POLIC IES uGm[csufrsm; avSsmhcsjcif;/ F OR SH vlwdkif;twGufynma&;? usef;rma&; ESifh vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;jcif; AR E D P R O SP ER ITY IN M YAN M AR ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar This Policy Note was prepared by: Hnin Hnin Pyne (Team Leader and Senior Human Development Specialist); Puja Dutta (Senior Economist); Lars Sondergaard (Program Leader); James Stevens (Senior Operations Officer); Mar Mar Thwin (Education Consultant) and Nang Mo Kham (Human Development Specialist) under the guidance of Toomas Palu (Practice Manager, Health), Harry Patrinos (Practice Manager, Education) and Jehan Arulpragasam (Practice Manager, Social Protection). ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar uGm[csufrsm; avSsmhcsjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGufynma&;? usef;rma&; ESifh vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;jcif; uGm[csufrsm; avSsmhcsjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGufynma&;? usef;rma&; ESifh vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;jcif; q,fESpfESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vlrIu@rsm;wGif b@maiGokH;pGJrIenf;yg;jcif;ESifhpepf\ vspfvsL&Ixm;jcif; (institutional neglect) wdkYudk MuKHawGUcJh&NyD;aemufwGif ,cktcg jrefrmEkdifiHonf jynfolrsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;tqifhtwef;rsm;udk jr§ifhwif&ef ta&;BuD;aom tcGifhtvrf; aumif;rsm; &Sdaeonf/ usef;rma&;? ynma&;ESifh vlrIumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk tenf;i,fom &&SdcJhonfhtwGuf jynfolrsm;\ vlom;zGHUjzdK;rI tajctaersm; wpfpxuf wpfp usqif;cJh&NyD; a'owGif;ü tedrfhqkH;tqifhodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ 2011ckESpfrSpwifum jynfolY a&;&mrl0g'rsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&mwGif odomxif&Sm;onfh toGiful;ajymif;rIrsm; ay:aygufcJhNyD;aemuf jynfolrsm;tm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIrS umuG,f&efvnf;aumif;? jynfolUa&;&m0efaqmifrIrsm;udk wdk;jr§ifh ay;tyfEdkif&ef vnf;aumif; tpdk;&\ vlrIa&; u@ toHk;p&dwfrsm;udk tcsdefwdktwGif; wkd;jr§ifh okH;pGJEdkifcJhonf/ xdkokdY aqmif&Gufjcif;aMumifh jyefvnf&&Sdrnfh tusKd;tjrwf yrmP BuD;rm;ygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHü pmoifausmif;wGif wpfESpf ydkwufjcif;onf 0ifaiGjrifhrm;rI 6.7% ESifh qufpyfaeaMumif; (urÇmhbPf? 2014 )u cefUrSef; wGufcsufxmonf/ tvm;wlyif usef;rma&;ESifh vlrI umuG,f apmifha&Smufa&; u@rsm;wGifvnf; wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;Edkifygu jyefvnf&&Sdrnfh tusKd;tjrwfrSm rsm;pGm wdk;vmEdkifygonf/ rMumrDumvtwGif; xdkodkU jzpfay: wdk;wufrIrsm; ododomom &SdcJhaomfvnf; pdefac:rIrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdaeqJjzpfouJhodkY ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlwdkif;twGuf zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk &&SdEdkif&ef uGm[csufrsm;udk avSsmhcsay;NyD; vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;Edkifrnfh rl0g'rsm;udk a&;qGJ taumiftxnfazmfjcif;onf tajccHusonfh tcsufwpfckyifjzpfygonf/ ynma&;udk vufvSrf;rDrIwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;olESihf a,musmf;av;rsm;ESihf ESKdif;,SOfygu rdef;uav;OD;a&u csrf;omol tdrfaxmifpkrsm;tMum; uGmjcm;csufonf enf;yg;aMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ tvm;wlyif uav;rsm; a,musmf;av;ESihf