Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report SFG1730 Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) For the 495 MW CPG Okija Independent Power Plant Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd, 2, Masaka Close, Zone 7, Wuse District, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria. www.hospitaliaconsultaire.com Client: Century Power Generation Ltd January 2016 i Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 1 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................................. VI ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................. IX SYMBOLS ............................................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. XIII 2 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 2 1.4 PROJECT AREA AND LOCATION ................................................................................................... 3 1.5 PROJECT SCOPE ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION MODALITIES ........................................................... 4 1.7 FINANCING ARRANGEMENT FOR THE CPG OKIJA IPP PROJECT ........................................................... 4 1.8 JUSTIFICATION FOR AN ESIA ...................................................................................................... 5 1.8.1 ESIA SCOPE OF WORKS ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.8.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA.................................................................................................................. 6 1.9 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 6 1.9.1 DATA COLLECTION, SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ..................................................................................... 7 1.10 THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT ESIA PROCESS ............................................................. 7 1.11 PROJECT CATEGORIZATION...................................................................................................... 8 3 CHAPTER TWO: POLICIES, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ......................................... 9 2.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 RELEVANT REGULATORY POLICIES OF NIGERIA ............................................................................... 9 2.2.1 FEDERAL POLICY/LEGISLATION .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment ..................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 NATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS ON ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................... 10 2.2.3 OTHER NATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS ON ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 12 2.3 OTHER ACTS AND LEGISLATIONS ............................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 LAND USE ACT OF 1978 ................................................................................................................ 13 2.4 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (AFDB) ............................................................................................ 16 2.4.1.1 Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) ...................................................................................... 16 2.4.1.2 AfDB Environmental Assessment Guidelines ........................................................................ 16 2.4.1.3 AfDB EA Categorization ......................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1.4 AfDB Operational Safeguards ................................................................................................ 16 2.4.1.4.1 OS 1: Environmental and Social Assessment ...................................................................... 17 2.4.1.4.2 OS2: Involuntary Resettlement: Land Acquisition, Population Displacement and Compensation. .................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1.4.2.1 Need for Resettlement ....................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1.4.3 OS 3: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ............................................................................ 17 2.4.1.4.4 OS 4: Pollution Prevention and Control, Greenhouse Gases, Hazardous Materials and Resource Efficiency ............................................................................................................. 17 2.4.1.4.5 OS 5: Labour Conditions, Health and Safety ....................................................................... 18 2.4.1.5 Likely triggered safeguards ................................................................................................... 18 2.4.1.6 AfDB Policy on Environment ..................................................................................................... 18 ii Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2.4.2 WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS ................................................................. 18 2.4.2.1 World Bank Projects Categorization for ESIA ........................................................................ 19 2.4.3 IFC PERFORMACE STANDARDS ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILTY ....................................... 19 2.4.3.1. Performance Standards for Private Sector Facilities (OP 4.03) ............................................... 19 2.4.3.2 IFC and World Bank Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines ....................................... 22 2.5 APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS .......................................... 23 2.5.1 EQUATOR PRINCIPLES .................................................................................................................... 24 4 CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION ............................................... 26 3.1 PROJECT SITE LOCATION ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1.1 LAND ACQUISITION PROCESS FOR THE OKIJA SITE ................................................................................... 26 3.2 POWER PLANT CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................ 28 3.3 DESIGN CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................. 31 3.3.1 AIR INTAKE SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2 GAS TURBINE ............................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.3 GENERATOR ................................................................................................................................. 33 3.3.4 FUEL COMPOSITION ...................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.4.1 Fuel Gas Distribution ............................................................................................................. 34 3.3.5 BLACK START GENERATOR .............................................................................................................. 34 3.3.6 EMERGENCY DIESEL GENERATOR ..................................................................................................... 34 3.3.7 WATER PRODUCTION AND TREATMENT ............................................................................................ 35 3.3.8 SWITCHYARD AREA ....................................................................................................................... 35 3.3.9 HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR .......................................................................................................... 35 3.3.10 GAS RECEIVING STATION.............................................................................................................. 37 3.3.11 ADMINISTRATIVE/MANAGEMENT AREA ......................................................................................... 37 3.3.12 COOLING SYSTEMS OF THE 495MW GAS POWER PLANT .................................................................. 37 3.3.12.1 Wastewater discharge ........................................................................................................ 38 3.3.13 EXHAUST GAS STACK ................................................................................................................... 39 3.3.14 GAS SUPPLY ............................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.15 WASTE TREATMENT AREA............................................................................................................ 40 3.3.15.1 Wastewater treatment ....................................................................................................... 40 3.3.16 TRANSMISSION LINES .................................................................................................................. 41 3.3.17 AUXILIARY AND RELATED EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................ 42 3.3.17.1 Plant Security, Safety and Emergency Response Procedures ............................................. 42 3.4 PROJECT RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................. 43 3.4.1 ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS .............................................................................................................. 43 3.5 WORKFORCE ....................................................................................................................... 43 3.6 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION .......................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER FOUR: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT AND BASELINE STUDIES ............. 45 4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT STATE- ANAMBRA STATE .................................................................... 45 4.1.1 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ANAMBRA STATE.............................................................................. 47 4.1.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ANAMBRA STATE ............................................................................... 51 4.1.3 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................. 53 4.2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 53 4.2.1 BIOHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................................ 53 4.2.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................ 54 4.2.3 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................ 54 4.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT SITE............................................................................................ 55 4.4 DESCRIPTION OF SOME CRITICAL AREAS WITHIN THE 10KM GRID OF THE PROJECT SITE.......................... 57 iii Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4.5 BASELINE DATA .................................................................................................................... 64 4.5.1 AIR QUALITY SAMPLE COLLECTION .................................................................................................. 64 4.5.2 NOISE LEVEL MEASUREMENT .......................................................................................................... 65 4.5.3 SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION .............................................................................................................. 70 4.5.3.1 Discussion on Soil Analysis .................................................................................................... 73 4.5.4 WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION .......................................................................................................... 75 Discussion on Water Sample Analysis .............................................................................................. 80 4.5.4.1 ................................................................................................................................................... 80 4.5.5 FLORA STUDIES............................................................................................................................. 82 4.5.6 FAUNA STUDIES ............................................................................................................................ 84 4.5.7 GEO-PHYSICAL STUDIES.................................................................................................................. 85 4.5.8 LITHO-STRATIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF PARTS OF THE STUDY AREA....................................................... 86 4.6 SOCIOECONOMIC ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................ 87 4.6.