman Islands High income Kosovo Lower middle income Spain High income Chile High income Kyrgyz Republic Lower middle income Sweden High income Colombia Upper middle income Latvia High income Switzerland High income Costa Rica Upper middle income Liechtenstein High income Tajikistan Lower middle income Cuba Upper middle income Lithuania High income Turkey Upper middle income Curaçao High income Luxembourg High income Turkmenistan Upper middle income Dominica Upper middle income Macedonia, FYR Upper middle income Ukraine Lower middle income Dominican Republic Upper middle income Moldova Lower middle income United Kingdom High income Ecuador Upper middle income Monaco High income Uzbekistan Lower middle income El Salvador Lower middle income Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 ix The world by region Classified according to World Bank analytical grouping East Asia and Pacific Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa North America Canada South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa United States Bermuda (U.K.) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (U.K.) Cuba Turks and Caicos Is. (U.K.) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Guyana R.B. de Suriname Panama Venezuela French Guiana (Fr.) Colombia Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Caribbean Inset Bolivia American U.S. Virgin British Virgin Samoa (U.S.) Islands (U.S.) Islands (U.K.) Anguilla (U.K.) Fiji French Dominican Saint-Martin (Fr.) Paraguay Tonga Polynesia (Fr.) RepublicPuerto Rico Sint Maarten (Neth.) (U.S.) Saint-Barthélemy (Fr.) Saba (Neth.) Antigua and Barbuda Sint Eustatius (Neth.) Montserrat (U.K.) Saint Kitts and Nevis Guadeloupe (Fr.) Dominica Aruba (Neth.) Martinique (Fr.) Saint Lucia Chile Argentina Uruguay Curaçao (Neth.) Bonaire Saint Vincent & Barbados (Neth.) the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and R.B. de Venezuela Tobago Note: These regions include economies at all income levels, and may differ from common geographic usage or from regions defined by other organizations. For more information see https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/ articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Grenada Upper middle income Trinidad and Tobago High income Malta High income Guatemala Lower middle income Turks and Caicos Morocco Lower middle income Guyana Upper middle income Islands High income Oman High income Haiti Low income Uruguay High income Qatar High income Honduras Lower middle income Venezuela, RB Upper middle income Saudi Arabia High income Jamaica Upper middle income Virgin Islands (U.S.) High income Syrian Arab Republic Lower middle income Mexico Upper middle income Tunisia Lower middle income Nicaragua Lower middle income Middle East and North Africa United Arab Emirates High income Panama Upper middle income Algeria Upper middle income West Bank and Gaza Lower middle income Paraguay Upper middle income Bahrain High income Yemen, Rep. Lower middle income Peru Upper middle income Djibouti Lower middle income Puerto Rico High income Egypt, Arab Rep. Lower middle income North America Sint Maarten High income Iran, Islamic Rep. Upper middle income Bermuda High income St. Kitts and Nevis High income Iraq Upper middle income Canada High income St. Lucia Upper middle income Israel High income United States High income St. Martin High income Jordan Lower middle income St. Vincent and Kuwait High income South Asia the Grenadines Upper middle income Lebanon Upper middle income Afghanistan Low income Suriname Upper middle income Libya Upper middle income Bangladesh Lower middle income x The world by region Greenland (Den.) Faroe Russian Federation Iceland Islands (Den.) Norway Sweden Finland Netherlands Estonia Isle of Man (U.K.) Latvia Russian Denmark Fed. Ireland U.K. Germany Poland Belgium Channel Islands (U.K.) Ukraine Kazakhstan Mongolia France Moldova Luxembourg Switzerland Romania Uzbekistan Dem.People’s Liechtenstein Bulgaria Georgia Kyrgyz Rep.of Korea Azer- Rep. Spain Monaco Armenia baijan Turkmenistan Rep.of Japan Portugal Greece Turkey Tajikistan Andorra Korea Gibraltar (U.K.) Syrian China Tunisia Malta Cyprus Arab Afghanistan Lebanon Israel Rep. Iraq Islamic Rep. Mo orocco o West Bank and Gaza Jordan of Iran Bhutan Kuwait Nepal Algeria Pakistan Libya Bahrain Arab Rep. Saudi Qatar Western of Egypt Bangladesh Arabia United Arab Hong Kong SAR, China Sahara Emirates India Myanmar Lao Oman Macao SAR, China Cabo Mauritania PDR N. Mariana Islands (U.S.) Verde Mali Niger Eritrea Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Sudan Guam (U.S.) Burkina Yemen Marshall The Cambodia Philippines Gambia Faso Djibouti Federated States Islands Guinea Benin Guinea- Brunei of Micronesia Sri Bissau CôteGhana Nigeria Central South Ethiopia Lanka Darussalam Sierra Leone African Liberia d’Ivoire Cameroon Republic Sudan Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Equatorial Guinea Uganda Maldives São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Kenya Kiribati Singapore Nauru Rwanda Dem.Rep. Burundi Rep. of of Congo Tanzania Comoros Indonesia Papua Solomon Congo New Guinea Islands Seychelles Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Mauritius (Fr.) Mozambique Europe Inset Fiji Namibia Zimbabwe Vanuatu Madagascar Botswana Poland Germany La Réunion Ukraine (Fr.) Czech New Republic Swaziland Slovak Australia Caledonia Republic (Fr.) South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia San Bosnia and Serbia Marino Herzegovina Bulgaria Italy New Zealand Montenegro FYR Kosovo Macedonia Albania Greece Bhutan Lower middle income Congo, Dem. Rep. Low income Mozambique Low income India Lower middle income Congo, Rep. Lower middle income Namibia Upper middle income Maldives Upper middle income Côte d’Ivoire Lower middle income Niger Low income Nepal Low income Equatorial Guinea Upper middle income Nigeria Lower middle income Pakistan Lower middle income Eritrea Low income Rwanda Low income Sri Lanka Lower middle income Ethiopia Low income São Tomé and Principe Lower middle income Gabon Upper middle income Senegal Low income Sub-Saharan Africa Gambia, The Low income Seychelles High income Angola Lower middle income Ghana Lower middle income Sierra Leone Low income Benin Low income Guinea Low income Somalia Low income Botswana Upper middle income Guinea-Bissau Low income South Africa Upper middle income Burkina Faso Low income Kenya Lower middle income South Sudan Low income Burundi Low income Lesotho Lower middle income Sudan Lower middle income Cabo Verde Lower middle income Liberia Low income Swaziland Lower middle income Cameroon Lower middle income Madagascar Low income Tanzania Low income Central African Malawi Low income Togo Low income Republic Low income Mali Low income Uganda Low income Chad Low income Mauritania Lower middle income Zambia Lower middle income Comoros Low income Mauritius Upper middle income Zimbabwe Low income Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 xi No poverty 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere Ending extreme poverty is at the heart of the SDG agenda. Between 1990 and 2013 the number of people living below $1.90 a day fell by over 1 billion. People (billions) SDG 1.1 1990 In 1990, 1.9 billion people—or 35 percent of the world—lived on less than 2.0 $1.90 a day. By 2013, this had fallen to 1.5 769 million—or 10.7 percent of people. 1.0 0.5 0.0 In 2013, 4 billion people —over half the world’s 2013 population—lived on between $1.90 and $10 a day. 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 <0.50 0.50–1 1–1.90 1.90–4 4–10 10–20 20–40 40–80 80–160 >160 Income or consumption per day (2011 PPP $) Source: World Bank PovcalNet (database). http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/home.aspx The world’s population has grown, and the regional distribution of poverty has changed. Compared with 1990, there are now more poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa and fewer in South Asia and East Asia & Pacific. SDG 1.1 The percentage of people living in extreme poverty 1990 2013 in Sub-Saharan Africa has fallen, but the number of extremely poor people in the region has grown. In this chart, area is proportional to population. The world’s 0.6% Other high income population grew from 5.3 billion in 1990 to 7.2 billion in 2013. 2.2 Europe & Central Asia 2.3 Middle East & North Africa 0.5% 4.9 Latin America & Caribbean 1.7 6.2 14.7 South Asia 16 Poor 44.6 Not poor 41 Sub-Saharan Africa 54.4 61.4 3.7 East Asia & Pacific 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 Share of population (%) Note: Poor refers to people living on less than $1.90 a day (2011 PPP). Regional aggregates exclude certain high-income countries. Source: World Bank PovcalNet (database). http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/home.aspx 2 Goal 1 No poverty Populous countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh are home to a significant share of the total number of people living in extreme poverty. Number of people living on less than $1.90 a day (2011 PPP), most recent value in 2010–13 (millions) SDG 1.1 In 2013 there were 25 million extremely poor people in both Some extreme China and poverty persists Indonesia. even in wealthier countries. In 2011 India was home to more than 260 million 10 people in 50 extreme poverty. In Sub-Saharan 200 Africa more than 390 million people lived on less than $1.90 a day in 2013. Source: World Bank PovcalNet. World Development Indicators (SI.POV.DDAY; SP.POP.TOTL). Poverty rates at national poverty lines are generally higher than at the international $1.90 a day line, and they are higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Poverty headcount ratio, most recent value in 2010–15 (% of population) SDG 1.2 East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Poverty rate at national poverty lines Rural poverty rate at national poverty lines 80 80 60 60 40 40 In countries on this side In countries on this side 20 of the line, people living 20 of the line, poverty near $1.90 a day are rates are higher in not considered poor by urban areas than national definitions. in rural areas. 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 Poverty rate at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) Urban poverty rate at national poverty lines Source: World Bank PovcalNet. World Development Indicators (SI.POV.DDAY; SI.POV.NAHC; SI.POV.RUHC; SI.POV.URHC). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 3 Richer countries have more comprehensive social protection programs. Within countries the poorest are more likely to be covered by such programs, but targeting support toward the poor remains challenging. Share of population covered by any social protection and labor program, most recent survey in 2008–16 (%) SDG 1.3 Poorest quintile Total population World High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income 0 25 50 75 100 Note: Calculated using simple averages of country-level coverage rates across income groups. Actual coverage may be higher as not all programs are captured by household surveys in some countries. Poorest quintile is calculated using pre-transfer welfare (income or consumption) per capita. Source: World Bank ASPIRE: Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29115 The most common social protection programs in every region are cash based. Share of spending on the social safety net, by program (%) SDG 1.3 Cash-based In-kind Public works Other Europe & Central Asia South Asia Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean 0 25 50 75 100 Note: Based on administrative data. Cash-based programs include universal cash transfers, conditional cash transfers, and social pensions. In-kind programs include school feeding, fee waivers and other in-kind transfers. Source: World Bank ASPIRE: Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29115 Cash transfer programs are the most likely to be directed toward the poor. Share of social security programs benefiting each population quintile, most recent survey in 2008–16 (%) SDG 1.3 Q1 (Poorest) Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 (Richest) Conditional cash transfers Unconditional cash transfers Social pensions School feeding In-kind transfers Fee waivers Public works Other social assistance 0 25 50 75 100 Note: Calculated using simple averages of country-level coverage rates across regions. Poorest quintile is calculated using pre-transfer welfare (income or consumption) per capita. Source: World Bank ASPIRE: Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29115 4 Goal 1 No poverty Land rights provide security of tenure and are important for reducing poverty. But many countries lack a comprehensive land registry that records ownership. Number of components related to property registration from Doing Business Index (0–4, higher is better) SDG 1.4 0 1 2 3 4 No data In China, plots in the main city are mapped and registered, but its cadaster is not digitized or integrated, so the country meets only two components of the index. The four components assessed are if all Rwanda has a plots in the main fully functioning city are (i) mapped registry covering and (ii) registered most plots and and whether the thus meets all four country’s cadaster components. is (iii) digitized and (iv) integrated with a national property registry. Source: World Bank Doing Business (database). http://www.doingbusiness.org People with documented ownership of In some countries few women are land and property feel more secure. documented on formal land titles. Share of households, most recent value in 2010–15 (%) Share of households that own agricultural land or houses, most recent value in 2001–15 (%) Perceived tenure insecurity SDG 1.4 Own formally documented agricultural land Female included on land title No female on land title Rwanda No formal land title Lesotho Burkina Faso Malawi Nigeria Mozambique Cambodia Ghana Tanzania Uganda Madagascar Benin Ethiopia Haiti Uganda Sierra Leone Tanzania Mozambique Ghana Ecuador Colombia Nigeria Mongolia Mexico Malawi Vietnam Rwanda 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 Note: Data from a study covering selected countries. Note: Data from a study covering selected countries. Source: Carletto, Deininger, Hilhorst, and Zakout (2018). Source: Carletto, Deininger, Hilhorst, and Zakout (2018). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 5 Zero hunger 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Young children and infants are most vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition. Globally, over 95 million fewer children were stunted in 2016 than in 1990. Number of children under age 5 that are stunted, height for age (millions) SDG 2.2 South Asia There will soon be fewer 100 stunted children in South Asia than in Sub-Saharan Africa. East Asia & Pacific In Sub-Saharan Africa the number of 75 stunted children has risen mainly because of the region’s increasing population. 50 Sub-Saharan Africa 25 Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa North America 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 Note: Estimates not available for Europe & Central Asia due to poor data coverage. Source: UNICEF, WHO and World Bank. WDI (SH.STA.STNT.ZS); Health Nutrition and Population Statistics (SP.POP.0004.FE; SP.POP.0004.MA). Malnutrition is manifested in multiple ways. In lower-middle-income countries 12 percent of children suffer from wasting, while 5 percent are overweight. Prevalence of different types of malnutrition, children under age 5, 2016 (%) SDG 2.2 These children have a height for age substantially below These children have And these children (at least two standard deviations) a weight for height have a weight for height the median of an international substantially below that of substantially above that of reference population. the reference population. the reference population. Stunting Wasting Severe wasting Overweight South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean North America In richer countries Low income more children Lower middle income are overweight Upper middle income than wasted. High income 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Note: Regional aggregates for Europe & Central Asia are not available. Source: UNICEF, WHO and World Bank. WDI (SH.STA.STNT.ZS; SH.STA.WAST.ZS; SH.SVR.WAST.ZS; SH.STA.OWGH.ZS). 6 Goal 2 Zero hunger There are large differences in stunting …and in many countries boys are more rates between rich & poor households... likely to be stunted than girls. Prevalence of stunting, children under age 5, most recent Prevalence of stunting, children under age 5, most recent value in 2014–16 (%) value in 2012–15 (%) SDG 2.2 Richest wealth quintile Poorest wealth quintile Female Male Timor-Leste Guatemala Pakistan Congo, Dem. Rep. Yemen, Rep. Nepal Guatemala Congo, Dem. Rep. Bangladesh Niger Rwanda Zambia Zambia Chad Angola Ethiopia India Benin Sierra Leone Malawi Guinea Lesotho Indonesia Ethiopia Bangladesh Nigeria Sudan Liberia Cambodia Cambodia Cameroon Comoros Chad Djibouti Côte d’Ivoire Mali Philippines Tanzania Zimbabwe Myanmar Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. Togo Kenya Tajikistan Togo Gambia, The Zimbabwe Ecuador Guinea-Bissau Namibia Mauritania Congo, Rep. Honduras Swaziland Haiti Belize Senegal Senegal Ghana Kyrgyz Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Ghana Azerbaijan Egypt, Arab Rep. Thailand El Salvador Peru Mexico Mexico Sri Lanka Guyana Algeria Mongolia Paraguay Kyrgyz Republic Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Montenegro Serbia Jordan Thailand Barbados Paraguay Bosnia and Herzegovina Dominican Republic Armenia Kuwait Kazakhstan Moldova Kosovo Jamaica United States West Bank and Gaza Chile 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 Source: UNICEF and The DHS Program. Health Nutrition and Population Source: WHO. World Development Indicators (SH.STA.STNT.FE.ZS; Statistics by Wealth Quintile (SH.STA.STNT.Q1.ZS; SH.STA.STNT.Q5.ZS) SH.STA.STNT.MA.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 7 Wasting affects 1 in 13 children globally. These 50 million children weigh less than expected for their height. Half of them live in South Asia, and a quarter live in Sub- Saharan Africa. Boys are more often affected than girls. Prevalence of wasting, children under age 5, most recent value in 2005–15 (%) SDG 2.2 Severe wasting Wasting Male Female Low income South Sudan Niger Burkina Faso Mali Eritrea Somalia Chad Nepal Gambia, The Comoros Lower middle income Djibouti Sri Lanka Sudan Yemen, Rep. India Papua New Guinea Bangladesh Indonesia Mauritania Syrian Arab Republic Upper middle income Maldives Albania Iraq Turkmenistan Botswana Namibia Thailand Libya Guyana Suriname High income Saudi Arabia Oman Barbados Brunei Darussalam Kuwait Japan Uruguay Germany Korea, Rep. 