THE 103680 WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 14 / NO 3 NOVEMBER 2015 INSIDE Making cities prosperous and livable 1-5 Road Safety Hackathon 6-8 Can Indian cities take better Development Dialogue: The bias against women advantage of urbanization to become more prosperous and keeps countries poorer 9-10 ICR Update: Second Elementary Education Project (SSA II) 11-12 The potential of one South Asia 13 livable? U Recent Project Approvals rbanization has the potential to transform South Asian economies and Events 14 to join the ranks of richer nations. But countries like India are not New Additions to the Public fully realizing the potential of their cities for prosperity and livability, Information Center 15-23 and, according to a new World Bank report, a big reason is the difficulty Contact Information 24 in dealing with the pressures that larger urban populations put on About the photograph: South infrastructure, basic services, land, housing and the environment. Asian cities like Mumbai can become more prosperous That leads to what the report calls the region’s “messy and hidden” through better planning, urbanization. connectivity and governance Photograph by Barjor Mehta Urban In India, messy urbanization is reflected Spatial Transformation for Prosperity and population in the nearly 65.5 million Indians who, Livability,” a growing number of people in in South Asia according to the country’s 2011 Census, live South Asia are now living in towns and cities. increased by in urban slums, as well as the 13.7 percent The region’s urban population increased by 130 million of the urban population that lived below 130 million between 2000 and 2011 and is between 2000 the national poverty line in 2011. Hidden poised to grow by almost 250 million more and 2011 and is poised to urbanization is seen in the large share of in the next 15 years. Still, South Asia’s share grow by India’s population that lives in settlements of the global economy remains strikingly almost 250 that possess urban characteristics but do low relative to its share of the world’s urban million more not satisfy the criteria required to be officially population. And levels of gross domestic in the next classified as urban. product (GDP) per capita for India and other 15 years major South Asian countries are below what According to the report, “Leveraging we would predict based on their levels of Urbanization in South Asia: Managing agglomeration. 12 2 The World Bank in India • November 2015 An analysis of India’s urbanization patterns based on night-time lights data shows that the country added seven multicity agglomerations – where a multicity agglomeration is defined as a continuously lit belt of urbanization containing two or more cities, each of which has a population of at least 100,000 people living within its administrative boundaries – between 1999 and 2010 for a total of 30. A key characteristic of urbanization is that agglomeration economies, which are the unintended benefits that firms and workers experience from one another as they cluster together, improve productivity and spur job creation, specifically in manufacturing and services. But Indian cities have not been able to fully realize these benefits. The largest metropolitan centers (Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad) saw a 16 percent loss in For many major Indian agglomerations, manufacturing jobs between 1998 and 2005 rapid growth in peripheral areas has been in their cores areas. On the other hand, job accompanied by evidence of stagnation at growth in their immediate peripheries, which their core, where land management policies consist of suburban towns and villages, are limiting the extent and intensity at which increased by almost 12 percent. land can be used by industry, commerce and housing, the report said. The economic Population growth has been fastest on push away from city cores is also imposing the peripheries of these major cities. For a burden on businesses and people by example, population growth for the district of elevating market connection costs for firms Delhi was 1.9 percent a year between 2001 and commuting costs for workers with and 2011, while the population growth in negative consequences for productivity, Gautam Budh Nagar (its eastern periphery) welfare, mobility, and livability in the major was 4.1 percent a year. cities. The birth of the Coimbatore multi-city agglomeration The largest metropolitan centers in India saw a 16 percent loss in manufacturing jobs between 1998 and 2005 in their core areas. The economic push away from city cores is imposing a burden on business and people The World Bank in India • November 2015 12 3 Employment growth in Indian metropolitan cores and their peripheries by sector, 1998-2005 Source: World Bank 2013 based on Economic Census data covering manufacturing establishments of all sizes (organized and unorganized). Note: Metropolitan core includes an area with a radius of 10 kilometers centered on the main metropolis. Suburban towns comprise urban areas 10–50 kilometers from the metropolitan core, and suburban villages comprise rural areas in the same vicinity. These figures are averages for the seven largest metropolitan areas (in descending order of population): Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad. Patterns of annual nighttime lights growth around New Delhi, 1999-2010 Source: World Bank staff based on analysis of Defense Metrological Satellite Program – Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime lights data. 12 4 The World Bank in India • November 2015 Ahmedabad has plans to transform and strengthen the character of its central business district, and to improve walkability by utilizing its connectivity to a proposed metrorail system and its waterfront. It also proposes to double the street network coverage and green cover through the use of targeted urban planning and design guidelines. To tackle messy Policy Actions lasting improvements in both prosperity and livability, policies are also required to improve urbanization, To better tap into the economic potential the ways in which cities are connected and policies are that urbanization offers, policymakers in planned, the working of land and housing required to India and throughout South Asia should markets, and cities’ resilience to natural improve how cities are consider actions at two levels – the disasters and the effects of climate change. planned, institutional level and the policy level. At the For instance, India’s Golden Quadrilateral the working institutional level, the region would benefit Highway and Ahmedabad city’s Bus Rapid of land and from improvements in the ways in which Transit System (BRTS) are examples of housing towns and cities are governed and financed. markets, good connectivity and planning. Cities can Specifically, the report said that reform and cities’ transform into more livable, productive and is required to address three fundamental resilience vibrant centers by steering away from one- deficits – in empowerment, resources and to natural size-fits-all policies towards more granular, disasters accountability: inclusive and dynamic approaches to urban ● Intergovernmental fiscal relations must be planning and