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 90 4.6.1.1 Population and Gender Distribution ......................................................................................... 90 4.6.1.2 Marital Status of Respondents .............................................................................................. 91 4.6.1.3 Religion of Respondents........................................................................................................ 92 4.6.1.4 Occupation Distribution ........................................................................................................ 92 4.6.1.5 School and Literacy level ....................................................................................................... 93 4.6.1.6 Sources of Energy for Domestic Use ..................................................................................... 93 4.6.1.7 Sources of Water for Domestic Use ...................................................................................... 94 4.6.1.8 Household Waste Disposal ....................................................................................................... 95 4.6.1.9 Infrastructural Development .................................................................................................... 95 4.6.1.10 Type of Lighting Fuel ............................................................................................................... 95 4.6.1.11 Desirability of the Project ................................................................................................... 96 Health Status Survey......................................................................................................................... 97 4.6.1.12 ................................................................................................................................................. 97 4.6.2 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION ....................................................................................................... 99 5 CHAPTER FIVE: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................. 101 5.1 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY ......................................................................................... 102 5.1.1 ALTERNATIVES TECHNOLOGIES AND FUELS .......................................................................................... 103 5.2 SITE LOCATION ALTERNATIVE SITES .......................................................................................... 106 5.3 ZERO OPTION OR DO NOTHING ALTERNATIVE ............................................................................ 108 5.4 OVERALL ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 108 6 CHAPTER SIX: ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ......... 109 6.1 ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS ..................................................................................... 109 6.1.1 RATING OF IMPACTS .................................................................................................................... 109 6.2 ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS DETERMINATION .............................................................. 113 6.2.1 BROAD BENEFICIAL IMPACTS OF THE 495MW CPG IPP PROJECT ...................................................... 113 6.3 SUMMARY OF TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT ............................................................................. 114 6.3.1 BACKGROUND AND EXISTING CONDITIONS .......................................................................................... 114 6.3.2 TRAFFIC GENERATION .................................................................................................................. 118 6.3.3 TRAFFIC PROJECTION ....................................................................................................................... 118 6.4 IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL IMPACTS (BY PROJECT PHASES) ................................................................ 119 6.5 PROJECTION OF OPERATION PHASE EMISSIONS .......................................................................... 130 6.5.1 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................... 130 6.5.2 BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENT....................................................................................................... 131 6.5.3 TERRAIN ELEVATION DATA ........................................................................................................... 133 iv Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 6.5.4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA.............................................................................................................. 134 6.5.5 MODEL RECEPTORS ..................................................................................................................... 135 7 CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................... 158 7.1 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................ 158 7.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ESMP AND MONITORING PLAN .............................................. 158 7.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN BUDGET ............................................................ 159 7.3 ASSESSMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRAFFIC................................................................................. 186 8 CHAPTER EIGHT: PUBLIC CONSULTATION ........................................................................... 188 8.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 188 8.2 CONSULTATION OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 188 8.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ................................................................................................. 188 8.4 METHODOLOGY FOR THE CONSULTATIONS .................................................................................... 189 8.4.1 .................................................................................................................................................... 189 SECTION A.............................................................................................................................................. 189 CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 197 8 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 198 15 ANNEXES ......................................................................................................................... 202 ANNEX 1 - IFC PERFORMANCE STANDARD 8 ..................................................................................... 203 ANNEX 2 - GROUNDWATER/AQUIFER MONITORING PLAN ..................................................................... 207 ANNEX 3: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ................................................................................... 215 ANNEX 4- LAND TENURE DOCUMENTS .............................................................................................. 217 ANNEX 5 LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED ..................................................................................... 263 List of Tables Table 1: Equator Principles ..................................................................................................................... 24 Table 2: Land acquisition data for the gas power plant project ......................................................... 28 Table 3: Main Design Data of Gas Turbine ......................................................................................... 32 Table 4: Specific Requirements of the Gas Turbine Plant.................................................................. 33 Table 5: Composition of the Natural Gas for gas power plant ......................................................... 34 Table 6: Natural Gas Conditions ............................................................................................................ 40 Table 7: Emissions to Air from CPG Power Plant ............................................................................. 43 Table 7a Local manpower requirement for Okija IPP ........................................................................ 44 Table 8: Air Quality and Noise Level GPS Coordinates..................................................................... 66 Table 9a: Noise Level and Air Quality Data from the Project Area ................................................. 68 Table 9b: Noise Level and Air Quality Data from the Project Area ................................................. 69 Table 10: Mean Values for Soil Sample Analysis ................................................................................. 72 Table 11: Showing Surface and Ground Water Sample Locations ................................................... 76 Table12: Mean Values for Physio-Chemical Characteristics of Surface and Ground Water Samples ....................................................................................................................................................... 79 Table 13: Some Cultivated crops in the Ubahu Community.............................................................. 83 v Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 14: Distribution of Households by Type of Housing Unit ..................................................... 99 Table 15: Distribution of Household by Source of Water Supply for Domestic Use .................... 99 Table 16: Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Toilet Facility ...................................... 100 Table 17: Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Cooking Fuel ....................................... 100 Table 18: Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Lighting Fuel ....................................... 100 Table 19: Distribution of Regular Household Method Solid Waste Disposal............................... 100 Table 20a Comparative analysis of various alternative technology and fuels ................................ 102 Table 20b: Likelihood of Occurrence of Impacts .............................................................................. 111 Table 21 Potential Consequences Classification Matrix.................................................................... 111 Table 22 Potential Consequences ......................................................................................................... 111 Table 23: Impact Significance ............................................................................................................... 112 Table 24: Impact Assessment Matrix ................................................................................................... 112 Table 25: Traffic Volume Count .......................................................................................................... 118 Table 26: Identified Potential Impacts by Phases .............................................................................. 119 Table 27: Emission Source Parameters ............................................................................................... 135 Table 28: Sensitive receptors identified within the 10Km Grid and their coordinates ................ 135 Table 29 Maximum predicted concentration levels of the flue gas within the Okija area compared with FMEnv, IFC and WHO air quality standards............................................................................ 136 Table 30: Identified Impacts and Ratings – Pre - Construction Phase ........................................... 145 Table 31 Identified Impacts and Ratings - Construction Phase ...................................................... 148 Table 32: Identified Impacts and Rating - Operational Phase ....................................................... 153 Table 33: Identified Impacts and Ratings - Decommissioning Phase ........................................... 156 Table 34: ESMP- 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ............ 160 Table 35: ESMP- 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...................... 167 Table 36: ESMP- 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project OPERATIONAL PHASE ......................... 178 Table 37: ESMP- 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project DECOMMISSIONING PHASE .............. 182 Table 38 Summary of the Cost Breakdown ........................................................................................ 