rdef;uav;rsm;tMum; uGmjcm;csuf 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifEdkifonhf tvkyftudkiftcGihftvr;frsm; xuf odompGm jrihfrm;aeonf/ wdkif;a'oBuD;ESihf &Sdonhf tjcm;a'otcsKdUü a,musmf;av;rsm;onf jynfe,f tqihfwGif usm;/ r uGm[csufESihf pyfvsOf;onhf rdef;uav;rsm;xuf ausmif;xGufEIef;ydkrsm;aMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm; awGU&Sd&onf/ &cdkifjynfe,fwGif awGU&Sd&onf/ a'oEå&tqihf a'wm tcsuftvuf ausmif;wufEIef;ESihf pmwwfajrmufEIef;wGif rsm;udk ydkrdkod&SdEdkif&ef avhvmqef;ppfrIrsm; tm;pdkuf 1 vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfvsuf&SdnyD; odkUrSom oihfavsmfonhf rsm;rS uav; 14%om yHkrSef udk,ftav;csdefatmuf wGif rl0g'a&;&m tpDtpOfrsm;udk csrSwf taumiftxnf &SdMuonf/ azmfaqmifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf ae&m a'owpfckESifh wpfck tMum; uGm[csufrsm; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf BuD;BuD;rm;rm;&Sdaejcif;udk ajz&Sif; aqmif&GufEdkif&ef aemufcHtajctaeESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm; twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ aus;vufa'o rsm;\ usef;rma&; tajctaeESifh ynma&;&v'frsm;onf vlrIYpD;yGm;a&;t& tkyfpkrsm;tMum; uGm[csufrsm;udk jrdKUjyESifh,SOfvSsif qdk;&Gm;onf (yHk 2)/ aus;vufa'o ajzavsmhjcif;tygt0ifjrefrmEkdifiwG H ivlf om;zGHUjzdK;rI&v'f rsm;wGif 2009-10 ynmoifESpfü tom;wif rlvwef; rsm;udk wdk;wufaprnfh MuD;rm;aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm;&Sdae ausmif;tyfEIef;onf u,m;jynfe,fwGif 96%rS ygonf/ (yHk 1)/ tcsrf;omqHk; tdrfaxmifpkrSuav; &cdkifjynfe,fwGif 69%Mum; &Sdygonf/ 2010 80%cefUonf tv,fwef;ausmif;wGifausmif;tyfEkdifMu jynfhkESpfwGif rGefjynfe,fonf atmifcsuftjrifhqHk; onf/ ,if;ESifhEIdif;,SOfvSsif tqif;&JqHk; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rS 45%ESifh csif;jynfe,fonf tedrfhqHk; 17% jzpfonf/ uav; 29%rSsom tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;tyf touf6vtxd rdcifEkdU wpfrsKd;wnf;om wdkufauGs;jcif; EkdifMuonf/ tqif;&JqHk;tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rS trsKd;orD;rsm; onf &cdkifjynfe,fwGif 1.3% ESifh ucsifjynfe,fwGif uGsrf;usifonfh om;zGm;jzifh uav;rD;zGm;Ekdifjcif;? rD;zGm; 40.6% &Sdonf/ NyD;aemufydkif; jyKpkapmifh a&SmufrI&&Sdjcif;ESifh 6vatmuf uav;i,frsm;tm; rdcifEkdUwpfrsKd;wnf; wdkufauGs; 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk &&Sd&mwGif uGm[csufrsm;udk avsmhcs jcif;udk &mcdkifEIef;tenf;qHk;om &&Sdaqmif&GufEdkifonf/ Edkif&ef[lonfrSm cufcJonfh ae&m a'orsm;? y#dyu©rsm; xdkUtjyif aiGaMu;tEGrf;yg;qHk; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;rS uav; jzpfyGm;aeonfh e,fpyfa'orsm;? ,Ofaus;rI ESifha'o 33%onf &Sdoihfonfh ukd,ftav;csdefatmufwGif a&muf qdkif&m"avhxHk;wrf; uGJjym;rIrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um aeNyD; 4if;ESifhpmvSsif aiGaMu;MuG,f0aomtdrfaxmifpk ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ xdkodkY ajz&Sif; 2 yHk 1? 