70180 StepS to StrideS the Sustainable development Network’s Companion to the World development report 2012 the Sustainable development Network | the World Bank © 2012 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org/socialdevelopment E-mail: asksocial@worldbank.org All rights reserved. This paper has not undergone the review accorded to official World Bank publications. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment / The World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. 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Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 6 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 7 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 8 I. Context .......................................................................................................................................... 11 A. Objectives and Audience ...................................................................................................... 11 B. SDN Performance on Gender Mainstreaming ..................................................................... 11 C. Methodology and Process..................................................................................................... 13 D. Organization of the SDN Companion.................................................................................. 14 II. Endowments, Economic Opportunity, and Agency What Do They Mean for the SDN? ........ 17 A. Building Endowments ........................................................................................................... 18 B. Enhancing Economic Opportunities ................................................................................... 22 C. Facilitating Agency ............................................................................................................... 25 III. Entry Points, Instruments, and Mechanisms to Address Gender ........................................... 29 A. Preparation............................................................................................................................ 30 B. Implementation..................................................................................................................... 32 C. Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................................. 33 IV. Designing Actions by Seeing the Gaps....................................................................................... 39 A. Designing Actions for Gender Mainstreaming ................................................................... 40 V. Steps to Strides: SDN Actions on Deepening Gender Mainstreaming...................................... 49 Implementation......................................................................................................................... 49 Monitoring ................................................................................................................................ 49 Planning ..................................................................................................................................... 49 Coordination of the SDN Gender Actions ............................................................................... 50 ANNEx 1 World Bank Group Commitments on Gender Equality ............................................... 52 ANNEx 2: Rating the Gender Content of World Bank Operations .............................................. 53 ANNEx 3: Methodology of the TTL Interviews ............................................................................ 55 ANNEx 4: Gender Mainstreaming—Definitions at Major International Agencies .................... 56 References ........................................................................................................................................ 58 Boxes, Figures and Tables Box 1: Information Technology Is Increasingly Enhancing Human Capital Endowments and Empowering Citizens in the Process ................................................................................. 21 Box 2: Mahila Housing SEWA Trust—Making Vertical and Horizontal Links .......................... 23 Box 3: Gender and Infrastructure ................................................................................................. 24 Box 4: Perspectives on Implementation ....................................................................................... 31 Box 5: Changing by Listening ......................................................................................................... 33 Box 6: Staff Reported Constraints to Addressing Gender in World Bank Projects ..................... 39 Box 7: Rallying for Gender-Disaggregated Data in Kenya ............................................................ 42 Box 8: Learning from Latin America and the Caribbean ............................................................ 44 Box 9: The Country Partnership Strategy Is the Most Influential Point of Entry ....................... 45 Figure 1: Gender informed lending in SDN sectors, FY2010-12 (Q1-Q3) .................................... 12 Figure 2: Enhancing Agency—from Being Heard to Leading ...................................................... 26 Figure 3: Project-Level Entry Points for Gender Mainstreaming ................................................ 29 Figure 4: Use of gender methods in infrastructure projects, FY1995-2009 ............................... 30 Figure 5: Evolution of a Country Sector Program—Opportunities and Entry Points ............... 46 Table 1: Endowments, Economic Opportunity, and Agency—Illustrative Applications ............. 19 Table 2: Summary of Illustrative Entry Points for Gender Mainstreaming in Projects and Programs ...................................................................................................... 35 Table 3: SDN Actions on Gender Mainstreaming ......................................................................... 51 Table A2.1: Gender Rating of Operations—Methodology and Checklist .................................... 54 Table A3.1: Sectoral and Regional Distribution of Sampled TTLs............................................... 55 Foreword It is high time to step our work on gender mainstreaming. It gives me great pleasure to introduce “Steps to Strides� - the Sustainable Development Network’s (SDN) Com- panion to the World Development Report (WDR) 2012. While we have been making considerable progress on gender mainstreaming across the World Bank, the WDR 2012 refocused the spotlight on core issues of gender inequality. Gender is also a key result against which the performance of International Development Associa- tion’s (IDA) will be measured and the Bank has committed to rate itself on gender as part of the Corporate Scorecard. In SDN, we find that performance on gender mainstreaming is mixed. While some sectors including Agricul- ture and Rural Development have been at the forefront of innovation, other sectors have found identifying indicators to measure mainstreaming more problematic. Challenges typically relate to the type of projects, the existence of an evidence base, incentives and resource constraints. Moving forward, SDN’s focus will be on providing support for all sectors to ensure effective indicator design. “Steps to Strides� is the Sustainable Development Network’s Companion to the WDR 2012. It “translates� the messages of the WDR for practitioners, especially those who work on infrastructure projects. It has been pro- duced by reviewing a range of SDN projects, and is an amplification of voices of SDN task leaders. This Companion to the WDR 2012 makes some important recommendations. It argues for the need to make relevant evidence on gender more easily available and accessible. It highlights the importance of more effective methods to share information, and the importance of peer-to-peer learning. Finally, and perhaps most impor- tantly, it underscores the need for qualified staff and just-in-time seed money to help innovation and scaling up. We are taking the issue of staff capacity and incentives very seriously and will work closely with the global practice on gender mainstreaming that exists outside the Bank. Perhaps the most salient message of “Steps to Strides� is the need to fully develop systems of accountability for gender mainstreaming within SDN. We have already taken some initial steps - the SDN Council now directly monitors progress, quarterly reporting is the direct responsibility of managers, and senior, empowered gender “champions� will start to oversee the actions. But there is more to be done. We are determined to take measured strides in the right direction. Rachel Kyte Vice President Sustainable Development Network 5 Acknowledgments This Companion to the WDR 2012 was prepared by Camila Hernandez (LCSTR), Philippe Dongier, Doyle a team led by Maitreyi Bordia Das (SDV) under the Gallegos, Arturo Kunigami, Wonki Min, Randeep guidance of Elisabeth Huybens (Sector Manager, Sudan (TWICT), Baher El-Hifnawy (ECSS5), Na- SDV) and Cyprian Fisiy (Director, SDV). Overall garaja Harshadeep (AFTEN), Daniel A. Hoornweg, guidance was provided by the Sustainable Develop- Marcus Lee (FEUUR), Stephen Karam (ECSS6), ment Network Council headed by Vice President, Sunil Khosla (ECSS2), Julian A. Lampietti (MNSAR), Rachel Kyte. Fanny Missfeldt-Ringius (AFTEG), Soma Ghosh Moulik (TWIWA), Bekele Debele Negewo (MNSWA), Core team members were: Afra Chowdhury, Sou- Sanjay Pahuja, Tapas Paul, Ernesto Sanchez-Triana mya Kapoor, Tara Lonnberg, and Emcet Tas, with (SASDI), Enrique Pantoja, Victoria Stanley (LCSAR), valuable inputs from Carmen Navarro and Gitan- Balakrishna Menon Parameswaran (SASDU), Madhu jali Pande, and document layout design by Danielle Raghunath (MNSUR), Jocelyne O. Do Sacramento Christophe. (AFTTR), Ramya Subramanian (UNICEF), Amal Tal- bi (AFTWR), Andre Teyssier (AFTAR), Sheoli Pargal The report went through several rounds of discus- (SASDE), Alan Townsend (EASIN), Jennifer Solo- sions with the SDN gender focal points. Helpful taroff (SASDS), and Maria Beatriz Orlando (LCSPP). comments and inputs were received from Julie Ba- binard (TWITR); Susan Wong (SDV); Carrie Turk Participants at the review meeting provided very (ECSS4); Nina Bhatt (MNSSO); Sonya Sultan (SDV); valuable inputs. The participants included: Nilufar Rasmus Heltberg (SDV); Maria Correia (SASDS); Ahmad, Rasmus Heltberg, Juan Carlos Parra, Emcet Asa Torkelsson (PRMGE); Phuong Thi Minh Tran Tas, and Varalakshmi Verumu (SDV); Julie Babinard (EASVS); Adriana Eftimie (SEGOM); Samia Melhem (TWITR); Habiba Gitay and Nenuca Munoz Robles (TWICT); Eija Pehu (ARD); Helene Rex (EASER); (ENV); Pierella Paci, Ursula Martinez, and Malcolm Pirkko Poutiainen (ARD); John Stein (SASSD); Ian Ehrenpreis (PRMGE); Sarah Keener (LCSSD); Soham Bannon (AFRSD); Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez (LCSSD); Jac- Sen (SASDI); and Vanessa Janik (SEGES). queline Devine and Syeda Maheen Zehra (TWISA); and Ana Maria Munoz Boudet (Consultant). The team also thanks peer reviewers Jeni Klugman (Director, PRMGE) and Sudhir Shetty (Director, Initial discussions on framing the issues benefited EASPR) for their comments and suggestions. from the views of Inger Andersen (MNAVP), Hartwig Schafer (SDNSO), Marianne Fay (SDNCE), SDN An- chor Directors, SDN Sector Boards, Anjali Acharya (LCSEN), Daniele La Porta Arrobas, Boubacar Bo- coum, Bryan Land, Kristina Svensson, (SEGOM), Judy L. Baker (WBIUR), Arnab Bandyopadhyay (SASDT), Stephen Brushett, Shomik Mehndiratta, 6 Abbreviations ARD Agriculture and Rural Development IFAD International Fund for Agricultural AAA Analytical and advisory activity Development ADB Asian Development Bank MHT Mahila Housing SEWA Trust CDD Community-driven development MIS Management information system CoP Community of practice M&E Monitoring and evaluation CAS Country Assistance Strategy MAR Multilateral Aid Review CMU Country management unit MDB Multilateral development bank CPS Country Partnership Strategy NGO Nongovernmental organization DEC Development Economics OPCS Operations Policies and Country Services DFID Department for International PSIA Poverty and social impact analyses Development, United Kingdom PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper DPL Development policy loan PPIAF Public-private Infrastructure Advisory DIME Development Impact Evaluation Facility Initiative PRMGE Gender and Development ENRM Environment and Natural Resource PRMPR Poverty Reduction Group Management PROFOR Program on Forests ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance PAD Project Appraisal Document Program PSD Private Sector Development EI Extractive industry QAG Quality Assurance Group FPD Finance and Private Sector Development RTP3 Third Rural Transport Project FY Fiscal year SDN Sustainable Development Network GAP Gender Action Plan SDV Social Development Department GAD Gender and development SEWA Self-Employed Women’s Association GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and SHG Self-help group Recovery TTL Task team leader GPOBA Global Partnership for Output-based Aid VPU Vice presidential unit HDN Human Development Network WBG World Bank Group HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired WDR World Development Report immunodeficiency syndrome WHO World Health Organization ICT Information and communication WPA Work Program Agreement technology WSP Water and Sanitation Program IEG Independent Evaluation Group WSS Water supply and sanitation IFC International Finance Corporation WUA Water user associations IDB Inter-American Development Bank WUSC Water user and sanitation committee IDA International Development Association 7 Photo: Arne Hoel/The World Bank 8 Summary Steps to Strides is the Sustainable Development Steps to Strides identifies a number of substantive Network’s (SDN) Companion Piece to the World and process-related challenges in integrating gender Development Report (WDR) 2012: Gender Equality more uniformly across the sectors. The constraints and Development. It is meant to support the op- inter alia, from the heterogeneity of the SDN sec- erationalization and delivery of World Bank Group tors and work programs, resource constraints, poor (WBG) commitments on gender, while building on empirical bases for designing actions, weak systems the insights of the WDR 2012 and practical expe- of recognition and incentives and unclear lines of ac- rience from SDN sectors. Its primary audience is countability. The priority now is to focus on sectors World Bank SDN sector staff. where mainstreaming is more daunting due to these reasons of substance and process. The WDR 2012 focuses on three dimensions of gen- der equality: endowment, economic opportunity In light of the constraints identified, the Companion and agency. It argues that outcomes for women can Piece puts forward a set of concrete actions to move improve through accumulation of endowments; use the process of integrating gender in the SDN sectors. of such endowments to take up economic opportu- These actions have been endorsed by the highest nities and generate income; and application of en- body of the network, the SDN Council. Going for- dowments to take action or agency. In applying the ward, there will be a shift in the primary onus for framework operationally, these three dimensions of actions to the Sector Boards. Progress will be moni- gender equality can be seen as both entry points to tored by the SDN Council and will be complementary addressing gender issues and outcomes of successful to PRMGE reporting at the corporate level. Finally, delivery of services generated. in order that gender issues are both mainstreamed and institutionalized, it is critical that projects and The SDN Companion Piece highlights both achieve- programs as well as upstream documents leverage ments in gender mainstreaming and remaining op- on the Bank’s internal synergies and build better portunities—while recognizing the constraints and partnerships outside. gaps. It is based on “collective introspection� of a cross section of SDN task leaders, as well as a review of SDN projects and of the global practice on gender mainstreaming, particularly in the infrastructure sectors. It finds that SDN has been doing more on gender than is often realized, with some sectors be- ing at the forefront of innovation. Yet, good practice is not systematically documented or disseminated. During its preparation, the Companion Piece helped identify good practices and resulted in a vibrant vir- tual network of SDN. 9 Photo: Curt