SFG2921 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES CATALYZING THE FUTURE AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS OF TANZANIA (CFAST) PROJECT Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 22 JANUARY, 2017 MALF Page i CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Project Background Agriculture has been named a priority sector under several Tanzania long-term and mid-term national economic development plans and strategies including: the country’s long term development Vision 2025, series of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP – “MKUKUTA�), Tanzania’s Five Year Development Plan 2011/12 to 2015/16 (FYDP) and Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan (TAFSIP) in November 2011. As agriculture is among the largest sectors in the economy1, meeting the TDV – 2025, NSGRP and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) objective of halving poverty by 2015 would have required higher agricultural growth. Tanzania has thus continuously made commitments for agricultural improvements and incentives including development of the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS in 2001) aimed at a sustained agricultural growth target of at least 5% per annum. In 2006, The Government of Tanzania (GOT) developed the Agriculture Sector Development Program (ASDP) as a 15-year program to operationalize the ASDS with emphasis on commercialization by the smallholder sector. GOT through the four Agriculture Sector Lead Ministries (ASLMs)2 with the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives (MALF), in the lead, has been implementing the ASDP for 7 years: 2006 – 2013 receiving funds from a multi-donor “basket fund� arrangement involving the World Bank (IDA Credit) and other bilateral donors. At the district level, ASDP – 1 has supported subprojects in six key areas that evolved from District Agricultural Development Plans (DADPs) including agricultural infrastructure, irrigation, extension facilities and market facilities, agricultural mechanization, utilization of improved crop varieties/livestock breeds. ASDP – 1 has also funded capacity building interventions conducted at both national and local levels, to improve the beneficiaries’ ability to implement their activities. To-date most of the subprojects are complete and in use. Brief Description of the Proposed CFAST Project The GOT through the Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries (MALF) in collaboration with the World Bank is preparing a proposed 5-years project – “Catalysing the Future Agri- Food Systems of Tanzania� (CFAST) to pursue the transformation of selected agri-food systems to yield higher revenues to farm households while being more resilient to climate change; and provide immediate and effective response to an Eligible Crisis or Emergency. Investment coverage under the proposed CFAST project will focus on strengthening farmer organizations to improve and diversify their production systems and linkage to value chains in irrigated agriculture in a limited number of high potential districts in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) area. The Irrigators Organizations (IOs) in selected 1 Accounting for about 25% of GDP, providing 85% of exports and employment for about 80% of the workforce 2 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries(MALF), Ministry of Industry Trade and Investiments (MITI) and President Office - Regional Administration and Local Governments, Civil Services and Good Governance (PO-RALGCSGG) MALF Page ii CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework schemes will be the drivers of the project and investments. The IOs will develop business plans for joining the value chains and marketing of the main crop (in most cases rice) as well as for diversifying the production system to higher value crops and enterprises (e.g. vegetables, fruits, and aqua-culture). CFAST project will start initially with 20 or more irrigation schemes in a limited number of district clusters in the SAGCOT: namely Iringa, Mbeya, Rukwa and Katavi Regions. The list of scheme will be discussed and finalised during a stakeholders’ workshop prior to project implementation. The CFAST project will be implemented through four main components: (i) Linking Farmers to Agricultural Value Chains (ii) Developing and Managing Climate-Smart and Sustainable Irrigation Infrastructure; (iii) Institutional strengthening and project management and (iv) Monitoring & Evaluation, Knowledge Sharing, Learning and Project replication. Subprojects approved for funding by CFAST will be planned and implemented by target smallholder farmers and their associations assisted by Professional Service Providers and Public Extension Officers and Irrigation Technicians from respective District Councils. A private sector company will be contracted to supervise the infrastructure development. The Ministerial Delivery Unit (MDU) at the Ministry of Agriculture will provide the requisite backstopping and monitoring. Infrastructure investments will be coupled with improvements of both on-farm and organizational management capability of the smallholder farmer’s organizations and supervision capability of Participating Districts and Regions. Thus funding will include support for project planning and management, subproject operation and maintenance costs, and capacity building of project implementing entities. Proposed CFAST Project Component Associated with Environmental and Social Effects The proposed CFAST project will focus on implementing activities on a value chain improvements approach. Project component 1 (iii): Community investment; and component 2: Developing and Managing Climate-Smart and Sustainable Irrigation Infrastructure are the most likely to involve environmental and social footprint. In this regard a menu of possible irrigation technologies that may be pursued in each scheme may include options such as: System of Rice Intensification; drip irrigation; sprinkler systems; solar pumps; sensor based water application; water use measurement approaches; rainwater catchment and water harvesting; drainage systems; and leakage reduction. Irrigation infrastructure will entail rehabilitation and completion of existing infrastructures or upgrading of existing traditional infrastructures at 20 or more schemes using all feasible water sources (tanks, dams, piping, etc.). Activities shall constitute improvement of irrigation construction with fully lined drainage systems to prevent seepage; building return canals to allow water to return to the source to be reused; upgrading of intakes; levelling irrigated plots, among others. Beside this water saving rehabilitation, the IOs’ business development plan may pursue infrastructure for utilizing alternative water sources (e.g. rainwater harvesting and storage). MALF Page iii CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework The IOs’ business development plan may also pursue infrastructure for marketing the commodities involving for example rehabilitation and upgrading of existing collective warehouses or construction of new ones (for collective storage, processing, packing and selling of produce for better farm gate prices); rehabilitation and upgrading of selected rural feeder roads (connecting schemes to input and outputs markets) and electrification of rice schemes to support processing etc. This activity will not include setting up of processing plants. Objectives of the ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is being prepared to serve a guidance framework for all target irrigation schemes. The 1st phase ASDP ESMF and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) was updated to suit the objectives of ASDP2-BRN project. This second update is intended to suit the requirement of CFAST project. The ESMF establishes a process of environmental and social screening which smallholder farmers and their associations in charge of the implementation of the sub-projects (assisted by Professional Service Providers and District and Regional Extension Workers) will follow to identify, assess, mitigate and monitor the environmental and social impacts of the proposed investments and to prepare required safeguards instruments. The ESMF also determines the institutional measures to be taken during the project implementation, including capacity building activities. CFAST project is assigned Environmental Risk Assessment Category B and triggers the following World Bank Safeguard Polices that subsequently will apply to the sub-project activities funded under the CFAST project: a) Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01); b) Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04); c) Pest Management (OP 4.09); d) Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12); and e) Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37). This ESMF presents definitive, conclusive and clear procedures consistent with triggered World Bank’s safeguard policies. It is also consistent with the laws of Tanzania, specifically the laws and supporting regulations for administering permits and licenses such as permits for using land, natural resources in general and protected areas, for undertaking physical works, withdrawing water, extraction of construction minerals, discharging wastes and management of emissions and effluents, as well as protection of workers and the public etc., all operating within the framework of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania Cap 2 (1977 as amended), the National Environmental Policy (NEP of 1997) and the Environmental Management Act (EMA, Cap 191 of 2004). MALF Page iv CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework For a number of reasons3 the mandatory procedure of Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) and Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) for most of the subprojects funded by the first phase of ASDP were not adequately done nor submitted to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) for approval. Similarly, Integrated Pest Management Plans (IPMPs) were not done for all sub-projects to guide farmers on the appropriate use of agrochemicals. The environmental and social assessment and management process specific for CFAST promulgated in this ESMF responds to these shortcomings. Funding beneficiaries are required to adhere to the World Bank Safeguard Policies, and to requirements specified in the Tanzania EIA and Audit Regulations, 2005. Before a subproject under the CFAST is appraised and cleared for funding, relevant safeguards instruments, such as an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) containing an Environmental Management Plan (ESMP), or just an ESMP, and if the project requires it, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), will be prepared, reviewed and approved by relevant authorities and locally disclosed and will also be forwarded to the Bank for disclosure at the Bank’s InfoShop. Environmental and Social Impacts CFAST component of infrastructure development is the most likely source of a number of activities that may cause adverse effects to the receiving media and valued natural and human receptors. The magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts will be determined once the types and locations of the various infrastructures are known. These environmental and social impacts include: a) Potential positive impacts b) Potential adverse impacts c) Potential risks to project d) Cumulative risks / impacts POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL IMPACTS IMPACTS  Stimulating increase in agricultural productivity and  Direct encroachment and / or conversion of market linkages natural habitats  Improved water utilization and management  Disturbance / distortion of natural drainage  Reduction in expenditure on infrastructure investment systems and water flow and contribution to local government revenue  Land disturbance and soil erosion  Increased opportunities for generation of income at all  Depletion of local natural resources and levels: employment, business opportunities for local degradation at extraction sites (water, suppliers and service providers etc. construction materials etc.)  Stimulation of various economic, commercial and  Air pollution by emissions from construction social activities and boost to local and national activities economy  Point pollution of soil and water resources by  Improvement of services such as road services, rural discharged of agro chemicals and wastes 3 In the ASDP Implementation Completion Report (MALF, July 2014) and Environmental and Social Audit of Selected ASDP Sub- projects (MALF, December, 2014), District officers were assessed to have limited technical capacity to address the issues of environmental and social safeguards requirements. Lack of or little budgetary resources to support the staff in their work is cited as the main cause of lack of or low knowledge and experience relevant to carry out environmental analyses and designing mitigation measures for ASDP subprojects MALF Page v CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL IMPACTS IMPACTS electrification and associated benefits that accrue from  Increased soil salinity improved access and power supply etc. POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS  Change or modification of existing land uses and  General water stress due to increased demand consequent land use conflicts for agricultural uses and for other purposes  Physical and/or economic displacement of people due  Land degradation to land acquisition  Degradation of wetlands and water areas from  Infrastructure development health and safety hazards poor agricultural and other landuse practices  Agricultural occupation health and safety hazards  Non- point pollution of land or and water  Induced settlements and increased illegal bodies from wastes and agro-chemicals developments discharged from various sources  Conflict over use of water resources among and  Ecological imbalance between upstream and downstream water users  Improved community livelihoods and  alleviation of acute poverty due to raising agricultural incomes POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POTENTIAL INSTITUTIONAL RISKS TO RISKS PROJECT  External natural disasters e.g. extremes of climatic  Inability of national, regional and local conditions (climate change), seismic activities government and PSPs to successfully execute  Catchment anthropogenic activities. project management, environmental and social  Increasing gender gap and exclusion of vulnerable responsibilities groups  Absence of a large influx of financial resources  and capacity building for the support of CFAST including funds for compensation of PAPs. Environmental and Social Impacts Screening Process The ESMF outlines an environmental and social screening process which will enable the IOs with support of consulting service providers and public extension staff to identify potential environmental and social impacts of construction and operation of the infrastructure and support structures and to address them by incorporating the relevant mitigation measures into the designs of the subprojects before they are implemented. The environmental and social assessment and management in this ESMF requires the Sub- project Implementers (Irrigators Associations) assisted by the Professional Service Providers (PSP) at each participating scheme after training (and with assistance from LGA Environmental Management Officers and MDU at MALF) to screen the subprojects at the preparation stage using environmental and social checklist in Annex 5 to identify and mitigate potential adverse effects/impacts. The subsequent environmental and social assessment work will be carried out by Certified Environmental Impacts Assessors (registered public or private individuals or firms) based on the screening results and related recommendations from the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). Environmental and Social Impacts Mitigation and Management Plan The ESMF includes a summary of the Environmental Management Plan (ESMP) in order to facilitate the implementation of the CFAST project specifically the infrastructure development MALF Page vi CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework component. The ESMP clearly indicates the institutional responsibilities with regard to implementing mitigation measures, monitoring of the implementation of these mitigation measures and related cost estimates and time horizons. The ESMF assesses the capacity of the implementation participants at different levels to implement the proposed screening process and mitigation measures. Entities at LGAs involved in ASDP 1 implementation have previous experience (albeit still in nascent stage) with management of environmental and social issues related to construction/ civil works. The MALF has the capacity and experience to do backstopping to the LGAs. However the IOs and PSPs’ may not have the capacity to both support and supervise construction work of the proposed infrastructure and to implement the required environmental and social screening process described above. Prevalent weaknesses at all levels relate to the integration of the mitigation measures into the design before project commences and monitoring of the same. The ESMF makes recommendations as appropriate, including training needs and cost estimates. It recommends building capacity at all levels through the provision of training to staff and decision makers who will be designated the role of planning, reviewing and implementing, and monitoring the construction of the different infrastructure and their auxiliary structures. The role of the NEMC in the context of CFAST project has been clarified to be one of providing technical assistance, approval of project as relevant and as facilitator for the training program. Costs related to ESMF implementation include: institutional development activities, training program, technical assistance, allowances for the review and approval of subproject management plans and annual reviews. The estimated ESMF implementation budget over 5 years is $ 2,610, 000. In parallel to this ESMF, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared. This document outlines the principles and procedures to be followed in the event that the construction of completely new infrastructure or the modification of existing / traditional infrastructure necessitates land acquisition leading to involuntary taking of land and other assets and/or the loss of livelihoods, and therefore will be used in conjunction with the ESMF as required. The GoT will disclose both the ESMF and the RPF (both documents will be available in Kiswahili) in-country and also at the Infoshop of the World Bank and the date for disclosure must precede the date for appraisal of the CFAST project. MALF Page vii CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. ii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF BOXES ................................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... xi Acronyms and abbreviations.................................................................................................. xiii 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 1.1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES 4 1.2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE ESMF 6 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED cfast PROJECT ........................................9 2.1. PROJECT BACKGROUND 9 2.2. CATALYZING THE FUTURE AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS OF TANZANIA (CFAST) PROJECT DESCRIPTION 15 3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND TRENDS OF PARTICIPATING REGIONS / LGAS ....................................................................21 3.1 THE BIO-PHYSICAL FEATURES 21 3.1.1 Climate .................................................................................................................. 22 3.1.2 Soils ....................................................................................................................... 23 3.1.3. Water Resources ................................................................................................. 24 3.2 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN CFAST AREA 30 3.3 SOCIO-POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT 34 3.4 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 38 4 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ..............41 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND TRIGGERS 41 4.2 RELEVANT NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS 50 4.3 NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT 58 5 CFAST POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS..........................................................................................................70 5.2 INTRODUCTION 70 5.3 POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 71 5.4 CFAST POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 73 5.5 POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS 76 5.6 POTENTIAL PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS 81 5.7 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS / IMPACTS 82 MALF Page viii CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 5.8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES FOR CFAST PROJECT 90 1.1 GENERAL WATER STRESS DUE TO INCREASED DEMAND FOR AGRICULTURAL USES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 95 1.2 Basin Water Offices in collaboration with LGAs and Water Users Associations determination of water needs by all users before extraction to determine available quantities especially if involve seasonal fluctuations 95 5.9 MANAGEMENT OF ISSUES RELATED TO OTHER SAFEGUARD POLICIES TRIGGERED BY CFAST PROJECT: RESETTLEMENT, PEST MANAGEMENT AND DAM SAFETY 97 5.10 CFAST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 99 5.11 DISCLOSURE OF ESMF (AND RPF) INFORMATION 99 5.12 MONITORING OF ESMF / CFAST PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 99 6 SUB-PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PLANNING, REVIEW AND APPROVAL PROCESS ................................................................................102 6.2 PREPARATION AND APPLICATION 102 6.3 APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL 106 7 SUBPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS ..........................................................................112 7.1 STEP 1: DISCLOSURE OF SUB-PROJECT INFORMATION 112 7.2 STEP 2: SUB-PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 113 7.3 STEP 3: MONITORING ESMP IMPLEMENTATION 113 8 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR CFAST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ...........................................................................118 8.1 CFAST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE 118 9 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT ..................................................122 9.1 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND CAPACITY 122 9.2 INSITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING 125 9.3 TRAINING 125 10 ESMF IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND BUDGET ..........................................132 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................142 LIST OF ANNEX ..................................................................................................................144 Annex1: Summary of Issues Raised by the Stakeholders ................................................145 ANNEX 2: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED .....................................................147 Annex 3: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies ........................................................157 Annex 4: Summary of Relevant National Environmental and Social Management Requirements ....................................................................................................................................159 Annex5: Sample Checklist for Environmental and Social Screening ...................................161 MALF Page ix CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex 6: Guidelines for Assessment of Dams and Preparation of a Dam Safety Measures Report 181 Annex7: Main Steps in the Tanzania EIA Process (at National Level) ................................184 Annex 8: Potential CFAST Sub Project Types, Major Environmental and Social Concerns and Probable Category......................................................................................................188 Annex9: List of Restricted Pesticides in Tanzania ................................................................190 Annex 9: Impact identification criteria ..................................................................................233 MALF Page x CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) District Boundaries . 3 Figure 2: Geograhical Location of the proposed Schemes under CFAST (Source: Aide Memoire: World Bank CFAST Project Preparation Mission, October, 2016) ........................... 17 Figure 3: River Basins Within the CFAST Region .................................................................... 26 Figure 4: Sub-Projects Environmental and Social Planning, Review and Approval Process ... 111 Figure 5: Sub-Project Environmental and Social Management Implementation process ......... 117 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Numbers of each type of irrigation schemes in the country (2006 data) ....................... 32 Table 2: Summary of Requirements of Bank Safeguards Policies Triggered by Activities of CFAST Project ............................................................................................................................. 49 Table 3: Summary of Tanzania Safeguard Policies ..................................................................... 63 Table 4: Impacts Summary .......................................................................................................... 70 Table 5: Causes and impacts of land degradation ........................................................................ 84 Table 6: Causes and impacts of wetlands, river bank and lakeshore degradation from poor agricultural and other landuse practices ....................................................................................... 85 Table 7: Causes and impacts of water contamination: non-point source pollution from agricultural sources. ..................................................................................................................... 86 Table 8: Causes and impacts of loss of natural habitats and biodiversity relevant to CFAST project .......................................................................................................................................... 89 Table 9: Proposed generic mitigation measures for impacts associated with CFAST project. ... 90 Table 10: Sample of Environmental and Social Management Plan .......................................... 108 Table 11: Proposed Training Program for Designated Staff and LGA teams .......................... 129 Table 12: Summary of Budget Estimates for ESMF Implementation ....................................... 133 Table 13: Summary Environmental Mitigation Plan (EMP) for the CFAST Project ................ 134 LIST OF BOXES Box 1: Involvement of other actors ............................................................................................... 2 Box 2:Baseline survey ................................................................................................................... 7 Box 3: Types of Existing Irrigation Schemes in Tanzania .......................................................... 31 Box 4: The Tragedy of HIV/AIDS .............................................................................................. 80 Box 5: Content of Project Brief for application of EIA Certificate ........................................... 105 Box 6: NEMC Screening of Subproject (Determine Scope of ESIA Work) ............................. 106 Box 7: Scope of ESIA work ....................................................................................................... 107 Box 8: EIA Regulation requirements on public disclosure ........................................................ 107 Box 9 : Basic elements of a sub-project ESMP ......................................................................... 108 Box 10: Approval of ESIA reports (PEAR / EIS) ..................................................................... 109 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) report was produced for the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF). MALF Page xi CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework A team of consultants who participated in the preparation of the framework document for the CFAST project under the auspices of JSB-EnviDep Ltd4 were involved in the update of this ESMF to fit requirements of CFAST Project: Ms. Saada K. Juma (Environment and Social Management Specialist); Prof. Jamidu Katima (Environment Management / Engineer Specialist); Eng. Leonard G. Lugali (Water Resources Management Specialist); Ms. Beatrice Mchome (Social and Land Management Specialist); Ms. Mwajuma Nuru (Sociologist) and Ms. Zainab Katima (Environmental Management Assistant). Acknowledged are the contributions from government officials at MALF especially from Eng. Lait Simukanga and Ms. Nkuvililwa Simkanga (Director of Policy and Planning.). Appreciations to the CFAST Project Planning Team at the Ministry: Ms. Josephine A. Juma (Post Harvest Management Services) the Commission of Irrigation; Department of National Food Security (DFNS) and Ms. Jane Marwa (Environmental Engineer) from MALF’s Environmental Management Unit. Invaluable cooperation and assistance are acknowledged to Team responsible for design and planning of upgrade projects for the Sakalilo and Kakese-Mwamkulu Irrigation Schemes. Special thanks go to Mbeya Zone Irrigation Office, Eng. Elibariki J. Mwendo (Ass. Zonal Irrigation Engineer) and Mr. M.J. Ndonde (Agronomist); the Sakalilo project team at Sumbawanga District Council: Eng. Mr. Kibona Daniel (Irrigation Engineer) and Mr. Halfan Mohamed (Ag. District Agricultural, Irrigation and Cooperative Officer); the Kakese-Mwamkulu integrated project team at Mpanda District Council and Mpanda Town Council: Eng. Yusuph S. Mukhandy (Irrigation Technician) and Eng. Philipo Charles (Agricultural Engineer). This document is a product of a broad range of stakeholders that were consulted. Specifically the Irrigators Associations at the 2 irrigation schemes Sakalilo and Kakese-Mwamkulu and local leaders in these areas. Furthermore, special thanks go to government officials (Rukwa and Katavi Regional Secretariats and Water User Association, Lake Rukwa and Lake Tanganyika Water Basin Offices, Katavi National Park etc.) who were met during field visits. Their inputs have been extensively used in the preparation of this ESMF. Acknowledgement is also given to officials at the World Bank Tanzania Office who provided valuable contribution to drafts and this final version of the document. Eng. Mathew J. Mtigumwe Permanent Secretary Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (Agriculture) 4 Environment and Development Management Consultants MALF Page xii CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AEZ Agro-Ecological Zones ARI Acute Respiratory Infection ASDP Agriculture Sector Development Program ASDP 1 First Agriculture Sector Development Program ASDP 2 Second Agriculture Sector Development Program ASDS Agricultural Sector Development Strategy ASLM Agriculture Sector Lead Ministry BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BOQ Bills of Quantity BRN Big Results Now CADP Comprehensive Africa Development Program CFAST Catalysing the Future Agri-Food Systems of Tanzania CSA Climate Smart Agriculture COD Chemical Oxygen Demand EAC East Africa Community DADP District Agricultural Development Plan DAICO District Agricultural, Irrigation and Cooperative Officer DED District Executive Director DEMO District Environment Management Officer DIE District Irrigation Engineer DITS Department of Irrigation and Technical Services DoE Department of Environment EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EMO Environment Management Officer EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental Management Plan FDI Foreign Direct Investment FO Farmers Organizations GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security Program GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Green House Gas GoT Government of Tanzania IA Implementing Agent IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development IDA International Development Association IO Irrigators Organization IPM Integrated Pest Management IPMP Integrated Pest Management Plan JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LGAs Local Government Authorities M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries MDU Ministerial Delivery Unit MALF Page xiii CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MIC Middle-Income Country MITI Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment MLHHSD Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlement Development NEMC National Environment Management Council NGO Non-Government Organization NIRC National Irrigation Commission NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty O&M Operations and Maintenance PEA Preliminary Environmental Assessment PEAR Preliminary Environmental Assessment Report PO-RALGCSGG President Office-Regional Administration and Local Government, Civil Service and Good Governance. PSP Professional Service Provider PTA Professional Technical Advisor RAP Resettlement Action Plan RIE Regional Irrigation Engineers RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SAGCOT Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania SMS Subject Matter Specialist SSA Sub-Saharan Africa SRI System of Rice Intensification TAFSIP Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan TDV 2025 Tanzania’s Development Vision 2025 URT United Republic of Tanzania USAID United States Agency for International Development US$ United State Dollar VC Value Chain VGP Vulnerable Group Plan VGPF Vulnerable Groups Planning Framework VPO Vice President’s Office WBG World Bank Group ZARDI Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institutes and Training Institutions. MALF Page xiv CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 1. INTRODUCTION 1. In 2006, the Government of Tanzania (GOT) through the Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives (MAFC), established a 15-years program known as the Agriculture Sector Development Program (ASDP) to serve as an overall framework and operational process for implementing the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS). 2. The first phase of the ASDP, implemented between 2006 – 2013, involved participation and support of strategic plans of four Agriculture Sector Lead Ministries (ASLMs) namely MAFC, Ministry of Livestock and Fishery Development (MLFD), Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT) and Prime Minister’s Office - Regional Administration and Local Governments (PMO-RALG). District Agricultural Development Plans (DADPs) of District Government Authorities. ASDP - 1 received funds from a multi-donor “basket fund� arrangement involving the World Bank (IDA Credit), International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) and other bilateral donors. The GOT has now requested the World Bank for continued support for its ASDP. 3. Now that the 1st phase has been successfully implemented, while a larger Government’s second phase Agriculture Sector Development Program (ASDP 2) has been prepared by the GOT through the current Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF) and the World Bank are proposing a 5-years project – “Catalysing the Future Agri-Food Systems of Tanzania� (CFAST) to support the implementation of irrigated agriculture and improvement of value chains of commodities identified in business development plans of Irrigators Organization (IOs). The project will be structured as an Investment Project Financing (IPF), funded by an IDA credit in the amount of US$100 million. 4. The aim of the CFAST project is to support activities linking organized smallholder farmers with markets to enhance their income and productivity. CFAST has been envisioned to be in full support of the second phase ASDP25 currently in the pipeline. The Project will collaborate with the SAGCOT project which focuses on agribusiness development in the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT): namely Rukwa (Sumbawanga District), Mbeya, Iringa, and Katavi Regions, See Figure 1. 5. The proposed CFAST project will focus on implementing activities on an integrated approach to improve value chains through increased productivity of targeted commodities and forging sustainable market linkages. 5 Aide Memoire: WB Preparation Mission of the CFAST Project, October 12-21, 2016 appreciation of the approach and the principles of operation behind ASDP2 MALF Page 1 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Anticipated subprojects include infrastructure development involving rehabilitation or upgrading of irrigation infrastructures and other works and operations aimed at improvements at the level of irrigation schemes and connecting the schemes to markets. Such infrastructure/facilities as warehouses, farm roads, drainage systems etc. would need to be part and parcel of the IOs’ business development plans. Subprojects approved for funding by CFAST will be planned and implemented by target smallholder farmers and their associations assisted by Professional Service Providers, Public Extension Officers from respective District and Regional Authorities and the Ministerial Delivery Unit (MDU) at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock in consultations with other key stakeholders as will be specified in written agreements (see Box..). Infrastructure investments will be coupled with improvements of both on-farm and organizational management capability of the smallholder farmer’s organizations and Participating District and Regions. 6. Based on this focused approach to agriculture sector development, GOT is preparing the CFAST project with a view of financing these priority investments and coupled improvements of management capability of the implementing institutions. Box 1: Involvement of other actors The project will cooperate with other sectors such as health or education or water sector so that each stakeholder is aware of his role under the sub-project and these roles. The the roles and responsibilities of key actors will be specified in written agreements. Prior the project initiation, awareness creation shall be done to all stakeholders to ensure each stakeholder understands his role and responsibilities. . MALF Page 2 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Figure 1: Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT) District Boundaries 6 6 ERM. (2012). SAGCOT Strategic Regional Environmental and Social Assessment Interim Report. GoT MALF Page 3 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 1.1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES 1.1.1 Rationale of ESMF 7. The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies which are in accord with the laws of Tanzania require that before a project is appraised by the Bank, relevant safeguard instruments, such as an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) containing an Environmental Management Plan (ESMP), or just an ESMP will be locally disclosed and at the Bank’s InfoShop. 8. The proposed CFAST Project will support subprojects likely to generate some detrimental and site specific environmental and social impacts. However, the exact nature of sub-projects (or their location, core areas of impacts, extent, magnitude and duration of impacts caused by the various types of investments have not yet been determined. 9. CFAST project has been assigned Environmental Assessment Category B and triggers the following safeguard policies: (i) Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.01; (ii) Natural Habitat, 4.04; (iii) Pest Management, OP 4.09 (iv) Involuntary Resettlement, OP/BP 4.12; and (vi) Safety of Dams, OP/BP 4.37. 10. Since the exact locations of the areas where individual subprojects are to be located was not known at the time the CFAST project was being prepared an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) remains the key instrument to ensure initial project safeguards at this stage. In case the project is likely to cause severe economic, social and environmental risks a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) are disclosed as a pre-requisite before the project is appraised. 1.1.2 Purpose of this ESMF 11. The ESMF seeks to establish a process of environmental and social screening which will permit the institutions in charge of the implementation of the sub-projects namely Irrigator Organizations and their associations assisted by Professional Service Providers and District and Regional Extension Officers to identify, assess, mitigate and monitor the environmental and social impacts of the proposed investments to be financed under CFAST project and to prepare required safeguards instruments. The ESMF also determines the institutional measures to be taken during the project implementation, including capacity building activities. MALF Page 4 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 12. At the commencement of the 1st phase ASDP in 2006 and during preparation of the ASDP2-BRN project in 2015, the GOT prepared ESMFs7 and Resettlement Policy Frameworks (RPF)8 in order to manage impacts emanating from activities implemented under the projects. These existing frameworks have been updated so that they meet the requirements of the proposed investments under CFAST project. This ESMF is aimed at ensuring that implementing entities in this project will be adequately guided to comply with both the World Bank Environmental Safeguard Policies as outlined in Operational Policy OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) and other relevant World Bank Safeguard Policies and the Government of Tanzania Environmental Management Act (EMA Cap. 191). 13. Furthermore, the GoT has prepared a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) to address the needs of those who might be affected when an operation causes the involuntary taking of land and other assets resulting in: (a) relocation or loss of shelter, (b) loss of assets or access to assets (c) loss of income sources or means of livelihoods, whether or not the affected person must move to another location. The RPF has been prepared as a stand-alone and separate document but whose processes are also included in this ESMF. 14. The GoT will disclose both documents (the ESMF and the RPF) in-country as two separate and stand-alone documents so that they are accessible by the general public, local communities, potential project-affected groups, local NGO’s and all other stakeholders and also at the Infoshop of the World Bank and the date for disclosure must precede the date for appraisal of the program. 1.1.3 Objectives of ESMF 15. The ESMF establishes a mechanism for determining and assessing potential environmental and social negative impacts of all activities financed under CFAST project. The aim of this ESMF is to enable early screening for potential impacts and selection of an appropriate instrument to eliminate adverse impacts, or offset them, or minimize to acceptable levels, mitigate or compensate adverse environmental and social impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts. 16. Specific ESMF objectives are to: a) Establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social planning, review, approval and implementation of subprojects to be financed under the CFAST Project; 7 URT, Agricultural Sector Development Program (ASDP) 1 (ESMF), 2006); URT, ASDP2- BRN (ESMF), 2015 8 URT, Agricultural Sector Development Program 1 (RPF), 2006); URT, ASDP2- BRN (RPF), 2015) MALF Page 5 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework b) Specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to subprojects; c) Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; d) Establish the Project funding required to implement the ESMF ; and e) Provide practical information resources for implementing the ESMF. 1.1.4 Scope of ESMF 17. ESMF is specifically designed for the CFAST project thus will cover subprojects identified by IOs in Participating Districts in Rukwa, Mbeya, Iringa, and Katavi Regions. 18. Since the participating and qualifying districts will become known during CFAST project implementation, each subproject location that is subsequently identified and approved by MALF and the LGAs would be subjected to environmental and social planning prior to approval for funding under the CFAST project. The ESMF is to assist in ensuring that the assessment of possible impacts on environment in the project sites is thoroughly carried out to provide a guide for compliance with the project monitoring indicators during the implementation. 1.2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE ESMF 1.2.1 Overall Approach 19. The approach to the development of the ESMF was as follows: a) Identification of key issues for ESMF development at the inception phase. b) The preparation of the document was closely coordinated by staff in the MALF responsible for project preparation / coordination. c) Collection and review of secondary data and information from existing literature, consultations with key informants at MALF and the Irrigation Commission responsible for irrigation schemes development specifically regarding: i) The context under which the CFAST project is developed and implemented; ii) Reaffirming baseline conditions (prevalent trends and indicators) of important biophysical and socio-economic receptors (see Box 2); iii) Components of the CFAST project and activities in general likely to interact with this baseline; iv) Potential resulting environmental and social impacts to the key receptors; v) Mitigation measures for identified impacts, and best alternative approaches for designing and implementing CFAST project and subsequent sub- projects; MALF Page 6 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework vi) Individual and institutional capacity building needs for implementation of this ESMF and subsequent subproject’s ESMP and RAPs. d) Emphasis on gap analysis and consolidating key findings into an ESMF Environmental and Social management Plan (ESMP) for the CFAST project and implementation and monitoring arrangements e) ESMF stakeholder consultation workshop was held on 16th January 2017 at Mkapa Hall in Mbeya City (see Annex 2 for the list of participants) with participants selected from the project area. During the consultation, presentations made were on CFAST project, ESMF and RPF policy frameworks, followed by panel and focus group discussion. The process complied with the World Bank stakeholder consultation in investiment operations. Issues/concerns raised from the stakeholders were incorporated in this ESMF document (see Annex 1) and will be monitored during the project implementation period. Box 2:Baseline survey Baseline survey will be conducted to access what is the situation in the project area to form the base for irrigation planning. The business plans will also indicate this. At the end of the day the project implementers will communicate with relevant sectors e.g. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children; Ministry of Water and Irrigation etc. in order to improve the situation in the project area. 1.2.2 Methodology 20. Desk Reviews: of relevant literature was undertaken during initial preparations and continued throughout the assessment phase and preparation of the framework document. Information sources include documents from World Bank, MALF, LGAs, web-search, national and local data and information centres/sources including: a) Project concept document for CFAST and project appraisal document (Aide Memoire: WB Preparation Mission of the CFAST Project, October 12-21, 2016 b) ESMF and RPF for Agricultural Sector Development Program (ASDP) 1 2006); ESMF and RPF for BRN 2015; c) ESIA reports and RAPs for sample project areas: Sakalilo irrigation scheme in Sumbawanga District and the Kakese-Mwamkulu irrigation scheme Mpanda District Council / Mpanda Town Council; d) Recent studies, appraisal/ performance assessments documents for ASDP-1: ASDP Implementation Completion Report (MALF, July 2014; and Environmental and Social Audit of Selected ASDP Sub-projects (MALF, December, 2014. e) Background literature of the environmental and social conditions at target LGAs f) Current environmental and social management frameworks in use within ASDP area g) Tanzania legislation and the World Bank safeguard policies. Documents reviewed are listed under the Bibliography section. MALF Page 7 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 21. Consultations with key informants: Focal Persons and staff directly responsible or involved in project implementations at MALF, the National Irrigation Commission, Zonal Irrigation Officers, District Agricultural, Irrigation and Cooperatives Officers (DAICOs), Irrigation Engineers, Environmental Management and Community Development Officers, Council Management Committees. At scheme level the team conducted discussions with implementers and person’s in-charge of the schemes included farmers and Irrigators Organizations as well as Extension Officers – Irrigation Technicians, and Agriculture Officers. Views of contacted people were included in the document preparation. 22. Stakeholders Consultations: Initial consultations were held as part of the preparation of the ESMF among stakeholders within the project area and relevant insititutions/ sectors, including Region Secretariats, Districts Councils and IOs. Follow-up consultations were carried out to discuss the draft ESMF in a stakeholder consultation workshop, which was held on 16th January 2017 at Mkapa Hall in Mbeya City (see Annex 2 for the list of participants) with participants selected from the project area. During the consultation, presentations made were on CFAST project and the draft ESMF, followed by panel and focus group discussion. The process complied with the World Bank stakeholder consultation in investiment operations. Issues/concerns raised from the stakeholders were incorporated in this ESMF document (see Annex 1) and will be monitored during the project implementation period. The main issues raised included: i) ASDP I weaknesses on safeguards relevant to CFAST should be adrressed ii) There is a need to clarify on mechanism for providing incetives to people who practise conservation measures in the catchment for the benefit of downstream users. iii) It’s better to invest fully in one scheme to its completion rather that spreading resources thinly to many irrigation scheme which results into many non completed irrigation schemes. iv) Are the irrigation schemes for CFAST funding list confirmed? v) Occupation/ Health Safety - Contractors who implement projects do not have directive statements on Occupation/ Health and Safety in the tender document. vi) Environmental Economics should be known at design stage vii) Districts should be involved in CFAST irrigation scheme selection, implementation and monitoring and procurement process. viii) Screening of projects should be done so as to know the mitigation and monitoring process ix) CFAST should set aside budget for addressing environmental and social safeguard issues. MALF Page 8 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED CFAST PROJECT 2.1. PROJECT BACKGROUND 2.1.1 Context A. Country Context 23. Tanzania is one of the largest East African countries and with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of US$ 44 billion; it is the sixth largest economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Among the six East African Community (EAC) members, Tanzania is the largest in terms of size and population, and the second largest in economic terms. Driven by economic liberalization, sound macroeconomic policy management and expanding public sector spending, Tanzania has experienced high rates of economic growth during the last decade, with macroeconomic indicators showing average GDP growth of around 7 percent per annum (compared with just 3.5 percent during the 1990s). The service and industry sectors exhibited the strongest growth rates (8 and 7.8 percent, respectively), while growth in the agriculture sector was generally below GDP growth, with an average of only 3.9 percent per annum and its share in total GDP decreasing to 23.2 percent in 2012 (Bank of Tanzania, 2015). Rapid economic growth coupled with political stability has also generated high dividends for Tanzanians9, such that per capita GDP is now around USD 1000. Recent developments, including the discovery of natural gas, are expected to further contribute to Tanzania’s positive economic performance, and World Bank projections indicate that Tanzania’s GDP will grow 6.6 and 7.0 percent in 2017 and 2018, respectively. 24. Despite Tanzania’s rapid economic growth, the benefits have not been shared evenly and poverty is still prevalent, especially in the rural areas. Regional disparities are widening, with the capital city, Dar es Salaam growing at a much faster pace than the rest of the country. The sectors that have driven economic growth, such as construction, finance, mining, services10, and telecommunications have not created jobs nor had the desired impact in rural areas. Tanzania is also one of the top 10 countries in the world with the largest size of the poor population, and top four in Sub-Saharan Africa, based on the international poverty line. Official poverty figures announced by the government in November 2013 show that while the basic needs poverty level in Tanzania mainland has fallen from 33.34 percent in 2007 to 28.2 percent in 2012; over the same period, rural poverty declined from 39.4 percent to 33.4 percent. Moreover, malnutrition continues to be a challenge for Tanzania and 9 Spreading the Wings: from growth to prosperity. World Bank publications: http://www- wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/10/24/000386194_20121024053815 /Rendered/PDF/733460WP0P133400Box371944B00PUBLIC0.pdf 10 Including tourism. MALF Page 9 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework although rates of child stunting in Tanzania have fallen, they continue to be high. National surveys conducted prior to 2011 showed a static rate of stunting at 44–43 percent but more recent surveys showed rates of 35 percent (Global Nutrition Report 2015). Micronutrient deficiencies are also prevalent. Forty-three percent of children 6–59 months old suffer from Vitamin A deficiency (2013 data), while 40 percent of women of reproductive age have anaemia (2011 data) (Global Nutrition Report 2015). 25. The challenge in terms of delivering on Tanzania’s Development Vision (TDV 2025) and its aspiration of achieving Middle-Income Country (MIC) status is whether the combined and mounting pressures from the global economic environment, population growth and climate change can be effectively managed. With less than 10 years to the TDV and 15 years to the World Bank Group (WBG) Twin Goals deadlines, Tanzania needs a renewed strategy that fully exploits its potential and opportunities. The new administration, which took office in October 2015, has already embarked on sweeping measures to strengthen fiscal management and address corruption. At the same time, the government recognizes the economic importance of agriculture for rural growth and poverty alleviation, and at the highest levels has made transformation of agriculture a major national priority. Through its second Agricultural Sector Development Program (ASDP2), the government has embarked on an ambitious program to strengthen agriculture value chains, integrate larger numbers of small- scale farmers through their organizations into these value chains (which enables them to strengthen their collective action, diversify their production, acquire modern technologies, reach better markets; and learn by doing) and build more resilient agri- food systems. B. Sectoral and Institutional Context 26. Agriculture is a key sector of Tanzania’s economy. The sector accounts for 23 percent of the country’s real GDP, 75 percent of employment and 80 percent of rural household incomes. Consequently, the sector has been prioritized in national economic development planning including in the country’s long term development Vision 2025, Tanzania’s Five Year Development Plan 2011/12 to 2015/16 (FYDP) and in the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP). 27. There are considerable gender gaps in agricultural production. Educational attainment of rural women is much lower than that of men and the poorest households (24 percent) are headed by women. Heavy engagement of rural women in domestic care and community activities leads to a limitation of their time, productive and educational potential. To manage their fields women would need to hire labour but have constraints in accessing male labour, which results in women’s plots producing 14 percent less than those managed by men. Access to hired male labour, time saving technologies at the farm and for household chores, as well as support for child care MALF Page 10 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework are needed to liberate women’s time for farming and to close the gender productivity gap11. 28. Although the sector is widely expected to play a pivotal role in poverty reduction, boosting shared prosperity, and improving nutrition, among others 12, its performance- and correspondingly-its contribution to these development objectives has been suboptimal. The agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farmers and production systems characterized by low land and labour productivity mainly as a result of: (i) poor production technologies; (ii) underdeveloped markets, market infrastructure and farm-level value addition; (iii) poor rural infrastructure, including rural roads, and electricity; (iv) inadequate agricultural financing, including public expenditure; and (v) weak policy and institutional incentives, such as unfavourable agricultural taxation regime, export bans for grains and non-transparent import tariffs, among others. To-date, much of the modest growth registered in the sector (an average rate of 4 percent annually in the last decade), has not been pro-poor as it is ascribed to only a few subsectors primarily consisting of cash crops, such as coffee, tobacco, sugarcane and tea, which hitherto, have benefited from improved national and international commodity prices, but are largely the domain of large scale commercial farmers. 29. Tanzania has significant endowments to enable it to use agriculture as a vehicle to reduce poverty, boost shared prosperity, improve nutrition as well as contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The country has 44 million hectares of good arable land, most of which-34.5 million hectares- is not cultivated, presenting opportunities for expansion, especially through attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the sector. Because of its strategic location (sharing boarders with eight 8 countries that offer growing markets for its exports), the country also has a huge potential for increasing regional and international trade in agriculture. The country’s vast road and railway network to the major port in Dar es Salaam provide a major conduit for agricultural exports to regional and international markets. Already, regional demand and markets are emerging for crops like rice for which Tanzania has a competitive edge over its neighbours. Tapping into these regional markets and trade will not only increase incomes of producers but also create on-and-off-farm job opportunities, especially in the rural areas where poverty is highest. 30. The country has about 29 million hectares of land deemed suitable for irrigation, only 1 percent of which is currently irrigated. Improving agricultural water management through integrated use of different water sources (rivers and other water bodies, water catchment and storage, etc.) and water-saving irrigation techniques can help Tanzania 11 World Bank and One Campaign. 2014. Levelling the Field. Improving Opportunities for Women Farmers in Africa. 12 Given the sector’s role as the main source of food and livelihood for many malnourished people, agriculture has substantial potential to reduce poverty and hunger. MALF Page 11 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework to not only increase production, but also foster the diversification and resilience of the country’s food system. Already, the country’s INDCs prioritize the agricultural sector with respect to adaptation contributions (up-scaling the level of improvement of agricultural land and water management; increasing yields through climate smart agriculture; and strengthening knowledge, extension services and agricultural infrastructures to target climate actions, among others). 31. The Government of Tanzania (GoT) is committed to transforming the agricultural sector towards higher productivity, commercialization level and smallholder farmer income for improved livelihood, food security and nutrition. Since 2000 the GoT has undertaken efforts to remedy a legacy of past underinvestment in agriculture. In 2001, the Government formulated the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) which sought to achieve sustained agricultural growth of 5 percent per annum, primarily through transformation from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture. In 2006, the ASDP was launched as the vehicle for the implementation of the ASDS, with emphasis on commercialization by the smallholder sector. In complement, the country signed a Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) compact, followed by the adoption of the Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment Plan (TAFSIP) in November 2011. 32. The ASDP 1 program implemented with World Bank support has now been completed. To date ASDP-1 has been able to provide finances that has enabled development of the urgently needed agricultural infrastructure, irrigation, extension facilities and market facilities13 that have had considerable impact on the productivity, profitability and incomes of the beneficiaries as well as enhanced national capacity to increase agricultural production and productivity. This had positive bearings on poverty reduction, food security and self-sufficiency at household and national levels14 similarly, the capacity building interventions conducted at both national and local levels, improved the beneficiaries’ ability to implement their activities. The ASDP-1 investments through the implementation of District Agricultural Development Plans (DADP) - which were part of the broader District Development Plan (DDP), enhanced the Local Government Authority’s capacity to plan and implement their own development projects. 33. The ASDP 1 project has been closed and has provided several important lessons on project implementation and agricultural transformation. During the implementation of the ASDP 1 project it became clear that 13 ASDP-1 investment operation at LGAs level has enabled development of a number of facilities and infrastructure in six key areas:(i) Agricultural knowledge and technology development and transfer; (ii) Development of agriculture marketing systems and infrastructure; (iii) Irrigation development; (iv) Use of agricultural mechanization; (v) Utilization of improved crops varieties and improved livestock breeds; and (vi) Promotion of private sector participation in agriculture. 14 MoAFL, Agriculture Sector Development Project (ASDP) Implementataion Completion Report, July, 2014 MALF Page 12 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework a) the fiduciary arrangements put in place under the basket funding mechanism often led to implementation delays and quality management problems e.g. release of funds from the Government was very difficult and funds for supervision were not readily available. b) the hardware approach pursued (emphasis on irrigation systems and warehouses) needed to be completed with attention to the software of agricultural development, specifically around farmer organizations, value chain development and water management. c) its implementation Environmental and Social safeguards including M&E issues were not well taken care of. 34. Despite the ESMF and RPF documents prepared by GOT in 2006 directing preparation of ESIA reports and RAPs prior to implementation of the ASDP – 1 financed investments, and other efforts made by the MAFC to articulate and include environmental and social issues in its plans15; the environmental and social safeguards implementation during ASDP -1 did not fare well16/17: subprojects (irrigation schemes, crops markets and warehouses, livestock markets, slaughter houses and cattle dips) are still beleaguered by long-standing environmental and social problems mainly flooding and sedimentation of irrigation systems during heavy rains alternating with water stress problems during dry season. Pollution of soils and water resources by over use and uncontrolled application of agrochemicals is a persistent problem at all sites. Rate of adoption of the EIA process by the participating LGAs and respective communities was found to be low and a few were found to be familiar with the ESMF procedure. In terms of institutional and individual capacities, DALDO’s, Irrigation Engineer, Zonal Irrigation Engineers, Contractors and construction supervision Consultants were found to have limited technical capacity to address the issues of environmental and social safeguards requirements. Appointment of Environmental Management Officers at Participating LGAs and Environmental Units at the ASLMs formed late in the ASDP implementation process, Training and awareness at LGAs and community level (farmers groups) were limited to only few members and topics (i.e. use of pesticides and safe disposal of containers / packaging materials. CFAST project aim at tackling these problems through improvement of traditional and dilapidated irrigation infrastructure coupled with training farmers on best agriculture production practices. 35. Recently, the government finalized the second ASDS together with the second ten- year ASDP2. The focus of the program is on four interrelated themes: (i) sustainable water and land use management, including mainstreaming resilience of sustainable 15 Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) for the National Irrigation Master Plan and National Irrigation Policy and Environmental and Social Safeguard Audit of selected ASDP activities 16 ASDP Implementation Completion Report (MoAFL, July 2014); 17 Environmental and Social Audit of Selected ASDP Sub-projects (MoAFL, December, 2014). MALF Page 13 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework and climate smart farming systems; (ii) enhanced agricultural productivity and profitability by sustainable technology generation and promotion/use; (iii) rural commercialization and value addition to build competitive commodity value chains; and (iv) strengthening agricultural sector enablers, including policy framework, food security and nutrition, institutional capacity (especially of farmer organizations) and coordination and sector-wide Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E). 36. The proposed operation will support Government’s efforts towards transforming the agricultural sector and rural livelihoods. The project will support smallholder farmers, both men and women, to strengthen their collective action through producer organizations. Specific attention and resources will be given to reducing gender gaps in access to inputs, services, labour, technology, and capacity building. Investments will also support enabling community investments, such as feeder roads, day care centres with feeding programs, etc. to allow for women farmers to benefit equally from the project. Progress will be tracked by gender disaggregated M&E indicators and data. Diversification into vegetables, fruits and aquaculture will be accompanied by nutrition advice to families. Integrated water resource management, water saving irrigation and crop management practices and technologies will be supported to promote resilience of the diversified production systems. 37. Investment coverage under the proposed CFAST project will focus on strengthening farmer organizations to improve and diversify their production systems and linkage to value chains in irrigated agriculture in a limited number of high potential district clusters in the SAGCOT area. The Irrigators Organizations (IOs) in selected schemes will be the driver of the project and investments. The IOs will develop business plans for joining the value chains and marketing of the main crop (in most cases rice) as well as for diversifying the production system to higher value crops and enterprises (e.g. vegetables, fruits, and aqua-culture). Such an approach is expected to: (i) empower the small scale farmers and their organizations, (ii) sustainably increase the productivity and competitiveness of the priority commodity value chains and associated production systems; (iii) increase the volume and value of produce that enter the market channels for both domestic and export markets, as well as reliable raw material supply for local industries; (iv) allow for significant impact of investments, especially in infrastructure and other interventions in priority areas as selected by the IOs and recorded in their business plans (especially irrigation, value addition and marketing infrastructures); (v) enhance economies of scale by improved access of the members of the IO to agricultural inputs and financial services, and lower transaction costs for input/output supply chains, as volumes and competition increase; and (vi) promote expanded investments by private sector, at farm and off- farm levels, especially in priority value chains. 38. The CFAST project design follows the guidance from the ASDP-2 Program Document, which emphasizes the role of strong and inclusive small farmer organizations as the main vehicle for enabling small holders to participate in the MALF Page 14 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework private sector stimulated agricultural growth and value chains (Agricultural Sector Program Document 2, 2015). 2.2. CATALYZING THE FUTURE AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS OF TANZANIA (CFAST) PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.2.1 CFAST Project Rationale 39. Whereas many agricultural developments have had a focus on productivity, the current project takes an integrated approach to improving value chains. The assumption is that market access and production system improvements are best accomplished together and that they reinforce each other. Also that market opportunities, especially in urbanizing societies, are increasing and provide more opportunities than productivity improvements per se. The project will collaborate with the SAGCOT project which focuses on agribusiness development. Strengthening value chains is best done by working with and through farmer organizations. The project will therefor engage with farmer/irrigation organizations that have already been established in the different irrigation schemes. Business plans will be developed that identify value chain improvements on the one hand and investments in productive infrastructure on the other. Most of the infrastructure plans will only be approved once the business plans are approved. Farmer organizations will receive support in the development and implementation of their business plans from a Professional Service Provider (NGOs, foundations, other development organizations). 40. The project is expected to lead to an agricultural transformation model that can be repeated in other parts of the country and other production systems. The potential of this transformation model may be further enhanced by changes in the enabling environment, for example on market information, credit or land tenure. These issues may be considered for inclusion in Development Policy Operations or other investment projects that may be discussed in the dialogue with the Government on how to rethink Tanzania’s agricultural development approach. 41. Figure 2, below provides a graphic representation of the project’s theory of change. MALF Page 15 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Figure 2: A graphic representation of the project’s theory of change. 