design that meet short-term improved to address empowerment. needs while taking a long-term view of ● Practical ways must be identified to development and land resources. increase the resources available to local South Asia’s policymakers, the World Bank governments to allow them to perform report says, face a choice: Continue on their mandated functions. the same path or undertake reforms to tap ● Mechanisms must be strengthened to (Change background colour as needed) into the unrealized potential of South Asia’s hold local governments accountable for cities. It won’t be easy but such actions their actions. are essential in making the region’s cities However, these reforms by themselves will prosperous and livable. not suffice. Download the full report: To tackle messy urbanization and bring about http://tinyurl.com/oynntsp The World Bank in India • November 2015 12 5 Road Safety Hackathon In India, a Hackathon to promote #SafeRoads and #SaveLives • The Kerala Road Safety Authority supported by the World Bank Group organized a hackathon to promote road safety. • Over 180 young developers took part in the 36-hour non-stop event to build technology and create solutions to make India’s roads safer. • The programs and applications will help improve road safety by upgrading the engineering of Indian roads. I t’s 2.30 am in the early hours of a Sunday morning and Jikku Jose is hunched over his laptop amidst a sea of cables, workstations Bank Group, has asked developers to create either software or hardware based programs or applications that will help improve road and coffee cups. The engineering student is safety by upgrading the engineering of among the 180 young developers who are Indian’s roads, ensuring that traffic rules part of a 36-hour non-stop event where they are enforced, promoting driver education, are trying to create solutions to make India’s or improving emergency care for accident roads safer. victims. The country’s first-ever road safety hackathon “We are passionate about simple and elegant is underway in Trivandrum, Kerala, at one solutions,” said 29-year-old Jose, who along of the largest IT parks in the nation. The with team member Rakesh are working hackathon, organized by the Kerala Road towards building their start-up company. Safety Authority and supported by the World “We are fighting against time to create a real 6 The World Bank in India • November 2015 time dashboard to respond to any traffic device, the helmet can be paired with a emergency.” motorcycle in such a manner that the engine will only start when the rider puts the helmet Their all-night efforts have clearly paid off on. Nithin, a mechanical engineering student, as the solution they came up with called hopes this system will not only enforce the ‘Third Eye’ won the first prize in the software use of helmets but also act as an effective category. Third Eye’s dashboard, located at anti-theft device. the police control room, allows anyone with a mobile phone to instantly alert the nearest Since motorcyclists are particularly vulnerable police station of a road accident through a to being hit from behind due to poor visibility, simple text message. The system uses open the smart helmet also has a sensor based standards protocols to virtually connect any light that will come on if the brake light fails, device that complies with the API. “Our effort indicating to the vehicle behind that the bike is to reach the entire population without has slowed down. adding any further technology or extra cost,” “The product can be retrofitted to helmets beamed Jikku. or can be embedded in helmets by The first prize in the hardware category went manufacturers,” said Nithin. And given the to twenty four-year old Nithin who developed high percentage of fatalities among bike a ‘smart helmet’. Embedded with a radio riders, he added: “I hope this system will help change the disturbing statistics on motorcycle fatalities.” The prize for the most innovative solution went to three final year students from the Federal Institute of Science and Technology in Angamaly, Kerala. The trio – Krishna Venu, Albert Jose and V S Ajayson developed a mobile application called ‘Bon Voyage’ that gives credit points to drivers for good driving. The application can be accessed from a mobile phone or a computer with an internet connection. The app enables Google maps to analyze the speed of the road user, check if the driver had obeyed The World Bank in India • November 2015 7 speed limits, and if so, award credit points. of the Kerala Road Safety Authority, and the Drivers can redeem these credit points as moving force behind this initiative, couldn’t online gift vouchers, as tax benefits, or as be more pleased with what the hackathon reductions in their insurance premiums. The has achieved. “The event helped us identify aim is “enforcement without enforcing,” said some great talents and ideas. Within the Ajayson. “We are trying to develop a system next couple of months, we shall evaluate that can motivate people to be good both on these ideas and products and then sign the road and in their hearts.” agreements with team members to purchase or upgrade their products for public use,” These techies couldn’t have got a she said. better platform to showcase their ideas. “Hackathons provide a great environment Whatever path the government decides to for ideas. You meet like-minded people who choose in implementing these ideas, one (Change background colour as needed) can offer tips and advice and give feedback thing is certain. The hackathon has instilled on your prototype. You can also assess how in these young engineers a sense of social marketable your idea is,” added Albert Jose. responsibility – particularly in promoting safer roads in the country. R Sreelekha, the Transport Commissioner 8 The World Bank in India • November 2015 Development Dialogue The bias against women keeps countries poorer Policymakers can use the evidence that shows the economic benefits of equality by ridding their system of discriminating laws that are holding women back, says Mulyani Indrawati, the Chief Operating Officer and Managing Director of the World Bank I n 100 countries around the world, women are barred from doing certain work solely because they are women. Over 150 countries reading when you care about inclusion and ending poverty. have at least one law that is discriminatory Countries whose laws discriminate against towards women. And only 18 countries are women and do not promote gender free of any law disadvantaging women. equality suffer economically. Previous research tells us that gender gaps in This is just the tip of the iceberg of legal women’s entrepreneurship and labour force barriers for women to achieve their full participation account for estimated income economic potential. New World Bank Group losses of 27 per cent in West Asia and North research in the ‘Women, Business and the Africa; 19 per cent in South Asia; 14 per cent Law 2016’ report shows that in 32 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean; and women cannot apply for passports in the 10 per cent in Europe. These are losses that same way as men and in 18 countries they many countries can’t afford, particularly those cannot get a job