Carnemark/The World Bank 10 i. Context A. objectives and Audience B. SdN performance on Gender Mainstreaming This Companion to the World Development Re- port (WDR) 2012 Gender Equality and Development The World Bank has intensified its attention (World Bank 2011d) is intended to support the op- on gender issues over the last several years. erationalization and delivery of World Bank Group Some important initiatives include: commitments (WBG) commitments on gender, while building on announced by the World Bank President in 2008 the insights of the WDR 2012 and practical experi- (annex 1); the WBG Gender Action Plan (GAP) 2008 ence from the Sustainable Development Network (World Bank 2006a); and the Roadmap for Gender (SDN). It has coincided with the formal monitoring Mainstreaming (World Bank 2010a). of the portfolio to inform the Bank’s performance in the International Development Association’s The SDN encompasses about 60 percent of the Bank’s (IDA) 16 results framework. The primary audience lending volume, implying that results for IDA 16 will for the Companion is World Bank SDN sector staff. be impossible to achieve without SDN engagement. In addition, there is considerable external interest Some SDN sectors have been at the forefront in in the Bank’s follow up to the WDR 2012, and this terms of innovation in gender mainstreaming. The makes donor partners and civil society another Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD) sector, important audience for the Companion. Using for instance, was the first to identify monitoring examples from Bank and non-Bank projects and indicators to measure mainstreaming and to set tar- programs, this Companion provides an analysis gets that were regularly monitored. This mechanism of constraints and opportunities for gender main- was later picked up by the SDN. ARD also put in place streaming in the SDN as well as a set of concrete one of the first sectoral thematic groups on gender. actions with which to move forward. Other sectors have also been innovators in gender mainstreaming, and many of the guidance notes and During its preparation, the Companion has fed into tools published by SDN sectors are used outside the the infrastructure strategy that was approved by Bank as well. The SDN Anchor has an active group of the Committee on Development Effectiveness in gender focal points who provide technical assistance November 2011. In the immediate future, the Com- and direct support to projects and programs. panion is expected to inform the Bank’s dialogue in the run up to the Rio+20 United Nations Conference Several SDN sectors have experimented with on Sustainable Development1 to be held in Brazil in program and project design, with a focus on June 2012, as well as other forums on the interna- the differential needs and usage patterns of tional stage at which senior SDN management is men and women. The transport and water sectors represented. stand out because much of their early innovation has now become sector practice, including segregat- ed spaces for men and women in cultures where it is http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20. 11 the norm. Attention should also center on women’s gender. Its somber conclusion was that “two thirds access to water—because they are often the collec- of the…multilateral organisations are weak or unsat- tors and managers of drinking water—and sanita- isfactory against this (gender) component, including tion, because their needs are different than men’s all of the multilateral development banks (MDBs) needs. The social development sector is steeped in and private sector development organisations, the the business of consultation and social assessment, European Commission, and half of the global funds which are the first steps to identifying gender issues and humanitarian organisations� (DFID, 64). Among in projects and programs. These innovations are ex- the organizations paying satisfactory attention to plored in later sections. gender issues, DFID (65) reports that the: However, some SDN sectors have lagged. Several in- Best performers have strategy action plans ternal and external reviews have noted the substan- to ensure that gender is integrated into all of tive and process-related challenges in integrating the organisation’s work, operational guide- gender, particularly in high-value infrastructure oper- lines to ensure that gender considerations ations (for example, in the energy sector), resulting in are included at the design stage of country poor performance for gender mainstreaming efforts. interventions, a good emphasis on collecting and using gender-disaggregated data, and All aid agencies face challenges in gender main- clear organisational structures to promote streaming. The recent Department for Interna- and support gender mainstreaming. tional Development (DFID) Multilateral Aid Review (MAR; DFID 2011) reviewed the performance of The Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) eval- DFID’s partners for a range of criteria, including uated the Bank’s performance on gender in a Figure 1: Gender informed lending in SDN sectors, FY2010-12 (Q1-Q3) Source: PRMGE monitoring numbers as on June 7, 2012. Note: Percentages indicate share of gender informed projects in SDN’s lending portfolio. Total number of projects in each sector is shown above columns. 12 report released in 2009. It found that while the At the same time, the overall SDN portfolio expand- amount of gender-informed lending has increased ed by 10 percent (from 202 to 221 projects) during substantially, there remains a need to improve the FY2010–11, an increase of almost 10 percent, while quality of attention to gender; increase staff capac- the number of gender-informed SDN projects rose ity; improve monitoring and evaluation (M&E); and from 114 to 130, an increase of about 14 percent. strengthen management accountability (IEG 2009). As a result, the percentage of gender-informed proj- ects in the SDN increased from 56 to 59 percent. While defining and measuring gender main- Although the numbers for FY2012 are based on streaming are difficult and ongoing processes, the first three quarters only, there are encouraging the real challenge lies in implementation. Re- signs: of the 92 SDN projects commissioned, 65 (or newing an old discourse, Bank staff members often 71 percent) were gender informed. ask: What is gender mainstreaming? Both the term and its implications are highly contested in the gen- der and development (GAD) literature, and in practice C. Methodology and process within development institutions. Annex 4 provides The preparation of this Companion motivated different working definitions adopted by aid agen- cies. The WBG measures gender mainstreaming by a collective introspection of a sample of SDN identifying the share of activities that systematically staff on gender mainstreaming. Such internal integrate gender into the underlying analysis, introspection is not unique among organizations, content, and/or monitoring and evaluation. and several multilateral and bilateral aid agencies undertake both independent evaluations and candid Total gender-informed lending2 in the SDN is institutional soul-searching to see how they have performed on various aspects of their mandate, of high compared to other networks, second only which gender can be one. The literature on organi- to the Human Development Network (HDN). zational behavior and organizational change under- The SDN’s performance has improved over the last scores the importance of staff perceptions in change three years, until the third quarter of fiscal year (FY) management to make cultural shifts in organiza- 2012. This is important given the relative size of the tions (Pashiardis 1994; Thompson 2002). SDN portfolio, which is two to six times larger than those of other sectors and includes many large infra- Forty SDN task team leaders (TTLs), across structure projects that traditionally have been more eight sectors and six regions, including from difficult to engender. anchor units, who are at the cutting edge of being able to either include gender or disre- Looking across SDN sectors, there has been a gard it, were interviewed. Purposively sampled growth in the share of gender-informed projects and structured as discussions, the 45 minute, from FY2010 to the third quarter of FY2012. For open-ended interviews were conducted in person example, 85 percent of 53 projects in FY2010, and by members of the Social Development Depart- 85 percent of 47 projects in FY2011, were gender ment’s (SDV) social inclusion team and covered informed in the agriculture sector. In the first three three main issues: (i) the role of gender in World quarters of FY2012, gender informed lending in this Bank and SDN operations; (ii) factors that affect sector reached 100 percent, with all 27 projects hav- the success of gender innovations; and (iii) how ing a gender element. Similar trends were recorded innovations on gender diffuse across the Bank and in transport, water and energy and mining sectors, become standard practice.3 where the share of gender informed projects has in- creased steadily between FY2010 and FY2012(Q3). The interviews revealed important findings. 3 The responses were transcribed and coded into NVivo, a qualita- 2 See annex 2 for the rating methodology developed by the Gen- der Anchor (also known as PREM Gender or PRMGE) and the tive data analysis software (see annex 2 for detailed methodology). GAD Board (March 2012). 13 They helped identify good practices and “unsung he- to address gender. Section IV identifies key con- roes� who have integrated gender innovatively and straints and opportunities, and section V defines creatively into their projects. They also helped the the contours of an SDN Compact to deepen gender team hear voices and perspectives of those who find mainstreaming and lays out an action plan for the integrating gender challenging and why, which was SDN. one of the original reasons for conducting the inter- views. Moreover, this process of staff engagement Before reading this Companion, two reminders are resulted in a vibrant virtual network of SDN gender in order: focal points and an extended group that is working 1. Progress on gender equality takes time, despite on integrating gender into projects and programs un- the existence of low hanging fruit that can yield der the SDN umbrella. This virtual network is called quick results. Being realistic about gestation the SDN Gender Community of Practice (CoP). periods and time lags will be important in quan- tifying success. Other sources also informed this Companion. These included reviews of recent reports that as- 2. Gender equality is ultimately a political process sessed gender mainstreaming in international agen- where the real leadership lies within countries, cies, internal Bank documents such as a portfolio with national actors. While aid agencies can fa- review of SDN projects conducted in 2010 (World cilitate the process, they also need to be realis- Bank 2010e), a rapid review of Bank projects that tic about how far they can go. Where country addressed gender, and a review that looked at ex- demand is weak, efforts first need to be made amples from outside the Bank (Pande 2011). toward raising awareness about the importance of gender issues and the benefits of promoting gender equality. d. organization of the SdN Companion This Companion is divided into five sections. The next section (section II) applies the World De- velopment Report (WDR) framework to the SDN and discusses what the messages of the WDR mean for SDN sectors. Section III discusses entry points 14 Photo: Nugroho Nurdikiawan Sunjoyo/The World Bank 15 Photo: Tran Thi Hoa/The World Bank 16 ii. endowments, economic opportunity, and Agency: What do they Mean for the SdN? The WDR 2012 (World Bank 2011d) focuses cilities, community centers and recreational cen- on three dimensions of gender equality: en- ters, which enabled women to engage in a range of dowment, economic opportunity, and agency. activities outside the home. Finally, the project fo- It argues that outcomes for women can improve cused on making sure women had titles to the land through accumulation of endowments (education, and assets, which were being registered. Clearly, the health, and physical assets); use of such endow- Barrios de Vereda project had direct and indirect ments to take up economic opportunities to generate benefits along all three dimensions of gender equal- income; and application of endowments to take ac- ity (World Bank 2010f). tion or agency. Just as gender equality cuts through all three di- On the one hand, the framework used in the mensions outlined in the WDR, often simultane- WDR 2012 allows for a broad view of gender ously, so does gender inequality, which can manifest equality, on the other, at the operational lev- itself in a similar manner. This point was illustrated el, it is difficult to distinguish one dimension by comments from a focus group discussion with from another. This is evident both at the project women in Chibelela, Tanzania, conducted for the and at the individual level. At the project level, for WDR 2012: instance, in the construction of a large thermal pow- er plant, initial consultations can enhance agency, Getting to town means paying bus fare, while the use of local labor for civil works can en- which can be a problem. Try to imagine hance economic opportunities, and the delivery of the little money you have and you have to electricity to households can enhance endowments. spend it on travelling to go and apply for a Similarly, when a project uses a broader, local de- job of which you are not sure. But again, if velopment approach, it could potentially impact all you got a job in town and you did not know three aspects of gender equality. At the individual where to stay, that can be a problem also: level, quotas in civil works for women can enhance coming back home in the village is hardly economic opportunity, but also provide simulta- possible everyday…. So, you simply fear neous on-the-job training and so enhance endow- getting a job in town. ment and enable women to have greater voice in the household and outside, and, in the process, enhance The WDR 2012 tends to focus on women’s status agency. One of the components of Bolivia’s Urban for the most part, based on the fact that wom- Infrastructure Project is the Barrios de Vereda (Real en tend to fare worse than men along a range Neighborhood), which built indoor sanitation facili- of dimensions in most countries. But, the WDR ties and installed street lighting to improve pedes- 2012 also highlights the fact that the relationship trian mobility and women’s security, which in turn between men and women and the cultural norms are said to have decreased outdoor violence against surrounding those dynamics are in fact central to women. The project also constructed child care fa- women’s status relative to men’s. In fact, the most 17 egregious forms of gender inequality that manifest A. Building endowments themselves in violence and death or women dying needlessly in childbearing are intimately intertwined Infrastructure and agriculture sectors play a with these dynamics. Therefore, programs and proj- defining role in improving access to education ects that address, either directly or indirectly, the and health. Adequate street lighting in some proj- safety and security of women or provide them with ects, for instance, has increased safety and enabled greater access to improve their chances of survival, children in the community to study at night. Riders actually alter the gender dynamics and the relation- for Health, winner of the 2004 World Bank Develop- ship between sexes in that area as well. An area that ment Marketplace Award, is designed to save lives this Companion does not address is the vulnerability of pregnant women in Zambia and Zimbabwe by of men and boys and constructions of masculinity using the Uhuru, a motorcycle ambulance (Lee and that have a bearing on gender dynamics, and in turn, Tayan 2007). Agriculture projects can have positive unequal outcomes. Some SDN and other teams are impacts on household food security. While malnu- exploring these frontiers, realizing that the focus on trition is not particularly gendered among children, men and boys will be central to eliminating gender it is so among adults, with pregnant and lactating inequality (Bannon and Correia 2006). women particularly at risk. Many community-driv- en development (CDD) projects that facilitate local- The WDR 2012 highlights