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Note: For each income group, up to 10 countries with the highest average wasting rate and data available for both sexes are shown. Source: UNICEF, WHO, and World Bank.. WDI (SH.STA.WAST.MA.ZS; SH.SVR.WAST.MA.ZS; SH.STA.WAST.FE.ZS; SH.SVR.WAST.FE.ZS). 8 Goal 2 Zero hunger Globally, 1 in 10 people is undernourished and does not have enough food to meet his or her dietary needs. Undernourishment is most widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and East Asia & Pacific. Prevalence of undernourishment, 2015 (% of population) SDG 2.1 0–5 5–15 15 and over No data In Bolivia 1 in 5 people Between 2010 and is undernourished— 2015 undernourishment the highest rate in in Madagascar rose Latin America. from 32 percent to 42 percent—one of the highest rates in the world. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization. World Development Indicators (SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS). The food deficit measures, on average, how much food people need to stop them from being considered undernourished. Food deficits have generally been declining but remain at levels at which many people lack sufficient calories. Depth of the food deficit (kilocalories per person per day) SDG 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 250 The depth of the food deficit in Sub-Saharan Africa nearly halved between 200 East Asia & Pacific 1990 and 2015. South Asia 150 Latin America & Caribbean 100 50 Middle East & North Africa 0 1992 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization. World Development Indicators (SN.ITK.DFCT). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 9 Good health and well-being 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Low-income countries have younger populations than high-income countries do. As countries become richer, fertility rates fall and life expectancy rises. Low income Middle income High income Middle-income 1965 80 countries used to have 80 young populations 60 similar to those of low- 60 40 income countries today. 40 20 20 0 0 Male Female 2016 80 Over time their 80 60 populations have 60 transitioned to be 40 more like those 40 20 of high-income 20 countries. 0 0 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 Distribution of population in five-year age bands by sex (%) Note: Ages 80 and older are combined into a single group. Source: World Bank and UN Population Division. World Development Indicators (SP.POP.0004.MA.5Y and other five-year bands by sex). Demography is closely related to health outcomes: while life expectancy has generally risen, HIV/AIDS caused sharp declines in many countries in the 1990s. Life expectancy at birth, by country (years) SDG 3.3 Sub-Saharan Africa Other regions 85 80 74 70 70 60 60 50 51 40 In 1997, 16 percent of Zambians ages 15–49 were 28 infected with HIV, and life Each line represents the Health isn’t the only factor: expectancy was 43 years. history of life expectancy large declines reflect genocides Better treatments have in one country. in Cambodia and Rwanda. allowed life expectancy to recover to 62 years. 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016 Note: The countries highlighted with heavier lines are those where all-time peak HIV prevalance exceeded 10 percent. Source: UN Population Division and other sources. World Development Indicators (SP.DYN.LE00.IN). 10 Goal 3 Good health and well-being In high-income countries the majority of people who die are old. But in low-income countries children under age 5 account for one in three deaths. Deaths by sex and age group, 2010–15 SDG 3.2 Low income Middle income High income 80 In low-income In high-income 80 countries over countries, 60 60 one-third of deaths two-thirds of 40 are among children deaths are among 40 under age 5. people over age 70. 20 20 0 Male Female 0 50 25 0 25 50 50 25 0 25 50 50 25 0 25 50 Distribution of deaths among population in five-year age bands by sex (%) Note: Ages 80 and older are combined into a single group. Source: UN Population Division, World Population Prospects 2017. Children are at greatest risk in the first 28 days of life. Birth attendance by skilled health staff helps reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. SDG 3.1 Child mortality, 2016 Maternal mortality, 2015 Births attended, 2013 (per 1,000 live births) (per 100,000 live births) (% of total) Sub-Saharan Africa ) 28 days ) 1 year ) 5 years South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia North America 0 20 40 60 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 25 50 75 100 Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank, and UN Population Division. World Development Indicators (SH.DYN.NMRT; SP.DYN.IMRT.IN; SH.DYN.MORT; SH.STA.MMRT; SH.STA.BRTC.ZS). Globally, 1 in 11 deaths is due to injury, and traffic accidents account for over a quarter of these. Over 1.25 million people died from road traffic injuries in 2015. Mortality caused by road traffic injury, 2015 (per 100,000 people) SDG 3.6 0–10 10–20 20–30 30 and over No data Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among people age 15–29 90 percent of road African traffic deaths occur countries have in low- and middle- low vehicle income countries. ownership but high road mortality. Source: WHO. World Development Indicators (SH.STA.TRAF.P5). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 11 Not every country has enough health workers to meet the needs of its population. High-income countries have 15 times as many physicians as low-income countries do. Physicians, nurses, and midwives, by country, most recent value in 2010–15 (per 1,000 people) SDG 3.c High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income WHO estimates 4.5 workers per 1,000 people are needed to meet the SDG target of universal health coverage. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Source: WHO, OECD, and other sources. World Development Indicators (SH.MED.PHYS.ZS; SH.MED.NUMW.P3). Low-income countries have a severe shortage of specialist surgical workers. All low- and most lower-middle-income countries have fewer than the target number. Specialist surgical workforce, by country, most recent value in 2011–16 (per 100,000 people) SDG 3.c High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery recommends a target of at least 20 surgical workers per 100,000 people. 0 50 100 150 200 Source: The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery. World Development Indicators (SH.MED.SAOP.P5). Better-staffed health systems can lead to improved health outcomes. For example, life expectancies are higher where there are more surgical workers per person. Life expectancy at birth, by country, 2016 (years) SDG 3.c 90 The Lancet Commission’s target of at least 20 surgical workers per 100,000 people. 80 70 In low-income countries, where there 60 are fewer surgical workers, life expectancy is shorter, often due to High income deaths among infants 50 Upper middle income and newborns. Lower middle income Low income 40 0 50 100 150 200 Specialist surgical workforce, most recent value in 2011–16 (per 100,000 population) Source: The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery and UN Population Division. WDI (SH.MED.SAOP.P5; SP.DYN.LE00.IN). 12 Goal 3 Good health and well-being Universal health coverage is about all people having access to the care they need without financial hardship. Service coverage varies widely across countries. Universal Health Coverage service index, 2015 SDG 3.8 Under 50 50–60 60–70 70 and over No data Countries with a high index value tend to have a longer life expectancy and lower under-five mortality. The index measures a country’s ability to At least half provide essential health the world’s services, including population reproductive care and lacks access treatment of injuries. to essential health services. Source: Hogan and others. Universal Health Coverage (SH.UHC.SV.COV.IND). In 2010, 800 million people spent over 10 percent of their household budget on healthcare, and 97 million were pushed into extreme poverty by health spending. SDG 3.8 South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa North America East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean Europe & Central Asia People spending more than 10 percent of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure Number (millions) Proportion of population (%) 800 15 600 10 400 200 5 0 0 2000 2005 2010 2000 2005 2010 Number of people pushed into poverty by out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure (millions) People pushed below $1.90 a day poverty line People pushed below $3.10 a day poverty line 100 50 0 2000 2005 2010 2000 2005 2010 Source: Wagstaff and others. WDI (SH.UHC.NOP1.TO; SH.UHC.NOP2.TO; SH.UHC.OOPC.10.TO; SH.UHC.OOPC.10.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 13 Quality education 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all While most children are enrolled in primary Not all children attend school at the education, fewer enroll at the secondary right age, and so gross enrollment and tertiary levels. rates can exceed 100 percent. Gross enrollment ratio, 2015 (%) Gross primary enrollment ratio, 2015 (%) SDG 4.1 Correct age for school year Older or younger Low income Lower middle income Primary Secondary Low income Tertiary Lower Low- and lower-middle-income countries middle see a big dropoff in enrollment between income primary and secondary school. Upper middle Upper middle income High income income Primary High Secondary income Tertiary 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. WDI (SE.PRM.ENRR; SE.SEC.ENRR; Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. WDI (SE.PRM.ENRR; SE.TER.ENRR). SE.PRM.NENR). Despite its importance, enrollment in pre-primary education is not universal. Gross pre-primary enrollment ratio, most recent value in 2011–16 (%) SDG 4.2 0–25 25–50 50–75 75 and over No data Over 75 percent of young children in upper-middle- and high-income countries attend pre-primary schools. Children with a pre-primary education have better attendance One in five and achievement children in low- …compared with in primary school. income countries one in three in (WDR 2018) is enrolled in lower-middle- pre-primary income countries. education… Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. World Development Indicators (SE.PRE.ENRR). 14 Goal 4 Quality education Education is an investment. All governments bear some responsibility for funding education; median spending on education worldwide is 5 percent of GDP. Government spending on education, by country and regional median, most recent value in 2011–16 (% of GDP) South Asia East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean North America 0 2 4 5 6 8 Note: Excludes Micronesia which is an outlier. Middle East & North Africa median value is from 2008. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. World Development Indicators (SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS). Many primary schools in Sub-Saharan Africa lack access to basic facilities that support learning, and many children are taught by teachers without qualifications. Primary schools with access to facilities, and trained teachers, most recent value in 2010–14 (%) SDG 4.a SDG 4.c Potable water Electricity Single-sex toilets Trained teachers Seychelles Mauritius Cabo Verde Rwanda Burundi Tunisia Swaziland Djibouti Namibia São Tomé and Príncipe Benin Gambia, The Sierra Leone Senegal Eritrea Burkina Faso Tanzania Mali Côte d’Ivoire Togo Cameroon Madagascar Guinea Niger Chad Comoros 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 Note: Dataset limited to Sub-Saharan Africa. Only countries with data on all four dimensions shown. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, EdStats, and World Development Indicators (UIS.AFR.SCHBSP.1.PU.WELEC; UIS.AFR.SCHBSP.1.PU.WSTOIL; UIS.AFR.SCHBSP.1.PU.WPOWAT; SE.PRM.TCAQ.ZS). Large class sizes are common in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Average number of pupils per teacher, 2015 SDG 4.c High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income Primary Lower secondary In low-income countries there is on average one teacher for Upper secondary every 40 primary school pupils. 0 10 20 30 40 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. World Development Indicators (SE.PRM.ENRL.TC.ZS; SE.SEC.ENRL.LO.TC.ZS; SE.SEC.ENRL.UP.TC.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 15 Gender gaps in early education completion have closed, except in low-income countries, where completion rates are about 5 percentage points higher for boys. Completion rate (% of relevant age group) SDG 4.5 Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income 100 75 In upper-middle- Primary Male 50 and high- income Lower-middle- countries completion 25 income countries rates are high, Female have made major and there’s little 0 Less than half of strides in improving gap between children complete completion rates boys and girls. lower secondary and closing the 100 school in low-income gender gap. countries, and Lower secondary 75 girls continue to lag behind boys. 50 25 0 1990 2015 1990 2015 1990 2015 1990 2015 Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. WDI (SE.PRM.CMPT.MA.ZS; SE.PRM.CMPT.FE.ZS; SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.MA.ZS; SE.SEC.CMPT.LO.FE.ZS). The relative share of male and female students enrolled in education varies substantially between countries, especially at the tertiary level. Gender parity index (GPI) in gross school enrollment, by country, 2015 SDG 4.5 0.5 1.0 2.0 Low income A GPI greater than 1 means that gross enrollment rates are Primary higher for female students. Secondary Tertiary Lower middle income Primary Secondary Tertiary Tunisia’s gross tertiary enrollment rate is Upper middle income 43 percent for women, but only 26 percent for men. Primary Dividing the two figures Secondary gives the GPI of 1.65. Tertiary High income Primary Secondary Tertiary Note: Qatar's tertiary GPI of 6.95 is excluded as an outlier because of the large share of men in the general population. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. World Development Indicators (SE.ENR.PRIM.FM.ZS; SE.ENR.SECO.FM.ZS; SE.ENR.TERT.FM.ZS). 16 Goal 4 Quality education Girls enrolled in school are less likely to become pregnant as teenagers. Between 1990 and 2014 every region saw an increase in the share of girls enrolled in secondary school and a decline in adolescent fertility rates. Adolescent fertility rate, by country (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19) SDG 4.1 East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean North America Sub-Saharan Africa Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa South Asia 1990 2014 High fertility, low enrollment. 200 150 Low fertility, 100 high enrollment. 50 0 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 Gross secondary school enrollment, female (%) Adolescent fertility rate, by region, 1990–2014 (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19) While higher rates of 1990 school enrollment are correlated with lower Sub-Saharan Africa fertility rates, other factors such as access In Sub-Saharan Africa to contraception and enrollment rates doubled lower child mortality between 1990 and 2015, also play a role. and the adolescent fertility rate fell by 25 percent. 2014 100 Latin America & Caribbean South Asia In South Asia enrollment rates doubled, and the fertility rate fell Middle East & North Africa by 65 percent. North America 50 Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific 25 50 75 100 Gross secondary school enrollment, female (%) Source: UN Population Division and UNESCO Institute for Statistics. World Development Indicators (SE.SEC.ENRR.FE; SP.ADO.TFRT). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 17 Gender equality 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Laws are a first step in helping women and girls achieve gender equality. About half of all countries have laws against gender-based discrimination in hiring. Does the law mandate nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring? 2017 SDG 5.1 SDG 5.c Yes No No data Employment rates for women are higher where there are laws against discrimination in hiring.a 17 of the 20 countries with the lowest female employment to population ratios don’t have nondiscrimination laws. a. World Bank Women, Business and the Law 2016 Source: World Bank Women, Business and the Law 2018. World Development Indicators (SG.LAW.NODC.HR; SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.FE.ZS). Laws may help protect women from violence, but two out of five countries have no clear penalties for domestic violence. Are there clear criminal penalties for domestic violence? 2017 SDG 5.2 Yes No No data Despite penalties existing in Kiribati, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu, about 40 percent of women in these countries report violence from an intimate partner. In Afghanistan, where there are no penalties, over 45 percent of women reported violence from an intimate partner. Source: World Bank Women, Business and the Law 2018. World Development Indicators (SG.VAW.1549.ZS). 18 Goal 5 Gender equality Although the legal age of marriage is Girls from poorer households are more 18 in most countries, a large share of likely to become teenage mothers than women are married at an earlier age. are girls from wealthier households. Age at first marriage, most recent value in 2008–16 (% of Had a child or is currently pregnant, most recent value in women ages 20–24) 2008–16 (% of women ages 15–19) SDG 5.3 15 or younger Between 15 and 18 Richest quintile Poorest quintile Niger In six countries, Côte d’Ivoire Chad over half of Congo, Rep. Mali Madagascar all women are Bangladesh Guinea Guinea married before the age of 18. Niger Burkina Faso Gabon Mozambique Angola Madagascar Chad Nigeria Liberia Malawi Mali Ethiopia Mozambique Uganda Zambia Nepal Malawi Sierra Leone Nigeria Cameroon Tanzania Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Dem. Rep. Dominican Republic Bangladesh Liberia Guyana Afghanistan Cameroon São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe Honduras Sierra Leone Côte d’Ivoire Honduras Congo, Rep. Dominican Republic Zimbabwe Uganda Yemen, Rep. Senegal Benin Zimbabwe Comoros Bolivia Senegal Burkina Faso Zambia Guatemala Tanzania Lesotho Gambia, The Namibia Angola Colombia Guatemala Benin India Peru Colombia Gambia, The Guyana Ethiopia Kenya Kenya Gabon Togo Togo Nepal Bolivia Cambodia Pakistan Comoros Ghana Indonesia Burundi Ghana Peru Haiti Timor-Leste Philippines Cambodia Afghanistan Haiti Egypt, Arab Rep. Pakistan Lesotho Rwanda Indonesia Yemen, Rep. Myanmar Burundi Philippines Egypt, Arab Rep. Tajikistan Timor-Leste Albania Myanmar Jordan Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyz Republic Armenia Namibia Jordan Rwanda Maldives Armenia Tajikistan Maldives Albania 0 25 50 75 100 0 20 40 60 80 Source: Household surveys (DHS) and World Bank Women, Business and Source: Household surveys (DHS, MICS). Health Nutrition and the Law. World Development Indicators (SP.M18.2024.FE.ZS; Population Statistics by Wealth Quintile (SP.MTR.1519.Q1.ZS; SP.M15.2024.FE.ZS). SP.MTR.1519.Q5.