if their husbands feel it is facing high levels of poverty. not in the family’s interest. Jordan and Iran are among them. In 59 countries, there are There is good news too: countries like no laws against sexual harassment at work. Bangladesh are encouraging participation of Myanmar, Uzbekistan and Armenia are women in the workforce. If they stay on track, among 46 countries where there is no legal their female workforce will grow from 34 to protection against domestic violence. In a 82 per cent over the next decade, adding 1.8 nutshell, the research makes for depressing percentage points to their GDP. In the 1990s The World Bank in India • November 2015 9 very few countries had laws protecting women results. In India, inheritance law reform from violence; now 127 do partially because has provided greater economic freedom to the world is more aware of the human and women. Women used their increased savings economic cost of mistreating women. to spend twice as much money on their daughters’ education. When women are allowed to work in a profession of their choice, when they have The private sector benefits too. A survey access to financial services and when of 6,500 firms showed that where women they are protected, by law, from domestic had greater representation on boards, violence, they are not only economically those organisations were less likely to be empowered, they also live longer. The more hit by scandals like bribery or fraud. Yet, say they have over the household income and surprisingly, only nine countries have laws the more they participate in the economy, the where at least one woman has to be a board more girls are enrolled in secondary school, member of a publicly listed company. the larger the benefits for their children, The link between the fight against poverty their communities, and their countries. In and gender equality is strong, which is fact, every additional year of primary school why we work with many countries to tackle boosts girls’ eventual wages by 10 to 20 per gender-based barriers. We have worked with cent, and an extra year of secondary school Cote d’Ivoire in removing legal provisions by 15 to 25 per cent. that discriminated against women. In Critics will argue that in some countries the Democratic Republic of Congo, we where gender-specific laws exist, there is supported the government in drafting a new limited enforcement. While that is true, better family code that would improve the business rule of law is associated with having more climate for women. gender-equal laws on the books. Specialised Policymakers have a choice. They can use courts that tackle cases of acts of violence the overwhelming evidence that shows the against women can help provide effective economic benefits of equality by ridding their legal action. In Brazil, the Maria da Penha (Change background colour as needed) system of discriminating laws that are holding Law allowed for the creation of domestic and women back. Or they can maintain the status family violence courts. quo and condemn whole societies to remain Several South Asian countries don’t afford poorer then they need to be. women the same rights as men. But some countries have made important strides in This article was originally published in the addressing these issues, leading to great Hindu newspaper on 10 September 2015 10 The World Bank in India • November 2015 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Second Elementary Education Project (SSA II) Context Second Elementary Education Project (SSA II) The first phase (2004-2007) of the Government of India’s Approval Date: 15 May, 2008 flagship universal elementary Closing Date: 30 September, 2012 education program (SSA) had achieved significant Total Project Cost US$ 7.1 billion results. The number of out of school children were Bank Financing (IDA): US$ 1.3 billion reduced from 25 million to 13.5 million, gender parity Implementing Agency: Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India was close to being achieved and 35 State/UT Implementation and substantial progress Societies had been made in terms of enhancing access to other Outcome: Moderately Satisfactory social groups (schedule Risk to Development Substantial castes and scheduled tribes) Outcome: and the transition rate from primary to upper primary Overall Bank Moderately Satisfactory education had increased Performance: from 75 percent to 83 Overall Borrower Moderately Satisfactory percent. Performance: The World Bank in India • November 2015 12 11 However challenges still remained, in The share of girls in primary education rose terms of access to the most marginalized to 48.35 percent and those in upper primary communities and at the upper primary levels to 48.63 percent. This was slightly higher and on improving education quality. The than their share in primary (47.9 percent) and World Bank’s Board of Directors approved upper primary (47.4 percent) age population. a US$600 million IDA credit in May 2008. Under SSA II, there was a gradual increase An additional credit of US$ 750 million was in the identification and enrolment of children approved in March 2010, to help finance with special needs (CWSN). Those identified costs associated with additional and rose from 2.63 million in 2007-08 to 3.27 expanded activities for the project. million in 2012 (a 24 percent increase). Project Development Objectives The retention rates at elementary level The project’s objective was to significantly also improved. In those states where the increase the number of 6-14 year-old children elementary cycle constituted eight years, – especially from special focus groups – elementary level retention improved from enrolled, regularly attend and complete 32 percent at baseline to 55 percent (against elementary education and demonstrate basic the target of 45 percent) while it improved learning levels. from 45.5 percent to 81 percent (against the target of 70 percent) during the same period in those states where the elementary cycle comprised of 7 years. Significantly, the average annual drop-out rate (year to year) reduced from above 10 percent in 2005-06 to 6.5 percent in 2011-12. Lessons Learnt ● SSA provided development partners with a viable platform to work under a common results framework. This significantly reduced the transaction costs for the government. Continuous and intensive engagement across the program and technical and advisory support helped resolve issues during implementation. Achievements ● A realistic assessment of the capacity Data collected by the government and is important to inform the design and independent survey agencies showed sequencing of the reform programs for that the number of out-of-school children optimal impact. reduced from 13.5 million in 2005 (baseline ● Regular diagnostic assessments for survey) to 8.15 million in 2009. On an tracking student achievement are good average the number of out-of-school children initial steps towards improving student reduced by 2.37 million annually over the learning outcomes. period 2007 to 2010. These trends indicate ● Availability of timely and reliable data that the number of such children would fall to around 4 million by 2011-12, exceeding is essential for choosing the results the project target of 4.9 million. Around 137.1 indicators to measure the achievement of the development objectives. million students enrolled in primary and 62.1 million students in upper primary as of 2011- ● Communication is key to successful 12 data. interventions. Communicating “changes”, especially those related to the “softer” Under SSA II, 161,600 new primary schools aspects of education (like quality and 97,300 upper primary schools were interventions, intentions and outcomes) opened. A total of 650,442 class rooms were (Change background colour as needed) is quite challenging, but unless the added. Girls, and scheduled tribes and message is conveyed properly to various scheduled castes children were enrolled at stakeholders, the intended outcomes will or beyond their shares in the population. be difficult to achieve. 