2.2.2 Project Location The entry point for the project intervention will be the Irrigators Organizations (IOs). According to the Irrigation Act, the IOs, can take on additional value chain functions besides their core mandate. Additional capacity building and technical assistance will be needed to enable them undertake value chain functions and the project will design specific interventions to strengthen their capacity. Selection of the schemes includes existing schemes that - (i) passed the prefeasibility assessment done under the BRN, (ii) close to markets say within 100km radius, (iii) are part of a cluster –based on relative distance between the potential schemes (iv) existing of critical mass of IOs and (v) economies of scale . The geographic locations of such schemes will be in Iringa, Mbeya and Rukwa regions. To further improve targeting GIS methodology will be used to map the clusters and the schemes within them and to overlay population density, road infrastructure, and poverty levels. The map below (Figure 2) provides the currently proposed scheme selection. The list of scheme will be discussed and finalised during a stakeholders’ workshop prior to project implementation. MALF Page 16 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Figure 2: Geograhical Location of the proposed Schemes under CFAST (Source: Aide Memoire: World Bank CFAST Project Preparation Mission, October, 2016) 2.2.3 CFAST Project Proposed Development Objective 42. The PDO of CFAST is to pursue the transformation of selected agri-food systems to yield higher revenues to farm households while being more resilient to climate change; and provide immediate and effective response to an Eligible Crisis or Emergency. 2.2.4 Project Components 43. The project will have three components: 2.2.5 Component 1. Linking Farmers to Agricultural Value Chains 44. This component focuses on the linkages between farmer groups and markets. The objective of this component is to strengthen Irrigators Organizations (IOs) in each of MALF Page 17 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework the selected irrigation schemes18 to become effective players in value chains in irrigated agriculture, in order to increase their income and to diversify their income sources from agriculture. The sequence of interventions in each scheme to include: 1) Scheme assessment and baseline data collection; 2) Scanning of market opportunities; 3) Needs assessment of the farm population specified by gender and age; 4) Drafting of an MoU between the Irrigators Organization and the Project that outlines the scope of engagement; 5) Business Plan development; 6) Enabling linkages with market agents; 7) Business plan implementation; 8) Closure of engagement and end line data collection. 45. These steps will be facilitated by the contracted PSPs. During this process the PSPs19, with the IO members and government staff at the schemes also identify capacity building needs of the different actors. For example IOs might benefit from organizational and business skills; farmers and agronomy technicians from climate smart technologies; irrigation technicians from approaches to improving and measuring water use efficiency, etc. For some of this training the PSPs may have modules available; for and for some they will source training from government institutions such as the Ministry of Agriculture Training Institute (MATI). 46. Once irrigator organizations graduate from project support, they may receive back-up support from the Local Government authorities for their further business development needs. The project will pursue linkages with the SAGCOT Centre in order to identify agricultural market opportunity and establishes alliances between irrigator organizations and agribusinesses. 2.2.6 Component 2: Developing and Managing Climate-Smart and Sustainable Irrigation Infrastructure. 47. This component addresses infrastructure development, integrated water management, and the professional management of irrigation schemes. After scheme assessment (step 1 in component 1), a feasibility study and a design for each scheme will be undertaken. In the design special attention will be given to the application of innovative irrigation approaches that may lead to more resilience and water use efficiency. A menu of possible irrigation technologies will be drawn that may be pursued in each scheme. The menu may include options such as: System of Rice Intensification; drip irrigation; sprinkler systems; solar pumps; sensor based water application; water use measurement approaches; rainwater catchment and water harvesting; drainage systems; and leakage reduction. 18 In all of the target schemes farmers belong to Irrigators’ Organizations. In addition, there are SACCOs and AMCOs in the schemes. 19 NGOs, consultants, foundations MALF Page 18 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 48. In parallel to the business plans under Component 1, Irrigation Management Plans for the Irrigator Organizations (IOs) will be drawn up. A separate firm may be contracted to help with management of the schemes for a limited amount of time. The irrigation management plans will emphasize operation and maintenance and will assure that the IO operates under full cost recovery. Innovative approaches such as the insurance of the scheme against climatic disasters will be explored. The MoU that defines the engagement between IO and project will help in the enforcement of water use permits, fees from IO members, penalties for defaulters, etc. The Irrigation Act specifies a minimum fee of 5% of production, but so far enforcement has been irregular. However, without systematic fee collection, the O&M remains unsustainable and schemes lapse back to dependency from the government. 49. Stricter enforcement requires a mind-set change, awareness building and training, at farmer level and at government level. Study tours will be organized to allow farmers to appreciate the operation of successful schemes within Tanzania. 50. Feasibility, design and construction supervision will be contracted out to a competent private contractor, through international tendering. Construction activities will be contracted through competent national companies. 2.2.7 Component 3. Monitoring & Evaluation, Knowledge Sharing, Learning and Project replication 51. A Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system will be established to capture data on physical and financial progress, the performance of implementing agencies and service providers, and the achievements of outcomes and impact vis-à-vis the project development objectives. Project Monitoring and Evaluation will also be an important tool for facilitating continuous critical reflection on experience and learning by all stakeholders. The MDU will have primary responsibility for monitoring progress and outcomes based on indicators defined in the project results framework. 52. A consultant will be hired to conduct a pilot baseline survey in two irrigation schemes that have already been identified by the team. The consultant will develop a methodology to be applied across all schemes during the course of the project; collect all values for the baseline; and determine the targets for each indicator. Once the irrigation schemes targeted by the project have been determined, the baseline survey will be rolled out to collect further baseline data for all the remaining schemes (see step 1 of the component 1 intervention sequence). 53. The M&E system will be based on regular surveys, technical and economic monitoring of the project activities, as well as annual data collection in the field, in order to provide actual data on an annual basis and the completion of the Results Framework. The use of new tools such as remote sensing will be explored, to examine features like cropping patterns and cropping intensity, and irrigation management MALF Page 19 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework practices. These tools can be employed at a scheme, cluster and basin levels to support project management and monitoring. Further data on project implementation in the schemes will be collected through tablets that will register location and time of data registration. Pictures may accompany data reports. The tablets will also allow for automatic uploading to the central M&E unit. 2.2.7 Component 4: Institutional Strengthening and Project Management. 54. This component addresses the project management and coordination as well as the efforts to strengthen capacity. A small Project Implementation Unit housed in the MDU composed of consultants is proposed for implementing the project. The proposed PIU will link with staff in the core ministries involved in the project including – agriculture, environment, industry, water and local government. Staff in the proposed PIU will coordinate work plans across the different ministries to ensure a coordinated approach at farm level. MALF in consultations with respective Districts LGAs will recruit PSPs, per cluster to support the development and implementation of market driven business plans. Within the schemes, the PSPs will work with, guide and support Local Government staff in project implementation. For irrigation rehabilitation, an international tender will be placed to identify companies that will undertake feasibility including safeguards and design studies and will provide supervision of infrastructural works. Contractors for infrastructural works will be recruited in the national market. Linkages between the participating ministries will be established through the PIU as well through the ASDP2 Program Steering Committee. The Steering Committee, led by the PS agriculture will oversee the implementation of the project, with the day to day administration and coordination in the hands of the PIU. 55. A communication plan will be developed to enhance the effective information flow among the core agencies involved in project implementation. 56. Capacity building activities will have a double focus: A series of activities will be put in place to strengthen the ability of government agencies to work in market approaches and to support farmers in becoming self-reliant and independent of further government support. These activities will focus on business planning and marketing support on the one hand and irrigation management plans on the other. The other set of activities is on strengthening the fiduciary and implementation follow-through capacity of the government agencies involved. The objective of these activities is to strengthen MALF’s capacity to successfully operate under one consolidated budget that incorporates contributions of development partners. Special focus will be put on strengthening internal audit and accountancy capacities. MALF Page 20 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 3. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND TRENDS OF PARTICIPATING REGIONS / LGAS 57. In preparing of safeguard instruments, among first steps to be undertaken will be environmental and socio-economic studies and census of potentially receiving natural receptors and affected populations for the purpose of collecting baseline data within the project area thereby enabling the assessment of subproject environmental and social impacts. 58. For each sub-project, information that will be covered will include (i) description of bio-physical environmental features (climate, hydrology, water quality, geology and soils and natural habitats and biodiversity) at the subproject location; and (ii) socio- economic conditions (i.e. demographics, land use, livelihoods, economic and social infrastructure and services as well as household characteristics) of subproject host communities. These baseline data are determinant in the identification of monitoring indicators of sub-project performance. The high level baseline data presented in this chapter is an overview that provides the background against which the environmental, social and economic conditions of specific subproject area that are not yet known can be determined and analysed during ESIA report / ESMP preparation. 59. For each section or sub-section presented first are baseline data for the whole country as previously described in the ESMF of ASDP-1 followed by a synopsis of features specific for the SAGCOT area. 3.1 THE BIO-PHYSICAL FEATURES 60. The CFAST is covering Mbeya, Iringa, Rukwa and Katavi Regions. Therefore, the following sections are focusing on regions within CFAST area. Mbeya 61. Mbeya Region with a size of 62,420 square kilometres (24,100 sq mi) is located in the country's Southwest. The regional capital is the city of Mbeya. According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 2,707,410. For 2002-2012, the region's 2.7 percent average annual population growth rate. Iringa 62. Iringa Region is located at the Southern highlands zone of Tanzania, below the equator between latitudes 60 55’ and 9 0 00’S. Longitudinally the region is situated between 330 45’ and 360 55’ East of Greenwich. To the North, it shares border with Singida and Dodoma regions; Morogoro region to the East, Mbeya region to the West while Njombe region lies on the South as indicated in the map below. Iringa region has a total area of 35,743 km2. The region is drained by the Little Ruaha and the Great MALF Page 21 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Ruaha rivers. The lake created by the Mtera Dam is the other significant water body here. Rukwa 63. Rukwa Region is located in the Southwestern part of Tanzania between 05 and 90oS and 30 - 33o E. Rukwa occupies an area of 75,240km2. The Region borders with Zambia to the Southwest, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to the West across Lake Tanganyika, Kigoma Region in the North, Tabora to the Northeast and Mbeya to the Southeast. Katavi 64. Katavi region lies between latitudes 50 15 to 70 03’ South of Equator and longitude 300 to 330 31 East of Greenwich. It is bordered by Urambo region (Tabora) to the North Sikonge region (Tabora) to the East, Chunya region (Mbeya) to the East, Nkansi region (Rukwa), to the South, Sumbawanga region (Rukwa) to the South – East, Democratic Republic of Congo DRC to the West (separated by Lake Tanganyika) and Kigoma region (Kigoma) to the Northwest. The region has a total area of 47,430 km2. 3.1.1 Climate Mbeya 65. The climate of Mbeya region is greatly influenced by physiology and altitude. It is generally tropical with marked seasonal and altitudinal temperature variations and sharply defined dry and rainy seasons. Temperature averages range between 16oC in the highlands and 25oC in the lowland areas. Moreover, temperature differences are observed between day and night and may be very high with hot afternoons going up to 35oC and chilly nights going down to 10oC. The rainy season is longer starts from October to May and the short dry season starts from June to September. The rainfall ranges from 650mm in Usangu plain and Chunya to 2,600mm per annum with high geographical, seasonal and annual variation on the northern shores of Lake Nyasa and in the highlands. Iringa 66. The Region experience long rainfall and short dry seasons which more often are cool with fairly moderate wind. Total rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 1,600 mm per annum with high geographical, seasonal and annual variation. There is one rather well defined rain season starting from November through May followed by a dry and cold MALF Page 22 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework season which lasts from June to September. Altitude, topography and vegetation influence the climate greatly, resulting in micro climate in specific areas and macro climate in larger areas. The temperatures in the region vary according to altitude but generally range from 10o C in May/June to 25o C during the month of October. Moreover, temperature differences can be observed between day and night and may be high with hot afternoons going up to 28o C and chilly evening and nights going down to 10oC. Rukwa 67. Rukwa Region enjoys tropical climate with mean temperatures ranging between 13oC in some places for the months of June and July to 27oC in the hottest months of October to December. Rainfall occurs during the months of November through April, and can vary between 20–40 inches (510–1,020 mm). Because of the only slight variations in grade, flooding is common. Conversely, the dry months of May through October are arid, and in comparison to the cooler Ufipa Plateau, the valley is hot. Katavi 68. The average temperature ranges between 26oC and 30oC annually. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 920mm to 1,200mm. 3.1.2 Soils Mbeya 69. The variations in physiographic and climate of Mbeya Region to a large extent have caused much diversity in the geology, soil type and vegetation. Large area of Mbeya Region is predominating by crystalline and mainly felsic gneiss and granite rocks covered with thick layers of volcanic and alkali basalt. Limestone locustrine rocks form the base in much of Kyela and Usangu plains. In the arable areas soils are most commonly of moderate fertility, coarse of medium texture and varying from sandy loam, alluvial soils to cracking clays. Iringa 70. The region has two major superficial geological deposits identified. These are the red/yellow, well drained and highly weathered and the leached clay soils in the high altitude areas. Intermediate clay soils which are characterized by being moderately drained and leached are found in the midlands while the lowlands are occupied by red brown loams which are highly fertile. Most of the farmlands are on sandy loams with some black cotton soils characteristically host Acacia woodland. Rukwa MALF Page 23 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 71. Generally the soil types in Rukwa Region are eutric leptosols and humi-umbric leptosols. Katavi 72. The soils of Katavi Region are classified into five types, namely Katumba plain is located in Nsimbo Division with an altitude of 1000-1500m - the type of soil is sandy. Mwese Highlands is located in Mwese Division with an altitude of 1100- 2500m - the type of soil sandy. Karema Depression which is located at Kalema Division with an altitude of 1000-1300 - the type of soil is sand day loam. Lake Rukwa Valley with elevation varying from 1000-1100 with north and 800-900 along Lake Rukwa shores - the type of soil is sandy loam with moderate good drainage main soil (inception). Lake Tanganyika which is located in Karema Division - The type of soil is sandy loam with good drainage. Main soil is Vertisol. 3.1.3. Water Resources 73. The following sections describe the main hydrological characteristics of the study area, focussing on the river basins (and sub-basins) in which the CFAST are located. The descriptions focus primarily on surface water resources. 3.1.3.1.Lakes and River Drainage System Mbeya 74. Mbeya Region is endowed with various river streams from Kiwira to Katumba to Tukuyu and Kandete, and all settlements in between. All streams from the North, West and Southwest flow into the Kiwira River. These streams include the Marogala, Sinini, Kipoke, Kilasi and Mulagala. In the South-East is the source of the Mbaka River, with the Suma River feeding into it. In the East the Mrambo and the Mwatisi flow out of the reserve. All the rivers flow into Lake Nyasa. Other rivers flow from various sources in a catchment divide at the area called Igoma in Mbeya rural district. Also, Igoma is a dividing watershed for the two river systems, those flowing Southward to lake Nyasa and those flowing Northward towards the Usangu plains. The rivers flowing northwards are Ipatagwa, Mlowo Mwambalizi and other minor ones and are among tributaries of the great Ruaha River which flows into Indian Ocean. 75. There are three basic drainage systems:- The Ruaha – Rufiji basin extending from the South highlands on the 79. Southern plateau of Tanzania forms a watershed area of the main rivers draining the Region towards the East. Main rivers include the Great Ruaha fed by Kimani, Chimala, Igurusi and other small tributaries is considered as MALF Page 24 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework one of the great inlets of the Indian Ocean. Lake Rukwa basin in the North – West, of which rivers Zira and Songwe form the inland drainage into Lake Rukwa; and Lake Nyasa basin in the South form another inland drainage, of which rivers Kiwira, Lufilyo, Mmbaka and Songwe considered to be major source of water of Lake Nyasa. Water from Lake Nyasa drains water to Indian Ocean through Shire and Zambezi river in Malawi. Iringa 76. Iringa Region is generally dominated by the Udzungwa Mountains which separate Iringa and Morogoro Regions in the East. The Northern parts of the region are relatively flat. These high plains are cut by the Eastern arm of the Great Rift Valley, through which the Great Ruaha River runs. The region is further characterized by the presence of a big plateau portion, which forms the common landform. Iringa Region forms part of the Indian Ocean drainage zone. The Great and Little Ruaha rivers join the Rufiji River outside the region to form part of the Rufiji River Basin. The central plateau of the region divides the catchment into Northern drainage and Southern drainage. The rivers draining North all merge into the Great Ruaha and those draining South join the Rufiji and the Kilombero rivers. Rukwa 77. The drainage system of Rukwa Region is characterized by an extensive network of seasonal and perennial rivers that feed and drain several small lakes and large expanses of swamps and wetland systems before all discharging into Lake Rukwa. Katavi 78. The region forms the major catchments area of the three main rivers; Ugalla, Rungwa and Katuma which end up in Lake Tanganyika; (Ugalla) and the last two ends up in Lake Rukwa. Ugalla River rises up from Northern highland of Katavi while Rungwa and Katuma raises Southern highland. The main streams that pour water into these rivers are Kalambasi, Wala, Uruira etc. 3.1.3.1.Riverand Lake Basins 79. CFAST area is endowed with two major lakes: Nyasa and Tanganyika 80. The relevant river and lake basins are: (i) Lake Tanganyika Basin, (ii) Lake Rukwa Basin, (iii) Lake Nyasa Basin and (iv) Rufiji Basin. Below is detailed description of river basin relevant to CFAST.20 20 The other basins outside the SAGCOT zone are well described in the ESMF of ASDP (2006). MALF Page 25 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Figure 3: River Basins Within the CFAST Region Lake Tanganyika Basin 81. Lake Tanganyika Basin is situated in the Western part of the country. All the catchments that drain in Lake Tanganyika constitute the Lake Tanganyika basin. The total catchments of Lake Tanganyika basin as a whole are 239,000km2 and the area of the lake is 32,000 km2. The land surface of the basin on Tanzania side is 151,000km2 which contributes 60% of the total runoff to Lake Tanganyika. 82. The basin is dominated by the Malagarasi river system which is 130,000 km2. The main river, the Malagarasi originates in the mountainous area close to the border with Burundi at an altitude of 1750 m a.s.l. from where it runs north-easterly through hilly and mountainous landscape and then Southward into the Malagarasi Swamps. Its major tributaries, the Myowosi and Igombe Rivers meet the Malagarasi in the seasonal Lake Nyamagoma. The Ugalla and Ruchugi Rivers join the main river downstream of Lake Nyamagoma. The river then runs West, through the Misito Escarpment where it forms the rapids and waterfalls before entering Lake Tanganyika. The Ugalla River drains an area of approximately 52,000km2 and before the confluence with the Malagarasi, it passes through large areas of swamps and marshlands, forming the seasonal Lakes of Sagara and Ugalla. Other major tributaries MALF Page 26 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework are the Ruchugi River which drains the hilly landscape north of Kasulu, running in a Southerly direction through a low, partly swampy, undulating landscape, before it enters the Malagarasi River at Uvinza. 83. In addition to the Malagarasi, there are smaller basins draining into Lake Tanganyika. To the North West of Kigoma, the Luiche is an important river. The lower part of the river forms the Luiche Delta which floods often during the rainy season. 84. The rainfall regime is unimodal; there is one long wet season and a corresponding long dry season. The wet season is from November-May and the dry season June - October. The main part of basin has a mean annual rainfall of 800 - 1,000mm and the minimum expected. Annual rainfall is of the order 500 - 750mm. The areas north of Kigoma are wet receiving more than 1000mm of rain per year. The Malagarasi basin is gauged at 18 locations of which 12 have automatic water level recorder, the Luiche is gauged at 5 locations. Other gauged rivers in the southern part of the Malagarasi basin are Lugufu, Luegele, Kalambo and Luamfi. It is noted that catchments with area below 1,000km2. Have a runoff coefficient between 33.6% and 22.1%, the bigger catchments below 22%. The Ugalla at Sindi has a runoff coefficient of 2.6 and that of Malagarasi at Mbelagule 4.1%. These low coefficients are due to water use in the Ugalla, and Myowosi extensive swamps. Lake Rukwa Basin 85. Lake Rukwa basin is an internal drainage system which is described by all catchments drawing into the lake with no outlet. The lake has a surface area of about 2,300 km 2 with a total basin area of about 88,000 km2. Rukwa Basin may be divided into several distinct areas according to topography. The main characteristics are related to the Rift Valley System of East Africa. The Western part of the Lake rises rapidly to the Ufipa plateau. This area is very broken, with many small incised rivers flowing down the escarpment into Rukwa valley which runs from northeast to southeast. The Northern side of the Rukwa Valley rises gently towards Lake Tanganyika basin. The East is dominated by the Mbeya range of mountains. The Altitude varies from the Lake Level of 800m to 1500m a.m.s.l. on the Mbeya range. Rufiji Basin 86. The Rufiji basin covers an area of 177,000 km2, about 25% of Tanzania. This basin comprises of three distinct major river systems: Great Ruaha river system, Kilombero river system, and the Luwegu river system. 87. The Great Ruaha covers 83970 km2 of the Rufiji basin or about 47%. Important features of this sub-catchment are the Poroto mountain ranges, the Usangu and Pawaga plains and the Utengule swamps. The Great Ruaha can be divided into three distinct river systems: the Great Ruaha, the Little Ruaha and the Kisigo. From the MALF Page 27 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework West the Kisigo river starts from Manyoni and Rungwa Game Reserve. It drains the dry areas in the Ruaha National Park and joins the Great Ruaha at Mtera. The Great Ruaha originates from the Poroto Mountains and Njombe where, numerous rivers flow into the Usangu plains and the vast Utengule swamps, passes the Ruaha National Park plains, and collects the Little Ruaha before joining the Kisigo at Mtera. It then flows Westward through the Ruaha Gorge into Kilombero plains before joining the Rufiji. 88. The Kilombero River is 39,990 km2 about 23% of the total area, but contributes about 65% of the flow to the Rufiji. An important feature of the Kilombero basin is the great fertile Kilombero valley below the Eastern scarp of the Udzungwa Mountains. Numerous rivers flow on the scarp from the Udzungwa plateau. Some of the important rivers are Ruhudji, Kihansi, Luhombero, Kigogo-Ruaha and Mpanga. The Ruhudji and the Luhombero form the Kilombero river. After Shughuri rapids on the old basement step, the Kilombero joins the Luwegu flowing from south east to form the Rufiji. Mean flow of some of the Rivers in the Kilombero are as follows: 89. The Rufiji basin is large, with differing rainfall and catchment characteristics. The area north of Poroto and Udzungwa Mountain is under semi-arid conditions with mean annual rainfall of 500 mm. Rainfall increases Southward and larger falls of 1800 mm per year are observed on the slopes at the Udzungwa and Kipengere range. The rainfall pattern is such that there is one rainy season (mid-November to May) and one dry season. This pattern is the same all over the basin with the exception of coastal areas where there is slight tendency to bimodal rain pattern. There is a tendency for the dry season to set earlier in the Great Ruaha basin than the Kilombero basin. The Kilombero floods occur at the end of April or the beginning of May. Runoff pattern is closely related to the rainfall pattern. Rivers start rising in December with a peak in March-April. Lake Nyasa Basin 90. Lake Nyasa, the third largest lake in Africa is about 560 km long and 75 km wide at its widest point, with a total drainage area of about 132,000 km2 and a surface area of about 33,000km2. The lake is an international drainage basin bordered by Tanzania in the North and Northeast, Mozambique in the East, and Malawi in the South and West. The basin area draining into the lake from the Tanzania side is about 37,000 km2.The lake is bounded by steep mountains, except in the South. Major rivers are Songwe (shared with Malawi), Kiwira, Lufirio, Ruhuhu, and Rumakali. The Ruhuhu River is its main tributary is in the Northeast; the Shire (in the south), a tributary of the Zambezi, is the lake's sole outlet. Its outlet is the Shire River; its largest tributary is the Ruhuhu. About three quarters of the lake is in Malawi; the rest is in Mozambique. MALF Page 28 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework The lake lies in the Great African Rift Valley, a large graben caused by crustal extension. It probably formed about 40,000 years ago. 91. The mean annual rainfall varies between 1000 mm to over 2600 mm. Much of this rains occur in the rainy season from November through May. The highest rainfall is recorded in the northern part of Lake Nyasa, whereas a small portion on the lower Ruhuhu valley records the lowest rainfall of about 800mm. The basin in general may be classified as humid to sub-humid with abundant water resources9. 3.1.3.2.International Waterways 92. CFAST international waterways include: a) Lake Tanganyika (shared with Congo, Zambia and Burundi) b) Lake Nyasa (shared with Malawi and Mozambique) The Songwe, Ruhuhu and Kiwira) with unsustainable abstraction from Lake Nyasa waters may lead to negative effects along Shire River and ultimately the Zambezi River affecting fisheries and irrigation. 3.1.3.3.Wetlands 93. The wetlands found in the CFAST area include: The inland wetlands Nyasa, Rukwa, and Tanganyika. 3.1.13Ground water resources 94. About 75% of the country is underlain by the Pre-Cambrian Basement Complex which is hard, consolidated and occasionally metamorphosed. Secondarily developed features of the Basement Complex, such as weathered zones, joints, fractures, faults and dykes allow borehole development and yield ranges up to 3litres/sec. The remainder of the country is underlain by much younger sedimentary and volcanic formulations such as: Karroo sediments, which include sandstones and conglomerates, and have yield ranges between .1 and 5litres/sec. Coastal sedimentary formulations yielding between 1 and 6 litres/sec in limestone and up to 2.5 litres/sec in sandstone. Volcano-pyroclastics yielding an average of 11litres/sec. Alluvial deposits yielding between 0.2 and 2 litres/sec. 3.1.5 National Parks/Forests at a Glance 95. The national parks found in the CFAST area include (i) Katavi National Park and (ii) Ruaha National MALF Page 29 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 3.1.15 Wild Life Mbeya 96. Wildlife resources found in Mbeya region are extensive. They include wild animals such as leopards, lions, elephants, buffalos, crocodiles, snakes, tortoises, and a variety of birds like ostrich and water ducks. Iringa 97. Iringa Region is home to Ruaha National Park, Tanzania's second largest park, which has an abundance of wildlife. Katavi – Rukwa Ecosystem 98. Katavi – Rukwa ecosystem contains national parks, such as Katavi National Park, which is composed of seasonally flooded grassland plains, miombo woodlands, small lakes, and swampy wetlands. Wild animals commonly found in the park include African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer), elephants (Loxondata africana), zebras (Equus burchelli), impalas (Aepyceros melampus), giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis), elands (Taurotragus oryx), baboons (Papio anubis), hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibious), and predators, such as lions (Panthera leo) and other small carnivores. 3.1.16 Aquatic Living Organisms 99. Some swamps are important breeding sites for fish. Lake Tanganyika is home to about 217 endemic fish species, while Lake Malawi has the most diverse fish species population (over 600 species). Both lakes are world-famous for their diversity of aquarium fish. Lake Tanganyika is important nationally for sardine. , 3.2 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN CFAST AREA 3.2.1 Agriculture Performance and Poverty Levels 100. The CFAST area majority of people live in rural areas and agriculture is the most important economic sector in the area and is the primary livelihood activity for most inhabitants21. Farming activities are still very traditional and characterized by low yield due to lack of soil enhancement, absence of mechanization and vulnerability to rainfall in the absence of irrigation system. Where present, irrigated agriculture both modern and traditional (see Box 3 and Table 1) are affected significantly by climatic 21 ERM, 2012. MALF Page 30 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework conditions beleaguered by long-standing problems mainly flooding and sedimentation of the irrigation systems during heavy rains alternating with water stress problems during dry season. Pollution of soils and water resources by over and uncontrolled agrochemicals is a persistent problem at all sites. Phytosanitary treatments (fertilizers or treatment for pests) are widespread to increase productivity and fight plant epidemic outbreaks. Box 3: Types of Existing Irrigation Schemes in Tanzania a) Traditional Irrigation Schemes – schemes that have been initiated and operated by farmers themselves using local skills and materials, with no intervention from external agencies. These would include schemes based on traditional furrows for the production of fruit and vegetables in the highland areas, and simple diversion on the lowlands for paddies. As for this category, at present, the schemes in Arusha and Kilimanjaro accounts for over 60% of the total area. b) Improved Traditional Irrigation Schemes – schemes which have been initiated and operated by semi-subsistence farmers themselves and on which there has subsequently been some intervention by an external agency in the form of construction of a new diversion structure, gated canal intakes, water diversion boxes and other farm related structures. The layout of irrigation canals and drainage system is well defined. c) Modern Irrigation Schemes – these are formally planned and designed smallholder schemes, on which full irrigation facilities have been provided by external agencies with or without some contribution from the beneficiaries, and on which there is usually a strong element of management provided by Government or other external agency. The major regions, where the schemes have been developed, are Morogoro followed by Kilimanjaro and Mbeya. d) Small Scale Farmers Irrigation Plots – this is relatively new but growing sector, where individual farmers or small groups irrigate homestead or vegetable gardens of small to medium size (0.2 to 1.0ha), using small scale technology such as treadle pumps. e) Water Harvesting Schemes – water harvesting schemes and flood recession schemes, on which subsistence farmers have themselves introduced simple techniques to artificially control the availability of water to crop. These schemes involve a process whereby rainfall is concentrated or is captured as runoff from a large area and is canalized for use in a smaller targeted area. Water application to the scheme is essentially uncontrolled under farmer-managed practices. The objective is simply to capture as much water as possible and store it within reach of plant(s) in the soil profile of cultivated area or into a storage reservoir. They are mainly located in such regions as Dodoma, Mara, Mwanza, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora and Manyara. f) (Ex) Parastatal Large Irrigation Estates –At present different strategies are being contemplated by government for the privatization of parastatal large irrigation schemes, which range from selling to large commercial enterprise (as in the case of the sugar estates of Morogoro and Kagera), to converting these estates in smallholder irrigation schemes. g) Private Commercial Sector – Export commodity based private enterprises ranging from large scale enterprises as the sugar estates in Morogoro and Kagera, coffee estates and horticulture and flower enterprises around Arusha. MALF Page 31 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Table 1: Numbers of each type of irrigation schemes in the country (2006 data) Types of Irrigation No. of Schemes Existing Area (ha) Traditional Irrigation 982 122,600 Improved Traditional Irrigation 113 25,500 Modern Irrigation 52 35,900 Water Harvesting 42 7,900 Small Scale Farmers Irrigation - - (ex) Parastatal Large Irrigation Estates 5 25,464 Private Commercial Sector - - Total as of 2006 1,194 217,364 101. Credit services operating at village level (i.e. Village Community Bank (VICOBA) have not been able to change traditional agriculture practices. These organisations are seen as a safety net to cope with the impact of bad harvests. Farmers are organized in Farmers organizations and Irrigators Associations. There are few development non- governmental organisations (NGOs) or organisations focusing on improving agricultural practices and access to markets. 3.2.2 Agricultural Produce 102. There are seven agro-ecological zones of Tanzania based on climate, physical geography, soils, vegetation, land use and tsetse fly occurrence, which are the main physical factors that influence opportunities and constraints for crop and livestock production. 103. The main products in farming are food and cash crops as well as livestock, which are basically for subsistence. Traditional Export Crops include coffee, cotton, cashew nut, tobacco, tea, sisal, and pyrethrum. The production of major cash crops shows no clear trend, annual fluctuations are largely influenced by climatic circumstances, incidence of pests and diseases, and short-term price variations. With only a very small share of the international market (except sisal and pyrethrum), increased production of these commodities in the country would not affect export prices. 104. Thanks to land fertility, a village within the CFAST area hosts a diversity of crops including maize, cassava, rice, banana, sorghum, millet and vegetables. Maize dominates in terms of land allocation and is produced both for subsistence and sale. Cash crops (maize, sesame seeds, ground nuts and fruits) are mostly sold outside of the village. Villages located on highways take advantage of the main roads to access more lucrative markets, more so if this is coupled with good warehouse facilities of the village. Marketing of agricultural products depends on households’ vulnerability MALF Page 32 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework and economic status: economically weaker families have less access to market opportunities (they often sell directly on their land for a lower price). 3.2.3 Other Livelihood Activities in CFAST Area 105. Depending on location, Villages are characterised by a mix of agriculture and other livelihood activities - both formal and informal economic activities including fishing and livestock keeping. However, most village communities depend heavily on agricultural produce and land-based resources for their income, animal protein and livelihoods. 106. Fishing: for villages, located on shores of main lakes such as L. Rukwa, L. Tanganyika, L. Nyasa depends on fishery activities characterized by small- scale/artisanal fishing. The areas of are renowned for having very abundant freshwater fisheries resources. Fishing is a year round activity, with seasonal variation, often complementing agriculture. The fleet is characterized by few, small vessels, comprising mostly of dugout and outrigger canoes fishing using hooks and lines, nets, traps. Fishermen operate locally, few migrate to other locations. Men and women both are involved in fishery but there is a clear division in activities undertaken: Men generally fish while women dominate fish frying and fishing with mosquito nets or kanga. 107. Fish are processed immediately after purchase by traders or specialized processors who might be waiting at the beach-landing site. Processing activities (gutting, de- scaling) take place either along the beach shore or at the buyers’ residence. The majority of fish is sold outside the village, with the main markets in main urban centres. Illegal fishing methods (poisoning or use of dynamite of small size mesh) are the main cause of concern and as the primary reason for a decline in fisheries resources. 108. Livestock rearing is common in the area and a majority of households owns livestock. However there are differences between villages and in only few % of households own livestock, which confirms the different income levels between these locations. Livestock rearing is a profitable activity but it remains a secondary activity because the initial investment is too high. Livestock also plays a role in cash flow management and as a saving mechanism. There is limited hunting activity in most villages due to the lack of equipment. 109. Trade: is typically petty trade, mostly takes place in villages along the highway. Clients are villagers or passengers of buses stopping along the highway. Most of the shops and stalls are owned by men, women being more involved in service provision than trading. Trade depends on goods purchase from main urban centres and is done individually / or collectively a few times a week. A limited number of businesses are MALF Page 33 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework registered and paying their taxes, but in the absence of control there is no incentive to register and formalize businesses. 110. Services: trade and services are relatively new in most villages and completely absent in some of the more interior ones. They are primarily linked to the main highway and associated traffic and are perceived as an important driver of development for such areas. Small services are available in villages mostly around leisure, eateries and small workshops, renting houses and farms. Trade and services currently play a limited role at the household economic level as they are often only a secondary activity providing cash during the agricultural gap period and a safety net in bad years. 111. Business environment: Rural villages have relatively weak enabling business environments. Infrastructure – especially the presence of the highway and electricity network – combined with proximity to main urban centres is a stimulant to an entrepreneurial spirit in the village. However, there are no programmes or initiatives to support new businesses or investments and development projects at village level are rare. 3.3 SOCIO-POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.3.1 Administration and Governance 112. Tanzania is a multi-party parliamentary democracy. The country has a central government, regional administrations and local governments. There are 25 Regions in Mainland Tanzania, 166 Local Government Authorities out of which 126 are District (rural) Councils and 40 are urban authorities (townships, town, municipal and city councils). 113. Formal authorities are as dictated by Tanzanian law. At community level there is a village council (of 25 members, men and women representing all sub-villages) and in urban area Sub-Ward commonly known as “Mtaa� Councils – (of 6/8 members). Most village and Sub-Ward councils are well functioning and organised into committees. Final decision on key community issues is made at Village Assembly. At the Ward office, the Councillor (Diwani) presides raising issues with district / national authorities but also working with the village/�Mtaa� councils. In most cases village leadership and authorities are well respected by the population while in others there might be significant questioning of their authority. Issues relating to good governance arise around inclusiveness of decision-making process, with remote locations, women, youth and other marginalized group having a lower access to public debate. Formal Civil Society Organizations (farmers, irrigators, beekeepers, fishers (Beach Management Units), livestock keepers / herders are present in the villages at varying levels of activity. MALF Page 34 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 114. Informal authorities and rituals are usually specific related to ethnic groups or particular sub-groups within the community. Ethnic group have the elders who usually have advisory role for family matters. Religious authorities play a moral authority role and can sometimes be involved in conflict resolution. 115. Law enforcement: the Village / “Mtaa� Executive Officer is the only representation of central government authority. Law enforcement infrastructure exists in most urban communities and some villages (police post, primary court) but for most there is no magistrate or police representation in the village. In the absence of formal law enforcement authorities, the village relies on “Mgambo� (placed under the authority of the village council’s security and safety committee) and “Sungusungu� and more recently “Polisi Jamii� (informal group acting as a watchdog for community security). Mgambo are considered as effective despite their low access to equipment. Overall regulations are well implemented in the village and crime level is low as compared to urban areas. However, in fishing villages the maritime regulations are less enforced and illegal fishing activities are rarely sanctioned. 3.3.2 Demographics 116. Based on a 2012 national census, Mbeya region had a population of 2,707,410. For 2002-2012, the region's 2.7 percent average annual population growth rate. Iringa region had a total population of 941,238 – with among the lowest growing populations in Tanzania of 1.1%. Iringa region had a total population of 702,097 and growth rate of 0.8%. Rukwa region had a total population of 1,004,539 with a population growth of 3.2%. Katavi region had a total population of 564,604 with a growth rate of 3.2% 117. The current population of villages ranges from small numbers of 2,000 to lager number of more than 10,000 people. The ratio between men and women are invariable equal, in most cases is slightly tilted in favour of one sex. Children (those under 18 years old) represent almost half of the population, with the national average being 44%. Population growing in the villages is both from natural growth and in- migration. Outmigration is also an important factor, especially for youth going to search for jobs. 3.3.3 History and Settlement Patterns 118. Typical Tanzanian village, CFAST area inclusive, constitute of sub-villages one of them being the village centre – a hub of activities including village administration, seat of main village institutions (school, health centre, religious etc.) and trade. The history of many villages is typical –some are traditional villages created from time immemorial or by trade or colonial administration process. Many have a more recent history created by the ‘villagization’ process in 1974 where by the central government took the decision to move all the small settlements to create larger villages mostly MALF Page 35 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework located along the main roads. Since then these villages have expanded by natural growth and by small waves of immigration. 3.3.4 Culture and Religion 119. Tanzania is made up of more than 120 different tribes, most of them belonging to the big Bantu family. Most communities are with ethnic diversity and population is predominantly Muslims and Christians with the ratio between the two religions varying with geographical locations. The two religions coexist peacefully: people from both faiths intermarry, and both groups are treated equally by the village government. Traditional rituals and paganism is declining in most villages. Cemeteries for different religions (where present as most village people use family plots) are clearly identified and kept apart. There are sacred sites in the villages (trees, places, graves, caves, etc. - some are specific for particular ethnic groups, while some are revered by whole community). 3.3.5 Health Status 120. The United Nations classifies Tanzania as one of the least developed countries. Most recent estimates on health indicators are available from year 2003 – 2009 and according to which the average annual growth of population in Tanzania is estimated at 2.8% (World Bank, 2008). With a predominantly rural population, the country has recently made impressive gains in reducing infant and under-five mortality rates, estimated in 2009 at 108 and 68 per 1000 live births respectively (WHO Health Profile, WHO NCD, 2011). These gains have been made despite 57.8% of the population estimated to live under the poverty line of 1 USD per day. However, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) remains persistently high, reported as 790 per 100,000 live births (WHO Health Profile). 121. There usually a dispensary in one village serving a number of neighbouring villages. Basic services such sanitation is available at the dispensary some linked to public electricity network. However sizes of dispensary are often not adequate for the population they serve and usually without adequate level of staffing. The number of births taking place within medical facilities is very high, which is attributed to high level of health awareness in the population. Common pathologies in the villages are typical of rural Tanzania (malaria, gastrointestinal diseases). Most villages are regarded vulnerable to HIV/AIDS because of the proximity of the road with some recording very high prevalence of HIV infections especially areas with big infrastructure (road) construction projects. While there are traditional healers in villages, the majority of people prefer going to the dispensary. 3.3.6 Food Security and Nutrition MALF Page 36 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 122. Villages have good access to a diversity of food products: fish, rice, cereals, beans, vegetable and fruits. However, people’s ability to access these products varies according to their livelihoods leading to inequalities in nutrition levels. Food security in some villages is, however, very uncertain. The situation is related to the harvest. In the absence of irrigation and phytosanitary treatments (fertilizers or treatment for pests), the availability of food supplies is affected significantly by climatic conditions and plant epidemic outbreaks. Tanzania has a national Food Reserve Agency, which is responsible for providing food relief to affected areas in Tanzania. 3.3.7 Infrastructure and Social Services 123. Transportation: for villages located on the main highways, transport of passengers and goods takes place through private companies. Despite the lack of safety features along the more rural roads, major accidents are rare. Smaller roads in the village are maintained by the community. There are few transportation businesses which comprise of buses driving to and from man urban centres on a daily basis. Inhabitants mostly use motorbike taxis (bodaboda), bicycles for transporting people and goods. 124. Education: usually there are one or two primary schools per village that welcome male and female pupils studying in 7 grades. (ratio of female to male primary and secondary enrolment (%) in Tanzania was 101.6 in 2013)22 125. In most cases, the primary schools are sufficient for the current needs of the village. The number of classrooms and teachers is some cases are better or worse than the national average (of 25 per class) and /or not aligned with the national education regulation. The community have to actively contribute or raise funds from the district for new classrooms and additional teachers’ houses. Sanitation present at the school includes pit latrines; open burning of wastes in pits and rare access to water. There are also schools / centres for religious teaching. Secondary schools and vocational training centres are available at Ward level located at considerable distances from some villages. Persistent challenges for some schools are low school attendance and drop outs. 126. Water and sanitation: the villages’ permanent access to water is wells (which are managed by a village council water committee) and natural surface water sources (permanent rivers / lakes etc.) as well seasonal streams and rain water harvesting troughs. Households are equipped with pit latrines. In most cases solid waste management is not well organised, but most village maintain good levels of cleanliness. Water-sanitation related diseases – i.e. cholera outbreaks – occasionally occur in some villages. 22 http://www.tradingeconomics.com/tanzania/ratio-of-girls-to-boys-in-primary-and-secondary-education- percent-wb-data.html MALF Page 37 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 127. Electricity: some villages are connected to electricity grid, but household connection remains marginal. Other sources of energy are solar system and generators but they remain rare and mostly in the village centre. Firewood is the main source of energy for cooking and kerosene for lighting. 128. Market and warehousing: smallholders lack access to domestic and export markets for the surplus farm produce as warehouses are few and most are not managed efficiently. 3.3.8 Land 129. Land tenure: The land tenure system is fully aligned to the national regulations: Customary Rights of Occupancy with unlimited tenure period. Because of land availability, the practice of renting land is rare in the village. For investment projects, crop compensation is done in agreement and negotiation between the land holder / user and the investor. The district is usually involved in crop evaluation and compensation payments as required by a regulation. In most cases the transaction is based on a direct negotiation between investors and the affected people resulting in a single or multiple instalment cash payment. 130. Land use: / land registration: only 2% of rural land and 20% of urban land is registered. The land use planning process has been completed in some villages and the village land management committees have been established in some. However, land use plans do not necessarily bring significant changes to the land uses that were previously in place and instead formalize existing practice while planning for future development. 131. Land rights: While formal laws do guarantee equal rights for Tanzanian women to access and own land, customary laws and traditional practices - still predominant in most parts of the country - prevent official legal provisions from being applied. 132. Conflicts over land: most villages in the CFAST area do not have any land-related conflict with neighbouring villages. The geographical limits were clearly defined from the earliest days of the village’s creation and only occasionally contested. Within the village, land-related conflicts are not an important source of disputes within the community. Even land inheritances are rarely contested. 3.4 HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 3.4.1 Household Income and Expenditure 133. Most households rely on various sources of income. This diversity is presented as a coping mechanism given the fluctuations in agricultural income due to the changeable harvests. Food and education are considered as the primary areas for spending, MALF Page 38 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework followed by health and transport. Husband and wife take few budget decisions together each has spends their own sources of income on different priorities. 134. Agriculture plays a key role in the household economy. It is one of the main sources of income through cash crops and provides most of the food supply. Both men and women are involved in agriculture but normally in different roles. Men are involved in the initial cleaning of the land as well as harvest. In some villages women are in charge of all the vegetable gardening and small local farms. They are also involved in sowing and weeding. For larger farms, the whole family goes to the area and often moves to temporary shelters during the farming season. Because of land availability and land allocation system, agriculture is often the only livelihood activity for vulnerable or poor people as no financial capital is needed 3.4.2 Rural Households 135. Rural households face a number of challenges including: low agricultural productivity, declining soil fertility and environmental degradation; lack of access to land (especially fertile or irrigation land that is under few landholders); land fragmentation, insecurity of land tenure; lack of access to markets, absence of rural commercial activity and alternative income earning opportunities; poor quality education, lack of access to education, high cost of education; poor health services and health standards and rise in HIV/AIDS incidence, impacting negatively on productivity; poor nutritional intake; lack of access to low cost capital or micro-credit or micro-grants; lack of access to affordable and sustainable household energy sources; and vulnerability. 3.4.3 Female-Headed Households Female-headed households, [Female-headed households (FHHs) account for 25 percent of households nationally and for 24 percent in rural areas23] other households with less than two adult members, elderly and handicapped persons face challenges that require special attention and consideration in preparation of subproject environmental and social safeguards (ESIA / RAP) including: shortages of household labour; declining soil fertility; many women have to take care of unemployed/unemployable husbands, dependant parents, dependent orphans; low education attainment, poor access to land, paid employment and credit; poor social services, e.g. water, health, education etc. 3.4.4 Urban Poor Households CFAST subproject will be implemented in both urban [NB some schemes are within municipalities] and rural LGAs within CFAST. Urban poor face a number of 23 http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4083e.pdf MALF Page 39 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework challenges including rapid increase in urban population; no employment opportunities particularly among poorly educated young people; poor basic social services and infrastructure; lack of housing; lack of land; high food prices due to low agricultural productivity, high transport costs and restrictions on petty trade. MALF Page 40 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 4 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 136. This ESMF has been designed so that all investments funded under the CFAST project will comply with all the relevant environmental and social laws of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) and the Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the World Bank. In the following section, the Bank’s safeguards policies and their applicability are discussed and in the subsequent section those of the URT are presented. 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND TRIGGERS 137. The World Bank Safeguard Policies are Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP) approved by the Board for addressing environmental and social issues within the Banks supported development projects. A summary of the ten safeguard policies is provided under Annex 3. a) Environmental Assessment (OP / BP 4.01) b) Natural Habitats (OP / BP 4.04) c) Forestry (OP / GP 4.36) d) Pest Management (OP 4.09) e) Physical Cultural Resources (OP/ BP 4.11) f) Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) g) Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) h) Safety of Dams (OP / BP 4.37) i) Projects on International Waters (OP / BP 7.50) j) Projects in Disputed Areas (OP / BP 7.60 ) 138. In preparing this ESMF, a consideration of the type of future investments planned vis- à-vis the baseline conditions at potential target areas against the requirements of the Bank Safeguard policies, has led to CFAST project being assigned Environmental Risk Assessment Category B and thus triggers the following World Bank Safeguard Polices. Subsequently, the same policies will apply to the sub-project activities funded under the CFAST project: a) Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01); b) Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12); c) Natural Habitat (OP/BP 4.04); d) Pest Management (OP 4.09); and e) Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37). 139. Notwithstanding, since qualifying IOs and the exact location of the investments was not known at the time of preparation of the CFAST project, and since the geographic coverage is expected to be in the southern highlands at up-scaling stage, other bank MALF Page 41 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework policies may apply and not all policies selected above may apply simultaneously. 140. Therefore, a complete description of the bank safeguards and their triggers for applicability can be found on the World Bank’s official web site www.worldbank.org and are summarized in Annex 3 to be used as part of the Environmental and Social Management process presented in chapter 6 of this ESMF. 4.1.1 OP/BP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment) 141. The World Bank’s safeguard policy OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment requires that all Bank-financed operations are screened for potential environmental and social impacts (a view shared by the Tanzania National EIA procedures and processes) to determine the extent and type of the EA process and thus help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable and thus improve decision making. Thus OP 4.01 safeguard policy is triggered if the CFAST project as whole or a sub-project to be subsequently financed by the project is screened and found likely to have potential (adverse) social and environmental risks and impacts. The Environmental Assessment (EA) process covers impacts on the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety; physical cultural resources; and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. 142. OP/BP 4.01 emphasizes that the required environmental and social assessment (EA) be carried out on the basis of the screening results. In case the policy is triggered by a particular proposed investment/subproject, OP 4.01 requires that prior to project approval, GOT must prepare environmental safeguard instruments whose breadth, depth and type of analysis is befitting to the type of subproject and the nature and scale of potential impacts it causes. The EA process can include an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) and Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs). 143. The CFAST has been screened and assigned an EA Category B as it intends to finance a variety of types of rural investments (including rehabilitation or addition/extension to existing irrigation infrastructure, upgrading from traditional irrigation infrastructure and other essential infrastructure such as warehouse, marketing centre, access tracks etc.) that can have adverse environmental and social impacts24. However, since the exact locations of the areas where individual subprojects are to be located will not be known by appraisal, an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) remains the key instrument to ensure initial project safeguards at this stage. 24 A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. MALF Page 42 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 144. The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) establish a mechanism to determine and assess future potential environmental and social impacts during implementation of the sub project activities and investments financed under the proposed CFAST project, and then to set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during operations of these activities, to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. 145. The proposed screening process under Chapter 6 of this ESMF is consistent with the OP 4.01 policy on environmental assessment. The ESMF checklist is designed to identify these potential impacts, and direct the Professional Service Providers and local farmers/irrigators associations (FOs/IOs) supported by Public Extension Workers, leaders and management committees to find practical ways of avoiding or mitigating them. The IOs and PSP through the screening process will determine the safeguards policies triggered by a particular proposed investment/subproject and prepare appropriate safeguard instruments. In the event that a subproject is categorized for detailed assessment, a full ESIA and ESMP will be required. A stand alone ESMP will be prepared for subprojects with small impacts. For sub-projects with minor impacts, environmental measures will suffice. 146. OP 4.01 further requires that the ESMF report must be disclosed as a separate and stand alone document by the Government of Tanzania and the World Bank as a condition for Bank appraisal of the CFAST. The disclosure should be both in Tanzania where it can be accessed by the general public and local communities and at the Infoshop of the World Bank and the date for disclosure must precede the date for appraisal of the program. 4.1.2 OP/BP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) 147. The individual farmers, farmer groups and farmers/irrigators organizations as implementers or operators of the subprojects will make every possible effort to avoid impacts on people, land, and property, including people’s access to natural and other economic resources, as far as possible. Notwithstanding, land acquisition, compensation and resettlement of people seems inevitable for certain type of CFAST project investments. The project will support rural investments related to improvements of agricultural productivity and commodity value chains that may require land for the physical construction of infrastructures. This social issue is of crucial concern to the Government of Tanzania and the Bank, as its impact on poverty, if left unmitigated, is negative, immediate and widespread. Thus, World Bank Safeguard policy OP 4.12 will be triggered in those cases. 148. This policy would be triggered when a CFAST project activity, for instance in this case a farmer group’s irrigation sub project, causes the involuntary taking of land and MALF Page 43 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework other assets resulting in: (a) relocation or loss of shelter, (b) loss of assets or access to assets (c) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location. 149. The OP 4.12, is triggered because the project activity causes land acquisition, whereby a physical piece of land is needed and people may be affected because they are cultivating on that land, they may have buildings on the land, they may be using the land for water and grazing of animals or they may otherwise access the land economically, spiritually or any other way which may not be possible during and after the sub project is implemented. Therefore, people in most cases are compensated for their loss (of land, property or access) either in kind or in cash of which the former is preferred. The resettlement policy applies to all displaced persons regardless of the total number affected, the severity of the impact and whether or not they have legal title to the land. Particular attention should be paid to the needs of vulnerable groups among those displaced. 150. The World Bank’s Involuntary Resettlement Policy OP 4.12 requires that all sub- projects that may involve involuntary resettlement but for which a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) cannot yet be prepared at the time of project appraisal by the World Bank (because for ex. the zone of impact cannot yet be determined, or the zone of impact is known but siting alignments are not yet known at that time) be screened as guided by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) that has been prepared for the CFAST. Furthermore, for those sub-projects that may involve involuntary resettlement the RPF requires the preparation and implementation of a resettlement assistance programme (i.e. a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)) for affected persons. 151. The implementation of the RAPs are a pre-requisite for the implementation/start of the construction to ensure that displacement or restriction of access does not occur before necessary measures for resettlement and compensation are in place. For chosen sites involving land acquisition, it is further required that these measures include provision of compensation and of other assistance required for relocation, prior to displacement, and preparation and provision of resettlement sites with adequate facilities, where required. In particular, the taking of land and related assets may take place only after compensation has been paid, and where applicable, resettlement sites, new homes, related infrastructure and moving allowances have been provided to displaced persons. For project activities requiring relocation or loss of shelter, the policy further requires that measures to assist the displaced persons are implemented in accordance with the project resettlement plans of action. The policy aims to have the displaced persons perceive the process to be fair and transparent. 152. However, in Tanzania, there are no explicit requirements for a RPF or RAP. As regards compensation, the Tanzania laws requires that only the rightful land or property owner (statutory or customary rights of occupancy) should be compensated, while the WB OP 4.12 requires that any person (whether the rightful owner or not ) MALF Page 44 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework who loses or is denied or restricted access to economic resources – including tenants, encroachers, squatters - should be compensated. Although there are no significant discrepancies between World Bank requirements and the Tanzanian government’s requirements regarding compensation and resettlement of Project Affected People (PAP), as far as this ESMF (and RPF) for CFAST sub-projects are concerned, the World Bank’s safeguard policies will prevail. 153. To ensure that current landowners or users are properly compensated, a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared to be used by farmers/irrigators associations (FOs/IOs) supported by Professional Service Providers (and Public Extension Workers) concurrently with this ESMF. The RPF provides the framework for determining the need for and content of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for subprojects, including institutional responsibilities, and a mechanism for the redress of grievances. 154. Finally, OP 4.12 also requires the RPF to be disclosed both in Tanzania and at the InfoShop of the Bank before appraisal of the CFAST project. 4.1.3 OP 4.09 (Pest Management) 155. The Bank supports integrated pest management (IPM) and the safe use of agricultural pesticides and ensures that health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides are minimized. The procurement of pesticides in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risk, taking into account the proposed use and the intended user. The policy on Pest Management OP 4.09 is triggered if procurement of pesticides is envisaged (either directly through the project or indirectly through on-lending); if the project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done, even though the project is not envisaged to procure pesticides. This includes projects that may lead to substantially increased pesticide use and subsequent increase in health and environmental risks; and projects that may maintain or expand present pest management practices that are unsustainable. 156. The policy on Pest Management OP 4.09 requires the use of various means to assess pest management in the country including: economic and sector work, sectoral or project -specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM assessments, and adjustment or investment projects and components aimed specifically at supporting the adoption and use of IPM. The objective of OP 4.09 policy on Pest Management is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. 157. In Bank-financed agriculture operations, pest populations are normally controlled through IPM approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. Pest MALF Page 45 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Management Policy (OP 4.09) requires that all projects involving use of pesticides be supported/guided by an Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP). 