0ifaiGtkyfpkrsm; tvdkuf tm[m& &v'frsm; yHk 2? NrdK.NyESifhaus;vuf usef;rma&;? ynma&; nTef;udef;rsm; Source: Nutrition and access to health care: UNICEF and MNPED (2010). Net enrollment rates: staff calculations using Source: UNICEF and MNPED (2010) 2009/10 MICS data aqmif & G u f a y;&ef t wG u f t wm;tqD ; jzpf a eonf h xdka'oudk tkyfcsKyfpDrHonfh vufeufudkiftzJGUrsm;ESifh taMumif;t&if;rsm;rSm pepfydkif;qdkif&m pdefac:rIrsm;jzpfNyD; qufpyf&aom wdkif;&if;om; tmPmydkifrsm;u aqmif&Guf ,if;wdkYwGif b@maiG &&SdrI tuefUtowftwGif;&SdNyD; ay;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rGefjynfopfygwDwGif ausmif; 142 pkpnf;rI tm;enf;aejcif;? vlom;t&if;tjrpfESifh &kyfydkif; ausmif;&SdjyD;ausmif;om;aygif;13,000ausmf&Sdonf/vlxk qdkif&m tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; csKdUwJhjcif;ESifh tcsuf tajcjyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om; usef;rma&;tzJGU tvuf &Sm;yg;jcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ a0;vHNyD; qufoG,f&ef rsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHta&SUydkif;&Sd y#dyu©'PfcH&aom cufcJaom a'orsm;ü t&nftaoG; jynfhrDaom ausmif; a'orsm;wGif umuG,fa&;ESifh yPmr usef;rma&; q&m? q&mrrsm;? q&m0efrsm;ESifh tajccHusef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrIudkaqmif&Gufay;vsuf&Sdonf/tqkdyga'o 0efxrf;rsm;udk cefUxm;a&;ESifha&&SnfcefUtyfxm;Edkifa&; \tdrfaxmifpk ppfwrf;wpfckwGif ajzqkdol\ 70%u wGif tcuftcJrsm;pGmESifh BuHKawGUae&onf/ cefUrSef;ajc wdkif;&if;om;OD;aqmifaom usef;rma&; 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk tm;jzifh wpfEkdifiHvHk;&Sd rlvwef; ausmif;q&m/q&mrrsm; vGefcJhaom 12vtwGif;u toHk;jyKcJhaMumif;ajzqdkí? \ oHk;yHkwpfyHkonf pmoifMum;onfh tawGUtBuHK 8%omvSsif tpdk;&\ usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIrsm;tay: oufwrf; 2ESpfatmufom&SdjyD; ¤if;wdkYtwGuf avhusifh oHk;pGJrI&SdaMumif; ajzqdkonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ oifwef;ay;jcif;rsm;? tMuHOmPfay; yHhydk;ulnDjcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ jynfaxmifpkbwf*sufwGif rMumao;rDu ajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyfjcif;onf usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;qdkif&m tpdk;& ,cifutpdk;&\tkyfcsKyfa&;vTrf;jcKHEdkifrtuef I Utowfom toHk;p&dwf enf;yg;jcif;udk xyfrHjyKjyifajymif;vJ&efESifh &SdcJhaom y#dyu© jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdonfh a'orsm;wGif vlrI tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\ aiGaMu;qdkif&m 0efxkyf0efydk;udk avSsmhcs 0efaqmifrIay;tyfjcif;onf 4if;a'orsm;wGif &Sd&if;pGJ &ef tcGifhtvrf;wpfck zefwD;ay:aygufvmonf/ 0efaqmifrI ay;aeaom pepfrsm;ESifh o[Zmwjzpf&ef tdrfaxmifpkrsm;onf ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;qkdif&m fh rf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;pOfESind ESijid fh SEIdif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef pkpkaygif; ukefusp&dwfrsm;\ 65%ESifh 82%toD;oD;udk vdktyfonf/ ,if;a'orsm;wGif 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk 2009ckESpfwGif tdwfxJrSpdkufxkwfuscHcJhMu&m urÇm 3 yHk 3? rlvwef;atmuf tqifh\ pmzwfpGrf;&nf qef;ppftuJjzwfcsufv'frsm;? &efukefwdkif;a'oMuD; (2014ckESpf) Source: World Bank Myanmar Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) for the Yangon Region , 2014 ay:wGiftjrifhqHk; pdkufxkwf uscHrIjzpfonf/ ,if;tae 26%rSsom r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom aq;0g;rsm;&Sdí 41%om txm;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;aomjynfolrsm;udk usef;rma&; tajccH ypönf;ud&d,mrsm; jynfhpHkum 57%omvSsif tajc apmifha&SmufrI &&Sdjcif;rS [efUwm;xm; ouJhodkUjzpfonf? cHom;zGm;jyKpkapmifha&SmufrIay;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;wdkUtaeESifh ukefusp&dwf rwwfEkdifjcif; odkUr[kwxdf kodkUaom0efaqmifrIu&&Sdk