186 Table 39: Consultations during Field Surveys .................................................................................... 189 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Anambra State showing............................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Federal Ministry of Environment EIA Procedural Guidelines .......................................... 7 Figure 3: Map Showing the Topographical Survey of the Proposed Okija Power Project, at Okija, Ihiala LGA, Anambra State ..................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 4: Site Layout Plan of Proposed Gas Power Plant at Okija, Anambra State ....................... 36 Figure 5: General OCPP Diagram showing major components including the gas receiving line 37 Figure 6: Schematic representation of the plant cooling system operation (Cooling Tower) ....... 38 Figure 7: Wastewater Treatment Facility ............................................................................................... 41 Figure 8a: Alaoji-Onitsha 330kV Transmission Line Figure 8b: Alaoji-Onitsha 330kV Transmission Line ...................................................................... 42 Figure 8c Preliminary Local manpower schedule ................................................................................ 44 vi Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 9: Layout of the project area and surroundings ....................................................................... 46 Figure 10 Soil Map of Anambra State.................................................................................................... 48 Figure 11: Ambient Temperature of the Project Area (NIMET) ...................................................... 49 Figure 12: Rainfall Pattern of the Project Area (NIMET) .................................................................. 50 Figure 13: Relative Humidity of the Project Area (NIMET) ............................................................. 50 Figure 14 Vegetation map of Anambra State ....................................................................................... 52 Figure 15: Satellite Imagery showing the Okija Power Plant Site, Madonna University, Hammakkop Construction Company and Onitsha-Owerri Expressway ......................................... 55 Figure 15a: The Project Site and Madonna University Location Figure 15b: Showing the Project Site and Onitsha-Owerri Expressway .......................................... 56 Figure 15c: Erosion on the North-Western Boundary of the ........................................................... 56 Project Site ................................................................................................................................................. 56 Figure 15d: Erosion on the South-Western Boundary (Site Entrance) of the Project Site ........... 56 Figure 16a: Erosion on the road beside the project site leading to the nearby Ulasi River in 2012 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 16b: Erosion on the road beside the project site leading to the nearby Ulasi River in 2013 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 17a: HAMMAKOPP Construction Company directly opposite the Proposed Power Project Site in Okija. ................................................................................................................................. 58 Figure 17b: Facilities at HAMMAKOPP Construction Company.................................................... 58 Figure 17d: HAMMAKOPP Construction Company directly opposite the Proposed Power Project Site in Okija. ................................................................................................................................. 59 Figure 17c: Team of Consultants visiting HAMMAKKOP Construction Company directly opposite the Proposed Power Project Site in Okija. ........................................................................... 59 Figure 18a: St Peters Anglican Church, Okija ...................................................................................... 60 Figure 18b: St Peters Anglican Church Premises, Okija ..................................................................... 60 Figure 19a: Nkwo Okija - Okija town main market ............................................................................ 60 Figure 19b: Nkwo Okija - Okija town main market ............................................................................ 61 Figure 20a: Madonna University in Okija Town .................................................................................. 61 Figure 21: Nkwo Odo Oriefite ............................................................................................................... 62 Figure 22a: Location in Ozubulu Figure 22b: Ozubulu town .................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 23a: Azia Area in Okija town ...................................................................................................... 63 Figure 23b: Azia Area in Okija Town .................................................................................................... 63 Figure 24a: Air Quality Sample Collection ............................................................................................ 64 Figure 24b: Air Quality Sample Collection ........................................................................................... 65 Figure 25: Map showing Air Quality and Noise Sample Points within the Project Area .............. 67 Figure 26a: Soil Sample Collection Figure 26b: Soil Sample Collection .............................. 70 Figure 27: Schematic Map Showing Soil Sample Collection Points in the Project Area................ 71 Figure 28a: Surface Water Sample Collection Figure 28b: Ground Water Sample Collection 75 Figure 29: Map Showing Surface water Sample Points in the Project Area..................................... 77 Figure 30: Map Showing Ground Water Sample Points in the Project Area .................................. 78 Figure 32: Soil Resistivity Results for Okija Power Plant Site ............................................................ 86 Figure 33: Geotech at Okija Power Plant Site ...................................................................................... 87 vii Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 34c: Socioeconomic Data Gathering ......................................................................................... 89 Figure 35: Gender Distribution of Respondents - Overall Mean ...................................................... 90 Figure 36: Age Distribution of Respondents within the Project Area .............................................. 91 Figure 37: Marital Status of Respondents within the Project Area ................................................... 92 Figure 38 Religion of Respondents ........................................................................................................ 92 Figure 39: Occupation Distribution ....................................................................................................... 93 Figure 40: School and Literacy Level of the Project Area .................................................................. 93 Figure 41: Source of Energy for Domestic Use ................................................................................... 94 Figure 42: Source of Water for Domestic Use ..................................................................................... 95 Figure 42a Waste disposal practices ....................................................................................................... 95 Figure 43: Desirability of the Project ..................................................................................................... 96 Figure 44: Awareness of the Project ...................................................................................................... 97 Figure 45: Health Symptoms ................................................................................................................... 97 Figure 46: Prevalent Health Problems in the Project Area ................................................................. 98 Figure 47: Response on Health Risk in the Project Area.................................................................... 99 Figure 48: Impact Rating Tool ............................................................................................................. 109 Figure 49: Schematic showing the Onitsha-Owerri Expressway ..................................................... 115 Figure 50: Onitsha-Owerri Expressway .............................................................................................. 116 Figure 53: Base map of the 10 Km grid centered on the Okija Gas Plant ..................................... 132 Figure 54: Topographical map of the project area showing elevations of the terrain .................. 133 Figure 55: Wind Speed and Direction of the Project Area (2008 – 2012) ..................................... 134 Figure 56: NOx Maximum Concentrations (1 hour Averaging period) indicating the point of highest concentration ............................................................................................................................. 138 Figure 57: NOx Maximum Concentrations (Annual Average) indicating the point of highest concentration ........................................................................................................................................... 139 Figure 58: CO Maximum Concentrations (8 Hour Average) indicating the point of highest concentration ........................................................................................................................................... 140 Figure 59: CO Maximum Concentrations (1 Hour Averaging Period) indicating the point of highest concentration ............................................................................................................................. 141 Figure 60 : CO2 Maximum Concentrations (1 Hour Averaging Period) indicating the point of highest concentration ............................................................................................................................. 142 Figure 61: CO2 Maximum Concentrations (Annual Averaging Period) indicating the point of highest concentration ............................................................................................................................. 143 Figure 62 The Paramount Ruler Obi-Onowu with members of the cabinet................................. 193 Figure 63 Some of youth group of the community ........................................................................... 193 Figure 64 Some members of the community with the Igwe and the MD of CPG ...................... 194 Figure 65 The MD CPG informing the Igwe and cabinent members on the project .................. 195 Figure 66 The Igwe and members of his cabinent with the MD CPG........................................... 195 Figure 67 Group photograph with keaders of some women groups, Igwe and his cabinent and youth groups ............................................................................................................................................ 