158. An IPMP is a comprehensive plan, developed when there are significant pest management issues such as (a) new land-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area, (b) significant expansion into new areas, (c) diversification into new crops in agriculture (d) intensification of existing low-technology systems, (e) proposed procurement of relatively hazardous pest control products or methods, or (f) specific environmental or health concerns (e.g. proximity of protected areas or important aquatic resources; worker safety). An IPMP is also developed when proposed financing of pest control products represents a large component of the project. A pest management plan reflects the policies set out in OP 4.09, Pest Management. The plan is designed to minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment and to advance ecologically based IPM. 159. The IPMP has the following objectives: a) To enhance capacity of the program beneficiaries (individual farmers) to use pesticides in an economic and safe way (ensuring that banned pesticides or agrochemicals in WHO24 classes IA, IB and II will not be acquired by farmers), and introduce them to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach or concept for which technical capacity will be established in the program b) Identify key strategic and institutional issues at the national and local government levels, in order to promote movement towards the development and implementation of a pest management policy. 160. The first phase of the plan is the presentation of an initial reconnaissance to identify the main pest problems and their contexts (ecological, agricultural, public health, economic, and institutional) and to define a baseline. The second phase specifies procedures for screening pest control products and then develops specific operational plans to address the pest problems identified. The IPMP also consist of pest control product screening procedures. 161. The CFAST will not, under any foreseeable circumstances, finance the purchase of any agricultural inputs. However, as the targeted/significant stakeholders in this program are farmers, who during the implementation cycle of the agricultural production subprojects financed under CFAST, will, independently continue to require the use of inputs, the provisions of OP4.09 are being triggered so that best practice methodologies in this field become part of the farmer empowerment activities of the CFAST, thereby ensuring that it is truly cross-cutting and sector wide. 162. To ensure that CFAST, is properly managed the existing Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) prepared for ASDP-1 will be used by IOs and Professional Service Providers concurrently with this ESMF to address the needs of OP4.09. It will be the duty of the project implementers to identify all pesticides used in the schemes that MALF Page 46 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework may cause harmful effect to the environment and human health (See Annex 9). Inclusion has to be made of mitigation measures where there are adverse impacts. 4.1.4 OP/BP 4.04 (Natural Habitat) 163. This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential for long- term sustainable development. The Bank, therefore, supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and analytical work. The Bank supports, and expects the Borrowers to apply a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. 164. This policy is triggered by any project (including any infrastructure project under a sector investment or financial intermediary loan) with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). 165. Sub-projects requiring new / additional land are likely to encroach on neighbouring natural habitats including indigenous vegetation, land and water areas causing loss, partial replacement of sensitive habitats). Irrigation infrastructures and aquaculture infrastructure for instance invariably are established close to natural water sources especially lakes, rivers, wetlands /swamps. Local concerns with aquaculture in inland waters may include wastes handling, side effects of antibiotics, competition between farmed and wild-animals and the potential introduction of invasive plants and animal species or foreign pathogens. Under CFAST, investment activities that might have adverse negative impacts on natural habitats will require a sub-project specific safeguard instrument with an ESMP that contain measures to avoid impacts on natural habitat. 4.1.5 OP/BP 4.37 (Safety of Dams) 166. This policy focuses on both new and existing dams and small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15m in height. This category includes, for example, low embankment tanks. Large dams are 15m or more in height. Dams that are between 10 and 15m in height are treated as large dams if they present special design complexities –for example, an unusually large flood-handling requirement, location in a zone of high seismicity, foundations that are complex and difficult to prepare, or retention of toxic materials. Dams under 10 meters are treated as large dams if they are expected to become large dams during the operation of the facility. This policy is triggered if the project involves the construction of a large dam (15 m or higher) or a high hazard dam; if a project is dependent on an existing dam, or a dam under construction. MALF Page 47 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 167. CFAST focuses on existing irrigation schemes which may be improved or expanded with minimum investment but give quick returns. In all 20 or more irrigation schemes to be financed under CFAST, there are no dams to be constructed / rehabilitated. However in some schemes there may be a proposal of having a dam upstream of the existing intake, in this case the dam might be constructed in the feature under different funding mechanism. 168. For projects that involve the construction of new dams, the Bank requires that the dam be designed and its construction supervised by experienced and competent professionals. In the case of existing dams, the policy ensures that any dam upon which the performance of the project relies is identified, sub project sponsor/operator carryout, a dam safety assessment and adopt necessary additional dam safety measures and remedial work for the design, bid, tendering, construction, operation, and maintenance of the dam and associated works. 169. The Bank may finance types of projects/programs that do not include a new dam but will rely on the performance of an existing dam such as water supply systems that draw directly from a reservoir controlled by an existing dam, diversion dams or hydraulic structures downstream from an existing dam, where failure of the upstream dam could cause extensive damage to or failure of a new Bank-funded structure; and or irrigation or water supply projects that will depend on the storage and operation of an existing dam. Projects/programs in this category also include operations that require increases in the capacity of an existing dam, or changes in the characteristics of the impounded materials, where failure of the existing dam could cause extensive damage to or failure of the Bank-funded facilities. The Bank may accept previous assessments of dam safety or recommendations or improvements needed in the existing dam if the project sponsors or the owners/operators of the Dam provide evidence that; a) an effective dam safety program is already in operation, and b) full-level inspections and dam safety assessments of the existing dam, which are satisfactory to the Bank, have already been conducted and documented. 170. For large dams, the Bank requires, (i) reviews by an independent panel of experts of the investigation, design, and construction of the dam and the start of operations, (ii) preparation and implementation of detailed plans, a plan for construction supervision and quality assurance, an instrumentation plan, an operation and maintenance plan, and an emergency preparedness, (iii) pre-qualification of bidders during procurement and bid tendering, and (iv) periodic safety inspections of the dam after completion. For small dams, the policy recommends the preparation of a generic dam safety analysis and measures designed by qualified engineers. The screening procedures and mitigation measures contained in this framework contains these requirements. MALF Page 48 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Table 2: Summary of Requirements of Bank Safeguards Policies Triggered by Activities of CFAST Project BANK ACTION BY WHOM DATE ACTION SAFEGUARDS REQUIRED BY REQUIRED BY POLICY TRIGGERED TRIGGERED. POLICY OP/BP 4.01 1) Preparation of 1) ESMF by GoT 1) ESMF to be approved by Environmental ESMF (this NEMC of the GoT and Assessment document) 2) Sub project ESIA’s Bank and disclosed in Screening forms, and EMP’s Tanzania and Bank 2) Preparation of by sub project sponsors Infoshop before program sub project ESIA’s (farmer organization assisted appraisal date by PSP / DAICO) 2) ESIAs of all sub project types and sizes to be screened and approved by NEMC office and disclosed in Tanzania OP/BP 4.12 1) Preparation of 1) RPF by GoT 1) RPF to be approved by Involuntary RPF Ministry of Lands and Resettlement Human Settlement and by the Bank and disclosed in Tanzania and Bank 2) RAPS by Sub project Infoshop before program 2) Preparation of sponsors, e.g. farmer appraisal date Sub project RAPs. organization assisted by PSP / DAICO. 2) Sub project RAPs to be approved by District land officer and disclosed in Tanzania before subprojects are approved for funding by CFAST project OP/BP 4.37 1) Preparation of 1) and 2) by sub project 1) and 2)To be approved by Safety of Dams Dam Safety operators e.g. farmer Regional Irrigation Measures Report organization assisted by PSP Engineers / DAICOs before for rehabilitation of / DAICO. subprojects are approved for existing, funding by CFAST project construction of / MDU new, or use of small dams in CFAST project investments 2) Use of experienced and competent professional. OP/BP 4.04 Preparation of 1) ESMF by GoT 1) ESMF to be approved by Natural ESMF (this NEMC of the GoT and Habitats document) 2) Sub project ESIAs Bank and disclosed in Screening forms, and EMP’s Tanzania and Bank 2) Preparation of by sub project sponsors Infoshop before program sub project ESIAs (farmer organization assisted appraisal date MALF Page 49 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework BANK ACTION BY WHOM DATE ACTION SAFEGUARDS REQUIRED BY REQUIRED BY POLICY TRIGGERED TRIGGERED. POLICY by PSP / DAICO) 2) ESIAs of all sub project types and sizes to be screened and approved by NEMC office and disclosed in Tanzania OP 4.09 Pest Preparation of 1) ESMF by GoT 1) ESMF to be approved by Management ESMF (this NEMC of the GoT and document) 2) Sub project ESIAs Bank and disclosed in Screening forms, and EMPs Tanzania and Bank 2) Preparation of by sub project sponsors Infoshop before program sub project ESIAs (farmer organization assisted appraisal date by PSP / DAICO) 3) Existing IPMP 3) IPMP prepared by GoT for 2) ESIAs of all sub project prepared for ASDP- CFAST types and sizes to be 1 screened and approved by NEMC office and disclosed in Tanzania 3) Existing IPMP to be approved by NEMC of the GoT and Bank and disclosed in Tanzania and Bank Infoshop before program appraisal date 4.2 RELEVANT NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS 171. CFAST project is set within the context of a range of local and national environmental and social management policies, legal support and institutional framework enshrined in the National Constitution, National Environment Management Policy and National Environmental Management Act, the Land Policy and Land Acts as well as supporting local laws and bye-laws. These are the important factors that will provide an enabling environment so that this ESMF and the environmental and social safeguards (i.e. ESIAs, ESMP, RAP etc.) that will be put in place by the Farmers Associations supported by Participating LGAs to offset the environmental and social impacts of the CFAST subprojects can really work. CFAST Expert will be available to provide the needed assistance. 172. A few policies, acts and regulations that are relevant to the environmental and social management of the CFAST project funded anticipated subprojects are summarized in MALF Page 50 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex 4. Presented below are legal requirements drawn from relevant sections of applicable laws for administering permits and licenses such as permit for using land, natural resources in general and protected areas, for undertaking physical works, withdrawing water, extraction of construction minerals, discharging wastes and management of emissions and effluents as well as protection of workers and the public etc. The requirements are further used as part of the Environmental and Social Management process presented in chapter 6 of this ESMF. 4.2.1 General Requirements 173. The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania Cap 2 (1977) The Constitution is the supreme law. There is no specific Article that addresses the right to clean and safe environment directly. The main tenet of the Constitution are the various rights bestowed to individuals which encompass all social matters and issues related to the environment which will be realized by the project through this ESMF. Article 27 sets as an obligation to every person to safeguard and protect the natural resources of the country, state and communal property and to combat all forms of misappropriation and wastage. Article 24 has irrevocable provisions for the rights for a person to own property, for its protection and to fair and adequate compensation when deprived of the property. 174. National Environmental Policy (NEP) (1997) The NEP provides guidance and planning strategies in determining how actions should be prioritized, and provides for the monitoring and regular review of policies, plans and programs. The NEP was established in order to engage the contradictions and minimize sectorial conflicts and overlap of activities. It provides for sectoral and cross-sectoral policy analysis, so that compatibility among sectors and interest groups can be achieved and the synergies between them exploited. The NEP recognizes the EIA process as a means of ensuring that natural resources are soundly managed, and of avoiding exploitation in ways that would cause irreparable damage and social costs. 175. The policy promotes the use of the ‘polluter pays principle’ and the use of the ‘precautionary principle’. The policy also advocates the use of other relevant approaches in environmental management such as economic instruments, environmental standards, indicators and legislation. Relevant sections of the policy are: a) Sections 26 and 27, deals with land tenure issues. The policy requires that clear land ownership is key to sustainable use of land resources. b) Sections 28 and 29, which requires that technologies used should be those that generate no or low waste or protect environment, use resources efficiently are less polluting etc. c) Sections 31- 33 which advocates for biodiversity conservation. MALF Page 51 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework d) Sections 46 which recognises the agricultural sector as key to poverty eradication and for promotion of sound environmental management practices to ensure the agriculture is sustainable. e) Section 48 (c), which advocates for technologies that use water efficiently, provides wastewater treatment; f) 56 (f), which states that workers’ health shall be adequately protected from environmental health hazards. 176. NEP is supported by the National Conservation Strategy for Sustainable Development, the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) and specific sectoral policies such as those on land, energy, water, agriculture, population and fisheries. 177. Subproject investments under the CFAST will interface with more than one sector of the economy i.e. land, water roads, waste management, transport, energy, etc. This ESMF environmental process and procedures (described under chapter 6 below) that shall be applicable to all subprojects responds to NEP directives and seeks to coordinate with all relevant sectors as required. Also through this ESMF, the agriculture and irrigation departments at LGAs responsible for sub-projects will (after receiving training and institutional capacity building) develop/ consolidate existing lists of priority environmental concerns in the agriculture sector and draw plans for dealing with them. 178. Environmental Management Act (EMA), Cap 191 (of 2004) At present, The National Environment Management Act 2004 is the main legislation that governs how the Environment is managed in Tanzania. The ESMF has been developed based on sustainable development principles and best practices for management of environment which are in accord with EMA principles. Procedure and institutional arrangements for preparation and approval of environmental and social management instruments: ESIA reports, EMPs for subprojects described in this ESMF (chapter 6 below) are in line with rights, duties, and powers to individuals and institutions bestowed by EMA at all administrative levels (including the National Environmental Management Council, officers and committees at LGAs). The sub- project EMP for managing wastes will ensure the rights of every person residing in Participating LGAs, Villages or schemes to a clean, safe and healthy environment which are the basic tenets of the EMA. EMA is supported by a number of regulations described below including: Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations; Environmental (Registration of Environmental Experts) Regulations; and Regulations for various Environmental Management (Standards) i.e. Water Quality, soil quality, management of wastes, hazardous substances. 179. Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005) It is an offence for Project Proponent to commence, finance, permit or license a project without EIA authorization. The CFAST – specific environmental and social assessment and management process described in this ESMF (chapter 6 below) MALF Page 52 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework including application, screening, assessment, review and approval are in line with EIA Regulations. 180. Environmental (Registration of Environmental Experts) Regulations (2005) Sub-project EIAs, where required, will be conducted by person or firm of experts registered and certified by the Registrar at NEMC. The MALF MDU in collaboration with Participating LGAs will commission Consulting firms certified to undertake EIAs. PSP will strive to assign qualified staff to support IOs prepare sub-project ESMP; or PSP assisted by MDU support and supervise external experts where screening determines a need to follow national procedures and obtaining EIA certificate issued by Minister responsible for environment. PSPs will ensure through capacity building outlined under this ESMF (Chapter 9) that it’s relevant Staff attain qualifications required under this regulations to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit or related studies and are registered / certified by Registrar (NEMC). 4.2.2 Management of Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality 181. Environmental Management Act (EMA), Cap 191 EMA (Sections 74, 75, 130-132) has provisions for three main areas: General Atmosphere; Climate Change and Management of Gaseous Wastes from Various Sources. The Act directs LGA (and hence project establishes within their areas of jurisdiction) to adopt national standards on air emissions. 182. Environmental Management (Air Quality Standards) Regulations, (2007) This regulation prohibits emissions/release of hazardous substance into the environment. The sub-project EMP for managing wastes will adhere to permissible emission limits and quantities of emissions of SOX, CO, black smoke and suspended particulate matters, NOX,O3, hydrocarbon, dust, lead, and substances in exhaust of motor vehicles prescribed by the regulations. If need be, PSPS / subproject implementers seek air pollutant emission permit issued by NEMC. 183. Public Health Act, Cap 336 (2009) The Act sets requirements for management of gaseous wastes from various sources including vehicles. The sub-project EMP will ensure that habitable buildings under CFAST are designed to have adequate openings or ventilation, means of smoke escape, and maintenance of equipment and devices. 184. Occupational Health and Safety Act, No.5 (2003) Sub-project EMP will incorporate requirements and standards for personnel working in areas where dangerous fumes are likely to be present; and precautions in respect to explosive or inflammable dust, gas, vapour or substance. 4.2.3 Management of Solid Wastes MALF Page 53 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 185. Environmental Management Act (EMA), Cap 191 (Sections 114 – 118). LGA should fulfilled their responsibility by developing waste management infrastructure, required by EMA which empower them to devise means for minimization of solid wastes and method of collection, transportation, treatment and disposal; as well as availing appropriate equipment and routes for collection; and designate transfer station / collection centres. The subproject ESMP will ensure wastes are disposed of at proper functioning waste management infrastructure and facilities. 186. Environmental Management (Hazardous Waste Control and Management) Regulations (2009). The subproject ESMP and specific Waste Management Plans will ensure waste is disposed at the LGA infrastructure and facilities that have specific procedures and practices for storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of all categories of hazardous and toxic wastes including health care wastes, electrical and electronic wastes, pesticides, radioactive, industrial and consumer and chemical wastes. The monitoring procedures set in this ESMF process will ensure wastes are disposed at licensed waste management landfills. 187. Public Health Act, Cap 336 (2009) PHA requirement vest duty to LGA to set aside and manage areas in respect of solid (and liquid) wastes; collect, transport and dispose wastes from all sources; cleanse all receptacles; clean, maintain, and keep streets and public places, dumping sites and control scavengers at all waste sites. The subproject ESMP and specific Waste Management Plans for the subprojects will ensure wastes are disposed of as per these requirements. 4.2.4 Management of Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality 188. Environmental Management Act (EMA), Cap 191 (Sections 61, 62, 123 – 129) By developing storm water management infrastructure, the Project implementers supported by LGAs will fulfil EMA requirement that vest duty to LGA to prepare for placement of storm water drains. The sub-project EMP will adhere to provisions on discharge of sewage and management of liquid wastes and storm water. 189. Environmental Management (Water Quality Standards) Regulations (2007) The sub-project EMP will ensure safe distances of water supply systems from pollution sources for any subproject activity near water sources. The inclusion of Environmental Management Officers in project teams and approval of subproject ESMP will ensure no discharge of water polluting substances will go uncontrolled. 4.2.5 Management of Soil Quality 190. Environmental Management (Soil Quality Standards) Regulations (2007) MALF Page 54 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework The sub-project EMP will ensure main polluting activity and discharge effluent are prevented from contaminating soils or subsoil. 4.2.6 Management of Noise 191. Environmental Management Act (EMA), Cap 191 (Sections 147). The sub-project screening procedures set in this ESMF will delineate all sorts of activities with potential to emitting noise and vibrations in order to control noise and vibration pollution into the environment. 192. Environmental Management (Quality Standards for Control of Noise and Vibration Pollution) Regulations (2011) The sub-project ESMP will incorporate measures for control of noise and vibration pollution emanating from construction site, vehicles, workshop, and quarries that annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and of the environment. 4.2.7 Management of Land and Landuse 193. Several but related laws and regulations govern the use of land and other assets in rural and urban areas including property and land rights, acquisition of land and other assets, rights and compensation, and dispute resolution and grievance mechanisms. The requirements are set in the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania Cap 2 (1977); National Land Policy (1997); Land Act, Cap 113 (R.E 2002); Land Acquisition Act, Cap. 118 (R.E 2002); Urban Planning Act No.8 (2007); Land Use Planning Act No. 6 (2007); Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations (2001); Land (Compensation Claims) regulations (2001); and the Courts (Land Disputes Settlements) Act, Cap. 216 (2002). 194. Sub-project ESMP will include component on land acquisition and compensation procedures (Resettlement Action Plan) for each site that include comprehensive census of people whose land will be taken (even temporarily) and inventory of their assets and properties. Valuation and prompt compensation shall follow procedures laid down in land laws and regulations, 4.2.8 Management of Public / Occupation Health and Safety 195. Several Acts including Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 (2003); Public Health Act, Cap 336 (2009); Employment and Labour Relation Act Cap. 366 (2004); National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001); The HIV and Aids (Prevention and Control) No. 28 (2008); Law of the Child Act No. 21 (2009); and Disabilities Act No. 9 (2010) make provisions for safety, health and welfare of persons at work places and general public. Sub-project ESMP will incorporate measures that ensure employment MALF Page 55 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework opportunities to all while protecting right of children and people with disabilities and control of STDs and HIV infections. 4.2.9 Agriculture Related 196. National Irrigation Act No 5 of 2013 The Act establishes the National Irrigation Commission whose functions among others are to Coordinate all interventions in irrigation sectors, Register of all Irrigators, Build capacity of Irrigators, Approve Construction of irrigation works, and Promote efficient water use in the irrigation systems. 197. The Seeds Act No. 18 of 2003 The objective of this Act is to control and regulate the standards of agricultural seeds. Any person wishing to introduce new seeds in Tanzania has to obtain permission from the Seeds Committee. 198. The Plant Protection Act No. 13 of 1997 The objectives of this Act are to prevent the introduction and spread of harmful organisms, to ensure sustainable plant and environmental protection, to control the importation and use of plant protection substances, to regulate export and imports of plants and plant products and ensure the fulfilment of international commitments, to entrust all plant protection regulatory functions to the Government 199. The Plant Protection Regulations of 1998 Established the National Plant Protection Committee, which has mandate to advise the Minister on which pesticides to be imported in the country through its Pesticides Approval and registration Sub-Committee. 200. The Pesticides Control Regulations, 1984 a) The objects of these Regulations are to ensure the effectiveness of pesticides used in Tanzania for the production of food and fibre; and for the protection of public health and safety against possible harmful effects of pesticides including: b) impairment of the health of persons handling pesticides or consuming products or substance treated with pesticides; c) impairment of the health of domestic animals (including honey bees) from direct application of pesticides or from the consumption of plant or animals treated with pesticides; d) damage to cultivated plants from direct application of pesticides or from persistent soil residues; and e) damage to the natural environment including impairment of the health of wildlife and contamination of waterway, lakes and other water bodies. MALF Page 56 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework The regulations require the users of all pesticides to register their products with the Tropical Pesticide Research Institute (TPRI). 201. The Tropical Pesticides Research Institute Act, No. 2 of 1979 The objective of this Act is to establish TPRI as an institution mandated to carry out, and promote the carrying out, of research, and to evaluate and disseminate the findings on the fundamental aspects of pesticides application and behaviour in relation to the control of tropical pests by both ground and aerial spraying techniques. TPRI is also mandated to register all pesticides for use in Tanzania. It is anticipated that all pesticides and herbicides that will be used in the scheme will be those registered by TPRI. 202. Existing Agricultural Sector Environmental Safeguards a) The ASDP 1: Environmental Social Management Framework (ESMF) The framework establishes mechanism to determine and assess the future potential environmental and social impacts of all programme activities and to set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures for implementation and operation of the programme activities. ASDP 1 ESMF was used during implementation of the DADPs. b) The ASDP 1: Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) The RPF sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the need of people who may be affected by the project, when the project investments were identified through DADPs. c) The ASDP 1: Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) The plan was designed by MALF to minimize the potential adverse impacts on human and environmental health of synthetic chemical pesticides through promotion of biological or environmental friendly pesticides. The IPMP is a basic tool that facilitates reduction of potential negative impacts of agriculture intensification in Tanzania, developed for use where there are significant pest management issues e.g. new land use development or changed cultivation practices for example through introduction of irrigation schemes, increase in the use of improved seeds and varieties which is expected to happen under the Accelerated Food Security Project (AFSP) and the proposed CFAST. d) Agricultural Sector Environmental Action Plan (ASEAP). 4.2.10 Other Laws and Regulations Relevant to Infrastructure Development 203. Water Resource Management Act No. 11 (2009) and Water Supply And Sanitation Act No. 12 (2009) The Acts provides for prevention and control of water pollution and degradation of water resources and penalties to be taken against one who pollutes the water resources. 204. Road Act No. 13 (2007) MALF Page 57 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Land acquisition and compensation procedures (Resettlement Action Plan) within Sub-project ESMP for each site will be guided and follow guidelines provided under this act i.e. give notice to affected people of plans for construction of a road (new road or to widen, deviate or re-align an existing road or road of access) and ensure compensation of owner of a land acquired. The ESMF recommend LGAs and beneficiary villages to liaise early in planning with the Road Authority mandated to permit use of the road reserve. 4.3 NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT 205. This ESMF sets forth a number of requirements and bestows the responsibility for their implementation to MALF and subproject implementers. One key requirement is obtaining the necessary approvals from responsible authorities as required by laws. This section highlights these authorities from the national level to the lower (subproject implementation) level. The hierarchy of authorities and decision making processes for the various management aspects are well described in the Environmental Management Act, Cap 191 (2004) and it’s Regulations (section 4.2.1 above) and other relevant legislations. The authorities that will be responsible in one aspect or another for CFAST subproject environmental and social planning, review and clearing process described under section 6.1 which emulates authorities prescribed in the EIA Regulations, 2005. 4.3.1 Environmental Management Authorities at National Level 206. Minister Responsible for Environment Issue guidelines and designate duties to various entities; approval by issuing of decision letter / EIA Certificate for development projects; may delegate responsibility for EIA authorization to Director of Environment, LGAs and Sector Ministries. 207. National Environmental Advisory Committee Advise the Minister Responsible for Environment. 208. Director of Environment Coordinate, advise, assess, monitor and report environmental related aspects and activities; responsible for environmental policy and legal formulation and implementation; integration of environmental considerations into development policies, plans, programmes, strategies and projects; undertake strategic environmental assessment. The Director provides advice to Minister for approval of Environmental Impact Assessment report (EIS) and issuance of EIA Certificate. 209. National Environment Management Council MALF Page 58 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Undertake enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of environmental impact assessment. NEMC role is to initiate /develop procedures and safeguards for the prevention of activities which may cause environmental degradation; provide advice and technical support to different stakeholders; enforce and ensure compliance of the national environmental quality standards. NEMC has specific roles and responsibilities in the undertaking EIA / PEA for new development projects (Part III – XI); Environmental Audit for existing development projects (Part X); and Environmental Monitoring and Reporting (Part XI). Under the EMA, NEMC is empowered to establish specific offices or to appoint or designate officers to effectively perform its functions as follows: 210. Registrar of EIA Expert /Firm of Experts /Environmental Auditor/Environmental Inspectors: Register and keep registry of qualified firms/individuals authorized to offer services in undertaking EIA, Initial and Control Environmental Audit Environmental Inspection, EIA training and other technical support. 211. Environmental Inspector (Appointed or Designated): Empowered to enter on any land, premise or facility of the project for the purpose of inspection, to examine records and to make enquiries on the project or for the purpose of monitoring the effects of activity carried out on that land, premise or facility upon the environment. 212. Sector (Ministries) Environmental Sections Responsible for all sector–specific environmental matters within the Ministry including participation in Cross-Sectorial Advisory Committee for review of EIA Reports; review and verification of Environmental Audit Reports, monitoring on- going projects, and submit Monitoring reports to NEMC. MALF has an Environmental Sections for the Agriculture Sector. 4.3.2 Environmental Management Authorities at Zonal and Regional Levels 213. NEMC Zonal Offices: Headed by Environmental Management Coordinators replicate all functions and departments of NEMC including overseeing compliance and enforcement; EIA; Research and Planning etc. NEMC target 7 such offices. Of relevance to CFAST project are those within the SAGCOT zone namely: Southern Zone (Mbeya (centre), Iringa, Rukwa, Nkasi, Ruvuma); South-Coast Zone (Mtwara, Lindi); Coast Zone (Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Morogoro). Other zones are Lake Zone (Mwanza (centre), Geita, Kagera, Mara and Shinyanga); North Zone (Arusha (centre), Tanga, Kilimanjaro, Manyara,); and Central Zone (Tabora, Dodoma, Singida). 214. Regional Secretariat Assist the Regional Commissioner; oversee/advise implementation of national policies, enforcement of laws and regulations at regional level. EMA, Cap. 191 Section 34 confers additional roles to the Regional Secretariat to coordinate all MALF Page 59 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework environmental matters within respective region. All Regions in the SAGCOT zone have Regional Environment Coordinators. 4.3.3 Environmental Management Authorities at Local Government Authorities Level 215. Local Government Authorities Perform basic functions including promoting social and economic wellbeing and development of areas and people within jurisdictions including relevant to environmental and social management. EMA, Cap. 191 Section 37 confer additional functions for the environment committees; give general powers to the LGAs including to undertake inquiries and investigations, summon any person, resolve conflicts among various parties, inspect and examine any premise, order to remove substance or article harmful to the environment and prosecute or sue any violator. Under the EMA, LGA is empowered to establish specific offices or to appoint or designate officers to effectively perform its functions as follows: 216. LGA Environment Management Officer (EMO) (designated / appointed): Enforce, advise the Environment Management Committee, gather/ manage information, and report on state of local environment. EMO are tasked to monitor the preparation, review and approval of environmental impact assessment for local investments. 217. Urban LGA Standing Committee on Urban Planning and Environment: The Committee is established under Section 42 (1) of the Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act, 1982 as a standing committee responsible for urban planning. EMA cover additional functions for the environment committees, include overseeing proper management of environment within an urban area. 218. Standing Committees of Economic Affairs, Works and Environment of a District or Township: Established under Section 96(1) of the Local Government (District Authorities) Act, 1982 while EMA, Cap. Additional functions for the environment committee include overseeing proper management of environment within a district or township. 4.3.4 Environmental Management Authorities at Community Level 219. Village Committees of Economic Affairs, Works and Environment: Established under Section 96 (1) of the Local Government (District Authorities) Act, 1982 while EMA, Cap. Additional functions for the environment committee include overseeing proper management of environment within a village. 4.3.5 Other Actors Who Support Environmental Management Process / Authorities MALF Page 60 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 220. Registered EIA Expert /Firm of Experts /Environmental Auditor/Environmental Inspectors: Qualified firms/individuals authorized to offer services in undertaking EIA, Initial and Control Environmental Audit Environmental Inspection, EIA training and other technical supports. 221. Investor/ Developer / Project Proponent: oversee and meet costs of Environmental assessment and implementation of EMP/Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP); undertake Initial Environmental Audits and Environmental Control Audit, Self- auditing during implementation of EMP; undertake Baseline Survey before project implementation as basis for undertaking effective monitoring. 222. General Public: empowered by EMA and EIA Regulations to participate in all environmental management matters concerning them and at all stages of the EIA process specifically to raise issues and concerns and to appeal when dissatisfied. 4.3.6 Land Management Authorities 223. Minister Responsible for Lands / Land Use Planning Sole authority over all land matters: duty of formulation and implementation of Land Policy and Act; issuing permit for using land (other than village or reserved land); urban planning and use and development of land; designate any Body or Organ as a planning authority and to declare any area of land to be a planning area 224. Commissioner for Lands Sole authority responsible for land administration: principal administrative officer and professional officer and advisor to the government in land matters at all levels; has power to delegate the powers to officers at Local Authority to work and comply with his/her directives. 225. Qualified Valuers Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations, 2001 (Regulation 5) directs that every assessment of the value of land and unexhausted improvement (properties / assets) is done by a qualified Valuer. 226. Chief Government Valuer Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations, 2001 (Regulation 6) directs that every assessment of the value of land and unexhausted improvement (properties / assets) is done by a qualified Valuer is verified by the Chief Valuer of the Government or Representative. 4.3.7 Authorities Relevant to Infrastructure Development Utilities and Services Delivery 227. Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) MALF Page 61 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Under the Ministry of Energy and Minerals, its core functions are generation, transmission, distribution, supply and use of electric energy. At so many location TANESCO use road reserves for transmission infrastructure. 228. Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) In the electricity sector to regulate transmission and distribution of petroleum and natural gas; in the water sector responsible for (i) licensing and regulating water supply and sanitation services (ii) establishing standards, guidelines and tariffs chargeable in relation to water supply and sanitation services (ii) Monitoring water quality. 229. Water Basin Authority The River basin Offices issue Water Rights. WB offices are established to manage water resources in nine (9) water basins: Pangani River Basin, Rufiji River Basin, Lake Victoria, Wami-Ruvu, Lake Nyasa, Lake Rukwa, Internal Drainage Basin to Lake Eyasi, Manyara and Bubu depression, Lake Tanganyika, Ruvuma and Southern Coast. 230. Water and Sewerage Authorities These are urban based, established to offer water supply and sanitation services in respective urban centres. The authorities issue permits for discharging liquid wastes. 231. Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS) Issue approvals or permit for undertaking physical works on roads or road reserves, issue permit for extraction of construction minerals, issue permit for using roads above set limits (tonnage, width etc.). 232. Occupational Health and Safety Authority (OSHA) Oversee safety, health and welfare of persons at work, carries out all workplace inspections; hygiene surveys and measurements, occupational health examinations of workers, offer advice on ergonomics and scrutinize workplace drawings. 233. Ministry of Home Affairs, Fire and Rescue Services Force Protection against fire hazards, to issue permit for use of fire-fighting equipment’s, Inspection of fire equipment commissioning of fire protection and detection system installed, to perform research on fire hazards and fire incidences. 234. Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) Prevention and control spread of HIV/AIDS, to promote advocacy and education on HIV/AIDS, to protect human and communal rights of people infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS. 235. A summary of Tanzania Safeguard Policies are included in Table 3. MALF Page 62 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Table 3: Summary of Tanzania Safeguard Policies Implementing Relevancy to CFAST Act Key Elements Authority Environmental Management EMA stipulates rights of every The Vice The Act provides for Act 2004 person to clean, safe and President’s establishment/or healthy environment. It Office delegation to officers and provides basics for committees at LGAs for implementation of the environmental National Environmental management within area Policy; outlines principles and of jurisdiction. best practices for management of environment, impacts and risk assessment, environmental quality standards, public participation, compliance and enforcement. The Act outlines rights, duties, and powers to individuals and institutions at all administrative levels including the National Environmental Management Council. Prior to the implementation of National The CFAST – specific Environmental Impact the project, the Developer is Environment environmental and social Assessment and Audit required to submit a certificate Management assessment and (EIA&AUDIT ) Regulations of Environmental Impact Council management process (2005) Assessment to the licensing / (NEMC) described in this ESMF permitting authority. It is an (chapter 6 below) offence to commence, finance, including application, permit or license a project screening, assessment, without EIA certificate. The review and approval are in EIA process including line with EIA Regulations. screening, assessment, review and approval: EIA conducted by person or firm of experts registered and certified by the Registrar at NEMC; NEMC undertake determination of scope of the EIS; Reviews of EIS involve site inspection, participation of a Cross- Sectoral Technical Advisory Committee, the public, and public hearing and information disclosure; Approval / disapproval of EIS by Minister; Appeals to Environmental Appeals Tribunal on approval / disapproval of EIS by Minister. Registered EIA Expert /Firm Qualified firms/individuals LGAs will ensure through MALF Page 63 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Implementing Relevancy to CFAST Act Key Elements Authority of Experts /Environmental authorized to offer services in capacity building outlined Auditor/Environmental undertaking EIA, Initial and under this ESMF that it’s Inspectors (Established Control Environmental Audit relevant Staff attain under the Environmental Environmental Inspection, qualifications required (Registration of EIA training and other under this regulations to Environmental Experts) technical support. conduct Environmental Regulations, 2005) Impact Assessment and Audit or related studies and are registered / certified by Registrar (NEMC). Focus areas include: Tanzania Bureau LGAs / subproject Environmental Management hazardous substance of Standards implementers seek air (Air Quality Standards) management; permissible (TBS)/ NEMC pollutant emission permit Regulations, (2007) emission limits for SOX, CO, issued by NEMC. black smoke and suspended particulate matters, NOX,O3, permissible quantity of emission of SOX, CO, hydrocarbon (as total organic carbon), dust, NOX or lead, permissible limits of substances found in exhaust of motor vehicles; air pollutant emission permit, compliance, protection, emergence prevention and stop orders. Public Health Act, Cap 336 The Act vest duty to Ministry of The sub-project EMP will (2009) authorities (its Agent) to: set Health and ensure that habitable aside and manage areas in Social Welfare buildings under CFAST – respect of solid (and liquid) are designed to have wastes; collect, transport and adequate openings or dispose wastes from all ventilation, means of sources and to charge fees for smoke escape, and the services rendered; cleanse maintenance of equipment all receptacles; clean, and devices. maintain, and keep streets and public places, dumping sites and control scavengers at all waste sites. PHA binds LGAs to adhere to provisions of EMA and managing wastes guided by guidelines issued by Minister and sustainable Waste Management Plans; designation of waste management facilities based Environmental Social, Health Impact Assessment; and to MALF Page 64 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Implementing Relevancy to CFAST Act Key Elements Authority collaborate with the Ministers responsible for health and environmental management. Environmental Management Regulations formulated for the Tanzania Bureau The sub-project ESMP (Quality Standards for control of noise and vibration of Standards will incorporate measures Control of Noise and pollution that annoys, disturbs, (TBS) for control of noise and Vibration Pollution) injures or endangers the vibration pollution all Regulations (2011) comfort, repose, health or possible sources. safety of others and of the environment. Focus areas include: noise management, emission license, improvement notice, compliance, protection or stop and prevention orders and maximum permissible noise levels for general environment, factory or workshop, construction site, vehicles, mines and quarries. Environmental Management Focus areas of the Regulations Ensures main polluting (Soil Quality Standards) include: hazardous waste activity and discharge Regulations (2007) management, registration and effluent associated with discharge permit for main the Sub-project; are polluting activity; consent to prevented from discharge effluent from any contaminating soils or commercial, industrial or other subsoil. trade waste systems into soils or subsoil; compliance, soil protection or stop orders issued by NEMC or any other empowered authority. Environmental Management Focus areas include: Government Ensures LGA fulfils their (Hazardous Waste Control hazardous and toxic wastes(in Chemist responsibility by and Management) general) i.e. principles of Laboratory developing waste Regulations (2009) environmental and sustainable Authority management development, duty to every infrastructure, required by person living in Tanzania to EMA which empower safeguard the environment, them to devise means for owner or controller of a minimization of solid facility or premises which wastes generates hazardous and toxic wastes to adopt cleaners production principles, occupier or operator of a hazardous waste management facility to ensure hazardous wastes are handled and stored in a suitable manner, packaging of hazardous MALF Page 65 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Implementing Relevancy to CFAST Act Key Elements Authority wastes, import into the United Republic of any hazardous wastes, license to export, treatment or disposal of hazardous wastes, establishment of a hazardous waste treatment plant or disposal facility, six month records and bi-annual reports of the licensed activity and all related transactions; management of health care wastes, electrical and electronic wastes, pesticides, radioactive, industrial and consumer and chemical wastes. Occupational Health and The Act sets requirements and Occupational Sub-project EMP will Safety Act, No.5 (2003) standards to be met when Health and incorporate requirements personnel work in areas where Safety Authority and standards for dangerous fumes are liable to (OSHA) personnel working in be present; and precautions in areas where dangerous respect to explosive or fumes are likely to be inflammable dust, gas, vapour present; and precautions in or substance. respect to explosive or inflammable dust, gas, vapour or substance. Road Act No. 13 (2007) The Act empower the minister Ministry of Land acquisition and to give notice of construction Infrastructure compensation procedures of a road where it appears that within Sub-project ESMP it is desirable and necessary in for each site will be the public interest to construct guided and follow a new road or to widen, guidelines provided under deviate or re-align an existing this act. The ESMF road or road of access. Where recommend LGAs and it becomes necessary for the beneficiary villages to road authority to acquire a liaise early in planning land owned by any person the with the Road Authority owner of such land should be mandated to permit use of entitled to compensation for the road reserve. any development on such land in accordance with the Land Acquisition Act, Land Act, Village Land Act and any other written law. The Road Authority is mandated to permit any person or authority to use the road reserve temporarily under its jurisdiction for utilities where MALF Page 66 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Implementing Relevancy to CFAST Act Key Elements Authority such use or uses do not hinder any future use of the road reserve; entrusted with the duties of developing, managing and maintaining the public roads under its jurisdiction and should comply with the prescribed guidelines, regulations or any other written law relating to environmental protection and waste disposal. Environmental Management Focus areas of the Regulations Ministry of The sub-project EMP will (Water Quality Standards) include: safe distances of Natural ensure safe distances of Regulations (2007) water supply systems from Resource and water supply systems from pollution sources for any Tourism: pollution sources for any activity near water sources; (Forestry, subproject activity near permits for discharge of water Wildlife and water sources. The polluting substances, Antiquities) inclusion of EMO in categories of main polluting project teams and human activities in LGAs approval of subproject recommended by ESMP will ensure no Environmental Management discharge of water Officers and guidelines and polluting substances will standards on collection, go uncontrolled. transportation and disposal of sewage and sludge issued by LGA. Water Resource Acts requires any person, or Ministry of Same as above – Management Act No. 11 public or private organisation Water Environmental (2009) to carry out ESIA for any Management (Water proposed development in a Quality Standards) water resource area or Regulation (2007) watershed, for prevention and control of water pollution and degradation of water resources. The Act elaborates on the measures to prevent pollution and the penalties to be taken against one who pollutes the water resources. The Act empowers Basin Water Board to issue, approve and revoke Water Use Permit or a Groundwater Permit or a Discharge Permit. Urban Planning Act No.8 The Act gives the relevant Ministry of Sub-project ESMP will (2007) authorities mandate to provide Urban, Local include component on for the orderly and sustainable land acquisition and development of land in urban compensation procedures MALF Page 67 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Implementing Relevancy to CFAST Act Key Elements Authority areas and other related (RAP) for each site that matters, the grant of consent include comprehensive to develop land and powers of census of people whose control over the use of land to land will be taken and preserve and improve inventory of their assets amenities;. It also recognises and properties. value of land for purpose of compensation. Land Use Planning Act No. The Act establishes land use Minister 6 (2007) planning authorities which are Responsible for a village council; district Lands / Land council; National Land Use Use Planning Commission; and any such body or organ which the Minister may, by order published in the Gazette declare to be a planning authority or joint planning authority. All planning authorities are responsible for policy implementation and direction; set appropriate goals and objectives at all land use planning levels and determine policies and priorities for the improvement of land productivity in their areas of jurisdiction; and in collaboration with NEMC determine appropriate criteria for protection of the Environment and sustainable use of natural resources. Land (Assessment of the The basis for assessment of Land acquisition, Value of Land for the value of any land and compensation and Compensation) Regulations unexhausted improvement for resettlement of people (2001) purpose of compensation seem inevitable for certain should be the market value of type of CFAST – project such land and should be investments. This assist in prepared by qualified Valuer. provision for Land (Compensation The regulations provides the compensation for Claims) regulation basis for eligibility for properties i.e. land and ns (2001) compensation, sets out the resettlement of people rights and entitlement for the one claiming compensation; provides that compensation takes the form of monetary compensations, or may, at the option of the Government, take the form of all, a MALF Page 68 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Implementing Relevancy to CFAST Act Key Elements Authority combination of plot of land of comparable quality, extent and productive potential the land loss; building or buildings of comparable quality extent and use comparable to the building or buildings lost; plant and seedlings; and regular supplies of grain and other basic foodstuffs for a specified period. MALF Page 69 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 5 CFAST POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS 5.2 INTRODUCTION 236. This chapter of the ESMF identifies and analysis a range of potential environmental and social consequences both positive (beneficial) and negative (adverse) of the CFAST Project. The generic impacts will be further specified and analysed during screening and ESIA process for each subproject investments to be funded under the CFAST. Table 4 shows a summary of potential environmental and social impacts. Table 4: Impacts Summary POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IMPACTS  Stimulating increase in agricultural  Direct encroachment and / or conversion productivity and market linkages of natural habitats  Improved water utilization and  Loss or damage of indigenous vegetation, management contained biodiversity and species of  Reduction in expenditure on infrastructure conservation value investment and contribution to local  Disturbance / distortion of natural government revenue drainage systems and water flow  Increased opportunities for generation of  Land disturbance and soil erosion income at all levels: employment,  Depletion of local natural resources and business opportunities for local suppliers degradation at extraction sites (water, and service providers etc. construction materials etc.)  Stimulation of various economic,  Air pollution by emissions from commercial and social activities and boost construction activities to local and national economy  Point pollution of soil and water  Improvement of services such as road resources by discharged of agro services, rural electrification and chemicals and wastes associated benefits that accrue from  Increased soil salinity improved access and power supply etc. POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS  Change or modification of existing land  General water stress due to increased uses and consequent land use conflicts demand for agricultural uses and for  Physical and/or economic displacement of other purposes people due to land acquisition  Land degradation  Infrastructure development health and  Degradation of wetlands and water areas safety hazards from poor agricultural and other landuse  Agricultural occupation health and safety practices hazards  Deforestation due to conversion of  Induced settlements and increased illegal forested areas for agricultural and other developments uses  Non- point pollution of land or and water bodies from wastes and agro-chemicals discharged from various sources MALF Page 70 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework  Ecological imbalance  Improved community livelihoods and alleviation of acute poverty due to raising agricultural incomes POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND POTENTIAL INSTITUTIONAL RISKS TO SOCIAL RISKS PROJECT  External natural disasters e.g. extremes of  Inability of national, regional and local climatic conditions (climate change), government and PSPs to successfully seismic activities execute project management,  Catchment anthropogenic activities. environmental and social responsibilities  Absence of a large influx of financial resources and capacity building for the support of CFAST including funds for compensation of PAPs. 5.3 POTENTIAL POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 237. Support to infrastructure development / value chain improvement activities would result in positive environmental and social impacts 5.2.1 Stimulating Increase in Agricultural Productivity and Market Linkages 238. Infrastructure development (irrigation infrastructure, marketing infrastructure) is designed in many respects to result in positive economic impacts at community level by stimulating increase in agricultural productivity and forging sustainable market linkages. Financing under CFAST besides infrastructure improvements will support activities leading to expansion of crops farming area while avoiding cultivation of unsuitable marginal lands. Capacity building and training to farmers and their association by PSP and public extension staff will focus on eliminating or reducing to the extent possible unsustainable agriculture production practices that are the cause of low productivity and yields. Training in appropriate mechanized or non-mechanized land preparations (clearing and tillage / ploughing); proper seeding (using traditional or improved seeds); appropriate use of agricultural technologies and chemicals; and management, maintenance and caring of cultivated land, and as well as harvesting and post-harvest operations are all designed to stimulate increase in agricultural production. Similarly training in marketing and warehousing operations: processing, transportation and storage of the agricultural produce to the warehouse and operation and management of warehouses aim at promoting smallholders’ access to domestic and export markets. 5.2.2 Improved Water Utilization and Management at Scheme level 239. Unlined secondary and tertiary canals common in traditional irrigation schemes have contributed to frequent failure and causes significant water loss in the canals through MALF Page 71 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework seepage and subsequently resulting in low productivity. The rehabilitation and upgrading works of existing incomplete / or depreciated infrastructures will aim at provision of improved intake, proper irrigation system and drainage system etc. that will ensure water from the intake is safely conveyed to the storage reservoir downstream of the intake; water from storage reservoir adequately and efficiently flow to the irrigation fields through the open main canals, secondary and tertiary canals (lined with masonry structures); and existing drainage network drain excess water from the irrigation scheme areas. PSP will perform training and support to farmers with on-farm water management and conservation including irrigation best practices; allocation of irrigation water, techniques for reduction of water losses at scheme level; water saving technologies. The outcomes among others is efficient utilization of obstructed water, flood control, reduced water losses and sustained availability of water for downstream water users etc. 5.2.3 Reduction in Expenditure on Infrastructure Investment and Contribution to Local Government Revenue 240. Participation by LGAs and GoT in the CFAST will lead to reduction in expenditures on infrastructure investment, and will contribute to local government incomes. Village government will earns revenue from warehouse storage fees. 5.2.4 Increased Opportunities for Generation of Income at All Levels 241. Employment opportunities of skilled, semi-skilled, casual labourers during infrastructure development, diversified occupation and employment in various commodities value addition activities; business opportunities to suppliers and service providers and boost to local economy through procurement of local, domestic and industrial supplies and services and professional services i.e. construction contractors, consultants and training and R&D individuals and organizations 5.2.5 Improvement of Services and Associated Benefits 242. Improved access (rehabilitation of roads linking irrigation schemes to markets) will stimulate improved transportation services and service delivery; rural electrification and associated benefits that accrue from improved power supply etc. 5.2.6 Stimulation of Various Economic, Commercial and Social Activities 243. Improved value chain and commodities marketing approaches (i.e. warehouse storage and collective crop marketing are intended to contribute to increasing the market value of crops. Development of irrigation and crop marketing scheme with stimulate induced development in other sectors: transport, energy, industry, and rural development and boost to local and national economy. MALF Page 72 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 5.4 CFAST POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 244. CFAST component of infrastructure development is the most likely source of a number of activities that may cause adverse effects to the receiving media and valued natural and human receptors. The magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts will be determined once the types and locations of the various infrastructures are known. Described below are impacts emanating from footprint activities related to the proposed CFAST project at large. These could be exacerbated by deficiencies in project management and monitoring procedures and emergence of unplanned natural and human –induced disasters. 5.3.1 Direct Encroachment and / or Conversion of Natural Habitats 245. Improved irrigated rice schemes and value chain are likely to stimulate expansion of crops farming area leading to encroachment and / or conversion of natural habitats and consequent species loss and decline of ecosystems and unique habitats. Similarly development of the various infrastructures will entail taking land for physical location of the structure potentially encroaching on neighbouring natural habitats including indigenous vegetation, land and water areas causing loss, partial replacement of sensitive habitats. Land may be required for upgrading/rehabilitation improvements of existing structures i.e. realignment or diversion of an irrigation canals route or drainage channels or access road, or their expansion of diameters or extension of lengths into new land. Land may also be required for development of new or additional structures at new locations i.e. additional irrigation canal(s), new warehouse and other new structure meant to facilitate functioning of a scheme. 246. Encroachment is a possibility since irrigation infrastructures invariably are established close to natural water sources especially lakes, rivers, wetlands /swamps. However, the impact severity are considered minor to moderate as few CFAST subprojects are expected to be new (“green field�) development and none are likely to involve total replacement of natural habitats as the ecological functions of most of these natural areas close to village have already been essentially modified by human activities. Most subproject will involve improvements of existing structures and may constitute small land take. 247. Besides agriculture, the IOs may diversify into aquaculture. Such sub-projects require water sources from water areas (lakes, rivers, wetlands /swamps) causing loss, partial replacement of the sensitive habitats. Local concerns with aquaculture in inland waters may include wastes handling, side effects of antibiotics, competition between farmed and wild-animals and the potential introduction of invasive plants and animal species or foreign pathogens. MALF Page 73 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 5.3.2 Loss or Damage of Indigenous Vegetation and Contained Biodiversity and Species of Conservation Value 248. Establishment of infrastructure may necessitate clearance and trampling of vegetation causing loss or damage of the vegetation and endowed with riverine and/or terrestrial biodiversity. Hydrological studies, topographical surveys and geotechnical investigations necessary in establishing project feasibility and informing the design of components could entail activities that are intrusive to the environment i.e. involving clearance of vegetation or trampling, or digging pits, boreholes / rock boring while obtaining subsoil data and information if undertaken in farmed areas or areas grown with vegetation of social, economic or cultural values. Similarly site preparation involving vegetation clearance, weeding, tree cutting could remove valuable plants. However there is no known presence of unique, rare, endangered or threatened flora and fauna in many areas with existing schemes as most have been interfered with by human activities. Construction of dam/reservoir embankment specifically would permanently create ecological impact due to creation of barrier between upstream and downstream of the dam. 5.3.3 Land Disturbance and Erosion (by infrastructure development works) 249. Infrastructure development scope, technology, methods and techniques will differ with subproject type with some investments being linear developments such as irrigation systems while others are installations such as warehouse buildings. Depending on type of subproject and nature of locality, infrastructure development works will involve some degree of land disturbance and/or movement of soils at subproject sites and offsite. Civil works: digging, trenching, excavation, draining, filling, resurfacing, compacting and piling of spoil materials may expose the soils to erosion by the elements (wind, rain) and lead to degradation of land and soils – substantially reducing their quality (nutrients, water retention, physical properties etc.) below acceptable levels. Soils on hilly and undulating areas when exposed are more susceptible to erosion. Construction of new irrigation systems may require more works and for longer periods. However, many of the rehabilitation works e.g. warehouses, access roads are very short length, require small to medium sized sheds or concrete buildings envisaged not to require extensive construction works and limited land disturbances. 5.3.4 Disturbance / Distortion of Natural Drainage Systems and Water Flow 250. Infrastructure development works of linear infrastructure (irrigation canals, access road etc. located close to or leading into natural water resources) disturb / distort natural drainage systems exacerbating challenges of water management in an area. MALF Page 74 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 5.3.5 Depletion of Local Natural Resources and Degradation at Extraction Sites 251. Exploitation of local natural resources especially at unauthorized / unregulated sites may cause degradation and depletion at points of extraction of the resources such as water and if required in large numbers construction materials at borrow pits, quarry sites. 5.3.6 Direct Pollution of Land and Water Resources by Discharged Agro Chemicals and Wastes 252. During construction of subproject storm water loaded with wastes, oils, sediments etc. albeit in varying quantities depending on project type and location - may lead directly into or drain across and pollute natural areas. New construction works and in the case of demolition of existing structures (old, dilapidated, not needed or seriously damaged) may involve discharge of various types and quantities of solid and liquid wastes or accidental spillage / leakages of materials and chemicals. Main waste streams include overburden, demolition rubble, used building materials, excavated materials, spoils and sludge; fuel, oil and lubricants from equipment and vehicle repairs and re-fuelling; discharges of eroded soils from disturbed areas; seepages from waste piles; domestic solid wastes, grey water, excreta / sewerage and littering by construction crew; and discharge of storm water and other liquid effluents. 253. Discharges of putrescible wastes and chemicals and wastes containing hazardous substances directly into surroundings may impair qualities of receiving medium including surface water bodies and underground water sources (Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand); contaminate and reduce quality of land areas or soils. Eroded soils from construction activities obstruct natural drainage systems and cause effects on the integrity of watercourses, drainage, and sedimentation regime. The effects of discharged wastes and chemicals will tend to be severe if discharged wastes are hazardous and/or will contaminate water sources used for domestic purposes or arable land. Discharges in a water habitat tend to reach further due to dispersion. The effects on land will tend to be concentrated and localized, not dispersed or diluted (unless by rain). 254. Uncontrolled dumping of spilt, leaking or obsolete agricultural chemicals/fertilizers used at the irrigation scheme or unused products and by-products and materials or uncontrolled dumping of solid wastes i.e. agro-wastes generated at warehouses etc. directly onto land or into water body could pollute the soil and nearby water resources. From points of discharge the chemicals could drain across and pollute distant natural areas. Discharge of liquid wastes from sanitation facilities at project site results into environmental pollution. Besides pollution of soils and water resources, discharge of pesticides and contaminations could lead to extinction of flora and fauna and health problems. MALF Page 75 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 5.3.7 Increased Soil Salinity 255. Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil. Increase in soil salinity can occur over time wherever irrigation occurs and can be influenced by two main factors which are (i) poor leaching of the soil (ii) water logging and poor drainage system. In the case of salinity due to poor leaching: almost all water (even natural rainfall) contains some dissolved salts (ILRI, 1989). When the plants use the water, the salts are left behind in the soil and eventually begin to accumulate. Since soil salinity makes it more difficult for plants to absorb soil moisture, these salts must be leached out of the plant root zone by applying additional water. On the other hand salinity caused by water logging and poor drainage system as result of irrigation causes changes to the natural water balance of irrigated lands. Large quantities of water in irrigation projects are not consumed by plants and must go somewhere. At low field efficiency most of the water lost will be stored underground and might change the original hydrology of local aquifers considerably by increasing the water table and resulting in water logging. Water logging will lead to accumulation of salts brought in with the irrigation water as their removal through the aquifer is blocked. Water logging will also lead to lack of oxygenation of the root zone which will eventually reduce the yield of most crops. The consequences associated with increased soil salinity might include detrimental effects on plant growth and yield, damage to irrigation scheme infrastructures (bricks, stones and corrosion of metal pipes), reduction of water quality for domestic and ecosystem services (due to changes in water colour, taste and sediments) and soil erosion that occurs when crops are too strongly affected by the amounts of salts. 5.3.8 Pollution of Air by Emissions from Construction Activities 256. Exhaust emissions from fuel powered transportation vehicles, construction equipment and vehicles engines; dust, odours and noise degrade air quality. Exhaust contain pollutants notably carbon-dioxide (CO2) plus small quantities of noxious gases such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxides (SOx), hydrocarbons and particulate matters (PM). These Green House Gases (GHGs) are known to interfere with temperature regime and cause climate change effects. Clearance of vegetation will reduce vegetation cover thus reducing sink for carbon-dioxide and consequent climate change effects. However, the impact on air quality will be minor and localized due to sizes and numbers of equipment used per site. 5.5 POTENTIAL ADVERSE SOCIAL IMPACTS 5.4.1 Change or Modification of Existing Land Uses MALF Page 76 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 257. Developments or improvement of infrastructure may necessitate permanent or temporary taking or acquisition of land causing changes or modification of existing or potential land uses including natural and build structures and other settlement features. Such land use changes include disrupting residential areas, expropriate of residential buildings; damage of homes; fragmentation of property; delayed access to dwellings / business; division of communities e.g. by linear developments such as irrigation canals etc. New land uses if in conflict with existing ones and/or is unacceptable by current land users and related stakeholders are killer risks that potentially could cause halting of plans to develop a subproject. Other impacts are visual effects relating to modifications in the quality of the landscape features especially structures that do not blend with the natural setting of an area. 5.4.2 Physical and/or Economic Displacement of People Due To Land Acquisition 258. Developments or improvement of infrastructure may necessitate permanent or temporary taking or acquisition of land causing involuntary taking of land and other assets owned and/or used by both individuals and by communities. These changes or modifications to the way people use the land may result in a number of direct social and economic impacts of varying severity to general population and its quality of life including: a) Loss or relocation of home or shelter resulting in physical displacement of persons b) Loss of income sources or means of livelihood resulting in economic displacement of persons Loss of assets [Both temporary ( because of right of way during construction) or permanent ( take of land for construction) c) Loss of Valuable Plants (crops, medicinal, fuelwood) d) Involuntary restrictions or denial of access to assets or economic resources (farming land, irrigation water, trees, crops, business) resulting in adverse impacts on livelihoods of displaced persons. e) Loss of community services through physical damage or restricted access or delay access to economic and social infrastructure, socially sensitive areas (burial sites, sacred areas etc.) and institutional areas existing on the subproject site. 259. Disruption of income, livelihood activities, supplies and services may cause disturbances and nuisances, health risks, food insecurity and conflicts over resources even if they may not result in physical displacement or economic displacement of persons. Infrastructure development works involving vegetation clearance, tree cutting could remove valuable plants and have potential to affect farmed areas or areas grown with vegetation of social, economic or cultural values. The infrastructure development are generally unlikely to cause large scale relocation of the population, of their activities, modification of their habitats (severance) as most are small to medium scale activities in terms of land or size of total building floor area required for their establishment or improvement. Only a few cases mainly involving linear MALF Page 77 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework development were relocation is likely (i.e. water conveyance infrastructure of irrigation schemes or access roads), such conditions will be handled by a RAP process. Conflicts related to land acquisition especially resistance of affected PAPs to relocate and/or oppositions related to compensation are killer risks that potentially could cause halting of plans to develop a subproject. 5.4.3 Infrastructure Development Health and Safety Hazards 5.4.4 Health and safety risks to workers 260. A variety of risks are associated with infrastructure development works. Common hazards include workers sustaining serious injuries, even fatalities while for example hoisting heavy items, slips and falls, use of hazardous equipment / tool and practices e.g. motored / sharp edged equipment’s, explosives and exposure to hazardous substances / chemicals (noxious / poisonous gases; corrosive substances) and disease agents etc. Other causes of sickness and ill-health, disturbances / nuisance and discomfort include exposure to copious amounts of dust, noise-emitting or emissions- emitting technique or practices; exposing workers to extreme / risky working conditions (low/high temperatures, excess heat/cold, lack of ventilation for hazardous fumes and fires hazards), contaminated drinking water due to human washing in canals. For example in Sakalilo irrigation scheme, there are human activities in the main canal of bathing and washing. This may cause pollution of water caused by soup detergents, infections from putrescible wastes with disease pathogens and exposure to disease vectors. 261. Workers are commonly exposed to health risks that are prevalent in the project area (e.g. STDs, guinea worm, malaria, meningitis, cholera etc.). Fatigue is a common cause of negligence at work usually caused by understaffing and long working hours, employing wrong people on particular jobs and low morale. The workers HSS problems are exacerbated by lack of /inadequacies in use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and emergency response equipment’s and procedures. 5.4.5 Health & safety risks to the public 262. Users of land abutting or neighbouring a construction site or people passing by may be affected by accidents during construction due to lack of appropriate /sufficient signage at construction sites and timely notification. These risky conditions (resulting in serious injuries, fatalities disturbances / nuisance) include traffic movements; site hazards (falling objects, excavation accidents); emissions of exhausts of vehicles, equipment’s, dust and odours; noise from equipment’s, processes, vehicles and people); and using water contaminated by construction wastes and chemicals. Movement of vehicles causing accidents, congested traffic and material spillage may occur during infrastructure implementation. Effects to nearby buildings by vibrations from heavy equipment’s. MALF Page 78 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 263. Open construction pits filled with water create new water bodies as breeding habitats for agents / vectors of water-borne diseases (malaria, bilharzia, etc.). People of different social backgrounds immigrate to project areas and consequent social interactions among workers involved in sub-project operations/implementation and local communities may pose risks of human-human transmission of diseases (STD, HIV). The relative wealth of the project workers leads to exploitative behaviour on the hosts' side. 264. During mobilization stage of the project, noise and vibrations associated with working equipment and machinery will be generated. They will essentially result from the operation of the machinery and equipment involved on the transportation of materials and construction of access road and temporary support structure. The machinery and equipment shall include excavators, loaders, graders, compactors, concrete mixers, pumps and vehicles. Noise and vibrations will cause disturbance to sensitive surface and subsurface organisms. 5.4.6 Agricultural Occupation Health and Safety Hazards 265. Facilities used by general or specific segment of population, i.e. warehouses, are associated with congregation of people and increases in human and vehicle traffic at public places. Several causes of hazards to the public relate to design of infrastructure without toilets / inadequate water supply, which are predisposed to poor sanitation and hygiene; and buildings without provisions for fire prevention or enough ventilation are risks to users. 266. The most common health and safety problem faced by farmers, public and private agriculture extension services providers and other on-site and off-site receptors is uncontrolled use of agro-chemicals: pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers etc. without proper training on how to use the chemicals and on the use of safety gears. Contamination from pesticides through inhalation, ingestion or penetration through the skin has been associated with a number of ailments including respiratory tract problems, cancer, stroke etc. 267. Lack of periodic maintenance and proper drainage of irrigation canals creates breeding grounds for water-borne vectors of diseases such as malaria mosquitoes and bilharzia snails and water-borne infections. Prevalence of waterborne diseases like malaria and bilharzia in most parts are quite high. Low awareness and economic hardships among farmers hindered uptake of advice provided by Extensionists. Transmission of bilharzia is high during the afternoon hours which coincide with the period of the day farmers prefer to work in the fields. Most cannot afford to buy Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) i.e. boots. MALF Page 79 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 268. Another risk related to irrigation canals is the possibility that people or animals may fall into the canals, either along the banks or while crossing especially if there are crosswalks installed at areas of high foot or vehicle traffic. This risk is present during the day and even more so at night, as night-time visibility will be limited in villages with no electricity. This risk is particularly acute for vulnerable populations: infants, small children, the elderly and handicapped individuals. Precautions (signage, fencing, etc.) will need to be taken to avoid this risk (see impacts and risks mitigation table below). 269. Economic migrants attracted by improved rural conditions (improved road condition and availability of commodity crops) increase interactions among new comers with locals causing social / health hazards among them is increased transmission of HIV/AIDS (Box 4) Box 4: The Tragedy of HIV/AIDS Life expectancy in Tanzania has declined to 48years as result of the aids epidemic. HIV/AIDS affects both education coverage and quality. It dampens the demand for education as affected households have fewer resources to spend on education either because of reduced income due to morbidity of income earners or diversion of scarce resources for health care. Children in these households are often taken out of school to care for ill parents or have to work to make up for lost household income, and an increasing number are becoming orphans. At the same time, the epidemic affects the supply of educational services at all levels through increased mortality, morbidity and absenteeism among teachers and education personnel. These effects impact all aspects of rural life, including agriculture in areas such as availability of farm labour, extra household expenditure on health needs and farming knowledge transfer to the rural youth. 5.4.7 Induced Settlements and Increased Illegal Developments 270. Indirect negative impacts relating to improvements in infrastructure are induced settlements and increased illegal developments (that habitually sprout along new or improved infrastructure. Improved rural conditions inevitably attract new comers and/or new economic migrants (seeking employment, services provision, traders etc.). Water availability of water stimulates increased immigration to irrigated scheme areas. Uncontrolled immigration may lead to impacts such as additional pressure and demands on local social services and resources i.e. increase water users. MALF Page 80 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 5.6 POTENTIAL PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS 5.5.1 External Natural Disasters 271. Infrastructure subproject are likely to be affected by external natural disasters such as extreme climatic conditions and climate change like heavy rains / floods / storm causing disrupting surface drainage into project site and resultant floods and water logging; Runoff down the hills (e.g. if a project such as an irrigation scheme is situated at the foot of hills) tends to be a destructive agent to the main canal, especially at unlined parts. Other natural disasters include drought conditions (a main cause of basin-wide water stress); seismic activities and soil movements like earthquakes, landslides, soil erosion etc., that cause deposition of soils into project site. Extreme underground water levels (high /low water table) may cause land subsidence at project site. Where a project interfaces with nearby environmental sensitive areas e.g. wetlands, wildlife etc. there is likeliness of disaster conditions such as flooding into project site or human-wildlife conflicts. 272. Heavy rains and frequent flood events and other overflows and discharges into project site may cause destruction and pollution of subproject including physical damage of intake weir and structures and main canal. In flood plains and low-lying areas ideal for irrigated agriculture, during rainy seasons more than a quarter of a given scheme become flooded and constructed irrigation infrastructure is damaged. In worse cases flooding cause disruption of project operations and schedules, injuries and fatalities to people working on the site or people in vicinity or total scheme failure. The possible increase of ground water recharge might cause the rising of ground water table, increased storage of ground water, water logging and drainage problems in the locality which can also lead to reduced agricultural productivity, depending on the types of crops to be grown. 273. The possible increase of ground water recharge might cause the rising of ground water table, increased storage of ground water, water logging and drainage problems in the locality which can also lead to reduced agricultural productivity depending on the types of crops to be grown. 5.5.2 Neighbouring/Catchment Anthropogenic Activities 274. Anthropogenic activities existing on the project site, in near vicinity or catchment areas could pose risks on the developed infrastructure or project as whole. An infrastructure is likely to be affected by land disturbance activities in the project vicinity / catchment: bulldozing, destructive cultivation practices (slash and burn, farming on river banks or wetlands), uncontrolled livestock keeping; deforestation; bush fires practices; encroachment into irrigation irrigated areas by people and livestock i.e. washing, bathing or livestock watering at the intake weir and irrigation canals etc. Trampling by livestock is the main cause of soil compaction and land MALF Page 81 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework degradation at watering points associated with irrigation schemes. Illegal obstruction of water is a cause of significant loss of water at irrigation schemes. Subproject may be located and interfere with near social sensitive areas: burial/ritual sites etc. These risks (that are not caused by project but are human-induced) may cause physical damages or loss of subproject components; pollution of subprojects; and injuries and fatalities to project personnel working on the site or visitors. 275. The occupation, economic and social status of nearby residences (poverty, unemployment), the security condition in neighbourhood to the project site and poor enforcement of laws are main causes of illegal farming, vandalism of structures / equipment’s, theft of materials and portable items with ready-made market or for home use. The results are destruction of constructed infrastructure or its dis- functioning during operation stage. Restricted / blocked access to local resources present on the site, trespassing / illegal practices on the project site cause conflicts among users or neighbours. 5.5.3 Failure to Execute CFAST due to Financial, Institutional and Capacity Shortcomings 276. This regards the inability of national, regional and local government agencies and PSPs to successfully execute project management, environmental and social responsibilities could result due to the absence of a large influx of financial resources and shortcomings in capacity building for the support of CFAST including funds for compensation of PAPs. 5.7 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISKS / IMPACTS 277. Operations and maintenance of subproject activities are long term, related to the use of the developed infrastructure and management of support facilities and services and related value chain activities. Combinations of a number of activities performed during operation phase of a subproject may cause environmental and social risks and impacts that are usually associated with deficiencies in project management and monitoring procedures exacerbated by emergence of unplanned natural and human – induced disasters. 5.6.1 General Water Stress Due to Increased Demand for Agricultural Uses 278. Drought, shortage of potable water, increased demand for agricultural, energy and industrial purposes is leading to a critical water stress situation. Besides extraction from water bodies, water is increasingly becoming scarce due to evaporation and seepage. A subproject (located close to or leading into natural water sources) is likely to cause impacts on local water resources including potential to deplete water due to MALF Page 82 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework extraction for irrigation purpose. Mindful of the fact that the project depends on water that is also serving other users (such as power generation) and that it serves as a critical ecosystem in the catchment allocation of irrigation water and management of water rights, the issues that may arise among and between formal and informal users will continue to be particularly challenging if irrigation is significantly scaled up. This will require efforts to ensure conflict conditions among users are dissipated, water and riparian rights are respected and ecosystems sustainability is not sacrificed. For instance, in a shortage of water situation (i.e. Water scarcity during dry seasons) wetlands can be lost, threatened or degraded by drainage for agriculture resulting in loss of biodiversity or conversion from wetlands to agricultural land. 5.6.2 Land Degradation 279. Degradation means a diminution of the biological productivity expected of a given tract of land being used in a particular way. The most causes of land degradation with respect to agricultural activities (often exacerbated by drought and flooding) are cultivation of unsuitable marginal lands, cultivation around water sources, inappropriate or excessive use of agricultural technologies and chemicals, and poor management of cultivated land on the project site or on upper catchment. Other cumulative causes of land degradation are deforestation and over-grazing on project site and catchment. Rain fed agriculture and livestock grazing are the most widespread land uses in Tanzania and these activities are associated with serious and accelerating environmental degradation. 280. On a farm, land degradation may be reflected in lower crop yields, on a savannah in fewer livestock units and in a nature reserve in fewer plant and animal species. The soil on degraded lands is typically impoverished or eroded, there is less water available due to increased surface runoff or contamination, plant and animal productivity is lower, and wildlife less diverse. Soil erosion and blockage by sedimentation at the intake weirs and irrigation canals is the main cause of failure of irrigation schemes. Other soil erosion impacts include dramatic increase in the frequency and intensity of floods and droughts, habitat damage related to sedimentation impacts downstream and disruption of natural ground water recharging. Degradation on arid, semi-arid and sub humid lands leads to desertification, as desert like conditions appear when none existed before. There are relatively few hard data measuring the extent of degraded land in Tanzania, but the anecdotal evidence supporting accelerated deterioration in land productivity is compelling. Soil erosion harms productivity by depositing silt in dams, irrigation systems and river transport channels, and by damaging fisheries resulting in increased deficits in food production, declining food security, and increase in poverty. Table 5 shows causes and impacts of land degradation from soil erosion, soil exhaustion and soil pollution: a problem throughout SAGCOT area / Tanzania particularly around the steep hills and in lakeshores. MALF Page 83 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 281. Land degradation due to livestock grazing with the farms after harvesting. Normally pastoralists bring their livestock in the irrigation schemes after harvest for grazing. This damage irrigation infrastructures and hinder the use of residual moisture for agricultural production during the dry season. Table 5: Causes and impacts of land degradation IMMEDIATE CAUSES ROOT CAUSES IMPACTS SEVERITY25  Inappropriate agricultural  Population pressure and poverty  Loss of top soil and HIGH practices leading to decreased leading to unsustainable land use reduction of soil fertility soil quality and erosion, such as practices. leading to decrease in use of marginal lands.  Topography (uneven relief, agricultural production and  Massive continued loss of high stream flow velocities) and food security. vegetative cover due to rainfall patterns (floods, droughts, deforestation and loss of other climate variability)  Reduction of vegetative land cover, deterioration of  Lack of land use policies and cover and loss of habitats catchment buffer zones. improper land use management; and biodiversity. weak extension service on soil  Lack of soil and water conservation often connected with  Water quality conservation measures and/or prevalent land tenure system. degradation from high abandonment and poor sediment loads, siltation of maintenance of anti-erosion  Lack of awareness of land shallow lakes, wetlands, works. water Interaction reservoirs, and valley bottoms and other low  Bush fires and slash and burn  Lack of systematic lying lands downstream. practices. implementation of EIA for infrastructure projects due to lack  Degradation of river beds of financial and human resources. and river bank erosion; desertification and wind  Lack of institutional resources erosion, sheet and rill and capacity, incentives and/or erosion and gully willpower to manage and enforce formation (after heavy existing land use laws and rainfall) in highlands. regulation  Landslides and flooding leading to destruction of infrastructure ( houses, means of communication, communal facilities etc. Livestock grazing in harvested  Lack of pasture and  Degradation of irrigation farms overstocking infrastructure and increased soil erosion 5.6.3 Degradation of Wetlands and Water Areas from Poor Agricultural and Other Landuse Practices 25 For impact rating criteria see Annex 2 MALF Page 84 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 282. Dry season cultivation near banks and reclamation of wetlands to increase arable land area are poor land use and agricultural practices that are experienced in many parts of the country located near wetland habitats, river banks and lakeshores. The situation is exacerbated by increased settlement development and construction activities near river banks and climatic variability causing drying up of water areas and waterways. The impacts which tend to be severe in most cases include decrease and degradation of water resources and benefits from functioning wetlands and water bodies. Table 6 shows the causes and impacts of wetlands, river bank and lakeshore degradation relevant to CFAST project. Table 6: Causes and impacts of wetlands, river bank and lakeshore degradation from poor agricultural and other landuse practices IMMEDIATE CAUSES ROOT CAUSES IMPACTS SEVERITY Wetlands  Reclamation of wetlands to  Lack of wetland  Decrease and SEVERE expand agricultural protection and management degradation of wetland areas production. regulations and measures ( reclamation, siltation, flood and/or lack of damage; water weed  Deforestation, erosion and implementation. infestation) sedimentation.  Poverty and population  Decreased benefits from  Overuse of natural resources pressures; shortage of land; functioning (farming practices) inadequate land use policies Wetlands, e.g. less groundwater recharge,  Pollution from agricultural  Lack of awareness of decreased buffering of sources. wetlands function and value, floods, loss of filter function cultural habits. to absorb and degrade  Lack of institutional pollutants and associated resources, and capacity to decrease in water quality; enforce existing laws on decreasing ability to act as wetlands. sediment trap; destruction of habitats and loss of biodiversity. River bank and lakeshore Poor land use and agricultural  Lack of or insufficient  Destruction of vegetative MODERATE practices such as dry season national land use plans, laws cover especially lake shore cultivation near banks and and regulations, and/or buffer zones. destruction of vegetative cover enforcement of existing  Erosion, landslides, and to increase arable land area laws. downstream sedimentation leading to change in river Drop in water levels and  Population pressure and course. drying up of waterways. rapid growth of urban  Adverse effects on riverine centres. aquatic life and lake Increased settlement ecosystems. development  Expansion of farm lands and construction activities and inadequate agricultural near river banks practices near river banks and shores MALF Page 85 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMMEDIATE CAUSES ROOT CAUSES IMPACTS SEVERITY Land subsistence; relief and morphological structure of soil. Climatic variability and conditions; seasonal floods and intermittent increase in lake levels. Lack of institutional resources, capacity etc. to enforce existing laws on resources utilization at riverbanks and lake shores. ** 5.6.5 Non- Point Pollution of Land or and Water Bodies from Discharged Wastes and Agro-Chemicals 283. Pollution affects water quality which in turn affects aquatic life (leading to fish loss), human health (due to water borne diseases) and loss of livelihoods for those communities who depend on the water basins. The main threats to basin wide water quality and land quality relevant to CFAST project are direct discharges of agro chemicals from subproject operations activities. Most Soils are deficient in nitrogen and organic matter and farmyard manure application is limited to few areas. Hence most farmers apply inorganic fertilizers. Irrigation drainage water from schemes with discharge of run-off of untreated water containing dissolved agricultural chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicide residues) used at the irrigation scheme invariably are discharged into water bodies. Cumulatively impacts on the water sources will emanate from improper and high application rates of agro-chemicals and inefficient use or misuse of other chemicals in other parts of the basin – upstream and downstream of the CFAST subproject. The situation is exacerbated by additional discharges from other scheme construction and operation activities and additional pollution by insufficiently treated domestic, urban and industrial wastes in the wider basin and catchment areas. Table 7 shows causes and impacts of water contamination from non-point agricultural source Table 7: Causes and impacts of water contamination: non-point source pollution from agricultural sources. IMMEDIATE CAUSES ROOT CAUSES IMPACTS SEVERITY  Discharge of run-off of  Weak policies, laws and  Degradation of water MODERATE untreated water containing Regulations for environmental quality, rendering water MALF Page 86 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMMEDIATE CAUSES ROOT CAUSES IMPACTS SEVERITY dissolved agricultural protections ( e.g. EIA); unsuitable for domestic, chemicals/fertilizers; insufficient enforcement and agricultural, industrial and uncontrolled dumping of monitoring of polluting sources; other uses. solid wastes, discharge of low budgetary provision for liquid wastes, enforcement of existing  Adverse impacts on  Spillage / leakages of regulations, lack of sufficient water dependent flora and unused products and by- human resources. fauna, loss of habitats and products and materials. biodiversity, nutrient  Non-point sources: discharges leading to  Non-point source pollution Unsustainable land use practices increased eutrophication. from agriculture due to in combination with lack of improper and high security of land tenure.  Pollution of lakes and application rates of agro- tributaries, resulting in chemicals: fertilizers,  Inadequate zoning contamination of drinking pesticides etc. regulations and/or water. enforcement; inadequate  Degradation of vegetative environmental and land use  Decrease in cover especially wetlands, in planning. environmental basins which could act as quality, disappearance of filters.  Low environmental natural habitats and awareness and sense of value or proliferation of water environmental protection hyacinth.  Lack of adequate liquid and solid waste disposal systems and accumulation of refuse.  Lack of institutional resources, and capacity to enforce existing laws on water pollution 5.6.6 Ecological Imbalance 284. The expansion of the irrigation area is likely to cause destruction of natural vegetation by clearance and use of pesticides. Similarly expansion of hybrid/high yielding crop varieties may lead to decrease of genetic diversity of domestic/national species. Reduction of downstream river flow, increased ground water recharge, increased soil salinity and erosion and contamination of downstream water sources from application of chemicals in the form of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides will bring about cocktail effects with more adverse impacts to the existing wetlands and their environmental services, biodiversity and ecological productivity. The results of this will be disappearance of some species of flora and fauna including riparian vegetation along the river banks, indigenous trees and vegetation as well as wild animals. 285. Excessive clearance of natural vegetation cover in the command area, for example, can affect the microclimate and expose the soil to erosion, leading to a loss of top soil MALF Page 87 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework and nutrient leaching. The removal of roots and vegetation disrupts the water cycle, increasing the rate at which water enters rivers and streams, thereby changing flow regimes and increasing siltation in the downstream zone. This is often to the detriment of fisheries and aquaculture activities. The destruction of natural habitats in this manner and the creation of agricultural monocultures also impacts on the local flora and fauna reducing biodiversity. The introduction of exotic species of plant or animal may oust indigenous species or introduce disease agents which may affect plants, animals and/or man. Fertilizers and pesticides are widely applied to correct imbalances. These can percolate through the soil and/or be carried away in the drainage water polluting both groundwater and surface waters especially in the downstream zone. The nutrients in fertilizers may give rise to eutrophication of surface water bodies and promote the growth of aquatic weeds. Pesticide residues are hazardous to the health of both man and animals. 286. The above examples serve to illustrate, together with the range of biological and ecological changes described in the section Biological and ecological change, the wide variety of potential impacts which may arise. Many may be of relatively minor significance in their own right but they often interact to produce a cumulative effect over a prolonged period of time which can result in very significant long term changes to the local ecology. This cumulative effect may impair the long-term viability of both the project and economic activities in the surrounding area. The following sections briefly describe three imbalances that are common problems on irrigation schemes. 287. Pests and weeds: Irrigated agriculture often provides improved conditions for crop diseases to develop, particularly fungal and bacterial foliage diseases. Diseases and weeds can also spread quickly via the re-use of waste-water and drainage water. Any change to a more uniform environment on the project lands is likely to favour vigorous species adapted to a wide variety of conditions. Species, such as insects and rodents, are often regarded as pests. The preferred habitats of natural predators, such as snakes, birds and spiders, may be reduced by land use changes and by the increased use of pesticides. Local or newly imported varieties of weeds may thrive in the irrigated environment and reduce agricultural productivity. 288. Animal diseases: Animals are subject to a similar range of water related diseases as humans. They may also act as reservoirs for human water-based infections and infections with water-related insect vectors. 289. Aquatic weeds: The main problems of aquatic weeds are that they reduce the storage and conveyance capacity of reservoirs, canals and drains and increase water loss through evapotranspiration. Most irrigation schemes suffer infestations of exotic species. Other problems of aquatic weeds are that they can provide a favourable and protected habitat for disease vectors such as snails and mosquitoes. Table 78 shows causes and impacts of loss of natural habitats and biodiversity relevant to CFAST project. MALF Page 88 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Table 8: Causes and impacts of loss of natural habitats and biodiversity relevant to CFAST project IMMEDIATE CAUSES ROOT CAUSES IMPACTS SEVERITY Species loss and decline of  Population pressure and Species loss and SEVERE ecosystems and unique poverty combined with high decline of ecosystems habitats. reliance on primary natural and unique resources and income from habitats.  Intensive and agriculture. unsustainable resource use  D and land management, such  Lack / low institutional isappearance of unique as deforestation, wetlands capacity: Low financial and staff animal and plant conversion capacity in management of species, especially sensitive areas and associated endemic ones; decline  Expansion of lack of control and monitoring; of species diversity. agriculture (crops) farming poor enforcement of laws area protecting gazette natural  Decrease in habitats; lack of financial numbers of large  Mechanized land resources for development and mammals with negative preparation implementation of effective and impact on tourism and relevant programs. associated decrease in  Lack of alternative revenue. income sources especially in  Weak agricultural areas or resettlement. extension services.  Decrease in forest cover constituting Loss of agrodiversity.  Lack of awareness of decrease in food, fuel biodiversity concerns and timber and shelter.  Expansion of benefits from conservation. hybrid/high yielding crop Loss of agrodiversity. varieties leading to decrease  Lack of regulations to of genetic diversity of prevent introduction of exotic  Loss of genetic domestic/national species. species. base (crops, vegetables/fruits); loss  Introduction of  Inadequate and of benefits from local exotic species. unregulated landuse practices; variety qualities insufficient integrated programs (tolerance productivity, for people living in protected resilience); dependency areas. on exotic seeds and breeds/imported  Lack of ability for varieties enforcement of existing laws on conservation of biodiversity and habitats. 5.6.7 Improved Community Livelihoods and Alleviation of Acute Poverty Due to Raising Agricultural Incomes 290. Acute poverty is wide spread in Tanzania. Despite its potential and rich resource endowment, Tanzania is still regarded a poor country with a per capita GNP of about MALF Page 89 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework US$1000 in 2016. Official estimates suggest that over half of its 36 million population is poor and 36% is very poor. About 80% of Tanzania’s poor live in rural areas and agriculture accounts for 75% of rural household incomes, hence significant reductions in overall poverty levels, particularly rural poverty, will require raising agricultural incomes. 291. Improvement on-farm water management of a subproject scheme and reduction of associated water loss resulting in sustainable productivity. With an improvement of irrigated rice schemes and marketing facilities are designed to stimulate big increase in yields and agricultural productivity allowing food prices to fall, increase food security and diversification in economic activities in other sectors. 5.8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES FOR CFAST PROJECT 292. This section of the ESMF provide a list of generic mitigation measures and management controls connected to each identified impact category associated with the CFAST Project. Where a subproject causes impacts and explicit impacts mitigation measures are required for a sub-project, ESMP will be prepared to guide the management of identified impacts. The screening checklists (Annex 5) provides specific and detailed mitigation measures that the sub-project Teams will use to check and ensure the subproject ESMP addresses the negative impacts and enhance positive ones. The environmental and social mitigation measures would be verifiable monitored during the various stages of the CFAST project cycle as indicated in the next section 5.7.2 as well as Table 9. Table 9: Proposed generic mitigation measures for impacts associated with CFAST project. IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE Physical and chemical impacts MALF Page 90 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE MALF /NIRC/LGA to procure and use construction LAND DISTURBANCES AND SOIL EROSION Contractors with requisite experience of land management and soil erosion control Provision of instructions to the Contractors that require soil erosion control and land rehabilitation measures; supervision and monitoring during and after sub-project implementation and site restoration at completion of construction works. Contractor shall identify erosion prone areas, identify permanent erosion control measures (applicable for a particular site): avoidance / minimization of soil erosion; machinery operations; soil erosion control using vegetation; soil erosion control mechanical measures Contractor shall plan construction works and sites to limit quantity of material likely to be eroded and transported into watercourses. Contractor shall undertake specific soil erosion and sedimentation control measures at intake weir, irrigation canals and watering points for livestock and people. LGAs and borrow area authorities shall develop and enforce management plans for existing quarry sites, and new sources of construction materials. DEPLETION OF MATERIALS AND Contractor shall procure materials / tap water from DEGRADATION AT EXTRACTION SITES authorized areas / licensed suppliers. Contractor shall institute measures for controlling use of materials; avoiding losses due to spillage and leakage INCREASED SOIL SALINITY - The developer shall implement measures to avoid water logging and unsuitable gradients, and: - Construct straight or only slightly curved canals - Mulch exposed soil surfaces to reduce evaporation DISTURBANCE/ DISTORTION OF NATURAL Contractor shall observe and enforce setback lines: 30m DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND WATER FLOW from stream banks; 60 m from river banks, high water mark of Lake or sea LGA shall develop and implement and enforce Integrated water Management Plans for affected areas FLOODING AND OVERFLOWS The developer shall implement mitigation measures to (from discharge of storm water, excess irrigation avoid water logging and ensure an adequate drainage water) system. Contractor shall identify types and categories of solid or POLLUTION OF LAND AND WATER liquid wastes a subproject will generate or handle i.e. soil RESOURCES and demolition materials, biodegradable / organic wastes; (due to discharged construction wastes) packaging materials; non-biodegradable (metallic, plastic), hazardous wastes i.e. medical wastes, chemicals, oily substances (fuels, oils, lubricants, vehicle / machinery fluids etc.) Contractor shall to develop and implement subproject – specific waste management procedure / plan Contractor shall identify ways to reduce the volume of waste by preserving valuable elements for re-use or MALF Page 91 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE recycling initiatives Contractor shall use best available mechanisms, practices and technologies for waste collection and transportation to designated waste treatment facilities and waste disposal sites. Project Implementers develop and implement subproject – POINT SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION (from specific Waste Management Plans and use best available agro- production and processing materials and mechanisms, practices and technologies for waste wastes) generation, collection, handling, transportation and disposal based on minimize, segregate, reuse and recycle principles. POINT SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION Project implementers to develop and implement subproject (by uncontrolled application of chemical fertilizers – specific Chemicals Management Plans and Integrated and pesticides.) Pest Management Plan. The IPMP identify what type of pesticide and categories of chemical the subproject will handle and use; and identify ways to reduce wastage; use best available mechanisms, practices and technologies for chemicals handling, storage and use. Project should set aside some funds to conduct soil analysis, where is deemed necessary, before application of industrial fertilizers MALF, Regional agriculture / irrigation office; DAICO in collaboration with NEMC and ZARDIs train farmers on pesticide and agro-chemicals management: - Avoidance strategies (unnecessary use of pesticides). - Effective screening of agro-chemicals - Proper use and handling of agro-chemicals IPM approaches to pest management pesticide and safe disposal of containers, pesticide residues / packaging materials. - Organic farming methods (promote the use of organic fertilizers). - Promote the use traditional / biological pesticides IMPAIRED AIR QUALITY & Contractor implement mitigation measures base on CLIMATOLOGICAL CHANGES avoidance strategies (due to exhaust emissions from construction Contractor / Facility operators institute equipment machinery) operations and maintenance measures that minimize emissions of substances into the atmosphere. IMPAIRED AIR QUALITY Contractor shall use best practice management techniques (due to dust emissions from transportation and during extraction, loading of and transporting raw construction activities) materials: avoid dust formation; contain fine sand, cement and other materials with a firmly fixed cover; installation of dust filters on equipment; dust-control agents (e.g. wood shavings, mulch) or water spray (e.g. if near buildings, streams, and wetlands); speed restrictions etc. NUISANCE AND DISTURBANCES The developer/contractor shall put in place several (from noise / vibrations (exceeding allowable level measures that will minimize noise and vibrations arising for the zone) from various activities of the mobilization phase. BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS DIRECT ENCROACHMENT AND / OR Minimize habitats / vegetation loss through i.e. avoidance CONVERSION OF NATURAL HABITATS strategies such as circumventing natural areas. MALF Page 92 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE Minimize aquaculture impacts by avoiding use of unprocessed fish feed and use local live feed or commercial feed Participating Villages establish land use plans taking consideration of conserving important natural areas within the village boundaries LOSS OR PHYSICAL DAMAGE OF Minimize vegetation loss through avoidance cutting INDIGENOUS VEGETATION AND CONTAINED mature trees, use of existing cleared areas and replanting BIODIVERSITY AND SPECIES OF CONCERN as appropriate. DAMAGE / DEGRADATION OF PROTECTED The developer shall ensure proper demarcation of the AREAS AND OTHER NATURAL AND CRITICAL project area to be affected by the construction works. HABITATS Strict control of trucks, vehicles as well as equipment and machinery to ensure that they operate only within the area to be disturbed by access routes and other works. The developer shall compensate for the lost indigenous trees by planting trees. DISTURBANCES / FLIGHT OF FAUNA (from Inspection and maintained of equipment’s and machinery noise, gaseous and dust emissions) in good running conditions: properly maintained silencers and mufflers. Transportation path selected to minimize potential for disturbances - shortest route taken over land; no passing close to noise-sensitive areas. Avoidance strategies: maintain caution/ separation distances. SOCIAL IMPACTS CHANGE OR MODIFICATION OF EXISTING Participating LGAs / villages are to review and address LAND USES any gaps in the current landuse plans and land allocation (due to land acquisition) practices for location of community infrastructure and facilities. Loss of land Compensate lost land by cash payment or land for land Loss or damage of buildings and property Minimize loss or damage of buildings and property through i.e. avoidance strategies such as circumventing built areas. Compensate by cash payment or replacement of lost property Blocked access (for people and livestock) Farm service roads, and other infrastructures include culvert structures, turnout structures, foot bridges /slabs etc. to allow passage LOSS OF VALUABLE PLANTS (CROPS, Minimize loss or damage of valuable trees / plants through MEDICINAL, FUELWOOD i.e. avoidance strategies such as circumventing farmed / natural areas PHYSICAL AND/OR ECONOMIC Sub-project ESMP include component on Land DISPLACEMENT OF PEOPLE Acquisition and Compensation Procedures (Resettlement (due to land acquisition) Action Plan) for each site Project implementation shall kick off by undertaking comprehensive census of people whose land will be taken (even temporarily) and inventory of their assets and properties. Valuation and prompt compensation follow procedures laid down in land laws and regulations guided MALF Page 93 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE by RAP / ARAP mandatory procedures. CONSTRUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY Pre-construction risk assessment to determine conformity HAZARDS of sub-project in terms of compatibility and timing of construction works. The design and implementation process take into consideration best construction site practices, traffic management, measures for managing air and noise pollution; Safety measures and procedures are adequate and correctly implemented, particularly with regards to work procedures, equipment, and materials and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATION HEALTH AND Training on pesticide management e.g. disposal method SAFETY HAZARDS for pesticide residues and packaging materials by the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with other stakeholders e.g. NEMC Development and enforcing of land use plans that prevent encroachment of human settlements near irrigation scheme: designate settlement areas away from irrigated agriculture areas. Avoid water logging in irrigation canals that may create breeding sites for disease transmitting vectors such mosquitoes and snails by taking measures that allow unobstructed drainage flow. Introduction of vector control measures such as biological control of vectors and environmentally-safe lavicides etc. like introduction of fish species (e.g. Tilapia Sp.) which feed on mosquito larva; promote the use of mosquito nets by households; and discourage people from washing or bathing in the dam reservoir. Concerted and continuous efforts aimed at promotion of awareness and education campaigns on HIV/ AIDS INDUCED SETTLEMENTS AND INCREASED Participating LGAs / villages are to review and address ILLEGAL DEVELOPMENTS any gaps in the current landuse plans and land allocation practices for new comers and new developments. RISKS TO PROJECT FROM EXTERNAL FACTORS DAMAGES TO SUBPROJECT CAUSED BY Adopt basin-wide and ecosystem approaches in tackling EXTERNAL NATURAL DISASTERS impacts from natural disasters. (Heavy rains causing floods, sedimentation in runoffs Adopt precautionary approach: undertake risk assessment etc.) of pre-existing conditions at the site to determine conformity of sub-project and environs. Physical placement of infrastructure and facilities observe setback lines and other siting standards Proper topographical survey to guide construction of flood protection bunds / dikes. Taking specific preventive action at scheme level including installing general safeguards at prone areas, intake structures and main canal e.g. o Installing large drainage dykes in flood areas. o Strengthening intake embankment and construction of emergence spillway to control overtopping MALF Page 94 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE action by flood water o Intake weir built on the upper part of the river to avoid flooding and sedimentation problems o Lining the irrigation canals Institute preventive maintenance procedures at subproject level for repair of damages caused by major natural disasters involving attending to defects, sealing of leaking roofs, adjusting and tightening locks and hinges, replacing water-tap, gaskets, replacing broken window panes etc. DAMAGES TO SUBPROJECT CAUSED BY Risk assessment of pre-existing conditions at the site to NEIGHBORING / CATCHMENT determine compatibility / co-existence of project within ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES the neighbouring community and general public. Precautionary approach and also basin-wide stakeholders participation approaches in tackling impacts from anthropogenic activities Proper land use planning preventing encroachment into irrigated areas Enforcement of by-laws Taking specific preventive action including awareness; prevent livestock trails going to river and sensitive habitats by establishing and demarcating preferred routes; construction of animal water troughs etc. Institute preventive maintenance procedures at subproject level for repair of damages caused by anthropogenic activities. Include pastoralists in the CFAST project in the sense that after harvest paddy, paddy husks are used as animal feed. FAILURE TO EXECUTE SUBPROJECTS DUE TO MALF ensure capacity building of national, regional and FINANCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND CAPACITY local government agencies and PSPs including improving SHORTCOMINGS enforcement capabilities MALF ensure influx of adequate financial resources including funds for compensation of PAPs. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 1.1 GENERAL WATER 1.2 Basin Water Offices in STRESS DUE TO collaboration with LGAs and INCREASED DEMAND Water Users Associations FOR AGRICULTURAL determination of water USES AND FOR OTHER needs by all users before PURPOSES extraction to determine available quantities especially if involve seasonal fluctuations Develop and implement basin-wide interpreted into site- specific Integrated Water Management Plans. Adoption of alternative strategies to avoid/minimize extraction from natural water bodies Adoption of techniques for reduction of water losses Sourcing from authorized community water supply systems Adoption of water saving technologies i.e. channelling surface water from paved areas to storage troughs and MALF Page 95 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE measures to manage deposition of eroded soils into water bodies Village government / project teams / Irrigators Association / Water User Associations and Basin Water Offices implement measures for compliance with water extraction and allocation Enforcement of water rights acquired from Basin Water Offices Monitoring adherence to water rights By-laws and their effective enforcement Awareness raising LAND DEGRADATION Participating LGAs support villages to establish and where present to enforce robust landuse plans (often connected with prevalent land tenure system) for all categories of land within the LGA boundaries backed up by by-laws enforcement to regulate unsustainable land use practices NEMC, MALF, Participating Regions and LGAs / Village Government establish enforce setback lines and measures directed by Environmental Management Act, Cap 191 and translated into national laws (Land Act, Irrigation Act) LGA and local by-laws that prohibit cultivation around water sources : within 60m of a river bank or lake shore. Design Engineers shall undertake topography surveys and land survey especially at areas of uneven relief or high stream flow velocities to avoid disturbing areas prone to soil erosion during construction of infrastructure Planning of infrastructure placement take into consideration rainfall patterns: floods vs droughts cycles and climate variability experienced at the project location and general catchment area / subproject area of influence. Robust extension service that offer awareness and education campaign and training on environmental protection, awareness of land-water interactions, proper land use management and soil conservation methods at project site and in the upper catchment i.e. through tree / vegetation planting, cultivation of permanent cropping like coffee Budgeting for provision of financial and human resources to enable systematic implementation of EIA for infrastructure components of projects. DEGRADATION OF WETLANDS AND WATER Wetland protection AREAS FROM POOR AGRICULTURAL AND o Basin Water Offices in collaboration with LGAs OTHER LANDUSE PRACTICES develop and implement / enforce wetland protection and management regulations and measures o Robust land use policies / plans to guide land allocation in areas of shortage of land; o Education and awareness of wetlands functions and values Rivers and lakeshore protection o District / village land use plans, laws and regulations, and/or enforcement of existing laws to regulate expansion of farm lands and control destructive MALF Page 96 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE agricultural practices near river banks and shores o Topographic surveys and land survey before placement of infrastructure to determine land subsidence tendencies, relief and morphological structure of soil. o Infrastructure planning take into consideration climatic variability and conditions; seasonal floods and intermittent increase in Rivers and Lake levels. NON- POINT POLLUTION OF LAND OR AND MALF in collaboration NEMC undertake basin–wide WATER BODIES FROM DISCHARGED WASTES Strategic Environmental and Social Assessments focusing AND AGRO-CHEMICALS (FROM VARIOUS on land use practices, environmental and land use SOURCES) planning, zoning, regulations and/or enforcement; and liquid and solid waste disposal systems and accumulation of refuse. MALF in collaboration with Region authorities and LGA undertake promotion (including training and technical assistance) of basin-wide implementation of integrated chemicals and pesticides management plans (IPM and ICMP) Budgetary provision and sufficient human resources at LGAs for enforcement of existing regulations and monitoring of polluting sources. ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE Developer shall plan and locate the irrigation scheme away from important wetlands and other ecological features. Increase in agriculture production to match high reliance on primary natural resources and income from agriculture. Institutional capacity: sufficiency in agricultural extension services; financial and staff capacity in management, control and monitoring of sensitive areas Enforcement of laws protecting gazette natural habitats coupled with sufficiency financial resources for development and implementation of effective and relevant programs Education and awareness of biodiversity concerns and benefits from conservation. Enforcement of regulations to prevent introduction of exotic species. 5.9 MANAGEMENT OF ISSUES RELATED TO OTHER SAFEGUARD POLICIES TRIGGERED BY CFAST PROJECT: RESETTLEMENT, PEST MANAGEMENT AND DAM SAFETY 5.8.1 Resettlement Management 293. In case a project is likely to cause severe economic, social and environmental risks, the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) requires a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) and a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) are MALF Page 97 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework disclosed as a pre-requisite before the project is appraised. The GoT has prepared a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) to address the needs of those who might be affected when an operation causes the involuntary taking of land and other assets resulting in: (a) relocation or loss of shelter, (b) loss of assets or access to assets (c) loss of income sources or means of livelihoods, whether or not the affected person must move to another location. The RPF has been prepared as a stand-alone and separate document but whose processes are also included in this ESMF. The RAP will be prepared following guidelines provided in the RPF for all investments that may cause relocation or loss of access to assets and resources. 5.8.2 Pest Management 294. The project team will identify all pesticides used in the schemes that may cause harmful effect to the environment and human health and determine and include mitigation measures where there are adverse impacts. The existing Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) prepared for ASDP-1 will be used by Professional Service Providers and Public Extension Workers (PEW) and local farmers associations (FO) to manage impacts emanating from pests. 295. The Environmental and Social Audit of Selected ASDP Sub-projects (MALF, December, 2014) indicate pollution of soils and water resources by over use and uncontrolled application of agrochemicals is a persistent problem at all sites. Presumably the application of guidance provided in the ASDP-1 IPMP did not work successfully. If it is to be reused, there will be need for MALF to emphasize on its implementation for CFAST promulgating the positive impacts to costs from reduced / improved pesticide use and improved quality of produces in order to improve uptake by IOs. 296. Increased pesticide use is likely and so are agriculture activities that may maintain or expand present pest management practices that are unsustainable specifically the use of class I and II pesticides. The IPMP aim to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. 5.8.3 Safety of Dams 297. The CFAST activities will not finance any large dams and small dams will be restricted in height to five (5) meters as an absolute maximum, without exception. Activities in some types of the qualifying and approved CFAST project investments, such as irrigation sub projects may involve the use/rehabilitation of existing dams (large or small), or the construction of new 25 small dams/dykes/weirs. Whereas other type sub-projects may depend only on the use of existing dams. In these particular cases, the dams will probably be used for one or a combination of these reasons; a) as a reservoir MALF Page 98 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework b) to manage water flow and levels in rivers/lakes c) provision of head of water to maintain flow in irrigation channels. 298. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. Therefore, for sub projects that involve the use of existing dams, the sub project sponsors/implementers/operators arrange for one or more independent dam specialists to: a) inspect and evaluate the safety status of the existing dams or their appurtenances, and its performance history; b) review and evaluate the owner’s operation and maintenance procedures; and c) provide a written report of findings and recommendations for any remedial work or safety-related measures necessary to upgrade the existing dams to an acceptable standard of safety. 5.10 CFAST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 299. A summary Environmental Management Plan (ESMP) for the CFAST has been prepared. This summary EMP captures activities associated with environmental assessment work for preparation of ESIAs / ESMPs / RAP that will need to be carried out and also activities on capacity building for environmental and social management within the project implementing entities described in this ESMF. Once the subprojects and their locations are known the assessment work and development of sub-project ESMP will be undertaken. 5.11 DISCLOSURE OF ESMF (AND RPF) INFORMATION 300. On approval of this ESMF, the executive summaries of the ESMF and RPF will be translated into Kiswahili by the MALF MDU and copies in English and Kiswahili would be available at the following locations: a) Information centre of the National Environmental Management Council; b) Offices of Regional MU and MALF MDU; c) Offices of the Executive Director in respective District; d) Offices of the Ward Executive Officer (WEO) and Village Executive Officer (VEO) with an sub project under the CFAST; e) Info-Shop of the World Bank. 5.12 MONITORING OF ESMF / CFAST PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 5.11.1 Monitoring Objective 301. The objectives for monitoring of the entire CFAST is to alert project implementing institutions and to provide timely information about the success or otherwise of the MALF Page 99 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework CFAST EIA process as outlined in this ESMF in such a manner that changes to the system can be made, if required. Monitoring indicators should be included in the Project Monitoring Manual. 5.11.2 Monitoring Indicators 5.11.3 CFAST Environmental and Socio-Economic Goals 302. The CFAST will set three major environmental and socio-economic goals by which to evaluate its success: a) Project beneficiary institutions are able to maintain their pre-project capacity to plan, construct, and maintain their subproject and even improve on it; b) The pre-subproject development environmental state of physical and biological natural resources e.g. land, water, bio-diversity has been maintained or improved upon; c) The pre-subproject development social and economic state (livelihoods, heath status etc.) of project affected people (PAP) has been maintained or improved upon. 5.11.4 Measuring the CFAST EIA process, mitigation plans 303. The following parameters and verifiable indicators will be used to measure the CFAST specific EIA process, mitigation plans and performance: a) Adoption of the CFAST specific EIA process (chapter 6 of this ESMF) by the Participating LGAs and respective communities; evaluate the rate of adoption; b) Number of environmental resource persons within the LGAs and recipient communities (farmer groups, DAICO, District Environmental Officers, Regional and Zonal level authorities) who have successfully received EIA training to implement the ESMF; evaluate the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through feedback; c) Number of qualifying Districts familiar with the ESMF procedure. d) Number of Districts, farmer groups who have adopted and using the ESMF procedure e) Number of sub projects using the screening form and checklist. f) Number of sub projects having a Consultation Plan g) Number of Districts applying a Consultation Plan h) Number of sub projects with a soil conservation component/aspect i) Rating of improvements in the sustainable use of land resources. j) Number of sub projects with a large scale or medium scale component/aspect. k) Rating of sub projects maintenance and operating program. l) Compliance with the Environmental Guidelines for Contractors m) Savings in costs for resources and services required to maintain the infrastructure / subproject (water, energy, management of liquid and solid waste etc.) MALF Page 100 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 5.11.5 Overall Projects Implementation 304. The following parameters will be used to measure overall CFAST project implementation: a) Frequency and rate of Regions monitoring of District’s activities b) Number of Regions that are up-to-date with their periodic monitoring reports. c) Number of Zonal periodic monitoring reports received by NEMC. d) Nature of monitoring concerns (if any) expressed by NEMC. e) Is the NEMC compiling the periodic reports of the zones and is it forwarding it to the CFAST f) CFAST’s midterm environmental and social impact evaluation g) CFAST’s overall environmental and social impact evaluation 5.11.6 Annual reviews 305. Annual Reviews of the CFAST sub-projects will be carried out as commissioned by LGA / MALF. These are to be Third Party audits (by independent Local Consultant, NGO or Service provider) which will review the implementation of environmental and social management in the recipient community. MALF Page 101 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 6 SUB-PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PLANNING, REVIEW AND APPROVAL PROCESS 306. At the time the CFAST project was being prepared, the subprojects activities in the Participating LGAs were not identified. Consequently, specific information on numbers of subprojects, site location of sub projects, land requirements, farmer groups, local communities, bio-physical land features, nature, type and use of equipment etc. was not available. Therefore, exact details and intensity of social and environmental impacts and their effective mitigation cannot be determined during CFAST project preparation. 307. This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) document is thus prepared to establish the mechanism to determine and assess future potential adverse environmental and social impacts of sub projects that are to be identified and cleared based on a participatory process described below (Figure 4),. The ESMF also sets out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation of the CFAST financed subprojects to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels and to enhance positive ones. 308. This chapter therefore, identifies and illustrates the specific steps involved in the environmental and social assessment process leading towards the clearance and approval of the sub projects from an environmental and social management standpoint. 309. This process to be established at MALF and under each Participating LGA and Irrigated Scheme is embedded into the overall CFAST project cycle, timeline, phasing and project implementation process. The process is based on a simple screening and approval procedure including linkages with national procedure/institutions and various LGA-level entities and Professional Service Providers. The process incorporate the requirements of both, relevant Tanzania national laws specifically EIA and Audit Regulations, 2005 (See Annex 4) and the Bank’s triggered safeguards policies 6.2 PREPARATION AND APPLICATION 6.1.1 Step 1: Preparation of ESIA implementation entities at all level 310. The FIRST step at the start of the planning cycle for the preparation of the sub- project begins with constituting entities at each CFAST project implementation level (national, LGA, community) for implementing the environmental and social assessment and management (ESAM) process. To be effective management of impacts comprise of two complimentary entities: (i) a Project team responsible for day-to-day project activities; and (ii) an entity with environmental management MALF Page 102 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework coordinating responsibilities. At each level management will delegate to a person in the department, section, unit, or committee to undertake such responsibilities. 311. At participating LGAs the District Executive Director (DED) will delegate coordinating responsibilities in the CFAST project environmental and social assessment and management process to the Council Environmental Management Officer (EMO). The EMO shall remain as the main contact person for the national environmental management authorities (i.e. NEMC, Director of Environment) and MALF in all matters related to environmental and social management. 312. The DED shall ensure that key staffs are involved in the environmental and social assessment and management component of subproject planning and implementation. Minimally26 these should include: a sector (agriculture) specialist (i.e. District Agricultural, Irrigation and Cooperative Officer (DAICO); a Civil Engineer (to input in design and supervise infrastructure development aspect); and relevant Subject Matter Specialists and the Public Extension Workers trained and with experience in environmental assessment, sociology/community development, economic planning, land and landuse planning27. The environmental and social management process will be coordinated by the EMO28. The DED shall ensure team members (project team and environmental coordinators) are adequately qualified and registered as ESIA Experts at NEMC under the Environmental (Registration of Environmental Experts) Regulations, 2005. To become qualified for the tasks, the LGA officials and other actors will receive training (Chapter 9) specifically on the use of the ESMF checklist and tools, as well as resource sheets and planning methods already available at the LGA / PO-RALGCSGG / NEMC29. 313. At community level farmers through Farmers / Irrigators Organizations (IOs) are the subproject owner, implementer or operators (henceforth referred to as Subproject Proponent) responsible for the environmental and social planning and implementation at the site level. The Professional Service Providers (PSP) responsible for supporting IO to implement day-to-day activities of the sub-project will extend the professional management support to include environmental and social assessment and management. To be effective the (PSP), smallholder farmers and IO leaders will receive training in undertaking activities related to the ESM process. Statutory Village Environment Committee (or Village Environmental Management Officer30 where 26 The number and type of team members will depend on the nature and scope of the sub-project under consideration. 27 Other opted specialists appointed by the Council Executive Director on need basis depending on nature of project 28 10% of project funds are to be allocated to the EMO for environmental and social management activities and to cover monitoring, allowances, review costs, fuel and stationary (See capacity building chapter 7) 29 PO-RALGCSGG Environmental and Social Assessment and Management Manual prepared under the auspice of the Urban Local Government Strengthening Programme (ULGSP); NEMC EIA Training Manual for District. 