three broad entry points level collectives such as self-help groups (SHGs) have for the Bank to implement its framework: financing, successfully integrated elements of human develop- innovation and learning, and partnerships. Drilling ment directly into their design. down, the Bank laid out five strategic directions in an implications paper for the development committee Several urban reform programs, particularly that was discussed by the governors’ during the An- in Latin America, build in components that nual Meetings in October 2011. Those five strategic provide child care programs that enhance early directions are: childhood development and while allowing women to take advantage of economic oppor- 1. Informing country policy dialogue and raising tunities. Providing spaces for child care can enable awareness women (who shoulder the major burden of child care) to access other opportunities while improving 2. Enhancing country-level gender diagnostics human development outcomes for their children. The Reactivation of the Center of La Paz Program, 3. Scaling up lending for domestic priorities financed by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), is an example of such a program. This program 4. Increasing the availability of gender-relevant requires that some projects or supported programs data and evidence that have worksites or training centers with a mini- 5. Leveraging partnerships mum number of women attending must also have crèches or child care facilities, thereby enhancing economic opportunity and building endowments. Table 1 outlines some of the entry points to opera- tionalize the WDR 2012 framework for the SDN. Training and skills development are also im- In applying the framework operationally, the three portant ways to build human capital. Project dimensions of gender equality addressed in the examples using this path toward building human WDR framework are essentially both entry points capital are: to addressing gender issues and outcomes of successful • In Cameroon, a long established women’s busi- delivery of services generated. ness association, ASAFE, identified cell phones as a profitable business opportunity for young 18 TAblE 1: Endowments, Economic Opportunity, and Agency—Illustrative Applications WDR 2012 dimension of gender equality Economic opportunities Endowments Example of project Agency component or project idea Illustrative entry point to integrate gender issues Land and asset  Taking into account cultural norms with regard to women’s x x titling ownership of property and knowing the difference between rights on paper and rights in practice Agriculture  Ensuring that women receive extension services in easily accessible x x form  Ensuring that seeds, fertilizers, and other inputs are accessible to women x x  Information on market prices accessible to women x x x Training  Training women in nontraditional trades that are more lucrative, as x x x well as in traditional trades in project-related activities  Taking a local development approach that builds capacity of local x x communities, including of women  Separate training for men and women on issues concerning x community well-being, such as gender-based violence, public safety, and recourses available Water  Consulting women and men on location of drinking water sources x  Involving women in maintenance of community water sources x x  Working with utilities to eliminate connection policies that create x additional access barriers to women Sanitation  Ensuring public toilets are sited correctly to ensure safety of and x x ease of access by women  National strategies for sanitation in schools, with emphasis on safe, x x separate, well-maintained facilities for girls and boys 19 TAblE 1 (cont.): Endowments, Economic Opportunity, and Agency—Illustrative Applications WDR 2012 dimension of gender equality Economic opportunities Endowments Example of project Agency component or project idea Illustrative entry point to integrate gender issues Information  Separate training for men and women in information and x communication technology (ICT) training facilities and separate use of telecenters  Small business opportunities for women and men in community ICT x x solutions  Mobile phone applications that target issues important to women x x  Communication strategies and mediums that are accessible for men x and women  Engaging young men and women from the community for x x x information dissemination activities Wage employ-  Ensuring project personnel are conscious of gender parity in hiring x ment decisions  works that expressly include women Civil x x Small business  Management of spaces like market sheds that ensure that both men x x x development and women have access and mechanisms to avoid elite capture Procurement  Requiring contracted firms to hire a gender specialist or undertake x some type of project-related activity that ensures a gender specialist is on the team  Using women’s groups for local contracts as appropriate x x x  works with quotas for women Civil x Urban policy  Setting aside space for child care centers and hostels for working x x and zoning women Links to finance  Housing projects that link to finance and target women for x x ownership Food security  Agricultural extension for kitchen garden development x x Safety and  Transport projects that also include street lighting and access roads x x mobility  Sponsoring safety audits x  Public transport that takes into account women’s needs in terms of x x x access (routes) and timing (schedules)  Women’s ownership and use of transport-related assets such as taxis x x x and bicycles Benefit-sharing  Transport and mining projects with social component that x x arrangements generates awareness on HIV/AIDS Cross-cutting  Consultations, analysis, and results monitoring 20 box 1: Information Technology Is Increasingly Enhancing Human Capital Endowments and Empowering Citizens in the Process An ICT project in Ghana targeted women farmers for information dissemination and to establish a gender-disaggregated database of food and agricultural statistics. Similarly, “e-Lanka,� an ICT project, uses computer applications in education services that are tailored to promote women’s skills train- ing. Telecenters around the country provide access to ICT services, including Internet, e-mail, and computer classes for poor, rural communities that would not otherwise have access. The majority of telecenter owners and operators are women (Tandon 2008). Another recently closed ICT project, e-Rwanda, had mobile units called “ICT buses� and mandated 30 percent participation of women in every session, and closely monitored this target. In addition, e-Rwanda trained a wide range of female government personnel so that they could use technology effectively and efficiently (World Bank 2011a). In Bangladesh, the Pallitathya Help Line Center employs “Mobile Operator Ladies� to go door-to-door with mobile phones in hand, enabling villagers to ask questions related to livelihood, agriculture, health, legal rights, and so on. The premise is that women can play important roles in bridging the gap between information providers and isolated rural citizens. The questions are handled by help desk operators at D.Net’s (Development through Access to Network Resources, project funder) head- quarter in Dhaka, who are equipped with an ICT-based system to respond to specific queries within a short time through use of a database-driven software application and the Internet. Source: Compiled from TTL interviews, Implementation Completion Reports, Project Appraisal Documents, and sources as cited. women in rural and peri-urban areas. Women on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimina- are trained to repair cell phones, sell them, tion Against Women; continuing support for and in the process run viable businesses. They entrepreneurial programs for women; and receive technical and management training and introducing an employment policy to promote a loan to acquire 10 cell phones, pay for equip- equal training and employment opportunities ment, and rent a small space (Melhem, Morrell, for women. and Tandon 2009; World Bank 2010d). • In some infrastructure projects, benefit- • The IDB’s Urban Rehabilitation Program in sharing arrangements are premised on “giving Haiti finances training for market vendors, 90 back to communities� by training and hiring percent of whom are women, as well as shelters local labor. Infrastructure companies also set for vulnerable girls, including unpaid domestic up scholarship programs that enable the youth workers, street children, and sexually exploited to build endowments. Gender can be integrated teens (IDB 2007). In Sri Lanka, the World Bank into these types of programs. is supporting the government’s gender strategy as part of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper That information is power is a truism, but in- (PRSP) process. The strategy includes increased formation also builds endowments, which in emphasis on protection of women’s rights, turn can enhance agency (Box 1). The National conforming to the United Nations Convention 21 Ganga River Basin Project in India seeks to clean the 10–15 percent of jobs on civil works related to road giant river Ganga and provide sewage networks and projects are reserved for women. The clause requires connections in previously unserved areas. Realizing that women receive equal wages and that worksites that women play a critical role in sanitation and hy- have separate toilets and crèches. giene within their households, the project is target- ing its awareness campaigns in places where women Both public agencies and the private sector congregate and at times when they are free from are increasingly cognizant of their potential household chores. The Western Africa HIV/AIDS in providing direct employment benefits to lo- Project for the Abidjan-Lagos Transport Corridor cal communities, and to women in particular, includes two important gender-related information through the use of targeted programs. The fol- dissemination activities. First, female traders are lowing programs are examples: educated about their rights and on the documenta- • xstrata Copper Peru Las Bambas has an em- tion required so that they can avoid harassment at ployment policy stating that 50 percent of its check points during border crossings; and second, temporary work should go to women. The com- sex workers receive training on HIV/AIDS preven- munity decides how the work will be divided tion and free female condoms, or cash grants if they between men and women. The company offers want to take up formal jobs (World Bank 2010h). two jobs for each family: one for a man and the other for a woman. Ward and Strongman (2010) cite a number of further examples from B. enhancing economic opportunities private mining companies. SDN projects can enhance economic opportunities • The Green Brigade in Burkina Faso (Ouaga- directly or indirectly. Agriculture, forestry or infra- dougou) facilitated economic opportunities structure, for instance, can directly create jobs, or for women while also helping the environ- they can enable access to markets through transport ment. The project goal was to improve the city and communication and in the process indirectly environment by employing 1,200 women (at enhance economic opportunity. But access to ser- the time of this review) to clean the streets and vices and markets is often differential, as are most public spaces. Most of these women—called opportunities. If task teams are conscious of gender the Green Brigade—were the breadwinners for differences, the benefits from SDN programs and their families (UN Habitat 2008). projects can be made more equitable. • In Bangladesh, the government’s Rural Elec- trification Board employs women to spread Direct employment benefits from SDN projects awareness about bill collection, ensuring can occur through a range of interventions tar- uninterrupted services, and other aspects of geted at women or vulnerable men and boys: the functioning of the utility. Twenty percent wage employment is one type of intervention. of positions for billing assistants, assistant Most infrastructure projects tend to hire male la- cashiers, and data entry operators are reserved bor, which is a function of household labor supply for women. decisions and of the cultural norms associated with • In Kenya, recruiting and training women water women’s work in most regions. But when added ef- meter readers is part of a water and sanitation forts are made to seek out the possibility of hiring World Bank–supported program. female labor, the results are often instructive. Some projects have innovated with quotas for women in civil works. The transport sector has considerable In addition to wage employment, SDN projects experience in this area: for instance, the World can support the creation and ownership of as- sets like land, housing, and other high-value Bank’s transport team in India has introduced a assets. Fostering asset ownership is particularly im- clause in contract documents to ensure that at least 22 portant, because a very small proportion of women Smallholder Rehabilitation Project in Ghana. In oth- are wage employees. Most women in World Bank er cases, projects have encouraged small businesses client countries are self-employed in agriculture, but through provision of market spaces (detailed earlier often do not have either de facto or de jure ownership in table 1) and by providing ICT infrastructure to im- rights. prove their efficiency. The World Bank finances several projects that im- Nurturing and supporting nonfarm enterpris- prove land titling. Ensuring that titles are in the es through access to finance can have positive names of both spouses can be a good way to guaran- gendered impacts (Box 2). Women are more likely tee economic security and opportunity. The resettle- than men to be concentrated in (usually informal) ment plan for the Yemen Flood Protection Project, nonfarm ventures and less likely to have access to fi- for example, required the names of both husband nancing (World Bank 2011d). Finance, even in small and wife on the land title. Traditionally, women do amounts, can be an important success driver of such not have their names on such titles in the Republic nonfarm enterprises. The Microfinancing for Home of Yemen, but despite this, very few households re- Improvement Program under the Vietnam Urban jected this option, showing that norms are not cast Upgrading Project was implemented primarily by in stone and incentives can help bring change. the Vietnam Women’s Union—a grassroots orga- nization dedicated to empowering women through In the water sector, quotas in irrigation projects can education, vocational training, microcredit facilities, ensure women’s access to irrigated land and water, and policy advocacy. Consequently, over 66 percent such as in the World Bank’s Land Conservation and of the borrowers have been women, who more effec- box 2: Mahila Housing SEWA Trust—Making Vertical and Horizontal links The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) is a registered trade union of 1.1 million poor, self- employed women in India. As an organization, SEWA is constantly innovating and changing in re- sponse to needs of its members. In the 1990s, internal research of SEWA Bank indicated that more than one-third of all loans were used for housing, and that about 80 percent of those loans were spent on housing-related activities, including water connections, construction of toilets and drains, and acquiring electricity. In 1994, Mahila Housing SEWA Trust (MHT) was officially registered with the objective of improving housing and infrastructure conditions of poor women in the informal sector, specifically to: ƒ Improve housing and infrastructure conditions and the overall living environment of SEWA members, including construction of low-cost housing and infrastructure; ƒ Create improved access to important services such as shelter finance, legal advice, techni- cal assistance, information on housing material market and shelter-related income, and employment opportunities for poor, working women; and ƒ Influence housing- and infrastructure-related urban and rural development policies and programs and bring the benefits of these policies within the reach of poor women by pro- moting their own institutions. MHT’s partnership with state agencies has been particularly beneficial to the members of SEWA. Many of MHT’s initiatives are also rigorously evaluated. Source: http://www.sewahousing.org. 