196 viii Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd ACRONYMS ACCNNR African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ADB Asian Development Bank AERMOD American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model Improvement Committee Dispersion Model AERMAP American Meteorological Society/EPA Regulatory Model Terrain Preprocessor AERMET American Meteorological Society/EPA Regulatory Model Meteorological Preprocessor AfDB African Development Bank ANSMEN Anambra State Environmental Protection Agency AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANSMEnv Anambra State Ministry of Environment ANSMH Anambra State Ministry of Health ANSML Anambra State Ministry of Lands ANSMWR Anambra State Ministry of Water Resources ANSWAM Anambra State Waste Management Authority BOD Biological Oxygen Demand C of O Certificate of Occupancy CASHES Community Affairs, Safety, Health, Environment and Securit CBA Cost Benefit Analysis CCPP Combined Cycle Power Plant CEMS Continuous Emissions Monitoring System COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPG Century Power Generation Ltd cT Tropical Continental dB Decibels DCS Distributed Control System DEM Digital Elevation Model DO Dissolved Oxygen DPR Department of Petroleum Resources ix Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd EA Environmental Assessment EAG Environmental Assessment Guidelines EC Electric Conductivity EHS Environmental Health and Safety EIA Environment Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPC Engineering Procurement and Construction ESPR Electric Power Sector Reform ESPRA Electric Power Sector Reform Act EPFI Equator Principle Financial Institutions FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FI Financial Intermediaries FRSC Federal Road Safety Commission GE General Electric GHG Green House Gases GIIP Good International Industry Practice GPP Gas Power Plant GPS Global Positioning System GSM Global System for Mobile Communication GT Gas Turbine GTG Gas Turbine Generator HazCom Hazard Community Program HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labour Organization IPP Independent Power Project ISO International Standards Organization ISS Integrated Safeguards System x Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd ITD Inter-Tropical Discontinuity Zone ITE Institute of Transport Engineering JHA Job Hazard Analysis kW kilo Watts kV kilo Volts LAP Land Acquisition Plan LDCs ess Developed Countries LGA Local Government Area LHV Lower Heating Value MoU morandum of Understanding MM5 Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model MDBS Multilateral Development Banks mT Tropical Maritime MW Megawatts NASA United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration NAUTH Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital NBET Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trader NERC Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission NESI Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NGA United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency NGC Nigerian Gas Company NGOs Non-governmental Organization NIMET Nigerian Meteorological Agency NPC National Population Commission OCPP Open Cycle Power Plant OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OHRA Occupational Health Risk Assessment OHS Occupational Health and Safety OHSMPs Occupational Health and Safety Management Plans OHSRA Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment OS Operational Safeguards PAPS Project Affected Persons PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls PEECC Package Electrical and Electronic Control Cabinet PHCN Power Holding Company of Nigeria PMU Project Management Unit PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPP Public/Private Partnership ROI Return on Interest ROW Right Of Way xi Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment SIWES Sudents Industrial Work Experience Scheme SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SPT Standard Penetration Tests STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections TCN Transmission Company of Nigeria TDS Total Dissolved Solids THC Total Hydrocarbon Content TOR Terms of Reference UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UV Ultra Violet VES Vehicle Exhaust Screening VET Vehicle Emission Testing WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WRAPP Workers Respiratory Protection Program yrs. Years Symbols °C Celsius Al2O3 Aluminium Oxide Ca Calcium CaO Calcium Oxide CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide Fe2O3 Iron (III) Oxide HNO3 Nitric Acid Mg Magnesium NH3 Ammonia NH4 Ammonium NOx Nitrogen Oxide SiO2 Silicon Oxide SOx Sulphur Oxide xii Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Executive Summary Preamble This executive summary presents a brief of the main findings of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) conducted for the Century Power Generation (CPG) Okija Independent Power Project (IPP). The objective of the ESIA is to examine the environmental, social, economic, health, physical, and biological impacts in the project area, and propose enhancement measures for identified positive impacts and proffer prevention/mitigation measures for identified negative impacts; develop a monitoring plan, and institutional and budgetary requirements for the implementation of the ESIA report‘s Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) through all the phases of project implementation. This executive summary provides key information on the environmental and social aspects, potentially significant impacts, and mitigation measures, which need to be addressed during the implementation of the proposed project Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd, an independent consultant firm, prepared this ESIA report. Introduct ion The Okija Independent Power Project (IPP) is a proposed gas powered electricity generating plant to be developed by Century Power Generation a subsidiary of NESTOIL Plc. The plant is designed to produce an output of 495MW within the first phase of implementation. Subsequent phases of the development will upgrade the power output of the plant to 750MW, and ultimately to 1,500MW. The generated electricity is to be injected into the National grid. CPG Okija IPP is located 15 Km from Nnewi town and 25 Km from Onitsha city, a major commercial hub in the South-East. The land size for the Construction is a Greenfield area and is about 319,340 square metres (31.934 hectares) in Okija town along Onitsha-Owerri express road in Ihiala LGA of Anambra state. The Ulasi River, a tributary of the River Niger, bound it at the rear. The financial backings for the implementation of the CPG IPP consists of a 70% Debt and 30% Equity from Financial Institutions and CPG respectively. The debt portion will be funded by International Commercial Banks, Export Credit Agencies, Development Financial Institutions and Local Commercial Banks. The total cost for implementing the project and all of its various components are estimated at about USD$750 - 810 million dollars. In line with the requirements of Federal Ministry of Environment, the African Development Bank and the World Bank, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment needs to be carried out for development projects of this nature. The aim of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study is to assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed natural gas-fired power plant and prepare a report that includes a detailed Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The ESIA will establish modalities of implementing the construction works, as well as the project‘s operation, in line with Nigerian Environmental policies and laws and the Operation Policies of the African Development Bank and the World Bank, detailing mitigation measures as well as institutional roles and responsibilities in the realization of the ESMP. xiii Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework The chapter identifies and summarizes all the triggered Nigerian environmental regulations and legal instruments (as they apply to the project), relevant international legal requirements provided by the AfDB, World Bank, IFC, international conventions and treaties and, the Equator principles. The CPG IPP is rated a Category 1 in the Nigerian EIA Act and AfDB (equivalent to Category A project in accordance to the Environmental Assessment policy of the World Bank because of the potential scale of impacts in terms of socioeconomic, environmental and occupational health and safety impacts. The impacts resulting from theses issues have been assessed and enhancement and mitigation measures for beneficial and negative impacts respectively proposed. Project and Process Description The project involves the construction of a Gas fired power plant. The construction period will be in three phases: • Implementation of the Open Cycle Power Plant (OCPP) with power output of 495 MW (approximately 500 MW). • Extension of the OCPP to Closed Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) with nominal power capacity of approximately 750 MW. • Installation of a second CCPP with additional capacity of 750 MW to a total power plant of approximately 1500 MW. The project will involve the use of gas turbines to generate electricity for the current 495 MW gas power plant project. In future planning (1,500 MW), the plant will use the exhaust gases to power a steam turbine for more electricity in a combined cycle configuration. The proposed 495 MW gas power plant will consist of the following main components: 1. Combustor 2. Gas Turbine 3. Compressor 4. Generator 5. Exhaust Stacks 6. Auxiliary Transformers Unit 1 to 4 7. Generator House 8. Switchyard area 9. Demin Plant/Water Tank 10. Fuel Gas Receiving/Reducing Arrangement 11. Boreholes (2 – 3 nos. deep wells) 12. Raw Water Treatment Plant/Tank 13. Waste water Treatment plant 14. Multipurpose Building xiv Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 15. Administrative Building 16. Foam Production Equipment 17. Black Start/Emergency Diesel Facility area 18. Fire Station 19. Workshops and Warehouse 20. Control / Protection Room 21. Water storage facilities Other auxiliary and related equipment will include: Lubrication and Hydraulic System, Gas Leak Detection and Fire Protection System, Control System, Static Starter device, Fuel Valves, Ventilation System, Compressor Cleaning Equipment, etc. The personnel requirement will include staff (Engineers, Operators, Technicians/Foremen and Administrative workers) for operations and maintenance of the proposed power plant. There will also be indirect local job creation for plant and office consumables, and for equipment and lubricating oil vendors. CPG anticipates that many unskilled/semi-skilled indigenes will be employed during the construction and operations phases (cooks, drivers, cleaners, artisans etc.) Description of the project environment and baseline studies The CPG Okija Independent Power Plant is to be constructed on about 319,340 square metres (31.934 hectares) of a Greenfield area situated in Okija town along Onitsha-Owerri express road in Ihiala LGA of Anambra state. The Ulasi River, a tributary of the River Niger, bound it at the rear. The proposed site is about 5 Km from the Ihiala Local Government headquarters, 15 Km from Nnewi and 25 Km from Onitsha by road. Ihiala L.G.A is a fast growing area, which is predominantly rural community based and harbours a population of 302,308 inhabitants (2006 census). The immediate host community is Ubahu Okija, which is one of the 30 villages that make up Okija community in Ihiala Local government Area of Anambra state Okija is a city in Ihiala and one of the oldest in the LGA. Okija is one of the fastest growing cities in the tsate. Several factors have contributed to an accelerated growth rate and development in Okija area. These factors include the economic development via industrialization (Hammakopp Construction Company), and proximity to Onitsha, which is the commercial centre of Anambra State. Baseline data were acquired during field trips made to the project area and associated communities. Detailed traffic impact assessment and air quality impacts were also conducted. All air quality and noise level samples collected were within the prescribed limits by FMEnv, WB and WHO. Questionnairas were distributed to identified focal groups for the socio-economic survey. xv Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Alternatives Various alternatives to the project were evaluated. Alternatives based on Technologies and fuels  Hydroelectric Power  Coal  Wind energy  Natural gas Alternative sites Site Evaluation Criteria The key criteria used in evaluating alternative sites included the land topography, the land size required for the execution of the project, willingness of community to accept the project to be sited in their domain, economic benefits to the region, proximity to main roads, proximity to gas supply, source of cooling and raw water, availability of power evacuation logistics, potential environmental impacts, site development, capital costs, operation and maintenance costs. The Okija site and the use of another location were evaluated. The do-nothing alternative was also evaluated, however, as it is, Nigeria is facing severe shortage of electricity power supply, with frequent cuts in supply. Thus a zero option or do-nothing alternative is unacceptable. Based on the overall analysis of alternatives, the Project has selected the most appropriate, which is the utilization of Natural gas for the power plant to be located in Okija in Anambra State. Associated and Potential Impacts The beneficial environmental and social impacts of the project will include: Environmental 1) Improved Power Supply in Ihiala LGA and surrounding LGAs. 2) Upgrade of the current electricity generation capacity and technologies of the Project state (Anambra state) 3) The project will directly and indirectly encourage investments in Anambra States. 