30 Tanzania Environment Management (EMA) Act Cap. 191 directs establishment of an EMO officer at community levels – Village and Sub-Ward (“Mtaa). MALF Page 103 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework available) shall remain the main entity coordinating all matters related to environmental and social management. 314. CFAST project implementation entities at higher level constitute Regional Irrigation Engineer and MDU at MALF who provide technical support to the farmers and their associations to include environmental and social management elements. Regional Environmental Experts, NEMC Zonal Officers and MALF Environmental Management Unit shall be the main entity coordinating all matters related to environmental and social management at respective levels. 6.1.2 Step 2: Initial Screening 315. The SECOND step is initial screening by qualified Subproject Implementers (PSP/IOs) to determine sub-project activities likely to cause impacts using this ESMF environmental and social Checklist (Annex 5) as well as screening criteria provided in the EIA Regulations and field investigations as deemed necessary. Initial screening entail defining scope of the intended irrigation scheme development activities, and to determine activities likely to cause adverse environmental and social impacts, the magnitude/scale of impacts and concerns of the public. 316. Initial screening also involve determination (by PSP/IO) of the World Bank’s safeguards policies that may be triggered by the sub-project and what the requirements are to comply with the triggered policy. This requires the PSP/IO to use the Safeguards Tables in Annex 3. Further information on these policies is available on the Bank’s website, www.worldbank.org. 317. If any of the Bank safeguards policies are triggered by sub project, the PSP/IO supported by the DAICO/ Irrigation Engineers will modify the design, implementation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning phases to ensure that the sub project satisfies the requirements of that particular policy. After reviewing the results of the WB OP screening process, PSP/IO will then include findings into the subproject screening form (step 1 above) defining the subproject activities likely to trigger the safeguard. Time frame: Initial screening at subproject location within 10 working days. 318. The PSP/IO will submit the dully filled Screening form to the DAICO who after reviewing the results of the initial environmental and social screening process, will then write a brief initial screening report and submit to the District EMO for approval. Time frame: approval by District EMO within 5 working days. 6.1.3 Step 3: Preparation of TOR for Sub-project ESIA MALF Page 104 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 319. The THIRD step is to issue the screening report as part of the Terms of Reference to registered firm of experts (certified at NEMC) commissioned to undertake the ESIA work (STEP 7). 6.1.4 Step 4: Application for EIA Certificate 320. The FOURTH step is for the PSP/IO (or EIA Consultant on behalf) to prepare EIA Certificate application documents as per Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005: Section 6 (1) including a project brief. Box 5 is the type of information required for the application. The Project Brief preparatory work may entail development of an ESMP involving field investigations to determine status of ecological and social receptors and consultation with project recipient communities and their leaders and relevant stakeholders. Box 5: Content of Project Brief for application of EIA Certificate Project Description: scope of the CFAST subproject activities. Baseline Condition: the status of the project’s operating conditions that will be affected by the proposed sub - projects / activities (including a synopsis of prevailing environmental, social and compliance issues). Environmental and Social Impacts and concerns: identification of sources, nature and extent of key impacts, compliance and issues of concern covering but not limited to: pollution (changes to air quality, water and soil quality including accidental spills and disturbances); effects to local biodiversity and natural habitats; land use changes; use of resources and management of wastes (energy and material efficiency); Occupation Health and Safety; and community wellbeing, health, safety, and security. Mitigation Measures: Recommendations to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate the impacts including estimates of costs and responsibility for implementation of the mitigation measures. Show commitment of funds to implement the proposed mitigation measures. ESMaP and ESMoP: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMaP) and Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan (ESMoP) Source: Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005; Section 6 (1). 321. The PSP/IO (EIA Consultant on behalf) will fill in a special application form issued by NEMC – Form No.1 availing information on the subproject and including the necessary signatures. PSP/FO will submit the dully filled-in registration form and project brief to the District EMO for approval. District Environmental Management Officers will review the document for compliance with the results and recommendations from the initial environmental and social screening process and would recommend endorsement by the MALF MDU. 6.1.5 Step 5: NEMC Screening of Sub-project MALF Page 105 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 322. The FIFTH step is for MALF / LGAs (or the EIA Consultant on behalf) to submit dully filled in Forms No.1 and approved project briefs together with a prescribed fee for NEMC to screen / determine the scope of EIA work required (Box 6). NEMC will review the project and instruct on extent of environmental and social assessment and management work required i.e. assigning environmental assessment category to sub- project (Box 4). Box 6: NEMC Screening of Subproject (Determine Scope of ESIA Work) 31 Upon submission of registration form and Project brief by MALF (or the EIA Consultant on behalf) to NEMC describing the intended CFAST project development activities, the Council shall review and advise the Subproject Implementers on the scope of assessment required: No Environmental Assessment Work Required: If the environmental and social screening results from NEMC indicate the potential impacts and application of mitigation measures in the project design presented in the ESMP are sufficient; the specific CFAST project will not require additional environmental work - NEMC will recommend approval of the subproject and the subproject Proponent will be issued with EIA Certificate by the Minister for Environment Assessment Work Required: In some cases the results of the environmental and social screening process by NEMC may indicate detailed work needs to be done and the Council could recommend a more detailed assessment for a specific sub-project. The Council will provide the level of assessment required:  Projects on List A: Full-scale ESIA.  Projects on list B: Preliminary Environmental (and Social) Assessment (PEA) 6.3 APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL 6.2.1 Step 6: Preparation of ESIA Report 323. The SIXTH step is for the ESIA Consultant (on behalf of the PSP/IO) to undertake Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study according to the level of assessment (subproject category) required: ESMP, or PEA or full-scale ESIA and prepare comprehensive ESIA Report according to the NEMC screening results. The scope of subproject environmental and social impacts appraisal process will be as per provisions in the national EIA & Audit Regulations with PSP/IO and LGA input and participation. The environmental and social appraisal work shall be conducted by Registered Individual or Firm of Experts (certified at NEMC to undertake ESIA) according to the Terms of Reference issued by the PSP/MDU. 31 Screening is the classification stage to determine the level at which an impact assessment for a subproject will be carried out. Currently, under Tanzania laws, specifically EIA and Audit Regulations, 2005, NEMC is the only authority empowered31 to undertake screening to define the subproject activities where environmental assessment work needs to be done and to assign an Environmental Category for the sub project type, in accordance with First Schedule of the Regulations. MALF Page 106 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Box 7: Scope of ESIA work Preliminary Environmental (and Social) Assessment (PEA) Description of the project characteristics and the affected environment; Identification of impacts on the local environment; Assessment or evaluation of the significance of the impacts; and Identification of mitigation measures. Full-scale Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) General Steps: Scoping and preparation of Terms of Reference; Preparation of Environmental Impact Statement; Review by Technical Advisory Committee; Approval and Issuing of an EIA Certificate. Carrying Out ESIA Work Impacts identification and mitigation shall be based on this ESMF environmental and social checklists complimented by other measures applicable to the particular sector/situation. The Consultant will undertake assessment with involvement of certified staff at the LGA (coordinated by the Environmental Management Officer (EMO). The study may include field investigations - a site visit conducted to determine status of ecological and social receptors and engage with project recipient communities and stakeholders. The work shall culminate in production of Environmental Impact Assessment Report (PEAR or EIS) Source: Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 324. Public Consultations is done in accordance to Tanzanian Law and World Bank OP4.01, Public Consultation is required as part of the ESIA and/or ESMP process. Public consultations are a requirement in the national EIA regulations during the scoping and review stages (Box 8) and development of individual subproject ESMP (if required) and RAP include such a requirement. ESIA public consultation also supports the existing participatory planning process at LGAs that is exercised during sub projects identification. Furthermore different stakeholders should be directly involved in the whole CFAST project cycle right from the design, to implementation and monitoring. Box 8: EIA Regulation requirements on public disclosure a) Publicizing the proposed project and its anticipated effects and benefits by- b) Posting posters in strategic public places in the vicinity of the project site; c) Publishing a notice on the project in mass media newspaper, radio d) Making an announcement of the notice in both Kiswahili and English languages e) Hold (where appropriate), public meetings with affected parties and communities to f) Explain the project and its effects, and to receive their oral or written comments; g) Ensure appropriate notices are sent out at least one week prior to the meetings h) Venue and times of the meetings are convenient for the affected communities and the other concerned parties 325. The below are generic guide to an acceptable public involvement process. a) The first step is to conduct consultations with the local communities and all other interested/affected parties during the screening process for identification of MALF Page 107 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework subproject components/ activities likely to cause impacts. These consultations should identify key issues and determine how the concerns of all parties will be addressed in the Terms of Reference for the environmental assessment works / ESIA. b) To facilitate meaningful consultations, the ESIA Consultants supported by LGA staff (EMO and CDO), scheme Professional Service Providers (PSP) and IO will provide all relevant materials and information concerning the sub projects in a timely manner prior to the consultation, in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. Depending on the public interest in the potential impacts of the sub projects, a public hearing may be requested to better convey concerns. 326. Preparation of subproject ESMP For sub projects on List B, the IO may be required by NEMC to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) only. Where explicit impacts mitigation measures are required (sub projects on List A) an ESMP is required as part of the ESIA report. The project Team shall develop sub- project specific ESMPs based on the updated and approved generic ESMP of this ESMF (as relevant). The basic elements of an ESMP (shown in Box 9) are consolidated in a matrix as the sample in Table 10 shows. Box 9 : Basic elements of a sub-project ESMP a) A description of the possible adverse effects that the ESMP is intended to deal with; b) A description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented; c) A program for monitoring the environmental effects of the project -- both positive and negative; d) A description of who will be responsible for implementing the ESMP; and e) A cost estimate and source of funds. Table 10: Sample of Environmental and Social Management Plan Impact Mitigation Monitoring Responsibility Schedule Cost and Measure(s) Parameter Source of Funds Possible Construct drainage Inspect channel Respective PSP, IO, Construction Included in contamination channels to divert construction EMO period project of water cleaning / runoff BOQ sources from water agro-wastes Check condition EMO; Local Ongoing Nil and materials of drainage Environment channel Committee Waste water Inspect bio- Respective PSP, IO, Construction Included in collected and treated digester EMO period project by biological construction BOQ anaerobic digester Check efficiency PSP, EMO Ongoing Nil of bio-digester Proper collection Farmers / IO, animal Ongoing Nil and use of wastes feed manufacturers from warehouse MALF Page 108 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Early warning of Check water EMO; Local Every 6 $100 a year reduced water quality at water Environment months until -- EMO quality sources Committee effectiveness ULGA Water of mitigation Engineer measures is proven 6.2.2 Step 7: Preparation of management/action plans as per WB safeguard requirements 327. The SEVENTH step is for the Consultant on behalf PSP/IO to prepare relevant management or action plans to fulfil WB requirements: a) For situations where OP 4.12 applies, the PSP/IO will prepare a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) consistent with the separately disclosed RPF. b) For situations where OP4.37 applies, the PSP/IO will prepare a Dam Safety Measures Report. Annex 6 has specific guidelines for the assessment and preparation of the Dam Safety Measures Report. c) For situations where pest management issues apply, the use of the IPMP is mandated. 6.2.3 Step 8: ESIA Review and Approval 328. The EIGHTH step is for the PSP/IO to submit their ESIA report and /or ESMP to the national authority (NEMC) or authority acting on its behalf as specified for review and approval by the council. The ESMP and ESIA for all sub-project Categories: A, B, will be reviewed by the NEMC and approved by the Minister responsible for environment management. The review and clearance by NEMC involve the participation and input from respective authorities: a) NEMC disseminate Project Briefs (containing ESMP) to LGAs and Ministries for comments at screening stage (step 3 above). b) NEMC co-opt DEMO, DAICO, Regional Environmental Advisors, Regional Irrigation Engineers as members of the Technical Advisory Committee meeting organized to review and approve the sub-project. Box 10: Approval of ESIA reports (PEAR / EIS) If the review of the project brief or EIS Report by NEMC indicate the potential impacts and application of mitigation measures in projects design are sufficient; NEMC will recommend to the Minister to issue an EIA Certificate. Upon receipt of the approval, Project Proponent shall proceed to step 5 - incorporate the mitigation measures into the proposals or designs of the sub-project development activities. 329. Annex 7 is the full ESIA process. NEMC through MALF and the Regional and Zonal technical staff will notify the IO/District Councils of their decision before final MALF Page 109 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework approval and funding is made. The first set of cleared ESIAs for sub projects on the EIA mandatory list would also have to be reviewed and cleared by the World Bank, to ensure compliance with its safeguard policies. The World Bank reserves the right to not allow funds under the CFAST be applied to sub projects that do not meet the requirements of its safeguards policies. 6.2.4 Incorporating Mitigation Measures into Sub-Project Proposals / Designs 330. The PSP/ IO in collaboration with LGA Management Team (DAICO) will incorporate the mitigation measures recommended in the sub-project specific ESMP, into the proposals and designs of the sub-project development activities and submit the revised designs to the DEMO as appropriate for review and approval. 6.2.5 Approval of Revised Designs 331. The Environmental Management Officer (assisted by LGA management Team and including community representatives) shall review and make recommendation on the revised designs. The review assesses to ensure considerations in the final design all identified environmental and social impacts and stakeholders concerns i.e. land take / land acquisition and resettlement impacts, discharge of pollutants into sensitive habitats, additional modifications, alternatives routes etc. The DEMO shall carry out review using the environmental and social screening Checklist (Annex 5) as well as guidance from other resources and field investigations as deemed necessary. The ESMF checklist lists mitigation measures and management controls besides each identified impact that the Team will use to check if the ESMPs proposed by EIA Consultants address the negative impacts or enhance positive ones. 6.2.6 Participating LGA Recommendations 332. If the sub-project environmental assessment and project documentation have satisfactorily addressed all key issues and satisfied that the sub-project designs are environmentally and socially compliant, the EMO will clear the sub-project through to the MALF MDU. MALF MDU will undertake final review and incorporations into design and/or subproject ESMP and proceed through standard project authorization by GoT. Any proposed subproject that does not comply with the requirements of Tanzania environmental policies and legislation and World Bank Core Principles will not be cleared for approval. This process is designed to ensure that the environmental and social assessment process is part of and conducted during the design process thereby ensuring that the sub-project development activities are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable. MALF Page 110 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Figure 4: Sub-Projects Environmental and Social Planning, Review and Approval Process MALF Page 111 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 7 SUBPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 7.1 STEP 1: DISCLOSURE OF SUB-PROJECT INFORMATION 7.1.1 Disclosure of Approved Sub-Project 333. Upon final clearance of the sub-project, by NEMC and the respective Council Environmental Management Officer, the Project Team (MALF MDU, LGA Management Teams, PSP/IO will disclose the approved sub-project information (ESMP) to the public. The PSP/IO in collaboration with the Village Governments will be responsible for disclosing the findings and recommendations of the environmental and social screening and review process to the Ward Development Committee (WDC); for taking the minutes of the public disclosure meeting and will produce and distribute copies of the minutes to offices at the LGA Councils, Ward and Village Governments and other interested/affected parties (community representatives, NGOs, political/religious, and other civil societies in the community. A summary of the outcome of this public disclosure meeting will be posted at appropriate places. 334. PSP/IO shall ensure that the key findings of the environmental and social impacts and mitigation process are presented and discussed in an understandable form, manner and language by using the non-technical summaries of the ESMP that is in both Kiswahili and English. More than one avenue can be used as most suitable to the LGA however at the minimum: a) Presented and discussed at least one meeting of relevant Local Management Committee, Village Government Council, and Ward Development Committee. b) Presented and discussed at least one meeting of Council Environmental Committee and LGA Full Council. c) Accessible in a public place i.e. notice board, public information point /centre/ library, ward/village offices etc. d) Disclosure in World Bank InfoShop. 7.1.2 Grievance Redress Procedure 335. Any affected or interested individual or group has the right of appeal, if dissatisfied with the decision reached at any stage in the EIA process. The appeals process will be according to the National Environment Management Act, 2004. 336. The community liaison and grievance redress officer (an employee of the MALF based at the LGA) will be working under and reporting to the Ministerial Delivery Unit (MDU). The key objective of this officer is to ensure good project relations with both the PAPs and local residents of the project areas. The officer will be responsible for informing the PAPs and local residents about the ESMP activities and receiving complains for forwarding to the MDU and feedback on resolution measures agreed. MALF Page 112 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework While it is not possible to set a limit on time to handle a grievance, the following is proposed as an indicative timeline for handling a grievance. Activity Responsible Mechanism Time line Filing of grievance Aggrieved person Refer RAP section 13.1 Within one week para 234. Conducting IA/PSP Refer RAP section 13.2 Within one month mediation para 236-238 [if mediation is not possible] Formal complaint MALF Refer RAP section 13.1 Within one month handling para 231, 232, 233 and 235 [if not agreed with the outcome] Launch an appeal NEMC Refer RAP section 13.1 According to EMA para 232 Act 2004 337. Another grievance procedure available to stakeholders during construction and operations phases of a subproject especially for PAPs as well as all stakeholders in the area of impact throughout the life of the project shall be covered by the RAP. The process, including both grievances received and disposition of those complaints must be disclosed publicly. 7.2 STEP 2: SUB-PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 338. The PSP/IO assisted by MDU will ensure that all relevant project approvals including resources (human and financial) for proposed mitigations are complete before initiating subproject implementation (Figure 5). During implementation the MDU / PSP/IO will be responsible for: a) Ensuring that compensations for lost land rights and properties (if applicable to the sub-project) are implemented and completed before the commencement of any construction works. b) Ensuring that the implementation of the sub-project ESMP is part of the Contractor's contractual obligations. The MDU will supervise the tendering process for all service providers. c) Ensuring that the ESMP is implemented and approval conditions are observed during the mobilization, construction and operation of the sub-project. d) If the project reaches a stage of decommissioning, the PSP/IO supported by MDU shall prepare a decommissioning plan which will include environmental and social issues highlighted in the ESMP. 7.3 STEP 3: MONITORING ESMP IMPLEMENTATION 7.3.1 Monitoring Objective 339. Monitoring will be performed during the mobilization, construction as well as operation and maintenance phases of the sub-project in order to measure the success MALF Page 113 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework of the mitigation measures designed into the sub projects implemented earlier. The aim is to make evaluation to determine whether the pre-sub project environmental and social condition has been restored, improved upon or worse than before. 7.3.2 Monitoring Responsibilities 340. The responsibilities for monitoring of the mitigation measures adopted for each or groups of similar subprojects would be assigned as follows: 7.3.3 Irrigators Organizations (IO) 341. IOs assisted by Professional Service Providers (extension services and District Agricultural, Irrigation and Cooperative Officer) are responsible for the day-to-day monitoring of the sub-project ESMP including supervising aspects implemented by the Contractors and resolving grievances specifically the monitoring of (i) the environmental and social assessment work to be carried out by consultants; (ii) overseeing the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plans; (iii) monitoring of environmental issues and the supervision of the civil works contractor during the construction process (iv) monitoring of environmental issues during operations and during maintenance of the scheme / subproject facility (iv) submission of monitoring reports to District Environmental Offices/NEMC. The monitoring and reporting will be done by the District Agricultural, Irrigation and Cooperative Officer who will be trained. He/She shall bear the overall responsibility of supervision of the infrastructure projects and shall report to the Project Unit at MALF MDU. 7.3.4 The District Environmental Officer (DEMO) 342. DEMOs have a supervisory monitoring role to ensure that the mitigation measures indicated in the ESMP are actually being implemented and reporting on all environmental and social management issues within the LGA and to NEMC throughout the project life-cycle as required. Specifically EMO will undertake compliance monitoring to check whether prescribed actions have been carried out. In close collaboration with the sub project implementers (District Agricultural, Irrigation and Cooperative Officer (DAICO) farmer groups and their associations assisted by Professional Service Providers and extension services) the EMO will ensure that the monitoring plan as contained in the individual infrastructure project proposals is implemented as stated therein. EMO will consolidate the project-specific monitoring report into one common report and submit the report Project Team at MALF and NEMC. 7.3.5 Members of the Community (farmers) 343. Farmers will undertake - after awareness raising - effects monitoring (which records the consequences of activities on the biophysical and social environment). This will MALF Page 114 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework be done throughout the subproject project cycle: (i) During planning phase - participate in the identification of indicators for monitoring the mitigating measures; (ii) During implementation (construction) phase, monitoring the execution of works with respect to environmental aspects, e.g. verify the compliances of the Contractors with their obligations; (iii) During operation and maintenance phase, the overall environmental monitoring and alerting on any emerging environmental hazards in conjunction with the ongoing subproject activities. The communities will be enabled to pass on their observations and concerns through the existing administrative structure of the local governments i.e. village/Ward councils and environment committees to District Environmental Management Officers who will have direct link with NEMC/MALF. 7.3.6 The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) 344. NEMC will perform an enforcement monitoring role supported by MALF Ministerial Delivery Unit (MDU) based on submissions and recommendations from the EIS/ EMO. The NEMC will ensure that the monitoring plan for the overall monitoring of the entire CFAST requirements is implemented with particular focus on monitoring cumulative impacts of the sub projects on a Village / Ward level and to ensure that individual subproject mitigation measures are effective at the cumulative and Council level. NEMC would primarily achieve this objective through periodic field visits, coordinating and implementing the Training Program and through technical assistance and backup services to the MALF. 7.3.7 MAFL Ministerial Delivery Unit (MDU) 345. MALF will perform monitoring functions for the entire CFAST monitoring and evaluation guidelines developed to monitor the entire project will include parameters for compliance to proposed measures to safeguard the environmental and social impacts. Monitoring activities by the Implementers, Environmental Officers/NEMC will be performed periodically through performance surveys/audits. 7.3.8 Monitoring Indicators 346. A number of indicators would be used in order to determine the status of subprojects, affected people and their environment - general standards of the irrigation schemes and collective warehouse marketing schemes and support infrastructure compared to before. In order to assess whether these goals are met, an Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan developed for each sub projects (by ESIA Consultant) will indicate parameters to be monitored, institute monitoring milestones (monitoring timing and frequency) and recommend resources necessary to carry out the monitoring activities. 7.3.9 General performance indicators MALF Page 115 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 347. The subproject general performance indicators are: a) Percentage number of impacts successfully mitigated in sample number of sub projects using measures contained in approved ESIA/ESMP, at certain periodic intervals in the sub projects life. b) Number of irrigation sub projects, warehouse facilities are in good working condition one year after completion c) Efficiency of infrastructure/ sub projects maintenance and operating performance; d) Types and scope of support / services, provided to beneficiary including targeted vulnerable groups. e) Number of facilities with maintenance procedures f) Efficiency of operator’s maintenance and operating performance. g) How many RAPS have been fully executed before PAPS are physically displaced? h) For sub projects involving Dams, Number of Dams implementing Dam Safety Measures during construction and 1yr, 2yr 3yr, 4yr after construction. i) Capacity and knowledge of environment and social management issues compared to before, j) Level of participation of other stakeholders in project activities compared to before etc. 7.3.10 Environmental indicators 348. The subproject environmental performance indicators are: a) General environmental conditions of the project area compared to before b) Water quality and soil quality at site and outlet (e.g. final exit of irrigation canals or storm water drains) of sub-project meets local standards c) Management of wastes – solid, waste water, storm water compared to before, d) Safe disposal of hazardous wastes 7.3.11 Social indicators 349. The subproject social performance indicators are: a) Categories of farmer groups/individuals identified including their estimated populations number b) Categories of vulnerable individual farmers or associations identified and targeted for provision of access to project services / benefits. c) Types and scope of social services, provided exclusively to vulnerable groups. d) Nature and scope of specific action(s), if any, provided exclusively to vulnerable farmer groups and or individuals to improve their livelihoods. e) Number of local workers used during implementation of the works f) Number of sub project’s proposals submitted by vulnerable individual farmers/ farmers’ groups or associations g) Number of sub project’s proposals submitted by vulnerable groups that have been funded. h) Number of sub project’s proposals submitted by vulnerable groups that have not funded MALF Page 116 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework i) Typologies of reasons why sub-project’s proposals submitted by vulnerable groups associations have not been funded. j) How many recorded grievance cases (section 7.1.2 above) have been settled within one year. Figure 5: Sub-Project Environmental and Social Management Implementation process MALF Page 117 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 8 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR CFAST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT 350. This chapter consolidates the main institutions with key responsibilities for environmental and social management of the CFAST, presents their capacities to deliver on assigned responsibilities and proposes measures to build their capacity as relevant. 8.1 CFAST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE 8.1.1 National Level 351. MALF MDU & Environment Management Unit MALF Environment Management Unit role will be ensuring that the requirements of the ESMF / RPF, ESIAs and ESMPs / RAPs are implemented. The EU will work in close collaboration with MDU as well as the National Irrigation Commission (NIC) will supervise Irrigated Rice Schemes. 352. National Environment Management Council (NEMC) The overall role of the NEMC will be to screen and review ESIAs for all categories of sub project activities under CFAST32. Since the NEMC is centrally located in Dar es Salaam with flimsy decentralized structure in the form of zonal offices and an inadequate capacity to carry out on the ground monitoring of implementation of the mitigation measures and other activities of the subprojects, regular and intrusive monitoring would have to be carried out at the district level by District Environment Management Officers (DEMOs) with NEMC providing only monitoring oversight. Therefore, NEMC would provide periodic and oversights monitoring to ensure no adverse cumulative impacts from the activities of the subprojects are occurring at the national level and will provide oversight and technical assistance to the districts when required. 353. NEMC will perform three critically important and significant roles as follows: a) Review of the ESIAs/process for all category of subprojects/activities financed by CFAST: receiving, screening and assigning level of ESIA work required; reviewing, commenting on, requiring revisions where necessary; and approve an clearing of sub project activity ESMPs, ESIA reports (and contained ESMPs) for all projects prior to approval for implementation by their respective District Council and MALF. 32 The NEMC is responsible for ensuring that all development projects in Tanzania comply with all relevant environmental laws. The Environment Management Act, Cap.191 (of 2004), specifically state s that NEMC’s role, among many other others is to review and recommend for appr oval / clear EIA’s. MALF Page 118 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework b) ensuring the National, Zonal, Regional and District and project site activities of the PSP/IO comply with Tanzania’s environmental laws and requirements, and that of the World Bank’s triggered Safeguard Policies, c) Training of District and Regional Staff: DAICO, District EMO, Regional Irrigation Engineers, Zonal Environmental Coordinators, relevant Regional, District Subject Matter Specialists and Public Extension Staff and PSPs thereby providing capacity for the Districts to fill project implementation position with suitably trained personnel. The training will be according to the Training Program contained in section 9.3.3 of this ESMF: i.e. how to carry out initial screening; oversee detailed assessment and mitigation integration and subproject implementation monitoring. d) Monitoring oversight by undertaking periodic monitoring through reviewing and compiling monitoring reports of the zonal level authorities and issuing directives based on monitoring and evaluation reports, to the operators and the District Environmental Coordinators. 354. Thereby NEMC will provide on the ground ESMF performance reviews/audits both for enforcement purposes, but more importantly to reinforce the training and to keep farmer groups and the District Environmental Coordinators cognizant of their ESMF responsibilities. 355. Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development For issues involving resettlement, the MLHHSD through its relevant Departments and Agencies responsible for lands would be directly responsible for monitoring the process of land acquisition where required and approval of the emoluments on the resettlement plans. 356. Ministry of Water and Irrigation The Ministry of Water and Irrigation through the River Basin Water Board is responsible for issuing and managing water rights. They will issue water rights only when the ESIAs have been reviewed and cleared by the NEMC. 8.1.2 Zonal and Regional Levels 357. NEMC Zonal Coordinators For the purposes of environmental and social management of the CFAST project, NEMC zone offices (i.e. Southern Zone covering Mbeya (centre), Iringa, Rukwa, Nkasi, & Ruvuma) will act as coordinators and reviewers of the periodic monitoring and oversight process, collecting and compiling monitoring reports of the regions for direct reporting on this to the NEMC. MALF Page 119 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 358. The Regional Secretariat, through the Regional Environment Management Coordinator / Specialist Working with MDU will provide guidance to Regional Irrigation Engineers on technical mitigation measures and incorporation of the same into subproject design and will assist LGAs and ensure the inclusion of environment and social aspects in the supported investments, in monitoring missions and quarterly reports. 359. Specifically the Regional Environment Management Coordinator will be responsible for (i) ensuring that all development projects in the region comply with (consistent with national laws) the directives of the NEMC and the zonal authorities; (ii) in this regard: receiving, reviewing and commenting, requiring revisions where necessary for sub projects and their corresponding environmental and social management plans (ESMP), prior to approval of the NEMC; (iii) to carry out a regular and intrusive monitoring regime during planning, implementation, construction, operations and maintenance stages of the all sub projects/activities ( specifically projects assigned obligatory full scale ESIA) (iv) for preparing periodic monitoring reports on the sub projects/activities at all stages of the operations and to send these reports on a regular basis to their respective Zonal administration for compiling and monitoring of cumulative impacts across SAGCOT area, to issue directives to the districts consistent with national laws on environmental requirements. 360. Regional Land Management Specialist For issues involving resettlement, the regional land advisors would be directly responsible for reviewing and clearing the resettlement action plans and for monitoring the process of delivery of the emoluments on the resettlement plans. 8.1.3 Local Government Authorities Level 361. LGA Environmental Officers and Community Development Officer EMOs and CDOs will be responsible for supporting the operators / implementers of subprojects receiving CFAST project finances i.e. farmer groups and their associations (who in turn are assisted by DAICOs, Professional Service Providers and extension services) by (i) linking them and/or providing them with relevant national laws, regulations, procedures and guidelines regarding the environment and of all triggered World Bank Safeguards policies; (ii) availing and facilitate the compliance with parameters and targets set by the GoT, any directives that may be issued from time to time from the NEMC, MALF MDU, and authorities at regional and zone levels linked to implementing the CFAST project (ii) facilitating and backstopping of PSPs and IOs during implement their CFAST funded sub project activities ensuring they are consistent with the provisions of this ESMF, sub-project ESIA and/or (ESMP) (iii) review and approve all documents relevant to construction planning cycle, technical and engineering designs and drawings, and civil works contracts etc. (iv) monitoring MALF Page 120 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework and reporting of local level environmental and social management activities and review and approve monitoring reports. 362. LGAs Standing Committee for Environment Management For urban authorities this is the Standing Committee on Urban Planning and Environment and for rural authorities (District or Township) it is the Standing Committees of Economic Affairs, Works and Environment that will oversee proper management of environment related subproject within area of jurisdiction. 8.1.4 Community Level 363. Trained Professional Service Providers (PSP) PSP responsibility of implementation of specific CFAST project components at local level will extend to include environmental and social management. PSPs will support and ensure that the operators / implementers of subprojects i.e. farmer groups and their associations (i) comply with all national environment and social laws and triggered World Bank Safeguards policies, (ii) implement their CFAST sub project activities according to and consistent with the provisions of this ESMF, implementing, inter alia, all appropriate mitigation measures identified in their completed ESIA and/or environmental and social management plan (ESMP) (iv) comply with these mitigation measures during construction and post construction (i.e. operations ) stages of their activities, by self-monitoring of their activities and by periodically reporting to their respective District Environmental Officers and (v) maintain an adequate budget to implement the appropriate maintenance procedures and practices for their operations to ensure relevant mitigation measures identified in the ESIA and/or environmental and social management plan (ESMP) are implemented and sustained in their operations and (vi) to comply with any directives that may be issued from time to time from the LGAs and authorities above. 364. Village Committees of Economic Affairs, Works and Environment: The committees will oversee proper management of environment within a village or township. MALF Page 121 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 9 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ASSESSMENT 9.1 ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND CAPACITY 365. A rapid assessment of the existing institutional arrangement and capacity of the CFAST project Participants to implement the ESMF focused on the adequacy of institutions at local, LGA, zonal/regional, national levels to undertake sub-project design, planning, approval and implementation work and specifically to carry out their ESMF responsibilities. The institutional assessment focused on the adequacy of and recommendations on: a) Institutional linkages for environmental and social management; b) Existing laws, policies and regulations; and c) Resources for environmental and social management. 9.1.1 Institutional Linkages and Coordination for Environmental and Social Management 366. During ASDP 1 project, implementation was mainstreamed at all levels utilizing existing staffing structure and government systems. The LGA Project Teams (comprised of Agriculture Subject Matter Specialists coordinated by DALDO) were responsible for implementation of safeguards requirements. Results of the environment audit of ASDP and consultation with stakeholders by this ESMF preparation Team shows that local Project Management Team received limited overall technical support from MALF including necessary coordination and link with national safeguard authorities (i.e. NEMC, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements). ESIA reports (containing ESMPs) and RAPs were not prepared for subprojects (initiated from DADPs) and in places where done, the reports were not submitted to the national authorities or fed back to District Council to guide implementation and monitoring by Council Teams, EMOs, or by Construction supervision Consultants and by Contractors. 367. However contrary to the linkages in the national institutional structure propagated by EMA, decision making powers for environmental and social oriented authorization of planned projects have not been properly devolved to the LGAs. The link and support from national, zonal and regional authorities vested with responsibility to support LGAs to address environmental and social management issues have not been very effective. This results in environmental and social impact assessment of projects not being systematically done or monitored. LGAs neither have a clear role nor resources to monitor and manage environmental and social aspects of projects in their jurisdictions. 368. Institutional overlap of sector responsibilities is a contentious issue as there is no clear interagency coordination to resolve environmental and resettlement issues that arise in MALF Page 122 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework situations where several authorities have legal rights of use and / or management of one resource (i.e. a river) by LGAs / Regional authorities, water and power supply authorities, and, River Basin Boards, National Parks and Wildlife Conservation authorities, Water Users Associations, Irrigators Associations, Irrigators etc. 369. At the District Council level, environmental and social management is not yet a priority sector, the post for EMO is not yet filled in most cases and the roles are delegated to different functional departments. EMO not being part of the Council Management Team (CMT) has little powers for decision making or inter-sector coordination. Similarly Ward and Village Environment Management Committees are not linked to EMOs or LGA Project Teams. Resettlement structure seems to be non- existent, with RAP Teams and Grievance Committees not in place and functioning and representation of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) in village council, committees or other local entities is unfortunately missing. 370. Implementation of specific CFAST components at local level by Professional Service Providers (supporting Farmers Organizations and Irrigators Association) that will extend to include environmental and social management at local level is a new experience. PSPs are yet to harness all the expertise for integrated, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary services including environmental, social and resettlement planning and management support required and expected of them. Farmers Organizations and Irrigators Association are registered. The IO obtains water use permits from the River Basin Board to abstract water from rivers and other main water bodies. However weaknesses in monitoring adherence to water use permit by Irrigators Associations, and enforcement of water use permit by Water User Associations and by Basin Water Offices are still apparent in many parts. CFAST has noted this weakness and will address them through scheme selection criteria, designs, monitoring and capacity bulding of IOs. 9.1.2 Existing Policies, Laws and Regulations for Environmental and Social Management 371. A range of national environmental assessment and management policies, acts and regulations i.e. for administering permits and licenses such as permit for using land, natural resources in general and protected areas, for undertaking physical works, withdrawing water, extraction of construction minerals, discharging wastes etc. are known and in use at LGA level. Within the framework of the EMA (2004) and EIA Regulations in use since 2005, LGAs are expected to (albeit to a limited extent) ensure correct environmental and social management during planning and implementation of infrastructure sub-projects and in project’s operations and maintenance at large. Current practices are such that LGAs use several concurrent management practices for environmental and social management mostly in the form of frameworks and checklists (especially those promulgated by the World Bank vide programmes such as TASAF, PADEP, LGSP etc.). This practice has not attributed to MALF Page 123 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework the legacy, but, rather a good practice, in the authorization of environmental and social activities of various projects incoherent with the devolvement of powers to LGAs by central authorities (VPO / NEMC). However, this uptake did not happen in the 7 years of ASDP implementation. 372. District by – laws and local by-laws (meant to translate nation laws and regulations) are outdated or not enforced. Communities complain about lack of action against some of the damaging environmental and social management practices such as rampant cultivation on river banks causing sedimentation down- stream, illegal obstruction of river causing flooding and water deprivation severely impacting downstream users, long delays in compensation payments (way beyond period prescribed by law) once valuations of land and properties have been done; and lack of maintenance of irrigation infrastructure e.g. clogged water canals and drains etc. 9.1.3 Human Resource Capacity 373. The experience and capacity for environmental and social management supervision exist at MALF and NIRC augmented by the links the ministry has established with national environmental and land management authorities i.e. inclusion of Vice President's Office (NEMC and Division of Environment) and Ministry of Lands. Similarly, capacity exist among some of the key technical staff at LGA level (Environmental Management Officers, Land Officers, etc.) to enforce many of the policy and legal requirements gained through training and implementation of other past and ongoing projects especially WB financed operations. Civil works are supervised by engineers with little / no backstopping by environmental, land or community development officers/coordinators. CFAST will reinforce civil works supervision by engineers to include environmental and social experts. 374. Most District staff including extension staff that support farmer groups, members of district, ward and local management committees, contractors operating locally and farmer groups (expected to carry out environmental and social management requirements in the ESMF) are not well conversant with the principles and practices of sound and responsible social and environmental management and are lacking the necessary capacity for compliance with requirements of the policies and acts. Particularly, most have little sound experience and knowhow in carrying out ESIAs and, handling of environmental compliance, monitoring and auditing of infrastructure projects i.e. good site practices, health, safety and security measures. The irrigation infrastructure sub-projects that the LGA staffs has so far supervised were found to lack some of the key environmental services e.g. soil erosion control measures at intake or linear developments for conveyance of water to irrigated areas; river water and storm water management (flood control & drainage systems), no proper access / passage for people and livestock at perilous areas , and promotion of use of Personal Protective Equipment by farmers while working in the field etc. The NEMC has a training of trainer’s manuals for District level Environmental Impact Assessment. MALF Page 124 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Training have only been delivered to a few LGAs covered by ASDP and only on safe use of pesticides. 9.1.4 Budgetary Resources to Support the Staff In Their Work 375. Lack of or little budgetary resources to support the staff in their work is the main cause of lack of or low knowledge and experience relevant to carry out environmental analyses and designing mitigation measures for ASDP subprojects. A special window by CFAST (through Component 3) to support environmental and social management capacities and Contractor costing and including (in BoQs) of safeguard measures will be good practices that will ensure project sustainability. 9.2 INSITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING 9.2.1 Costed Institutional Development Plan 376. The MALF MDU, through the proposed CFAST project, will set aside budgets to support Participating LGAs to develop and implement Institutional Development Plans designed to facilitate LGAs, PSP and Farmers Organizations to apply this ESMF’s requirements which are based on the following recommendations: a) Instituting LGA specific environmental and social management system 33 to facilitate local ownership of environmental and social assessment process (chapter 6 above); b) Increase number and qualifications of staff (Heads of Department, Councillors’ Committees, Local Management Committees and external Contractors) to carry out environmental / ESMP responsibilities and create a dedicated section (not one person) managing environmental and social issues. c) Establish effective coordination and linkages – up and down management levels; between and across district sectors; and other similar subproject development initiatives; d) Undertake revisions for compliance with requirements of policies, regulations, administrative procedures and inculcate in local by-laws. 377. Envisaged costs are for meetings to familiarize for adoption of the LGA specific environmental and social management procedure and meeting for revisions of policy, legal and institutional requirements and update of local By-laws. 9.3 TRAINING 378. This ESMF provide guidelines on how CFAST project shall delineate training needs and develop training plan for the various Participants involved in implementing the 33 Propagated by the PO-RALGCSGG under the Urban Local Government Strengthening Programme (ULGSP) MALF Page 125 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMF / subproject ESMP based, in part, on the institutional assessment described above. 379. Under the ESMF the training objectives are to: a) Train relevant LGA staff on skills for identifying, preparing, implementing environmental and social concerns of the subprojects under them. b) impart skills to LGA environment management officers and community development officers to have the capacity to assist Irrigators Organizations in preparing their subproject proposals, and to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of subprojects; and c) Facilitate Professional Service Providers to provide technical support (including environmental and social impacts awareness) to Irrigators Organization and local management teams in preparing their subprojects. 9.3.1. Training Needs Assessment (TNA) 380. The TNA and training effectiveness be carried out as part of CFAST implementation in the Regions and LGAs covered by the project. The TNA will consider all project Participants: Regional Irrigation Engineers, LGA Project teams (DAICO, Subject Matter Specialists), local project management teams (Irrigators Organizations and service providers (Public Extension Staff and PSPs), representatives and community leaders, management committees and farmers groups who will have responsibilities for implementing the ESMP. 381. The needs assessment will distinguish among Project Participants’ different skills development / training needs in terms of: a) Awareness-raising for influential, representatives and community leaders who need to appreciate the significance or relevance of environmental and social issues. b) Sensitization to the issues for Participants who need to be familiar enough with the issues that they can make informed and specific requests for technical assistance; and c) Detailed technical training for subproject planning and implementation teams at Regional, LGA and local levels (PSPs, IOs) who will need to analyse potentially adverse environmental and social impacts, to prescribe mitigation approaches and measures, and to prepare and supervise the implementation of management plans. 382. It is proposed that NEMC or experienced national private or public environmental and social practitioners carry out environmental management/EIA needs assessments. 383. Cost estimates are for payment in the form of consultancy services to private or public environmental and social practitioners. The estimated costs for these needs assessments are to cover all Participating LGAs. MALF Page 126 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 9.3.3 Training Plan 384. The Training Plan costed and based on the Training Needs Assessment (TNA) described above should be integrated into planned CFAST institutional capacity building components. The Training Plan development approach shall: a) Distinguish among the various participants (e.g. government officials, community leaders and representatives, Professional Service Providers (the PSPs and warehouse managers), farmer organizations, individual farmers, and other stakeholders involved in the subprojects b) and between their needs for general awareness building and more specific training. c) Address initial training needs, follow-on analyses of training effectiveness and further or “refresher� training. Include mechanisms for periodically bringing trainees together to examine the need for and design of additional training. d) An outline of the schedule for such a training plan. e) Detailed agenda and specification of resource needs including venue, trainers, materials, etc. for each type of training activity. f) Consideration of a training-of-trainers (TOT) component in the training plan as appropriate. 385. NEMC EIA Training programme for Districts developed since 2000, in conjunction with other resources such as the ULGSP Environmental and Social Assessment and Management Manual be used in developing tailor-made courses that incorporate aspects proposed in this ESMF for the CFAST. In collaboration with the NEMC, the MALF MDU and Participating LGAs support this training in the skills in environmental and social mitigation planning and management. 9.3.4 Technical Training of Designated Staff and Project Teams 9.3.5 Training for Subproject Planners and Implementers 386. These are LGA Project Participants – (DAICO, relevant Subject Matter Specialists) and Local project management teams (irrigators Organizations representatives and Public Extension Staff and PSPs) responsible for preparation of subprojects proposals and for implementing the ESMP. The training shall include other CFAST / sub-sector regional coordinators and participants (i.e. Regional Irrigation Engineer, relevant Water Basin Offices etc.). 9.3.6 TOT for Environmental Coordinators 387. The training is to ensure current staff in respective LGA departments LGA EMO, Community Development Officers (CDOs) and Land Officers (who coordinate resettlement planning) have the capacity to assist Irrigators Organizations in MALF Page 127 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework preparing Subproject ESMPs and integrating into their subproject proposals, and to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of subprojects. The training shall include relevant Zonal and Regional Environmental Coordinators. 388. The participants will receive environmental and social training in the form of Training of Trainers (TOT) that will enable them appraise and approve subprojects and advice on issues related to environmental and social management, including supervision and monitoring. Later on, these staff could train other staff within the implementing LGAs as necessary. 389. ESIA training topics (Table 11) would include an overview of environmental and social issues within the agriculture and related sectors; introduction to ESIA processes and practical EIA experience in Tanzania; methods for impact identification, analysis and mitigation using the ESMP checklist, preparing management and action plans (subproject ESMP and RAP); ESIA review, ESMP reporting; and subproject supervision and monitoring and the role of the public and stakeholders including community participation methods; and case studies. 390. The training would take the form of one weeks (5/6 working days) long training workshop, based on the proposed training below. This level of training could be provided by more experienced private or public environmental practitioners operating at national / international levels. 391. About 100 designated staff from the implementing LGAs will be trained (7 – 10) from each LGAs. Cost for each course for about 45 / 50 participants each would include: per diem, food, transport, accommodation, conference hall, incidentals for participants, trainers and support persons. MALF Page 128 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Table 11: Proposed Training Program for Designated Staff and LGA teams Topic/Subject Duration Introductory brief (Opening session) - Definitions (environment, components of the environment, environmental management) - What Environment Management Tools (EMT) are available in use in Tanzania & universally - Setting Environmental and Social Assessment Management procedures and process specific for LGA Environmental and social assessment process and preparation of ESIA / ESMP 2 days - Screening process: how to identify projects/ components and activities likely to cause impacts (screening list, and the kind of criteria for use in classification of CFAST subproject activities). - Preparation of scope (terms of reference) for carrying out ESIA - Defining valued environmental and social receptors (indicators) in the existing environmental and social conditions - Identification and evaluation of impacts: direct, indirect/secondary, cumulative and methods to use and significance criteria etc. - How to design appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures [How to prepare ESMP/RAP] - How to review/approve/clear an ESIA report and associated ESMPs / RAP: conformity list, and the kind of criteria for use in this regard - How to incorporate ESMP in project designs and in construction contract documents - How to review and approve overall project proposals - The importance of public consultations in the EIA process: strategies for consultation, participation and social inclusion. - How to embed the Environmental and Social Management process into the civil works contract. - How to supervise monitor and report project implementation - Case studies Environmental and social requirements (policies, legislation, procedures and 1 days sectoral guidelines) & institutional frameworks - Review and discussion of Tanzania’s environmental and social requirements (policies, procedures, and legislation). - Review and discussion of the World Bank safeguards policies requirements - Review and discussion of specific sectoral guidelines relevant for agricultural infrastructure development - How to collaborate with institutions at the local, regional and national levels. e.g. NEMC, Ministry of Lands Selected topics on environmental components and conservation and social issues 2 days relevant to agriculture development - How to make environmental and social profiles of a specific subproject area - Identification and evaluation of impacts associated with agricultural infrastructure development: land degradation (soil erosion),natural resources degradation / depletion, loss of valuable species and habitats, environmental pollution e.g. air quality, water quality, soil quality - Management of waste including handling of hazardous materials. - Disaster preparedness: drought and flood protection/control - Land and property valuation and compensation - Irrigation operations: on-farm water management: irrigation & allocation of irrigation water, techniques for reduction of water losses at scheme level; water saving technologies - Production operations: land preparation mechanization, safe use of improved seeds cropping practices; integrated soil fertility (safe use of fertilizers), and safe pest management (use of Integrated Pest Management Plan - Harvest mechanization and post-harvest operations - Marketing and warehousing operations MALF Page 129 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 9.3.7 Awareness /Sensitization For Entities Responsible For Review/Approve Of Sub- Projects 392. Training/awareness creation workshops for participants vested with the responsibility of endorsing/approving sub-projects under the CFAST. The workshops disaggregated for: a) Higher level participants: Zonal / Regional Coordinators / Influentials (RC/RAS/MPs), Council Executive Directors, Council Coordinators / Influentials (DC / Councillors of respective wards), Council Committees (on environment, health, resettlement) and other interested stakeholders b) Lower level participants (Village, Ward and Executive Officers, WDC, and Local Management Committees. Objective is participants appreciate significance or relevance of environmental and social issues. 393. Subjects covered could include but not limited to the following: a) Main environmental and social problems /challenges and issues within the sectors ( agricultural infrastructure construction and operations b) Environmental and social assessment and management context : relevant policies, regulations and procedures c) Review of environmental and social screening and assessment process d) How to screening projects; appraise and approve ESIAs, ESMP and overall project proposals; and supervise the implementation of subprojects. 394. About 40 people from each LGA will participate in the workshop. This will be a one/two days’ workshop costing including: per diem, food, transport, accommodation, conference hall and incidentals for participants, resource persons and support person). RETOOLING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 395. Technical assistance from more experienced environmental practitioners be obtained to “mentor� the designated staff and other relevant/responsible people to support them in building experience. Local government authorities have limited requisite capacity and knowledge for implementing the EIA process and supporting the project implementing institutions. Similarly, the capacity in the Contractors and design firms and other service providers and is non-existent or very minimal. 396. PSPs in collaboration with the project implementers, LGAs will identify and train individuals who will be involved in the implementation of civil works and subproject to enhance their ability to mainstream environmental and social aspects in infrastructure project planning/designing and implementation. The PSPs will have access to funds under this program to cover their additional costs required to carry out their responsibilities identified in Section 8.1.1 above, either for expenses or cost of local consultants. The costs for this are accounted for in Table 12 or elsewhere in overall program budget. MALF Page 130 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 131 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 10 ESMF IMPLEMENTATION PLAN AND BUDGET 397. A summary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the CFAST has been prepared as shown in Table 10. This summary EMP captures activities on capacity building for environmental and social management within the project implementing entities described earlier in this ESMF. 398. Key items in the ESMP and costs related to ESMF implementation summarized in Table 12 include: a) Capacity building activities including institutional development activities, training program, technical assistance, allowances for the review and approval of subproject management plans and annual reviews. Summary of cost estimates for capacity building are in the relevant section in the preceding chapter 9 above. b) Preparation of ESIAs / ESMPs / RAP: environmental assessment work to prepare EIS or update ESMPs will be carried out. However, it is not known at this time where (exact location) and how many of the subprojects will be screened by NEMC and determined to require specific Preliminary Environmental Assessment or a more detailed full-scale ESIA. The assessment work and/or update of ESMP will be undertaken by private certified environmental and social practitioners (individuals or firms). MALF Page 132 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Table 12: Summary of Budget Estimates for ESMF Implementation ACTIVITY PARTICULARS USD (‘000) INSTITUTIONAL Policy Workshop DEVELOPMENT (Decision Makers in 6 Regions & 30 12 LGAs) Regulatory and Administrative 20 changes TRAINING Training Needs Assessment 180 LGA Review and approval Training and sensitization 100 authorities ESMF review workshop 80 Project Teams Training and sensitization 250 ESMF review workshop 320 Community leaders awareness 80 raising and sensitization TECHNICAL General TA 170 ASSISTANCE Specific TA 250 SUBPROJECT Risk Assessment 30 ESMPS, RAPS ESMPs 500 RAPs 500 Dam Safety 60 ANNUAL REVIEW 40 TOTAL 2,610 MALF Page 133 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Table 13: Summary Environmental Mitigation Plan (EMP) for the CFAST Project Project Potential Impact Mitigation (or Responsible Implementing Monitoring Time Horizon Cost estimates Activity Enhancement) Measures Agency Responsibility (US$) Develop - Direct Environmental and Social Local Project Team: Irrigators Local Environment and At planning Included in ment of encroachment and / or Screening Organization / Professional Social Management stage project infrastruc conversion of natural Service Providers (assisted by Committees; LGA EMO, ture habitats District Project Team / extension CDO. projects - Visual effects: staff (DAICO, ) modifications in the Carry out risk assessment to LGA Project Team / Consultant Local Environment and As required $ 1,90,000 quality of the landscape determine conformity of (collaboration of Local Project Social Management features sub-project in terms of: Team: IO / PSP, and Public Committees; LGA EMO, (during - Physical and/or compatibility / co-existence Consultations) CDO and Project Team subprojects economic displacement of project within the at Zones / MALF; planning and of people due to land neighbouring community Regions, Zones / NEMC (review NEMC, Ministry of preparation) acquisition and general public and approval) Lands - Change or modification of existing Carry out Environmental land uses Assessment Work / update - physical ESMPs damage or restrict access or delay access to Prepare Dam Safety existing infrastructure Measures Reports as and social services necessary - Natural factors Train the Trainer: ESIA NEMC / Consultant LGA EMO /CDO; At planning $ 570,000 and external processes training for designated LGA Project Team at MALF stage pose risks on the Project Team developed infrastructure Workshop for Decision LGA Project Team and EMO, Project Team MALF At planning $ 180,000 or sub-projects. makers (LGA level) CDO / Consultant stage - Anthropogenic Workshop for Decision LGA Project Team and EMO Project Team at MALF At planning $ 80,000 MALF Page 134 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework activities and other makers (community level) CDO / Consultant stage external socio-economic Prepare RAP / update RAPs LGA Project Team / Consultant District EMO, CDO; As required Included in factors that might affect as necessary that includes (collaboration of Local Project Lands office and Project project the subproject - Undertaking Team: IO / PSP, and Public Team at MALF comprehensive census of Consultations) people whose land will be taken and inventory of their Regions, Min. of Lands (review assets and properties and approval) - Public Consultations / Sensitization - Valuation and prompt compensation follow procedures laid down in land laws and regulations - Reduction in General Technical Project Preparation Facility at Project Team at MALF Throughout $ 170,000 expenditure on Assistance MALF, Zonal and Regional project cycle infrastructure investment technical support units and contribution to local Training Needs Assessment Consultant Project Team at MALF At planning $ 180,000 government incomes for Participating LGAs stage (positive impact) Staff capacity and Project Team Project Team at MALF At planning $ 50,000 - Improved regulatory changes stage community livelihoods and alleviation of acute poverty from increased production (positive impact) MALF Page 135 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Construct - Conversion of a Minimize habitat loss Design Consultant and contractor LGA Project Team / Project design Contractor/desi ion stage natural habitat - through e.g. avoidance Project Team at MALF and gn consultant to eliminating or reducing strategies such as construction include costs in its integrity circumventing a critical phase contract - Loss or damage habitat or species of indigenous vegetation Pollution prevention LGA Project and contained measures Team include biodiversity and species; Establish management plans monitoring - Degradation of for natural water source costs in project land and soils – areas and land use plans for budget substantially reducing important ecosystem areas their quality (nutrients, within the village water retention, physical boundaries properties etc.) - Pollution and degradation of a natural habitat – substantially reducing its ability to maintain viable populations of its native species Eroded soils from Identify erosion prone areas, Design Consultant and contractor LGA Project Team / Project design Contractor/desi construction activities identify permanent erosion Project Team at MALF and gn consultant to obstruct natural drainage control measures (applicable construction include costs in systems and cause for a particular site) and phase contract effects on the integrity of plan construction works and LGA Project watercourses, drainage, sites to limit quantity of Team include and sedimentation material likely to be eroded monitoring regime and transported into costs in project watercourses budget Depletion of land, soil land rehabilitation measures Contractor LGA Project Team / Construction Contractor/desi and mineral resources e.g. replanting of vegetation Project Team at MALF phase gn consultant to MALF Page 136 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework include costs in contract LGA Project Team include monitoring costs in project budget - Planned or  Identify what type Contractor LGA Project Team / Construction Contractor/desi accidental discharging of of solid or liquid wastes and Project Team at MALF phase gn consultant to various types and categories of wastes the include costs in quantities of solid and subproject will generate or contract liquid wastes, spillage / handle (biodegradable / leakages of materials organic wastes; packaging LGA Project emanating from sub- materials; non- Team include project directly into biodegradable (metallic, monitoring natural habitats may plastic), construction costs in project impair qualities of wastes, and hazardous budget receiving medium wastes i.e. fuels, oils, lubricants, vehicle / machinery fluids etc.)  