23 tively articulate the need for toilets and running wa- management project in Bangladesh outsourced the ter in the home (World Bank 2010f). World Bank–fi- manufacture of flood-resistant concrete blocks to nanced livelihood projects across South Asia operate community groups. This allowed residents, especial- on the premise that provision of microcredit is the ly women, to fit the work in with household tasks. key to building assets, opportunity, and agency. The project also assigned women from the poorest households the responsibility for routine mainte- Projects that encourage nonfarm enterprises nance and care of trees. In Mumbai, India, the Mu- can ensure that both men and women are in- nicipal Corporation reserved 50 percent of the con- cluded in project benefits. The Integrated Coastal tracts for the pay-and-park lots for women’s SHGs Zone Management Project in India has reserved and 25 percent for educated unemployed youth. spaces for poor fisherwomen at the front of the mar- kets and fishing auction centers and formed women’s SHGs and SHG federations to provide a platform for C. Facilitating Agency women to sell fish and other products (for example, SDN and indeed other parts of the Bank can use fish pickles). Another initiative, Solar Sisters, uses agency to both strengthen projects and pro- AVON, a cosmetics company, to distribute solar en- ergy–powered lamps in Uganda, Sudan, and Rwanda. grams as well as enhance agency through their Solar Sisters’ objective is to give rural women an in- programs. A point to remember about enhancing come and a renewable light source through the use of or using the agency of groups that have traditionally low-technology, efficient, easy-to-use, and affordable had low voice is the strong likelihood of its impact solar lamps. In Bangladesh, the Asian Development on power relations—in this case between the sexes. Bank’s (ADB) Rural Infrastructure Development The usually strong positive impact in terms of access Project undertook a number of measures to enhance and agency can sometimes result in resistance from gender mainstreaming, including providing women dominant groups as well. For example, in cultures with spaces in market sheds created by the project, where women’s segregation is the norm, their in- recruiting female labor, ensuring wage equity, pro- creased presence in public spaces due to enhanced viding training opportunities, giving women seats on safety and access to services can trigger a conserva- market management committees, and ensuring that tive backlash. project personnel and local government members were trained in gender issues (Lateef 2006). TTLs sometimes face resistance to suggestions about utilizing Bank programs to enhance Some projects contract local groups for op- women’s agency.TTLs report resistance to change erations and maintenance, some of which are from state structures that can be conservative and women’s groups. Vietnam’s Third Rural Trans- risk averse. port Project (RTP3) found that women from an ethnic minority would have been left out of access It is women who are often apprehensive to a road project, so it contracted them as a group about claiming their benefits. They are to manage road maintenance. The pilot effort worried about what these benefits might trained these women in engineering and road- mean or about upsetting the power re- building practices. Besides providing direct income lations in their households. This is ap- benefits, the project improved awareness of the parent in consultations as sometimes importance of road maintenance among local com- women leaders will not talk in the con- munities and helped women achieve a greater voice sultation process if there are men. We in community and household decision making. have had situations in which we have An International Fund for Agricultural Develop- separate consultations and only after a ment (IFAD)–supported community-based resource while we bring men and women together. TTL for a land administration project 24 It is difficult to talk about gender issues women-only buses along busy routes have been with people in the government in trans- added to the women-only cars that operate during port. In fact, their response is usually rush hour in its subway. Men and women also have very defensive e.g. if we raise issues of segregated spaces on train platforms. Several urban safety, it is taken as if we are implicating transport projects financed by the Bank now in- the government for not ensuring safety clude indoor sanitation facilities and street lighting for women. Similarly, we have been to in their design to improve pedestrian mobility and several meetings where we have made women’s security (World Bank 2010c). representations to include small prac- tices that help women. But we are told Technology solutions can reduce the drudgery that programs under the Department of of household tasks for which women are dis- Women and Child Development are al- proportionately responsible in almost all cul- ready covering all initiatives for women, tures. A biogas project in Nepal helped women in and hence, they don’t want to do more. beneficiary households save about three hours daily This mindset can be influenced, if at all, by using biogas for cooking instead of collected fu- through higher-level dialogues. elwood. Women have used this time for child care, literacy training, and participation in community or- Transport TTL ganizations. Biogas-fueled stoves have also dramati- cally reduced indoor air pollution, thereby having a SDN experience shows how separate consulta- salutary impact on the health of women. tions with women and men cannot only im- prove project design, but also enhance agency. Other projects have used women to commu- The Liaoning urban transport project in China found nicate messages that affect the lives of other during consultations that women’s main concerns women and the community. In ADB’s Indonesia’s were safety and the hazards posed by poor light- Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Pro- ing, long waits for buses due to infrequent service, gram, women’s groups are trained and given key and lack of pedestrian walkways and crossings. The roles in promoting messages on the core program project team accordingly changed the initial project objective of protecting coral reefs. Women also hold design to focus on improvement of secondary roads, managerial positions in the project at all levels—na- traffic management, sidewalks and crossings, public tional, provincial, and village—and a series of activi- transport services, and street lighting. This project ties to promote women’s participation have contin- has a number of other examples of successful and ued through implementation. meaningful consultations. Some projects and programs make the leap Addressing safety and security can raise wom- from mere participation to recruiting women en’s confidence and their ability to access mar- for leadership and enhancing their leadership kets and services. Women-only subways, buses skills. Some recent examples of these programs are and train cars have been used to combat aggression briefly outlined here. and harassment of women in a number of countries, • In Poland, the World Bank has supported train- including Japan, Brazil, the Arab Republic of Egypt, ing women leaders from communities impacted Mexico, India, Belarus, and the Philippines. The To- by mine closures. These leaders have mobilized kyo subway system adopted women-only cars and grant funding, including from the European hired women attendants to reduce harassment in Union, and have been able to provide leader- crowded public transport systems. In Manila’s light ship in their communities on various issues rail system, the two front rail cars are reserved for including women’s health, domestic violence, women and children, while in Mexico City, recent alcohol and substance abuse, poverty allevia- 25 tion, small business development, employment and public health, fire safety, counseling, and counseling, public relations, legislation, public disaster risk planning (ISDR and UN 2008). speaking, and entrepreneurship. • In Brazil, as part of the government-led urban Sustained improvements in agency can hap- reform program, a cadre of Women for Peace pen through programs and projects when les- has been established. It includes over 10,000 sons are integrated into broader strategies female residents from areas with high rates that are owned by the country. For example, of violent crime whose primary assignment is women in mining areas often face discrimina- to serve as a mentor/guardian for at least one tion, economic deprivation, and domestic violence. person from their community who is at risk Their traditional social roles can be eroded with to drug addiction. These guardians receive a the arrival of mining operations. The World Bank stipend, training in human rights and conflict and the Papua New Guinea Department of Min- prevention and specific training on the Maria ing sponsored a series of workshops on gender da Penha Law, which was designed to prevent and mining that have led to the preparation of a domestic violence. five-year National Women and Mining Action Plan. • The Girls in Risk Reduction Leadership Project Similarly, the government of Bangladesh recognizes in the Ikageng Township of Potchefstroom, the importance of including women side by side with South Africa, has sought to reduce the social vul- men in disaster risk reduction and in mitigating the nerability of marginalized adolescent girls using effects of the disasters that are so commonplace in practical capacity-building initiatives to increase the country. Accordingly, local-level plans and their individual and community resilience to natural implementation target women separately in infor- disasters. Girls have been trained in personal mation sharing and key actions for mitigation. Figure 2: Enhancing Agency—from being Heard to leading 26 UN Photo/Eric Kanalstein 27 Photo: Charlotte Kesl/The World Bank 28 iii. entry points, instruments, and Mechanisms to Address Gender This section outlines project-level entry points can be counterproductive. As part of the current ex- based on both TTL experience and a review of ercise, TTLs were asked if anything “puts them off� World Bank projects that integrated gender. about the way gender issues are approached in the Bank. They reported frustration with (i) what they Identifying entry points for gender main- perceive as excessive advocacy and (ii) institutional streaming is not always easy, and the salience requirements that many see as prescriptive. Some of gender issues in a project is not always imme- TTLs indicated that they would integrate gender diately obvious. Pushing for gender mainstream- where it was possible and sensible, but when they ing where it makes little technical or practical sense were presented with normative and prescriptive Figure 3: Project-level Entry Points for Gender Mainstreaming 29 directives not grounded in analysis, they would There are excellent examples of gender analy- push back and just check the box or address gender sis informing project preparation in non-Bank superficially. Overall, they called for less theoreti- projects as well (Table 2). An ADB project on en- cal and advocacy work and more tangible technical gendering urban transport in Vietnam found that assistance to integrate gender, particularly in infra- given women’s and men’s different transport needs, structure projects, where they believe is value and women were often willing to pay more for better potential for gender (Box 3). transport as long as their mobility and safety were ensured. The assessment accordingly led to an urban transport design that addressed the different gender A. preparation needs and constraints, with a GAP to track outputs and corresponding key activities and targets. In an- In all cases, it is important to identify the other example, mining company Rio Tinto decided potential relevance of gender through good to undertake a baseline study of the situation of analysis and consultations early in the design women in the communities neighboring its project stage. The lack of an evidence base hampers both in La Granja, while another extractive industry (EI) the ability of teams to understand why gender mat- firm, Minera Quellaveco, using a less formal ap- ters and how it can be integrated for good results— proach, learned through its community representa- this lack has been emphasized in numerous assess- tives about women’s priorities. ments of the World Bank’s performance on gender mainstreaming. This section offers ways of filling Consultations conducted separately with men this gap. and women early in the project cycle are often a first step to understanding how and whether a Gender analysis can be integrated into project project can address gender equality. This is also preparation in a variety of ways, as many Bank one of the core functions of the social development projects show (Table 2). The most common way to specialist on the team, yet often, due to constraints integrate gender analysis in SDN projects is incorpo- of time and/or resources, consultations can get side- rating it into social assessments. In many cases, so- lined or undertaken perfunctorily. A review of the cial development specialists attached to projects are SDN portfolio found that only around one-fifth of also the gender focal points in projects and the first SDN projects between 1995 and 2009 conducted to identify opportunities to mainstream gender. consultations that included gender issues (figure 4). Where social assessments are not mandated, gender analysis can be either woven into or added on to the range of feasibility studies and technical appraisals B. implementation conducted at the design stage. There could be a stand- alone research program as part of a project. Knowl- Taking the step from analysis, gender integra- edge, attitude, and practice (KAP) studies of HIV/ tion at the implementation stage is complex AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired im- but critical (Box 4). Perhaps the most important munodeficiency syndrome) helped the transport sec- precondition to ensuring that analysis and consulta- tor in Argentina, Honduras, and Haiti shed impor- tion can inform implementation is to understand the tant insights on gender dimensions, but these were motivation of the team. If the idea is to “check a box� a part of broader social studies (Bruschett 2009). or to satisfy a corporate requirement, the chances Similarly, just breaking economic benefits down by are that the analysis will not inform the design or gender and paying attention to intrahousehold dif- lead to meaningful results. If, on the other hand, the ferentials, as data allow, could work well. In other motivation is to really understand whether and how cases, a more thoughtful application of gender may issues of gender equality can be addressed, and the be needed for economic analysis of the project. analysis is accompanied by brainstorming within the 30 TAblE 2: Summary of Illustrative Entry Points for Gender Mainstreaming in Projects and Programs PROJECT COMPONENT OR ENTRY POINT TO INTEGRATE GENDER ISSUES SOURCE INTERVENTION Barrios de Vereda (Real • Indoor sanitation facilities and street lighting World Bank 2010f Neighborhood), Bolivia’s Urban to improve pedestrian mobility and women’s Infrastructure Project security • Child care facilities, community centers, and recreational centers • Titles to the land and assets registered to women and men Riders for Health in Zambia and • Saved lives of pregnant women by using the Zimbabwe Uhuru, a motorcycle ambulance Reactivation of the Center of La Paz • Provided child care to enable women to access Melhem, Morrell, and Program other opportunities Tanadon 2009; World Bank 2010d National Ganga River Basin Project • Targeted awareness campaigns in places where in India women congregate and at times when they are free from household chores Western Africa HIV/AIDS Project • Educated female traders about their rights and World Bank 2010h for the Abidjan-Lagos Transport about required documentation so that they Corridor could avoid harassment at border check points • Trained sex workers on HIV/AIDS prevention and provided free female condoms, or cash grants if they want to take up formal jobs Urban Rehabilitation Program in • Trained market vendors and provided shelters IDB 2007 Haiti for vulnerable girls, including unpaid domestic workers, street children, and sexually exploited teens ASAFE ICT Project • Trained young women to repair and sell cellular phones, and provided them with loans to acquire 10 cell phones, pay for equipment, and rent a small space Green Brigade in Burkina Faso • Employed women to clean the streets and public UN Habitat 2008 (Ouagadougou) spaces Government of Bangladesh’s Rural • Employed women to spread awareness about Jahangeer 2007 Electrification Board bill collection, ensuring uninterrupted services, and other aspects of the functioning of the utility • Reserved 20 percent of jobs, including billing assistants, assistant cashiers and data entry operators, for women Yemen Flood Protection Project • Required names of both husband and wife on the land title Land Conservation and Smallholder • Set quotas to ensure women’s access to irrigated Rehabilitation Project in Ghana land and water from irrigation projects 31 TAblE 2 (cont.): Summary of Illustrative Entry Points for Gender Mainstreaming in Projects and Programs PROJECT COMPONENT OR ENTRY POINT TO INTEGRATE GENDER ISSUES SOURCE INTERVENTION Barrios de Vereda (Real • Indoor sanitation facilities and street lighting to World Bank 2010f Neighborhood), Bolivia’s Urban improve pedestrian mobility and women’s security Infrastructure Project • Child care facilities, community centers, and recreational centers • Titles to the land and assets registered to women and men Riders for Health in Zambia and • Saved lives of pregnant women by using the Zimbabwe Uhuru, a motorcycle ambulance Reactivation of the Center of La • Provided child care to enable women to access Melhem, Morrell, and Paz Program other opportunities Tanadon 2009; World Bank 2010d National Ganga River Basin • Targeted awareness campaigns in places where Project in India women congregate and at times when they are free from household chores Western Africa HIV/AIDS Project • Educated female traders about their rights and World Bank 2010h for the Abidjan-Lagos Transport about required documentation so that they could Corridor avoid harassment at border check points • Trained sex workers on HIV/AIDS prevention and provided free female condoms, or cash grants if they want to take up formal jobs Urban Rehabilitation Program • Trained market vendors and provided shelters for IDB 2007 in Haiti vulnerable girls, including unpaid domestic work- ers, street children, and sexually exploited teens ASAFE ICT Project • Trained young women to repair and sell cellular phones, and provided them with loans to acquire 10 cell phones, pay for equipment, and rent a small space Green Brigade in Burkina Faso • Employed women to clean the streets and public UN Habitat 2008 (Ouagadougou) spaces Government of Bangladesh’s • Employed women to spread awareness about bill Jahangeer 2007 Rural Electrification Board collection, ensuring uninterrupted services, and other aspects of the functioning of the utility • Reserved 20 percent of jobs, including billing assis- tants, assistant cashiers and data entry operators, for women Yemen Flood Protection Project • Required names of both husband and wife on the land title Land Conservation and • Set quotas to ensure women’s access to irrigated Smallholder Rehabilitation land and water from irrigation projects Project in Ghana Microfinancing for Home • Empowered women through education, voca- World Bank 2010f Improvement Program under tional training, microcredit facilities, and policy the Vietnam Urban Upgrading advocacy Project 32 PROJECT COMPONENT OR ENTRY POINT TO INTEGRATE GENDER ISSUES SOURCE INTERVENTION The Integrated Coastal Zone • Reserved spaces for poor fisherwomen at the front Management of markets and fishing auction centers and formed Project in India women’s SHGs and SHG federations to provide a platform for women to sell fish and other products Solar Sisters in Uganda, Sudan, • Used AVON, a cosmetics company, to distribute http://www.csmonitor. and Rwanda solar energy–powered lamps, which gave rural com/World/Making- women an income and a renewable light source a-difference/Change- through the use of low technology, efficient, easy- Agent/2011/0701/ to-use, and affordable energy Solar-Sister-wants-to- light-up-rural-Africa ADB’s Rural Infrastructure • Provided women with spaces in market sheds Lateef 2006 Development Project in created by the project Bangladesh IFAD-supported Community- • Outsourced the manufacture of flood-resistant Based Resource Management concrete blocks to community groups, which Project in Bangladesh allowed women to fit the work in with household tasks • Assigned women from the poorest households responsibility for routine maintenance and care of trees. Brihanmumbai Municipal • Reserved 50 percent of the contracts in the pay- http://www.bmc.gov. Corporation in Mumbai and-park lots for women’s SHGs and 25 percent for in/PovertyAlleviation. educated unemployed youth asp?lnk=4&PL=3 Vietnam’s Third Rural Transport • Trained ethnic minority women in engineering http://siteresources. Project and road-building practices to provide direct worldbank.org/INTEA- income benefits PREGTOPSOCDEV/ Resources/12339- Vietnam.pdf ADB’s Indonesia’s Coral Reef • Trained women’s groups and assigned key roles Rehabilitation and Management to them in promoting core program objective of Program protecting coral reefs • Assigned managerial positions to women at all lev- els of the project—national, provincial, and village Girls in Risk Reduction • Trained girls in personal and public health, fire ISDR and UN (2008) Leadership Project, Ikageng safety, counseling, and disaster risk planning Township of Potchefstroom, South Africa World Bank and Department of • Workshops on gender and mining that led to the http://siteresources. Mining in Papua New Guinea preparation of a five-year National Women and worldbank.org/INTEA- Mining Action Plan PREGTOPSOCDEV/ Resources/12339-PNG. pdf Transport sector innovations • Improved indoor sanitation facilities and street World Bank 2010c; TTL lighting to improve pedestrian mobility and interviews women’s security • Initiating women-only cars in trains and women- only public buses with women attendants to reduce harassment in crowded public transport 33 team and with the counterpart on how to incorpo- through support from the World Bank and the rate gender equality strategies in implementation, Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). there is a very high chance that the analysis will yield • In Peru, Provias Descentralizado—the imple- results. menting agency of the Second Rural Roads project—trained its staff on gender awareness Having skilled staff on the team is vital for and appointed regional gender focal points to gender analysis and its translation into action. help track gender-related indicators. This has been emphasized by several influential ana- Using existing instruments to integrate gen- lysts, including Kabeer (2003), who identifies lack of der into projects ensures institutionalization expertise as a major barrier to gender mainstream- and sustainability. These instruments could be: ing in policy-making institutions. Rao Gupta (2004) • Procurement plans and ToRs. For instance, found that a lack of technical expertise was the main the e-Rwanda project required firms that obstacle to improving gender mainstreaming in the delivered some of the project components to World Health Organization (WHO), and it is an issue have a gender specialist on their teams. Other that cuts across development organizations (NMFA procurement-related innovations described 2002) and country governments. Sector staff in the elsewhere in this Companion. World Bank also reiterate the need for more in-depth involvement of technical staff who understand gen- • Monitoring arrangements. Arrangements that der issues, so they can contextualize the guidance include communities could similarly be broken available to sectoral needs. “I don’t think budget is as down by gender. Experience from a number of much of constraint as finding the right people to do places shows that women’s watchdog groups gender work,� said a transport TTL at an interview can be effective third party monitors. conducted for this Companion. • Results frameworks. The most effective way of ensuring that gender issues are addressed in Some projects have assigned dedicated staff projects is to include them in results frame- within the project team to gender issues. A few works. examples of these projects are described here: • In Nepal, the design of ADB’s Small Towns In some cases, addressing gender through spe- Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project cial instruments like a stand-alone pilot or a had a GAP back in 2000 (ADB 2000). The GAP separate annex can highlight the importance included provisions to enable the district water of the issue. The Nepal country program decided to supply and sanitation (WSS) staff to ensure require projects to have a separate “gender and social women’s active participation in water user and inclusion� annex. This was preceded by a landmark sanitation committees (WUSC); involve women piece of analysis that showed how gender relations in surveys, public awareness campaigns, and can stymie project success. The requirement of a spe- health and hygiene education programs; ensure cial annex worked for Nepal at the time because of that a woman is one of two WUSC representa- the overall focus and momentum on gender inequal- tives in the town project office on a full-time ity in the country and of the country team, but it basis; and that there is a female “social mobi- may have mixed results without such focus. lizer� in town project offices. • In Kenya’s Water and Sanitation Services Improvement Project, a team of gender experts C. Monitoring and evaluation participated in project design and review missions, including several gender focal points Developing and implementing a monitoring sys- from the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and tem, and sticking to it, is important. This is true the water companies who had been trained for all aspects of a project, but especially for gender 34 Figure 4: Use of gender methods in infrastructure projects, FY1995-2009 Source: World Bank (2010e), based on Project Appraisal Documents and Implementation Completion Reports for 1,246 projects. aspects, because these may be more likely than oth- routinely survey citizens to receive inputs on ers to slip through the cracks once implementation the regularity and efficiency of transport ser- is underway. The most effective projects undertake vices. They now want to analyze the data from gender analysis and monitoring throughout the proj- a gender lens to better serve the underserved ect cycle. Others build gendered aspects into their populations and to understand women’s travel management information system (MIS), but this is patterns better. less common. Some illustrations of effective moni- • Compañía Minera Poderosa, a private minng toring systems are described here: company, conducts surveys of women in • The World Bank’s transport unit in India con- neighboring communities to find out how they ducts citizen satisfaction surveys that gather feel about the social programs funded by the gender-disaggregated perceptions of users, company, about members of their family work- including how they would rate the quality of ing for the company, and other issues. These the infrastructure and/or service, security questions have given the company a sense of issues, roadside amenities, and others. Usually how it “scores� regarding women’s satisfaction conducted around the midterm, these findings with the company’s performance and, there- are then integrated into the project to ensure fore, the extent to which the company is having that gender-related objectives are met. an influence on local development (Ward and • The WSP is instituting a “gender audit� of its Strongman 2010). program to benchmark gender mainstream- Rigorous evaluations are needed to demon- ing progress and will follow up with concrete strate that gender interventions have concrete actions. outcomes. One of the most commonly observed con- • Argentine metropolitan transport authorities straints at the operational level is the lack of effective 35 box 3: Gender and Infrastructure A large majority of programs in the SDN portfolio involve infrastructure. In the words of a TTL from the ener- gy sector, “it (power) is not an MDG, but it is a critical input into the MDGs.� By and large, staff that were interviewed for this Companion agreed that the focus of the World Bank should not be on just the provision of infrastructure (for example, building a power plant), but also on how it is used, for example, how power is delivered to house- holds and communities and the equity spaces. The quotes below illustrate the opportunities and challenges of addressing gender in infrastructure. Source: Based on interviews with SDN TTLs. There is so much potential for gender in infrastructure. Earlier, the focus was on building massive infra- structure to facilitate economic development. Recently, the focus has shifted toward service provision for poor people—this approach puts people first. The role of gender in infrastructure can be thought of as falling under this umbrella. Urban transport TTL evaluations of gender mainstreaming activities. The Network as well as a number of technical notes on testimony of an ICT policy specialist at an interview conducting gender-sensitive monitoring and evalua- conducted for this Companion reinforces this point: tion across SDN sectors.4 “I think one thing that hinders gender is the fact that there is no evidence of gender being a game changer 4 Some technical notes and toolkits on gender-sensitive moni- or a key success factor, especially in projects that are toring and evaluation include rural development (http://web. worldbank.org/WBSITE/ExTERNAL/TOPICS/ExTARD/0 infrastructure based.� Conducting rigorous impact ,,contentMDK:20438885~isCURL:Y~pagePK:148956~pi evaluations of interventions to improve the evidence PK:216618~theSitePK:336682,00.html), poverty reduction base and determine which interventions work and strategies (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRS1/ Resources/383606-1205334112622/4221_chap10.pdf), which do not, and why, is critical for applying lessons and disaster risk management (http://www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/sites/ learned and scaling up and replicating interventions gfdrr.org/files/Guidance_Note_3_Gender_Informed_Monitor- ing_and_Evaluation_in_Disaster_Risk_Management.pdf) and that do work. Many impact evaluation initiatives are rural roads (http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/ssatp/Resources/ presently underway at the World Bank, including HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20%20documents/Tool%20Kits%20 under the Development Impact Evaluation (DIME) &%20Guides/Designing%20Projects/TLPRO2%20GRTI%20 Technical%20Notes/TLPRO2.2%20GRTI%20TN%202%20M&E. Initiative, Africa’s Gender Innovation Lab, and Latin pdf ). There are also gender-focused monitoring and impact evalu- America and Caribbean’s Monitoring and Evaluation ation networks outside the World Bank, such as the Africa Gender and Development Evaluators Network (http://www.agden.org). 