d&efydkifqkdifrIrsm;tm; qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;ESifh xdcdkufepfemvG,folrsm; twGuf a&mif;cs&onfhtwGuf ydkrdkqif;&JoGm;jcif;aMumifh jzpf 0efaqmifrIrsm;&&Sda&; tultnDay;Edkif&ef xda&mufaom onf/ 2009ckESpfwGif jyKvkyfcJhonfh ppfwrf;wpfckwGif vlrIumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;pepf wnfaxmif&ef tcGifh ajzqdkolrsm;\ oHk;yHkwpfyHkeD;yg;onftdwfxJrSpdkufxkwf tvrf;wpfckvnf;&Sdonf / tEå&m,fjzpfEkdifajcESifh xdawGU ay;&ef rwwfEdkifaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ rIudk avSsmhcs&efESifh usef;rma&; jyóemrsm;ESifhrMumrDu jzpfyGm;cJhaom a&MuD;a&vSsHrIrsm;uJhodkUaomBudKwifrcefU jynfaxmifpkbwf*sufonf ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&; h rSef;Edkifonftjcm; tEå&m,frsm;udkukdifwG,fajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf; 0efaqmifrIrsm;\ t&nftaoG;udkvnf; odomxif&Sm;pGm k ifhwif&efvkyfief;pOfrsm;ESitpD udjrS fh tpOfrsm;rStenf;i,f jrSifhwif&ef ulnDEkdifygonf/ rlvwef;atmuf tqifh\ om&Sdonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ vlrI taxmuftul qkdif&m pmzwfpGrf;&nf qef;ppftuJjzwfcsuft& (Early Grade toHk;p&dwfonf pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP) ReadingAssessment-EGRA) a usmif;\ tokH;taqmif? \ 0.02&mcdkifEIef;rSsom&SdjyD; 0ifaiG enf;yg;aom EkdifiHrsm; y&dabm*? pmMunfhwdkuf oifaxmuful ponfh vdktyf tMum;&Sd oHk;pGJrI ysrf;rSsEIef;xm; 1.1% ESifhEIdif;,SOfvSsif csufrsm;aMumifhoif,lrItaetxm;rsm;udkcufcJaponf/ tvGefenf;yg; aeao;onf/ xdkUtjyifvlrItaxmuftul usef;rma&;0efaqmifrIay;&mwGif ta&;ygaom oGif;tm; tpDtpOfrsm;onf vlOD;a&\ 0.1%xHodkUom a&muf&Sd pkrsm;jywfvyffrIaMumifh t&nftaoG;tydkif; ododomom EdkifjyD; ta&SUawmiftm&SESifh ypdzdwfEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl 39% xdcdkufrI&Sdonf/ rMumrDu aumufcHcJhaom wpfEkdifiHvHk; xHodkU a&muf&SdEkdifonf/ udk,fpm;jyK ppfwrf;wGif usef;rma&; aq;&Hk/aq;cef; 4 vwfwavm zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm; usef;rma&;u@wGif 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;udk jrSifhwif&ef? jynfolvlxkrS0efaqmifrIrsm;tm;toHk;jyKrIwdk;wufap&ef fh wfrSpdkufxkwfukefuscH&jcif;udavS ESitd k smhcs&efrsm;pGmaom dk jyKjyifajymif;vJrIupwif vsuf&Sdonf/,if;wdkUwGiNrd f KUe,f aq;&HkESifh atmuftqifhwGif r&Sdrjzpfaq;0g;rsm; yHhydk; ay;jcif;ESifhudk,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhig;ESpfatmuf uav;i,frsm;twGuf 0efaqmifrIrsm; tcrJh ay;tyfjcif; wdkUyg0ifonf/ xdkUtjyif qif;&Jaom trsKd;orD;rsm; taejzifh rD;rzGm;rD apmifha&SmuffrI cH,ljcif;rsm;? vHkNcHKpdwfcs &aom rD;zGm;rIESifh rD;zGm;jyD;aemufydkif; jyKpkapmifha&SmufrI rsm;udoH h k k;pGJap&efqJGaqmifonftaejzif h o,f ,lydkUaqmif a&;p&dwf? tpm;tpmESifh ,m,Dae&mxdkifcif;rsm; ay;jcif; uJhodkUaom 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk prf;oyfpDrHcsuftaejzifh usef;rma&;0efMuD;Xmeu taumiftxnfazmfcJhygonf/ ynma&;u@wGifvnf; uav;i,frsm;tm;ausmif;wuf a&muf&efESifh ausmif;xGufEIef; avsmhcs&ef tm;ay;aom rl0g'rsm;udk jy|mef; usifhoHk;cJhonf/ rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;tqifh ausmif;om;tm;vHk;tm; ausmif;vc tqdkyg rl0g'rsm;udk jynfolUtoHk;p&dwfrsm; ododomom rsm;udk y,fzsufay;cJhonf/ tvm;wlyif q&m/q&mr wdk;jrSifhjcif;jzifh taumiftxnf azmfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 70,000 ausmfudk aeYpm;vay; cefUxm;jcif;jzifh q&m usef;rma&;toHk;p&dwfonf 2009ckESpfwGif