4) Trainings will be provided on Occupational Health and Safety 5) Improved waste management and good housekeeping practices in the station Social Impacts 1) The CPG Okija IPP project will provide access to reliable electricity in the Ihiala LGA and surrounding communities. xvi Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2) It will ensure sustainability of electricity generation in the long term, meeting the needs of the present and future population 3) It will serve as a positive benchmark for future developments anticipated in the Nigerian power industry. 4) Improve the electricity provision conditions of the Ihiala LGA and surrounding communities. 5) Positive impacts on businesses, schools and households. 6) Platform for transfer of power generating technology and skill acquisition in the power sector in Ihiala LGA and Anambra state at large. 7) The project will contribute greatly towards job creation and employment for people in Ihiala LGA, provision of direct and indirect employment opportunities for citizens of the State in new industries and businesses 8) Create the potential for future private sector involvement and participation especially in the areas of Public/Private Partnerships (PPP). 9) Utilization of efficient power generation methodology through the deployment of state of the art gas turbine technology. 10) Promotion of small and medium scale industrial/business development and investment opportunities within the 10km grid of the project area through improved power generation 11) Utilizing gas for electricity generation thus reducing gas flaring and its associated environmental impacts. The anticipated positive impacts which are huge notwithstanding, could impact surface and ground water, siltation of the Ulasi River, air quality, visual impacts, cultural property; landscape and general aesthetics; health and safety aspects; and potential cumulative impacts. The impacts on these environmental and social media will have some adverse impacts on the project sustainability and the community, which, if not identified early and mitigated may offset the envisaged potential positive impacts of the project. Some of the negative environmental and social impacts of the project will include: Environmental 1) The pre-construction phase will give rise to fugitive dust and frequent exhaust emissions into the atmosphere as equipment is delivered to the project site and along major roads (Onitsha – Owerri Expressway) This will affect travellers along the Onitsha – Owerri Expressway and could possibly led to increase in road accidents. 2) During the construction activities there may be potential for contaminant laden water runoff to impact on water quality. The contaminants in water runoff may have the potential to enter existing drainage channels and into local watercourses (Ulasi river). 3) Accidental spillage of chemicals (lubricants, transformer oil), cement and fuels from the operation and maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will pose negative impacts to surface and future groundwater quality. xvii Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4) Pollution of water resources from inadequate or unsafe storage of waste and disposal of sanitary wastewater and domestic water may occur. 5) The simple cycle power plant is envisaged to require a maximum of approximately 15m 3 (15,000 litres) per day over the lifetime of the project. There is the potential for the over exploitation of the ground water resources if not properly managed. This could result in potentially long term effects on the water resources at a local and regional level. There could be possibility of lowering of the water table during the the dewatering of the aquifer. 6) During the project decommissioning phase, activities will include dismantling and demolition of project facilities and subsequent earthworks and site levelling. The resulting disturbance and associated soil compaction could result in negative impacts such as increased erosion. 7) Improper handling of waste generated during the dismantling and demolition activities could result in contamination of soils. Social 1) Considering that the Onitsha – Owerri Expressway is highly utilised by travellers, increase in traffic congestions as a result of movement of equipment and materials along the road is envisaged. This will impact on travel time, and may result in negative perception about the project, amongst residents and road users. It may also disrupt movement of inhabitants to places of work, business (particularly HAMAKOPP) and schools, resulting in the loss of man-hours. 2) There will be an increase in traffic congestion on major roads particularly Onitsha – Owerri express road as a result of intermittent movement of equipment and materials into the project site. This will impact on travel time, and may result in negative perception about the project, amongst road users, residents and commercial establishments 3) Services delivered by commercial establishments (restaurants), hospitals, businesses etc. to the personnel at the gas power plant will reduce. This ESIA also identifies some specific plans such as the IFC Performance Standard, Groundwater and Aquifer monitoring plan, Corporate social responsibility which will guide the Contractors, CPG and other stakeholders in ameliorating the negative impacts of the rehabilitation works. Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) A matrix table format of the ESMP is described in detail in chapter 7 of this report. All impacts are discussed according to the respective phases during project implementation. The impacts have been described, as they would impact on different environmental and social sensitivities at all phases. The chapter also includes mitigation measures and mitigation costs, and institutional responsibilities in the implementation of the ESMP. The roles and responsibilities for monitoring the environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures are also stated. xviii Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Cost of Implementing the ESMP The total cost for the implementation of the ESMP for the CPG IPP is estimated at Six hundred and eighty nine thousand eight hundred and seventy US Dollars ($689,870) USD. Public Consultation Stakeholder consultation and focus group discussions were conducted in systematically selected areas located within 10km radius from the project site. These areas where selected following the consultants work design for gathering air quality data and the potential for these areas to be likely impacted by emissions from the gas power plant during operation. This is well detailed in Chapter 8 of this report. xix Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Inadequate electric power infrastructure has been identified as one of the main constraints to the rapid growth of the Nigerian economy. Nationally, electricity consumers suffer from frequent power outages; the current average national power generation is about 4,200MW, as against an estimated suppressed demand of well over 10,000MW (based on the Tractabel 2009 demand survey report). Presently, the Federal Government of Nigeria is making concerted efforts to increase electric power generation and has set a target generation capacity of 20,000 MW by the year 2020. In order to achieve this goal, massive investment is required in upgrading existing power generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure in Nigeria, as well as building out new capacity. Therefore the government promulgated the Electric Power Sector Reform (ESPR) Act of 2005, which establishes the framework for private sector involvement in the development of the Nigerian Electric Supply Industry (NESI). In line with this invitation in the ESPR act, Century Power Generation Limited (CPG) has secured an on-grid power generation licence from the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC), to build, own and operate a 495 MW (ISO) gas–fired power plant in Okija, Anambra State. The output from the proposed power plant will be sold to the Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trader (set up by the Federal Government to guarantee bulk purchase of all electric power generated by a NESI participant; - The World Bank and African Development Bank have both provided Partial Risk Guaranty schemes to securitize and give confidence to power producers). The output will be delivered via the Nigerian electricity transmission grid, operated by the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN). CPG is seeking involvement of the African Development Bank (AfDB) and World Bank in the raising of the debt component of the project cost. Under World Bank and AfDB safeguards policies, borrowers for developmental projects likely to have adverse impacts on the environment are obligated to ensure that environmental, health, safety, as well as economic considerations are taken into consideration prior to take-off of the project. A combined-cycle gas turbine power plant as CPG is proposing to build in Okija is a category ―A‖ project under World Bank/AfDB safeguards policies and as such, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) must be undertaken prior to project implementation. In response to this requirement, CPG has engaged the service of Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd, to undertake the preparation of the ESIA for the project. This ESIA identifies the environmental and social impacts (beneficial and adverse) associated with the implementation of the project, and proffers how to enhance the beneficial impacts and to 1 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd mitigate the adverse impacts. It also, stipulates a monitoring plan for the proposed environmental management plan (EMP). 1.2 Overview In a bid to tackle the growing electricity demand in Nigeria, the Federal Government of Nigeria, in keeping with its power sector industrial development plan initiated the Nigerian Power Sector reforms as enshrined in the ESPR Act of 2005. The initiative is targeted towards promoting and increasing private sector ownership and management of electricity power plants around the country. Currently, Century Power Generation Limited (a member of the NESTOIL Group) has secured a generating license from the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC), to build and operate an open cycle gas turbine power plant that would generate about 495MW (ISO) of electricity in its first phase (CPG plans to upgrade the system to a 1,500MW combined cycle gas power plant). The gas-fired power plant will be located in Okija, Ihiala Local Government Area (LGA) of Anambra State. The proposed gas-fired power plant will be sited along the Onitsha – Owerri expressway. Granting an on-grid generation license to CPG means that the output of the plant will be sold via the Nigerian Electricity Grid through the Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trader (NBET). It follows that NBET will implement a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with CPG which details the conditions for the power sale transaction. 1.3 Project Objectives The Project ultimately seeks to deploy a 1,500MW combined-cycle power plant in phases. The Okija Combined-Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) shall be implemented on basis of an Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) Contract. The construction period will be in phases: i) Implementation of an Open Cycle Power Plant (OCPP) with a power output of approximately 495 MW (at ISO conditions) by Mid-2017. ii) Extension of the OCPP to a CCPP with a nominal power capacity of approximately 750 MW(at ISO conditions). iii) Installation of a second CCPP train with additional 750 MW (at ISO conditions) to a total power plant of approximately 1,500 MW (at ISO conditions) Full plant operation capacity is expected to be available mid-2020 (subject to the evolution of the Nigerian power generation market). 