Identify ways to reduce the volume of waste by reusing or recycling initiatives  Use best available mechanisms, practices and technologies for waste collection and transportation water treatment facilities and solid waste disposal sites - Emissions from  Equipment Contractor LGA Project Team / Construction Contractor/desi fuel powered equipment Project Team at MALF phase gn consultant to MALF Page 137 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework reducing air quality operations and maintenance include costs in - Increase of air measures that minimize contract pollution from dust, emissions of substances into odours, noise etc. the atmosphere LGA Project - Disruption of  Planning Team include social sensitive areas construction times to monitoring (burial sites etc.) and minimize disruption at night costs in project institutional areas or on days with religious budget significance - Increased  Local residents and  Contractor  LGA Project Construction  Contra employment expertise to be given Team / Project Team at phase ctor/design opportunities at all levels priority for employment MALF consultant to (positive impact) include costs in contract  LGA Project Team include monitoring costs in project budget - Social / health The design and construction Contractor LGA Project Team / Construction Contractor/desi hazards to public due to process take into Project Team at MALF phase gn consultant to risks at site and consideration health risks include costs in interactions among new that are prevalent in the contract comers and with locals project area LGA Project Team include monitoring costs in project budget - Occupational Institute safety measures Contractor LGA Project Team / Construction Contractor/desi Health hazards for and procedures with regards Project Team at MALF phase gn consultant to MALF Page 138 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework example injuries while to work procedures, include costs in hoisting heavy items, equipment, and materials contract slips and falls, etc. LGA Project Team include monitoring costs in project budget Operatio - Determination of water Design Consultant and contractor LGA ProjectD Team / Project design Contractor/desi n and epletion of water needs before extraction to Project Team at MALF and gn consultant to Maintena resources (for irrigation determine available construction include costs in nce and other uses) quantities (especially if it phase contract involves underground water resources, sensitive LGA Project /seasonal water sources ) Team include Adoption of alternative monitoring strategies to avoid/minimize costs in project extraction from natural budget water bodies, sourcing from authorized Municipal/community water supply systems Encroachment and / or Environmental and Social Local Project Team: Farmers Local Environment and At planning Included in conversion of natural Screening Organization / Professional Social Management stage project habitats due to expansion Service Providers (assisted by Committees; LGA EMO, of crops farming area District Project Team / extension CDO. staff (DAICO, ) General water stress  Training of farmers Professional Service Providers, Local Environment and At planning (water extraction /access / Farmers Organizations LGA Project Team who have Social Management stage Included in and water rights)  On-farm water received ESIA training Committees; LGA EMO, project Land degradation management, fair allocation CDO. Continuous LGA Point pollution of water of irrigation water, adopt during project sources techniques for reduction of operation Project Team MALF Page 139 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Non- point pollution water losses at scheme level include from discharged wastes and water saving monitoring and agro-chemicals, technologies costs in project spillage / leakages of  Safe use of land budget product and by- product preparation mechanization materials  Safe use of Operations health and improved seeds safety hazards  Best cropping Reduced poverty due to practices raising agricultural  Integrated soil incomes (positive fertility (safe use of impact) fertilizers)  Safe pest management (use of Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP)  Safe use of harvest mechanization and best practices of post-harvest operations.  Best practices of marketing and warehousing operations Part of General Technical Professional Service Providers, Project Preparation Throughout Project budget Assistance LGA Project Team who have Teams at MALF, Zonal project cycle received ESIA training and Regional technical support units Public Education Awareness Professional Service Providers District EMO and CDO At planning Raising on waste (assisted by District Project stage management and security of Team / extension staff (DAICO, ) Continuous infrastructure during project operation Leakage detection & Local Project Team: Farmers District EMO and CDO Throughout Project budget MALF Page 140 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Regular maintenance of Organization / Professional project cycle infrastructure and support Service Providers (assisted by structures including District Project Team / extension sanitation facilities. staff (DAICO, ) Large congregates of Specific Technical LGA Project Team, Project CFAST NSC Operation phase $ 250,000 people at public places Assistance Team at MALF As required or infrastructure used by general or specific segment of population Induced settlements (that habitually sprout along new or improved infrastructure) Additional pressure and demands on local social services and resources (increase water users) Annual Review $ 40,000 MALF Page 141 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. ERM. (2012). SAGCOT Strategic Regional Environmental and Social Assessment Interim Report. GoT. 2. Osorio, M., Percic, M., & Di Battista, F. (2014). Tanzania Mainland Country Profile. Rome: FAO. 3. Peter H. Gleick, (1998) The World's Water 1998–1999: The Biennial Report On Freshwater Resources 4. URT, (2006). Agricultural Sector Development Program (ASDP) 1 (ESMF). GOT. 5. URT, (2006). Agricultural Sector Development Program 1 (RPF). GOT. 6. URT, (2014). Agriculture Sector Development Project (ASDP) Completion Report. GoT. 7. URT, (2014). Environmental and Social Audit of Selected ASDP Sub-projects. GOT 8. URT, (2011). Country Report on Millennium Development Goals 2010. Dar es Salaam. 9. URT, (1956), The Town and County Planning Ordinance, Cap.378 of 1956, 10. URT, (1967), The Land Acquisition Act No 47 of 1967 11. URT, (1977), The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 12. URT, (1982), The Local Government Act (District and Urban Authorities of 1982) 13. URT, (1996), The National Land Policy 14. URT, (1997), The National Environmental Policy 15. URT, (2013), The National Irrigation Act 16. URT, (1999), The National Land Act, Cap 113 17. URT, (1999), The Tanzania Development Vision 2025 18. URT, (2000), The National Poverty Eradication Strategy 19. URT, (2001), The Land Act No. 4 Regulations 2001 subsidiary Legislation 20. URT, (2003), The Environmental and Social Management Framework and Resettlement Policy Framework for the Local Government Support Programme (LGSP), 2003. 21. URT, (2011) Urban Local Government Strengthening Program: Technical Manual For Environmental And Social Management In Urban Local Government Authorities 22. URT, (2004), The Environment Management Act Cap 191 of 2004 23. URT, (2004), The Public Procurement Act 2004 24. URT, (2005), The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP), MALF Page 142 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 25. URT, (2002), The Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations, 2001 26. URT, (2002), The Land Disputes Court Act. 2002 (Act N0.2 of 2002) 27. URT, (2007), The Land Use Planning Act of 2007 28. URT, (2007), The Urban Planning Act of 2007 29. World Bank (2004), Involuntary Resettlement Policy OP 4.12 (Revised April 2004) 30. World Bank (2010), Project Appraisal Document For a Tanzania Strategic Cities Project, April 30, 2010 MALF Page 143 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework LIST OF ANNEX Annex 1: Summary of issues raised by the stakeholders ............Error! Bookmark not defined. Annex 2: List of Stakeholders Consulted ................................................................................. 157 Annex 3: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies ........................................................... 159 Annex 4: Summary of Relevant Environmental and Social Management Requirements 161 Annex 5: Sample Checklist for Environmental and Social Screening ............................ 181 Annex 6: Guidelines for Assessment of Dams and Preparation of a Dam Safety Measures Report 184 Annex 7: Main Steps in the Tanzanaia ESIA Process Annex 8: Potential CFAST Sub Project Types, Major Environmental and Social Concerns and Probable Category 188 Annex 9: List of Restricted Pesticides in Tanzania................................................................... 190 MALF Page 144 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex1: Summary of Issues Raised by the Stakeholders No Issue Raised Response Remarks 1. ASDP I weaknesses on safeguards relevant to  ASDP I did not adequately consider Audit report of 2014 CFAST should be adrressed Environmental and Social safeguards findings. including M&E. This is addressed under  funds for supervision weres not readily Para 33 available  Environmental issues in CFAST have been given much consideration. 2 There is a need to clarify on mechanism for  CFAST will promote conservation See page iii and 16 providing incetives to people who practise activities in the catchement areas. conservation measures in the catchment for the benefit of downstream users. 3 It’s better to invest fully in one scheme to its  CFAST will support 20-25 irrigation  completion rather that spreading resources thinly schemes and will be funded fully to to many irrigation scheme which results into completion. many non completed irrigation schemes. 4 Are the irrigation schemes for CFAST funding list  The provision list of irrigation schemes  confirmed? to be funded by CFAST were prepared by MDU and shared by participants during the consultation workshop. 5 Occupation/ Health Safety - Contractors who  Tender documents will include issues  implement projects do not have directive of health and safety for workers and statements on Occupation/ Health and Safety in this has been discussed on RPF the tender document document. 6 Environmental Economics should be known at  this will be addressed during irrigation  design stage schemes feasibility studies 7 Districts should be involved in CFAST irrigation  CFAST implementation structure has Project implementation scheme selection, implementation and monitoring provision for Zonal Technical manual should promote and procurement process. Committee to deliberate on CAFST participatory project issues. LGAs are members of that implementation Committee. This has been clarified in para 51 MALF Page 145 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework No Issue Raised Response Remarks 8 Screening of projects should be done so as to  Each irrigation scheme will be screened Screening is discussed know the mitigation and monitoring process according to the procedure stipulated under chapters 5 and 6 into the ESMF document. The CFAST Project has been categorised as Category B- because it is for rehabilitation/improvement of existing irrigation schemes. 9 CFAST should set aside budget for addressing The CFAST Project will take into Budget included under environmental and social safeguard issues consideration mitigation measures and section 10 of the ESMF will be budgeted accordingly MALF Page 146 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework ANNEX 2: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED WORKING SESSIONS ON STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION WORKSHOP ON CFAST ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) AND RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK (RPF) ON 16TH JANUARY 2017 AT MKAPA CONFERENCE CENTRE, MBEYA MALF Page 147 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 148 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 149 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 150 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 151 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 152 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 153 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 154 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 155 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework MALF Page 156 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex 1: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies OP/BP 4.01 The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is Environmental improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have Assessment potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence. Depending on the project, and nature of impacts a range of instruments can be used: EIA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment and environmental management plan (EMP).When a project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required. The Borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA. Under CFAST - , the Borrower (government of URT) has prepared an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) which outlines the environmental and social screening process to be applied to infrastructure projects. The purpose of the screening process is to assess the impacts of future construction activities where the exact scope of investment activities and locations are not known at this time. OP/BP 4.04 This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank, therefore, supports Natural the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and analytical work. The Habitats Bank supports, and expects the Borrowers to apply a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. This policy is triggered by any project (including any infrastructure project under a sector investment or financial intermediary loan) with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). OP 4.09 Pest The objective of this policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical Management pesticides. In Bank-financed agricultural operations, pest populations are normally controlled through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches. In Bank-financed public health projects, the Bank supports controlling pests primarily through environmental methods. The policy further ensures that health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides are minimized. The procurement of pesticides in a Bank- financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risk, taking into account the proposed use and the intended user. The policy is triggered if procurement of pesticides is envisaged (either directly through the project or indirectly through on-lending); if the project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done, even though the project is not envisaged to procure pesticides. This includes projects that may lead to substantially increased pesticide use and subsequent increase in health and environmental risks; and projects that may maintain or expand present pest management practices that are unsustainable. OP/BP 4.11 This policy aims at assisting in the preservation of cultural property (sites that have archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, Physical religious, and unique natural values – this includes remains left by previous human inhabitants (such as middens, shrines, and battlegrounds) and Cultural unique environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls), as well as in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Resources Bank-financed projects. MALF Page 157 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework This policy is triggered by projects which, prima facie, entail the risk of damaging cultural property (i.e. any project that includes large scale excavations, movement of earth, surficial environmental changes or demolition). Under CFAST - , the Borrower (government of URT) has prepared an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) which instruct a site specific ESIA process / Environmental and Social Management Plan to be applied to infrastructure projects development activities that might have negative impacts on Physical cultural resources. OP/BP 4.12 The objective of this policy is avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs. Involuntary Furthermore, it intends to assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards; it encourages community participation in planning Resettlement and implementing resettlement; and to provide assistance to affected people, regardless of the legality of title of land. This policy is triggered not only if physical relocation occurs, but also by any loss of land resulting in: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. Under CFAST - a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared which will serve as a guidance for infrastructure projects that involve land acquisition and compensation. OP/BP 4.37 This policy focuses on new and existing dams. In the case of new dams, the policy aims at ensuring that experienced and competent professionals Dams Security design and supervise construction; the Borrower adopts and implements dam safety measures for the dam and associated works. In the case of existing dams, the policy ensures that any dam upon which the performance of the project relies is identified, a dam safety assessment is carried out, and necessary additional dam safety measures and remedial work are implemented. The policy also recommends the preparation of a generic dam safety analysis for small dams. This policy is triggered if the project involves the construction of a large dam (15 m or higher) or a high hazard dam; if a project is dependent on an existing dam, or a dam under construction. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. MALF Page 158 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex 4: Summary of Relevant National Environmental and Social Management Requirements MANAGEMENT POLICIES, ACTS & REGULATIONS IMPLEMENTING ASPECT THAT APPLY AUTHORITY General Requirement The Constitution of the United Republic of Ministry of Justice and Tanzania Cap 2 (1977) Constitutional Affairs. National Environmental Policy (NEP) Vice President’s Office (VPO) (1997) through the Department of Environment (DoE). Environmental Management Act (EMA), National Environment Cap 191 (of 2004) Management Council (NEMC is under the Vice President’s Office (VPO) Environmental Impact Assessment and NEMC Audit Regulations (2005) Environmental (Registration of NEMC Environmental Experts) Regulations (2005) Air Emissions and Environmental Management Act (EMA), NEMC Ambient Air Quality Cap 191 (Sections 74, 75, 130-132) Environmental Management (Air Quality NEMC in collaboration with Standards) Regulations, (2007) Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) Public Health Act, Cap 336 (of 2009) Ministry of Community Development, Gender, Seniors and Children. Occupational Health and Safety Act, No.5 Occupational Health and Safety (of 2003) Authority (OSHA) Solid Wastes Environmental Management Act (EMA), National Environment Cap 191 (of 2004) Management Council (NEMC is under the Vice President’s Office (VPO) Public Health Act, Cap 336 (of 2009) Ministry of Community Development, Gender, Seniors and Children. Environmental Management (Hazardous Government Chemist Laboratory Waste Control and Management) Authority Regulations (2009) Wastewater and Ambient Environmental Management Act (EMA), NEMC Water Quality Cap 191 (Sections 61, 62, 123 – 129) Water Resource Management Act No. 11 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2009) Environmental Management (Water Ministry of Natural Resource and Quality Standards) Regulations (2007) Tourism: (Forestry, Wildlife and Antiquities) Soil Quality Environmental Management (Soil Quality TBS / NEMC Standards) Regulations (2007) Noise Management Environmental Management (Quality Tanzania Bureau of Standards Standards for Control of Noise and (TBS) Vibration Pollution) Regulations (2011) Occupational Health and Safety Act, No.5 Occupational Health and Safety (of 2003) Authority (OSHA) MALF Page 159 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Environmental Management Act (EMA), NEMC Cap 191 (Sections 147). Management of Land and Constitution of the United Republic of Ministry of Justice and Landuse Tanzania Cap 2 (1977 Constitutional Affairs Land Act, Cap 113 (R.E 2002) Minister Responsible for Lands / National Land Policy (1997) Land Use Planning Land Use Planning Act No. 6 (2007) The Courts (Land Disputes Settlements) Act, Cap. 216 (2002) Land (Assessment of the Value of Land for Compensation) Regulations (2001) Land (Compensation Claims) regulations (2001) Land Acquisition Act, Cap. 118 (R.E 2002) Urban Planning Act No.8 (2007) Public / Occupation Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 OSHA Health and Safety (2003) Public Health Act, Cap 336 (2009) Ministry of Health, Community National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) Development, Gender, Seniors and The HIV and Aids (Prevention and Children. Control) No. 28 (2008) Tanzania Commission for AIDS Disabilities Act No. 9 (2010) (TACAIDS) Employment and Labour Relation Act Cap. Ministry of Justice and 366 (2004 Constitutional Affairs. Law of the Child Act No. 21 (2009) Agriculture Related The Seeds Act No. 18 of 2003 MALF The Plant Protection Act No. 13 of 1997 The Plant Protection Regulations of 1998 The Tropical Pesticides Research Institute Act, No. 2 of 1979 The Pesticides Control Regulations, 1984 Road Road Act No. 13 (2007) Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication MALF Page 160 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex5: Sample Checklist for Environmental and Social Screening ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM [Sample] The qualified Subproject Implementers (PSP/IO) will fill in this Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) as initial step to define scope of the intended CFAST sub-project development activities, and to determine activities likely to cause adverse environmental and social impacts, and the magnitude/scale of impacts. The PSP/IO will submit the dully filled Screening form to the DAICO who after reviewing the results of the initial environmental and social screening process, will then submit to the the District EMO for approval. The ESSF has been designed to assist in the evaluation of infrastructure projects under the CFAST Project. The form is designed to place information in the hands of implementers so that impacts and their mitigation measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis be determined. The ESSF contains information that will allow project planners to determine the characterization of the prevailing local bio-physical and social environment with the aim to assess the potential subproject impacts on it. The ESSF will also identify potential socio-economic impacts that will require mitigation measures and/or resettlement and compensation. Name of subproject……………………………………………………. Implementing Institution (Participating LGA) ……………………………… Name of the Village/Ward/District in which the subproject is to be implemented……………………………………………… Name of Executing Agent/Contractor…………………………………………… Name of the Supervising Agent ………………………………………… Name, job title, and contact details of the person responsible for filling out this ESSF: Name: ……………………………………………………………………….. Job title:……………………………………………………………………… Telephone numbers:……………………………; ……………………….. Fax Number: E-mail address Date: Signature:…………………………………………… MALF Page 161 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework PART A: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SUB - PROJECT Please provide information on the type and scale of the subproject (area, required land, approximate size of total building floor area). Provide information about actions needed during the construction of structures including support/ancillary structures and activities required to build it, e.g. need to quarry or excavate borrow materials, laying pipes/lines to connect to energy or water source, access road etc. Describe how the infrastructure project will operate including support/activities and resources required to operate it e.g. roads, disposal site, water supply, energy requirement, human resource etc. PART B: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS Describe the subproject location, sitting, surroundings (include a map, even a sketch map) ________________________________________________________________________ Describe the land formation, topography, vegetation in/adjacent to the project area _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Estimate and indicate where vegetation might need to be cleared. _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species Are there any environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species (specify below) that could be adversely affected by the project? Intact natural forests: Yes __________No ___________ Riverine forest: Yes ______________ No ___________ Surface water courses, natural springs Yes ______________ No ___________ Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp, seasonally inundated areas) Yes ________No ______ How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, rivers, seasonally inundated areas, sea)? ______________________ km. Area of high biodiversity: Yes ___________ No ___________ Habitats of endangered/ threatened, or rare species for which protection is required under Tanzania national law/local law and/or international agreements. Yes ___________ No __________ Others (describe)…………. Yes ____________ No ______________ Rivers, Lakes and Aquatic Ecology Is there a possibility that, due to construction and operation of the project, the river and lake ecology will be adversely affected? Attention should be paid to water quality and quantity; the nature, productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and variations of these over time. Yes ______________ No ______________ Protected areas MALF Page 162 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Does the project area (or components of the project) occur within/adjacent to any protected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, world heritage site etc.) Yes _________ No ____________ If “YES�, Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) is triggered. Carry out EIA for appropriate mitigation measure to be taken. If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affect the ecology within the protected area / areas (e.g. interference with the migration routes of mammals or birds). Yes __________ No ____________ Geology and Soils Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability (prone to: soil erosion, landslide, subsidence, earthquake etc.)? Yes ____________ No ____________ Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas that have risks of large scale increase in soil salinity? Yes _____________ No _____________ Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas prone to floods, poorly drained, low-lying, or in a depression or block run-off water Yes _____________ No _____________ Contamination and Pollution Hazards Is there a possibility that the project will be at risks of contamination and pollution hazards (from latrines, dumpsite, industrial discharges etc.) Yes _____________ No _____________ Landscape/aesthetics Is there a possibility that the project will adversely affect the aesthetic attractiveness of the local landscape? Yes __________ No ____________ Historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations, could the project alter any historical, archaeological, cultural heritage traditional (sacred, ritual area) site or require excavation near same? Yes ___________ No ____________ If “YES� , Cultural Property (OP 4.11) is triggered. Carry out EIA for appropriate mitigation measure to be taken. Resettlement and/or land Acquisition MALF Page 163 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Will involuntary resettlement, land acquisition, relocation of property, or loss, denial or restriction of access to land and other economic resources be caused by project implementation? Yes ___________ No _________________ If “Yes� Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 is triggered. Please refer to the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for appropriate mitigation measures to be taken. Loss of Crops, Fruit Trees and Household Infrastructure Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, livestock shed etc.)? Yes ____________ No ______________ Block of access and routes or disrupt normal operations in the general area Will the project interfere or block access, routes etc. (for people, livestock) or traffic routing and flows? Yes ____________ No ______________ Noise and Dust Pollution during Construction and Operations Will the operating noise level exceed the allowable noise limits? Yes ___________ No _______________ Will the operation result in emission of copious amounts of dust, hazardous fumes? Yes ___________ No _______________ Degradation and/or depletion of resources during construction and operation Will the operation involve use of considerable amounts of natural resources (construction materials, water spillage, land, energy from biomass etc.) or may lead to their depletion or degradation at points of source? Yes ___________ No _______________ Solid or Liquid Wastes Will the project generate solid or liquid wastes? (including human excreta/sewage, asbestos) Yes _______________ No ______________ If “Yes�, does the project include a plan for their adequate collection and disposal? Yes ________________ No ______________ Occupational health hazards Will the project require large number of staff and laborers; large/long-term construction camp? Yes ________________ No ______________ MALF Page 164 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Are the project activities prone to hazards, risks and could result in accidents and injuries to workers during construction or operation? Yes ________________ No ______________ Will the project require frequent maintenance and or repair Yes ________________ No ______________ Public Consultation Has public consultation and participation been sought? Yes ______________ No _______________ PART C: MITIGATION MEASURES For all “Yes� responses, describe briefly the measures taken to this effect. MALF Page 165 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes NATURAL HABITATS Physical placement of new Replacement of / direct Subproject ESMP infrastructure encroachment of natural  Minimize habitats / vegetation loss through avoidance strategies: sitting of vegetation subproject circumvent a natural area of local importance avoid cutting mature trees, use of existing cleared areas and replanting as appropriate. Subproject ESMP  Compensation measures (i.e. Participating Villages establish land use plans that establish and maintain the conserving important natural areas within the village boundaries Construction works Damage / degradation of protected Subproject ESMP areas and other natural and critical  Ensure proper demarcation of the project area to be affected by the construction habitats works.  Strict control of trucks, vehicles, equipment and machinery to operate only within working areas designated to be disturbed by access routes and other works.  Compensate for the lost indigenous trees by planting trees. Noise, gaseous and dust emissions Disturbances / flight of fauna Subproject ESMP  Inspection and maintained of equipments and machinery in good running conditions: properly maintained silencers and mufflers.  Transportation path selected to minimize potential for disturbances - shortest route taken over land; no passing close to noise-sensitive areas.  Avoidance strategies: maintain caution/ separation distances. Land clearing Loss or damage of vegetation, Subproject ESMP fauna and biodiversity in a natural  Minimize loss of vegetation area Sediments in runoffs from Increased turbidity of natural Subproject ESMP construction works water areas  Soil erosion control measures (see section 3 below) WATER RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT Discharge of storm water, excess Flooding, overflows and stagnant Subproject ESMP irrigation water pools of water  Adequate drainage system Physical placement of infrastructure Obstruct drainage systems / Avoidance strategies: on/close to water courses / bodies change of water courses  Observe and enforce setback lines: 30m from stream banks; 60 m from river banks high water mark of Lake or sea MALF Page 166 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes  LGA develop and implement Integrated water Management Plans for affected areas Soil disturbance (digging / o Change of water Subproject ESMP excavation) increasing erosion and courses  Soil erosion control measures (see section 3 below sediments load in runoffs into water o Increased water body turbidity Uncontrolled water extraction or o Water sources depletion Subproject ESMP tapping from existing sources o Increase pressure on the  Comprehensive water resource assessment to determine available quantities in existing water supply systems rivers, underground water resources  Extract un- or under- exploited water resources (e.g. underground aquifers)  Authorization for connection from existing Municipal / community water supply systems  Use of water saving devises (e.g. hand pumps and press/release taps etc.)  Rain water harvesting at all buildings or channeling to storage troughs. LAND, SOIL AND CONSTRUCTION MINERAL RESOURCES Site preparation Soils erosion at subproject site Procurement of Contractor Clearing of vegetation) and points of source of materials  Use Contractors with requisite experience of land management and soil erosion Civil works (trenching, digging) control Instructions to Contractors require:  Soil erosion control and land rehabilitation measures; supervision and monitoring during and after sub-project implementation and site restoration at completion of construction works.  Specific soil erosion and sedimentation control measures at intake weir, irrigation canals and watering points for livestock and people.  Identify erosion prone areas, identify permanent erosion control measures (applicable for a particular site)  Plan construction works and sites to limit quantity of material likely to be eroded and transported into watercourses.  LGAs and borrow area authorities develop management plans for existing quarry sites, and new sources of construction materials. MALF Page 167 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes Subproject ESMP Specific Erosion control measures:  Avoidance / minimization of soil erosion - Minimize surface area to be cleared during works - Avoid and minimize the removal of stumps, trees and natural vegetation - Minimize the extent and exposure time of bare/cleared areas  Machinery operations - Avoid use of heavy machinery during rainy season to avoid ground compaction, creation of ruts and loss of organic matter  Soil erosion control using vegetation - Use mulch of vegetation e.g. agricultural plants or any other type of mulch; - Use of permanent vegetation such as trees - Leaving buffer zones of natural vegetation cover between a cleared area e.g. access roads and water bodies  Soil erosion control mechanical measures - Use of mechanical process e.g. on roads: stone ripraps, spreading gravel or crushed stone, use nets and matting etc. - Design slopes and ditches to prevent erosion - Topsoil from stripped areas put aside for later use in areas to be re-vegetated - Divert surface runoff from exposed surfaces Grading of materials: piling and Materials deposition or Subproject ESMP levelling of top-soils, fill and transportation into water courses.  Avoidance / minimization measures excavated materials - Avoid levelling near lake or rivers (i.e. a 30-m limit from the top of the bank’s slope), unless this is the location of the planned work  Mechanical measures - Materials deposited on the surface of inclined ground must adhere well to the existing ground to avoid sliding - Preserve topsoil stockpiled to a maximum height of 1.5 m to be used to landscape the road slopes and other disturbed surfaces - Excavated material - immediately piled/temporarily stored either inside the road reserve or an area which is already cleared located more than 60 m from water bodies. - Excavated material not re-used - deposited, levelled and landscaped to give it a MALF Page 168 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes natural and stable form either within the right of way, 35m from the road reserve or 60m from water bodies. Uncontrolled excavation / Depletion of construction  Contractor procurement extraction of construction materials materials at points of source - Obtain construction materials only from authorized sites or suppliers (stones/aggregates, sand, gravel, LGA Management Plans cobblestones, fill materials)  For existing quarry sites, and new sources of construction materials MATERIAL EFFICIENCY AND WASTES Uncontrolled water use (for Reduced volume of water Subproject ESMP construction, cleaning purposes, available for various uses  Institute measures for reduction of water consumption, waste water, and pollution by: - Reducing water consumption in construction, cleaning and other areas - Avoiding spillage and leakage - Reusing and/or recycling suitable water sources - Reducing waste water pollution - Treating waste water in an environmentally-sound way (see WMP) - Education awareness on measures to minimize water loss (waste water reuse) - Uncontrolled use of materials e.g. Reduced volume of material Subproject ESMP construction materials available for various uses  Institute measures for controlling use of materials - Avoiding losses due to spillage and leakage - Establishing preventive maintenance programmes - Substituting and/or reducing the use of materials harmful to the environment (e.g. (cleaning agents, disinfectants, leaded fuel) - Use materials formulated with internationally acceptable benign (non toxic) / low toxicity / ingredients - Adopt system to recycle the use of the materials - Minimize residue through processing by solids control equipment. - Use of high standard personnel and equipment. Disposal of agro- production and Point soil and water pollution Sub-Project ESMP / specific Waste Management Plans processing materials and wastes  Use best available mechanisms, practices and technologies for waste generation, collection, handling, transportation and disposal based on minimize, segregate, reuse and MALF Page 169 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes recycle principles. Uncontrolled application of Sub-Project ESMP / – specific Chemicals Management Plans and Integrated Pest chemical fertilizers and pesticides Management Plan.  Identify what type of pesticide and categories of chemical the subproject will handle and use; and identify ways to reduce wastage; use best available mechanisms, practices and technologies for chemicals handling, storage and use.  Conduct robust soil analysis before application of industrial fertilizers (set aside funds to conduct soil analysis in laboratories).  Train farmers on pesticide and agro-chemicals management: - Avoidance strategies (unnecessary use of pesticides). - Effective screening of agro-chemicals - Proper use and handling of agro-chemicals IPM approaches to pest management pesticide and safe disposal of containers, pesticide residues / packaging materials. - Organic farming methods (promote the use of organic fertilizers).  Promote the use traditional / biological pesticides Discharge of biodegradable / o Increase nutrients in Sub-Project ESMP / Solid Waste Management Plans (SWMP) organic wastes: food, cleared soils and aquatic bodies  Reduce the volume of waste by preserving valuable elements vegetation etc. o Proliferation of disease - Composting germs and vectors - Animal feeds o Attract human and - Re-use animal scavengers - Recycling Disposal of packaging materials: o Loss of visual quality  Contractor use best available mechanisms, practices and technologies for waste paper, cardboards, wood etc. collection and transportation to designated waste treatment facilities and waste disposal Disposal of non-biodegradable o Soil degradation sites. (metallic, plastic) o Accidental injuries Discharge of waste water Same as solid wastes Sub-Project ESMP / Waste Water Management Plans (WWMP)  Waste water use for irrigation / watering Disposal of medical wastes Health hazards (poisonous Sub-Project ESMP / Medical Waste Management Plan (MWMP) materials, accidental injuries); Soil degradation Disposal of hazardous wastes: used Soil degradation, Sub-Project ESMP / Hazardous Waste Management Plan (HWMP) batteries, chemicals, paints etc. health hazards (poisonous  Proper handling, transportation and storage of materials and products: materials) - Applying the first-in-first-out principle MALF Page 170 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes - Establishing adequate, secure, and controlled storage for hazardous materials - Handling dangerous substances with care - Properly cleaning and disposing of packaging materials - Transport in leak-proof containers that are clearly labelled Leaks and accidental discharge / Soil and water degradation, Sub-Project ESMP / Hazardous Waste Management Plan (HWMP) spills of fuels, oils, lubricants, - Secure storage area: (outside easily flooded zones and more than 60m from vehicle / machinery fluids Loss of visual quality watercourses or wetlands) with an impervious surface that can contain fuel, oil, and other fluid spills. - Machinery maintenance site: Dedicated central disposal point approved by the Engineer for disposal of used fuels, oils, paint, vehicle fluids, and old tires and tubes, household, office, workshop, and other solid wastes; burning cleaned spills and contaminated soils - Containment/retention: tanks and filling equipment surrounded by a retention dike designed to completely contain the content of each tank inside the basin; - Fuel tanks equipped with a reserve basin - Workers handling and using hazardous materials: specifically trained in how to handle and use hazardous materials; how to avoid any risk of accidental discharge; how to respond in the event of a natural disaster or environmental emergency, including events leading to chain reactions, so as to avoid any accidental discharges - Spills clean- up: by burning in place or collecting the contaminated soil and burning at central disposal point; - Residue deposited on the ground from washing trucks or from any operation be buried or cleaned up to the satisfaction of the Engineer - Materials to control discharges: e.g. absorbent material, peat, sand bags, shovels, pumps, machinery, containers, and gloves stored near construction areas - Machinery operations: avoid use of heavy machinery: closer than 30m from watercourses or lakes; during rainy season. - All repairs, maintenance, refilling undertaken offsite away from the project site CONSTRUCTION WASTES Waste water from concrete works, Soil degradation, Sub-Project ESMP / Solid Waste Management Plans (SWMP) washing of aggregates - Avoid / minimize discharging onto land and in water, MALF Page 171 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes Degradation of quality of - Conduct works on impervious surfaces, receiving water bodies - Waste water contained not to enter into environment - - O Fill material in open pits Littering and an eyesore verburden soils. - Reduce the volume of waste by preserving valuable elements -  Re-use R ubble, chunks of pavement, pieces  Recycling of concrete and masonry, slags. - N on-fermentable crushed or shredded residue not containing dangerous wastes. - N on-reusable excavated material. - S crap wood, metallic wastes: iron sheets, grills. AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Exhaust fumes (containing GHGs) Reduced air quality - Repair and maintain machinery (regular preventive maintenance for all from construction and operation GHG effects that affect climate equipments) equipments (generators,) change - Engines should not be left running unnecessarily to reduce exhaust fumes (also reduce noise, smoke, dust etc.) Dust from bare land or loose Caking of surfaces (near - - Sub-Project ESMP surfaces; fine sand, cement and vegetation, buildings, streams, and  Contractor shall use best practice management techniques during extraction, other materials from construction, wetlands loading of and transporting raw materials: excavation, drilling blasting - Avoid dust formation; contain fine sand, cement and other materials with a firmly activities. fixed cover - Installation of dust filters on equipment - Dust-control agents (e.g. wood shavings, mulch) or water spray (e.g. if near buildings, streams, and wetlands) - Speed restrictions etc. Smoke running engines Reduced air quality, - Engines should not be left running unnecessarily to reduce smoke, MALF Page 172 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes GHG effects that affect climate - Repair and maintain engines change Odours (from wastes) Reduced air quality, - Prevention at source (proper waste management) Nuisance to receptors LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL AMENITY Intrusion of new elements in the o - I Structures blend (height, texture, colour etc.) with natural settings natural setting mpaired visual quality and Vegetation clearance amenity - Revegetate cleared areas; minimize loss of vegetation Soil erosion, landslides etc.; of o - Refer to measures in Part 3 above L landscapes features oss of land value Haphazardly disposed wastes - Waste Management Plan, refer to measures in Part 4 above BUILT ENVIRONMENT Existing infrastructure upgraded, Access and services improved Enhancement measures: rehabilitated during operation - Regular Preventive Maintenance Plan Physical presence or construction Existing infrastructure damaged or Machinery operations: Avoid use of heavy machinery near properties to prevent damage or works access restricted causing cracks disturbance, travel longer distances etc. Increased rainwater catchment by Existing infrastructure, roads, Water harvesting roofing / paving concentrate rain land, buildings, etc. damaged by - Paving and / or landscaping areas surrounding infrastructure (buildings, roads) water hitting the ground erosion - Construct storm water drainage from facility Connection to existing facilities and Pressure on existing or proposed Connection to authorized existing Municipal / community facilities and supply systems supply systems (water, electricity, public infrastructure sewerage, storm drainage) Improved infrastructure attract new Pressure on existing or proposed Specific ESMP for individual subproject (roads) immigrants public infrastructure LAND RIGHTS AND LANDUSES Taking of land for subproject Loss of land rights (statutory and Avoid or minimise land and property acquisition: customary) and - Road construction or rehabilitation works to maintain the same road alignment improvements on the land - Avoid removal and/or damage to existing structures and infrastructure during construction - Valuation and prompt compensation MALF Page 173 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes - Census of people whose land will be taken (even temporarily) and inventory of their assets and properties. Change or modification of existing Managing existing land use avoid or minimize: or potential land uses at sub- - Removal of trees or plants with economic or food-source functions (e.g., teak project site wood or fruit and nut trees) - Access roads that will result in individuals or communities to lose any assets e.g. land used for urban agriculture - Siting of new borrow areas that will result in land use conflicts - Locating drainage structures and outlets that will pose problems to land users e.g. a steep ditch that cannot be easily crossed preventing access to services/land across the road. Loss of access to land or land user Maximize benefits to communities rights - Informing and involving land users in the design and siting of facilities, roads and drainage structures - Use of drainage structures and turnouts to benefit communities in water-deprived areas - Drainage structures can be designed to allow community to harvest water - Use of borrow pits converted to some other use to the community after project completion e.g. water collection pond, dumpsite, etc. COMMUNITY LIVELIHOODS Development of new and improved Local government increased Enhancement measures: infrastructure e.g. roads, introducing incomes; reduced construction and access to areas which did not exist / maintenance costs Regular Preventive Maintenance Plan accessed before Increased land values Enhancement measures Employment opportunities at the Enhancement measures: local, district and regional levels - Optimize local employment (Laborers to Contractors) - Allocate jobs fairly /equally among community members using set criteria for allocation: (consider gender, marginalized groups) - Involve community leaders/ committees to identify suitable/able people for the jobs: review to avoid bias or favouritism - Deliver skills / literacy training to locals particularly youth. - Observe national / and international labour standards. MALF Page 174 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes - Establish a system to manage local expectations. Attract new economic migrants: o I area LGA Management Plans for exploitation of water & other resources in the Induced settlements in vicinity  Alternative strategies to avoid / minimize water extraction o  Conflict avoidance / resolution mechanism N New economic activities o I Increased illegal developments and activities o A Additional demand for natural resources and water o C ompetition / conflicts over resources o A Additional pressure on social services Improve trade and supply of Enhancement measures: commodities to the project sites and effects on tourism Regular Preventive Maintenance Plan Improved access and effects on the travel duration and distances Improved markets for local products PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY Noise emissions from operations Modifications to the ambient noise  Sub-project Health and Safety Plan consider:- generating high-intensity noise level in the project area - Noisy equipments and processes - Inspection and maintained of equipments and machinery in good running Disturbances / nuisance to nearby conditions. receptors - Soft start technique - Notification to nearby residences / institutions on project activities and schedules MALF Page 175 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes - Transportation noise - Transportation path selected to minimize potential for disturbances. - Minimal low speed; no passing close to noise-sensitive areas. - Shortest route taken over land. - Properly maintained silencers and mufflers. - Avoidance strategies - Maintain caution/ separation distances. Noise from blasting, use of jackhammers, pile driving, rock crushing - Carry out operations generating high-intensity noise during day light hours - Using the noise-suppressing devices available on certain equipment (e.g. mufflers, side panels on compressors, etc.). - Installation of noise protection screens e.g. ridge made from excavated material, wall from plywood, mobile trailors, stacked materials, etc.) Modifications to air quality Health effects especially on Sub-project Health and Safety Plan incorporate measures under section 5 above (increase of air pollution from vulnerable groups (e.g., hospital emissions, dust, odours from patients, children, and elderly wastes) people); Construction site hazards (sharp or Injuries / fatalities  Sub-project Health and Safety Plan consider:- falling objects, - Warning signs open pits for foundations, waste - Backfilling of open pits and restating to original condition water etc.) Pits filled with water at project site Creation of new breeding habitats and quarry sites for agents / vectors of diseases (i.e. proliferation of mosquitoes) and increase prevalence of malaria, gastro-enteritis, and other diarrhoeal illnesses Poor sanitation, waste disposal and Exposure water-borne or  Sub-project Health and Safety Plan consider Water and sanitation provisions: ventilation respiratory infections and diseases - Make a proper assessment of water needs. - Increase water extraction (underground wells, rainwater harvesting) and storage MALF Page 176 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes capacity. - Establish water use & saving measures including an Education, Information, and Communication (EIC) package with “ DOs and DON’Ts�. Interactions among new comers and Increase incidences of Sub-project Health and Safety Plan consider establishing or promoting existing HIV/AIDS with local population communicable diseases including programme that will:- STDs HIV/AIDs; and disruption - Create awareness among the project managers and leaders of infrastructure of culture /behavior change and construction companies; security. - Encourage the adoption of a proactive change in behaviour including abstinence and/or fidelity to their spouse, systematic use of condoms, and HIV testing - Provide the necessary support to service providers (i.e., medical personnel, educational peers, and community representatives), as well as clinical and psycho-social support to infected persons; - Ensure that means of prevention or treatment for STIs and HIV/AIDS are available and accessible to workers and the local community members during the project implementation Fire Injuries / fatalities, damage of  Sub-project Health and Safety Plan consider:- properties  Minimization of the risk of fire - Fire fighting equipments and procedures. - Training to facility personnel / occupants and fire drills. - Establish a First Aid and ER facility at project location taking into considerations treatment and ER capabilities of local medical services providers and hospitals. Transport / construction traffic Effects on traffic safety, - Traffic Management and Safety Procedure (TMSP) consider: hazards (e.g., road deviations, inconvenience related to vehicles - Selection of appropriate transportation route with consultations with stakeholders, transport of dangerous goods etc.) causing accidents, congested avoiding large agglomerations. determined traffic, material spillage, increased - Good Site Practices: travel duration and distance - Informing locals of transportation proposals. - Signage and signal personnel where appropriate; vehicle lighting (front and back). - Training and testing (i.e. vision tests) of heavy equipment operators and drivers - Requirements that all companies and drivers have licenses and insurance. - Transportation restrictions: vehicle movement restricted to pre-determined routes; maximum load restrictions; restrictions on movement of vehicles and speed limits (zoned according to sensitivity of the area); day time movements if desired; and parking and on-site MALF Page 177 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes traffic movement. - Noise and dust control measures (see above) - Compliance with all Tanzanian transportation laws/standards - Vibrations from heavy equipments Effects to nearby buildings - OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Exposure to dust, noise Disturbances / nuisance and - Sub-project Health and Safety Plan consider:- discomfort - PPEs Injuries from sharp / falling objects, Serious injuries - - - Provide all workers with required PPE (i.e., supply safety equipment based on a falling from heights worker’s responsibilities, e.g., provide dust masks to workers working in dusty conditions); - Enforce the correct use of PPE by workers and apply sanctions to workers who Exposure to sun/heat Sickness and ill-health (reduced - - are not compliant; manpower) - Emergency response Exposure to water-borne infections Sickness and ill-health, fatalities - - - Prepare for accidents (e.g., identify nearest doctor and hospital) to ensure a swift from food, drinking water response when health issues arise; - Provide on-site First Aid kits and that at least 2 persons per worksite have received First Aid training; - Training - Train employees on health risks, on measures to ensure safety, on how-to use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), on the importance of using safety equipment, and on what to-do when accidents occur; - Train workers handling toxic substances and dangerous machinery on relevant ‘best practices’; - Delegate one staff who has been trained in OHS as Safety Officer - Working environment - Provide adequate sanitation, potable water, and rest areas and periods to workers; - Signing during construction RISKS TO PROJECT FROM NATURAL FACTORS Extremes of climatic elements: - Damage of project structures  Adopt basin-wide and ecosystem approaches in tackling impacts from natural winds, rains, storms, hurricanes, - Disruption of project operations disasters. lightening and schedules  Adopt precautionary approach: undertake risk assessment of pre-existing Extreme aquatic conditions: waves, - Blocked access to the road conditions at the site to determine conformity of sub-project and environs. MALF Page 178 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes tides, currents network and facilities; Sub-project ESMP Soil movements: erosion, stone  - Injuries and fatalities to project Physical placement of infrastructure and facilities observe setback lines and other dislodging, landslides personnel working on the site siting standards Surface drainage (streams, rivers) Damage of project structures,  Choice of materials and designs resilient to extremes of natural events i.e. able to and storm water drainage causing with stand pressures/forces i.e. welded and seamless wrought steel pipes; valves, end flooding and overflows. Discharges into project site closures, connectors and swivels made of corrosive-resistant materials. Hydro-geological conditions: heightWater stagnation / flooding of  Taking specific preventive action at subproject level including installing general of water table project site safeguards at prone areas, intake structures and main canal e.g. Geology: seismic activities Damage to project structures o Installing large drainage dykes in flood areas. (earthquakes etc.) o Strengthening intake embankment and construction of emergence spillway to control overtopping action by flood water o Intake weir built on the upper part of the river to avoid flooding and sedimentation problems o Lining the irrigation canals  Institute preventive maintenance procedures at subproject level for repair of damages caused by major natural disasters involving attending to defects, sealing of leaking roofs, adjusting and tightening locks and hinges, replacing water-tap, gaskets, replacing broken window panes etc. RISKS TO PROJECT FROM NEIGHBOURING ACTIVITIES AND DEVELOPMENTS Land disturbances activities: Destruction of infrastructure o Stakeholders Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Plan cultivation, bulldozing, livestock Continuous engagement with project affected individuals and groups prior to project. IEC grazing plan includes early formal notification to relevant stakeholders of the scope and schedules of Occupation, economic and social Theft of materials and portable the intended project activities. status of nearby residences items with ready-made market or Resources Mapping for home use. Entailing identification and mapping of any ecologically sensitive habitats and species or Security condition in Vandalism of structures / human settlement features. First step is baseline survey followed by sustain communications neighbourhood to the project site equipments with relevant affected / interested parties to avoid (where possible) sensitive natural, social, Theft of materials and portable economic and cultural resources and/or to use alternative resources and routes. items with ready-made market or Project Area Layout/Plan for home use. Reviewing layouts of land use at project site and immediate vicinity enables: - Restriction of project activities to the project primary areas of impact; Bush fires practices Injuries and fatalities to project - Choice of access/transportation routes that cause minimum impact (i.e. use MALF Page 179 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Activity / aspect Anticipated Effect Likelihood Avoidance & Mitigation Measures (for “Yes� Responses) No Yes personnel working on the site or existing routes); visitors. - Marking of exclusion zone around project site / activities. Destruction of subproject area (community forest, wood grove, Initiating and Maintaining Good Neighbourliness planted trees / grass) - Incorporate in the IEC plan information dissemination, public awareness on Boundary fence and buffer zone Conflicts related to blocked access potential dangers of project activities to humans and properties. separating project from to local resources present on the - Engage communities in the running of project: employment opportunities, project neighbouring features site benefits sharing etc. - Engage individuals or private company or Government agencies offering security services MALF Page 180 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex 6: Guidelines for Assessment of Dams and Preparation of a Dam Safety Measures Report Purpose and Scope of Work: The purpose of the dam safety assessment is to prepare a reconnaissance-level assessment of quality management of a dam or weir, and of the reliability of the water source. The work will involve initial and wrap-up meetings with personnel responsible for the dam/weir; a field examination; and a Dam Safety Report of findings and recommendations. If deemed necessary, the report will provide terms of reference for more thorough follow-up activities to identify (to feasibility level with cost estimates) the investments and other measures needed to ensure the safety of the dam/weir. Qualifications of the Dam Specialist: The work will be carried out by a Dam Specialist (DS) of suitable independence from the owner/operator of the dam/weir, and who has not been associated with the design, construction, and operation of the dam/weir. The DS will have appropriate qualifications and substantial experience with the design, construction, operation and maintenance of dams, especially in developing countries. Investigations of Operating Conditions: The owner/operator of the dam/weir will provide the DS with the following information: a) Construction year, first impoundment; b) Dam size: height (m), crest length (m); c) Reservoir size (m3); d) Dam type; e) Estimated population downstream that would be threatened by dam failure; and f) Estimated replacement cost. The DS will discuss with the owner/operator past and current O&M practice with particular reference to: a) Existing records; b) Maintenance logbooks; c) Instrumentation and monitoring; d) Emergency preparedness; e) O&M resources (human and financial); and f) Status of reservoir sedimentation and measures to prolong the life of storage (reservoir conservation). MAFL Page 181 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Investigations of Structural Conditions: Depending on the type of dam/weir, a suitable checklist for the inspection activities will be used. Inspection details are left to the DS who will carry out the task, however the inspection report should contain the following information: a) Construction year, first impoundment; b) Dam/weir size: height (m), crest length (m c) Reservoir size (m3); d) Dam type; e) Geotechnical aspects of foundations; f) Design flood return period (years); g) Availability of as-built drawings; h) Spillway reliability assessment; i) Bottom outlet reliability assessment; j) Seepage; k) Deformations, settlements; l) Conditions of slopes/concrete structures; m) Active storage (m3); n) Estimated population downstream that would be threatened by dam failure; and o) Estimated replacement cost. Investigations of Regulatory Framework: The DS will: Discuss with relevant authorities (regulator, line ministries, utilities, etc.) the existing regulatory framework for dam/weir safety; Compare the existing regulatory framework, in a matrix format, with comments as necessary, to the “essential elements� identified in the World Bank publication “Regulatory Frameworks for Dam Safety - A Comparative Study�34; Identify opportunities and constraints to the achievement of the “essential elements�; and If judged feasible, develop terms of reference for an action plan aimed at achieving the “essential elements� in the national context (priorities, institutional reforms, incentives, enforcements, etc.) Dam Safety Report: The DS will produce a Dam Safety Report that includes:  Description of the dam/weir, ownership, and regulatory framework.  Dam safety assessment according to international standards (ICOLD). MAFL Page 182 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework  Structural measures required to bring safety to acceptable standards, including a preliminary cost estimate differentiating interventions in three categories: a) emergency (human life at immediate risk); b) urgent (likely to pose a risk to human life, major assets at risk); c) significant (any needed rehabilitation beyond meaningful maintenance). Non-structural measures (instrumentation and monitoring, stand-by electricity supply, training, dam safety plans) to be implemented to make dam safety sustainable after rehabilitation; reference should be made to OP4.37 “Safety of Dams�, and appendices to the publication “Regulatory Frameworks for Dam Safety - A Comparative Study�. Preliminary assessment of reservoir sedimentation status, and recommendations aimed at prolonging the life of storage facilities. Resources needed for reliable O&M (human resources and recurrent costs). Overall assessment of challenges and opportunities for the management of the dam/weir. Terms of reference for the preparation of feasibility studies for any required rehabilitation measures (structural and non-structural). MAFL Page 183 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex7: Main Steps in the Tanzania EIA Process (at National Level) MAIN STEPS AS STIPULATED IN THE EIA/EA REGULATIONS, 2005 AND REFLECTED IN FIGURE INCLUDE: Application for EIA Certificate & Project Registration – the project Proponent is required to register project activity by submitting dully filled in special application form (Registration Form No.1) together with a Project Brief and a prescribed fee for NEMC to assess whether or not EIA is required. The Proponent is required to submit to NEMC 10 copies of the project brief (of prescribed format, prepared by a registered EIA expert). NEMC then submits the project brief for comments to relevant Ministry / Public institution, relevant Local Government Environment Management Office or Regional Secretariat. Screening – this is the classification stage to determine the level at which EIA will be carried out. In making the decision whether full EIA, Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA) or no EIA is required, consideration of the following factors is taken: sensitivity of the environment, location of a project, technology used, concerns of the public, land use considerations, magnitude/scale of environmental impacts and any other relevant factors. NEMC then submits the screening results / report to the Proponent within 45 days of submission of project brief. Scoping & TOR – if the classification indicates that a full EIA is required, then identification of main issues of concern through scoping is done by consulting all the relevant concerned parties. Draft Terms of References to guide the impact assessment study are then submitted to NEMC. Approval should be granted within 14 days of submission, failure of which approval is assumed. Public Participation - public consultation is mandatory when conducting an EIA and at a minimum the proponent must meet key stakeholders to solicit their views. The Proponent must extensively publicize the project: post posters in strategic public places; publish notices in newspapers; announce notice in radio; and conduct public meetings (as appropriate) with affected parties and communities. A public consultation programme ought to be submitted (attached to Scoping report / EIA report) for verification of issues raised by concerned parties. Impact Assessment - The preparation of EIA study ( by certified & registered EIA experts or firms of experts) follows after approval of ToR, to identify likely impacts, assess and evaluate their severity and magnitude and proposed mitigation measures to minimize potential negative impacts and enhance positive benefits. An EIA report (prepared according to prescribed contents and format; and signed by each expert) includes an environmental management plan and a monitoring plan. A non-technical executive summary in English and Kiswahili is mandatory. MAFL Page 184 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Proponent submits to NEMC 15 original copies and an electronic copy (in Form No. 2) and pay prescribed fee. Review – Cross-sectoral Technical Advisory Committee at national level (and at LGA as appropriate) undertake a review process of the EIA report (or EIS). The TAC is composed of not less than 12 multi-disciplinary specialists from sectors responsible for environment and resource management, those that are currently the focus for investment and relevant research institutions. Prior to TAC meeting with Proponent / Consultant NEMC disseminates the EIS to Ministries and Authorities and a site visit is conducted to verify information provided in the EIS report. TAC is crucial in enhancing required technical credibility, institutional and interagency coordination, accountability and transparency in deciding the fate of a project. Depending on the complexity and scope of the project, an independent review panel may be formed for a specific project. The public is notified of the EIS to present their views and comments and these are collated by NEMC for the TAC consideration. If more information is required the proponent/ consultant is informed of the need for a more detailed analysis of certain impacts proposal or any other information to adequately assess the proposal. Additional public consultation may be required as well. Once the additional information has been submitted, a further review may be necessary. Public hearing - as part of the review process may be necessary whenever a strong public concern over the undertaking has been raised and impacts are far reaching. Other critical factors that may necessitate public hearing are sensitivity of the site location, type and scale of project, technology used, multiple land use considerations, project impacts and any other factors related to a particular project. Environmental decision of the Minister – NEMC submits a report of EIS review to the Minister who gives a decision within 30 days of receiving NEM recommendations and advise from Director of Environment. The outcome of the review could be “EIS approval� or “EIS approval subject to specified conditions� or could be “EIS not approved�. For the later two cases the proponent is issued with a decision letter signed by the Minister responsible for environment. For approved EIS the proponent is issued an EIA Certificate in Form No. 3. If no development has started within 3 years, the certificate is deemed invalid and the Developer has to re-register the project. Appeals – Any person who is aggrieved (both the proponent and the affected or interested parties) have the right to appeal. If there is dissatisfaction of any decision reached, he/she has the right to appeal to the Environmental Appeals Tribunal within 30 days after the date of the decision. If not satisfied by EAT decision or order, the aggrieved my within 30 days appeal to the High Court. Project implementation – this is to be conducted according to the terms and conditions of approval guided by the environmental management plans. Monitoring and auditing – both the proponent and the government (NEMC in consultation with sector Ministry, department, agency or institution) have the responsibility to undertake monitoring. Monitoring include the verification of impacts, adherence to approve plans, MAFL Page 185 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework mitigation measures and general compliance of terms and conditions. Environmental audits should be undertaken to provide feedback on the EIA process and effectiveness of the management plan. Decommissioning – this is end of the project life. The decommissioning report is prepared by the proponent that indicates his/her commitment into rehabilitating the site and submitted to NEMC MAFL Page 186 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework APPLICATION FOR EIA CERTIFICATE & REGISTRATION PRELIMINARY No EIA required Preliminary EIA ASSESSMENT SCREENIN G required Screening EIA required IMPACT ASSESSMENT PER for full Scoping, ToR, and Full EIA study EIA Preliminary environmental Revised EIS Draft EIS Report (PER) Public hearing PUBLIC REVIE HEARING W PER, SR & EIS required EIS EIS/PER not Public approved hearing report REVISION PERMITTI NG EIS/PER approved EIS FINALISED PERMIT DECLINE PERMIT ISSUED IMPLEMENTATION KEY Environmental MONITORING NEMC action Report (ER) Proponent action Environmental AUDITIN G Public action auditing report (EAR) Decommissioning Minister decision DECOMMISSIONG Report (DR) Main steps in the EIA process at national level MAFL Page 187 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex 8: Potential CFAST Sub Project Types, Major Environmental and Social Concerns and Probable Category The guidelines in this ESMF are specific to the irrigation and small scale marketing infrastructure works expected to be typical investments in the CFAST project in rural areas. Table 15 provides a list of sub project types that may be considered for inclusion in the CFAST. The categorization is based on the extent of the potential impacts and their intensity of impacts and not the generic “sub -project type�, which in turn determines the extent of the environmental assessment required for it. Depending upon the nature of the sub project, its extent, and the extent of the potential impacts, the Category, and hence the level of rigor for environmental analysis, is determined by NEMC NEMC Sub Project Type* Potential Major Environmental and Social Project Concerns Environmental Category IRRIGATION Large scale irrigation  Water pollution and water quality, water List A (defined in this case as over 300ha) extraction and water rights, land loss and resettlement, natural habitats, species loss, land degradation,  Significant construction issues such as spoil disposal management.  