pkpkaygif; avsmhenf;rIuajz&Sdk if;ay;onf/jy|mef;pmtkyfrsm;ukdvnf; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP) \ 0.2%rS 2014 wGif tcrJh yHhydk;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkUtjyif qif;&JEGrf;yg;um pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP) \ 1% ausmftxd ausmif;ae&ef tcuftcJ&Sdonfh(pwkw¬wef;rS 'or wdk;jrifhvmcJhonf/4if;onf2009ESi2013ck fh ESpftMum;wGif wef;xd)ausmif;om;rsm;tm;axmufyHhaMu;aiGay;tyfjcif; (nominal terms) tm;NzifhMunfhvSsif 9qtxd wdk;wuf tpDtpOfuwd dk kif;ESifhjynfe,f4ck&jrd Sd KUe,f8ckwGi2014ck f ESpf vmonf/ ynma&;toHk;p&dwfonf 2011ckESpfwGif (GDP) uwnf;u pwifrdwfqufay;cJhjyD; yxrESpfwGifyif \ 0.7%rS 2014ckESpfwGif cefUrSef;ajct& (GDP) \ ausmif;om; 36,800 xH axmufyHhaMu; a&muf&SdedkifcJh 2%txd wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ xkdUtjyif 0efaqmifrIudk ygonf/ &nfrSef;csufrSm 2017-2018 ynmoifESpfwGif a&SUqHk;rSpwifay;aeonfh ausmif;rsm;? aq;&Hkrsm;ESifh axmufyHhaMu;aiGvufcHol 184,000txd a&muf&Sd&ef usef;rma&;Xmersm;odkU wdkuf&dkuf&HyHkaiGtaxmuftul jzpfonf/ rsm;ay;tyfjcif;jzifh A[dkcsKyfudkifrI avsmhcs&ef tvm;tvm aumif;aom jyKjyifajymif;vJrI pwifcJhonf/ 5 þrl0g'ajymif;vJrIrsm;rS &v'frsm; xGufay:vmjyD yHk 4? usef;rma&;ESifhynma&;qdkif&m tpdk;& toHk;p&dwf (GDP\%) jzpfonf/ pkpkaygif;okH;pGJrI\ wpfpdwfwpfa'ojzpfonhf tdwfrSpdkufxkwfuscH&jcif;onf ynma&;wGif 2010ckESpfü 63%rSonf 2015ckESpfwGif 30%txd avsmhusoGm;jyD; ,if;umvtwGif; usef;rma&;u@wGifvnf; (tdwfrS pdkufxkwf uscH&jcif;onf) 82%rS 54%odkU usqif;oGm;jyDjzpfonf/ om"ursm;t& ausmif; axmufyHhaMu; ay;tyfonfh tpDtpOfonf uav;rsm;\ ynma&;wGif rdbrsm; ydkrdk yg0ifvm&ef? uav;rsm; ausmif; rSefrSefwufvmap&eftm;ay;ulnDcJhonfuawG dk U&Sd&onf/ ynma&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;jzpfaom pma&;ud&d,m? ausmif;0wfpHkESifh oGm;vmp&dwfrsm;udkvnf; axmufyHh aMu; &&Sdonfh aiGjzifh okH;pGJEdkifonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ Source: World Bank (1985), World Bank (1995) and World Development Indicators, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health 6 a'otwGif;rS tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh oifcef;pmrsm; xdkif;EkdifiH\ vlwdkif;vufvSrf;rDvTrf;NcHKaom usef;rma&; 0efaqmifrI (Universal Health Coverage -UHC) &&Sd&efaqmif&GufcJhaom vrf;aMumif;qDrS jrefrmEkdifiH twGuf ta&;ygaom oifcef;pmrsm;udk &,lEkdifygonf/ xdkif;EkdifiHonf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm tcsdef,lcJh&aom usef;rma&;qdkif&m tajccH taqmuftODrsm; wnfaqmuf fh K;rsdK;aomaiGaMu;tEå&m,fumuG,fa&;tpDtpOf rIESitrsd rsm; avhvmprf;oyfjcif; oufoufwkdUjzifh UHC odkU a&muf&SdcJhjcif; r[kwfyg/ xdkif;EkdifiHonf vlwdkif;twGuf vufvSrf;rD vTrf;jcKHaom usef;rma&; 0efaqmifrI tpDtpOf (Universal Coverage Scheme-UCS) [k ac:onfh xdkif; &nf&G,fcsufjrifhrm;onfh jyKjyifajymif;vJrIwpfckudk 2001 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhonf/ pwif aqmif&GufjyD; wpfESpftwGif; UHC tpDtpOfrS vlaygif; 47oef; udk vTrf;jcHKrdonf Nzpf&m? 