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 19 Women lag behind men in business ownership. In every region, on average less than half of firms are even partially owned by women. Firms with female participation in ownership, by country and regional median, most recent value in 2010–17 (%) SDG 5.5 South Asia 70 percent of firms in Middle East & North Africa Ecuador have at least one Sub-Saharan Africa woman among the owners. Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific 0 25 50 75 100 Note: Aggregates are based mostly on low- and middle-income countries. Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys. World Development Indicators (IC.FRM.FEMO.ZS). In political life, men are overrepresented. Across regions, women on average occupy less than a quarter of parliamentary seats. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments, by country and regional median, 2017 (%) SDG 5.5 Middle East & North Africa Women occupy over South Asia 60 percent of seats East Asia & Pacific in Rwanda, where a North America quota requires at least Sub-Saharan Africa 30 percent women Europe & Central Asia in parliament and local government. Latin America & Caribbean 0 25 50 75 100 Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union. World Development Indicators (SG.GEN.PARL.ZS). Women average 2.6 times as much time on unpaid care and domestic work as men do. Proportion of time spent on unpaid care and domestic work, most recent value in 2007–15 (% of 24 hour day) SDG 5.4 30 Women in countries East Asia & Pacific on this side of the Europe & Central Asia dashed line spend Latin America & Caribbean more time than men. Middle East & North Africa North America South Asia 20 Sub-Saharan Africa Women Unpaid care and domestic In Sweden, men spend work include chores such 10 as cooking and cleaning 13 percent of their time on unpaid care and domestic and the care of family work—women spend members such as children 16 percent of theirs. and the elderly. This work places a burden on women’s time and can limit their ability to participate 0 in the labor force. 0 10 20 30 Men Note: 2.6 times estimate from UN Women (2018) http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/sdg-report. Data may not be strictly comparable across countries as the method and sampling used for data collection may differ. Source: UN Statistics Division. World Development Indicators (SG.TIM.UWRK.MA; SG.TIM.UWRK.FE). 20 Goal 5 Gender equality Many women in Sub-Saharan Africa are not free to make their own decisions about reproductive health and sexual relations. Women making their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive healthcare, most recent value in 2007–15 (% of women ages 15–49) SDG 5.6 Senegal Mali Niger For women to be considered free to Chad make their own decisions regarding Cameroon sexual and reproductive health, they Burkina Faso Comoros must answer affirmatively to three Guinea questions in surveys. These are being free Côte d’Ivoire to: refuse sexual intercourse with their Congo, Rep. husband or partner if they do not want Togo Congo, Dem. Rep. it, decide on the use of contraception, Madagascar and decide on their own healthcare. Benin Sierra Leone Gambia, The Malawi Zambia Tanzania Gabon Swaziland Uganda Burundi Mozambique Nigeria Ghana Ethiopia Kenya Zimbabwe Lesotho Liberia Rwanda Namibia 0 20 40 60 80 Note: Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with available data shown. Source: Household surveys (DHS) compiled by United Nations Population Fund. WDI (SG.DMK.SRCR.FN.ZS). Women with greater decision making power are more likely to use modern contraceptive methods and to have fewer children. Most recent value in 2007–15 SDG 5.6 1Ãiœv“œ`iÀ˜Vœ˜ÌÀ>Vi«Ìˆœ˜­¯œvܜ“i˜>}iãx•{™® /œÌ>viÀ̈ˆÌÞÀ>Ìi­LˆÀ̅ëiÀܜ“>˜® And women in Mali have 60 7 In Mali only 10 percent an average of of women use modern 6.1 children. contraception methods. 6 {ä 5 20 { 3 0 20 {ä 60 80 0 20 {ä 60 80 Can make their own decisions regarding sexual Can make their own decisions regarding sexual >˜`Ài«Àœ`ÕV̈Ûi…i>Ì…­¯œvܜ“i˜>}iãx•{™® >˜`Ài«Àœ`ÕV̈Ûi…i>Ì…­¯œvܜ“i˜>}iãx•{™® Note: All countries plotted are in Sub-Saharan Africa. -œÕÀVi\œÕÃi…œ`ÃÕÀÛiÞí -] -®>˜`1 *œ«Õ>̈œ˜ ˆÛˆÃˆœ˜°7 ­-*° 9 ° " °<-Æ-° °-, ,° °<-Æ-*° 9 °/,/° ®° Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 21 Clean water and sanitation 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Drinking water is essential to life, but only 71 percent of people have water that is considered safely managed. Access to water at different categories, 2015 (% of global population) SDG 6.1 71 17 4 6 2 Safely managed Basic water is Limited water water is the highest still improved but is water from an Unimproved level of service. It availability and improved source sources have requires an improved freedom from with a roundtrip little or no Together, safely water source, contamination are collection time protection from managed and basic located on premises, not guaranteed, of more than contamination. water are referred to available when and it need not be 30 minutes. as at least basic water needed, and free on premises, but from contamination. must be within a Surface water 30-minute roundtrip. (such as rivers) Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, https://washdata.org. WDI (SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS; SH.BASW.ZS). Countries may have similar rates of safely managed access for different reasons. Components of safely managed water for two countries, 2015 (% of population) SDG 6.1 100 Safely managed In both Ghana and Nepal 75 an estimated 27 percent of people have access to 50 Accessible on premises safely managed water. 25 However, the limiting Available when needed factor in Ghana is 0 Free from contamination accessibility, whereas in Ghana Nepal Nepal it is contamination. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, https://washdata.org. WDI (SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS). In Sub-Saharan Africa 58% of people have access to at least basic water, but less than half of those have access to safely managed water. Access to safely managed and basic water, 2015 (% of population) SDG 6.1 100 75 At least basic 50 Basic 25 Safely managed 0 Sub-Saharan Latin Middle East Europe & North South Asiaa East Asia & Africa America & & North Central America Pacifica Caribbean Africa Asia a. Too few countries have data on safely managed water to calculate the regional aggregate for South Asia and East Asia & Pacific. Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, https://washdata.org. WDI (SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS; SH.BASW.ZS). 22 Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation At least basic water requires only an improved water source within a 30-minute roundtrip, but 42 percent of people in Sub-Saharan Africa lack even that. People using at least basic water services, 2015 (% of population) Under 50 50–75 75–90 90–100 No data SDG 6.1 Outside Sub-Saharan Africa, Afghanistan, Haiti, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands each have a rate below 65 percent. Only 19 percent of Eritreans have access to basic water. Of those who do not, about half travel too far to qualify, and about half use an unimproved source. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. World Development Indicators (SH.H2O.BASW.ZS). Rural dwellers are less likely than their Poorer people are less likely to have urban counterparts to have access to at the convenience and potential safety of least basic water. water piped to their homes. People using at least basic water services (%) People using piped water on premises, most recent value (%) >ÃÌƂÈ>E*>VˆvˆV SDG 6.1 SDG 6.1 Poorest 40 percent Richest 60 percent 1ÀL>˜ ,ÕÀ> 2000 2015 Guatemala ÕÀœ«iE i˜ÌÀ>ƂÈ> 1ÀL>˜ Tunisia ,ÕÀ> Yemen, Rep. >̈˜Ƃ“iÀˆV>E >ÀˆLLi>˜ Pakistan 1ÀL>˜ ,ÕÀ> Indonesia ˆ``i >ÃÌE œÀ̅ƂvÀˆV> India 1ÀL>˜ ,ÕÀ> Mozambique œÀ̅Ƃ“iÀˆV> Ethiopia Piped water is 1ÀL>˜ not always safer. ,ÕÀ> Haiti For example, -œÕ̅ƂÈ> Nigeria in Bangladesh 80 percent of piped 1ÀL>˜ Tanzania ,ÕÀ> water is contaminated Niger with E. coli —no -ÕL•->…>À>˜ƂvÀˆV> different from 1ÀL>˜ Congo, Dem. Rep. surface water. ,ÕÀ> Bangladesh 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 œÌi\ >Ì>˜œÌ>Û>ˆ>LivœÀ œÀ̅Ƃ“iÀˆV>­ÀÕÀ>®vœÀÓäää° -œÕÀVi\7 ­-°Ó"° Ƃ-7°1,°<-Æ-°Ó"° Ƃ-7°,1°<-®° Source: World Bank (2017). http://hdl.handle.net/10986/27831 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 23 Globally, 6 in 10 people use sanitation facilities that are not safely managed and may contribute to the spread of disease. Access to sanitation at different categories, 2015 (% of global population) SDG 6.2 39 29 8 12 12 Safely managed Basic sanitation Unimproved sanitation requires is the use of an Limited sanitation sanitation use of improved improved facility that means an facilities do not facilities that are not is not shared with improved facility hygienically Together, safely shared with other other households that is shared separate managed and households and among multiple excreta from basic sanitation are where excreta are households. human contact. referred to as at least safely disposed of basic sanitation Open defecation in situ or offsite. (such as fields and forests) Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, https://washdata.org. WDI (SH.STA.SMSS.ZS; SH.STA.BASS.ZS). In Latin America & Caribbean 86 percent of people have access to at least basic sanitation, but only a quarter of those have access to safely managed sanitation. Access to safely managed and basic sanitation, 2015 (% of population) 100 SDG 6.2 75 At least basic 50 Basic 25 Safely managed 0 Latin Middle East East Asia & Europe & North Sub-Saharan South Asiaa America & & North Pacific Central America Africaa Caribbean Africa Asia a. Too few countries have data on safely managed sanitation to calculate the regional aggregate for Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. WDI (SH.STA.SMSS.ZS; SH.STA.BASS.ZS). Even by the less demanding standard of at least basic sanitation, many countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, have very low rates of access. Access to at least basic sanitation, 2015 (% of population) Ethiopia SDG 6.2 Chad Madagascar South Sudan Although SDG target 6.2 Eritrea focuses on safely Niger Benin managed sanitation, many Togo countries lack data for Ghana this indicator. Moreover, Sierra Leone in some countries few Congo, Rep. people have access to Somalia even basic sanitation Liberia Papua New Guinea Uganda 0 10 20 30 Note: The 15 countries with lowest access to at least basic sanitation (out of 210 countries with data). Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. World Development Indicators (SH.STA.BASS.ZS). 24 Goal 6 Clean water and sanitation India still has the largest number of people practicing open defecation. People practicing open defecation (millions) SDG 6.2 1,250 The rate of open defecation decreased in Sub- Saharan Africa (from 33 percent to 23 percent), but with rapid population growth the number 1,000 of people openly defecating has increased. Europe & Central Asia 750 Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific 500 Sub-Saharan Africa The rate of open defecation in India South Asia (excluding India) declined from 66 percent in 2000 to India 250 40 percent in 2015. However, it remains the country with the largest number of people practicing open defecation. 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 Note: North America is zero over the entire period; Europe & Central Asia is zero from 2013. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. WDI (SH.STA.ODFC.ZS; SP.POP.TOTL). Handwashing makes an important contribution to hygiene, but many households, especially among the poor, lack basic facilities. Access to handwashing facilities with soap and water on premises, most recent value in 2010–14 (%) SDG 6.2 Ethiopia Poorest quintile Richest quintile Congo, Dem. Rep. Malawi Sierra Leone Togo Guinea Handwashing Nigeria with soap can Uganda substantially lower Mozambique the risk of diarrhea Swaziland and respiratory Mali infections, especially Côte d’Ivoire among children. Senegal Ghana Benin Guinea-Bissau Central African Republic Burkina Faso Zimbabwe Comoros Chad Mauritania Pakistan Namibia Sudan Haiti Bangladesh São Tomé and Príncipe Dominican Republic Afghanistan 0 25 50 75 100 Note: The 30 countries with lowest access among the poorest wealth quintile (out of 51 countries with data). Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. WDI (SH.STA.HYGN.Q1.ZS; SH.STA.HYGN.Q5.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 25 Affordable and clean energy 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Population growth has outpaced energy infrastructure development in Sub-Saharan Africa, where more people now live without electricity than in 1990. People without access to electricity, 1990 and 2016 East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean South Asia SDG 7.1 Europe & Central Asia Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa 1990 Sudan Kenya Mozambique Nigeria Ethiopia Burkina South Chad Madagascar Faso Africa South Zambia Mali Ghana Sudan Niger India Tanzania Somalia Cameroon Guinea Benin 493 million Congo, Sierraz Angola Senegal Dem. Zimbabwe Côte d’Ivoire Leone Rep. Uganda Malawi Burundi Rwanda Haiti Korea, Dem. Philippines People’s Brazil Rep. Indonesia Nepal China Cambodia Peru Vietnam Bangladesh Pakistan Afghanistan Papua New Yemen, Rep. Turkey Guinea Morocco Myanmar Thailand Sri Lanka India has increased access to electricity In East Asia & Pacific several In Sub-Saharan Africa only a from 43 percent to 84 percent of countries, including China and few countries have substantially the population, but many remain Thailand, attained universal reduced the number of people without, especially in rural areas. access (SDG target 7.1) without access, most notably between 1990 and 2016. South Africa and Ghana. 2016 Sudan Kenya Mozambique Nigeria Ethiopia Burkina South Chad Madagascar Faso Africa South Zambia Mali Ghana Sudan Niger India Tanzania Somalia Cameroon Guinea Benin 205 million Congo, Sierra Angola Senegal Dem. Zimbabwe Côte d’Ivoire Leone Rep. Uganda Malawi Burundi Rwanda Haiti Korea, Dem. Philippines People’s Brazil Rep. dones Indonesia Nepal China Cambodia Peru Vietnam Bangladesh kist Pakistan Afghanistan Papua New Yemen, Rep. Turkey Guinea Morocco Myanmar Thailand ri Lank Sri Lanka Source: World Bank. World Development Indicators (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS; SP.POP.TOTL). 26 Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy Worldwide, 3 billion people lack access In South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa to clean cooking fuels and instead use gains in access to clean fuels have not fuels that create health risks. kept up with those in access to electricity People without access to clean fuels and technologies for Access rates, 2000 and 2016 (% of population) cooking, 2016 SDG 7.1 2000 2016 Uganda Tanzania Sub-Saharan Africa Ethiopia Mozambique Electricity Congo, Dem. Rep. Nigeria Clean fuels Kenya Bangladesh Myanmar South Asia Electricity Clean fuels Of India’s 1.3 billion people, nearly India 780 million (59 percent) do not East Asia & Pacific Countries, scaled by total population have access to clean fuels for cooking. Electricity Clean fuels Philippines Pakistan Latin America & Caribbean The height of a block represents Electricity a country’s population, Clean fuels while the width China represents the percentage of people without Middle East & North Africa access—so the area represents the total Electricity number of people without access Clean fuels in the country. Indonesia Vietnam Thailand Europe & Central Asia South Africa Mexico Electricity Clean fuels Korea, Rep. 0 25 50 75 100 People without access (% of population) North America East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa Electricity Europe & Central Asia South Asia Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Clean fuels Note: Excludes countries with a population of less than 10 million or an 0 25 50 75 100 access rate above 95 percent Source: WHO. WDI (EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS; SP.POP.TOTL). Source: World Bank, WHO. WDI (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS; EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 27 Renewable energy accounts for a large share of energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa, but that often reflects burning of biomass in traditional ways in open fires. Renewable energy consumption, 2015 (% of total final energy consumption) 0–10 10–40 40 and over No data SDG 7.2 Unlike modern renewables, traditional uses of biomass are not clean: more than 4 million people die prematurely from illnesses caused by household air pollution from cooking with such fuels (WHO). Although Renewable Kenya’s overall energy includes Modern renewable both modern renewables consumption renewables and include is high, traditional use Paraguay’s 95 percent of of biomass. hydroelectricity it derives from and Iceland’s traditional geothermal biomass, such electricity. as wood, charcoal, and Source: IEA, UNSD. World Development Indicators (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS). animal waste. Modern renewables still make a modest contribution across all income groups. Global total final energy consumption, by income group and source, 2015 (% of income group total) 100 High-income countries are the Nonrenewables 75 largest energy consumers in Traditional biomass 50 aggregate and have the largest Modern renewables share of nonrenewables. 