Dam safety. Medium Scale  Same as (1a above) List A / B (between 50 ha and 300ha)  Construction issues such as spoil disposal management. Small scale  Land degradation, water pollution List B / B* (less than 50ha and with no resettlement) Upgrade or rehabilitation of existing  Land degradation, water pollution List A / B irrigation schemes SMALL SCALE MARKETING INFRASTRUCTURE Small warehouses average capacity of 300  Soil erosion List B / B* MT storing average five 100-kg bags  Water source contamination  May involve significant construction issues such as spoil disposal management. Upgrade or rehabilitation of existing  May involve significant construction issues List B warehouses facility such as spoil disposal management OTHER TYPES OF SUB-PROJECTS Water harvesting, small watershed  soil erosion List A/ B management, ground water charging, etc.  water source contamination  May involve significant construction issues such as spoil disposal management. A = Full-scale ESIA B = Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA) B*= ESMP only  Resettlement is also likely to be a factor for most sub project types involving land acquisition or restriction for new irrigation sites or extension of existing sites.  Although most irrigation sub projects are expected to be medium scale and therefore fall within a List B, it is possible that some may require the use of dams and involve water storage/reservoir. This could include the impoundment of large relatively flat areas. As such, these areas could remove land from cultivation and possibly result in involuntary resettlement. In such cases, the sub project would fall into a List A.  Any sub project with resettlement will be List A, at a minimum, even if they are less than 50 ha irrigation or small market. MAFL Page 188 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework  The CFAST assigned Category B of the WB OP 4.01 for the project as a whole. Not to be confused with sub project category. MAFL Page 189 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex9: List of Restricted Pesticides in Tanzania THE LIST OF REGISTERED PESTICIDES IN TANZANIA – MARCH, 2010 (Made under Section 18 of the Plant Protection Act, 1997 and Plant Protection Regulations GN 401 of 1999) 1. FULL REGISTRATION CATEGORY ( i.e. PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR GENERAL USE FOR FIVE YEARS) 1A: INSECTICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Control of Bollworms (Helicoverpa Bajuta International (T) Ltd Abamec 20EC to Abamectin 20g/l IN/0513 armigera) and Leafminers (Leucoptera Arusha, Tanzania spp) in Tomatoes FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Abanil 18 EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0412 salaam: Tanzania crops Abiotic Abiothrin Permethrin + Bioallethrin IN/0309 Abiotic Systems Trading Control of mosquitoes and houseflies Insecticide to control aphids, thrips on FarmBase Limited, Dar es Acefarm 25 EC Acephate 25g/L IN/0550 Roses, French beans and other salaam: Tanzania horticultural crops Against aphids and whiteflies on Tobacco, in Coffee against leaf miner scales and mealy bugs and Actara 25WG Thiamethoxam 250g/Kg IN/0303 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag antestia, and various insect pests on Horticultural crops Pirimiphos- Methyl Disinfestations of grain storage Actellic 50EC IN/0224 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag 500g/L Structures. Pirimiphos- Methyl 1.6% Actellic Super Dust IN/0002 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Stored products against insect pests + Permethrin 0.3% Agita 1 GB Thiamethoxam 10g/ Kg IN/0327 Novartis S.A (Pty) Control of houseflies Agita 10WG Thiamethoxam 100g/ Kg IN/0328 Novartis S.A (Pty) Control of houseflies Control of Insect pests on horticultural Agrithoate 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0476 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Meru Agro Tours and Control of Insect pests on horticultural Agrofecron 720EC Profenofos 720g/L IN/0471 Consultant crops Meru Agro Tours and Control of Insect pests on horticultural Agromectin 1.8 EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0413 Consultant crops Control of America Bollworms, Meru Agro Tours and Aphids, Jassids, and Cotton stainers on Agromethrin 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0347 Consultant cotton; insect pests on Horticultural crops Control of America Bollworms, Meru Agro Tours and Aphids, Jassids, and Cotton stainers on Agrothrin 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/L IN/0348 Consultant cotton; insect pests on Horticultural crops Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Agro-Zinon 60EC Diazinon 600g/L IN/0382 salaam , Tanzania crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Akari 500 Clofentenzine 500g/L IN/0454 Sineria Tanzania Ltd crops Akrimactin 1.8EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0294 Sineria Tanzania Limited Against spider mites on roses Control of Insect pests on horticultural Albaz 10% EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0383 CMI Ltd crops MAFL Page 190 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Dimethoate 400g/L + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Alfadom 415EC IN/0429 Sineria Tanzania Ltd Alphacypermethrin 15g/L crops Agroafri Tanzania Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Alfatop 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0423 Nairobi Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Alphascope 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0428 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Alphasin 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0426 Sineria Tanzania Ltd crops Control of America Bollworms, Ametech (T) Trading Co. Ltd Amecron 720EC Profenofos 720g/l IN/0349 Aphids, Jassids, and Cotton stainers on Dar es salaam , cotton Control of America Bollworms, Cypermethrin 144g/L + Ametech (T) Trading Co. Ltd Amekan C 344EC IN/0350 Aphids, Jassids, and Cotton stainers on Imidacloprid 200g/L Dar es salaam , Tanzania cotton Insecticide to control aphids, thrips on Amekel Super 50 EC Pirimiphos Methyl IN/0544 Ametech (T) Trading Co. Ltd Roses, French beans Control of America Bollworms, Ametech (T) Trading Co. Ltd Amerat 5EC Lambdayhalothrin 50g/L IN/0351 Aphids, Jassids, and Cotton stainers on Dar es salaam , Tanzania cotton Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Antokil 5EC Chlorpyrifos 50g/L IN/0290 Against tomato fruitworm salaam , Tanzania Balton Tanzania Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Appolo 50EC Clofentezine 50g/L IN/0452 Arusha, Tanzania crops Arsur 10 EC Hexythiazox IN/0557 Sineria Industries Arusha Control of insect pests in horticultural Control of insect pests on French beans Asataf 75SP Acephate 750g/Kg IN/0312 Osho Chemical Industries and Horticultural crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Ascomec 1.8EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0411 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Ascopel WP Bacillus Thuringiensis IN/0438 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Ascoris 48EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0447 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Ascotin 0.15EC Azadirachtin 0.15%w/v IN/0434 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Ascozinon 60 EC Diazinon 600g/L IN/0467 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Acetamiprid + Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Aster Extrim 20 SL IN/0384 Cypermethrin salaam , Tanzania crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Atom 2.5EC Deltamethrin25g/L IN/0459 Osho Chemical Industries crops Arysta Lifescience ,SAS- Control of aphids on roses and Attakan 350 SC Imidacloprid 350g/l IN/0252 France Horticultural crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Avaunt 150EC Indoxacarb 150g/L IN/0385 Du Pont De Nemours, crops Bajuta International (T) Ltd Controlling Major Storage Pests Of Bamiphos Superior Pirimiphos + Permethrin In/0514 Arusha, Tanzania Maize Bajuta International (T) Ltd Control Of Storage Pests Of Maize In Bamiphos 500EC Pirimiphosmethyl In/0496 Arusha, Tanzania Storage Structures. Balton Tanzania Limited, Stalk borers on ornamentals and other Balton Abamectin Abamectin 18g/l IN/0203 Arusha, Tanzania insect pests on horticultural crops Bajuta International (T) Ltd Control of America Bollworms on Bamethrin 0.5ULV Deltamethrin 5g/L IN/0352 Arusha, Tanzania cotton Control of Aphids on cabbage and Bajuta International (T) Ltd Bamethrin 2.5EC Deltamethrin 25g/L IN/0323 various insects pests in cotton and Arusha, Tanzania horticultural crops MAFL Page 191 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Baroque 10SC Etoxazole 100g/L IN/0386 Nairobi Kenya crops Baygon multi-Purpose Imiprothrin 0.05% w/v+ IN/0307 Johnson Wax E. A Ltd Control of mosquitoes Insect Killer Cyfluthrin 0.015% w/v Control of Diamond Back Moth Belt 480SC Flubendiamide 480g/L IN/0354 Bayer East Africa Limited plutella xylostella on cabbage Bemistop Dioctyl Sodium Succinate IN/0226 Arysta Lifescience,SAS- Control of white flies on tomatoes BigTox Aerosol Fenitrothion + Permethrin IN/0195 Star Import & Export Mosquito control. A biopesticide for controlling of Beauveria bassiana Strain sucking insects (Thrips, aphids and Biobassiana 1.15% WP IN/0469 Tanzania Crop Care Ltd. GHA whiteflies) on French beans and snow peas. Control of Spider Mites (Tetranychus) Bionic Natural Oil IN/0355 DVA Agro GmbH, German on Roses. Bistar 10WP Bifenthrin 10g/L IN/0304 FMC Mosquito control indoors Insecticide to control aphids, thrips on BN3 WP Bacillus Thuringiensis var. IN/0543 Evergreen Chemicals Ltd Roses, French beans Control of Insect pests on horticultural Bulldock 0.05 GR Betacyfluthrin 0.5g/Kg IN/0387 Bayer East Africa Limited crops On cotton against Helicoverpa amigera, Bulldock 025EC Beta-Cyfluthrin 25g/L IN/0214 Bayer East Africa Limited Aphis gossypi and insect pest on horticultural crops Beta-Cyfluthrin 12.5g/L + Various sucking insects cotton and Bulldock Star EC 262.5 IN/0228 Bayer East Africa Limited Chlorpyrifos 250g/L insects pests on horticultural crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Bullet 600 EC Diazinon 600g/L IN/0466 Sineria Tanzania Ltd crops Acetamiprid + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Blast 60EC IN/0422 Sineria Tanzania Ltd Lambdacyhalothrin crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Calypso SC 480 Thiacloprid 480g/L IN/0488 Bayer East Africa Limited crops Pirimiphos Methyl + FarmBase Limited, Dar es Insecticide for the control of insects for Cereguard 50 EC PLUS IN/0551 Permethrin salaam: Tanzania horticultural crops Cocrakill® Paste Boric Acid 50%w/v IN/0356 Cockrakid Tanzania Limited Against Cockroaches Control of Insect pests on horticultural Concord Imidacloprid IN/0491 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Control of aphids in greenhouse roses Confidor 200SL Imidacloprid 200g/l IN/0207 Bayer Crop Science AG and insects pest on horticultural crops Confidor 70WG Imidacloprid 700g/Kg IN/0282 Bayer Crop Science AG Control of aphids in greenhouse roses Acetamiprid + Against Helicoverpa armigera and Conquest C176 IN/0515 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France Cypermethrin aphids gossypii for cotton Profenofos 15g/L + Control of America Bollworms, Ametech (T) Trading Co. Ltd Cottonrosho 315EC, Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0357 Aphids, Jassids, and Cotton stainers on Dar es salaam , Tanzania 300g/L cotton Seed dressing against seedling pests in Cruiser 350FS Thiamethoxam 35 g/L IN/0249 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag maize, wheat, barley and cotton. Cypermethrin 10g/L+ Cylone 505EC IN/0315 Osho Chemical Industries Control of insect pests on Roses Chlorpyrifos 35g/L Cypermethrin 120g/L + Insecticide to control aphids, thrips on Prosper 720EC IN/0542 CropScience(T) Ltd Profenofos 600g/L Roses, French beans FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of bollworms and aphids in Darsfarm 240EC Chlorpyrifos 240g/L IN/0370 salaam: Tanzania tomatoes and cabbages MAFL Page 192 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Bajuta International (T) Ltd Dasba 40EC Chlorpyrifos 400g/L IN/0321 Control of tomato fruit worm Arusha, Tanzania Bajuta International (T) Ltd Dasba 48EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0335 Control of tomato fruit worm Arusha, Tanzania Against chewing insect pests on Coffee Decis 25EC Deltamethrin 25g/L IN/0032 Bayer Crop Science AG and vegetable Control of Insect pests on horticultural Decis Forte 100EC Deltamethrin 100g/L IN/0458 Bayer East Africa Limited crops FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Delfarm 2.5EC Deltamethrin 25g/L IN/0461 salaam: Tanzania crops Balton Tanzania Limited, Deltapaz 2.5 EC Deltamethrin 25g/L IN/0212 Maize against stalk borers Arusha, Tanzania Invectra Agro Ltd, Arusha, Deltra 2.5EC Deltamethrin 25g/L IN/0279 Control of tomato fruitworm Tanzania Control of Insect pests on horticultural Devimalt 50EC Malathion 500g/L IN/0509 Tanzania crop care Limited crops Control of Diamond backmoth (DBM) Diazol 50EC Diazinon 500g/L IN/0239 Makhteshim Agan on cabbage and insects pests on horticultural crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Dictator Plus Propargite +Tetradifon IN/0501 Osho Chemical Industries crops Insecticide for control of a wide range Ametech (T) Trading Co. Ltd Digoz 40% EC Dimethoate IN/0546 of insect pests in agricultural and Dar es salaam , Tanzania horticultural crops. FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Dimefarm 40 EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0477 salaam: Tanzania crops Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Dimilin 25WP Diflubenzuron 250g/Kg IN/0310 Mosquito and housefly larva control Nairobi Kenya Dimiprid 200SL Imidacloprid IN/0343 DVA Agro GmbH, German Control of aphids on cabbage Cypermethrin 150g/L+ Hangzhou Agrochemicals, Dudu All 450EC IN/0324 Control of Cabbage webworm Chlorpyrifos 300g/L Nakuru, Kenya Cypermethrin 10% + Bajuta International (T) Ltd Controlling cabbage webworm (Hellula Duduba 450 EC IN/0517 chlorpyrifos 35% Arusha, Tanzania undalis) on cabbage Mbeya For control of insect pests in Dimate 40 EC Dimethoate 400g/L IN/0540 AgrochemicalCropScience (T) horticultural crops LtdCropScience (T) Ltd Bukoola Chemical Industries Control of cabbage webworm (hellula Duducyper 5EC Cypermethrin 5g/L IN/0358 Ltd undalis) on cabbage Bukoola Chemical Industries Control of white flies (Bemisia Tabaci) Dudu-ethoate 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0359 Ltd on roses. Lambdacyhalothrin 1g/kg Smacres Limited, Nairobi- Control of Ectoparasites in Animals and Dudukill 51D IN/0499 + Carbaryl 50g/kg Kenya mites in horticultural crops Dudumida 70 WG Imidacloprid IN/0554 Mega Generics Limited Duduthrin 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0339 Twiga Chemicals Ind (T) Ltd Various insect pests in cotton Control of insect pests of tomatoes and Dume 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0319 Linkforward Co Ltd roses Against chewing and sucking insect Dursban 4E Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0042 Dow AgroScience, France pests on Coffee and beans; Mosquito and Subterranean termites control. Dynamec 1.8EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0250 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Spidermites on greenhouse roses Control of Insect pests on horticultural Edaben 150 SC Pyridaben IN/0484 Prestige Packaging Ltd. crops Gordhandas Dharamshi & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Efentezine 50SC Clofentezine 50g/l IN/0453 Brother, Nairobi Kenya crops MAFL Page 193 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Control of bollworms and aphids in Efenthiuron 500SC Diafenthiuron 500g/L IN/0360 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya tomatoes and cabbages Control of Insect pests on horticultural Efentrin 2.5EC Bifenthrin 25g/L IN/0440 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Electra 50EC Lufenuron 500g/L IN/0506 Rotam Agrochemical Co. Ltd crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Elphatarin 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0424 Tanzania crop care Limited crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Eprofezin 40 SC Buprofezin 400 g/Litre IN/0443 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya crops Thiamethoxam 30g/L + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Euforia 045ZS IN/0489 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Lambdacyhalothrin 15g/L crops Profenofos 300g/L+ Control of aphids and thrips on Roses, Everprofos 315 EC IN/0539 Mbeya Agrochemical Lambdacyhalothrin 15g/L French beans Evergreen Solutions Ltd, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Everthrin 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l IN/0503 Kenya crops Cartap Hydrochloride Control of Insect pests on horticultural Evertrap 50SL IN/0446 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya 500g/L crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Evisect 50 SP Thiocyclam 50g/Kg IN/0409 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Exyzox 10EC Hexythiazox 100g/l IN/0490 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya crops Famipro Cypermethrin + Propoxur IN/0518 Khorasan Trading, UAE Aerosol for Mosquito control FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Famitraz 20EC Amitraz 200g/ L IN/0433 salaam: Tanzania crops FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Farmactel 50 EC Pirimiphos Methyl 500g/l IN/0483 salaam: Tanzania crops cypermethrin 144g/l + FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of bollworms and aphids in Farmguard 344SE IN/0361 imidacloprid 200g/l salaam: Tanzania tomatoes and cabbages Control of main Insect pests of French Farmprid 200SL Imidacloprid 200g/l IN/0362 Linkforward Co Ltd beans, tomatoes and Roses. Control of main Insect pests of French Farmrifos 48EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0363 Linkforward Co Ltd beans, tomatoes and Roses. Fastac 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0306 BASF Agro BV, German Control of tomato fruitworm/bollworm Cotton against chewing & sucking Fenkil 20EC Fenvalerate 20g/L IN/0263 United Phosphorus Limited insect pests Profenofos + 300g/L Control of insect pests on cotton Fenom Plus 315EC/ULV IN/0260 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Lambdacyhalothrin 15g/L Bayer Environmental Science Ficam VC® Bendiocarb IN/0538 Mosquito control Nairobi, Kenya Cypermethrin + Bytrade (T) Ltd, Dar es Salaam Fighter Aerosol IN/0276 Against mosquitoes & cockroaches d-Tetramethrin Tanzania FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Fiprofarm 50SC Fipronil 50g/l SC IN/0482 salaam: Tanzania crops Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Floramite 240SC Bifenazate 240g/L IN/0389 Nairobi Kenya crops Fury 0.6% ULV Zetacypermethrin IN/0262 Juanco Sps Limited On cotton against cotton pests Control of sesame flea beetle and Gaucho Fs 350 Imidacloprid IN/0227 Bayer East Africa Limited insects pests on horticultural crops MAFL Page 194 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Gladiator 4TC Chlorpyrifos 48% IN/0229 Dow Agroscience, France Control of subterranean termites Golan 20% SC Acetamiprid 200g/L IN/0298 Fluence Middle East Ltd Control of aphids on roses Profenofos 400g/L + Invectra Agro Ltd, Arusha, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Golden Pro 440EC IN/0372 Cypermethrin 40g/L Tanzania crops Pirimiphos- Methyl + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Guard 50EC IN/0519 Sineria Tanzania Ltd Permethrin crops For the control of insects in brassicas, Harvest 25 EC Indoxacarb IN/0553 Mbeya Agrochemical snow peas and ornamentals Control of Insect pests on horticultural Hasafat 75SP Acephate 750g/Kg IN/0390 Mega Generics Limited crops Fenitrothion Hatari Aerosol IN/0166 Star Import & Export Against flying and crawling insects +Tetramethrin Hatari Brand Mosquito d-Allethrin IN/0172 Star Import & Export Household against mosquitoes Coil Control of Helicoverpa armigera and Helarat 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0246 HELM AG, German aphids gossypii on cotton Chlorpyrifos + 500g/L Herelle 55EC IN/0340 HELM AG, German Various insect pests in cotton Cypermethrin 50g/L Icon 10CS Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0275 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Mosquito control Long Lasting treated net for Mosquito Icon Life Deltamethrin IN/0333 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag control Bednet impregnation for control of Icon Maxx 10CS Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0334 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Mosquitoes Control of Insect pests on horticultural Imax 700WDG Imidacloprid 700g/Kg IN/0497 Rotam Agrochemical Co. Ltd crops Cypermethrin 144g/L + Control of Insect pests on horticultural ImidaC 344EC IN/0455 Mbeya Agrochemicals Imidacloprid 200g/L crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Imidagold 200SL Imidacloprid 200g/l IN/0493 United Phosphorus Limited crops Insectido 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0300 DVA Agro GmbH, German Control of insect pests on cotton Alphacypermethrin with Conventional bednet for mosquito Interceptor IN/0381 BASF Agro BV German Fendozin control Invectra Agro Ltd, Arusha, Deltraplus 25EC Deltamethrin 250g/l IN/0520 control of america bollworms on cotton Tanzania Control of Insect pests on horticultural Jackpot 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l IN/0391 Rotam Agrochemical Co. Ltd crops Against bollworms and aphids in Karate 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l IN/0148 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag cotton and vegetables Stalk borers on Vegetables and insect Keshet 2.5EC Deltamethrin 25g/L IN/0211 Makhteshim Chem Works Ltd pest on horticultural Deltamethrin + Control of insect pests on cotton and Keshet Super 312EC IN/0289 Makhteshim Chem Works Ltd Chlorpyrifos cabbage H.B Worldwide, Dar es salaam Kiboko Mosq.Coil d-allethrin IN/0267 Mosquito control Tanzania Tetramethrin + Permethrin Kiboko Yao Aerosol IN/0364 Zenji General Merchandise Mosquito Control + Fenitrothion Control of Insect pests on horticultural Kilitac 20EC Amitraz 200g/ L IN/0432 Juanco Sps Limited crops Against aphids in greenhouse roses and Kohinor 200SL Imidacloprid 200g/ L IN/0292 Makhteshim Agan insects pests on horticultural crops Tetramethrin + Kombora Aerosol IN/0325 21st Century Holdings Ltd, Mosquito Control Cypermethrin Kombora Mosquito coil d-allethrin IN/0326 21st Century Holdings Ltd Against Mosquito MAFL Page 195 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Bayer Environmental Science Bednet impregnation for control of K-O tab 1,2,3 Deltamethrin IN/0284 Nairobi, Kenya Mosquitoes Bayer Environmental Science K-othrine WG250 Deltamethrin IN/0537 Mosquito control Nairobi, Kenya Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Kotkil 200EC Fenvalerate IN/0291 Against tomato fruitworm salaam , Tanzania KungFu 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0320 Linkforward Co Ltd Insect pests in Tomatoes and roses Control of America Bollworms on Lambdacal 50EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0261 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France tomatoes Control insect pests in cotton and Lambdex 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0295 Makhteshim Chem Works Ltd aphids on roses Lambdacyhalothrin + Control of insect pests on cotton and Lambdex Super 315EC IN/0296 Makhteshim Chem Works Ltd Chlorpyrifos tomatoes Control of Insect pests on horticultural Lancer 97 DF Acephate 97g/Kg IN/0418 United Phosphorus Limited crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Magic 50 EC Malathion IN/0510 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Masta 25 % EC Carbosulfan 250g/L IN/0445 salaam: Tanzania crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural crops and Tobacco budworm Match 500EC Lufenuron 500g/L IN/0507 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag (Helicoverpa armigera Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in tobacco Control of Insect pests on horticultural Mercur 500SC Diafenthiuron 500g/L IN/0463 Sineria Tanzania Ltd crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Metham Sodium Metham IN/0511 Juanco Sps Limited crops Sharda wordwide Exp Ltd, Against Tomato fruit borer – Midash 35%SC Imidacloprid 350g/l IN/0521 Mumbai, India Helicoverpa armigera Elgon Chemicals Limited; Control of Insect pests on horticultural Milbeknock EC Milbemectin IN/0512 Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Mitac 20EC Amitraz 200g/ L IN/0431 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Mo-Celecro 720EC Profenofos 720g/l IN/0470 Mocrops Tanzania Limited crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Mocephate 75SP Acephate 750g/Kg IN/0419 Mocrops Tanzania Limited crops Control of insect pests in horticultural Modeci 25 EC Deltamethrin IN/0556 Mocrops Tanzania Limited crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Mo-Durs 48EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0450 Mocrops Tanzania Limited crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Mo-Karatep 5%EC Lambdacyhalohrin 50g/l IN/0500 Mocrops Tanzania Limited crops Moprid 200 SL Imidacloprid 200g/l IN/0555 Mocrops Tanzania Limited Control of insect pests in horticultural Mortein Doom Fast Imiprothrin 0.03%w/w IN/0330 Reckitt Benkiser E.A. Ltd Control of crawling and flying insects Knockdown CIK Cypermethrin 0.15% w/w Mortein Doom Fast Cypermethrin+ knockdown Cockroach IN/0265 Reckitt Benkiser E.A. Ltd Control of flying and crawling insects Imiprothrin + d-allethrin & Ant killer Mortein Doom Fastkill Phenothrin 0.1% + IN/0266 Reckitt Benkiser E.A. Ltd Control of crawing and flying insects All insect Killer Imiprothrin 0.04% Imiprothrin 0.025% + Mortein Doom Ultra Permethrin 0.125% + IN/0329 Reckitt Benkiser E.A. Ltd Mosquito Control Fast AIK Esbiothrin 0.04% Imiprothrin + Mortein Doom with D'transallethrin + IN/0366 Reckitt Benkiser E.A. Ltd Against mosquito and cockroaches Dettol Germstop D’phenothrin MAFL Page 196 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Tetramethrin + Permethrin Mosfly Aerosol IN/0367 African Mosfly Industries Ltd Mosquito control + Deltamethrin Control of Insect pests on horticultural Mospilan 20% SP Acetamiprid 200g/Kg IN/0394 Nippon Soda, Japan crops Mosquiron 100EC Novaluron 100g/L IN/0293 Makhteshim Chem Works Ltd Mosquito larvae control Mukpar-Dimethoate Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0288 Control of whiteflies on tomatoes 40EC salaam , Tanzania Abamectin 10g/lt + Multi Agrotrading Main Control of Insect pests on horticultural Multimectin Plus IN/0414 Acetamiprid 100g/lt Supplier Ltd crops Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Mupa-Alphacyper 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0368 Control of tomato fruit worm salaam , Tanzania Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Mupacron 50EC Profenofos 500g/L IN/0369 Control of tomato fruit worm salaam , Tanzania Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Mupathion 50EC Malathion IN/0522 Control of aphids on cabbage salaam , Tanzania Control of Insect pests on horticultural Murcloprid 25WP Imidacloprid 250g/Kg IN/0494 Murphy Chemicals (E.A)Ltd crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Murvectin 1.8EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0415 Murphy Chemicals (E.A)Ltd crops Neemraj Super 3000 Azadirachtin 0.3% IN/0283 Neem India Products. Against aphids and spidermites on roses Control of Insect pests on horticultural Nemacur 400 EC Fenamiphos 400g/L IN/0442 Bayer East Africa Limited crops Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Long Lasting treated net for Mosquito Netto Mosquito Net Deltamethrin IN/0344 salaam , Tanzania control Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Nico Neem 0.03 EC Azadirachtin 300 ppm IN/0437 Chemicals crops Nico Neem Super 0.15 Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Azadirachtin 1500 ppm IN/0436 EC Chemicals crops Nico Neem Ultra Super Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Azadirachtin 10000 ppm IN/0435 1 EC Chemicals crops Control of insect pests of french beans, Nimbecidine 0.03% Azadirachtin IN/0311 Osho Chemical Industries tomatoes and Roses Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Ninja 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0338 Control of sucking bugs in cashew salaam , Tanzania Control of Insect pests on horticultural Nissorun 10% Ec Hexythiazox 100g/L IN/0395 Nippon Soda, Japan crops FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Nogozone 60 EC Diazinon 600g/L IN/0465 salaam: Tanzania crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Nomolt 15% SC Teflubenzuron IN/0486 BASF Agro BV German crops Cypermethrin 50g/L + Nurelle D50/500EC IN/0341 Dow AgroScience, France Various insect pests in cotton Chloropyrifos 500g/L Oberon 240SC Spiromesifen IN/0301 Bayer East Africa Limited Control of spidermites on roses Control of Insect pests on horticultural Ogor 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0473 Osho Chemical Industries crops Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Omite 57 Propargite 57% IN/0396 Nairobi Kenya crops Long Lasting treated net for Mosquito Olyset Net Permethrin IN/0264 A to Z Textile control Tobacco, cotton, vegetables and other Orthene 75% SP Acephate 750g/Kg IN/0157 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France insect pests on horticultural crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Orthene 97 Pellets Acephate 97g/Kg IN/0397 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France crops MAFL Page 197 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Pali 2.5%WP Deltamethrin 25g/K IN/0345 Twiga Chemicals Ind (T) Ltd Against Mosquitoes Pali 25WT Deltamethrin 25g/K IN/0346 Twiga Chemicals Ind (T) Ltd Mosquito control Tammer 25WG Deltamethrin IN/0523 Volcano Agroscience Control of mosquitoes FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Paracrop 50EC Alphacypermethrin 50g/l IN/0430 salaam: Tanzania crops Control of spidermites and aphids on Pegasus 500SC Diafenthiuron 500g/L IN/0243 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Greenhouse roses greenhouse roses Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l Perfecto 175WDG IN/0524 DVA Agro GmbH, German Control of cotton insect pests + Imidacloprid 125g/l Vestergaard Frandsen Group Conventional bednet for mosquito Permanet® 2.0 Deltamethrin IN/0278 S.A control Control of spider mites on roses in Peropal 25 WP Azocyclotin 25Kg/g IN/0206 Bayer East Africa Limited greenhouse and insects pest on horticultural crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Pesguard Chlorpyrifos IN/0448 Mega Generics Limited crops FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Piricab Pirimicarb IN/0388 salaam: Tanzania crops Profenofos 400g/L + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Polytrin P 440 EC IN/0398 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Cypermethrin 40g/L crops Cypermethrin + Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Control of tomato fruit worm (heliothis Power Plus 550EC IN/0525 Profenofos) salaam , Tanzania armigera) Control of Insect pests on horticultural Proactive 200SL Acetamiprid 200g/L IN/0421 Tanzania crop care Limited crops Emamectin Benzoate Control of Insect pests on horticultural Probenzoate 10EC IN/0478 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya 100g/l crops Thiocyclam oxalate Control of Insect pests on horticultural Procyclam 50WSP IN/0505 Tanzania crop care Limited 50g/kg crops Profit 720EC Profenofos 720g/l IN/0299 DVA Agro GmbH, German Control of tomato fruitworm Control of Insect pests on horticultural Promectin 1.8EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0417 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Propyrifos 48SL Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0449 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Prothoate 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0474 Elgon Kenya Limited; Kenya crops Emamectin Benzoate Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Prove 1.92EC IN/0427 19.2g/L salaam , Tanzania crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Proxy 10EC Pyriproxyfen 10g/L IN/0485 Almandine Corporation- UK crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Pulsar 5EC Lambda cyhalothrin IN/0552 United Phosphorus Limited crops Control of Diamond backmoth(DBM) Pyagro™ 4EC Pyrethrins4% IN/0286 Pyrethrum Board of Kenya on cabbage Pyrethrins + Garlic Control of Insect pests on horticultural Pyegar 35EC IN/0444 Juanco Sps Limited extracts crops Deltamethrin+ Pyrinex Quick 256ZC IN/0297 Makhteshim Chem Works Ltd Control of cabbage webworm Chlorpyrifos Raid Multipurpose Insect Imiprothrin+ Cyfluthrin IN/0308 Johnson Wax E. A Ltd Mosquito control killer Cypermethrin 144g/L + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Rapid-Attack 344EC IN/0456 Mocrops Tanzania Limited Imidacloprid 200g/L crops FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Ridopest 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l IN/0504 salaam: Tanzania crops MAFL Page 198 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Diamondback moth cabbage and Rimon 10EC Novaluron 100g/L IN/0247 Makhteshim Agan insects pests on horticultural crops Risasi mosquito Pyrethrin IN/0285 Meghji's Sundries Mosquito control (Pyrethrin) Coil Risasi Mosquito Coil d-allethrin IN/0331 Meghji's Sundries Mosquito control (0.2%w/w d-allethrin) Risasi® Mosquito Coil D’ allethrin IN/0371 Meghji's Sundries Mosquito Control (1% w/w d-allethrin) Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Royalnex 25SC Chlorpyrifos 250g/L IN/0399 Nairobi Kenya crops Rufast 075EW Acrinathrin 75g/L IN/0302 Bayer East Africa Limited Spidermites on roses Against chewing and sucking pests of Sapa Fenitrothion 50EC Fenitrothion 500g/L IN/0101 Sapa Chem Ind Ltd Coffee, cashew, tobacco ; and pests of stored products Balton Tanzania Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Seizer 80SC Bifenthrin 80g/L IN/0516 Arusha, Tanzania crops Against chewing and sucking insects on Selecron 720EC Profenofos 720g/l IN/0112 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Coffee, vegetables and cashew against mealy bugs. FarmBase Limited, Dar es Insecticide to control aphids, thrips on Duducron 720EC Profenofos 720g/l IN/0549 salaam: Tanzania Roses, French beans Control of Insect pests on horticultural Septer 200SC Imidacloprid 200g/l IN/0400 Mukpar Tanzania Ltd crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Severe 50 Malathion 50g/L IN/0508 Sineria Tanzania Ltd crops Bayer Environmental Science Against household pests (bedbugs, Sevin Dududust 7.5% Carbaryl 7.5% IN/0305 Nairobi, Kenya cockroaches etc.) Fenitrothion + Bajuta International (T) Ltd Controlling major storage pests of Shamba Powder 113DP IN/0526 Deltamethrin Arusha, Tanzania maize Sharema 5%SG Sharda wordwide Exp Ltd, Control of Bollworms (Helicoverpa Emamectin benzoate IN/0527 Mumbai, India armigera) and Leafminers (Leucoptera spp) in Tomatoes Controlling of American Bollworms, Cypermethrin 3.6% + Sharda wordwide Exp Ltd, Sharlin 186EC IN/0528 Aphids, Jassids, and Cotton stainers on Profenofos 15%) Mumbai, India cotton Control of Insect pests on horticultural Shastra 2.5EC Deltamethrin 25g/L IN/0460 Tanzania crop care Limited crops Treatment of structures used for grain Shumba Super 50EC Fenitrothion 500g/l IN/0322 Ecomark Ltd, Zimbabwe storage Fenitrothion + Ronheam International Controlling major storage pests of Simba power IN/0529 Deltamethrin Company Limited maize Malathion 20g/Kg + Against Larger Grain Borer and maize Skana Super Dust IN/0318 Osho Chemical Industries Permethrin0.4g/Kg weevil Suba Agro-Trading and Control of insects pests in flowers, Sosprid 3% EC Acetamiprid 30g/L IN/0558 Engineering Co. Ltd vegetables and other horticultural Suba Agro-Trading and For the control of insects in beans, peas Sotiva 25 WG Thiamethoxam IN/0393 Engineering Co. Ltd and other horticultural crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Spidex 215EC Emamectin benzoate IN/0479 Mbeya Agrochemicals crops Control of grain borer, weevils and Spintor Dust Spinosad 1.25g/Kg IN/0273 Dow AgroScience, France other insects in stored grain and pulses Permethrin +Pirimiphos Control of Larger Grain Borer (LGB) Stocal Super Dust IN/0235 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France methyl and maize weevils Subachlo 48EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0280 Suba Agro Tra & Eng. Co.Ltd Against tomato fruitworm Chlorpyrifos + 500g/L Subachlo 55EC Plus IN/0342 Suba Agro Tra & Eng. Co.Ltd Control of tomato fruitworm Cypermethrin 50g/L MAFL Page 199 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Control of larger grain borer Alphacypermethrin Suba Agro & Eng. Co. Ltd (Prostephanus trancatus) and maize SubaGraindust 2.06%DP 0.43% + Chloropyrifos IN/0530 Arusha-Tanzania weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) in stored methyl 1.63% maize Subaprid 200EC Imidacloprid 200g/L IN/0373 Suba Agro Tra & Eng. Co.Ltd Control of insect pests on beans. Seed dressing against seedling pests in Subaprid 350SC Imidacloprid 350g/L IN/0374 Suba Agro Tra & Eng. Co.Ltd wheat Control of whiteflies (Bemisia Tabaci) Sume 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0375 Suba Agro Tra & Eng. Co.Ltd on roses. Suba Agro-Trading and For the control of insects in brassicas Sumectin 1% EC Emamectin benzoate IN/0547 Engineering Co. Ltd vegetables and other horticultural crops Summit Mosquito Dunks Bacillus Thuringiensis IN/0332 Ilaclama Insaat Mosquto control (larvicide) FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Supaclop Imidacloprid 200g/l IN/0492 salaam: Tanzania crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Lambdascope 5 EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0408 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops Tafogor 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0317 Osho Chemical Industries Control of Insect pest on roses Control of Insect pests on horticultural Tanzacron 72 EC Profenophos 720g/L IN/0392 Tanzania crop care Limited crops Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Target 70 WDG Imidacloprid IN/0495 Chemicals crops Tata Reeva 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l IN/0316 Osho Chemical Industries Control of insect pests on Roses Control of Insect pests on horticultural Tata Umeme 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/L IN/0441 Osho Chemical Industries crops Tata Alpha 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0313 Osho Chemical Industries Control of insect pests on French beans Tatamida 200SL Imidacloprid 17.8% IN/0314 Osho Chemical Industries Control of insect pests on tomatoes Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Tedion V - 18EC Tetradifon 75.2g/L IN/0401 Nairobi Kenya crops Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Temiphos 25 EC Pirimiphos-Methyl 250g/L IN/0402 Chemicals crops Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Temper 5 SG Emamectin benzoate IN/0480 Chemicals crops Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Tenthiuron 500 SC Diafenthiuron 500g/L IN/0464 Chemicals crops Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Terminate 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0475 Chemicals crops Etridicazole & Quintozene Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Terraclor Super X EC IN/0481 (PCNB) Nairobi Kenya crops Chemwold Enterprises Ltd Control of Insect pests on horticultural Terramite 7.52 EC Tetradifon IN/0487 Nairobi Kenya crops Imidacloprid + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Thunder 150 OD IN/0403 Bayer East Africa Limited Betacyfluthrin crops Control of white flies (Bemisia Tabaci) Titan 25EC Acetamiprid 25g/L IN/0376 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France on roses. Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Control of Insect pests on horticultural Tobeco 75SP Acephate 750g/Kg IN/0404 salaam , Tanzania crops Betacyfluthrin + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Buffalo 450OD IN/0420 Sineria Tanzania Ltd Imidacloprid crops Sharda Worldwide Exports Control of Insect pests on horticultural Topalpha 10EC Alphacypermethrin 100g/l IN/0425 Pvt. Ltd crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Topgard 75WP Cyromazine 750g/Kg IN/0457 Almandine Corporation- UK crops MAFL Page 200 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Topper 25EC Betacyfluthrin 250g/L IN/0439 Chemicals crops Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Toption 60 SC Diazinon 600g/L IN/0468 Chemicals crops Cypermethrin 10% w/v + Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Topyrithrin 505 EC IN/0451 Chlorpyrifos 35%w/v Chemicals crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Torque 550 Sc Fenbutatin-oxide 550g/L IN/0405 BASF Agro BV German crops Total insecticide aerosol Prallethrin IN/0271 Total Tanzania Ltd Mosquito control Total Mosqouito Coil d-allethrin IN/0270 Total Tanzania Ltd Mosquito control Topiary Equipments & Control of Insect pests on horticultural Toxacarb 150 SL Indoxacarb 150g/L IN/0498 Chemicals crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Tracer 480SC Spinosyn A and B IN/0406 Dow AgroScience, France crops Insecticide to control aphids, thrips on Trebon 30EC Etofenprox IN/0545 Tanzania Crop Care Limited Roses, French beans Trigard 75WG Cyromazine 750g/Kg IN/0258 Syngenta Crop Protection Ag Control of tomato leaf minor Control of Insect pests on horticultural Trigger 5EC Lambdacyhalothrin 50g/l IN/0502 Sineria Tanzania Ltd crops Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Control of Insect pests on horticultural Tripo 1.8EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0410 Nairobi Kenya crops Lambdacyhalothrin + Against Helicoverpa armigera and Triumph 692 IN/0532 Arysta Lifescience,SAS-France Acetamiprid + Profenofos aphids gossypii for cotton Control of insect pests of maize and Tunza 700WS Imidacloprid IN/0533 DVA Agro GmbH, German cotton Control of Storage pests of maize in Twiga pirimethyl 50EC Pirimiphos methyl IN/0377 Twiga Chemicals Ind (T) Ltd Storage Structures. Chlopyriphos 300g/L + Control of Insect pests on horticultural Closupa 450EC IN/0407 Agro Afri Tanzania Limited Cypermethrin 150g/L crops Control of Insect pests on horticultural Twigafon 720 EC Profenofos IN/0353 Twiga Chemicals Ind (T) Ltd crops Twigaphos 48EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0378 Twiga Chemicals Ind (T) Ltd Control of Scales in coffee Twigathoate 40EC Dimethoate 400g/l IN/0379 Twiga Chemicals Ind (T) Ltd Control of major tomatoes pests Control of Insect pests on horticultural Vapcomic 1.8EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0416 Osho Chemical Industries crops Tetradifon 8g/L+ Dicofol Control of Insect pests on horticultural Vapcothion IN/0472 Osho Chemical Industries 25% g/L crops Bacillus Thuringiensis Valent Bioscience VectoBac ®CG israelinsis, strain AM65- IN/0534 Mosquito control Corporation-USA 52,Granules Bacillus sphaericus strain Valent Bioscience Vectolex CG IN/0535 Mosquito control 2362, serotype H5a5b Corporation-USA Profenofos 15g/L + FarmBase Limited, Dar es Control of bollworms and aphids in Venom Super 315EC Lambdacyhalothrin IN/0380 salaam: Tanzania tomatoes and cabbages 300g/L Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Venithion 50EC Fenitrothion IN/0536 Control of aphids on cabbage salaam , Tanzania Vertigo 1.8EC Abamectin 18g/l IN/0253 Almandine Corporation- UK Spidermites on roses Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Vitashield 24ULV Chlorpyrifos 240g/L IN/0336 Against tomato fruitworm salaam , Tanzania Equatoria Africa Ltd, Dar es Vitashield 48EC Chlorpyrifos 480g/L IN/0337 Against tomato fruitworm salaam , Tanzania MAFL Page 201 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Control of Insect pests on horticultural Wilcis 2.5 EC Deltamethrin 25g/L IN/0462 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd, Kenya crops X-Pel Pyrethrins IN/0131 Mansoor Daya Chemicals Household against mosquitoes Zetabestox 10%EC Zeta-Cypermethrin IN/0287 Juanco Sps Limited On Cotton 1B: HERBICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage 2,4-D Amine 720g Ametech (T) Trading 2,4-D Amemine 720SL HE/0217 Weeds control under minimum tillage salt/L Co. Ltd 2,4-D Linkamine 2,4-D Amine 720g HE/0218 Linkforward Co Ltd Control of broadleaved weeds in banana. 720SL salt/L Agan Chemicals Agil 100EC Propaquizafop 100g/L HE/0150 Annual and perrenial grasses Beans Manufactures 2,4-D Amine 720g Agri-2,4-D HE/0243 Mega Generics Limited Control of weeds in horticultural crops salt/L Agricetol 900EC Acetochlor 900g/L HE/0193 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Meru Agro Tours and Agrosate 480 SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0201 Weeds control on horticultural crops Consultant Control of grasses and broadleaf weeds in Akizon 40SC Nicosulfuron 400g/L HE/0169 Arysta LifeScience maize Allround 480SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0219 Farmbase Ltd Weeds control under minimum tillage Ametech (T) Trading Amerond 480SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0187 Weeds control under minimum tillage Co. Ltd Atrazine 235g/L + Tanzania crop care Amezine 480SC HE/0194 Weeds control on horticultural crops Ametryn 245g/L Limited Fluroxypir 60g/L + Dow AgroScience, Against broad-leaved weeds on wheat and Ariane EF 609 Clopyralid 23.3g/L+ HE/0101 France barley. MCPA 266.7g/L 2,4-D Amine 720g Ascomine 720SL HE/0191 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd Weeds control on horticultural crops salt/L Atrazine 235g/L + Makhteshim Chem Grasses and broad leaf on weeds Atramet Combi 50SC HE/0096 Ametryn 245g/L Works Limited Sugarcane and horticultural crops Agan Chemicals Atranex 50 SC Atrazine 500g/L HE/0124 Weeds control on sugarcane plantations Manufactures Propoxycarbazon e- Bayer East Africa Attribute 70 WG HE/0151 Perrenial and annual grass weeds on wheat Sodium 700g/Kg Limited Axial 45EC Pinoxaden 450g/L HE/0164 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG Grass weeds on wheat and barley Bromoxynil Octanoate Agan Chemicals post emergency weed control on maize and Badge 327.5g/L + MCPA, 2- HE/0148 Manufactures horticultural crops ethyl hexyl ester 351g/L Bajuta International (T) Control of broad leaf and grass weeds in Baiuron 800SC Diuron 800g/L HE/0220 Ltd , Arusha, Tanzania Sugarcane Bajuta International (T) Control Of Broad Leaf And Grass Weeds Bajuta MSMA 720SL MSMA 720g/L HE/0221 Ltd, Arusha, Tanzania In Sugarcane Metolachlor 280g/L + Bajuta International (T) Balat 650EC He/0222 Pre-Emergence Weeds Control In Maize. Atrazine 370g/L Ltd, Arusha, Tanzania 2,4-D Amine 720g Wheat and barley against broad leaved Balton 2,4D HE/0102 Balton Tanzania Limited salt/L weeds and horticultural crops 2,4-D Amine 720g Bajuta International Bamide 720SL HE/0170 Control of weeds on wheat salt/L Limited Bajuta International (T) Banstar 250EC Oxidiazon 250g/L HE/0225 Weed control in Transplanted lowland rice Ltd , Arusha, Tanzania Baphosate 360SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0171 Bajuta International Post – emergence weeds control MAFL Page 202 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Limited Propanil 200g/L+ Bajuta International (T) Weeds control in Transplanted lowland Barof 395EC HE/0226 Piperophos 195g/L Ltd, Arusha, Tanzania rice Propanil 200g/L + Bajuta International (T) Weed Control In Transplanted Lowland Basunil 600ec He/0227 Thiobencarb 400g/L Ltd, Arusha, Tanzania Rice Bentazon 100g/L+ Beche Plus 480EC HE/0214 Mbeya Agrochemicals Weeds control on horticultural crops Propanil 380g/L Bajuta International (T) Bencor 480SC Metribuzin 480g/L HE/0228 controlling weeds in maize Ltd , Arusha, Tanzania Boxer 800EC Prosulfocarb HE/0165 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG Grass weeds on wheat and barley Bajuta International (T) Boxyfan 240EC Oxyfluorfen 240g/l HE/0229 Pre-emergence weed control in onion. Ltd Arusha, Tanzania Bromoxynil Octanoate Suba Agro-Trading and For the control of weeds in Garlic and Bromo 450 MC HE/0244 225g/l+ MCPA 225g/l Engineering Co. Ltd horticultural crops Calpen 500SC Pendimethaline 500g/L HE/0185 Balton Tanzania Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Cifa 720SL Mcpa 720g/L HE/0210 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Cleanzin Metribuzin 480g/L HE/0211 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Clodifop propargyl Clodex 100EC HE/0186 Invectra Agro Weeds control on horticultural crops 100g/L Clodinafop propargyl Balton Tanzania Limited Post emergence grass weeds control in Clodinagan 240EC 240g/l + HE/0230 Arusha, Tanzania wheat- Cloquintocet-mexyl Prometrin + S- Syngenta Crop Codal Gold 412.5DC HE/0231 Pre-emergency Herbicide in Cotton Metolachlor Protection Ag Makhteshim Chem Cottoran 500 FLW Fluometuron HE/0020 On cotton against broad leaved weeds Works Limited Clomazone 240g/kg + Dizron Super 380WP Pretilachlor 40g/kg + HE/0249 Sineria Industries Arusha Control of weeds in horticultural crops Bensulfuronmethyl Maize, beans and sugarcane against pre- Dual Gold 960EC S-Metolaclor- 960g/L HE/0097 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG emergence weeds Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Dume 120 EW HE/0200 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops 75g/L Elazine 660 SC Metolachlor + Atrazine HE/0237 Mbeya Agrochemical Control of weeds in horticultural crops Elglysate 480 Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0172 Elgon Kenya Limited Weeds control under minimum tillage 2,4-D Amine 720g Cropmine 720SL HE/0252 CropScience(T)Ltd Weeds control on horticultural crops Salt/L Bensulfuron-Methyl + Farido HE/0196 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Mefenacet FarmBase 2 4 - D 2,4-D Amine 720g HE/0119 FarmBase Limited Broad leaf weed control in wheat Amine salt/L FarmBase Diuron Diuron 800g/L HE/0199 FarmBase Ltd Weeds control on horticultural crops Farmuron 50WP Linuron HE/0251 Farm Chem Limited Weeds control on onions and carrots Flagon 33.3%EC Ethalfluralin HE/0173 Hangzhou Agrochemical Weeds control on onions Control of grass weeds in beans and Fusilade Forte 150EC Fluazifopbutyl 150g/L HE/0140 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG tobacco and as a ripener in sugarcane Agan Chemicals Galigan 240EC Oxyfluorfen 240g/L HE/0125 Weeds control on sugarcane plantations Manufactures Haloxyfop-R-Methyl Dow AgroScience, Gallant Super HE/0166 Control of weeds on beans Ester France Glycel 41SL Glyphosate 410 g/L HE/0162 Equatoria Africa Ltd For weeds control on tomatoes Glyphon 360SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0174 Equatoria Africa Ltd Weeds control on banana Bentazon 14.5% Gugu Clear 340g/L w/w(100g/L) + Propanil HE/0238 Mbeya Agrochemical Control of weeds in horticultural crops 30.9% w/w (340g/L) Gugukill 480SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0188 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Gugusate 48%SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0163 Twiga Chemicals (T) Ltd Weeds control on coffee plantations Harness Acetochlor 900g/L HE/0160 Monsanto Control of Weeds on maize Hipo 240 SL Hexazinone 240g/L HE/0209 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops MAFL Page 203 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Iodosulfuronmethyl Bayer East Africa Control of Broadleaf weeds and some Hussar OD 400 HE/0175 400g/Kg Limited grasses in wheat and barley Iodosulfuron-Methyl- Hussar WG HE/0118 Bayer Crop Science AG Broad leaf weed control in wheat Sodium Iodosulfuronmethyl + Bayer East Africa Control of Broadleaf weeds and some Hussar® Of Evolution HE/0176 Fenoxapropethyl Limited grasses in wheat and barley Hyvar X Bromacil 80% HE/0189 DuPont Nemours Weeds control on horticultural crops GroAfri Tanzania Jembe Supa 480SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0203 Weeds control on horticultural crops Limited Balton Tanzania Limited Weed management in lowland rice under Kalif 480EC Clomazone HE/0232 Arusha, Tanzania irrigation conditions. Trifloxysulfuron Control of cyperus, dicot and some grasses Krismat 75 WG Sodium 18.5g/Kg + HE/0132 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG in sugarcane Ametryn 731.5g/Kg Alachlor 300g/L + Pre-emergence weeds on maize, beans, and Lasso GD Microtech HE/0153 Monsanto Atrazine 180g/L vegetables Pre-emergence weeds on maize, beans, and Lasso Microtech Alachlor 480g/L HE/0154 Monsanto vegetables Terbuthylazine 125g/L Lumax 537.5SE HE/0141 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG Weeds control on sugarcane + Mesotrione 37.5g/L + Maizemax 300 SC Nicosulfuron + Atrazine HE/0242 Mbeya Agrochemical Control of weeds in horticultural crops Fomasafen + Fluazifop- Major Super 42.5 EC HE/0241 Mbeya Agrochemical Control of weeds in horticultural crops P- Butyl Dow AgroScience, Wheat against annual and perennial Mamba 360 SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0095 France grasses and broad leaved weeds. 2,4-D Amine 720g Matamine 720SL HE/0192 Matacha Enterprises Weeds control on horticultural crops salt/L Mbambazi 250 EC Oxidiazon 250g/L HE/0213 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Mistral Metribuzin 480g/L HE/0212 Balton Tanzania Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops 2,4-D Amine 720g Mocrops Tanzania MO 2,4-D Amine HE/0245 Control of weeds in horticultural crops salt/L Limited Mocrops Tanzania Mobromacil 500 SC Bromacil HE/0246 Control of weeds in horticultural crops Limited Mocphosate 480 SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0206 Mocrops T Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Multi Agrotrading Main Multiron 50SC Linuron 500g/L HE/0202 Weeds control on horticultural crops Supplier 2,4-D Amine 720g Mupa 2,4-D HE/0177 Equatoria Africa Ltd Control of broadleaved weeds in banana. salt/L Suba Agro Trade & Otil 360SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0178 Weeds control on banana. Eng. Co.Ltd Oxyfen 240EC Oxyfluorfen 240g/L HE/0179 Hangzhou Agrochemical Weeds control on onions Quizalofop-P terfuryl Pantera 4% HE/0190 Chemtura (Pty) Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops 40g/L Pencal 500EC Pendimethaline 500g/L HE/0133 Arysta LifeScience Weeds control on sugarcane plantations Primagram Gold 660 S-Metolachlor 290g/L + Control of pre-emergence weeds in HE/0116 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG SC Atrazine 370g/L maize,sorghum and sugarcane S-Metolachlor 290g/L + Prime Gold 660 SC HE/0248 Sineria Industries Arusha Control of weeds in horticultural crops Atrazine 370g/L 2,4-D Amine 720g Proamine 720 SC HE/0247 Elgon Kenya Limited Control of weeds on horticultural crops salt/L Atrazine 235g/L + Proazine 50 SC HE/0195 Elgon Kenya Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Ametryn 245g/L Protect 75 WDG Nicosulfuron 750g/Kg HE/0215 Sineria (T) Ltd Weeds control on horticultural crops Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl 64g/L + Bayer East Africa Post emergency control of grasses and Puma Komplete HE/0143 Iodosulfuronmethyl- Limited broad leaved weeds and sedges on wheat Sodium 8g/L Bromoxynil octanoate + Quattro HE/0152 Nufarm SAS Control of weeds on wheat MCPA ester Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Bayer East Africa Ralon Super 75EW HE/0088 On wheat against weeds. 75g/L Limited Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Rax Super HE/0239 Fluence Middle east Control of weeds in horticultural crops 75g/L MAFL Page 204 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Thiobencarb + Ricex Gold 160 EC HE/0240 Mbeya Agrochemical Control of weeds in horticultural crops Clodinafop Ethyl Suba Agro Tra & Eng. Grass and broadleaf weeds control in Rilor 500EC Pretilachlor 500g/L HE/0180 Co.Ltd transplanted rice. Suba Agro Tra & Eng. Grass and broadleaf weeds control on Ripanil 360EC Propanil 360g/L HE/0181 Co.Ltd transplanted rice. Rock 800 SC Diuron 800g/L HE/0198 Mega Generics Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Annual and perennial weeds including Rondo 48SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0158 DVA Agro GmbH sedges, grasses and woody plants Wheat against annual weeds and Rondopaz 360SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0100 Balton Tanzania Limited horticultural crops Ronheam International Ronsate 360SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0182 Weeds control under minimum tillage Co. Ltd Bayer East Africa Weeds Control on rice, Flower and Ronstar 250EC Oxidiazon 250g/L HE/0054 Limited horticultural crops Roundup 450 Turbo Glyphosate 450g/L HE/0159 Monsanto Control of post emergence weeds in coffee 2,4-D Amine 720g Dow AgroScience, Sanaphen 720SL HE/0114 Control of broad leaved weeds in maize salt/L France Smacres Limited, Sapikill 480SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0204 Weeds control on horticultural crops Nairobi-Kenya Suba Agro-Trading and For the control of weeds in French beans Sateca 150 EC Fomesafen HE/0250 Engineering Co. Ltd horticultural crops Iodosulfuron-methyl+ Bayer East Africa Sekator OD 375 HE/0155 Weeds control on wheat and barley amidosulfuron Limited Sencal 480SC Metribuzin 480g/L HE/0134 Arysta LifeScience Weeds control on sugarcane plantations Control nutsedge in maize and sugarcane, Halosulfuronmethyl for control of sedges in small grains Servian 75WG HE/0117 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG 750g/Kg cereals Sharda worldwide Exp Control of grasses and broadleaf weeds in Shakizo 75%WDG Nicosulfuron 75g/Kg HE/0233 Ltd, Mumbai, India maize Pretilachlor + Control of Weeds in rice under irrigation Solito 320EC HE/0157 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG Pyribenzoxim conditions Atrazine + S - Suba Agro-Trading and For the control of weeds in baby corns and Subagram 660 SC HE/0224 Metolachlor Engineering Co. Ltd horticultural crops Suba Agro-Trading and For the control of weeds in onions and Sufen 240 EW Oxyfluorfen 240g/l HE/0223 Engineering Co. Ltd horticultural crops Tata Panida Pendimethalin 500g/L HE/0167 Osho Chemical Ind. Ltd Weeds control on maize Bayer East Africa Tiara WG 60 Flufenacet 600g/Kg HE/0142 Pre-emergence weeds on wheat and barley Limited Clodifop propargyl Almandine Corporation- Post emergence grass weeds control on TipTop 10EC HE/0183 100g/L UK wheat Topiary Equipments & Tomcil Bromacil 80% HE/0197 Weeds control on horticultural crops Chemicals Sharda Worldwide Touch all 48SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0208 Weeds control on horticultural crops Exports Pvt. Ltd Pre-plant application for control of weeds Touchdown Forte Glyphosate 500g/L HE/0139 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG on coffee, tea, cashew and cereals Topiary Equipments & Tougher 48 SL Triclopyr 480g/L HE/0216 Weeds control on horticultural crops Chemicals Triachlor-M Metolachlor HE/0168 Trade Base Ltd (UK) Control of weeds on beans Bromoxynil Octanoate Triatril MC + 327.5g/L + MCPA HE/0149 Trade Base Ltd (UK) Some weed species on wheat 351g/L Triphosate 360SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0184 Trade Base Ltd (UK) Control of weeds in reduced tillage 2,4-D Amine 720g Twiga amine 720SL HE/0144 Twiga Chemicals (T) Ltd Control of broad leaved weeds in wheat salt/L 2,4-D Amine 720g control of broad leaved weeds in maize and Ultra 2,4-D Amine HE/0236 Ultravetis E.A Limited Salt/L horticultural crops Volcano Agroscience Volacet 900EC Acetochlor 900g/L HE/0135 Control of weeds on sugarcane plantations (Pty) Volcano Agroscience Volazinone Hexazinone HE/0123 Weeds control on sugarcane (Pty) MAFL Page 205 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Volcano Agroscience Volbuzine Metribuzin 480g/L HE/0122 Weeds control on sugarcane (Pty) Volcano Agroscience Volchlormuron Chlorimuron-Ethyl HE/0137 Weeds control on sugarcane plantations (Pty) Volcano Agroscience Voliuron 800SC Diuron 800g/L HE/0127 Weeds control on sugarcane plantations (Pty) Volcano Agroscience Volmet Metolachlor HE/0129 Weeds control on sugarcane plantations (Pty) Volcano Agroscience Volmethalin 500EC Pendimethalin 500g/L HE/0128 Weeds control on sugarcane plantations (Pty) Atrazine 235g/L + Volcano Agroscience Volmetra 500SC HE/0121 Weeds control on sugarcane plantations Ametryn 245g/L (Pty) Volcano Agroscience Volmsma 720 SL MSMA 720g/L HE/0145 Against weeds in sugarcane (Pty) Volcano Agroscience Volsate 360 Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0136 Weeds control on sugarcane (Pty) Weed All 480SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0156 Hangzhou Agrochemical Weeds control on banana. Weedex 480SL Glyphosate 480g/L HE/0205 Mbeya Agrochemicals Weeds control on horticultural crops 2,4-D Amine 720g Sharda worldwide Exp Weedishide HE/0234 Control of broadleaf weeds in maize salt/L Ltd, Mumbai, India Weedmaster Glyphosate 500g/L HE/0161 Bukoola Chemicals Ind. Weeds control on banana. Bromoxynil 225g/l + WeedsClear 450 HE/0235 Bajuta Tanzania (T) Ltd Post emergence weeds in maize MCPA 225g/l 2,4-D Amine 720g Volcano Agroscience Wildbees 720 SL HE/0147 Control of weeds on sugarcane plantations salt/L (Pty) Willosate 360SL Glyphosate 360g/L HE/0207 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd Weeds control on horticultural crops 1C: FUNGICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Tanzania Crop Care Fungicide for the control of powdery mildew on Acanto 250 SC Picoxystrobin FU/0277 Limited Roses Dimethomorph Acrobat Mz 90g/Kg + Mancozeb FU/0149 BASF Agro BV Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 600g/Kg AG COPP 75WP Cuprous Oxide 75% FU/0198 Sineria Tanzania Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops A mixture of monopotassium and dipotassium Fluence Middle East Against late blight on tomatoes and fungal Agrifos 400SL phosphonates455g/L FU/0114 Limited diseases on horticultural crops (equivalent to phosphonic acid 400g/L) Agri-SIN M Thiophanate Methyl FU/0263 Mega Generics Limited Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Meru Agro Tours and Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Agromenol 250 EC Triadimenol 250g/L FU/0239 Consultant and powdery mildews on cashew Meru Agro Tours and Agrothalonil 720SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0192 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Consultant Meru Agro Tours and Agrozeb 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0214 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Consultant Fosetyl- Aluminium Bayer East Africa Aliette 80 WP FU/0150 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 800g/Kg Limited Bayer East Africa Aliette Flash Fosetyl Aluminium FU/0165 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Syngenta Crop Alto 100 SL Cyproconazole 100g/L FU/0048 Control of Coffee leaf rust. Protection Ag Ametech Tanzania Amefidan 250 EC Triadimenol FU/0270 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Trading Co. Ltd Amevil 5 SC Hexaconazole FU/0268 Ametech Tanzania Control of fungal diseases in horticultural MAFL Page 206 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Trading Co. Ltd Ametech (T) Trading Amezeb 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0135 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Co. Limited Syngenta Crop Amistar 250SC Azoxystrobin 250g/L FU/0151 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Protection Ag Thiram 200g/L + Crompton Anchor 200FS FU/0127 Seed treatment for wheat Carboxin 200g/L Manufacturing Bayer East Africa Against fungal diseases on Avocado, onion, Antracol 70WP Propineb 70g/Kg FU/0001 Limited pineapple and horticultural crops Coffee against leaf rust; Cashew against powdery Syngenta Crop Anvil 5SC Hexaconazole 50g/L FU/0050 mildew and fungal diseases on horticultural Protection Ag crops. Hamashbir Agri- Culture April Tebuconazole 250g/L FU/0123 Control of Powdery Mildew on roses Limited Thiamethoxam 20g/Kg + Metalaxyl – Syngenta Crop Control of soil borne pests and diseases in Apron Star 42 WS FU/0095 M 20g/Kg + Protection Ag maize,beans, sesame and sorghum. Difenoconazole 2g/Kg Kresoxim Methyl Makhteshim Chem Ardent FU/0088 Control of powdery mildew on roses. 