2 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 1.4 Project Area and Location The CPG Okija Independent Power Plant is to be constructed on about 319,340 square metres (31.934 hectares) of a Greenfield area situated in Okija town along Onitsha-Owerri express road in Ihiala LGA of Anambra state. The Ulasi River, a tributary of the River Niger, bound it at the rear. The proposed site is about 5 Km from the Ihiala Local Government headquarters, 15 Km from Nnewi and 25 Km from Onitsha by road. Map of Anambra state is shown in Figure 1 below. Project Area (in Ihiala LGA of Anambra State) Figure 1: Map of Anambra State showing 1.5 Project Scope The proposed project and its sub-activities will involve:  Civil engineering works, including excavation, terracing and foundation construction  Plant erection, installation of gas turbines, generators, transformers, control and protection systems  Installation of fuel gas system and the interface piping between the IPP‘s pipes and the pipeline network of the supplying vendor 3 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd  Construction of water boreholes and installation of water supply and circulating water cooling systems including an independent fire fighting and domestic water consumption system for the power station  Installation of a 330 kV power outgoing line switchyard and associated switchgear systems and integrating it with the 330 kV grid on site  Ancillary works such as installation of communication system (within the power station), construction of balance of plant systems such as compressed air and water treatment, and construction of the fence and gate for the proposed power station  Operation of the power plant to produce electricity in a safe and efficient manner  Maintenance Operations (scheduled and unscheduled)  Impact Monitoring and continued Stakeholder Consultation  Decommissioning at the end of the project life span  Installation of temporary associated structures (porta-cabins, prefabricated structures for staff accommodation and administrative purposes respectively. 1.6 Project Management and Implementation Modalities To sustain the anticipated development, the NESTOIL group through its Special Purpose Vehicle for the project, CPG, has adopted a project management approach. The approach will include: 1. Developing a clear understanding of all contract/sub-contract requirements and objectives 2. Provision of management systems to plan, integrate, measure and control the project performance- Defining and sequencing project sub-activities, work schedules for contractors, and performance indicators to achieve the most efficient and effective implementation of the project 3. Establishment of a project management unit (PMU) within CPG to organize, supervise, implement and complete project scope of works in the most timely, effective and safest manner, without negatively impacting the social, and biophysical environments. 4. Developing a compliance checklist to ensure that environmental and social safeguard measures are in place. (These will be consistent with those established by organizations such as the African Development Bank (AfDB) and World Bank (WB). 5. Identifying and committing qualified personnel to ensure successful project implementation and completion. 6. Establishing a communication plan for the proponent and other project stakeholders to assure integrated planning and design and encourage grievance redress. 1.7 Financing Arrangement for the CPG Okija IPP Project The total cost of the development, including putting in place infrastructure and other associated inputs is estimated at USD 750 – 810 million. The funding mechanism will be driven through debt (bank facilitated lending operations) and equity (70% Debt and 30% Equity). The debt portion will be 4 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd funded by Financial Institutions, which includes, International Commercial Banks, Export Credit Agencies, Development Finance Institutions and Local Commercial Banks. Currently, NESTOIL is the only equity investor for the project. 1.8 Justification for an ESIA The primary beneficial impact of the proposed CPG Okija IPP project is the anticipated improvement in electricity generation and accessibility. However, the foreseeable adverse impact of the project is envisaged during the operation phase and is attributable to possible Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and other gaseous pollutants. The ESIA will therefore address projected air dispersion of gases during the operation phase and provide an assessment of environmental and social issues with regards to the civil works to be implemented at the pre-construction and construction phases. The ESIA will also enable identification and rating of impacts of project sub-activities on the physical, biological and socio- economic environments and proffer suitable mitigation measures for potentially adverse environmental and social impacts, and measures for enhancement of positive impacts. This will be accomplished through a comprehensive Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project and a viable Monitoring Plan for evaluating ESMP implementation performance. 1.8.1 ESIA Scope of Works The scope of works as contained in the Terms of Reference (ToR) includes the following:  Comprehensive environmental and social impacts study of all aspects of the project.  Stakeholder Engagement and Disclosure.  Multi-disciplinary environmental data acquisition including extensive literature review, desk studies, field survey, laboratory analysis and ecological impact prediction indices.  Studies on environmental components such as:  Climate and Air Quality  Water and Sediment  Hydrogeology and Geophysics  Vegetation, Soil and Land- Use  Ecology and Wildlife 5 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 1.8.2 Objectives of the ESIA 1. To assess the nature, intensity and duration of the project impacts and those of other project related activities on the environment and socio-economic life of the surrounding communities. 2. To ensure the consultation and participation of all stakeholders especially the local communities in the entire ESIA process so as to promote an enabling environment for project sustainability 3. Proffer mitigation measures where necessary to minimize the negative impacts as well as arrange subsequent management and monitoring programs to last the life cycle of the project 4. To attain a high level of compliance with local and international standards especially those of development banks such as the AfDB and WB 1.9 Technical Approach and Methodology The methodology used for the conduct of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the project was based on guidelines as proposed by the following: 1) Federal Government of Nigeria EIA Law and subsequent Federal Ministry of Environment standard procedures for conducting EIA/ESIA in Nigeria 2) African Development Bank - Integrated Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines, and 3) Guidelines documented under the World Bank IFC Performace Standards on Enviromental and Social Sustainbility All guidelines collectively advise that Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Studies are essential to examine the potential environmental and social risks and benefits (impacts) associated with developments and /or investment lending operations. They agree that the ESIA is an essential tool for identifying beneficial and adverse impacts and integrating environmental and social concerns into the development process. The above collectively incorporate a process for the:  Literature Review  Baseline status of the biological, physical and social environments where the development is intended to be implemented  Identification and assessment of beneficial and adverse impacts  Development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) with proffered mitigation measures, institutional responsibilities and mitigation implementation costs.  Development of a Monitoring Plan  Public Consultation 6 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 1.9.1 Data Collection, Sampling and Analysis An extensive reconnaissance of the project area and surrounding communities was undertaken. Transects were utilized for vegetation studies. Soil, water and air sampling points; borehole locations and target areas for the gathering of socio-economic data were established. Photographs and video recording was also captured. The study area covered a 10 km radius from the proposed facility. Specifically, air quality and noise level sampling was collected conducted within a 20km grid. Laboratory analysis was conducted for collected environmental media (Soil, surface water, groundwater, sediment etc.). Air dispersion modelling was performed using U.S. EPA‘s AERMOD Model. 1.10 The Federal Ministry of Environment ESIA Process Figure 2 outlines the activities to be carried out during the entire lifespan of the ESIA process as stipulated by the Federal Ministry of Environment. Flow Chart of the FMENV EIA Procedure PROPONENT FEASIBILITY STUDY OR PROJECT PROPOSAL FMENV EIA SECRETARIAT INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION MANDATORY OTHERS CLASSIFIED PROJECTS EXCLUDED PROJECT PROJECT PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT SCREENING SCOPING NO EIA REQUIRED DRAFT REPORT PUBLIC HEARING REVIEW PANEL MEDIATION REVIEW REPORT PROPONENT FINAL EIA REPORT Not approved TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (Decision making committee) Approved ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) AND CERTIFICATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION COMMISSIONING AUDIT (EIA Procedural Guidelines, 1995) Figure 2: Federal Ministry of Environment EIA Procedural Guidelines 7 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 1.11 Project Categorization Considering the nature of the project, the impacts are envisaged to be site-specific for civil works. However, gaseous emissions during operation of the plant will be widespread, and may pose severe long-term negative impacts over large distances. The emission will comprise of mainly GHGs and other gaseous pollutants (such as NOx and CO) which if not properly managed may lead to environmental and health risks and may pose social concerns. Furthermore, the project may impact on travel time especially between the Onitsha-Owerri express way, hindering movement of travellers, commercial materials, diesel carriage tankers and traders to and from Onitsha and Owerri. The potential to expose the project area and surroundings to erosion and wash-off of particles into the Ulasi River is likely. Personnel will be exposed to occupational health and safety risks during handling of high-tension transmission cables and other unsafe equipment. There will also be the possibility of surface and groundwater contamination, etc. These place the project in the Environmental Category I (Nigeria); Category 1 (AfDB) and Category A (World Bank). See categorization for projects financed by Nigeria and the two Banks in Chapter 2 This ESIA has been prepared for the 495MW component of the gas-fired power plant. 8 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 3 CHAPTER TWO: POLICIES, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction A number of national and international environmental guidelines are applicable to the proposed CPG Okija IPP project. In Nigeria, the power to approve activities that might impact the environment is vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv/FME). On an international perspective, agencies such as the AfDB, World Bank, IFC, and other financial organizations usually set environmental criteria for projects, which must be met by project proponents before the agencies invest in them. 2.2 Relevant Regulatory Policies of Nigeria 2.2.1 Federal Policy/Legislation 2.2.1.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment The act establishing the Ministry places on it the responsibility of ensuring that all development and industry activity, operations and emissions are within the limits prescribed in the National Guidelines and Standards, and comply with relevant regulations for environmental pollution management in Nigeria as may be released by the Ministry. To fulfil this mandate a number of regulations/instruments are available, however the main instruments in ensuring that environmental and social issues are mainstreamed into development projects is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. With this Act, the FMEnv prohibits public and private sector participants from embarking on major prospects or activities without due consideration, at early stages, of environmental and social impacts. The act makes an EIA mandatory for any development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies. Procedurally, in Nigeria, it is worthwhile to note that before commencement of an EIA, the FMENV issues a letter of intent on notification by the proponent, approve the terms of reference, ensure public participation, review and mediate. The possible technical activities expected for a proposed project include Screening, full or partial EIA Study, Review, Decision-making, Monitoring Auditing and Decommissioning/Remediation post-closure. 9 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2.2.2 National Legal Instruments on Environment Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv) This Act provides guidelines for activities of development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects, which require mandatory EIAs. According to these guidelines:  Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required.  