25 0 High Upper Lower Low income middle middle income income income Scaled by total final energy consumption The share of modern renewables Source: IEA, UNSD, Global Tracking Framework. http://gtf.esmap.org/ is relatively similar across income groups, about 10 percent, and growing, except in lower- But the share of modern renewables has been growing. middle-income countries. Modern renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) 15 10 High income 5 Upper middle income Lower middle income 0 Low income 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Source: IEA, UNSD, Global Tracking Framework. http://gtf.esmap.org/ 28 Goal 7 Affordable and clean energy The amount of energy used to produce one dollar’s worth of goods and services varies around the world. Energy intensity of primary energy, 2015 (MJ/2011 PPP$ GDP) 0–5 5–10 10 and over No data SDG 7.3 For reference, one liter of petrol (gasoline) produces about 33 MJ (megajoules) of energy. A country’s energy intensity reflects both the mix of industries it hosts and the energy efficiency of those industries. Source: IEA, UNSD, and World Bank. World Development Indicators (EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD). Energy intensity has fallen everywhere And globally, energy intensity has fallen but the Middle East & North Africa. in all sectors. Energy intensity of primary energy (MJ/2011 PPP$ GDP) Energy intensity (MJ/2011 PPP$ GDP) 6 2015 1990 Industrial production has become more efficient but remains energy intensive. Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia 4 Industry North America By contrast, services and agriculture Middle East & North Africa generate much more economic output for a given amount of energy. 2 Latin America & Caribbean Agriculture Europe & Central Asia Services East Asia & Pacific 0 4 6 8 10 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Source: IEA, UNSD, and World Bank. WDI (EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD). Source: IEA, UNSD, and World Bank. http://gtf.esmap.org/ Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 29 Decent work and economic growth Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable 8 economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Many Least Developed Countries have seen economic growth in the last decade, but few have achieved the SDG target of 7 percent a year. Average annual GDP and GDP per capita growth, 2007–16 (%) SDG 8.1 Ethiopia Ethiopia and Myanmar Myanmar have seen average annual Lao PDR GDP and GDP per capita Rwanda growth of more than Timor-Leste 7 percent—exceeding Afghanistan the SDG target. Mozambique Tanzania Bhutan Congo, Dem. Rep. Zambia Cambodia Bangladesh Uganda Burkina Faso 85 percent of the Djibouti UN-classified Least Malawi Developed Countries have seen sustained São Tomé and Príncipe GDP per capita growth Angola in the last decade. Liberia Sierra Leone Togo Mali Lesotho Nepal Solomon Islands Senegal Benin Guinea Chad Guinea-Bissau The Central African Gambia, The Republic and the Mauritania Republic of Yemen have Burundi experienced conflict Vanuatu SDG target of 7 percent and economic shocks in annual growth. Madagascar recent years and have Kiribati seen GDP shrink. Comoros GDP growth Tuvalu Haiti GDP per capita growth Central African Republic Yemen, Rep. •£ä •x ä x £ä Note: Data are not available for Djibouti, Eritrea, Niger, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. Source: World Bank national accounts data and OECD National Accounts data files. WDI (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD; NY.GDP.PCAP.KD). 30 Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth Agriculture dominates employment in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, while most people in Europe & Central Asia, Latin America & Caribbean, and North America work in the service sector. SDG 8.2 Employment by sector, 2016 (% of total employment) SDG 8.3 ä•Óx Óx•xä xä•Çx Çx•£ää No data Agriculture Industry Services Source: ILO. World Development Indicators (SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS; SL.IND.EMPL.ZS; SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS). In the early 2000s the service sector overtook agriculture to become the world’s largest employer. Globally, services account for 50 percent of employment, agriculture 30 percent, and industry 20 percent. SDG 8.2 Employment by sector (% of total employment) SDG 8.3 Agriculture Industry Services Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income 80 60 40 20 0 1990 2016 1990 2016 1990 2016 1990 2016 Source: ILO. World Development Indicators (SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS; SL.IND.EMPL.ZS; SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS). Not everyone of working age can find employment, especially young people. And as populations age, the share of the population that is working falls. People (billions) SDG 8.5 Employed ages 15 and older Population ages 15 and older Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income 2.0 In low- and middle-income countries this “working In richer countries the 1.5 gap is often driven by gap” is typically due to growing populations. aging populations. 1.0 0.5 0.0 1990 2016 1990 2016 1990 2016 1990 2016 Source: ILO. WDI (SP.POP.TOTL; SP.POP.1564.TO.ZS; SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS; SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 31 Globally, women are less likely to be employed than men, but the gap is most pronounced in lower-middle-income countries. Share of people by employment status, 2016 (% of population ages 15 and older) SDG 8.5 Employed Unemployed Out of labor force Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income 100 75 50 25 0 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Source: ILO. World Development Indicators (SL.UEM.TOTL.FE.ZS; SL.UEM.TOTL.MA.ZS; SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS; SL.TLF.CACT.MA.ZS; SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.FE.ZS; SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.MA.ZS; SP.POP.1564.FE.ZS; SP.POP.65UP.FE.ZS; SP.POP.1564.MA.ZS; SP.POP.65UP.MA.ZS). Many people in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa work for themselves or their family. They are more likely to lack social safety nets, and they face a greater risk from economic shocks than salaried workers do. Employment type, 2016 (% of total employment) SDG 8.3 Wage and salaried workers Own-account workers Contributing family workers Employers Male South Asia Female Male Sub-Saharan Africa Female Male East Asia & Pacific Female Male Latin America & Caribbean Female Male Middle East & North Africa Female Male Europe & Central Asia Female Male North America Female 0 25 50 75 100 Source: ILO. World Development Indicators (SL.EMP.MPYR.FE.ZS; SL.EMP.MPYR.MA.ZS; SL.EMP.WORK.FE.ZS; SL.EMP.WORK.MA.ZS; SL.EMP.OWAC.FE.ZS; SL.EMP.OWAC.MA.ZS; SL.FAM.WORK.FE.ZS; SL.FAM.WORK.MA.ZS). 32 Goal 8 Decent work and economic growth Access to financial services benefits individuals and societies. Globally, 69 percent of adults have an account with a financial institution or mobile money provider. Account ownership, 2017 (% of population ages 15 and older) SDG 8.10 0–20 20–40 40–65 65–90 90–100 No data Source: Global Findex Database. World Development Indicators (FX.OWN.TOTL.ZS). Financial account ownership is lower among younger adults, those with less education, women, and poorer adults. Account ownership, 2017 (% of population ages 15 and older) SDG 8.10 Ages 25 and older Secondary or more Male Richest 60 percent Ages 15–24 Primary or less Female Poorest 40 percent Age Education Gender Income Middle East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean World South Asia Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific North America 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 Note: Data refer to the richest 60 percent and poorest 40 percent within individual economies rather than the region as a whole. Source: Global Findex Database. World Development Indicators (FX.OWN.TOTL.MA.ZS; FX.OWN.TOTL.FE.ZS; FX.OWN.TOTL.YG.ZS; FX.OWN.TOTL.OL.ZS; FX.OWN.TOTL.PL.ZS; FX.OWN.TOTL.SO.ZS; FX.OWN.TOTL.40.ZS; FX.OWN.TOTL.60.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 33 Industry, innovation, andbinfrastructure 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Infrastructure supports communities. Without access to an all-season road, people are cut off from crucial services and markets. Access to an all-season road, within 2 km, most recent value in 2009–16 SDG 9.1 People with access (% of rural population) People without access (millions) Bangladesh Kenya Rwanda Nepal Uganda Tanzania Ethiopia This indicator is also Mozambique known as the Rural Lesotho Access Index (RAI). Zambia 0 25 50 75 100 0 20 40 60 Note: Data available for only 10 countries. Source: World Bank 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25187 Access to physical infrastructure varies within countries: in Rwanda people living in rural areas in the east are less connected. People within 2 km of an all-season road, Rwanda, by district, 2015 (% of rural population) 25–50 50–75 75–100 SDG 9.1 The Rural Access Index combines high resolution population data and In more remote areas measures of road quality. of Rwanda the majority Some 3.9 million people of people have to walk in Rwanda—over half the farther than 2 km to rural population—remain access a good road. unconnected to good transport infrastructure by this measure. Rural populations living near Rwanda’s cities benefit from a denser road network and can travel to services City > 50,000 population and markets with relative ease. Road (trunk/primary) 50 km Source: World Bank 2017, Rwanda - Feeder Roads Development Project: additional financing); Natural Earth; OpenStreetMap contributors. 34 Goal 9 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure The rural poor are often most affected by lack of access to good roads. In Kenya and Mozambique poverty and lack of access are closely correlated. SDG 9.1 People within 2 km of an all-season road, Kenya, by Poverty headcount, national poverty line, Kenya, by district, 2009 (% of rural population) district, 2009 (% of rural population) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 Fewer than 1 in 20 rural people have access to a good road in the counties of Mandera and Wajir, where 80 percent of the population lives below the national poverty line. City > 100,000 population 300 km Road (trunk/primary) People within 2 km of an all-season road, Mozambique, Poverty headcount, national poverty line, Mozambique, by district, 2010 (% of rural population) by district, 2007 (% of rural population) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 The district of Zumbu has one of the highest poverty rates in Mozambique (83 percent) and among the worst rural access: just 2 percent of the rural population live within 2 km of an all-season road. City > 100,000 population 400 km Road (trunk/primary) Source: World Bank 2017, http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25187; Natural Earth; OpenStreetMap contributors. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 35 Manufacturing and other industry is a large source of employment. But many Least Developed Countries have a small manufacturing sector. GDP per capita, by sector value added, 2000–16 (constant 2010 US$, each country scaled independently) SDG 9.2 Agriculture GDP per capita (2016) 10,418 Services Each sector’s value-added Other industry contribution to GDP to per capita, Manufacturing 2000–16, where available Total (breakdown not available) 2000 World 2016 1,030 837 2,801 664 218 Bangladesh Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi 1,079 388 511 860 326 Cambodia Central African Chad Congo, Dem. Ethiopia Republic Rep. 532 1,686 1,643 1,352 353 Gambia, The Kiribati Lao PDR Lesotho Liberia 416 481 1,296 515 1,408 Madagascar Malawi Mauritania Mozambique Myanmar 685 739 1,284 1,092 456 Nepal Rwanda São Tomé and Senegal Sierra Leone Príncipe 1,479 1,924 867 940 558 Solomon Islands Sudan Tanzania Timor-Leste Togo 3,403 662 2,874 1,627 680 Tuvalu Uganda Vanuatu Yemen, Rep. Zambia Note: Includes Least Developed Countries (UN classification) with complete GDP per capita data and at least five years of sector value-added data. Source: World Bank and OECD. WDI (NV.IND.MANF.ZS; NV.IND.TOTL.ZS; NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS; NV.SRV.TETC.ZS; NY.GDP.PCAP.KD). 36 Goal 9 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure Medium- and high-tech industry allows for greater diversification and offers better opportunities for skills development and innovation. Medium- and high-tech industry (% manufacturing value added) 0–15 15–30 30 and over No data SDG 9.b Medium- and high- tech industries include the manufacture of chemicals, machinery, and motor vehicles. Source: UNIDO. World Development Indicators (NV.MNF.TECH.ZS.UN). Patents are designed to encourage innovation by providing incentives for research and development. Patent applications, residents, top six countries in 2016 SDG 9.5 Per 100,000 people Total, millions 1.25 China Korea, Rep. 300 1.00 200 Japan 0.75 0.50 100 United States China United States 0.25 Japan Germany Korea, Rep. Singapore Germany 0 0.00 Singapore 1960 1980 2000 2016 1960 1980 2000 2016 Source: WIPO. World Development Indicators (IP.PAT.RESD; SP.POP.TOTL). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 37 Reduced inequalities 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries There is great inequality across countries and regions. North America is 3.5 times richer than the world average, but its relative income per capita has been falling. By contrast, relative incomes are rising in South Asia and East Asia & Pacific. Relative GDP per capita (1x = world average) North America 4x 3x Europe & Central Asia 2x Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean 1x East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 Source: World Bank, International Comparison Program database. WDI (NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD). One simple way to measure inequality within a country is to consider the share of people living below 50 percent of its median income. ˆ˜ˆˆ˜`iÝ­ä•£ää]äˆÃ«iÀviVÌiµÕ>ˆÌÞ®  «iÀV>«ˆÌ>­VÕÀÀi˜Ì1-f]̅œÕÃ>˜`Ã]œ}ÃV>i® The share of people living … but not with below 50 percent of median 50 GNI per capita, a 60 income is correlated measure of economic with the Gini index—a development. measure of inequality… £ä 50 40 £ 30 £ä 20 30 £ä 20 30 -…>ÀiˆÛˆ˜}LiœÜxä«iÀVi˜Ìœv“i`ˆ>˜ˆ˜Vœ“i­¯® -…>ÀiˆÛˆ˜}LiœÜxä«iÀVi˜Ìœv“i`ˆ>˜ˆ˜Vœ“i­¯® -œÕÀVi\7œÀ` >˜Ž*œÛV> iÌ­`>Ì>L>Ãi®°7 ­-°*"6° Æ 9° *°* Ƃ*° ®° 38 Goal 10 Reduced inequalities Changes in inequality can be measured In 61 countries income growth among by the relative income growth of the the poorest was faster than average. poorest 40 percent of people. Annualized growth rate, circa 2009–14 (%) SDG 10.1 Annualized growth rate, Peru, 2009–14 (%) SDG 10.1 *œœÀiÃÌ{ä«iÀVi˜Ì Average But the incomes In Peru the average income of the poorest growth for the population 40 percent grew China was 3.1 percent. faster, at 5.8 percent. Mongolia Bhutan Guinea Quintile 5 Paraguay (richest) Chile Niger Quintile 4 Panama Quintile 3 Bolivia Georgia Quintile 2 Lithuania Quintile 1 Latvia (poorest) Malta 0 2 4 6 Thailand Belarus Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity. WDI Indonesia (SP.SPR.PCAP.ZG; SP.SPR.PC40.ZG; SI.SPR.PCAP; SI.DST.FRST.20; Peru SI.DST.02ND.20; SI.DST.03RD.20; SI.DST.04TH.20; SI.DST.05TH.20). Uruguay Burkina Faso Dominican Republic Ecuador In 34 countries income growth among El Salvador the poorest was slower than average. Pakistan Brazil Annualized growth rate, circa 2009–14 (%) SDG 10.1 Vietnam *œœÀiÃÌ{ä«iÀVi˜Ì Average Macedonia, FYR Kosovo Nicaragua Colombia Jordan Mauritania Turkey Moldova Armenia Denmark Estonia Poland Sri Lanka Philippines Cameroon Uganda Tajikistan Tanzania Zambia Togo Norway Egypt, Arab Rep. Lao PDR Switzerland Bulgaria Kazakhstan Sweden Russian Federation Costa Rica Finland Hungary Czech Republic Bangladesh Belgium Iraq France Mexico Austria Mauritius Côte d’Ivoire West Bank and Gaza Ireland Benin Luxembourg United Kingdom Germany Romania United States Argentina Ukraine Slovak Republic Slovenia Rwanda South Africa Netherlands Madagascar Fiji Serbia Iran, Islamic Rep. Italy Albania Portugal Iceland Montenegro Croatia Cyprus Kyrgyz Republic Spain Honduras Greece •£ä •x ä x £ä •£ä •x ä x Note: Growth rates refer to real survey mean consumption or income. Note: Growth rates refer to real survey mean consumption or income. Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity. WDI Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity. WDI ­-°-*,°* {ä°<Æ-°-*,°* Ƃ*°<®° ­-°-*,°* {ä°<Æ-°-*,°* Ƃ*°<®° Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 39 Personal remittances are an important source of income for people in low- and middle-income countries. But the average cost of sending this money remains high. Average cost of sending remittances to a country, Q1 2017 (% of transaction) ä•Î Εx x•£ä £ä>˜`>LœÛi œ`>Ì> SDG 10.c On average, there is a 10 percent transaction cost for sending money to China. Someone sending $200 to the country would typically pay $20 in fees. People pay remittance companies to send money. Sub-Saharan The costs remain high for Africa is the several reasons, including most expensive a lack of transparency region to send in the market, making it money to, with difficult for consumers an average to compare costs, and transaction cost insufficient competition of 9.3 percent. among companies. -œÕÀVi\7œÀ` >˜Ž],i“ˆÌÌ>˜ViÃ*ÀˆViÃ7œÀ`܈`i­`>Ì>L>Ãi®…ÌÌ«Ã\ÉÉÀi“ˆÌÌ>˜Vi«ÀˆViðܜÀ`L>˜Ž°œÀ}É The cost of sending remittances also varies by the country from which they are sent. Average cost of sending remittances from a country, Q1 2017 (% of transaction) ä•Î Εx x•£ä £ä>˜`>LœÛi œ`>Ì> SDG 10.c It is cheap to send money from the Russian Federation, with an average transaction cost of 1.7 percent, and from India where the cost is under 1 percent. The United States is the largest source of remittances in the world. Over $66 billion was sent in 2016. The average transaction cost to send those funds was 5.8 percent. -œÕÀVi\7œÀ` >˜Ž],i“ˆÌÌ>˜ViÃ*ÀˆViÃ7œÀ`܈`i­`>Ì>L>Ãi®…ÌÌ«Ã\ÉÉÀi“ˆÌÌ>˜Vi«ÀˆViðܜÀ`L>˜Ž°œÀ}É 40 Goal 10 Reduced inequalities Globally, the average cost to send remittances fell from 9.1 percent to 7.1 percent over the last four years, but it remains above the SDG target of 3 percent. Average cost of remittance services, by receiving region (% of transaction) SDG 10.c Sub-Saharan Africa 12 10 World East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa 8 Latin America & Caribbean South Asia Europe & Central Asia 6 SDG target for average remittance 4 costs by 2030: under 3 percent. 