36 We often do infrastructure for infrastructure’s sake. We build roads when needed, better storage/infrastructure facilities for floods, drainage, etc. A lot of the time we forget to undertake activities that need to go with infra- structure. There is the danger of it becoming a goal in and of itself. But the Bank should always try to undertake infrastructure from the economic and poverty side, with resources to improve the local economy. Environment TTL The benefit of thinking about gender while working in infrastructure projects is acknowledging that different groups oftentimes have different needs, and thereby ensuring that the development considers these differ- ences and benefits the entire population. The effects of infrastructure interventions are not necessarily going to be the same for different groups—including men and women. We need a gender lens to see what is hap- pening, working, and is needed for men and women, respectively. Transport TTL Broadly, our sector is gender neutral, looking at incomes and quality of life. For our direct users, there are im- provements in quality of life at home and in the economy, which impacts gender and well-being quite signifi- cantly. In many of the countries and cultures in which the Bank works, women get low priority, including with regards to energy. Women are the first to be affected by energy rationing, and are the ones worst affected by lack of access to energy—which is a burden in their lives in terms of cooking, heating, cleaning, and entertain- ment. But increased incomes and facilities can help offset these inequities. Energy TTL In certain sectors, there is a clear need, reason, and way to engender programs. In the urban sector, however, and perhaps with infrastructure more broadly, it is a bit less clear what role gender should play. The focus in urban programs has been on better drainage, sewage, housing, etc. Consultations have included men and women and looked at male and female beneficiaries, but not necessarily at addressing or incorporating gen- der issues in other ways and from the beginning and at the project design level. Urban TTL • The challenge is to bolster efforts to generate midterm appraisals may be a more sustainable knowledge from these evaluations and apply it way to proceed. Repeater projects provide a to sectoral programs, which requires adequate formal mechanism to integrate learning from resources for impact evaluations, facilitating previous phases. For instance, data from the access to information, and building client first phase of the Bank’s Land Conservation capacity to conduct impact evaluations them- and Smallholder Rehabilitation Project in selves (Pande 2011). Ghana showed that the project had not been • Establishing a feedback loop helps projects able to adequately address capacity building for adapt for better outcomes. What do projects water user associations (WUAs) and women’s do with the information they get from evalua- access to land and water. The second phase tion surveys, midterm appraisals, and ongoing therefore was designed to systematically and analysis and consultations? The best ones usu- rigorously grant women access to dry season ally integrate the lessons into implementation. irrigation plots by involving them in WUAs and This feedback loop is important for gender con- giving them a quota in plot allocation. siderations as well. In fact, integrating gender A project-cycle approach to integrate gender issues into the overall plan for evaluation and issues should not be cast in stone. After a studied 37 reflection at the initial stage, a project team may well fact, the unforeseen and unintended gender impacts conclude that the current operation is not a vehicle of projects can be quite significant, and either posi- to address gender issues. But it can still integrate tive or negative. It is not always possible ex ante to gender during the implementation stage (box 5). anticipate such impacts, but good analysis should be Sometimes projects may end up addressing gender able to focus on possible pathways should the team issues without specifically setting out to do so. In want to integrate gender at a later stage. box 4: Perspectives on Implementation This [gender] issue will go nowhere without persuasion. Know your business—and re- ally bring this across. Present data, figures, facts to illustrate why gender is so impor- tant, and show how it can be integrated and used in various sector initiatives to make an important and positive difference, not just to avoid negatives and harm. Who the purveyors are of these gender messages is very important. It really comes down to just knowing your business. Know it! Lead urban economist, World Bank What’s really important is getting it down to the right level in terms of language and specifics, so that people at the more technical end can be convinced and use the infor- mation. It has to get down to the level of showing why something is worth doing and how you go about the integration. Transport TTL, World Bank There has to be water, and the horse has to be thirsty. On the supply side, there have to be lessons learned, interviews with people, and innovations by sector presenting innovations and illustrating how the innovations emerged…and the horse has to be thirsty. So, on the demand side, the Bank’s gender advocates (should not be) preaching to the converted. Instead, attention should be diverted to people who haven’t thought about gender is- sues much. … We need to figure out what is happening in the rest of the world, and how other people are thinking. And we have to figure out ways to reward local innovation, not through money but through recognition. Environment TTL, World Bank Source: Drawn from TTL interviews conducted for this Companion. 38 box 5: Changing by listening Women adversely affected by a mining project in Papua New Guinea never spoke up during initial consultations. But when the project team held sex-segregated meetings, they heard about women’s concerns like abandonment, increased promiscuity and ex- posure to HIV/AIDS, once men had more cash in hand, as a result of mining activities. This Photo: Curt Carnemark/World Bank led to a new engagement of the project with men and women, with the latter having a greater role in decision making. So, the project did not start off being explicitly gendered, but the issues that came up were followed up in a systematic manner. This was the case of someone doing a project well, not going in think- ing that she would “do gender.� These are the stories that we need to hear. The point is, let’s get to share our experiences on gender integration, learn about the entry points, and understand the limitations. — As Told by a Transport Specialist Source: Author’s compilation drawn from interviews conducted for this Companion. 39 Photo: Scott Wallace/World Bank 40 iV. designing Actions by Seeing the Gaps This WDR Companion has highlighted both achieve- sponse to the commitments under IDA 16) and in ments in gender mainstreaming and remaining op- the SDN sector plans that this Companion proposes. portunities for gender integration—while recogniz- This Companion ends with a set of actions that will ing constraints and gaps. This section synthesizes be supported by the SDN going forward, with clear the gaps at the SDN and sector level and proceeds lines of accountability on both the “doing� and the to recommend actions that can overcome these “monitoring.� constraints and fill the gaps. Many of the actions are likely to be sector or region specific and can be Besides the gaps identified by staff in box 6, there further developed in regional action plans (in re- are more upstream gaps as well. box 6: Staff Reported Constraints to Addressing Gender in World bank Projects In many cases, lack of interest or conviction regarding the importance of gender mainstreaming on the part of teams implementing SDN (or other) projects is a constraint. Even when there is interest and conviction, obstacles get in the way. TTLs trying to overcome these obstacles and constraints cited: ƒ Lack of easy access to gender-disaggregated data in the project area. ƒ Lack of empirical evidence on impact and excessive reliance on anecdotal success stories; often there is a lack of documentation on good practices, failures, and even on the pro- cesses for teams to use to integrate gender. ƒ Shortage of skilled staff in general, particularly in country offices. ƒ Lack of effective training programs for staff and counterparts. ƒ Incentive system that focuses on taking projects to the Board, accompanied by lack of ac- countability for follow-up actions. ƒ Insufficient resources, especially inadequate World Bank budget devoted to gender mainstreaming; many TTLs would use trust fund resources to hire consultants, but need resources for staff time to supervise quality. ƒ Shortage of time to brainstorm within the team and with the counterpart. ƒ Lack of client interest in using World Bank projects to address gender issues, with or with- out conservative cultural norms. Source: Drawn from interviews conducted for this Companion. 41 Photo: Simone D. McCourtie/The World Bank • The first is the issue of heterogeneity across to be synergized. Also, there is a lot of innova- sectors. Some sectors, such as ARD, have a lon- tion on integrating gender outside the Bank, in ger history of gender integration. The priority other MDBs, nongovernmental organizations now is to focus on sectors where mainstream- (NGOs), and the private sector. For the Bank to ing is more challenging due to reasons of gain traction on gender issues, learning from substance and process. and partnering with these actors is critical. • Second, gender is less likely to be addressed in macro-policy documents such as development A. designing Actions for Gender policy loans (DPLs), partially because of the Mainstreaming nature of the instrument (discussions around This section outlines the types of actions that can gender typically do not find place in budget take further the agenda of gender mainstreaming. support operations), and partially because of It is based in large part on the constraints that Bank the type of issues that DPLs have historically staff has identified. handled. • Third, more engendering takes place across 1. Strengthening the availability and SDN sectors at the project level than what is accessibility of relevant evidence on gender accounted for, but this is not always reflected in The relationship between gender and many SDN sec- upstream gold standard strategy documents. tors is complex, and known more through practical • Finally, for gender to be both mainstreamed experience and less through rigorous empirical find- and institutionalized, it is critical that projects ings. This is often cited as the single most important and programs as well as upstream documents bottleneck at the time of designing programs and leverage on the Bank’s internal synergies and projects. Section III made a case for more project- build partnerships outside. As shown in this level analysis, and this section underlines the need Companion, there is a considerable body of for a sound empirical basis for understanding the work on gender within the Bank housed in dif- distributional effects of a proposed project, pro- ferent sectors. These internal advantages need gram, or policy through different vectors, including 42 gender, poverty, place of residence, or any other vec- The WDR 2012 (World Bank 2011d) makes an im- tor in which one group may be disproportionately portant contribution by pulling together a number affected. of evaluation studies that show the importance of infrastructure in enhancing endowments, economic There are three broad kinds of evidence on gen- opportunity, and agency. More recently, the Social der mainstreaming: (i) diagnostic evidence that Development Anchor has reviewed evidence and seeks to understand gender dynamics and the differ- some primary studies that address gender equality ential roles and needs of men and women in a sector, issues in areas that have historically had a weaker program, or project; (ii) evidence on the impact of evidence base. These studies include: interventions; and (iii) gender-disaggregated data • Two studies—a field study to understand (Box 7). All three types are important and comple- the links between poverty, environment, and mentary. gender in Ethiopia and Ghana and another that sought to understand the differential impacts There is considerable variation across the SDN and adaptation patterns of men and women in terms of the empirical underpinnings. More to climate change in Bangladesh—highlighted analytical work and impact evaluations on gender gender dynamics that would otherwise have exist in ARD than in other sectors. There are varia- gone unnoticed. tions within sectors as well. A rapid portfolio analy- • A review of gender and energy more broadly sis of 444 WBG Environment and Natural Resource informed the WDR 2012 (Köhlin et al. 2011; Management (ENRM) projects (FY2002–9) found Clancy et al. 2011) and an ongoing Energy Sec- that projects that dealt with biodiversity conserva- tor Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) tion, environmental policies and institutions, water study on cookstoves addresses not only the resources management, and land administration drudgery that poor women face in their cook- and management made greater progress in address- ing responsibilities, but also how their agency ing gender in their Project Appraisal Documents can be enhanced through improved cookstoves. (PADs) over the period covered by the review than climate change and pollution management (World Bank 2010b). Gender was addressed through one of However, despite these and other examples of more of the following four methods: gender analysis, analytical work that directly affects SDN programs, gender-inclusive consultations, gender-responsive some sectors and areas remain relatively uncharted design, or gender-responsive M&E. as far as understanding gender dynamics is con- cerned, and remain even more uncharted as far as Over the last few years, SDN staff have fo- knowing the impacts of interventions. cused more heavily on providing gender-based evidence in sector strategies and Country As- 2. Disseminating experiences and good practices sistance Strategies (CAS) through a range of and the importance of peer-to-peer learning analytical products. Many of the country gen- A majority of the SDN staff interviewed for this der assessments highlighted in the IEG evaluation Companion agreed that there is not enough ac- (World Bank 2009) as instrumental in engendering cessible practical guidance on how to integrate CAS processes were undertaken by SDN social de- gender into projects and sectors. This is despite velopment staff and by Poverty Reduction and Eco- the existence of tools and “how-to� notes for almost nomic Management (PREM) regional poverty teams all sectors. Yet the quality of these resources is un- (sometimes jointly). More microlevel analyses have even, and they are often not subjected to a rigorous also informed policy dialogue and project prepara- enough review process or piloted well enough to be tion, particularly in the ARD and water and environ- used in the field. A disconnect between the existence ment sectors. of resources, their relevance, and their use comes 43 box 7: Rallying for Gender-Disaggregated Data in Kenya While the agriculture sector in the World Bank has set the pace for gender mainstreaming, both within and outside the SDN, it still suffers from lack of gender-disaggregated data at the project, program, and country level. In particular, understanding intrahousehold allocation of resources and impacts is almost impossible. To address this issue, the Kenya Agricultural Productivity and Agri- business Program, with the financial support of the GAP, developed a gender-disaggregated meth- odology, survey instruments, and questionnaire based on global best practice. Other sectors took the opportunity to piggy back on the survey to generate much-needed gender-disaggregated data in the areas of water and sanitation, energy, and climate change and also to contribute resources. These survey instruments have been used to generate a comprehensive and unique set of gender- disaggregated baseline data, addressing the primary farmer in the household (household survey), plus, where possible and available, a spouse (individual survey). These gender-disaggregated data are currently being analyzed with the aim of effectively contributing to policy dialogue on gender and agriculture and related sectors in Kenya. Source: Adapted from the Kenya CAS. through in this assessment, and going forward, resources for TTLs who are usually under tight knowledge sharing for operational staff needs to deadlines but who want to integrate gender keep in mind their needs and time constraints as into their projects. well as quality, relevance, and ease of access to mate- • TTLs also find sharing with and learning from rials and events. peers to be a very positive way of answering questions and getting ideas and resources. Looking ahead, there are a few key points to keep in Most of the sector staff interviewed for this mind to enhance knowledge management: Companion called for more active but not too • Learning notes and tools are most useful if formal communities of practice that share they draw on real life examples rather than experiences between peers. They also indicated merely a set of arcane “dos� and “don’ts.