Category III projects are considered to have ―essentially beneficial impacts‖ on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. National Environmental Standards and Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act 2007: Administered by the Ministry of Environment, the National Environment Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) Act of 2007 replaced the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act. It is the embodiment of laws and regulations focused on the protection and sustainable development of the environment and its natural resources. Relevant sections are:  Section 7 provides authority to ensure compliance with environmental laws, local and international, on environmental sanitation and pollution prevention and control through monitory and regulatory measures.  Section 8 (1)(K) empowers the Agency to make and review regulations on air and water quality, effluent limitations, control of harmful substances and other forms of environmental pollution and sanitation.  Section 27 prohibits, without lawful authority, the discharge of hazardous substances into the environment. This offence is punishable under this section, with a fine not exceeding, N1, 000,000 (One Million Naira) and an imprisonment term of 5 years. In the case of a company, there is an additional fine of N50, 000, for every day the offence persists. 10 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Regulations under National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESERA)  National Effluent Limitation Regulations: requires industry facilities to have anti-pollution equipment for the treatment of effluent and a submission of a composition of the industry‘s treated effluents to NESREA.  National Environment Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities producing Waste) Regulations (1991): prohibits the release of hazardous substances into the air, land or water of Nigeria beyond approved limits set by the Agency. It also requires industries to report a discharge if it occurs and to submit comprehensive list of chemicals used for production to the Agency. Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) ACT CAP H1, LFN 2004: The Harmful Waste Act prohibits, without lawful authority, the carrying, dumping or depositing of harmful waste in the air, land or waters of Nigeria. This act provides for a punishment of life imprisonment for offenders as well as the forfeiture of land or anything used to commit the offence. It also gives adequate punishment to any conniving, consenting or negligent officer where the offence is committed by the company as well as defining the civil liability of any offender i.e the offender will be liable to persons who suffered injury as a result of his offending act. National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulations, 2009: This regulation that was promulgated in 2009 among other things makes adequate provisions for waste control and environmental sanitation including punishments in cases of malfeasances. Associated Gas Re-injection Act, CAP 20, LFN 2004: The Associated Gas Re-Injection Act deals with the gas flaring activities of oil and gas companies in Nigeria. This Act prohibits, without lawful permission, any oil and gas company from flaring gas in Nigeria and also stipulates the penalty for breach of permit conditions. Petroleum ACT, CAP P10, LFN 2004: The Petroleum Act and its Regulations remain the primary legislation on oil and gas activities in Nigeria. It promotes public safety and environmental protection. This Act provides authority to make regulations on operations for the prevention of air and water pollution. 11 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Petroleum Products and Distribution ACT, CAP P12, LFN 2004: Under this Act, the offence of sabotage, which could result in environmental pollution, is punishable with a death sentence or an imprisonment term not exceeding 21 years. Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection ACT, CAP N142, LFN 2004: The Act is concerned with the regulation of the use of radioactive substances and equipment emitting and generating ionizing radiation. It provides authority to make regulations for the protection of the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation and makes registration of premises and the restriction of ionizing radiation sources to those premises mandatory. This Act also allows an inspector verify records of activities that pertain to the environment and clarifies that the same regulations guiding the transportation of dangerous goods by air, land or water should also apply to the transportation of radioactive substances. Factories ACT, CAP F1, LFN 2004: The Factories Act promotes the safety of workers and professionals exposed to occupational hazards. Under this Act, it is an offence to use unregistered premises for factory purposes. In particular, it allows an inspector take emergency measures or request that emergency measures be taken by a person qualified to do so in cases of pollution or any nuisance. 2.2.3 Other National Legal Instruments on Environment  Federal Environmental Protection Agency (Amendment) Act No 59 of 1992  The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria  The National Effluents Limitations Regulation  The National Environmental Policy (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations  The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations  National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999)  National Guidelines for Environmental Audit  National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (1991)  FMEnv Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA Act Cap 131 LFN)  National Policy on Flood and Erosion Control 2006 (FMEnv)  National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991  Forestry Act, 1958  Endangered Species Act, 1985 12 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2.3 Other Acts and Legislations 2.3.1 Land Use Act of 1978 The land-use Act of 1978 states that ―…It is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the Natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved‘. This implies that acts that could result in the pollution of the land, air, and waters of Nigeria negates this decree, and are therefore unacceptable. Furthermore, the Land Use Act of 1978 (modified in 1990) remains the primary legal means to acquire land in the country. The Act vests all land in the urban areas of each state under the control and management of the governor of the state. The governor of the state holds the land in trust for the people of the state and is solely responsible for the allocation of land in all urban areas to individuals who reside in the state and to organizations for residential, agricultural and commercial purposes. All other land in the state subject to conditions under the Land Use Act is under the control and management of the local government. The act divests traditional owners of land and vests such land in the state governor for the benefit and use of all Nigerians Section 3.1.1 deals extensively with the land acquisition procedure for the Okija site. Under the Land Use Act, there are two types of land rights: - Statutory Rights of Occupancy: Individuals and entities can obtain a statutory right for occupancy of urban and non-urban land. Recipients of certificates of occupancy are obligated to pay the state for any unexhausted improvements (i.e. improvements with continuing value such as a building or power plant) on the land at the time the recipient takes possession and must pay rent fixed by the state. Rights are transferrable with the authorization of the state governor. - Customary Right of Occupancy: Local governments may grant customary rights of occupancy to land in any non-urban area to any person or organization for agricultural, residential, and other purposes, including grazing and other customary purposes ancillary to agricultural use. Recipients of customary rights of occupancy must pay annual tax on the land and cannot transfer any portion of the rights without approval of the governor (for sales of rights) or the local government (other transfers). Others Acts and Legislations  Electricity Act, CAP 106, 1976  Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA), 2005 13 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd The EPSRA is the document that gives legal backing to the creation of the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) to regulate a competitive electricity market. 1. Subject to this Act, the Commission shall have the following principal objectives;  To create, promote, and preserve efficient industry and market structures, and to ensure the optimal utilization of resources for the provision of electricity services.  To maximize access to electricity services, by promoting and facilitating consumer connections to distribution systems in both rural and urban areas.  To ensure that an adequate supply of electricity is available to consumers.  To ensure that the prices charged by licensees are fair to consumers and are sufficient to allow the licensees to finance their activities and to allow for reasonable earnings for efficient operation.  To ensure the safety, security, reliability, and quality of service in the production and delivery of electricity to consumers.  To ensure that regulation is fair and balanced for licensees, consumers, investors and other stakeholders, and  To present quarterly reports to the President and National Assembly on its activities. 2. For the furtherance of the objects referred to in subsection (1) of this section, the Commission shall perform the following functions;  Promote competition and private sector participation, when and where feasible.  Establish or, as the case may be approve appropriate operating codes and safety, security, reliability, and quality standards.  Establish appropriate consumer rights and obligations regarding the provision and use of electricity services.  License and regulate persons engaged in the generation, transmission, system operation, distribution, and trading of electricity.  Approve amendments to the market rules.  Monitor the operation of the electricity market, and  Undertake such other activities, which are necessary or convenient for the better carrying out of or giving effect to the objects of the commission. Pursuant to subsection 2(b) above, the commission has enacted the following codes and standards: - The Health and Safety Code - The Grid Code - The Distribution Code 14 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd - The Metering Code - The Market Rules. The Health and Safety Code defines the level of observance of occupational health and safety in the electricity supply industry while rendering normal services in Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Metering. The main objective is to ensure safety of personnel during construction or servicing of electrical installations as well as safety and healthy surroundings for the public during operation. The Grid Code (version 01) contains the day-to-day operating procedures and principles governing the development, maintenance and operation of an effective, well-co-ordinated and economic transmission system for the electricity sector in Nigeria. The Distribution Code consists of: (a) Distribution Planning and Connection Code (b) Distribution Operation Code (c) Construction and Maintenance Code and (d) Data Registration Code. The Distribution Code also seeks to protect the Generating Plants and hence, must be studied and understood by the Generating Companies. The Metering Code and Market Rules are commercial documents which regulate energy and capacity measurements and sales within the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI).  Labour Act, 1990  Criminal Code  Land Planning Act (cap.303)  Water Resource Act 1993  The Waterworks Act 1917  Rehabilitation, Reconstruction and Development Act, 1990  Penal Code Act (cap.63)  Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, Cap 376  Occupational, Health and safety Act (OSHA), 2007  Public Health Act (Cap. 242)  Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1996  Environmental Vibration Pollution (Control) Regulations, 2006. etc. 15 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2.4 International Financial Institutions 2.4.1 African Development Bank (AfDB) 2.4.1.1 Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) This set of policies and procedures are designed to ensure the protection of local populations, vulnerable groups and the environment against the negative repercussions of projects financed by AfDB on the continent. 