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jyKjyif vG,faom &efyHkaiGrsm; ydkrdkaxmufyHh ay;&efESifh tdwfrSpkdufxkwfukefuscH&rI ukd avsmhcs&ef usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;wGif tpdk;&ESifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; udk awmif;qdkxm;onfh wpfEdkifiHvHk; typf ndSEdIif;nDnGwfjcif;ESifh tcwf & yf p J a &;oabmwl n D c suf \ t& aygif;pHkjcif; y#dyu©NzpfyGm;onfh ae&mrsm;wGif vlrI 0ef a qmif r I r sm;ay;jcif ; ES i f h a iG a Mu; \axmufyHhjcif;wdkY ndSEdIif;aqmif&Guf&ef/ 15 uGm[csufrsm; avSsmhcsjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGufynma&;? usef;rma&; ESifh vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;jcif; &nfnTef;csufrsm; Health Information System Working Group, “The Long Road to Recovery: Ethnic and Community Based Health Organizations Leading the Way to Better Health,” February 2015. Health Insurance System Research Office. 2012. “Thailand’s Universal Coverage Scheme: Achievements and Challenges. An independent assessment of the first 10 years, 2001-2010,” Nonthaburi, Thailand. Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Ministry of Health and UNICEF. “Myanmar Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2009-2010,” 2011. Save the Children, “Assessment, Monitoring, and Implementation Support of the School Grant and Stipend Programs in Myanmar,” 2015. The World Bank, “Building resilience, equity and opportunity in Myanmar: Myanmar social protection notes series,” July 2015. The World Bank, “Myanmar Early Grade Reading Assessment,” 2015. The World Bank, “Myanmar Public Expenditure Review 2015,” September 2015. The World Bank, “Skilling up Vietnam: Preparing the workforce for a modern market economy – Vietnam Development Report 2014,” (November 2013) The World Bank, “Vietnam: Managing Public Expenditure for Poverty Reduction and Growth – Public Expenditure Review and Integrated Fiduciary Assessment,” Volume 2, (April 28, 2005) The World Bank, “Vietnam: Managing Public Resources Better – Public Expenditure Review 2000,” Volume 1 (December 13, 2000) 16 ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar GROWING TOGETHER FINANCING THE FUTURE BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUAL ENERGIZING MYANMAR CLOSING THE GAP PARTICIPATING IN CHANGE Reducing rural poverty Building an open, modern and Fostering competitiveness and a dynamic Enhancing access to Expanding access to Promoting public sector in Myanmar inclusive financial system environment for private sector growth sustainable energy for all social services accountability to all ,ck rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsuf pmwrf;onf “tm;vkH;oGm;MupdkU? rSsa0ykdifqdkifonfh om,m0ajymrIrsm; azmfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;” teuf wpfckjzpfygonf/ CLOSING THE GAP GROWING TOGETHER BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUAL Expanding access to Reducing rural poverty Fostering competitiveness and a dynamic social services in Myanmar environment for private sector growth FINANCING THE FUTURE ENERGIZING MYANMAR PARTICIPATING IN CHANGE Building an open, modern and Enhancing access to Promoting public sector inclusive financial system sustainable energy for all accountability to all uGm[csufrsm; avSsmhcsjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGufynma&;? usef;rma&; ESifh vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;jcif; ALL ABOARD Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar The World Bank Myanmar No.57, Pyay Road 61/2 Mile, Hlaing Township, Yangon, Republic of the Union of Myanmar. www.worldbank.org/myanmar www.facebook.com/WorldBankMyanmar myanmar@worldbank.org