� In a that time constraints, time differences, and recent publication, the East Asia and Pacific locations of field-based staff prevent them (EAP) Region Infrastructure Unit first took from attending the rich repertoire of seminars stock of its engagement on disaster risk man- that are conducted mostly at World Bank agement and then developed learning notes headquarters. for other teams on how to integrate it. Authors of such stock-taking exercises also become • ARD’s online platform for learning on gender and agriculture and IEG’s successful e-discus- important technical resources in the Bank and sion group on gender and environment, which outside. brought together a large group of internal and • Easy-to-use and well-populated databases that external practitioners, are other examples of contain terms of reference are also excellent recent initiatives in this area.� 44 3. Supporting staff and counterpart capacity 5. Setting aside financial resources for gender through practical training and other mainstreaming from core Bank budget initiatives Most TTLs underscore the importance of “seed mon- TTLs’ reluctance to take on gender issues is often ex- ey� or “top-up funding� for “gender work� in their plained by lack of time, resources, and skills (box 6). projects. Gender focal points in the SDN who have The importance of staff trained in integrating gender access to the Bank budget are far more effective than has been underscored in many assessments conduct- those who have to moonlight to undertake gender- ed by large aid organizations (Mehra and Rao Gupta related activities. While historically few teams have 2006). But while specialists who can support gender had access to the core Bank budget, when they do, it integration in ongoing programs and projects are ensures that gender stays high on the radar of coun- needed, a broader complementary approach can also try and sector management units. Some regions and be effective. This requires a clear sense of training CMUs have already set aside untied funds during the needs, followed by the design of creative modules work program agreement process (box 8). There are linked to other, more popular training programs. also other options for fundraising. Partnerships with Currently Sector Weeks provide the opportunity for governments and the private sector can potentially much of the training on gender. Furthermore, gen- lead to contributions. Some projects have managed der has also now been included in the on-boarding to get bridge financing through bilateral donors at training for new staff in the social development and the country level. the water sectors. 6. Tailoring actions based on the variation Several projects and sectors have invested across lending and nonlending instruments in training project personnel on gender. Peer • Early DPLs focused on utility reforms and learning among project implementation agencies gender aspects were not addressed in most is often more effective than conventional training cases, even in the poverty and social impact programs. In addition to training for Bank staff, the analyses (PSIAs). With new and more flexible SDN, in collaboration with the South–South Experi- DPLs, there is a huge opportunity to address ence Exchange Facility and the World Bank Institute, gender, not just as a mandatory stand-alone can use available resources for peer-to-peer learning paragraph in the document, but through two on gender. Such South–South events, besides being clear ways: important learning opportunities, also give visibility to programs and projects whose demonstration ef- • First, PSIAs can be undertaken as analyses that fects can be substantial. show the differential impacts of the reform on men and women; and 4. System of rewards and incentives for staff • Second, it is possible for DPLs to actually create Many SDN staff feel that formal incentives and change in gender relations through incorporat- recognition can go a long way in motivating them ing gender issues in policy actions. to innovate on gender mainstreaming. The Golden The recent DPL for the state of Bahia in Brazil is a good Plough in ARD, the Green Awards in the environ- example of a policy action that was introduced to pro- ment sector, and the People First Awards in SDV mote gender equality. Similarly, gender was central to are not only incentives, they have also created some a PSIA that was undertaken as a nonlending techni- healthy competition that is motivating staff to im- cal assistance in Orissa, where as part of the request prove their performance. The same can be accom- from the government, the team was asked to assess plished by creating awards to recognize good prac- the impact of SHGs and the participation of women tice in gender mainstreaming. in social audits. Increasingly, PSIAs are addressing the gendered impacts of policy reform, but the evidence 45 box 8: learning from latin America and the Caribbean The Latin America and the Caribbean Region in the World Bank has a history of high-quality support for gender integration. How did this come about? Here are some of actions that made it possible, based on interviews with and inputs from gender coordinators, lead technical staff, and managers. ƒ Championship at the highest level of regional management. ƒ Strong body of analytical work from within the Bank and use of analytical work from outside the Bank. ƒ Regular monitoring at the vice presidential unit (VPU) level that translates into increased attention from country directors. ƒ Either a full-time regional coordinator and/or several staff who devote significant amounts of time to gender. The regional coordinator is usually a senior staff member with some managerial responsibilities who is able to see the opportunities for main- streaming across the portfolio and can maintain contact with country management units (CMUs) as well. ƒ Robust, cross-sector relationships among team “doing gender,� so that ownership of the agenda is broader than when only one network is responsible for gender. ƒ Core Bank budget assigned, which leverages in trust funds, and through substantive col- laboration with bilateral donors. ƒ Strong partnerships with other MDBs and bilateral donors and an active and high capac- ity civil society that also demands accountability from the Bank on gender. ƒ Core Bank products like project-level social assessments and regional reports integrate gender, due in part to the high analytical capacity of the gender coordinators. ƒ Emphasis on formal documentation of good practice and on high profile events on gen- der. ƒ Strong focus on training of gender teams and quality control over their work. ƒ Roster of consultants who act as rapid response teams when needed. Source: Author’s compilation. is still thin and there is room for improvement in re- espouse their commitment to integrating gender. gards to making a difference to more DPLs. For instance, the recently approved Infrastructure Strategy (World Bank 2011b) includes gender as a 7. Integrating gender at sector and policy levels core focus area. Both the IEG evaluation (IEG 2009) and the DFID Multilateral Aid Review (2011) show that gender The CAS or the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) is less likely to be integrated in upstream and is the foundation of the Bank’s engagement at the macrolevel conversations in many aid organiza- country level. Not only do the CAS and CPS lay out tions. This has been the case for some time now, the broad goals of country partnership, but they also as Moser and Moser’s (2005) study of 14 varied develop results matrices and attach indicative bud- international development agencies discovered. gets. In FY2008, only 60 percent of approved CASs Most sector strategies in the SDN do, however, and CPSs had drawn upon the findings of gender as- sessments, but by FY2010, the number had grown to 46 83 percent. In FY2011, there was universal coverage Bank is not yet considered a leader in integrating (World Bank 2011c). gender into policies and operations. Other donors, NGOs, and governments often seem to drive inno- There are now also explicit targets: IDA mandates vation in gender mainstreaming. This review finds 100 percent of CPSs to address gender, and the Cor- that projects that build creative external partner- porate Scorecard mandates the same for all CPSs, ships such as links to civil society or academia tend International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- to report positive results. The Bank’s Development ment and IDA. Marketplace and Lighting Africa are examples of in- In this context, there is already greater demand for novations spurred by small-scale investments and technical expertise as well as the chance to actually creative partnerships. infuse gender considerations through country pro- grams. Responding to CMU demands in an organized a) Private sector. The Bank already engages and high-quality manner will be the responsibility of with the private sector on issues of gender regional focal points and technical staff at the an- at the corporate level, through initiatives. chors, which in turn will need better organization of While it is important to deepen this en- technical and human resources. Figure 5 shows the gagement and partner with International pathways and entry points through which gender Finance Corporation (IFC) in the process, it can be integrated into country programs. is also important to engage the private sec- tor at the national and subnational levels. 8. Reinforcing external partnerships This is particularly important for the SDN While the Bank’s leadership is considered cutting because large private companies actually edge in a variety of development areas and its ana- undertake the construction of infrastruc- lytical work on gender is widely used and cited, the ture in Bank-financed projects, as in others. Major utilities that the Bank engages with box 9: The Country Partnership Strategy Is the Most Influential Point of Entry The Bangladesh CPS (2010–13) included gender as a core result, even before the IDA requirement came into effect. This was preceded by several years of high-impact analytical work that made the link between poverty and gender and presented opportunities for gender mainstreaming across the portfolio. The championship of successive country directors, influence of bilateral donors, an active women’s movement, high-quality technical expertise from several sectors, and a responsive client aided the process. But it is not often possible to have all the ingredients for effective mainstreaming lined up, in which case including key elements in future work is especially important. The Vietnam CPS (2012–16), for example, was informed by the country GAP and gender assessment prepared in 2011, which indicated that the narrowing of gender wage gap should be included as a key element under the equal opportunity pillar of the CPS. Of course the Bank alone is unlikely to make an impact, and partnerships with other agencies, including UN Women, for example, as well as bilateral agencies can be very important. The Honduras CPS (2012–14), in addition to making reference to a number of gender-informed projects in the Bank’s existing portfolio, also includes the commitment of the country office to participate in the gender donor group in Honduras to identify where the Bank’s input may be most useful. 47 are also often private or quasi private. 9. Building on internal synergies b) NGOs and women’s groups, at the internation- One of the most important contributions of the al, national, and local levels. Greater attention WDR 2012 and the attendant internal and external can be paid to those groups that have tradi- pressure to implement its recommendations is that tionally not engaged with the Bank. This is many more sectors within the Bank are paying seri- likely to be a high-risk but high-return ac- ous attention to gender issues. This has created av- tivity also at the country level. Some coun- enues for synergies that were not there before. The tries may consider a client survey on gender. action matrix for the SDN in table 3 reminds sectors to identify internal partnerships where there are c) Academia. Much of the research on gender, natural synergies. Alliances with PRMGE, Poverty as in other areas, takes place in academia, Reduction Group (PRMPR), Private Sector Develop- and engaging this constituency more in ment Unit (PSD), the IFC, Development Economics understanding how research can inform (DEC), and Development Impact Evaluation Initia- projects and programs is an area where tive (DIME) are the most natural ways to generate the Bank can expend more energy. Again, higher impacts. in the face of thin evidence in many of the SDN sectors, engaging academia in fram- The SDN also houses some of the Bank’s most high ing questions and in evaluating impacts is profile partnership programs; the Climate Invest- likely to have positive results. ment Fund, the Global Facility for Disaster Reduc- tion and Recovery (GFDRR), the Program on Forests Figure 5: Evolution of a Country Sector Program—Opportunities and Entry Points 48 (PROFOR), the Cities Alliance, the WSP, the Public- In fact, some of these partnership programs have al- private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), the ready funded some very innovative work within the ESMAP, and the Global Partnership for Output-based SDN. Rather than using these programs mainly as Aid (GPOBA) come under the purview of the SDN. sources of seed money, the SDN can use its consid- Often the donors to these programs have consider- erable influence in countries to make a difference in able capacity and interest in gender mainstreaming. country dialogue and impacts on the ground. Photo: Tran Thi Hoa/The World Bank 49 Photo: Lakshman Nadaraja/The World Bank 50 V. Steps to Strides: SdN Actions on deepening Gender Mainstreaming This final section identifies the elements of SDN ac-  A review to ensure that the Sector Board Work tions endorsed by the highest body of the SDN—the Plans are compatible with regional priorities. Network Council. The major change is in the ac-  An analytical agenda for the sector, in consulta- countability mechanism. In keeping with the rec- tion with the Chief Economist. ommendations of this Companion, the SDN Council  Specificity on engagement with external part- placed the responsibility for gender mainstreaming ners, especially civil society and the private sec- with the Sector Boards who will be held accountable tor. by the SDN Council.  Identification of pipeline projects for impact evaluation. The SDN actions focus on strategic planning, imple-  Identification of sector training needs mentation, and enhanced monitoring, keeping in  Identified senior level (GG-GH) gender “champi- mind that the work on the ground is the mandate of ons� for each sector who will oversee the progress regions, and networks and anchors play supportive and quality of implementation of the work plans technical and strategic roles. Many of these areas of action are in place for some sectors, but by no means uniformly so. Table 3 lays out the discrete actions implementation and monitoring framework.  Modules and/or guidance notes for impact eval- The SDN actions propose shifts the primary onus uations of SDN projects by sector. for actions to Sector Boards and, on the analytical  Guidance note on integrating gender into PSIAs side, to the Chief Economist. Progress monitored by (with PRMGE as part of the efforts to better en- the SDN Council will be complementary to PRMGE gender DPLs). reporting at the corporate level and will follow the  Quarterly SDN Gender (Good Practice) Note same reporting cycle.� SDN reporting to the coun- Series.  Engendering the process and outputs of social cil will include reporting on the SDN Sector Board assessments better through clear guidance and Work Plans as well as on gender mainstreaming in training (with PRMGE). the portfolio.  SDN Gender Award.  