500g/L Works Limited Cyproconazole 80g/L Syngenta Crop Artea 330EC + Propiconazole FU/0130 Foliar diseases on wheat and barley Protection Ag 250g/L Agriscope (Africa) Asconil 720SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0191 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Agriscope (Africa) Ascozeb 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0211 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Mancozeb 48g/Kg + Bajuta International (T) Controlling cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis) Bagonall 580 WP FU/0251 Metalaxy 10g/Kg Ltd Arusha, Tanzania on cabbage COPPER Bajuta international (t) Bajuta copper 300sc OXYCHLORIDE FU/0252 control of fungal diseases in wheat ltd, arusha 300G/L Banko 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0120 Arysta LifeScience Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Bavistin df 50ds Carbendazim 50% FU/0185 BASF Agro BV Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Bayer East Africa Against foliage diseases on beans and fungal Baycor 300 ec Bitertanol 300g/L FU/0075 Limited diseases on other horticultural crops. Bayer East Africa Baycor 500 sc Bitertanol 500g/L FU/0166 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Against leaf rust and powdery mildew, Coffee , Bayer East Africa Bayfidan 250 ec Triadimenol 250g/L FU/0051 Cashew and fungal diseases on horticultural Limited crops Bayer East Africa Against leaf rust, and powdery mildew Coffee, Bayleton 25 wp Triadimefon 250g/Kg FU/0002 Limited wheat and cashew and horticultural crops Boscalid + Bellis WG FU/0272 BASF Agro BV Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Pyraclostrobin Iminoctadine Tris Bellkute FU/0152 Arysta LifeScience Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops (Albesilate) 30% w/w Benofarm 50WP Benomyl 50g/kg FU/0181 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Powdery mildew on Roses under greenhouse Makhteshim Chem Benomilo 50WP Benomyl 50g/kg FU/0093 conditions,and fungal diseases on horticultural Works Limited crops For control of root disease causing organisms and Bioderma % WP Trichoderma Virdae FU/0279 Tanzania Crop Care Ltd. to enhance plant growth on Statice, Carnations, Lisianthus & Frenchbeans. Boxin Plus Carboxin +Thiram FU/0289 Sineria Industries Control of fungal diseases in horticultural MAFL Page 207 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Capten 50WP Captan 500g/L FU/0184 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Coffee against leafrust and CBD, tomatoes Cupric Hydroxide Champion 50 WP FU/0038 Nufarm SAS against bacteria leafspot and late blight and 50% cucumber against alternaria and downy mildew. Copper Oxychloride Spies-Urania Chemicals Coffee, Vegetables against CBD, leafrust, downy Cobox 50 FU/0044 50% GmbH mildew. Boscalid 200g/L COLLIS 30 SC +Kresoxim-methyl FU/0182 BASF Agro BV Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 100g/L Osho Chemical Cosavet Sulphur 80% w/w FU/0232 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Industries Osho Chemical Cotaf 5SC Hexaconazole 50g/L FU/0136 Control of Powdery Mildew on roses Industries Elgon Chemicals Cuproxide 50 WP Cuprous Oxide 50% FU/0199 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Copper Oxychloride Spies-Urania Chemicals Cuprozin 35WP FU/0100 Coffee against leaf rust and CBD 35% GmbH Syngenta Crop Daconil 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0091 Coffee against CBD Protection Ag Tanzania Crop Care Danisaraba 20 SC Cyflumetofen FU/0271 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Limited Difenoconazole Defence 250EC FU/0203 Sineria Tanzania Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 250g/L Defender 240EC Triadimenol 240g/L FU/0119 DVA Agro GmbH Powderly mildew on roses Defender 250EC Triadimenol FU/0253 DVA Agro GmbH Control of powdery mildew on cashew Tanzania crop care Devisulphur Sulphur 80% w/w FU/0234 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Dow AgroScience, Vegetables, beans, fruits against anthracnose Dithane M-45 Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0014 France scab, lateblight, rust, mildews. Syngenta Crop Dividend 030FS Difenoconazole 30g/L FU/0087 Seed treatment fungicide in wheat and barley Protection Ag Domark 40 Tetraconazole 40g/L FU/0153 Isagro S.p.a Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Propamocarb Dorado 722SL FU/0223 Sineria Tanzania Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Hydrochloride 722g/L Eazole 250SC Tebuconazole FU/0261 Elgon Chemicals limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Ebony 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0137 Balton Tanzania Limited Control of late blight diseases on Tomato Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Ebony M72 FU/0138 Balton Tanzania Limited Control of late blight diseases on Tomato Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Echlonil 720SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0139 Elgon Kenya Limited Control of foliar diseases affecting wheat Tanzania crop care Elcazim 50SC Carbendazim 500g/L FU/0188 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Propamocarb Elpride 722 SL FU/0224 Elgon Kenya Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Hydrochloride 722g/L Emethanil 400 SC Pyrimethanil FU/0265 Elgon Kenya Limited Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Emizole 400 SC Triflumizole FU/0267 Elgon Kenya Limited Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Eprodane 500 SC Iprodione FU/0269 Elgon Kenya Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Famoxadime 225g/Kg Equation Pro FU/0154 DuPont Nemours Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops + Cymoxanil 300g/L Tanzania crop care Esetyl 80 WP Fosetyl Aluminium FU/0243 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Estrobin 250 SC Azoxystrobin 250g/L FU/0179 Elgon Kenya Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Tanzania Crop Care Etofin 10 EC Ethaboxam FU/0273 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Limited MAFL Page 208 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Bayer East Africa Euparen 50 WP Tolyfluanid 500g/Kg FU/0155 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Tanzania crop care Eupimate 25EC Bupirimate 250g/L FU/0183 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Agriscope (Africa) Eureka 72WP FU/0221 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Limited Evermefon 25WP Triadimefon 250g/Kg FU/0262 Mbeya Agrochemical Control of fungal diseases in horticultural crops Fangonil 50 SC Chlorothalonil 500g/L FU/0194 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Farmerfose Fosetyl Aluminium FU/0131 Linkforward Co Limited Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Farmerzone 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0212 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops FARMLETON Triadimefon 250g/Kg FU/0238 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 250WP Fast 80WP Fosetyl Aluminium FU/0244 Sineria Tanzania Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Freed ®720SC Chlorothalonil FU/0280 Mbeya Agrochemical Control of fungal diseases in horticultural crops Bayer East Africa Flint WG50 Trifloxystrobin 500g/L FU/0248 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Osho Chemical Flosul Plus Sulphur 80% w/w FU/0233 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Industries Bayer East Africa Foliar diseases on Potatoes, tomatoes, wheat, Folicure EC 250 Tebuconazole 250g/L FU/0071 Limited barley and fungal diseases on horticultural crops Makhteshim Chem Folpan 50SC Folpet 500g/L FU/0247 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Works Limited Makhteshim Chem Against late blight on tomatoes and fungal Folpan 50WP Folpet 500g/L FU/0094 Works Limited diseases on horticultural crops Tanzania crop care Force 5 E Hexaconazole 50g/L FU/0209 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Monopotassium phosphate 34% + Fosphite 53SL FU/0206 Juanco Sps Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Dipotassium phosphate 19% Carbendazim 500 Funco 500WP FU/0186 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops g/Kg Fungozeb 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0118 DVA Agro GmbH Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Cupric Hydroxide Spies-Urania Chemicals Coffee against Coffee Berry Diseases,leaf rust Funguran-Oh 50 WP FU/0061 50% GmbH and fungal diseases on horticultural crops . Mancozeb 640 g/Kg Garden Gold 700WP FU/0278 Mbeya Agrochemical Control of fungal diseases in horticultural +Iprovalicab 5.5g/kg Biological Cotton seed GC - 3 oil 31% + Garlic FU/0246 Juanco Sps Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops extract 23% Rotam Agrochemical Gilder 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0157 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Co. Limited Mancozeb 700g/kg + Murphy Chemicals Globe 76WP FU/0200 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Cymoxanil 60g/kg (E.A)Limited Mancozeb 640g/Kg+ Agrilax 720 WP FU/0264 CropScience(T)Ltd Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Helcozeb 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0086 HELM AG, GERMAN Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Bayer East Africa Impulse 500EC Spiroxamine 500g/L FU/0104 Powdery mildew on fluoriculture Limited Fluopicolide+ Bayer East Africa Infinito FU/0245 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops propamocarb Limited MAFL Page 209 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Ivory 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0090 Arysta LifeScience Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Ivory M72 FU/0097 Arysta LifeScience Early blight diseases on potatoes Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Coffee, tomatoes, beans and peanuts against Kocide 101 Copper Hydroxide FU/0045 DuPont Nemours CBD and various fungal diseases. Grapes, vegetables, cashew nuts, ornamentals Kumulus 80% Sulphur 80% w/w FU/0018 BASF Agro BV against brown rot, scab, mildew, mites and scales Syngenta Crop Coffee Berry Diseases, Coffee leaf rust, Kwadris 50WG Azoxystrobin 500g/Kg FU/0098 Protection Ag vegetables and grapes Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Linkmil 72WP FU/0124 Linkforward Co Limited Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Osho Chemical Mancoflo Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0215 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Industries Mancozeb 640g/Kg+ Mancolax 72%WP FU/0217 Juanco Sps Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Fludioxinil 25g/L + Syngenta Crop Maxim XL 035FS FU/0128 Maize seed Treatment against soil borne diseases Metalaxyl-M 10g/L Protection Ag Melody Duo WG Bayer East Africa Propineb 613g/Kg FU/0158 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 66.8 Limited Dodemorph-Acetate Meltatox 400EC FU/0159 BASF Agro BV Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 400g/L Makhteshim Chem Merpan 50 WP Captan 500g/L FU/0160 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Works Limited Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Rotam Agrochemical Milor MZ 72 WP FU/0161 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Co. Limited Propineb 70% + Bayer East Africa Against late blight disease on Tomatoes, and Milraz WP 76 FU/0078 Cymoxanil 6% Limited fungal diseases on horticultural crops Twiga Chemicals (T) Milthane Super Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0082 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Limited Cymoxanil 8% + Osho Chemical Mistress M72 FU/0140 Control of late blight diseases on Tomato Mancozeb 64% Industries Mo-Bankoner Mocrops Tanzania Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0196 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 720SC Limited Mocrops Tanzania Mochloride 50WP Copper Oxychloride FU/0266 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Limited Mocrops Tanzania Modifend 250 EC Difenconazole FU/0286 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Limited Mocrops Tanzania Control of fungal diseases in horticultural and Mofidan 250 EC Triadimefon FU/0282 Limited powdery mildew on cashew Mocrops Tanzania Moleton 25 WP Triadimenol FU/0288 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Limited Molgard 25EC Propiconazole 250g/L FU/0227 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Mo-Mancozeb Mocrops Tanzania Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0219 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 80WP Limited Imidacloprid 233g/L + Monceren GT FS Bayer East Africa Pencycuron 50g/L + FU/0162 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 390 Limited Thiram 107g/L Mocrops Tanzania Morido 68 WP Mancozeb + Metalaxy FU/0285 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Limited Mocrops Tanzania Mosulfur 98% Dust Sulfur FU/0287 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Limited Mocrops Tanzania Control of fungal diseases in horticultural and Movil 5 EC Hexaconazole FU/0284 Limited powdery mildew on cashew Control of Powdery Mildew (Oidium acacardii Mupafidan 250EC Triadimenol 250g/L FU/0141 Equatoria Africa Limited Noack) on Cashew Mupavil 50EC Hexaconazole 500g/L FU/0133 Equatoria Africa Limited Powdery mildew on cashew Mupazeb M-45 Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0110 Equatoria Africa Limited Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes MAFL Page 210 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Trifloxystrobin + Nativo SC 300 FU/0274 Bayer Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Tebuconazole Makhteshim Chem Control of powdery mildew of roses in Nimrod 25EC Bupirimate 250g/L FU/0092 Works Limited greenhouse. Against late blight on tomatoes and fungal Nordox 75WG Cuprous Oxide 75% FU/0096 Nordox Industries As diseases on horticultural crops Noxtar 40EC Flusilazole FU/0195 Chemtura (Pty) Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Odeon 500SC Chlorothalonil 500g/L FU/0156 Balton Tanzania Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Odeon 720SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0142 Balton Tanzania Limited Control of late blight diseases on Tomato Chlorothalonil Makhteshim Chem Odeon 82.5 WDG FU/0113 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes 82.5g/Kg Works Limited Orius 25 EC Tebuconazole 250g/L FU/0089 Irvita Plant Protection Control of powdery mildew on roses. Syngenta Crop Ortiva 250SC Azoxystrobin 250g/L FU/0180 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Protection Ag Osho Chemical Oshothane 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0143 Control of late blight diseases on Tomato Industries Othello 250 SC Azoxystrobin 250g/L FU/0230 Sineria Tanzania Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Azoxystrobin 200g/l Othello Top 350 SC FU/0178 Sineria Tanzania Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops + Difeconazole 125g/l Osho Chemical Pearl 500 SC Carbendazim 500 g/l FU/0187 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Industries Pilarquim (Shanghai) Pilarich 500SC Chlorothalonil 500g/L FU/0108 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Co. Limited Pilarquim (Shanghai) Pilarzeb 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0109 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Co. Limited Plantvax Oxycarboxin FU/0174 Chemtura (Pty) Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Polar SG 50% Polyoxin AL 50g/Kg FU/0163 Tivonchem Ltd Israel Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Power 76 WP Propineb + Cymoxanil FU/0255 Sineria Industries Arusha Control of fungal diseases in horticultural L-Ascorbic acid Citrex Inc. Miami Preserve SL FU/0177 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 5.6g/L Florida/Arysta Propamocarb Previcur Energy hydrochloride 530g/L Bayer East Africa FU/0164 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 840SL + Fosetyl Aluminium Limited 310g/L Propamocarb Bayer East Africa Previcur N SC FU/0225 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Hydrochloride 722g/L Limited Elgon Chemicals Proazole 25 EC Propiconazole 250g/L FU/0226 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Procure 480 SC Triflumizole 480g/L FU/0229 Chemtura (Pty) Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Control of late blight diseases (phytophthora Rav 500SC Chlorothalonil 500g/L FU/0144 Equatoria Africa Limited infestants) on tomatoes; Leaf and Nut blight disease and Powderly mildew on cashew Rav 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0167 Equatoria Africa Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Ridofarm 72WP FU/0220 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Metalaxyl-M 40g/Kg Syngenta Crop Against late blight disease on potatoes,tomatoes Ridomil Gold 68WG FU/0079 + Mancozeb 640g/Kg Protection Ag and grapes. Ronheam International Ronsulphur 98 Dust Sulphur 98% w/w FU/0168 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Co. Limited Trichoderma Rootgard harzianum strain 21 2 FU/0176 Juanco Sps Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops x109 spores MAFL Page 211 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Bayer East Africa Rovral 250Flo Iprodione 250g/L FU/0169 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Bayer East Africa Rovral 500Flo Iprodione 500g/L FU/0210 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Royal Top 50 WP Copper Oxchloride FU/0290 Sineria Industries Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Royalcap 500 FS Captan 500g/L FU/0175 Chemtura (Pty) Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Copper Oxychloride Mukpar Tanzania Royalcop 50WP FU/0099 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes 50% Limited tebuconazole + Bajuta international (t) Rustall 375EC FU/0256 control of fungal diseases in wheat triadimenol ltd, Arusha Ronheam International Rustout 5 SC Hexaconazole 50g/L FU/0170 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Co. Limited Salfarm 80WP Sulphur 80% w/w FU/0231 FarmBase Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Dow AgroScience, Sancozeb 800 WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0081 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes France On fruits, flowers, ornamentals and other crops Saprol Triforine FU/0281 Tanzania Crop Care Ltd. against powdery mildew,rust and leaf spot Bayer East Africa Scala 40 SC Pyrimethanil 400g/L FU/0228 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Difenoconazole Almandine Corporation- Scooter 25EC FU/0204 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 250g/L UK Difenoconazole Syngenta Crop Score 250EC FU/0202 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 250g/L Protection Ag Imidacloprid 10% + Chemtura (Pty) Limited, Control of early insect pests and fungal diseases Seed Plus 30 WS Metalaxyl 10% + FU/0292 Nairobi Kenya on horticultural crops Carbendazim 10% + Imidacloprid + Control of early insect pests and soil borne Fluence Middle East Seed Plus 20WS Metalaxyl + FU/0116 diseases maize and beans and fungal diseases on Limited Carbendazim horticultural crops Sharda wordwide Exp Shardim 250EC Triadimenol FU/0257 Against powdery mildew on cashew Ltd, Mumbai, India Sharda wordwide Exp Solytrin 72%SC Chlorothalonil FU/0258 Control of Coffee Berry Diseases in coffee Ltd, Mumbai, India Tebuconazole + Suba Agro-Trading and Control of fungal diseases in vegetables and Subatex 300 EW FU/0254 Triadimenol Engineering Co. Ltd other horticultural Suba Agro Tr & Eng Co. Subatil 250EC Propiconazole 250g/L FU/0125 Control of Foliar diseases in Barley Limited. Copper Oxychloride Osho Chemical Sulcop 50 DF FU/0197 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 50% Industries Sulfex 80WP Sulphur 80% w/w FU/0171 Equatoria Africa Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Sulfex Gold WDG Sulphur FU/0172 Equatoria Africa Limited Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Control of late blight on tomatoes and powdery Sulgro 80WDG Sulphur 80% FU/0259 Agro Afri Ltd, mildews on cashew Tanzania Crop Care Sumirobin Metominostrobbin FU/0275 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Riyue Chemicals Sunstar 72WP FU/0129 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Limited; DSM Fosetyl aluminium + Linkforward Co. Superkinga FU/0132 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Mancozeb Limited. Epoxyconazole + Makhteshim Chem Suprano C FU/0112 Control of Foliar diseases of wheat and Barley Carbendazim Works Limited Suba Agrotrading Suthane 80WP Mancozeb FU/0260 Control of late blight on tomatoes Arusha-Tanzania Epoxiconazole 125g/L Swing 250SC FU/0117 BASF Agro BV Fungal diseases on wheat and barley + Carbendazim 125g/L MAFL Page 212 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Cyprodinil 375g/Kg + Syngenta Crop Switch 62.5 WG FU/0201 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Fludioxonil 250g/Kg Protection Ag Carbendazim 125g/L Rotam Agrochemical Tandem 250SC + Tebuconazole FU/0190 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Co. Limited 125g/L Topiary Equipments & Tanzim 50SC Carbendazim 500 g/l FU/0189 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Chemicals Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Osho Chemical Tatamaster 72WP FU/0145 Control of late blight diseases on Tomato Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Industries Tebufarm 25WP Tebuconazole 250g/L FU/0146 Farmbase Limited Control of foliar diseases affecting wheat Syngenta Crop Tecto 500SC Thiabendazole 500g/L FU/0108 Powderly mildew on roses Protection Ag Bayer East Africa Teldor 50 WG Fenhexamid 500g/Kg FU/0249 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Fenhexamid + Bayer East Africa TELDOR COMBI FU/0208 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Tebuconazole Limited Polyoxin aluminium Topiary Equipments & Tender 15 WP FU/0222 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 15g/Kg Chemicals Topiary Equipments & Terror 50 EC Thiophanate methyl FU/0236 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Chemicals Grapes,vegetables and ornamentals against Syngenta Crop Thiovit Jet WP Sulphur 80% w/w FU/0033 brown rot scab and mildew;Cashew against Protection Ag powderly mildew Syngenta Crop Wheat, barley, sugarcane, coffee, grapevine Tilt 250EC Propiconazole 250g/L FU/0034 Protection Ag against rust Topiary Equipments & Timefon 250 WP Triadimefon 250g/Kg FU/0237 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Chemicals Tocozeb Super 72 Topiary Equipments & Mancozeb 640g/Kg + FU/0218 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops WP Chemicals Topaz 25EW change Agriscope (Africa) Tebuconazole 250g/L FU/0235 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops trade name Limited Scientific Solution For Topazole 25 EC Tebuconazole FU/0283 Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Crops (T) Ltd Rice, wheat, tobacco, horticultural crops against Thiophanate- Topsin-M 70% WP FU/0035 Nippon Soda blast leaf spot, powdery mildew, scabs and Methyl70% w/w blight. Dodemorph-Acetate Topiary Equipments & Torrent 400 EC FU/0207 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 400g/L Chemicals Topiary Equipments & Transmute 250 EC Triadimenol 250g/L FU/0240 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Chemicals Agriscope (Africa) Trichoscope 1%WP Trichoderma virdae FU/0242 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited Trifidan 250 EC Triadimenol FU/0276 Farmbase Ltd Control of fungal diseases in horticultural Fluopicolide + Bayer East Africa Trivia FU/0250 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops propineb Limited Topiary Equipments & Truenil 720 SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0193 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Chemicals Twiga Chemicals Ind Patriotic Triadimenol 250g/L FU/0241 Change to GroFri (T) Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Ltd Mancozeb + Hangzhou Agrochemical Ugonall 580WP FU/0126 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes Metalaxyl Industries Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Evergreen chemical Unilax 72WP FU/0216 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Limited United Phosphorus Unizeb 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0213 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited United Phosphorus Uthane 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0147 Control of late blight diseases on Tomato Limited Metazeb Metalaxy +Mancozeb FU/0291 Sineria Industries Control of fungal diseases in horticultural MAFL Page 213 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Fenamidone 44.4g/Kg Bayer East Africa Verita + Fosetyl Aluminium FU/0173 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops Limited 667g/Kg Almandine Corporation- Verol 720SC Chlorothalonil 720g/L FU/0122 Control of late blight diseases on tomatoes UK Mancozeb 640g/Kg + Victory 72WP FU/0111 Sineria Tanzania Limited Late blight disesase on tomatoes Metalaxyl 80g/Kg Dimethomorph Rotam Agrochemical Volar WP FU/0205 Control of fungal diseases on horticultural crops 90g/Kg + Mancozeb Co. Limited Indofil Chemical Winner 80WP Mancozeb 800g/Kg FU/0148 Control of late blight diseases on Tomato Limited Xantho 5EC Hexaconazole 50g/L FU/0134 Atul Limited;India Powdery mildew on cashew Zolfo Ventilato Sulphur FU/0106 Zolfindustria S.R.L Powdery mildew on cashew 1D: ACARICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Alfanex ® 10%EC Alphacypermethrin AC/0041 Ronheam International Co. Ltd Against cattle ticks and tsetse flies. Alphatix 12.5%EC Amitraz AC/0028 Ultravetis Tanzania Ltd Control of Cattle Ticks Amitan 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0034 Biotec Laboratories Ltd Control of cattle ticks Amivet ® 12.5%EC Amitraz AC/0040 DVA Agro GmbH Against cattle ticks Bamitraz 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0030 Bajuta International (T) Limited Control of cattle ticks Cybadip 15EC Cypermethrin AC/0029 Bajuta International (T) Limited Control of cattle ticks and tsetse flies Control of cattle ticks and tsetse Cypervet ® 10%EC Cypermethrin AC/0038 DVA Agro GmbH flies Dominator ® 10EC Alphacypermethrin AC/0037 Osho Chemical Industries Control of cattle ticks and tsetse flies cypermethrin high Ecotix 100EC AC/0025 FarmBase Limited Control of cattle ticks and tsetse cis Flubadip Super Control of Cattle ticks and tsetse Flumethrin AC/0042 Bajuta International (T) Limited 6%EC flies Kupatix 12.5%EC Amitraz AC/0033 Cooper K Brands Limited Control of cattle ticks Kupedip 6%EC Flumethrin AC/0035 Mega Generic Limited Cattle ticks and tsetseflies Mo-traz 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0045 Mocrops Tanzania Ltd Against cattle ticks Notix Deltamethrin AC/0032 Rotam Agrochemical Control of cattle ticks and tsetse flies Paratik 7% Alphamethrin AC/0036 Pfiezer Laboratories Cattle ticks and tsetseflies Paratraz 12.5% Cypermethrin AC/0027 Merial RSA Control of cattle ticks Paratryn 15% Amitraz AC/0024 Merial RSA Control of cattle ticks Chlorfenvinphos + Against cattle ticks, maggots and Supona Aerosol Dichlorvos + AC/0039 Fort Dodge Animal Health (Pty) Ltd wounds Gentian violet Sypertix 10EC Alphacypermethrin AC/0043 Norbrook Kenya Limited control of cattle ticks and tsetse flies Tickbuster 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0031 Chemplex Animal and Public health Control of cattle ticks MAFL Page 214 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Tiktik 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0026 FarmBase Limited Control of cattle ticks and mange Tixfix 12.5%EC Amitraz AC/0019 Rotam Limited Control of cattle ticks. Twigatraz 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0044 Twiga Chemical Industries (T) Ltd Against cattle ticks Control of Cattle ticks and tsetse Vectocide EC Deltamethrin AC/0023 Ceva Sante flies 1E: PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage B- Nine 85 Daminozide GR/000 Chemtura (Pty) Limited Growth regulator in horticultural crops WSG 5 Daminox Daminozide GR/000 Mega Generics Limited Growth regulator in horticultural crops 4 Fruripe Ethylene GR/000 Mega Generics Limited Growth regulator in horticultural crops 6 Pix 50 Mepiquat Chloride GR/000 BASF Agro BV Growth regulator in cotton 1 Prime+125 Flumetralin GR/000 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG Control of tobacco suckers 2 Royaltac n-decanol GR/000 Chemtura (Pty) Limited Control of tobacco sucker killer 8 Silwet Gold Polyalkylene oside GR/000 Chemtura (Pty) Limited Growth regulator in horticultural crops modified Heptamelyl 7 trisiloxame 1F: RODENTICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Brodek Brodifacoum RO/0006 March Chem Rodent control Rat-cide Bromadiolone RO/0005 FarmBase Limited Control of field and household rodents Panyacide Bromadiolone RO/0007 Bytrade Tanzania Limited Against Mastomys natalensis, and Rattus 0.005% rattus PanyaKill Bromadiolone RO/0008 Anicrop Service Ltd- Against Mastomys natalensis, and Rattus 0.005% rattus 1G: AVICIDES Trade name Common Reg. No. Registrant Usage Name Bathion 60%ULV Fenthion AV/0003 Bajuta International (T) Ltd Control of Quelea birds 1H: NEMATICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Furaban 3GR Carbofuran 3g/kg NE/0007 FarmBase Ltd Control of nematodes in horticultural crops Bayer East Africa NEMACUR 5 GR Fenamiphos NE/0008 Control of Insect pests in horticultural crops Limited PL-Plus Paedilomyces NE/0009 Juanco Sps Limited Control of Insect pests in horticultural crops MAFL Page 215 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 2. PROVISIONAL REGISTRATION CATEGORY (i.e. PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR GENERAL USE FOR TWO YEARS) 2A: INSECTICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage ABC Mosquito d-allethrin IN/0171 Alfa General Supplies Control of mosquitoes Adonis 12.5 ULV Fipronil IN/0179 BASF Agro BV Against desert locusts Dogs and cats other household Akheri Powder Carbaryl + Cyhalothrin IN/0165 FarmBase Limited insects Various crops against insects Alphaguard 0.8ULV Alphacypermethrin IN/0200 Fertilizer and Chemicals pests Amdro Hydramethyl IN/0163 BASF Agro BV Against ants in Coconuts Cypermethrin + Control of bollworms and Attakan C 344 SE IN/0277 Arysta LifeScience Imidacloprid sucking pests in cotton Household against Baygon 1% DP Propoxur IN/0016 Johnson Wax E. A Ltd Cockroaches and flies. Household against Baygon Aerosol Propoxur IN/0015 Johnson Wax E. A Ltd cockroaches and flies BigTox Mosquito Pyrethrins IN/0190 Star Import & Export Mosquito Control. Coil Black Jack Tetramethrin IN/0197 Safeguard Chem. Mosquito Control. Bolt Insect Killer Pyrethrins + Permethrin IN/0194 Ariman Technologies Mosquito control. Cotton against bollworms, Bulldog 005 ULV Betacyfluthrin IN/0138 Bayer Crop Science AG jassids, calidea and lygus Control of whiteflies in Callidim 400EC Dimethoate IN/0236 Arysta LifeScience tomatoes On cotton against American Callisulfan 250ULV Endosulfan IN/0177 Arysta LifeScience bollworms and aphid Commando Aerosol Pyrethrins + DDVP IN/0181 H.B Worldwide Mosquito control. Commando Pyrethrins IN/0184 H.B Worldwide Mosquito.control. Mosquito coil Control of migratory locusts Confidor 010 ULV Imidacloprid IN/0242 Bayer (E.A) Ltd and grasshoppers. Crowned Crane Pyrethrins IN/0185 Mark Rays E.A Ltd Mosquito control. Mosquito Coil Cotton against American Cypercal 1.8ULV Cypermethrin IN/0178 Arysta LifeScience bollworms and aphids Cypercal Cypermethrin + Cotton against aphids,whitefly, IN/0175 Arysta LifeScience D15/120ULV Dimethoate caterpillars and hemiptera. Control of major insect pests of DC Tron Plus Paraffinic Oils IN/0232 Caltex (T) Ltd tomatoes, roses and citrus Trees Cotton against chewing insects Decis 0.5ULV Deltamethrin IN/0030 Bayer Crop Science AG pests locust and grasshoppers Cotton against Heliothis Decitab Deltamethrin IN/0167 Bayer Crop Science AG armigera larvae Almandine Corporation- Control of Diamondback moth Deltis 2.5% EC Deltamethrin IN/0248 UK on cabbage Dimepaz 40EC Dimethoate IN/0204 Balton Tanzania Ltd Maize against stalk borers MAFL Page 216 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Coffee and beans against Dow AgroScience, chewing and sucking insect Dursban 24ULV Chlorpyrifos IN/0141 France pests. Public health for mosquito control Against mosquitoes, Fendona 10SC Alphacypermethrin IN/0169 BASF Agro BV Cockroaches and bedbugs pests Tsetsefly, bed net impregnation for mosquitoes control, Fendona 6 SC Alphacypermethrin IN/0143 BASF Agro BV cockroach, bedbugs, other biting and nuisance Profenofos Cotton against jassids calidea Fenom C 170 ULV IN/0145 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG +Cypermethrin and judgus Cotton, tobacco and pasture Fyfanon 500g/l Malathion IN/0057 Cheminova A/S against chewing and sucking pests. Goodnight Mosquito d-allethrin IN/0221 Godrej Hi Care Ltd Household against mosquitoes Coil Goodnight Mosquito d-allethrin IN/0173 Godrej Hi Care Ltd Household against mosquitoes. Mat Icon 10 WP LambdaCyhalothrin IN/0147 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG Mosquito control Bednet and curtains Iconet Lambda Cyhalothrin IN/0213 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG impregnation for mosquito control Against bollworms and aphids Karate 5 CS Lambda- Cyhalothrin IN/0245 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG in cotton and vegetables Kasheshe Mosq. d-Allethrin IN/0220 M & S Intertrade Household against mosquitoes Coil Mosquitoes, cockroaches and Kiboko Aerosol Fenitrothion IN/0159 H.B Worldwide other household insect pests K-Othrine Bednet impregnation for Deltamethrin IN/0217 Bayer Crop Science AG Mostiquarine 1% SC mosquito control Bednet impregnation for K-Othrine WP Deltamethrin IN/0216 Bayer Crop Science AG mosquito control Control of wild human-biting Lala Salama Allethrin IN/0240 Sajjad Ali Ltd Anophelines and Culicines Various crops against chewing Lebaycid 50% EC Fenthion IN/0063 Bayer Crop Science AG and sucking insects, termites and ants Marshal 250EC Carbosulfan IN/0209 FMC Roses against aphids and mites Mosfly Aerosol d-allethrin IN/0251 African Mosfly mosquito control Moskill Mosquito Pyrethrins IN/0199 Coil Products (K) Ltd Mosquito control. Coil Tetramethrin + Motox Aerosol IN/0160 Mawe Enterprises Against household insect Permethrin + Fenitrothion Mzinga Permethrin+Tetramethrin IN/0255 Sole Aero Ltd- UK Mosquito control Control of LGB and maize Mavuno Super Dust Fenitrothion +Permethrin IN/0237 Ecomark Ltd weevils Control of bedbugs and body Neocidal 600EW Diazinon IN/0231 Zagro lice Bednet impregnation for Ngao (K-Otab) Deltamethrin IN/0215 Bayer Crop Science AG mosquito control MAFL Page 217 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework livestock and pastureland NK Diazinon 60EC Diazinon IN/0034 Nippon Kayaku ectopara- sites,chewing and sucking insects Coffee against leaf miner, Novathion 500 EC Fenitrothion IN/0072 Cheminova A/S chewing and sucking pests Crop storage and public health Amvac Chemical Nuvan 50 EC Dichlorvos IN/0074 against storage pests and Corporation household insects Control of diamondback moth Profecron 720 EC Profenofos IN/0233 Agriscope (Africa) Ltd in cabbages Pyretox Pyrethrum IN/0254 Kibo Chemicals Post harvest pests on maize Raid IT Tetramethrin + IN/0234 Johnson Wax E. A Ltd Mosquito control Cypermethrin +Propoxur Raid Mwananchi Pyrethrins IN/0183 Johnson Wax E. A Ltd Mosquito control Mosquito Coil Tetramethrin Risasi Aerosol IN/0225 Meghji's Sundries Household against mosquitoes +Cypermethrin Tetramethrin + Mosquitoes, cockroaches, Cypermethrin+ Rungu Aerosol IN/0162 H.B Worldwide houseflies and other household Prallethrin + Piperonyl insect pests Butoxide Rungu Mosquito Pyrethrins IN/0186 H.B Worldwide Mosquito control. Coil Crops, livestock, household against cutworms and beetles, Sapa Carbaryl 5% D Carbaryl IN/0090 Sapa Chem Ind Ltd animal ectoparasites, mosquito¬es and cockroaches. Cotton, against chewing and Sapa Carbaryl 85WP Carbaryl IN/0091 Sapa Chemical Ind Ltd sucking pests. Coffee, tobacco, rice and Sapa Diazinon 60 Diazinon IN/0093 Sapa Chemical Ind Ltd sugarcane against chewing and EC sucking pests. Sapa Dimethoate 40 Various crops against aphids Dimethoate IN/0096 Sapa Chemical Ind Ltd EC and mites. Crops, livestock, household against cutworms, beetles, Sevin 85 WP Carbaryl IN/0113 Bayer Enviro Science ectoparasite and domestic insect pests. Fenitrothion + Control of LGB and maize Shumba Super IN/0238 Ecomark Ltd Deltamethrin weevils. Simba Mosquito Pyrethrins IN/0191 Coil Products (K) Ltd Mosquito control. Coil Against household pests and Solfac EW 050 Cyfluthrin IN/0176 Bayer Enviro Science bed net impregnation Suba Agro Tr & Eng Co. Suba Deltamethrin Deltamethrin IN/0274 control of tomato fruit worm Ltd Fenvalerate + Against chewing and sucking Sumicombi 1.8 D IN/0154 Sumitomo Fenitrothion insects on various crops. Pyrethrin+ Cypermethrin Supakill IN/0269 Twiga Chemicals (T) Ltd mosquito control + Tetramethrin Talstar 100EC Bifenthrin IN/0208 FMC Roses against aphids and mites Makhteshim Chem Various crops against chewing Thionex 35 EC Endosulfan IN/0123 Works Ltd and sucking insect pests Trig Aerosol Tetramethrin IN/0187 Chemipack Tz. Ltd Mosquito control Trig Mosquito Coil d-allethrin IN/0188 Chemipack Tz. Ltd Mosquito control MAFL Page 218 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Bednet impregnation for Vectron 10EW Etofenprox IN/0218 Mitsui Chemicals,Inc Mosquito control Bednet impregnation for Vectron 20EW Etofenprox IN/0219 Mitsui Chemicals,Inc Mosquito control White Crane Mohamed Enterprises Pyrethrins IN/0189 Mosquito control. Mosquito Coil Ltd tetramethrin+ Zap aerosol IN/272 Autoworld Trading Co mosquito control Cypermethrin s-bioallethrin+ Zapit IN/0256 Sole Aero Ltd- UK mosquito control bioresmethrin 2B: HERBICIDES Reg. Trade name Common Name Registrant Usage No. HE/000 Actril DS Ioxynil + 2,4 - D Bayer East Africa Limited Cereals against broad leaved weeds. 1 HE/009 Atranex 80WP Atrazine Agan Chemicals Man. Maize against pre-emergence weeds. 8 HE/001 Rice, maize, beans against broad leaved Basagran 480 g/l Bentazone BASF Agro BV 4 weeds and sedges. Bentazone+ HE/001 Rice, beans, maize against broad leaved Basagran PL2 BASF Agro BV Propanil 6 weeds, sedges and grasses. Glufosinate HE/007 Plantation crops orchards, vineyards, Basta 200g/l Bayer East Africa Limited Ammonium 0 against weeds in general HE/007 Barley, maize, oats, wheat and rice Buctril MC Bromoxynil Bayer East Africa Limited 9 against broadleaf weeds. Flurasulam + HE/011 Wheat and barley against broadleaf Derby 175 SC Dow AgroScience, France Flumetsulam 0 weeds HE/010 Diurex 80SC Diuron Agan Chemicals Man. Sugarcane against weeds 6 Fusilade Super12.5% HE/007 Various crops against annual and Fluazifopbutyl Syngenta Crop Prot. AG EC 6 perenial weeds. HE/009 Glyphogan 480SL Glyphosate Agan Chemicals Man. Wheat against annual weeds. 9 HE/000 Cereals, sugarcane, sisal, coffee against Helmamine 720 EC 2, 4-D Amine HELM AG, GERMAN 3 post- emergence weeds HE/011 Kalachi 480 SL Glyphosate Arysta LifeScience Control of annual and perennial weeds. 2 HE/004 Various crops against broad leaved Murphamine 2,4-D 2, 4-D Amine Nufarm GmbH 3 weeds. HE/010 Puma Super 120EC Fenoxaprop -ethyl Bayer East Africa Limited Wheat against grass weeds 9 HE/005 Coffee, citrus, bananas against all types of Roundup 360 SC Glyphosate Monsanto 5 weeds particularly couch grass. Benthiocarb + HE/007 Rice against gramineous cyeraceous Satunil 60EC Kumiai Chem. Industries Propanil 7 weeds. HE/007 Rice against gramineous cyperaceous Saturn 50 EC Benthiocarb Kumiai Chem. Industries 8 weeds. Thiobencarb/ HE/009 Gramineous cyperaceous and broad Saturnvalor 55 EC Benthiocarb + Kumiai Chem. Industries 1 leaved weeds in crop fields Prometryn HE/010 Sencor 480SC Metribuzin Bayer East Africa Limited Sugarcane against weeds 8 Bensulfuron + HE/009 On irrigated rice against broadleaf weeds Sindax 10WP Metasulfuron Du pont De Nemours 0 and grasses Methyl Propanil + HE/005 Rice against barnyard grass and Stam UT-8 EC Dow AgroScience, France Phenothol 9 cyperaceae MAFL Page 219 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework HE/006 Sugarcane, cereals, cotton, sisal, rice Stomp 500 EC Pendimethalin BASF Agro BV 1 against grasses and broad leaved weeds Clodinafop- HE/010 Topik 080EC Syngenta Crop Prot. AG Wheat against annual grass weeds Propargyl 4 HE/006 Bushes and trees against broad leaved Tordon 101 Pichloram + 2,4-D Dow AgroScience, France 4 weeds HE/010 Velpar 75DF Hexazinone Du pont De Nemours weeds in sugarcane 7 HE/009 For high volume spraying in beans against Whipsuper 120EW Fenoxa-p-ethyl Bayer East Africa Limited 3 weeds. HE/009 For control of broad leaved weeds and Wipeout 360 Glyphosate Almandine Corporation- UK 4 grasses in wheat. 2C: FUNGICIDES Common Trade name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Name Banko 500 SC Chlorothalonil FU/0073 Arysta LifeScience Coffee against Coffee Berry disease. Chlorothalonil + Banko Plus FU/0080 Arysta LifeScience Tomatoes against late blight Carbendazim Coffee against CBD and other fungal Blue shield Copper Hydroxide FU/0052 Cuproquim S.A diseases.. Bronocot 10WP Bronopol FU/0040 Mukpar (T) Ltd Cotton seed dressing Bronotak 10w/w Bronopol FU/0053 Bayer Crop Science AG Cotton Seed dressing. Clortocaffaro 54 Chlorothalonil FU/0055 Vischim Srl,Italy Coffee against leaf rust. FLW Copper Nordox Cuprous Oxide FU/0009 Nordox Industries As Coffee against CBD,leafrust. Copper Sandoz cuprous oxide FU/0010 Sandoz coffee against CBD and leaf rust Coprado 50 WP Copper Oxychloride FU/0084 HELM AG, GERMAN Control of late blight on tomatoes Cupravit 50 WP copper oxychloride FU/0056 Bayer (E.A) Ltd beans and groundnuts against leafrust Cuprocaffaro 50 Copper Oxychloride FU/0054 Isagro S.p.a Coffee against leaf rust. WP Delan 75 WP Dithianon FU/0013 BASF Agro BV Coffee against CBD and leafrust. early blight and downy mildew in potatoes Farmerzeb Mancozeb FU/0102 Linkforward Co Ltd and tomatoes Benalaxyl + Galben M FU/0083 Twiga Chemicals (T) Ltd Control of late blight on tomatoes. Mancozeb Helmonyl 500 Chlorothalonil FU/0085 HELM AG, GERMAN Control of late blight on tomatoes. Kocide DF Copper Hydroxide FU/0064 Du pont De Nemours Coffee against fungal disease and CBD against late blight in tomatoes and Linkonil chlorothalonil FU/0101 Linforward Co Ltd potatoes Seed dressing for cotton against bacterial Nordox SD-45 Cuprous oxide FU/0023 Nordox Industries As blight and damping off. Palm Brand Sulphur FU/0069 National Est. Cashew against powdery mildew Dusting Sulphur Rido Super 72 WP mancozeb+ metalaxyl FU/0103 Suba Agro Tr & Eng Co. Ltd control of late blight in tomatoes Rova 500 Chlorothalonil FU/0043 Vischim Srl,Italy Coffee against Coffee Berry Diseases. Against CBD and Coffee Leaf Rust on Sabcop 50WP Copper Oxychloride FU/0076 Koppa coffee. Fenetrazole Silvacur +Terbutrazole FU/0072 Bayer (E.A) Ltd On wheat and barley against foliar diseases +Triadimenol MAFL Page 220 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework TAFECO Sulphur Sulphur FU/0070 TFC Control of powdery mildew in cashew. Tankopa Copper Oxychloride FU/0077 Pesticide Manufacturers Coffee against CBD and CLR Trical 250 EC Triadimefon FU/0105 Arysta LifeScience On roses against powdery mildew. 2D: ACARICIDES Trade name Common Reg. No. Usage Registrant Name Almatix 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0016 Almandine Corporation- UK Against ticks and lice Amitix Amitraz AC/0020 Alfasan International Control of cattle ticks & Ectoparasites Cethion 10EC Ethion AC/0007 Cheminova A/S Control of cattle ticks. Drop On Deltamethrin AC/0040 Farmbase Ltd Control of cattle ticks and tsetse flies Ectoban 200EC Cymiazole + AC/0021 Norvatis S.A (Pty) Control of cattle ticks. Cypermethrin Norotraz 12.5% Amitraz AC/0022 Norbrook Laboratories Control of cattle ticks. Stelladone 300EC Chlorfenviphos AC/0004 Zagro Singapore Pte Ltd Farm animals against ectoparasites. Supona 100EC Chlorfenviphos AC/0010 Wyeth SA (Pty) Ltd. Cattle ticks and tse-tse flies Taktic Amitraz AC/0013 Intervet South Africa (Pty) Control of cattle ticks Taktic 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0018 Intervet South Africa (Pty) Cattle against mange, mites, ticks and lice. Triatix 12.5EC Amitraz AC/0017 Schering Plough Animal Cattle against ticks, lice and mange. Health 2E: NEMATICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Tobacco, coffee, vegetables, against soil pests Basamid granular Dazomet NE/0001 Kanesho Soil Treatment i.e. nematodes, wireworms, Control of soil insects and millipedes and Diafuran 5G Carbofuran NE/006 Arysta LifeScience nematodes Bananas, coffee, tobacco, non-leafy vegetables Furadan 5G Carbofuran NE/003 FMC against foliar chewing, biting and sucking insects. Mocap 10G Ethioprophos NE/0005 Bayer (E.A) Ltd Sugarcane, rice and maize against soil insects. 2F: RODENTICIDES Trade name Reg. No. Common Usage Registrant Name Lanirat Bait Bromodiolone RO/0001 Novartis SA Pty. Against rats and mice. Racumin bait Block Coumatetralyl RO/0003 Bayer Crop Science AG Against rats and mice. Yasodion Diphacinone RO/0004 Ohtsuka Chem. Ind. Co.Ltd Against rats and mice in rice, sugarcane and maize. MAFL Page 221 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework 2G: AVICIDES Trade name Reg. No. Common Registrant Usage Name Queletox 60% ULV Fenthion AV/0001 Bayer CropScience Against grain eating birds in particular Quelea AG quelea 3. RESTRICTED REGISTRATION CATEGORY ( i.e. PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR RESTRICTED USE FOR TWO YEARS) 3A: INSECTICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Baluphos 56% Aluminium phosphide RE/0136 Bajuta International Limited Control of major storage pests Control of storage insect pests and Celphos 56% Aluminium phosphate RE/0123 Equatoria Africa Ltd sitopholus spp Grain Storage use in godown Degesch Plate Magnesium Phosphide RE/0051 Rentokil (T) Ltd storage and silos Grain storage Storage use in Detia Ex-B Aluminium Phosphide RE/0053 Detia Freyberg GmbH godown and silos. Ethylene ethylene dibromide RE/004 Sapa Chem Ind Ltd Formulation purpose Dibromide (tech) Control of LGB and other storage Falfume Aluminium Phosphide RE/0118 Falcon International insect pests Control of LGB and other storage Fumaphos Aluminium phosphide RE/0119 National Fumigants (Pty) insect pests PestGuard Limited DSM - Fumitoxin Tablets Aluminium phosphide RE/0137 Control of storage insect pests Tanzania Kanamin d-allethrin RE/0055 African Mosfly Formulation Purposes only Locufen 96ULV Fenitrothion RE/0122 Mega Generics Limited Against red locust Grain storage, Storage use in Phostoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide RE/0050 Detia Freyberg GmbH godowns and silos. Grain storage, Storage use in Phostoxin Tablets Aluminium Phosphide RE/0052 Rentokil (T) Ltd godowns and silos. On maize only against chewing and Pyrinex Chlorpyrifos RE/0054 Balton Tanzania Ltd And sucking pests Grain storage Storage use in Quickphos Aluminium Phosphide RE/0049 United Phosphorus Ltd. godowns and silos Subagrain Dust Chlorpyrifosmethyl RE/0142 Suba Agro Tr & Eng Co. Ltd Formulation purpose only CPM Technical Subagrain Dust Alphacypermethrin RE/0143 Suba Agro Tr & Eng Co. Ltd Formulation purpose only ACY Technical Subaprid Imidacloprid RE/0121 Suba Agro Tr & Eng Co. Ltd Technical for formulation Technical TWIGA Termites in construction industry Lindane RE/0120 Twiga Chemicals (T) Ltd Gamma20 only Control for structures used for grain Vapona 500EC Dichlorvos RE/0124 National Fumigants (Pty) storage 3B: FUNGICIDES MAFL Page 222 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Copper Oxide+ Timber treatment against fungal Celcure K33 Chromium Arsenic RE/0030 Rentokil (T) Ltd decay pentoxide Farmerzeb(techn) techn. Mancozeb RE/0113 Linkforward Co Ltd For formulation of Farmerzeb Copper Oxide + Impretect Oxide On woods against insects and fungal Chromium Trioxide + RE/0112 Duville Woodworks, 70TC decay Arsenic Pentox. Protim Solignum Osmose CCA C60 CCA RE/0117 Wood Treatment only Osmose Copper Oxd+ Arse Pent Timber and wood treatment against Tanalith C3310 RE/0111 Arch Timber Products + Chrom trio fungal decay Copper carbonate + Arch Timber Protection Tanalith E3443 Tebuconazole + RE/0138 Ltd, West Yorkshire, Control of wood destroying organism Propiconazole UK 3C: HERBICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Bajuta International (T) Control of broad leaf and grass weeds Bamoxone 276SL Paraquat 276g/L RE/0139 Ltd, Arusha, Tanzania in Sugarcane Bajuta International (T) Control of broad leaf and grass weeds Bramuron 536SC Paraquat + Diuron RE/0140 Ltd, Arusha, Tanzania in Sugarcane Cipquate 20EC Paraquat Dichloride RE/0134 Elgon Kenya Limited Weeds control on horticultural crops Clear-Out 200SL Paraquat Dichloride RE/0141 Mbeya Agrochemicals Weeds control on horticultural crops Famoxone Paraquat Dichloride RE/0133 FarmBase Ltd Weeds control on horticultural crops Plantation crops, Coffee, Sal, cotton, Gramoxone Paraquat RE/0127 Syngenta Crop Prot. AG tea, bananas against common broad leaves and annual weeds Muparaxone 276EC Paraquat dichloride RE/0132 Equatoria Africa Ltd Control of weeds of tomato Panter 240 EC Paraquat Dichloride RE/0135 Sineria (T) Ltd Weeds control on horticultural crops Control of broadleaved weeds and Parapaz Paraquat RE/0129 Balton Tanzania Ltd grasses in maize. Volcano Agroscience Volcano paraquat SL Paraquat RE/0116 Weeds in sugarcane plantations only Pty Ltd Volcano Agroscience Volmuron Paraquat + Diuron RE/0128 For weed control in sugarcane Pty Ltd 3D: ACARICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. Registrant Usage No. Bayticol 2%EC Flumethrin RE/0115 Bayer South Africa To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. MAFL Page 223 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Bayticol 6%EC Flumethrin RE/0012 Bayer South Africa To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Bayticol pour Flumethrin RE/0001 Bayer South Africa To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. on Decatix 5% Deltamethrin RE/0002 Schering Plough To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Animal Health Dominex Alphacypermethrin RE/0006 FMC To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. 100EC Ecofleece 10EC Cypermethrin RE/0011 Bimeda Chem To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Ectomin 100EC Cypermethrin RE/0008 Norvatis S.A (Pty) To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Ectopor 020AS Cypermethrin RE/0004 Norvatis S.A (Pty) To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Grenade 5%EC Cyhalothrin RE/0010 Schering Plough To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Animal Health Paranex Alphacypermethrin RE/0013 FarmBase Limited To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Pouracide Alphacypermethrin + RE/0009 Smithkline (Pty) Ltd To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. tetrachlovinphos Renegade Alphacypermethrin RE/0007 Wyeth SA (Pty) Ltd. To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Spoton 1% Deltamethrin RE/0005 Schering Plough To be used in ticks and tsetse infested areas only. Animal Health 4. EXPERIMENTAL REGISTRATION CATEGORY ( i.e. PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY) 4A: INSECTICIDES Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Abate 200EC Temephos EXP/951 Tukuyu Vector Against black fly larvae. Against mites on vegetables, cotton, Alarin-T Dicofol + Tetradifon EXP/956 Agan Chemicals Fruits and flowers Alpha-cypermethrin insect pests in cotton, cereals, Alphadime 415DS EXP/1013 Onion E. Africa + dimethoate horticulture Bacillus Bactivec EXP/958 Jose A. Fraga Mosquito control thuringiensis Baygon Mosquito Coil Pyrethrins EXP/798 Johnson Wax (EA) Against mosquitoes Black Cat Mosquito Coil Pyrethrin EXP/830 MSK Ind. Against mosquitoes Blue cross Malathion EXP/748 Nova Chem. Ltd On stored grains against insect pests. Calrate 50EC LambdaCyhalothrin EXP/879 Amiran (K) On tomato against ABW Cascade 10DC Flufenoxuron EXP/685 BASF Against mites in ornamentals. Casper Anti Allethrin EXP/836 ISM Agro Against mosquitoes Cereguard Super Pyrethrins EXP/1044 Farmbase Various pests in agriculture, forestry Commando 80% Zinc phosphide EXP/1083 Equatoria Africa Against rodents Coral Anti Malarial Emulsion Emulsion Paint EXP/1317 Insignia Ltd Mosquito control Paint Crop Dust Bifenthrin EXP/743 Juanco SPS Ltd. Against cutworm and stalk borer. Syngenta Crop Cyhalothrin 7 ULV Cyhalothrin EXP/900 Control of migratory pests Protection AG MAFL Page 224 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Profenofos + Insects and mites in cotton, Cyperpro 72 EXP/1165 DVA Agro GmbH Cypermethrin vegetable etc Control of various Pests on DDV 50EC Dichlorvos EXP/1357 Riyue Chemical vegetables N,N-diethyl-m- Chemi and Cotex Deet EXP/1080 Mosquito repellant toluamide Arusha Deltametrhin + Deltaphos 212EC EXP/1039 Bayer(EA) Ltd On cotton against mites, thrips etc. Triazophos Diatect-V Natural Pyrethrum EXP/1322 Vantage Technology, Control of Mosquito Dragnet FT Permethrin EXP/1204 Juanco SPS Termite control Endocel 35EC Endosulfan EXP/1081 Equatorial Africa Against chewing pests Wide range of sucking and chewing Endocid-40 Endosulfan EXP/1073 DVA Agro GmbH insects Endotaf 35EC Endosulfan EXP/1031 Osho Chem. Ind. Stalk borers and chewing insects Against various insects in cotton, Falam 5%EC Lambdacyhalothrin EXP/1163 Export Trading Co. ltd vegetables, etc Insects and mites in cotton, Falpro 72 Profenofos EXP/1165 Export Trading Co Ltd vegetable etc Bed net treatment and residual spray Fendona 150WP Alphacypermethrin EXP/794 BASF for mosquito control Broad spectrum insecticides for Fendona 5WP Alphacypermethrin EXP/1321 BASF controlling diseases vectors On coffee against thrips, mealy Folimat Omethoate EXP/766 BASF bugs, aphids; Ornamentals against scales, mites & catapillars Glossinex 200SC Deltametrhin EXP/1146 Ecomark Ltd Use on tsetse fly Glossyfarm 20SC Deltamethrin EXP/1363 Farmbase Limited Impregnation of tsetse fly trap nets Insecticidal gel for the control of Goliath Bait stations Fipronil EXP/709 BASF Agro BV cockroaches. Goliath Gel Fipronil EXP/802 BASF Agro BV Against cockroaches Griselesf Bacillus sphaericus EXP/959 Jose A. Fraga Against mosquitoes Hotshot 70WDG Imidacloprid EXP/955 Sulphur Mills Sucking insects on various crops Hangzhou Indoors 50% EC Permethrin EXP/1251 Agrochemicals Against public Health pests Industries Co. Ltd Jumbo mosquito Coil Pyrethrin EXP/831 MSK Ind. Against Mosquitoes Karate 3.75WG Lambdacyhalothrin EXP/672 Syngenta Ltd (UK) Vegetables against various insects. Kombat Stalk- borer Carbaryl EXP/649 Kombat (PTY) Ltd Maize against stalkborer Granules Esbiothrin + Komesha EXP/770 Truck Parts Ltd Against household insects Deltamethrin Vegetable Larvex ®100 EXP/1356 Juanco SPS Ltd. Mosquito Larvicide Monolayer Syngenta Crop Vegetables, ornamentals and cereals Marvik 2F Tau-fluvalinate EXP/757 Protection AG against insect pests. Maxforce Ic Imidacloprid EXP/853 Bayer (EA) Ltd Cockroach control Mbukil Pyrethrin EXP/790 Sapa Chemicals Against mosquitoes and flies Gutta and mwilima Melgel Cocroach Gel Fipronil EXP/1001 Cockroach control Associates Against aphids, leaf hoppers, Metasystox 250EC Oxydemeton- methyl EXP/789 Bayer Crop Science AG whitefly and other sucking pests Control of insect pests on Methomex 90 SP Methomyl EXP/886 Makhteshim Chem. vegetables, coffee and ornamentals MAFL Page 225 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Metro 200SL Imidacloprid EXP/1318 Rotam (E.A) Ltd Control of subterranean termites Mortein doom Mosq. d-phenothrin Reckitt Benkiser Cockroaches and other harmful EXP/1181 Repellent Liquid Esbiothrin E.Africa Ltd insects Mortein Doom Act. Air Reckitt Benkiser Metofluthrin EXP/1180 Mosquito repellent Repellent E.Africa Ltd N-N-diethyl- Mosband Insect Repellent EXP/822 Red rose Man. Ltd Against mosquitoes toluamide Against flying and crawling Moskill Aerosol Pyrethrum EXP/810 Coil Products (K) domestic pests Motox Mosquito Coil d-Allethrin EXP/809 HVM Products Ltd Mosquito control Mupan 500EC Dichlorvos EXP/1199 Equatorial Africa Ltd Mosquito control in public site Ethion 40% + Nagata 45%EC Cypermethrin 5% EXP/1057 Osho Chem. Ind American bollworm in cotton EC Net Protect Deltamethrin EXP/1326 Best Net Europe Ltd Long Lasting insecticidal treated net Netto 1% SC Lambda cyhalothrin EXP/1079 Fluence Middle East Mosquito control No-bite Insect Repellent Diethyl toluamide EXP/832 Mansoor Daya Against mosquitoes and flies Tetramethrin + For mosquitoes and other flying and NOK Aerosol EXP/698 NOK Products Ltd Fenitrothion crawling insect Malathion + Nova-Super EXP/1186 Nova Industries Ltd Weevils and LGB in stored products Pyrethrin Mono + Dipotassium Syngenta Crop On vegetables, Ornamentals against Phosphite 53SL EXP/1131 phosphite Protection AG late blight, powdery mildew Pyrethrins + Prevent EXP/1011 Equatorial Africa Ltd Houseflies and mosquitoes Piperonyl butoxide Imiprothrin + Raid Ant and Cockroach Cypermethrin + EXP/827 Johnson Wax Against crawling insects Killer Permethrin Raid Coil Perfumed Pyrethrum EXP/824 Johnson Wax Against mosquitoes Raid Coil Regular Pyrethrum EXP/825 Johnson Wax Against mosquitoes Raid Liquid Electric Prallethrin EXP/1127 Johnson Wax Mosquito repellent On rice against borers, gall midge Regent 3GR Fipronil EXP/640 BASF Agro BV and rice insects pest. Against bean flies, thrips and Regent 50SC Fipronil EXP/664 BASF Agro BV cabbage loopers Residex P25 MNR EC Permethrin EXP/961 Tanzania Pyrethrum Impregnation mosquito nets SaraLee Bodycare (K) Household and control of Ridsect Chalk Deltametrhin EXP/808 Ltd cockroaches, ants and bedbugs Cyhalothrin + SaraLee Household & Control of mosquitoes and Ridsect Liquid EXP/796 Prallethrin Body Care (K) Ltd cockroaches SaraLee Household & Ridsect Mosquito Coils d-Allethrin EXP/799 Control of mosquitoes Body Care (K) Ltd Riyue Chemical Ltd, Aphids, armyworm, mites, mealy Riyazinon 60EC Diazinon EXP/1121 DSM bugs etc On cotton , coffee, beans, maize, Sapa Cypermethrin 10EC Cypermethrin EXP/201 Sapa Chem. tobacco against aphids, flies and ticks. Sevin 5G Carbaryl EXP/539 Bayer (EA) Ltd On maize against stalk borers Success bait Spinosad EXP/1116 Dow Agrosciences Control of fruit flies in various crops MAFL Page 226 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Super Blue Cross Nova stalk Pyrethrins EXP/1187 Arvesta Life Science Against maize stalkborer borer Dust Super Doom Fast Cypermethrin + Knockdown Cockroach EXP/800 Reckitt Benkiser Against cockroaches Imiprothrin Killer Lambdacyhalothrin Equatoria Africa Control of Insect pests on various Select Plus 315EC EXP/1365 + Profenofos Limited crops Pirimiphos methyl Super Guard 50EC EXP/1221 Avima (PTY) Ltd Control of stored products pests Permethrin Pyrethrin + Tanzania Pyrethrum Super Pyblast EXP/987 Houseflies and mosquitoes Piperonyl butoxide Processing + Marketing Supercelio Mosq. Coil d-Allethrin EXP/919 MSK Industries Mosquito control Pirimiphos methyl Superguard Dust EXP/1222 Avima (PTY) Ltd Control of stored products pests Permethrin Various insects in various crops, Tabafan 48EC Chlorpyrifos EXP/1059 Osho Chem. Ind household pests, ornamentals Mites and sucking insects in various Tafethion 550EC Ethion EXP/1030 Osho Chem. Ind. crops Control of leaf miners, mites scales Talstar 12g/l Bifenthrin EXP/584 FMC and aphids on cotton beans and vegetable. Tatacyper 10EC Cypermethrin EXP/1028 Osho Chem. Industries Against various insect pests For tsetse fly target in impregnation Tempo 12.5SC Beta-cyfluthrin EXP/689 Bayer Env Sci and household pest control. Termidor 25EC Fipronil EXP/710 BASF Agro BV Against termites. On crops against chewing and Terraguard 10 EC Chlorpyrifos EXP/679 Nova Ind. Ltd sucking insect pests and public health against mosquitoes. Bajuta International (T) Control of Locust armyworms and Thioba 96ULV Fenitrothion EXP/1139 Ltd wide range of insect pests. On beans and ornamentals against Torque 550SC Fenbutatin Oxide EXP/688 BASF mites. Tracker 16.5 ULV Tralomethrin EXP/814 Dupont Against desert and red locusts larvae Various insect pests in crops and Trigger Supper 10CS Lambdacyhalothrin EXP/1158 Equatoria Africa Ltd public health Tunza 70WS Imidacloprid EXP/1208 DVA Agro GmbH various insects in various crops Twiga Thiodan Endosulfan EXP/921 Twiga Chem. Ind. Insect pests in tobacco and maize Cotton, vegetables, beans and coffee Vantex Gammacyhalothrin EXP/871 Cheminova against a wide range of pests. Vectron 20WP Etofenprof EXP/1358 Sumitomo Corporation Vector control Diethyl toluamide + X-pel Mosquito Repellent EXP/833 Mansoor Daya Against mosquitoes Dimethyl phthalate Zero-Bite Mosquito Essential Oils EXP/828 Shelly Pham. Against mosquitoes Repellent Zetabestox 10EW zetacypermethrin EXP/975 FMC Against various pests in cotton 4B: FUNGICIDES MAFL Page 227 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Trade name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Azoxystrobin 200g/L + Syngenta Crop Control of ffoliar diseases in wheat Amistar Xtra 280SE EXP/1243 Cyproconazole Protection Ag and barley Benzalkonium Choride+ Iodo-propylbutyl Against fungi and moulds on Antiblue Select EXP/769 Arch Timber(UK) Carbamate + Disodium freshly felled and sown timber Octaborate Control of coffee Leaf Rust Bayleton 250EC Triadimefon EXP/567 Bayer (E.A) Ltd (Hemileia vastatrix). Caramba 60 SL Metconazole EXP/729 BASF Against rust septoria in cereals. Mukpar Tanzania Chem Copp 50WP Cuprous Oxide EXP/1304 Powdery mildew in various crops Limited Delan 500SC Dithianon EXP/712 BASF Coffee against CBD and leaf rust Falfon 5% WP Triadimefon EXP/1162 Export Trading Co Ltd Powdery mildew in various crops Falcon S-Dust Sulphur EXP/1160 Export Trading Co Ltd Powdery mildew in cashew Falmenol Triadimenol EXP/1164 Export Trading Co Ltd Powdery mildew in cashew Fer-Oxychloride 50WP Copper Oxychloride EXP/656 Fertilizer & Chem. On coffee against CBD. Ground Sulphur Sulphur EXP/620 Solvary Catalyst For mildew in Wineyards Korosho Brand Sulphur Sulphur EXP/739 Tradep Against cashew powdery mildew Copper Ammonium Liquicop EXP /792 Hydrotech Int (PTY) On coffee against CBD Carbonate Shanghai Succeed Against Downey mildew in fruits Lotus 80Wp Mancozeb EXP/976 Agro- Chemical Co. and horticultural crops On cereal crops, fruit vines hops, B.V. Luxan, The vegetable, ornamentals, coffee, Luxan Carbendazim Carbendazim EXP/641 Netherlands cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and other crops against fungal diseases Control of various fungi diseases Metazeb 720WP Mancozeb + Metalaxyl EXP/1294 DVA Agro GmbH in field crops Nordox Super W75 Cuprous Oxide EXP/747 Nordox Industries As Coffee against CBD and leaf rust Against rusts and septoria in wheat Opus Epoxiconazole EXP/845 BASF and blotches on barley Wood preservative for protection Copper Carbonate + Osmose AC-450 EXP/1276 Protim Solignum Ltd of Timber against decay, insect DDAC + Boric Acid borer, and termites Control of powdery mildew on Polar Polyaxin EXP/931 Tivonchem flowers Raxil 025FS Tebuconazole EXP/803 Bayer (E.A) Ltd Seed treatment in barley Tebuconazole + Raxil S 040FS EXP/804 Bayer (E.A) Ltd Seed treatment Triazoxide Tebuconazole 165G/L + Hangzhou Control most fungal diseases on Rust killer 245EC EXP/1308 Triadimenol 80G/L Agrochemical various crops. Control of powdery mildews on Salfa ya Unga Sulphur EXP/1359 Equatoria Africa Ltd various crops. Sharda Worldwide Control most fungal diseases on Sharhexi Hexaconazole EXP/1360 Export various crops. Control most fungal diseases on Sphinx 500SC Dimethomorph EXP/1316 Balton (T) Ltd various crops. On agricultural/horticultural crops, Stroby DF Kresoxim- Methyl EXP/764 BASF vegetables & ornamentals against fungal diseases. MAFL Page 228 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Grapes, vegetables against brown Sulphur F-80 Sulphur EXP/1161 Export Trading Co. Ltd rot, Scab and mildew Copper Sulphate + Wood destroying fungi insect and Tanalith CP EXP/502 Arch Timber Products Arsenic pentoxide termites. Syngenta Crop Vegetables, cashewnuts, Topas 100EC Penconazole EXP/386 Protection AG grapevines and ornamentals. Against powdery mildew on Wetsulf 80WP Sulfur EXP/936 National Estate cashewnuts 4C: HERBICIDES Common Trade Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Name Control of annual broadleaf Atrazine 235g/L + FarmAg International (Pty) Albatros 500SC EXP/1334 weeds and grasses in sugar Ametryn 245g/L Limited cane Pre-emergence, annual and FarmAg International (Pty) Alligator 500EC Pendimethalin EXP/1341 perrenual broadleaf weeds Limited and certain grasses On broadleaved weeds and FarmAg International (Pty) vegetables, turf and various Anaconda 500SC Ametryn EXP/1330 Limited crops. Grasses in rice, sunflower, weeds control Weed control in Argold 10%EC Cinmethylin EXP/668 BASF transplanted rice. Wheat and barley against Basagran KV-P Bentazon + Mecoprop-P EXP/509 BASF AG. broad leaved weeds FarmAg International (Pty) Post emergency herbicide in Brigadier 750WG Halosulfuron methyl EXP/1333 Limited sugarcane Pre-emergence control of FarmAg International (Pty) Buccaneer 960EC Metolachlor EXP/1339 annual grasses and certain Limited grasses On sugarcane against Pre- Cadre 24% SL Imidazolinone EXP/669 BASF AG and Post emergence weeds. On sugarcane for control of Calpen 500EC Pendimethalin EXP/880 Amiran (K) grass weeds and broadleaved weeds. Syngenta Crop Protection Control of weeds in various Codal Gold 412.5DC S-metalochlor + Prometryn EXP/1135 Ag crops Pre-emergence weeds Command 480EC Clomazone EXP/1362 Juanco Sps Limited control Pre-emergence weeds Command 3ME Clomazone EXP/1324 Juanco Sps Limited control Iodosulfuron methyl Control of grass and broad Cossack EXP/941 Bayer (E.A)Ltd Sodium+ mesulfuron methyl leaved weeds in cereals Weeds control in maize, FarmAg International (Pty) Delphi 720 SL 2,4-D Amine 720g salt/L EXP/1332 grain, sorghum and Limited sugarcane Post emergence weeds Derby Hexazinone EXP/1319 Rotam (E.A) Limited control on sorghum Control of Pre-emergence FarmAg International (Pty) annual and perrenial Diablo 800SC Diuron EXP/1345 Limited broadleafweeds and certain grasess in various crops Various weeds on Dinamic 700WDG Amicarbozone EXP/1230 Volcano Agrosciences sugarcane Fluence Middle E.A Cyprus Pre-and post emergency Ditex 50SC Diuron EXP/1049 Ltd. herbicide in various crops Various grass and broad leaved weeds On wheat, Fer-Amine 720SL 2,4-D EXP/648 Fertilizer & Chem rice, maize and sorghum against pre- and post- emergence On broad leaved crops to control annual and Focus ultra Cycloxydim EXP/409 BASF AG. perennial grass weeds in rice MAFL Page 229 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Weeds in cotton, onions, Garil Trichorpyr EXP/1065 Dow AgroScience rice, sugarcane Control of all weeds in Glifonex 360EC Glyphosate EXP/512 Monsanto coffee. Broadleaved weeds control Haiuron 800 SC Diuron EXP/1298 Hangzhou Agrochemicals in sugarcane Weeds control in maize, Hamoxone 200SL Paraquat EXP/1297 Hangzhou Agrochemicals grain, sorghum and sugarcane Broadleaved weeds, grasses Hancor 480 SC Metribuzin EXP/1299 Hangzhou Agrochemicals control in sugarcane, banana, pineapple For control of broad leaved Hansunil 60%EC Propanil + Thiobencarb EXP/1263 Hangzhou Agrochemicals weeds and grasses Weeds control in maize, FarmAg International (Pty) Harpoon 200SL Paraquat EXP/1331 grain, sorghum and Limited sugarcane FarmAg International (Pty) Post emergence weeds Harpoon Forte 400SL Paraquat + Diuron EXP/1346 Limited control on sugarcane Control of annual broadleaf Hexaron 600WG Hexazinone EXP/1314 Balton Tanzania Limited weeds and grasses in sugar cane Control of grasses and FarmAg International (Pty) Jaguar 900EC Acetolachlor EXP/1348 broad leaf weeds in Limited sugarcane Weeds in sugarcane Jumbo 480EC Clomazone EXP/964 Mega Generics ,tobacco, vegetables And rice Kayanga 500EC Pendimethaline EXP/1366 Mukpar Tanzania Limited Weeds control Larvex 100 Vegetable Monolayer EXP/1356 Juanco Sps Limited Weeds Control Lasset GD Acetochlor + Atrazine EXP/1095 Monsanto Various weeds Tebuthiuron + Lava 500 SC EXP/1075 Volcano Agroscience Weed control Terbuthylazine Control of grass and broad Mamba 480 SL Highload Glyphosate EXP/1149 Dow Agroscience leaved weeds in coffee, wheat ,tea, forestry Pre-early post emergency Merlin WG75 Isofluote EXP/1090 Bayer East Africa herbicide in sugarcane Fluence Middle E.A Ltd; Weeds control on maize, Metrix 480EC Metribuzin EXP/1051 Cyprus cereals, potatoes, tomatoes Cereals, pastures, rice and Nicanor 50WP Metsulfuron-methyl EXP/801 Quena Plant non-crop Areas against weeds Control of mainly broadleaf Pendi 500EC Pendimethalin EXP/1292 DVA Agro GmbH weeds and certain grasses FarmAg International (Pty) Piranha 360SL Glyphosate 360g/L EXP/1327 Control of annual weeds Limited FarmAg International (Pty) Control of annual broadleaf Piranha 500WSG Glyphosate EXP/1343 Limited weeds and grasses On beans and Soya beans Pursuit 200g/l Diflufenican + Imazethapyr EXP/425 BASF against broad leaf weeds. On barley and wheat against Quartz Super Isoproturon EXP/513 Bayer (E.A)Ltd Broad leaf and grass weeds. Broad leaved weeds and Rainbow 25 Penoxsulam EXP/1015 Dow Agrosciences grasses In rice fields FarmAg International (Pty) Various weeds on Rebel 500WDG Chlorimuron-Ethyl EXP/1329 Limited sugarcane Against grasses and FarmAg International (Pty) Rebel 500WP Chlorimuron-Ethyl EXP/1328 broadleave weeds in rice Limited and other crops Against grasses and Meru Agro Tours and Ricebac 40SC Bispyribac Sodium EXP/1361 broadleave weeds in rice Consultant and other crops On broadleaved weeds and vegetables, turf and various Ronstar 380 FLO Oxadiazon EXP/564 Bayer (E.A)Ltd crops. grasses in rice, sunflower, FarmAg International (Pty) Weeds and Certain grasses Sabre 720SL MSMA EXP/1337 Limited in sugarcane Arysta LifeScience , Weeds and Certain Grass in Sigma Combi Atrazine + Acetolachlor EXP/1364 Tanzania Maize, Beans etc. MAFL Page 230 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Silcut 500SC Bromacil EXP/1076 Volcano Agroscience weeds control Against witchweed (striga Stigaway Imazapyr EXP/1184 BASF Agro BV spp.) in maize Control of weeds in various Target 24EC Oxyfluorfen EXP/1206 DVA Agro GmbH crops Various grass and broad Tata Moto 70 WG Metribuzin EXP/1058 Osho Chem. Industry. leaved weeds Control of herbaceous and woody Tebusan Tebuthiuron EXP/850 Dow Agrosciences Plants, annual weeds, perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. Cyprus wild oats and annual FarmAg International (Pty) Terpedo 480SC Metribuzin EXP/1347 weeds in wheat and other Limited crops FarmAg International (Pty) Various weeds on Terrier 240SL Hexazinone EXP/1342 Limited sugarcane FarmAg International (Pty) Various weeds on Terrier 750 WDG Hexazinone EXP/1335 Limited sugarcane FarmAg International (Pty) Various weeds control on Tornado 400SL MCPA EXP/1338 Limited various crops FarmAg International (Pty) Various weeds control on Tornado 700WSG MCPA EXP/1344 Limited various crops Mosquito Larvicide kill Pinoxaden + Clodinafop- Traxos 045EC EXP/1244 Juanco Sps Limited mosquito Larvae and pupae Propagyl through suffocation. Triclon Triclopyr EXP/946 Volcano Various weeds For control of broad leaved Uniquat Paraquat EXP/622 United Phosphorus weeds and grasses Field Produce Ltd Kadima; Vapam HL Metam-sodium EXP/990 Various weeds Israel Selective control of grasses Volazinone 750WDG Hexazinone EXP/1259 Volcano Agrosciences and broadleaf weeds in ratoon sugarcane Volcano MCPA 700 MCPA EXP/1227 Volcano Agrosciences Various weeds WSG Volchlormuron 500 chlorimuron-ethyl EXP/1229 Volcano Agrosciences Various weeds WDG Voliuron 800 WDG Diuron EXP/1228 Volcano Agrosciences Various weeds Volmazone Clomazone EXP/1260 Volcano Agrosciences Various weeds Volmetryne 750 WDG Ametryne EXP/1225 Volcano Agrosciences Various weeds Volsate 500WSG Glyphosate EXP/1226 Volcano Agrosciences Various weeds FarmAg International (Pty) Vulture 480EC Triclopyr EXP/1340 Various weeds Limited FarmAg International (Pty) Warrior 450EC Clomazone EXP/1336 Various weeds Limited Weed Down 100EC Clodinafop-Propagyl EXP/1307 Hangzhou Agrochemicals Various weeds Control of Pre and post Weedex 50SC Atrazine EXP/1308 DVA Agro GmbH emergence control of annual broad-leaved weeds 4D: ACARICIDES Trade Name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Control of Boophilus Ciperthion Ethion + Cypermethrin EXP/884 Schering- Plough Animal Health microplus and Haematobia irritants in cattle Bajuta International Tanzania Cybamethrin Alphamethrin EXP/1255 Ticks and tsetse control Limited Ticks, fleas, and lice in Ecotix Pouron Cypermethrin high cis EXP/1045 FarmBase livestock Kupetraz 12.5 EC Amitraz EXP/1216 Mega Generics Ticks Mupatix 12.5EC Amitraz EXP/1200 Equatoria Africa Ltd Ticks on various animals Paracide Dip Alphamethrin EXP/1214 Pfizer Laboratories S .Africa Ticks and tsetse MAFL Page 231 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Superdog Shampoo Pyrethrins EXP/1043 FarmBase Ticks, fleas in dogs and cats Triptick 12.5EC Amitraz EXP/1213 Arysta Life Sciences Tick, lice and mange 4E: NEMATICIDES Common Trade Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Name Carbodan Carbofuran EXP/948 Makhteshim Insect pests in various crops Cropguard Furfural EXP/1117 Illovo Sugar Ltd, RSA Nematodes on various crops 4F: RODENTICIDES Trade Name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Biorat Biological EXP/1000 Jose A. Fraga Rodent control Bromatrol Bromadiolone EXP/882 Rentokil Initial Rodent control Racumin Liquid Coumatetralyl EXP/784 Bayer (EA) Rodent control Racumin Paste Coumatetralyl EXP/852 Bayer (EA) Rodent control Rococide Bromadiolone EXP/1037 Rodent Control Centre Rodent control 5G: PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS Trade Name Common Name Reg. No. Registrant Usage Offshoot Fatty alcohols EXP/453 Bayer AG Growth regulator on tobacco Yamaotea Flumetralin EXP/962 Mega Generics Ltd, DSM de-sucker in tobacco Yamaotea Super Flumetralin + Butralin EXP/1173 Mega Generics Ltd, DSM de-sucker in tobacco MAFL Page 232 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Annex 2: Impact identification criteria For each impact, the EXTENT (spatial scale), MAGNITUDE and DURATION (time scale) is described. These criteria are used to ascertain the SIGNIFICANCE of the impact, firstly in the case of no mitigation and then with the most effective mitigation measure(s) in place. The mitigations represent the full range of plausible and pragmatic measures. The Project Proponent is committed to see these measures are implemented. The tables below show the scale used to assess these variables, and define each of the rating categories.34 Criteria for rating severity of impacts Criteria Category Description Extent or spatial influence of Regional Beyond a 5 km radius of the candidate site. impact Local Within a 5 km radius of the candidate site. Site specific On site or within 100 m of the candidate site. Magnitude of impact (at the High Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes indicated spatial scale) are severely altered Medium Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes are notably altered Low Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes are slightly altered Very Low Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes are negligibly altered Zero Natural and/ or social functions and/ or processes remain unaltered Duration of impact Construction period Up to 2 years Short Term Up to 5 years after construction Medium Term 5-15 years after construction Long Term More than 15 years after construction The SIGNIFICANCE of an impact is derived by taking into account the temporal and spatial scales and magnitude. The means of arriving at the different significance ratings is explained in the following table. Definition of significance rating Significance rating Level of Criteria Required High  High magnitude with a regional extent and long term duration  High magnitude with either a regional extent and medium term duration or a local extent and long term duration  Medium magnitude with a regional extent and long term duration Medium  High magnitude with a local extent and medium term duration  High magnitude with a regional extent and construction period or a site specific extent and long term duration  High magnitude with either a local extent and construction period duration or a site specific extent and medium term duration  Medium magnitude with any combination of extent and duration except site specific and construction period or regional and long term  Low magnitude with a regional extent and long term duration Low  High magnitude with a site specific extent and construction period duration  Medium magnitude with a site specific extent and construction period duration  Low magnitude with any combination of extent and duration except site specific and construction period or regional and long term  Very low magnitude with a regional extent and long term duration 34 http://www.eskom.co.za/content/Tutuka%20Brine%20Evaporation_Ann%20C%20Assessment%20methodology.pdf MAFL Page 233 CFAST Environmental and Social Management Framework Significance rating Level of Criteria Required Very Low  Low magnitude with a site specific extent and construction period duration  Very low magnitude with any combination of extent and duration except regional and long term Neutral  Zero magnitude with any combination of extent and duration Once the significance of an impact has been determined, the PROBABILITY of this impact occurring as well as the CONFIDENCE in the assessment of the impact was determined using the rating systems outlined in the following tables. Definition of probability rating Probability Ratings Criteria Definite Estimated greater than 95 % chance of the impact occurring. Probable Estimated 5 to 95 % chance of the impact occurring. Unlikely Estimated less than 5 % chance of the impact occurring. Definition of confidence ratings Confidence Ratings Criteria Certain Wealth of information on and sound understanding of the environmental factors potentially influencing the impact. Sure Reasonable amount of useful information on and relatively sound understanding of the environmental factors potentially influencing the impact. Unsure Limited useful information on and understanding of the environmental factors potentially influencing this impact. Lastly, the REVERSIBILITY of the impact is estimated using the rating system outlined below. Definition of reversibility Reversibility Ratings Criteria Irreversible The activity will lead to an impact that is in all practical terms permanent. Reversible The impact is reversible within 2 years after the cause or stress is removed. MAFL Page 234