12 The World Bank in India • November 2015 The potential of one South Asia in 4 numbers By Delilah Liu and Sanjay Kathuria You don’t have to be a number-cruncher to enjoy this challenge: 1, 5, 200, and 2,800,000,000. Close your eyes after reading these numbers. Can you recite them in the right order? Intrigued? If you’re interested in the development of South Asia, these four numbers will resonate with you. They represent four areas of opportunity for the region to further integrate and thrive economically. Prior to the South Asia Economic Conclave, held in September this year, Sanjay Kathuria, Lead Economist at the World Bank, met with 30 Indian graduate students and shared the 4 numbers with them: Only 1 percent of Nepal’s hydropower has been realized. (Keep in mind the rampant power deficit in South Asia!) 1% Intra-regional trade between 5% South Asian countries only account for 5% of their GDP, versus 25% of that of ASEAN countries. South Asian Countries ASEAN Countries 200 Northeast India is landlocked and only connected with the rest of India via the Siliguri Corridor, or Chicken’s Neck, a narrow stretch of land that spans 1,600 kilometers. If Bangladesh, lying on one side of the corridor, creates a Current distance: Shortened distance: passage for goods originating from Northeast India, the 1600 km 200 km route will shorten to a mere 200km. 2.8 Trade between India and Pakistan has the potential to expand 10-27 times from the Billion current level of $2.8 billion. So let me recap these numbers one last time: A mere 1% of Nepal’s vast hydro energy potential is being tapped into; intra-regional trade is bottoming at 5% of South Asian countries’ GDP; only 200 kilometers are needed to spur India-Bangladesh trade; and the level of trade between India and Pakistan is stuck at a meagre $2.8 billion. Do you find it much easier to remember 1, 5, 200, and 2,800,000,000 now? Let’s not miss out on these four opportunities. They represent the potential of South Asia’s young and hopeful! Excerpted from: http://tinyurl.com/puyzd5t The The Bank World World Bank in India in India • January 2015 13 • November Recent Project Approvals Nai Manzil: Education and Skills Training for Minorities Project T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors has approved a US$ 50 million credit for the Nai Manzil: Education and The project will reach out to disadvantaged youth from minority communities and support their enrolment in open schooling, as well Skills Training for Minorities Project to help as provide hands-on vocational training school drop-outs from minority communities to help them access suitable jobs. It will complete their education and gain from also provide post-placement support to market-driven training programs with the assist sustainable employment for those aim of integrating them into employment students who opt to enter the labor market. mainstream. Together, these interventions will aim to improve the employability and performance The project will support the Government of of minority youth in the labor market. The India’s national Nai Manzil (New Horizon) (Change background colour as needed) project will also strengthen the capacity of Scheme, a comprehensive education and the Ministry of Minority Affairs (MoMA) for skills development program for youth from project implementation, planning and policy minority communities, launched in August development. this year. Events Workshop similar study carried out in 2009. The survey canvassed nearly 700 small, medium and Employability of post-secondary graduates large firms. In 2009, only 39 percent employers New Delhi • 18 August 2015 had found engineering graduates’ skills to be satisfactory or very satisfactory; this share had T he World Bank and FICCI held a workshop increased substantially to 80 percent in 2015, on ‘Employability of post-secondary driven by improvements in both technical graduates’ in New Delhi on August 18, 2015. and soft skills. Employers continue to invest The workshop was attended by representatives heavily in training for new employees. from public and private universities and staff Sangeeta Goyal, Senior Economist, World from the host organizations. Bank presented consolidated findings from Toby Linden, Lead Education Specialist, a number of tracer studies of trainees and World Bank presented findings from a 2015 students who had passed out from Industrial employers’ perception survey of recent Training Institutes, Polytechnics and Colleges engineering graduates, following on from a in Delhi, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh. Key highlights include: m post-secondary education and training lead to better labor market outcomes; m transition mechanisms from education and training to work are weak, exacerbated by patchy linkages between employers and education and training institutions; (Change background colour as needed) m geographical mobility is limited among graduates; and m effective job search strategies make a difference. 14 The World Bank in India • November 2015 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Leveraging Urbanization in South Asia: Managing The World Bank PIC Spatial Transformation for Prosperity and Livability The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By World Bank 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Available: on-line New Delhi – 110 001, India English; 208 Pages Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Published: October 2015 Website: www.worldbank.org ISBN: 978-1-4648-0662-9 Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org Urbanization provides South Asian countries with the PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR potential to transform their economies to join the ranks Viva Books Pvt Ltd of richer nations in both 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj prosperity and livability, but a new World Bank report New Delhi – 110 002 finds the region, while making strides, has struggled to Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 make the most of the opportunity. The number of people Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 in South Asia’s cities rose by 130 million between 2000 Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net and 2011– more than the entire population of Japan. This was linked to an improvement in productivity and Other Preferred Stockist in India a reduction in the incidence of extreme poverty. But the Anand Associates region’s cities have struggled to cope with the pressure 1219 Stock Exchange Tower of population growth on land, housing, infrastructure, 12th Floor, Dalal Street basic services, and the environment. As a result, Mumbai – 400 023 urbanization in South Asia remains underleveraged in Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 its ability to deliver widespread improvements in both Email: thrupti@vsnl.com Website: www.myown.org prosperity and livability. Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) Understanding India’s urban frontier: What is behind Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd the emergence of census towns in India? Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 By Partha Mukhopadhyay, Marie-HeleneZerah and Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com Website: www.alliedpublishers.com Augustin Maria Available: on-line Bookwell English; 54 Pages 24/4800 Ansari Road, Published: August 2015 Daryaganj Report no.: AUS7449 New Delhi – 110 002 According to the latest Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 census of 2011, the Email: bookwell@vsnl.net urbanization level in India has increased from 27.8 percent in 2001 to 31.2 The World Bank in India • November 2015 15 percent in 2011, and for the first time, the absolute increase in urban population exceeded the increase South Asia Publications in rural population. India has different administrative arrangements for rural and urban areas, which are based South Asia Economic Focus, Fall 2015: Getting on the 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution of Prices Right – The Recent Disinflation and Its India respectively. Implications Since the census towns continue to be governed by By World Bank rural administrative arrangements this situation raises Available: on-line an additional set of questions, in addition to the nature English; 70 Pages of economic transformation, related to the trade-offs- Published: October 2015 between rural and urban status. ISBN: 978-1-4648-0734-3 This report highlights the existing literature on The South Asia Economic small towns along the three main axis of research: Focus is a biannual governance, employment, and spatial change. It also economic update provides a detailed rationale for the choice of sites and presenting recent economic expands on the methodology chosen. developments and a near term economic outlook for South Asia. It includes a Focus section presenting more in depth analysis of Livelihoods in intermediate towns: Social dynamics an economic topic of relevance for stability, growth of non-farm economy and prosperity in the region as well as country briefs covering Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, By Rohan G. Selvaratnam Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It concludes Available: on-line with a data section providing key economic indicators English; 134 Pages for South Asia “at a glance”. Published: August 2015 Report no. : AUS7434 Overall, it aims at providing important background information and timely analysis of key indicators and This report is based on economic and financial developments of relevance a field study of two large to World Bank Group operations and interaction with settlements, Satghara counterparts in the region, particularly during annual and (a census town) and spring meeting. Bhagwatipur (a rural cluster with 10,000 plus population) in the Madhubani district of Bihar. The study explores India: Policy Research Working Papers the social dynamics of the rural non-farm economy by empirically mapping non-farm occupations in both the WPS 7426 settlements. Changing wage structure in India in the post-reform It examines the dynamics of caste, community, and era: 1993-2011 gender within the social organization of the non- By Hanan G. Jacoby and Basab Dasgupta farm economy in terms of their economic and social hierarchies and the differential incomes and status they This paper documents the changing structure of wages provide. in India over the post-reform era, the roughly two- decade period since 1993. The study also looks at the relationship of the local non-farm economy with patterns of outmigration. It To investigate the factors underlying these changes, further attempts to understand the manner in which a supply-demand framework is applied at the level of the changes in the regional structures of power and the Indian state. While real wages have risen across domination have influenced the local economic India over the past two decades, the increase has processes and are being influenced by them with a been greater in rural areas and, especially, for unskilled specific focus on the non-farm economy in the two workers. setting. The analysis finds that, in rural areas, the changing The study also attempts an assessment of the possible wage structure has been driven largely by relative supply development and urbanizing effects of the rather rapid factors, such as increased overall education levels and growth of nonfarm economy in rural Madhubani. falling female labor force participation. Relative wage changes between rural and urban areas have been driven largely by shifts in employment, notably into unskilled-intensive sectors like construction. 16 The World Bank in India • November 2015 WPS 7416 By Paromita Sanyal, Vijayendra Rao and Shruti Oral democracy and women’s oratory competency in Majumdar Indian village assemblies: A qualitative analysis This paper brings together sociological theories of By Paromita Sanyal, Vijayendra Rao and Umang culture and gender to answer the question – how do Prabhakar large-scale development interventions induce cultural change? Through three years of ethnographic work in This paper undertakes a talk-centered analysis of rural Bihar, the authors examine this question in the the gram sabha with a focus on examining the oral context of Jeevika, a World Bank-assisted poverty participation of women in general and women affiliated alleviation project targeted at women, and find support with microcredit self-help groups who have access to an for an integrative view of culture. associational life. The paper argues that Jeevika created new “cultural The qualitative analysis of 255 gram sabha transcripts configurations” by giving economically and socially from four South Indian states finds that women disadvantaged women access to a well-defined network associated with microcredit self-help groups employ of people and new systems of knowledge, which a wider variety of narrative styles and utilize a more changed women’s habitus and broke down normative multilayered structure to convey their messages restrictions constitutive of the symbolic boundary of compared with all women taken together. Thus, the gender. difference is not so much in the numerical instances of talking or in the types of issues raised, but rather in the quality of participation. Other Publications The World Bank Annual Report 2015 WPS 7412 Job opportunities along the rural-urban gradation By World Bank and female labor force participation in India Available: on-line English; 60 Pages By Urmila Chatterjee, Rinku Murgai and Martin G. Rama Published: October 2015 The recent decline in India’s