2 +£•Óä£Î 2014 2015 2016 2017 +{•Óä£Ç Source: Remittance Prices Worldwide, World Bank, Issue 24. https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/ Remittance costs vary between sending and receiving country corridors. The SDG target aims to bring all corridor costs to below 5 percent of the amount remitted. Average cost of sending remittances between countries (% of transaction) To this country SDG 10.c The average cost of sending money from p. Re the United States to s h b e e s n a ia r a ala India is 0.8 percent. a a i p pin glad ano ank eria stan nes nam pt, A tem ico i i n i l n b i L g k i o t y a ex Ind Ch Ph Ba Le Sr Ni Pa Ind Vie Eg Gu M United States 0.8 3.5 3.2 4.7 6 7.6 6.8 3.3 3.5 5.7 4 2.1 United Kingdom 0.7 0.9 0.9 2 7.7 2.1 0.3 1.1 2.5 Saudi Arabia 2.5 3.9 5.9 4.5 4.3 2.4 3.9 7.7 Canada 2 5.3 7.5 6.2 6.2 4.5 5.3 Some corridors are Sending from this country Singapore 0.7 2.9 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.6 3.5 very expensive: it United Arab Emirates 2.9 3.1 3.5 2.4 4 8.1 6.4 typically costs $21 to send $200 from Australia 0.7 2.8 3.3 5.4 7.6 6.3 Italy to Egypt. Italy 0.9 12.6 4.2 4.1 7.9 10.6 Qatar 3.1 3.4 2.3 3.7 1.4 4.2 Germany 1.4 2.4 7.8 7.2 6.5 Malaysia 2.1 5.1 2.4 2.2 3 France 1.3 11.8 3.3 6.7 South Africa 9.4 16.1 7.2 Spain 17.8 5 8.9 ä•Î Εx x•£ä £ä>˜`>LœÛi No data œÌi\/…iVœÃÌÃŜܘÕÃi̅i-“>ÀÌ,i“ˆÌÌiÀ/>À}iÌ“i̅œ`œœ}Þ]܅ˆV…>ÛiÀ>}iÃ̅i̅ÀiiV…i>«iÃÌÃiÀۈViÃvœÀÀi“ˆÌ̈˜}“œ˜iÞ°,i“ˆÌÌ>˜Vi VœÀÀˆ`œÀÃ܈̅̅i>À}iÃÌvœÜÃœv“œ˜iÞ>ÀiŜܘ°/…i`>Ì>ÃiÌ`œiØœÌVœÛiÀVœÀÀˆ`œÀÃ܅iÀiÀi“ˆÌÌ>˜VivœÜÃ>ÀiÀi>̈ÛiÞÓ>° Source: World Bank, Remittances Prices Worldwide (database) https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/ Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 41 Sustainable cities and communities 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Since about 2008 the majority of the world’s population has lived in urban areas. Only South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa remain more rural than urban. Share of total population (%) South Sub-Saharan East Asia Middle East & Europe & Latin America North Asia Africa & Pacific North Africa Central Asia & Caribbean America 100 Rural 75 50 25 Urban 0 1980 2016 1980 2016 1980 2016 1980 2016 1980 2016 1980 2016 1980 2016 Source: UN Population Division. WDI (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS; SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS). Despite increasing urbanization, many countries have But substantial slum reduced the share of urban dwellers living in slums. populations still exist. Population living in slums, 2005 and 2014 (% of urban population) Population, by locale, 2014 (%) 2005 2014 SDG 11.1 Slum Rural East Top 10 percentage-point decreases Asia & Pacific Vietnam Other Lao PDR urban Mongolia Nigeria Tanzania Latin Rwanda America & Cambodia Caribbean Bangladesh Angola Sierra Leone South Top 10 percentage-point increases Asia Mozambique Haiti Burkina Faso Kenya Sub- Lesotho Saharan Ecuador Africa Panama Zimbabwe Syrian Arab Republic Suriname Note: Other regions not shown due to 0 25 50 75 100 limited country data. Source: WDI (EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS; Source: UN-Habitat. World Development Indicators (EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS). SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS; SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS). 42 Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities Reliable infrastructure helps cities to thrive: urban dwellers have better access to services and tend to be less poor than their rural counterparts. Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines; and access to electricity, at least basic water and at least basic sanitation, countries with all four indicators available, 2014 (% of rural and urban populations) World SDG 11.1 na Poverty Electricity Rural Urban Water Sanitation 100 Armenia Belarus Bolivia Burkina Faso Burundi Poverty Electricity Water Sanitation 100 100 100 100 100 Cameroon Colombia Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Ecuador Poverty Electricity Water Sanitation 100 100 100 100 100 El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Kazakhstan Poverty Electricity Water Sanitation 100 100 100 100 100 Kyrgyz Rep. Malaysia Mexico Mongolia Nicaragua Poverty Electricity Water Sanitation 100 100 100 100 100 Peru Tajikistan Togo Uruguay Vietnam Poverty Electricity Water Sanitation 100 100 100 100 100 a. Poverty aggregate based on national poverty lines not available for world since these lines differ by country. Source: World Bank; WHO; and WHO/UNICEF JMP for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. WDI (SI.POV.URHC; SI.POV.RUHC; EG.ELC.ACCS.UR.ZS; EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS; SH.H2O.BASW.UR.ZS; SH.H2O.BASW.RU.ZS; SH.STA.BASS.UR.ZS; SH.STA.BASS.RU.ZS). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 43 Most countries exceed safe levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Industry, transport, and household uses of solid fuels are among the sources. Ambient air pollution, PM2.5, annual mean exposure, 2016 (micrograms per cubic meter, μg/m3) SDG 11.6 0–10 10–25 25–35 35 and over No data PM2.5 particles are less than 2.5 microns in diameter and can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract. PM2.5 also comes from WHO recommends natural that annual mean Mean exposure is exposure to PM2.5 sources, for based on population- pollution not exceed example weighted satellite 10 micrograms windblown measurements, per cubic meter. sand and dust calibrated to in the Middle ground stations. East and North Africa. Source: van Donkelaar and others 2016. World Development Indicators (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3). But PM2.5 measurements show local And even in a specific location, PM2.5 variation from the national means. varies with seasons and weather. PM2.5, gridded by 0.1 degree, 2016 (μg/m3) PM2.5, daily mean, DTUa Delhi, 2017 (μg/m3) M Tu W Th F Sa Su Whereas the map above shows a 0–25 Jan national average, 25–100 this map shows local conditions. Feb 100–400 400 and over Mar No data Apr May WHO guidelines set a single-day Jun limit of PM2.5, at 25 micrograms Jul per cubic meter. Ground Aug measurements in Delhi were Sep within that limit on most days in Delhi, located on summer 2017. the Indo-Gangetic Oct Plain, experiences But during the levels of PM2.5 above following winter, Nov India’s average, 0–10 it exceeded this with an annual limit—often mean over 100. 10–25 35–80 Dec dramatically. 25–35 80 and over a. Sampled at Delhi Technological University (DTU). Source: van Donkelaar and others 2016. http://doi.org/10.1021/acs. est.5b05833 Source: India Central Pollution Control Board. https://app.cpcbccr.com 44 Goal 11 Sustainable cities and communities Ambient air pollution has many adverse consequences, including increased risk of premature death. Deaths attributable to ambient air pollution, 2012 (per 100,000) 0–20 20–40 40 and over No data SDG 11.6 Air pollution disproportionately affects the elderly, so deaths attributable to it are especially high in countries with aging populations, such as the Russian Federation. Household (indoor) pollution is also a serious problem, which can be reduced by adopting clean cooking fuels (SDG 7.1, see p. 27) Source: WHO Global Health Observatory (database). http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.BODAMBIENTAIRDTHS In addition to the human toll, premature deaths attributable to air pollution have an economic cost to countries. Estimated annual labor income losses from deaths due to air pollution, by type, 2015 (% of GDP) 1.25 In South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, labor income losses exceed the equivalent of 1.00 1 percent of GDP, and result mostly from high ambient PM2.5 and household pollution. 0.75 0.50 In other regions, losses are lower—but still substantial— and almost entirely attributable Ambient PM2.5 to ambient PM2.5 pollution. 0.25 Totala 0.00 South Sub-Saharan Middle East & East Asia Latin America Europe & North Asia Africa North Africa & Pacific & Caribbean Central Asia America a. Includes losses attributable to household PM2.5 air pollution and ambient ozone. Source: World Bank 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29001 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 45 Responsible consumptionbandbproduction 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns People in high-income countries consume more extracted materials than people elsewhere do. Material footprint, 2010 (metric tons per capita) SDG 12.2 0–5 5–10 10–25 25 and over No data Material footprint attributes global material extraction (such as fossil fuels and metal ores) to domestic final demand of a country. Source: UNEP (database). https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database?indicator=12.2.1 China’s material footprint increased threefold between 2000 and 2010, overtaking that of the United States in 2003. Total material footprint (metric tons, billions) SDG 12.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 60 Middle East & North Africa South Asia 40 Latin America & Caribbean North America (excluding United States) United States 20 Europe & Central Asia East Asia & Pacific (excluding China) 0 China 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: UNEP (database). https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database?indicator=12.2.1 46 Goal 12 Responsible consumption and production Adjusted net saving is a measure of economic sustainability. It monitors whether savings and investment compensate for depreciation and depletion of physical and natural capital and for pollution damages. Share of gross national income, 2015 (%) SDG 12.2 Minus consumption of fixed Chile (physical and produced) capital. Chile, and other Óä Plus education Minus depletion high-income expenditures. of natural capital. countries, tend to Minus pollution have high savings £ä and investment damages. that offset the depletion of natural ä capital. As a result, Gross national Net national NNS + Depletion- Adjusted net ANS is positive. saving saving (NNS) Education adjusted saving (ANS) •£ä saving Positive ANS points toward the building of But in countries Ghana wealth, but negative ANS such as Ghana, indicates that a country is savings and Óä investment in running down its assets education are not enough to offset £ä Depletion- the running down Net national adjusted Adjusted net of physical capital saving (NNS) saving saving (ANS) and depletion of ä natural resources. Gross national NNS + As a result, ANS saving Education is negative. •£ä Source: World Bank and OECD. WDI (NY.ADJ.ICTR.GN.ZS; NY.ADJ.DKAP.GN.ZS; NY.ADJ.AEDU.GN.ZS; NY.ADJ.DFOR.GN.ZS; NY.ADJ.DNGY.GN.ZS; NY.ADJ.DMIN.GN.ZS; NY.ADJ.DCO2.GN.ZS; NY.ADJ.DPEM.GN.ZS). Transforming natural resources into other forms of wealth is a major challenge. Many resource-rich low-income countries have negative adjusted net saving. Adjusted net saving, average, 2010–16 (% of GNI) SDG 12.2 Total natural xä resource rents ­¯œv *® äq£ Óx Kyrgyz £qx Republic xq£ä Rwanda Madagascar £äqÓä ä Ukraine Óä>˜`œÛiÀ Mozambique Uganda Ghana Tunisia Mauritius Greece Congo, Dem. Rep. Lao PDR Lebanon Burundi •Óx Gambia, The Zimbabwe Afghanistan Angola •xä Low Lower middle Upper middle High income income income income £]ääx Î]™xx £Ó]ÓÎx  «iÀV>«ˆÌ>]Ƃ̏>Ói̅œ`]œ}ÃV>i]Óä£È­VÕÀÀi˜Ì1-f® -œÕÀVi\7œÀ` >˜Ž°7œÀ` iÛiœ«“i˜Ì˜`ˆV>̜Àí 9° *°* Ƃ*° Æ 9°Ƃ °-6 ° °<-Æ 9° *°/"/°,/°<-®° Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 47 One-third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted. This is a waste of the resources used to produce, manage, and transport it.a Food loss, 2013 (kilocalories per person per day) SDG 12.3 Under 100 100–300 300 and over No data In China 190 kilocalories of food per person are lost every day—about the energy contained in two eggs. Food loss in high- and middle- Food loss in low- income countries income countries is related mainly to is often caused by consumer behavior. logistical limitations in the food supply chain. a. FAO 2011 http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e00.htm Source: FAO Food Balance Sheets (database). http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS The United States and China collect the most municipal waste, the majority of which makes its way to landfills. Municipal waste, top 10 countries with data by total waste collected, most recent value in 2012–14 SDG 12.5 Landfill Incinerate Recycle Compost Unspecified Total waste collected Waste treatment method (metric tons, millions) (% of total) United States China Brazil Germany Japan Mexico France Turkey United Kingdom Italy 0 100 200 0 25 50 75 100 Source: UNEP, UNSD (database). https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/qindicators.cshtml 48 Goal 12 Responsible consumption and production In two-thirds of countries for which there are data, over 50 percent of municipal waste goes to landfill. These statistics are still being developed by many countries. Share of municipal waste that is sent to landfill, most recent value in 2012–14 (%) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 No data SDG 12.5 Source: UNEP, UNSD (database). https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/qindicators.cshtml Only 1 in 10 countries with available data recycles or composts more than 50 percent of municipal waste. Share of municipal waste that is recycled or composted, most recent value in 2012–14 (%) 0–1 1–25 25–50 Over 50 No data SDG 12.5 Source: UNEP, UNSD (database). https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/qindicators.cshtml Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 49 Climate action* 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have ...so its concentration in the atmosphere is been growing steadily... also growing—at an accelerating rate. Annual CO2 emissions, by income group (Gt) Atmospheric CO2, at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (parts per million) 40 Concentrations have an 400 Low income: < 1Gt annual cycle (red) as carbon 30 380 is absorbed and released Lower middle income by seasonal plant growth in 20 360 the northern hemisphere… Upper middle income …but the trend (black) 10 340 is strongly upward. High income 320 0 1960 1980 2000 2014 1960 1980 2000 2017 Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. World Source: Tans, P / NOAA/ESRL & Keeling, R / Scripps Institution of Development Indicators (EN.ATM.CO2E.KT). Oceanography. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends Climate change is caused by this atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Emissions per capita vary across and within income groups. CO2 emissions, by country and income group, 2014 (metric tons per capita) CO2 is not the only The width of a block represents a country’s population, while the height greenhouse gas, nor represents emissions per capita—so area represents a country’s total emissions. the most potent, 20 but we emit much The United States has nearly more of it than gases double the emissions per capita… like methane. 15 …of China, which is the largest aggregate emitter… 10 …while India, whose population Low-income is similar to that of China, has countries, with much lower emissions per capita. 9 percent of the world’s population, 5 are responsible for less than 1 percent of emissions. 0 Countries with a population of at least 5 million, scaled by population High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. World Development Indicators (EN.ATM.CO2E.KT; SP.POP.TOTL). * Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. 50 Goal 13 Climate action Further climate change is inevitable, but the degree of change depends on the path of future emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Annual CO2 emissions, historical and four future scenarios used in climate modeling (Gt) RCP 8.5 100 Emissions depend on policy choices, Under RCP 8.5, social and economic processes, and emissions grow 90 technology. Climate scientists use unconstrained by simulation models of the earth’s climate climate policy. 80 system to evaluate the effects of different potential scenarios. There are four 70 standard scenarios called representative concentration pathways (RCPs). 60 50 RCP 6 RCP 4.5 and RCP 6 40 are intermediate stabilization 30 scenarios. 20 Under RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 10 emissions peak before 2020 then 0 begin to fall. RCP 2.6 1960 1980 2000 2014 2040 2060 2080 2100 Source: RCP Database (version 2.0.5). http://tntcat.iiasa.ac.at:8787/RcpDb More frequent and intense extreme weather events are predicted, including extreme heat days, which threaten human health and agricultural productivity. Annual additional days with heat index >35 degrees Celsius, projection for 2080–99, difference from 1986–2005 RCP 2.6 (low emissions) Heat index is a humidity- adjusted temperature scale designed to reflect perceived temperature. <1 A heat index above 1 35 degrees Celsius additional is associated with day moderate to high risk of heat disorders with 45 prolonged exposure or strenuous activity, such as agricultural work. Heat disorders include RCP 8.5 (high emissions) 90 heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat stroke. Extreme heat also increases energy demand 135 for air conditioning. Other extreme weather 180 events are also predicted to 180+ become more frequent with climate change, including drought and flooding. Note: CMIP5 Ensemble Model Projection. Source: World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. http://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 51 Low-income countries tend to be more vulnerable to, and less equipped to invest against, extreme climate impacts. Vulnerability to climate hazards, score, by country, 2016 (0–1, higher is more vulnerable) 0.8 Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income The Notre Dame-Global 0.6 Adaptation Index is based on public data. It measures vulnerability in six sectors: food, water, health, ecosystem service, human 0.4 habitat, and infrastructure. It measures readiness using three components: economic readiness, governance readiness and social readiness. 