SDN-IFC-PRMGE gender coalition to engage the private sector. planning  Allocation of Bank budget to implement Sector SDN Sector Board Work Plans Board Work Plans. The proposed Sector Board Work Plans are intended as multiyear strategic plans on gender. The plans will include, among others, the following aspects: Monitoring  An annual work plan, with Bank budget allocated  PRMGE and Operations Policies and Country 51 Services monitor IDA commitments on gender project level on social assessments and facilitating mainstreaming as well as the Corporate Score community consultations. At the macrolevel, SDV Card. The SDN Council will also receive quar- undertakes social and political analysis as part of terly updates on the lines that PRMGE sends to a CAS process or as stand-alone analytical and ad- the managing directors. visory activity (AAA) and disseminates its findings  The SDN Actions will be directly monitored by through a learning and knowledge-sharing strategy. the SDN Council Gender is salient in all these activities, but particu- larly so in the context of violence prevention and in fragile and conflict situations. Coordination of the SdN Gender Actions As the secretariat to the SDN Council, in its role as The responsibility for coordinating gender main- monitor of the SDN Gender Compact, the SDV will streaming in the SDN was assigned by the SDN strengthen its role in aggregating, coordinating, and Council to the SDV, which functions as the secretar- reporting to the council; preparing briefs for cor- iat to the council. In fulfilling this function, the SDV porate purposes; and coordinating the SDN gender has a dual role— coordination and sector-specific focal points and the SDN Gender Community of actions. On the latter, the SDV takes the lead at the Practice. Photo: Maitreyi Das/World Bank 52 TAblE 3: SDN Actions on Gender Mainstreaming ACTION ACTION bY COMPlETED bY MONITORING bY FREQUENCY OF REPORTING Sector Board Gen- SDN Sector Boards June 2012 SDN Council June 2012 for the der Work Plans with first plan and then Anchor budgets annually Guidance on SDN Sector Boards First module/ Quality and March 2013 and monitoring and with outreach to guidance note by progress monitor- then quarterly evaluation of SDN DEC and DIME December 2012 ing by the Chief projects by Sector Economist’s office, reporting to the Modules and /or Guidance note on SDN Council guidance notes gender in PSIA by and sector-specific July 2012 sample results indicators Guidance on inte- Program Manage- Module on gender SDN Council June 2012 and grating gender into ment of PSIA MDTF in PSIA training then quarterly PSIAs (as a means (SDV with PRMPR developed by July to engender DPLs) and PRMGE) 2012 and piloted by December 2012 SDN Gender SDV with region First note by Sep- Chief Economist December 2012 Notes Series (to and sector inputs tember 2012 and then quarterly document good practice) Engendering SDV with PRMGE Initial guidance SDN Council December 2012 social assessments to social staff by and then annually through clear guid- October 2012 ance and training Gender in social as- sessments included in annual training programs from FY 13, then ongoing SDN Gender Award SDV to initiate First Award by SDN Council June 2013 and March 2013 and then annually then with SDN Weeks SDN-IFC-PRMGE SDV with GPOBA, October 2012 SDN Council December 2012 Gender Coalition to PPIAF and other and then annually engage the private Global Partnership sector programs with significant private sector involvement 53 annex 1: World Bank Group Commitments on Gender Equality President Robert B. Zoellick announced  six new 5. To create a Private Sector Leaders’ Forum to World Bank Group commitments on gender equality support the Gender Action Plan and convene on April 11, 2008. The six commitments are:  their first meeting on the margins of the 2008 1. To measurably improve the integration of gen- Annual Meetings. der equality into the Bank’s Agriculture and 6. To increase IDA investments for gender equal- Rural Development projects by the end of the ity. President Zoellick will ask for a review of implementation of the Gender Action Plan in IDA-funded activities involving gender main- December 2010. In the Africa Region, at least streaming at the end of the IDA15 cycle, with half of the Bank’s rural projects will include the objective of increasing IDA investments on gender-responsive actions in their design. An gender equality in operations financed through example of the work in this sector is helping IDA16. women obtain title to their land, because it is often a prerequisite to obtaining financing. 2. To channel, through the International Finance Corporation (IFC), at least $100 million in cred- it lines at commercial banks for women entre- preneurs by the end of 2012. 3. To have World Bank country directors report by June 1 on what the Bank is doing and what more it should be doing to empower girls and women economically in the countries in which the Bank works. 4. To launch a work program with private and public sector leaders with the theme “young women count for economic development� at an event prior to the 2008 Annual Meetings. The event will focus on the development value of in- creasing adolescent girls’ economic opportuni- ties and seek to mobilize government, donors, Photo: Curt Carnemark/World Bank foundations, and private sector engagement and funds. A first program already being imple- mented is a public-private partnership with the Nike Foundation and the government of Liberia to expand economic opportunities for adoles- cent girls in Liberia through job training and transition-to-work programs. 54 annex 2: Rating the Gender Content of World Bank Operations There are major corporate commitments relating to mension, but they also receive a numerical score 0–3, the extent to which CASs and operations are gender with 0 given to operations that score 0 in all dimen- informed. The corporate scorecard requires 55 per- sions, and 1, 2, or 3 given to activities that score a 1 cent of International Bank for Reconstruction and in 1, 2, or all dimensions, respectively. Operations Development/IDA investment lending is gender in- with scores 1–3 are gender informed, those scoring 0 formed. IDA 16 commitments require that, by the are not. PREM proposes to report not only the mini- end of IDA 16 cycle, at least 60 percent of IDA proj- mally gender-informed projects, but also those that ects are gender informed. Since 2006, PREMGE has cover two dimensions, and highlight those which are reviewed all Bank operations approved by the Board fully gender informed across all three dimensions. using the rather complex Quality Assurance Group (QAG) methodology.5 With the increased empha- In a nutshell, the method can be presented as a sis on results and the growing corporate reporting checklist. on gender, PRMGE, the Gender and Development (GAD) Sector Board, and Operations Policies and Country Services (OPCS) have developed a stream- lined approach to rating operations. This method-  Analysis and/or consultation on ology is simpler, less subjective, and more closely gender-related issues aligned with the approach used in CAS reviews.6 Yes No This annex describes the new methodology.  Specific actions to address the distinct needs of women and girls, or men Methodology and boys, and/or positive impacts on The new methodology assesses the extent to which gender gaps: gender considerations enter into three different Yes No dimensions of an operation: analysis, actions, and monitoring and evaluation. Within each dimension, projects are rated according to a binary scale that  Mechanisms to monitor gender im- takes the value of 1 if the assessment is positive and pact to facilitate gender-disaggregated 0 if it is not. Overall, projects are considered to be analysis gender informed if they score 1 in at least one di- Yes No 5 For more details on the QAG methodology see http://sitere- sources.worldbank.org/INTGENDER/Resources/fy09_ annual_gender_monitoring.pdf (annex 2). 6 This method also enables a flag consisting of three binary ques- If “yes� is selected for any of the three di- tions to be answered by TTLs at the Activity Initiation Summary mensions, this will create a gender flag. (AIS) stage, compulsory from the Concept Note (CN) stage on- wards. This will be introduced at the beginning of FY2013. 55 TAblE A2.1: Gender Rating of Operations—Methodology and Checklist The considerations are briefly elaborated in table A2.1. Dimensions Criteria Guiding questions: does the project …… Check Score Analysis The activity includes • Identify and analyze gender issues relevant to analysis and/or consul- project objectives or components? tation on gender-related • Report findings of country/regional gender issues diagnostics (gender assessment, poverty assess- ment, and so forth) relevant to project develop- ment objectives or components and undertake a social or environmental or poverty and social impact assessment? • Reflect the results of consultations with women/ girls/men/boys and/or NGOs that focus on these groups and/or specific line ministries? If at least one check above 1 Actions The activity is expected • Include specific or targeted actions that address to narrow gender the needs of women/girls or men/boys? disparities, including • Propose safeguards for women in a social or through specific actions environmental assessment or in a resettlement to address the distinct framework? needs of women/girls • Show how interventions are expected to narrow (men/boys) to have existing gender disparities? positive impact(s) on gender equality If at least one check above 1 Monitoring & The activity includes • Include specific gender- and sex-disaggregated evaluation mechanisms to monitor indicators in the results framework? gender impact and • Propose an evaluation that will analyze the facilitate gender-disag- gender-specific impacts of the project? gregated analysis If at least one check above 1 Ratings Overall score In how many dimensions does the document score 1? 0–3 Gender • Does the document score 1 in at least 1 dimen- Y/N Informed sion? • Is the score of this activity 1 or above? 56 annex 3: Methodology of the TTL Interviews To collect information on perceptions of an infor- and mechanisms for idea diffusion across the Bank. mative group of TTLs, the team used a qualitative approach that entailed a purposive sampling strat- The open-ended responses were transcribed and egy and open-ended interviews structured as discus- coded in NVivo by using the interview questions, sions. participant characteristics, and the common phrases that occurred in the data as thematic nodes. NVivo is The TTLs were chosen based on several steps. First, a commonly used qualitative data analysis software the team reviewed secondary resources (for example, that has advanced tools for sorting, categorizing, project documents) and consulted colleagues across and analyzing textual data. It facilitated an inductive the Bank to create a list of willing interviewees from analysis of the responses by making it easier to de- across the SDN. Then, the TTLs who had previously tect recurrent themes and to categorize the related encountered gender in their sectors or projects were responses. selected to make sure the interviews were informa- tive. The sample was diversified on the basis of sec- toral and regional affiliation of the TTLs, although it TAblE A3.1: Sectoral and Regional Distribution of Sampled TTls was not possible to include a TTL from every region for every sector (table A3.1). The resulting sample consisted of 40 staff members (or approximately 10 Extractive Industry percent of all SDN TTLs) across eight sectors, six Environment regions, and the anchor. It was neither random nor Transport representative of the SDN as a whole. Energy Urban Water ARD ICT The TTLs were interviewed in person for 45–60 min- AFR x x x x x x utes, during which they were guided through a set of EAP x questions to discuss three main topics. Since gender ECA x x x is typically seen as a subset of social issues and most LAC x x x SDN projects focus on infrastructure, the interviews started with broad discussions on the perceived MNA x x x roles of infrastructure, social development, and SAR x x x x gender in World Bank and SDN operations. Then, Anchor x x x x x the interviewers zoomed on the specific factors that Note: For each sector, at least one TTL was interviewed the TTLs thought were important for the success from the marked regions. AFR = Africa Region; EAP = of gender innovations in their sectors. Finally, the East Asia and Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; MNA = Middle East and TTLs were asked to discuss the institutional charac- North Africa; SAR = South Africa Region. teristics of the World Bank, focusing particularly on the discouraging dimensions of gender discussions 57 annex 4: Gender Mainstreaming— definitions at Major international Agencies GENERAl DEFINITION Asian • To engender the development process, questioning the nature of development itself as Development reproducing women’s unequal position in society. Bank • Gender as a cross-cutting issue with relevance for and influencing all economic, social, and political processes. • A means to address women’s concerns more holistically and effectively, encouraging the integration of gender considerations into legislation, public policy, programs, and projects. It encourages: a) Gender planning to be applied to all development operations and projects allowing women to be factored into economic and development policy. b) Efforts to encourage women’s participation in the decision-making process in development activities. • To integrate a gender dimension into relevant analytical work and lending instruments. World Bank • To support the strategic integration of gender into operations. • To align resources with the elements of the gender strategy. African • As a means of fostering poverty reduction, economic development, and gender equality on Development the continent. Bank • Includes incorporation of gender perspective in all bank policies, capacity building for gender competence, engendering of the bank’s resource allocation mechanism, identifica- tion of priority areas, and specific monitoring and evaluation indicators. • A process of identifying, taking full account of, and integrating the needs and interests of women and men into all policies, strategies, programs, and administrative and financial activities. It involves the recognition and examination of the cooperative and conflicting relations that exist between women and men. Also seeks to involve women, to the greatest possible extent, in the development decision-making process. SIDA • A practical work to include a gender equality perspective into development efforts. CIDA • No definition. Emphasis on gender equality. USAID • No definition. Emphasis on equal opportunities for women. • To direct the attention to equality as an objective to provide a framework within which to OCDE/DAC identify initiatives targeted at men or at institutional change as a means to move toward equality between women and men. Mainstreaming is the strategy to support the goal of gender equality. It has two major aspects: a) Ties integration of gender equality concerns into the analyses and formulation of all policies, programs, and projects; and b) Initiatives to enable women as well as men to formulate and express their views and partici- pate in decision-making across all development issues. 58 GENERAl DEFINITION APEC • To incorporate gender perspectives into the goals, structures, priorities, policies, decisions, processes, practices, activities, projects and resource allocation as well as participation in all levels. • Gender mainstreaming means women and men having equitable access to and benefit from society’s resources, opportunities and rewards, and equal participation in influencing what is valued and in shaping directions and decisions. United • A strategy for promoting gender equality. Involves ensuring that gender perspectives and Nations attention to the goal of gender equality are central to all activities—policy development, research, advocacy/dialogue, legislation, resource allocation, and planning, implementation, and monitoring of programs and projects. United • Gender mainstreaming makes a gender dimension explicit in all policy sectors, so that gen- Nations der equality is no longer viewed as a separate question but becomes a concern for all policies Development and programs. Programme • Gender mainstreaming is not only a question of social justice, but is necessary for ensuring equitable and sustainable human development by the most effective and efficient means. • Gender mainstreaming, as a comprehensive strategy, should also address the environment (corporate, office) in which policies and programs are developed and implemented. United • To make technical processes gender responsive to influence long-term political, policy, and Nations program decisions that ultimately affect women’s and men’s opportunities, capacities, and Development influence. Fund for Women Food and • General. Agriculture Organization International • An institutional strategy aimed at giving equal opportunities and rights to men and women Labour as beneficiaries, participants, and decision makers. Organization Overall UN definition mandated by the Economic and Social Council The process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic, and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. 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