rural female labor force ISBN: 978-1-4648-0574-5 participation is generally attributed to higher rural e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0582-0 incomes in a patriarchal society. Together with the The Annual Report is prepared growing share of the urban population, where female by the Executive Directors participation rates are lower, this alleged income effect of the International Bank for does not bode well for the empowerment of women as Reconstruction and Development India develops. (IBRD) and the International This paper argues that a traditional supply-side Development Association (IDA) – collectively known interpretation is insufficient to account for the decline as the World Bank – in accordance with the by-laws of in female participation rates, and the transformation of the two institutions. The President of the IBRD and IDA the demand for labor at local levels needs to be taken and the Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors into account as well. A salient trait of this period is submits the Report, together with the accompanying the collapse in the number of farming jobs without a administrative budgets and audited financial statements, parallel emergence of other employment opportunities to the Board of Governors. considered suitable for women. The paper develops a novel approach to capture the The World Bank Group A to Z 2016 structure of employment at the village or town level, and allow for differences along six ranks in the rural-urban By World Bank gradation. It also considers the possible misclassification Available: on-line of urban areas as rural, as a result of household surveys English; 268 Pages lagging behind India’s rapid urbanization process. The Published: October 2015 results show that the place of residence along the World Bank Studies rural-urban gradation loses relevance as an explanation ISBN: 978-1-4648-0484-7 of female labor force participation once local job e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0655-1 opportunities are taken into account. The World Bank Group A to Z provides concise and essential information about the mission, policies, WPS 7411 procedures, products, and services of the World Bank Recasting culture to undo gender: A sociological Group. This second edition is a follow-up to the first analysis of Jeevika in rural Bihar, India volume released for the 2014 Annual Meetings. The World Bank in India • November 2015 17 Going Universal: How 24 Developing Countries are Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal Implementing Universal Health Coverage from the By World Bank Bottom Up Available: on-line By Daniel Cotlear, Somil English; 268 Pages Nagpal, Owen Smith, Ajay Published: September 2015 Tandon and Rafael Cortez ISBN: 978-1-4648-0677-3 Available: on-line e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0678-0 English; 286 Pages By measuring where Published: September 2015 the law treats men and ISBN: 978-1-4648-0610-0 women differently, Women, e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0611-7 Business and the Law The book does not attempt shines a light on how women’s incentives or capacity to to identify best practices, work are affected by the legal environment and provides but rather aims to help a basis for improving regulation. policy makers understand the options they face, and The fourth edition in a series, it examines laws and help develop a new operational research agenda. The regulations affecting women’s prospects as entrepreneurs main chapters are focused on providing a granular and employees in 173 economies, across seven areas: understanding of policy design, while the appendixes accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, offer a systematic review of the literature attempting providing incentives to work, building credit, going to to evaluate Universal Health Coverage (UHC) program court, and protecting women from violence. impact on access to services, on financial protection, and on health outcomes. The Extractive Industries Sector: Essentials for Economists, Public Finance Professionals, and Global Monitoring Report 2015/2016: Development Policy Makers Goals in an Era of Demographic Change By Håvard Halland, Martin By World Bank Lokanc and Arvind Nair Available: on-line Available: on-line English; 307 Pages English; 148 Pages Published: October 2015 Published: September 2015 The Global Monitoring World Bank Studies Report 2015/2016, ISBN: 978-1-4648-0492-2 produced by the World Bank e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0605-6 Group in partnership with The extractive industries (EI) the International Monetary sector occupies an outsize Fund, comes at an inflection space in the economies point in both the setting of global development goals of many developing countries. This report provides an and the demographic trends affecting those goals. understanding of the sector; its economics, governance, The report presents the latest global poverty numbers, and policy challenges; as well as the implications of based on the 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) data, natural resource wealth for fiscal and public financial and examines the pace of development progress through management. the lens of the evolving global development goals. The special theme of this year’s report examines the Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Africa’s complex interaction between demographic change and Infrastructure: The Power and Water Sectors development. With the number of children approaching a global ceiling of two billion, the world’s population is By Raffaello Cervigni, Rikard growing slower. It is also aging faster, with the share Liden, James E. Neumann of people of working age starting a decline in 2013. and Kenneth M. Strzepek But the direction and pace of these trends vary starkly Available: on-line across countries, with sizeable demographic disparities English; 216 Pages between centers of global poverty (marked by high Published: September 2015 fertility) and drivers of global growth (marked by rapid Africa Development Forum aging). These demographic disparities are expected ISBN: 978-1-4648-0466-3 to deeply affect the pursuit of the post-2015 agenda, e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0467-0 accentuating existing challenges and creating new opportunities. The report evaluates the 18 The World Bank in India • November 2015 impacts of climate change on hydro-power and irrigation Bank Group. Benefitting from new worldwide datasets expansion plans in Africa’s main rivers basins (Niger, and information on financial development, it provides a Senegal, Volta, Congo, Nile, Zambezi, Orange); and broad and balanced review of the evidence and distill outlines an approach to reduce climate risks through pragmatic lessons on long-term finance and related suitable adjustments to the planning and design policies. process. The book finds that failure to integrate climate change Confronting Climate Uncertainty in Water Resources in the planning and design of power and water Planning and Project Design: The Decision Tree infrastructure could entail, in scenarios of drying climate Framework conditions, losses of hydropower revenues between 5 percent and 