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Readiness to make effective use of investments for adaptation actions, score (0–1, higher is more ready) Source: Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Country Index (database). https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index The risk to well-being from natural disasters is greater than narrow measures of asset loss suggest. The risk falls more heavily on the poor within countries. Risk to well-being (% of GDP per year) SDG 13.1 0.0–0.5 0.5–1.0 1.0 and over No data Traditional assessments of natural disaster risk By 2050, more consider only asset than 140 million losses that are easily people could be expressed in monetary forced to move terms. This indicator within countries instead models broader in Sub-Saharan impacts on well-being Africa, South Asia, and Latin America.a a. World Bank 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/29461 Source: World Bank 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25335 52 Goal 13 Climate action Under the Paris Agreement, countries make commitments to reduce emissions (mitigation) and manage the adverse impacts of climate change (adaptation). Number of countries with a commitment, by sector and income group SDG 13.1 SDG 13.a Low Lower middle Upper middle High income income income income (31) (50) (50) (32) Mitigation Energy 31 50 47 29 Land use & forestry 29 43 36 15 Agriculture 24 34 29 10 Waste 23 35 33 19 Transport 23 36 30 24 Industries 10 33 23 14 Economy-wide 8 18 14 8 Buildings 6 12 13 13 High-income country commitments All 31 low-income parties have made adaptation tend to be for mitigation. For commitments. For example, Afghanistan example, Japan intends to reduce intends to restore and develop irrigation transport CO2 emissions from systems, at an estimated cost of $4.5 billion.a 225 megatons to 163 megatons between 2013 and 2030.a Adaptation Agriculture 31 43 30 11 Water 28 37 30 14 Land use & forestry 26 29 23 5 Cross-cutting 23 34 29 9 Environment 21 28 22 10 Disaster risk management 21 33 24 9 Energy 18 18 10 7 Health 17 30 22 11 Urban 14 17 12 9 Coastal zone 13 22 21 10 Social development 11 17 4 3 Transport 7 12 11 3 Tourism 4 10 9 3 Education 3 4 4 2 Many countries have not reported cost estimates for their commitments. For the 69 countries that have reported overall implementation cost estimates, the total is $5.2 trillion. Note: Totals shown for each income group reflect the number of countries that have submitted Intended National Determine Contributions. As the European Union is a party to the agreement in its own right, it is counted as a single high-income country. a. UNFCCC NDC Registry (interim). Source: World Bank Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (database). http://indc.worldbank.org. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 53 Life below water 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Industrial fishing takes place in more than half the world’s ocean area, about four times the area of land-based agriculture. Vessel-hours of fishing activity, 2016 (per sq. km) SDG 14.4 This recently published Each square kilometer of dataset uses radio the most heavily fished 0 8.76 87.6 876 hours transmissions, emitted regions of Europe and for collision avoidance, East Asia had activity to track fishing vessels. It equivalent to 0.1% 1% 10% of a year equivalent to more excludes small vessels and, than 10 percent of the probably, illegal fishing. 8,760 hours in a year. These holes show vessels avoiding restricted areas. Source: Kroodsma and others 2018. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao5646 And 75 percent of fish catch is industrial. Fish stocks are increasingly overfished. Global fish catch (millions of metric tons) State of global fish stocks (% of total stocks) 100 100 Overexploited 75 50 50 Fully exploited Industrial Other 25 0 Not fully exploited 1950 1960 1980 2000 2014 0 1983 1990 2000 2013 Note: "Other" includes subsistence, recreational, and artisanal sectors. Source: Pauly and Zeller 2016. http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10244 Source: FAO via UNSD Global SDG Indicators Database (14.4.1). 54 Goal 14 Life below water Activity on land can also damage seas. Hundreds of marine dead zones exist, with oxygen concentrations too low to support most life. Marine dead zones, 2017 (count by hexagonal area) SDG 14.1 0–4 SDG 14.2 5–9 10–29 30 and over The northern Gulf Dead zones occur of Mexico dead primarily when fertilizer zone is the largest runoff enters the water. in the United This promotes the growth States, measuring of algae, which depletes 22,000 square the water of oxygen kilometers in 2017. that more complex organisms need to live. Source: Diaz and Rosenberg 2008. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156401. Current data at http://www.vims.edu/research/topics/dead_zones Only about 7 percent of the world’s ocean area is designated as marine protected area, officially reserved for long-term conservation. Marine protected areas, 2018 SDG 14.5 Marine protected areas, top 10 (% of territorial waters) Marine protected area is a broad designation. For example, in Chile the Nazca-Desventuradas Marine 100 Park has a strict “no take” rule, whereas the Mar de 75 Juan Fernández area operates with looser restrictions. 50 25 0 New Palau United Australia Northern New France United Ecuador Chile Caledonia States Mariana Zealand Kingdom Islands Note: Excludes countries with less than 50,000 sq. km of protected area. -œÕÀVi\1 *•7œÀ` œ˜ÃiÀÛ>̈œ˜œ˜ˆÌœÀˆ˜} i˜ÌÀi >Ì>L>Ãiœ˜*ÀœÌiVÌi`ƂÀi>ð7 ­ ,°, °*/,°<-®>˜`…ÌÌ«Ã\ÉÉ«ÀœÌiVÌi`«>˜iÌ°˜iÌ Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 55 Oceans are warmer because of climate change: sea surface temperature has increased in most places since 1901. Change in sea surface temperature, 1901–2015 (degrees Celsius) Sea surface temperature is now measured by satellite No data and compared with historical records obtained by hand. -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Average global sea surface temperature anomaly, relative to 1971–2000 average (degrees Celsius) ³ä°x 1971–2000 average ä°ä •ä°x 1900 £™Óx £™xä £™Çx 2000 Óä£x -œÕÀVi\1°-° ˜ÛˆÀœ˜“i˜Ì>*ÀœÌiV̈œ˜Ƃ}i˜VÞ°…ÌÌ«Ã\ÉÉÜÜÜ°i«>°}œÛÉVˆ“>Ìi‡ˆ˜`ˆV>̜ÀÃÉVˆ“>Ìi‡V…>˜}i‡ˆ˜`ˆV>̜ÀÇÃi>‡ÃÕÀv>Vi‡Ìi“«iÀ>ÌÕÀi Warmer seas lead to coral bleaching or death, an outcome already observed in parts of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Average sea surface temperature anomaly, Great Barrier Reef, relative to 1961–90 average (degrees Celsius) ³£°ä ³ä°x 1961–90 average ä°ä •ä°x •£°ä 1900 £™Óx £™xä £™Çx 2000 2017 -œÕÀVi\ƂÕÃÌÀ>ˆ>˜ ÕÀi>ÕœviÌiœÀœœ}Þ°…ÌÌ«\ÉÉÜÜÜ°Lœ“°}œÛ°>ÕÉÜiLä£É˜VVÉÜÜÜÉVˆÚV…}É̈“iÃiÀˆiÃÉÃÃÌÉ䣣ÓÉ ,ɏ>ÌiÃÌ°ÌÝÌ 56 Goal 14 Life below water Marine organisms are also affected directly by atmospheric carbon dioxide, which dissolves in the oceans, raising acidity beyond safe levels. Surface aragonite saturation state (Ωarg) SDG 14.2 Aragonite is a mineral used in Up to 1 1–2 2–3 3–4 4–5 constructing the shells of marine organisms at the bottom of Shells and coral Organisms are stressed Organisms can more easily the food chain. When oceans skeletons begin and may struggle to build shells and skeletons. acidify, aragonite cannot form to dissolve. survive and reproduce. Above 4 is considered optimal. and dissolves, threatening ecosystems and fisheries. 2018 Oceans are somewhat more acidic than in pre-industrial times. Few areas are optimal for marine organisms, but tropical areas remain in the safe range. 2100, projected under RCP8.5 (high emissions) climate scenario (see page 51) In the high emissions scenario, aragonite- using marine organisms would become stressed, if not worse, in all parts of the world’s oceans. Source: Friedrich, T. http://iprc.soest.hawaii.edu/users/tobiasf/Outreach/OA/Ocean_Acidification.html Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 57 Life on land Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, 15 combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Most land is covered in vegetation. Forests dominate many regions. SDG 15.1 Land cover, vegetation types, based on satellite imagery, 2015 SDG 15.2 The taiga forest, between 50°N and 60°N, is the world’s largest biome after the oceans. It contains one-third of the world’s trees. Wetlands 2% Shrubland 11% Grassland/sparse 16% Cropland 18% Forest 29% Other 24% Source: European Space Agency. https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/175 Just 10 countries account for two-thirds of Of these, only China’s cover has global forest cover. been growing substantially. Forest area, by region with top 10 countries, 2015 SDG 15.2 Forest area, 1990 & 2015 (% of land area) 70 Congo, Dem. Rep. Russian 60 Brazil Brazil Peru Federation 50 Indonesia Russian Federation Rest of the 40 Congo, world Canada Canada China Dem. United States Rep. 30 World India Australia Peru 20 China United States Australia Indonesia India 1990 2015 Source: FAO. WDI (AG.LND.FRST.K2). Source: FAO. WDI (AG.LND.FRST.ZS). 58 Goal 15 Life on land Some regions have experienced severe land degradation since 2000. Change in net primary productivity, 2000-16 (grams of carbon per square meter per year) SDG 15.3 –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 Successful land Desertification restoration in in the Sahel. southern China. Net primary productivity measures how much carbon plants absorb during growth. A decline Deforestation in indicates the Gran Chaco. degradation of the vegetation in an area. Source: European Space Agency. https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/175 Globally, about 14 percent of land is protected as national park, wildlife preserve, or a similar designation. Terrestrial protected areas, 2016 (% of total land area) ä•x x•£x £xœÀœÛiÀ œ`>Ì> SDG 15.1 SDG 15.4 New Caledonia has the highest proportion of protected land, after Monaco, at 54 percent. Brazil has the largest area of protected land, about 2.4 million square kilometers (29 percent of land area). -œÕÀVi\1 *]7œÀ` œ˜ÃiÀÛ>̈œ˜œ˜ˆÌœÀˆ˜} i˜ÌÀi]>˜`7,°7 ­ ,° °*/ °<-®° Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 59 Over half of assessed plant species and one-quarter of assessed animal species are threatened. Threatened plant species, 2017 (% of all extant assessed plant species) SDG 15.5 0–2 2–8 8–18 18 and over No data Species are assessed as threatened based on strict criteria including low population, reduction in population, limited habitat, and modeled extinction risk. However, less than 10 percent of the estimated 391,000 plant species have been formally assessed.a 1,857 plant species in Ecuador (71 percent) are threatened, reflecting the unique and fragile biodiversity of tropical areas. Threatened animal species, 2017 (% of all extant assessed animal species) 0–5 5–7 7–9 9 and over No data We know even less about animals than about plants. About 1 percent of the estimated 5 million land- based animal species have been assessed.b 1,050 animal species in the United States (16 percent) are threatened. 24 percent of animal species in Madagascar are threatened. Note: Assumes data-deficient species are threatened in equal proportion to data-sufficent species. The proportion of threatened species can be larger for the world than for any country as threatened species, on average, exist in a smaller number of countries than nonthreatened species. a. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2016, https://stateoftheworldsplants.com. b. Mora and others 2011. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 Source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://http://www.iucnredlist.org 60 Goal 15 Life on land For some species, poaching is an existential threat. Commitments to tackling illegal wildlife trade in Africa and Asia totaled $1.3 billion between 2010 and 2016. International donor commitments for combating illegal wildlife trade, 2010–16 (US$ millions) SDG 15.7 The dataset SDG 15.c includes data on Asia and Africa $420 only. While these million are the habitats of well-known targets of trafficking, such as elephants and This circle tigers, the illegal represents wildlife trade is funding that is not confined to global, regional, these regions. or multicountry in nature. Over $40 million was committed in Gabon, Tanzania where nearly half of Central attracted the Africa’s estimated 100,000 most country- forest elephants live. specific funding, over $100 million. 5 25 100 Source: World Bank 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25340 The largest category of funding for most countries is for the management of protected areas, to prevent poaching. International donor commitments for combating illegal wildlife trade, top 19 recipient countries in Africa and SDG 15.7 Asia, 2010–16 (US$ millions) SDG 15.c Tanzania Congo, Dem. Rep. Mozambique Gabon Bangladesh China Madagascar Indonesia Lao PDR Namibia Congo, Rep. Vietnam Protected areas Cameroon Law enforcement Kenya Promoting sustainable use Zambia India Policy and legislation Côte d’Ivoire Research and assessment Myanmar Communications and awareness South Africa 0 30 60 90 Source: World Bank 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/25340 Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 61 Peace, justice, and strongbinstitutions Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable 16 development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels Homicide rates have declined But battle-related deaths remain high dramatically in some countries. because of the continuing Syrian conflict. Intentional homicides, five countries with largest reductions Battle-related deaths (thousands of people) in rate (per 100,000 people) SDG 16.1 Other 100 World, 2015 Yemen, Rep. South Africa Iraq 75 Afghanistan Colombia Syrian Arab Republic 50 Paraguay Kazakhstan 25 Average 1996–2005 Albania Average 2006–15 0 0 20 40 60 2001 2006 2011 2016 Source: UNODC. WDI (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5; SP.POP.TOTL). Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program. WDI (VC.BTL.DETH). This indicator The World Bank currently identifies 36 fragile situations globally. is a minimum Fragile or conflict-affected situation estimate: it includes only reported deaths and excludes some categories of war deaths. A country is considered fragile if it is rated low on a formal assessment of policy and institutions or if it has hosted a peace- keeping mission in the previous three years. Source: World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence/brief/harmonized-list-of-fragile-situations 62 Goal 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions People often cross borders to seek refuge from conflict and fragility, but most remain in directly neighboring countries. Only a minority travel farther afield. Refugees, by country of origin and country of asylum/residence, mid-2017 The top row This circle Country of origin represents the represents the total total number of global refugee Ce refugees from population in ntr Sy each country mid-2017. Ru Co al ria Ira ssi Afr nA of origin. ng Co hina Ot n, an Pak ria ic o, he So Som a rab Su ka The right column Isla io Afg an uru n Fe ista De rc uth ali My Sri dan Re ndi mi pia Re dan represents the de h Eth trea Vie aine ou Rw tion B ta m. bia Uk key Ni ar an lom Tu lic Eri p. cR Su a an li pu pu C ic La ra n n total number of ge tna an r is Re trie M r Ira m bl b n ep d a refugees living m q s . 18.5 million in each country people of asylum/ residence. Afghanistan Algeria Austria Bangladesh Burundi Cameroon Canada Chad China Congo, Dem. Rep. Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. Ethiopia France Germany Country of asylum/residence India Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Italy Jordan Kenya Lebanon Malaysia Mauritania Netherlands Niger Norway Pakistan Russian Federation Rwanda South Africa South Sudan Sudan Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Turkey Uganda United Kingdom United States Venezuela, RB Yemen, Rep. Other countries Refugees from the Turkey hosts 3.2 million Most of the 6 million Syrian Arab Republic refugees, the most of refugees from now total 6 million, any destination country. Afghanistan are in about half of whom Iran or Pakistan. are in Turkey. Note: "Other countries" includes countries and territories of origin or asylum/residence with a total refugee population of less than 50,000. Population is people reported by UNHCR to be refugees or in a refugee-like situation. Source: UNHCR Population Statistics, mid-year 2017, version 3 (database). http://popstats.unhcr.org Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 63 A legal identity ensures basic human rights and allows participation in the formal economy. But registration at birth is often unavailable to the poor. Completeness of birth registration, 40 countries with lowest registration in poorest quintile, most recent value in 2010–16 (%) Poorest quintile Richest quintile SDG 16.9 Ethiopia Zambia Pakistan Chad Tanzania Angola Guinea-Bissau Bangladesh Congo, Dem. Rep. Yemen, Rep. South Sudan Zimbabwe Uganda Afghanistan Mauritania Lesotho Sudan Guinea Birth registration is part of Cameroon Swaziland a complete civil registration Mozambique system, in which the state Rwanda formally records major life Côte d’Ivoire events including birth, death, Senegal marriage, and divorce. Central African Republic Samoa Like the poor, refugees Niger are particularly vulnerable Timor-Leste to exclusion from civil Kenya Nepal registration—for example, India children born to refugees may Ghana be ineligible for birth certificates Cambodia in their host countries. Equatorial Guinea Burkina Faso Burundi Malawi Lao PDR Togo Myanmar Gambia, The 0 25 50 75 100 Source: UNICEF. Health Nutrition and Population Statistics by Wealth Quintile (SP.REG.BRTH.Q1.ZS; SP.REG.BRTH.Q5.ZS). Corrupt public officials may make it harder for citizens and businesses to access government services. Bribery and gifts (informal payments), 2016 (% of firms experiencing) SDG 16.5 Firms experiencing Firms expected Firms expected to give at least one bribe to give gifts to gifts in meetings with payment requesta public officials tax officials East Asia & Pacific South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa World Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 Note: Excludes data for most high-income countries. a. During six transactions dealing with utilities access, permits, licenses, and taxes. Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys. WDI (IC.FRM.BRIB.ZS; IC.FRM.CORR.ZS; IC.TAX.GIFT.ZS). 64 Goal 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions Public consultation in rule making protects the rule of law and provides a buffer against corruption. SDG 16.6 Consolidated regulatory governance score, by country, 2016 SDG 16.7 6 A score of 6 means that, for a proposed regulation, a country publishes its draft text; invites 4 and reports on public consultation; and conducts, reviews, and publicizes impact assessments. 2 0 Low Lower middle Upper middle High income income income income 1,005 3,955 12,235 GNI per capita, Atlas method, log scale, most recent value in 2015–16 (current US$) Source: World Bank Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance. World Development Indicators (NY.GNP.PCAP.CD). Accountability also means setting, and sticking to, budgets for public expenditure. Variation from the original approved budget expenditure, most recent value in 2007–17 (% above/below) 0–5 5–10 10–15 15 and over No data SDG 16.6 Effective institutions, processes, and systems of public financial management play a critical role in development and poverty reduction. Source: Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (database). https://pefa.org Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 65 Partnerships for the Goals 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development Official development assistance totaled $144 billion in 2016, but only six countries met the long-standing commitment to contribute 0.7 percent of GNI. Official development assistance (ODA) from members of OECD’s Development Assistance Committee, 2016 SDG 17.2 ODA (% of GNI) ODA (US$ billions) In-donor refugee costs (% of ODA) Norway Countries can Luxembourg claim spending on Sweden refugees within their own borders, Denmark within 12 months United Kingdom of arrival, as ODA. Germany Netherlands Such spending has increased Switzerland in recent years, Belgium and represents a ODA from substantial share of Finland Germany total ODA for several Austria reached the European countries. 0.7 percent France target for the Spain first time in 2016. Ireland ODA is defined as Iceland government aid Italy designed to promote the economic development Australia and welfare of Canada recipient countries, provided bilaterally or New Zealand through a multilateral Japan development agency. Greece Slovenia United States Portugal The target of Hungary Similar assistance from 0.7 percent of Korea, Rep. gross national countries such as China that income (GNI) are not members of the Poland predates, but Development Assistance Czech Republic is incorporated Committee is growing but is into, the SDGs. not included in this dataset. Slovak Republic 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 0 10 20 30 0 50 100 Source: OECD International Development Statistics (database). http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/dev-data-en 66 Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals Loan disbursements from bilateral creditors (governments and their agencies) to low- and middle-income countries reached $54 billion in 2016, an all-time high. Public and publicly guaranteed external debt, bilateral disbursements, 2016 (US$ billions) SDG 17.3 SDG 17.4 Creditors, Borrowers, by region by regiona 6 East Asia & Pacific 3.9 Europe & Central Asia 5.9 Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & 36.7 Pacific 10.6 Middle East & North Africa Flows from East Asia & Pacific were $36.7 billion, over two-thirds of 5.9 South Asia the global total… Europe & 9.5 …half of which Central Asia Sub-Saharan ($18.5 billion) went to 21.1 Africa Latin America Sub-Saharan Africa & Caribbean Middle East & 5.1 North Africa North America South Asia Note: Represents drawings by the borrower on bilateral debt, including loans from governments and their agencies (including central banks), loans from autonomous bodies, and direct loans from official export credit agencies. a. Excludes high-income countries. Source: World Bank Debtor Reporting System. Aggregates by borrower available in World Development Indicators (DT.DIS.BLAT.CD). Foreign direct investment and remittances to low- and middle-income countries totaled about $1 trillion in 2016. Foreign direct investment, net inflows, and personal remittances, received (US$ billions) SDG 17.3 Foreign direct investment, net inflows Personal remittances, received East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Remittances are generally a more 300 stable source of finance than foreign direct investment is… 200 100 0 Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa …and for low- and middle- In Sub-Saharan Africa 300 income countries in the the two flows are Middle East & North Africa similar in magnitude. 200 and in South Asia, they are a larger source of finance. 100 0 2007 2010 2012 2014 2016 2007 2010 2012 2014 2016 2007 2010 2012 2014 2016 Note: Excludes high-income countries. Source: World Bank, IMF, and UNCTAD. WDI (BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD; BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 67 Exports can promote economic growth, but in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, firms tend to export little. Proportion of total sales that are exported directly, manufacturing firms, most recent value in 2006–17 (%) 0–3 3–6 6 or over No data SDG 17.11 This indicator reflects sales made directly to a foreign buyer. It is collected from surveys of 150–1,800 firms per country, depending on the size of the country. Source: World Bank. Enterprise Surveys (IC.FRM.TRD.TR5). Engaging in international trade involves more barriers in low- and middle-income countries. Ease of trading across borders, composite distance to frontier score, 2017 (0–100, higher is better) 0–25 25–50 50–75 75–100 No data SDG 17.11 17 EU members scored 100. “Distance to frontier” aggregates individual scores for border and documentary compliance time and cost to export and import. The best country Venezuela and the is scored 100, the Democratic Republic worst 0, and other of the Congo both scores are scaled scored below 10. within that range. Source: World Bank Doing Business 2018 (database). http://www.doingbusiness.org 68 Goal 17 Partnership for the Goals Public-private partnership investment, as a proportion of GDP, has declined in recent years. Investment commitments in public-private partnerships, by target income group (% of GDP) SDG 17.17 1.0 0.5 Lower middle income Upper middle income 0.0 Low income 2000 2005 2010 2016 Note: Excludes information, communications, technology projects. Source: World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure (database). https://ppi.worldbank.org Technology enables human development. In low-income countries only 12 percent of people use the Internet, but usage is growing. Individuals using the Internet (% of population) SDG 17.8 Low Lower middle Upper middle High income income income income 100 In 2016 Internet use in low-income countries 75 was at the level upper- middle-income countries 50 were at 11 years earlier. 25 12 2010 2005 1997 0 1995 2016 1995 2016 1995 2016 1995 2016 Source: ITU. World Development Indicators (IT.NET.USER.ZS). Fixed broadband Internet uptake is still negligible in Sub-Saharan Africa, but as mobile technology improves, this may not matter. Subscriptions (per 100 people) Telephone Fixed broadband SDG 17.6 100 Sub-Saharan Africa never Similarly, while fixed broadband is approached the global Mobile uncommon in the region, 33 percent of 75 average of fixed-line mobile subscriptions are broadband, telephony—instead it meaning that 14 percent of the population 50 “leapfrogged” directly to may already have fast Internet access.a mobile cellular technology. 25 World Fixed Sub-Saharan 0 Africa 1990 2000 2016 2000 2016 a. GSMA 2017. https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/sub-saharan-africa-2017/ Source: ITU. World Development Indicators (IT.NET.BBND.P2). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 69 Sustainable Development Goals and targets Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people increase productivity and production, that help main- everywhere, currently measured as people living on tain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adap- less than $1.25 a day tation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of improve land and soil quality men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cul- tivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection and their related wild species, including through systems and measures for all, including floors, and by soundly managed and diversified seed and plant 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and banks at the national, regional and international the vulnerable levels, and promote access to and fair and equita- 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particu- ble sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of lar the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to genetic resources and associated traditional knowl- economic resources, as well as access to basic ser- edge, as internationally agreed vices, ownership and control over land and other 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agri- appropriate new technology and financial services, cultural research and extension services, technology including microfinance development and plant and livestock gene banks in 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and developing countries, in particular least developed vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and countries other economic, social and environmental shocks 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions and disasters in world agricultural markets, including through the 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export a variety of sources, including through enhanced subsidies and all export measures with equivalent development cooperation, in order to provide ade- effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha quate and predictable means for developing coun- Development Round tries, in particular least developed countries, to 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of implement programmes and policies to end poverty food commodity markets and their derivatives and in all its dimensions facilitate timely access to market information, includ- 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, ing on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme regional and international levels, based on pro-poor food price volatility and gender-sensitive development strategies, to Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being support accelerated investment in poverty eradica- for all at all ages tion actions 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and less than 70 per 100,000 live births improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situ- as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at ations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and suffi- least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births cient food all year round 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communi- on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of cable diseases age, and address the nutritional needs of adoles- cent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality persons from non-communicable diseases through preven- tion and treatment and promote mental health and 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and well-being incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pas- 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of sub- toralists and fishers, including through secure and stance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and equal access to land, other productive resources harmful use of alcohol and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and inju- employment ries from road traffic accidents 70 Sustainable Development Goals and targets 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and repro- 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowl- ductive health-care services, including for family edge and skills needed to promote sustainable planning, information and education, and the inte- development, including, among others, through gration of reproductive health into national strate- education for sustainable development and sustain- gies and programmes able lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promo- tion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including finan- citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity and cial risk protection, access to quality essential health- of culture’s contribution to sustainable development care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non- 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths violent, inclusive and effective learning environments and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water for all and soil pollution and contamination 4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health of scholarships available to developing countries, Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco in particular least developed countries, small island Control in all countries, as appropriate developing States and African countries, for enrol- ment in higher education, including vocational train- 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines ing and information and communications technology, and medicines for the communicable and non- technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in communicable diseases that primarily affect develop- developed countries and other developing countries ing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha 4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of quali- Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public fied teachers, including through international coop- Health, which affirms the right of developing coun- eration for teacher training in developing countries, tries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement especially least developed countries and small island on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property developing States Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and the health workforce in developing countries, espe- girls everywhere cially in least developed countries and small island developing States 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including traf- 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular ficking and sexual and other types of exploitation developing countries, for early warning, risk reduc- tion and management of national and global health 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early risks and forced marriage and female genital mutilation Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work education and promote lifelong learning through the provision of public services, infrastruc- opportunities for all ture and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete family as nationally appropriate free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and outcomes equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre- 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive primary education so that they are ready for primary health and reproductive rights as agreed in accord- education ance with the Programme of Action of the Interna- tional Conference on Population and Development 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome to affordable and quality technical, vocational and documents of their review conferences tertiary education, including university 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth economic resources, as well as access to ownership and adults who have relevant skills, including tech- and control over land and other forms of property, nical and vocational skills, for employment, decent financial services, inheritance and natural resources, jobs and entrepreneurship in accordance with national laws 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular and ensure equal access to all levels of education information and communications technology, to pro- and vocational training for the vulnerable, including mote the empowerment of women persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforcea- ble legislation for the promotion of gender equality 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial pro- and the empowerment of all women and girls at all portion of adults, both men and women, achieve lit- levels eracy and numeracy Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 71 Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable 7 percent gross domestic product growth per annum sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defeca- in the least developed countries tion, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and 6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollu- innovation, including through a focus on high-value tion, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of added and labour-intensive sectors hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the pro- portion of untreated wastewater and substantially 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support increasing recycling and safe reuse globally productive activities, decent job creation, entrepre- neurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage 6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdraw- medium-sized enterprises, including through access als and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity to financial services and substantially reduce the number of people suf- fering from water scarcity 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources man- endeavour to decouple economic growth from agement at all levels, including through transbound- environmental degradation, in accordance with the ary cooperation as appropriate 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed coun- 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosys- tries taking the lead tems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and for young people and persons with disabilities, and capacity-building support to developing countries equal pay for work of equal value in water- and sanitation-related activities and pro- grammes, including water harvesting, desalination, 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and not in employment, education or training reuse technologies 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local forced labour, end modern slavery and human traf- communities in improving water and sanitation ficking and secure the prohibition and elimination management of the worst forms of child labour, including recruit- ment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, labour in all its forms sustainable and modern energy for all 8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, relia- working environments for all workers, including ble and modern energy services migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewa- those in precarious employment ble energy in the global energy mix 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes energy efficiency local culture and products 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facil- 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institu- itate access to clean energy research and technol- tions to encourage and expand access to banking, ogy, including renewable energy, energy efficiency insurance and financial services for all and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, 8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing coun- and promote investment in energy infrastructure and tries, in particular least developed countries, includ- clean energy technology ing through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technol- Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Devel- ogy for supplying modern and sustainable energy ser- oped Countries vices for all in developing countries, in particular least 8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strat- developed countries, small island developing States egy for youth employment and implement the Global and landlocked developing countries, in accordance Jobs Pact of the International Labour Organization with their respective programmes of support 72 Sustainable Development Goals and targets Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster financial markets and institutions and strengthen the innovation implementation of such regulations 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for devel- infrastructure, including regional and transborder oping countries in decision-making in global inter- infrastructure, to support economic development national economic and financial institutions in order and human well-being, with a focus on affordable to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and and equitable access for all legitimate institutions 9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of migration and mobility of people, including through employment and gross domestic product, in line with the implementation of planned and well-managed national circumstances, and double its share in least migration policies developed countries 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other treatment for developing countries, in particular enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to least developed countries, in accordance with World financial services, including affordable credit, and Trade Organization agreements their integration into value chains and markets 10.b Encourage official development assistance and 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to make them sustainable, with increased resource- to States where the need is greatest, in particular use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and least developed countries, African countries, small environmentally sound technologies and industrial island developing States and landlocked developing processes, with all countries taking action in accord- countries, in accordance with their national plans and ance with their respective capabilities programmes 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technologi- 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 percent the transaction cal capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remit- particular developing countries, including, by 2030, tance corridors with costs higher than 5 percent encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements per 1 million people and public and private research inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable and development spending 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and 9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure affordable housing and basic services and upgrade development in developing countries through slums enhanced financial, technological and technical sup- port to African countries, least developed countries, 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, acces- landlocked developing countries and small island sible and sustainable transport systems for all, developing States improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of 9.b Support domestic technology development, those in vulnerable situations, women, children, per- research and innovation in developing countries, sons with disabilities and older persons including by ensuring a conducive policy environ- ment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbani- addition to commodities zation and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and man- 9.c Significantly increase access to information and com- agement in all countries munications technology and strive to provide uni- versal and affordable access to the Internet in least 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the developed countries by 2020 world’s cultural and natural heritage 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among and the number of people affected and substan- countries tially decrease the direct economic losses relative to 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income global gross domestic product caused by disasters, growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population at including water-related disasters, with a focus on pro- a rate higher than the national average tecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environ- and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, mental impact of cities, including by paying special disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic attention to air quality and municipal and other waste or other status management 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular laws, policies and practices and promoting appropri- for women and children, older persons and persons ate legislation, policies and action in this regard with disabilities 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social pro- 11.a Support positive economic, social and environmen- tection policies, and progressively achieve greater tal links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas equality by strengthening national and regional development planning Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 73 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate and human settlements adopting and implement- change and its impacts* ing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to cli- 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to mate change, resilience to disasters, and develop climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for countries Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national pol- icies, strategies and planning 11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in build- 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human ing sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local and institutional capacity on climate change mitiga- materials tion, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by production patterns developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal 12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on of mobilizing jointly $100  billion annually by 2020 Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns, from all sources to address the needs of develop- all countries taking action, with developed countries ing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation taking the lead, taking into account the development actions and transparency on implementation and and capabilities of developing countries fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effec- tive climate change-related planning and manage- 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the ment in least developed countries and small island retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses developing States, including focusing on women, along production and supply chains, including post- youth and local and marginalized communities harvest losses Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound manage- oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable ment of chemicals and all wastes throughout their development life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pol- air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse lution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activ- impacts on human health and the environment ities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and trans- and take action for their restoration in order to national companies, to adopt sustainable practices achieve healthy and productive oceans and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidifica- tion, including through enhanced scientific coopera- 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sus- tion at all levels tainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the fishing and destructive fishing practices and imple- relevant information and awareness for sustainable ment science-based management plans, in order development and lifestyles in harmony with nature to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable 12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their sci- yield as determined by their biological characteristics entific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 percent of coastal and production marine areas, consistent with national and interna- tional law and based on the best available scientific 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable information development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unre- encourage wasteful consumption by removing ported and unregulated fishing and refrain from market distortions, in accordance with national cir- introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that cumstances, including by restructuring taxation and appropriate and effective special and differential phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they treatment for developing and least developed coun- exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking tries should be an integral part of the World Trade fully into account the specific needs and conditions Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities * Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. 74 Sustainable Development Goals and targets 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values island developing States and least developed coun- into national and local planning, development pro- tries from the sustainable use of marine resources, cesses, poverty reduction strategies and accounts including through sustainable management of fish- eries, aquaculture and tourism 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use bio- 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research diversity and ecosystems capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Trans- all levels to finance sustainable forest management fer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean and provide adequate incentives to developing health and to enhance the contribution of marine countries to advance such management, including biodiversity to the development of developing coun- for conservation and reforestation tries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poach- ing and trafficking of protected species, including 14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to by increasing the capacity of local communities to marine resources and markets pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities 14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies oceans and their resources by implementing interna- for sustainable development, provide access to tional law as reflected in the United Nations Conven- justice for all and build effective, accountable and tion on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal inclusive institutions at all levels framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in para- 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related graph 158 of “The future we want” death rates everywhere Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage violence against and torture of children forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and interna- land degradation and halt biodiversity loss tional levels and ensure equal access to justice for all 15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, assets and combat all forms of organized crime wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obli- gations under international agreements 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforest- 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent insti- ation, restore degraded forests and substantially tutions at all levels increase afforestation and reforestation globally 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and repre- 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded sentative decision-making at all levels land and soil, including land affected by desertifica- tion, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of develop- degradation-neutral world ing countries in the institutions of global governance 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosys- 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth tems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance registration their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fun- damental freedoms, in accordance with national leg- 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the deg- islation and international agreements radation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiver- sity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction 16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including of threatened species through international cooperation, for building capac- ity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to 15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and internationally agreed policies for sustainable development 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation of protected species of flora and fauna and address and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products development 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduc- 17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, includ- tion and significantly reduce the impact of invasive ing through international support to developing alien species on land and water ecosystems and con- countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and trol or eradicate the priority species other revenue collection Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 75 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official 17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non- development assistance commitments, including discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading the commitment by many developed countries to system under the World Trade Organization, includ- achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national ing through the conclusion of negotiations under its income for official development assistance (ODA/ Doha Development Agenda GNI) to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a countries, in particular with a view to doubling the target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI least developed countries’ share of global exports by to least developed countries 2020 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for develop- 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and ing countries from multiple sources quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring debt sustainability through coordinated policies that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and from least developed countries are transparent and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the simple, and contribute to facilitating market access external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable develop- ment 17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access 17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to science, technology and innovation and enhance to establish and implement policies for poverty erad- knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed terms, ication and sustainable development including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United 17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Devel- Nations level, and through a global technology facili- opment, complemented by multi-stakeholder partner- tation mechanism ships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies all countries, in particular developing countries to developing countries on favourable terms, includ- ing on concessional and preferential terms, as mutu- 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public- ally agreed private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and sci- ence, technology and innovation capacity-building 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to devel- mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 oping countries, including for least developed coun- and enhance the use of enabling technology, in par- tries and small island developing States, to increase ticular information and communications technology significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, 17.9 Enhance international support for implementing age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geo- effective and targeted capacity-building in develop- graphic location and other characteristics relevant in ing countries to support national plans to implement national contexts all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop cooperation measurements of progress on sustainable develop- ment that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries 76 Sustainable Development Goals and targets