60 percent (depending on the basin); and By Patrick A. Ray and increases in consumer expenditure for energy up to 3 Casey M. Brown times the corresponding baseline values. Available: on-line English; 146 Pages Published: August 2015 State Water Agencies in Nigeria: A Performance ISBN: 978-1-4648-0477-9 Assessment e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0478-6 By Berta Macheve, The report describes Alexander Danilenko, Roohi an approach to facing Abdullah, Abel Bove and L. two fundamental and Joe Moffitt unavoidable issues brought about by climate change Available: on-line uncertainty in water resources planning and project English; 166 Pages design. The first is a risk assessment problem. The Published: September 2015 second relates to risk management. Directions in Development – This book provides background on the risks relevant in Infrastructure water systems planning and the different approaches to ISBN: 978-1-4648-0657-5 water system planning. e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0666-7 The report highlights the need for investments to the tune of US$6 billion in the water sector in Nigeria in the Early Childhood Education and Development in next 10 years if the country is to achieve universal water Indonesia: An Assessment of Policies Using SABER supply coverage. The report provides a structured and By Amina Denboba, Amer quantitative snapshot of Nigeria’s urban water sector. Hasan and Quentin Wodon It focuses on water provision services from the States’ Available: on-line Water Authorities or Water Boards (SWAs) as they are English; 140 Pages the major and only regulated agencies that provide Published: August 2015 water to the urban population. World Bank Studies ISBN: 978-1-4648-0646-9 e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0651-3 Global Financial Development Report 2015/2016: Long-Term Finance This report presents findings from an assessment of Early By World Bank Childhood Development Available: on-line (ECD) policies and programs in Indonesia based on English; 208 Pages two World Bank tools: the ECD module of the Systems Published: August 2015 Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) and a Global Financial guide on essential interventions for investing in young Development Report children. Results from the application of both tools ISBN: 978-1-4648-0472-4 to Indonesia are used to suggest a number of policy e-ISBN: 978-1-4648-0471-7 options for consideration. The report focuses on the ability of financial systems to sustainably extend the maturity of financial contracts for private agents. It builds upon findings from recent and ongoing research, lessons from operational work, as well as on inputs from financial sector professionals and researchers both within and outside the World The World Bank in India • November 2015 19 India Project Documents Strengthening FMIS Capacity in Bihar Project ID P154283 Date 05 October 2015 Report No. PIDC32035 (Project Information Document) Project ID P157111 ISDSC15423 (Integrated Safeguards Report No. ISDSC15051 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Data Sheet) PIDC32458 (Project Information Andhra Pradesh Rural Inclusive Growth Project Document) Date 09 September 2015 Tejaswini: Socioeconomic Empowerment of Project ID P146936 Adolescent Girls & Young Women Report No. RES20203 (Project Paper) Date 28 September 2015 Project ID P150576 Uttar Pradesh Pro-Poor Tourism Development Project Report No. PIDC32060 (Project Information Document) Date 02 September 2015 ISDSC15024 (Integrated Safeguards Project ID P146936 Data Sheet) Report No. PIDA27121 (Project Information Document) Nai Manjil: Education and Skills Training for ISDSC15024 (Integrated Safeguards Minorities Data Sheet) Date 24 September 2015 Project ID P156363 National Dairy Support Project Report No. PIDISDSA15305, 15089 (Project Date 31 August 2015 Information Document) Project ID P107648 PIDISDSA15305, 15089 (Integrated Report No. RES20587 (Project Paper) Safeguards Data Sheet) SFG1304 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) National Ganga River Basin Project Date 17 August 2015 Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Project ID P119085 Date 23 September 2015 Report No. SFG1326 (Environmental Assessment) From the Blogworld Moving toward solutions for youth employment: Improving the odds for the next generation Submitted by Nicole Goldin I t sometimes seems like a lifetime ago, but I can still remember what it felt like going off to work after school as a teenager and then as a young adult. I was excited. I was sometimes nervous and challenged by new responsibilities. I felt empowered. I felt valuable. I felt independent – especially when I got paid. I started thinking about what might be next (Change background colour as needed) and I was optimistic about my future. Today, however, hundreds of millions of youth around the world do not share these feelings and will not have these warm memories in the years ahead. Read more: http://tinyurl.com/nlbchmv 20 The World Bank in India • November 2015 Five challenges prevent financial access for Shutting doors on women: How countries are people in developing countries legally preventing half their population from Submitted by Gloria M. Grandolini reaching their full economic potential By Katrin Schulz W hen Niloufar Ardalan, a 30-year-old professional athlete and the captain of the Iranian women’s indoor soccer team, recently got the opportunity to represent her country and play in the Asia Cup, she and her teammates must have been thrilled. But to play in the prestigious championship, Ardalan faced a major legal hurdle – one that you might not expect: It came not from immigration law or employment law, but from family law.
 Iranian law prevents married women from traveling outside the country without the permission of T wo billion people worldwide still lack access to regulated financial services. Despite significant progress and the increased technical and financial resources devoted to financial inclusion, much work (Change background colour as needed) remains ahead. There is broad consensus that access to a transaction account can help people better manage their life and plan for emergencies. Read more: http://tinyurl.com/nge4b8t Raise your PPP IQ Submitted by Tanya Scobie Oliveira their husbands. Ardalan’s husband – a well-known sports journalist – wanted Ardalan to be present for their son’s first day of school so he acted within the bounds of the country’s laws. He prohibited Ardalan from traveling to Malaysia with the rest of her teammates, sparking a frenzy on Twitter and Facebook and sending shockwaves through international media. Legally, there was nothing Ardalan or her team could do. She was forced stay behind. Such a legal restriction is hardly unique to Iran. In many countries around the world, a woman’s gender – often coupled with her marital status – T hroughout history, people have recognized the power of the sun to improve peoples’ lives. In India, and in households and business throughout can legally prevent her from taking actions she otherwise could take if she were a man. Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting to Equal, a (Change background colour as needed) Gujarat state in particular, that idea lives on in a new World Bank Group report launched around the brand-new incarnation: rooftop solar panels. The (Change background colour as needed) same time Ardalan was denied the opportunity to newest edition of Partnerships IQ, “Rooftop Solar play in the Asia Cup, tracks such restrictions in Public-Private Partnerships: Lessons from Gujarat 173 economies worldwide. Solar,” details how rooftop solar rolled out and is being replicated across India. Read more: http://tinyurl.com/nwuf52u Read more: http://tinyurl.com/phqseo3 The World Bank in India • November 2015 21 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 7443 WPS 7432 Population aging and households’ saving in the A global count of the extreme poor in 2012: Data Russian Federation issues, methodology and initial results By Maurizio Bussolo, Schotte Simone and Mikhail By Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Shaohua Chen, Andrew L. Matytsin Dabalen and et.al. WPS 7442 WPS 7431 The impact of China’s slowdown on the Asia Pacific Dismal science, accounting and Newton’s second region: An application of the GVAR model law: Identifying force and rigidity in public expenditure By Tomoo Inoue, Demet Kaya and Hitoshi Ohshige analysis By Dino Leonardo Merotto, Fayavar Hayati, David WPS 7441 Andrew Stephan and William Bataille Which donors, which funds? The choice of multilateral funds by bilateral donors at the World Bank WPS 7430 By Bernhard Wilfried Reinsberg, Katharina Michaelowa Beyond qualifications: Returns to cognitive and socio- and Stephen Knack emotional skills in Colombia By Pablo Ariel Acosta, Noel Muller and Miguel Alonso WPS 7440 Sarzosa The impact of violence on individual risk preferences: Evidence from a natural experiment WPS 7429 By Pamela Jakiela and Owen Ozier Are public libraries improving quality of education? When the provision of public goods is not enough WPS 7439 By Paul Andres Rodriguez Lesmes, Jose Daniel Trujillo Robust decision-making in the water sector: A and Daniel Valderrama Gonzalez strategy for implementing Lima’s long-term water resources master plan WPS 7428 By Nidhi Rajiv Kalra, David G. Groves, Laura Bonzanigo Civil service recruitment in Comoros: A case of and et.al. political clientelism in a decentralized state By Jonathan Rose and Balachandran Gowthaman WPS 7438 A product space perspective on structural change in WPS 7427 Morocco High school track choice and financial constraints: By Israel Osorio-Rodarte and Hans Lofgren Evidence from urban Mexico By Ciro Avitabile, Matteo Bobba and Pariguana,Marco WPS 7437 The impact of investment policy in a changing global WPS 7426 economy: A review of the literature Changing wage structure in India in the post-reform By Roberto Echandi, Jana Krajcovicova and Christine era: 1993-2011 Zhenwei Qiang By Hanan G. Jacoby and Basab Dasgupta WPS 7436 WPS 7425 Determinants of long-term versus short-term bank Sources of volatility during four oil price crashes credit in EU countries By John Baffes and Varun Kshirsagar By Haelim Park, Claudia Ruiz Ortega and Thierry Tressel WPS 7424 WPS 7435 Analyzing food price trends in the context of Engel’s Formalizing rural land rights in West Africa: Early law and the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis evidence from a randomized impact evaluation in Benin By John Baffes and Xiaoli Liao Etienne By Markus P. Goldstein, Kenneth Houngbedji, Florence Kondylis and et.al. WPS 7423 Value of improved information about forest protection WPS 7434 values, with application to rainforest valuation A Coasian model of international production chains By Jon Strand and Sauleh Siddiqui By Thibault Fally and Russell Henry Hillberry WPS 7422 WPS 7433 The Heterogeneous effect of information on student A methodological framework for prioritizing performance: Evidence from a randomized control trial infrastructure investment in Mexico By Luis Alberto Andres, Dan Biller and Matias Herrera By Ciro Avitabile and Rafael E. De Hoyos Navarro Dappe 22 The World Bank in India • November 2015 WPS 7421 WPS 7410 Youth out of school and out of work in Latin America: A Volunteerism after the Tsunami: The effects of cohort approach democratization By Miguel Székely and Jonathan George Karver By Tiago Alexandre Miguel De Abreu Freire, J. Vernon Henderson and Ari Kuncoro WPS 7420 Moral incentives: Experimental evidence from WPS 7409 repayments of an Islamic credit card On the effects of enforcement on illegal markets: By Leonardo A. Bursztyn, Stefano Fiorin, Daniel Wolf Evidence from a quasi-experiment in Colombia Gottlieb and Martin Kanz By Daniel Mejía, Pascual Restrepo and Sandra V. Rozo WPS 7419 WPS 7408 Pronatal property rights over land and fertility The cost of road infrastructure in low and middle outcomes: Evidence from a natural experiment in income countries Ethiopia By Paul Collier, Martina Kirchberger and Måns By Daniel Ayalew Ali, Klaus W. Deininger and Niels Gerd Söderbom Kemper WPS 7407 WPS 7418 Gender gap in pay in the Russian Federation: Twenty Aging, social security design, and capital years later, still a concern accumulation By Andrea Atencio and Josefina Posadas By Antoine Dedry, Harun Onder and Pierre Pestieau WPS 7406 WPS 7417 Are large firms born or made? Evidence from Multidimensional poverty in Ethiopia: Changes in developing countries overlapping deprivations By Meghana Ayyagari, Asli Demirguc-Kunt and Vojislav By Alemayehu A. Ambel, Parendi Arafin Mehta and Maksimovic Biratu Yigezu WPS 7405 WPS 7416 Business practices in small firms in developing Oral democracy and women’s oratory competency in countries Indian village assemblies: A qualitative analysis By David J. Mckenzie and Christopher M. Woodruff By Paromita Sanyal, Vijayendra Rao and Umang WPS 7404 Prabhakar The impact of private sector internship and training on WPS 7415 urban youth in Kenya The national solidarity program: Assessing the effects By Maddalena Honorati of community-driven development in Afghanistan WPS 7403 By Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia and Ruben Enikolopov The middle-income trap turns ten WPS 7414 By Indermit S. Gill and Homi Kharas Infrastructure investment demands in emerging WPS 7402 markets and developing economies The impact of Syrians refugees on the Turkish labor By Fernanda Ruiz Nunez and Zichao Wei market WPS 7413 By Ximena Vanessa Del Carpio and Mathis Christoph The ABCs of financial education: Experimental Wagner evidence on attitudes, behavior, and cognitive biases WPS 7401 By Fenella Carpena, Shawn A. Cole, Jeremy Shapiro Review of logistics service regulations for freight and Bilal Husnain Zia forwarding businesses: What should be addressed for WPS 7412 a better logistics regulatory framework? Job opportunities along the rural-urban gradation and By Maika Watanuki female labor force participation in India By Urmila Chatterjee, Rinku Murgai and Martin G. Rama WPS 7411 Recasting culture to undo gender: A sociological analysis of Jeevika in rural Bihar, India By Paromita Sanyal, Vijayendra Rao and Shruti Majumdar The World Bank in India • November 2015 23 The World Bank in India VOL 14 / NO 3 • November 2015 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. 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