2.4.1.2 AfDB Environmental Assessment Guidelines The African Development Bank issued its Environmental Assessment Guidelines (EAG) in 1992. The guidelines were used by Bank‘s Task Managers in implementing Bank‘s Environmental Policy, which was approved by the Board of Directors in 1990. In addition to providing definitions of environmental categorization and associated level of environmental assessment required in Bank financed projects, the EAG lays out step-by-step requirements and responsibilities related to environmental assessment at the various stages in the project cycle. 2.4.1.3 AfDB EA Categorization  Category 1 projects are those that are likely to have the most severe environmental and social impacts and require a full ESIA.  Category 2 projects are likely to have detrimental and site-specific environmental and social impacts that can be minimized by the application of mitigation measures included in an ESMP.  Category 3 shall not induce any adverse environmental and social impacts and do not need further ESA action.  Category 4 projects involve investment of Bank‘s funds through Financial Intermediaries (FIs) in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental or social impacts. Specific requirements for this type of project include an assessment of FI capacities to handle environmental and social considerations. 2.4.1.4 AfDB Operational Safeguards AfDB Operational Safeguards are powerful tools set aside by the Bank to aid in the risk identification, help reduce developmental costs and improve sustainability for projects. These Safeguards aim to: 1. Avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected prople, while maximising potential development benefits to the extent possible 2. Minimize, mitigate and/or compensate for adverse impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is not possible; and 16 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 3. Help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to manage environmental and social risks. The Bank requires that borrowers/clients comply with the safeguards requirements during project preparation and implementation. They include: 2.4.1.4.1 OS 1: Environmental and Social Assessment This includes issues such as scope, categorization, use of Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA), and Environmental and Social Management Frameworks, climate-change vulnerability, public consultation, and grievance procedures. This overarching OS consolidates the policy commitments and requirements set out in the African Development Bank‗s Policy on the Environment. It also updates the requirements to take advantage of best practice among the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) on a number of operational issues. 2.4.1.4.2 OS2: Involuntary Resettlement: Land Acquisition, Population Displacement and Compensation. This OS consolidates the policy commitments and requirements set out in the Bank‗s policy on involuntary resettlement; it also incorporates refinements designed to improve their operational effectiveness. 2.4.1.4.2.1 Need for Resettlement A Resettlement Action Plan is prepared, if the safeguard instrument addressing Involuntary Resettlement is triggered. This project does not trigger the instrument because land on which the CPG Okija IPP is to be built is a virgin land, and does not have any buildings or cash crops on it. . A Land Acquisition Action Plan (LAP) was developed for this project, which led to the outright purchase of the land duly from its original owners in Ubahu village of Okija. It was duly acquired by outright purchase from the original owners in Ubahu village of Okija (See Annex 4 for the land tenure documents). 2.4.1.4.3 OS 3: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services This OS translates the policy commitments in the Bank‗s policy on integrated water resources management into operational requirements. It reflects the importance of biodiversity in Africa as well as the priority to clarify relevant standards and requirements from the MDBs. It also reflects current MDB best practice on including requirements to analyse potential impacts on ecosystems. 2.4.1.4.4 OS 4: Pollution Prevention and Control, Greenhouse Gases, Hazardous Materials and Resource Efficiency This OS covers the range of key environmental impacts for which there are agreed international standards followed by all MDBs and the Equator banks. 17 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2.4.1.4.5 OS 5: Labour Conditions, Health and Safety This OS reflects ILO standards that have been adopted by most, if not all, MDBs and Equator banks 2.4.1.5 Likely triggered safeguards OS 1: Environmental and Social Assessment. This includes issues such as scope, categorization, use of Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA), and Environmental and Social Management Frameworks, climate-change vulnerability, public consultation, and grievance procedures. This overarching OS consolidates the policy commitments and requirements set out in the Bank‗s Policy on the Environment. It also updates the requirements to take advantage of best practice among the MDBs on a number of operational issues. OS 4: Pollution Prevention and Control, Greenhouse Gases, Hazardous Materials and Resource Efficiency. This OS covers the range of key environmental impacts for which there are agreed international standards followed by all MDBs and the Equator banks. OS 5: Labour Conditions, Health and Safety. This OS reflects ILO standards that have been adopted by most, if not all, MDBs and Equator banks 2.4.1.6 AfDB Policy on Environment The policy assesses environmental constraints and opportunities that affect medium and long-term development objectives across the continent. It also sets out the broad strategic and policy framework under which all Bank lending and non-lending operations will henceforth be made. 2.4.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards The World Bank safeguard policies are designed to help ensure that projects proposed for Bank financing are environmentally and socially sustainable, and thus improve decision-making. The Bank has ten (10) safeguards policies and these are:  OP 4.00 Use of Country Systems  OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment;  OP 4.04 Natural Habitats;  OP 4.09 Pest Management;  OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Heritage;  OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement;  OP 4.10 Indigenous People;  OP 4.36 Forests;  OP 4.37 Safety of Dams; 18 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd  OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways;  OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas 2.4.2.1 World Bank Projects Categorization for ESIA  Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA.  Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.  Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.  Category FI - A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. 2.4.3 IFC Performace Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainabilty 2.4.3.1. Performance Standards for Private Sector Facilities (OP 4.03) This policy is aimed at facilitating World Bank financing for private sector led economic development projects by applying environmental and social policy standards that are better suited to the private sector, while enhancing greater policy coherence and cooperation across the World Bank Group. The World Bank Performance Standards for Private Sector Facilities related to this project are: 1. Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environment and Social Risks and Impact: emphasizes on the importance of managing environmental and social performance throughout the project span This can be done by initiating an effective Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) which involves engagement between the client, its workers, the local communities directly affected by the project and other stakeholders involved. The good ESMS, appropriate to the nature and scale of the project promotes sound and sustainable environmental and social performance. It can also lead to improved financial, social and environmental outcomes. . The objective of this performance standard 1 is to identify and evaluate environmental and social risks and impacts of the project. 19 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2. Performance Standard 2: Labour and Working Conditions: recognizes that the pursuit of economic growth through employment creation and income generation should be accompanied by protection of the fundamental rights of workers. For any business, the workforce is a valuable asset, and a sound worker-management relationship is a key ingredient in the sustainability of an establishment. Failure to establish this can undermine worker commitment and retention, which can jeopardize a project. The requirements set out in this Performance Standard have been in part guided by a number of international conventions and instruments, including those of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations (UN). The objectives of this Performance Standard include:  To promote the fair treatment, non-discrimination, and equal opportunity of workers  To establish, maintain, and improve the worker-management relationship  To promote compliance with national employment and labour laws  To protect workers, including vulnerable categories of workers such as children, migrants workers, workers engaged by third parties, and workers in the client‘s supply chain  To promote safe and healthy working conditions, and the health of workers  To avoid the use of forced labour 3. Performance Standard 3: Resources Efficiency and Pollution Prevention: recognizes that increased economic activities and urbanization often generate increased levels of pollution to air, water and land, and consumes finite resources in a manner that may threaten people and the environment at local, regional and global levels. There is a growing global consensus that the current and projected atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) threatens the public health and welfare of current and future generations. At the same time, more efficient resource use and pollution prevention and GHG emission avoidance and mitigation technologies and practices have become more accessible and achievable in virtually all parts of the world. These are often implemented through continuous improvement methodologies similar to those used to enhance quality or productivity, which are generally well known to most industrial, agricultural, and service sector companies. The objectives of the Performance Standard 3 are:  To avoid or minimize adverse impacts on human health and the environment by avoiding or minimizing pollution from project activities  To promote more sustainable use of resources, including energy and water  To reduce project-related green house gases (GHG) emissions 20 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4. Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security: recognizes that project activities, equipment, and infrastructure can increase community exposure to risks and impacts. In addition, communities that are already subjected to impacts from climate change may also experience an acceleration and/or intensification of impacts due to project activities. This Performance Standard addresses the client‘s responsibility to avoid or minimize the risks and impacts to community health, safety, and security that may arise from project related-activities, with particular attention to vulnerable group. In conflict and post-conflict areas, the level of risks and impacts described in this Performance Standard may be greater. The objectives of this include:  To anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on the health and safety of the Affected Community during the project life from both routine and non-routine circumstances  To ensure that the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out in accordance with relevant human rights principles and in a manner that avoids or minimizes risks to the Affected Communities. 5. Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement: Performance Standard 5 recognizes that project-related land acquisition and restrictions on land use can have adverse impacts on communities and persons that use this land. Involuntary resettlement refers both to physical displacement (relocation or loss of shelter) and to economic displacement (loss of assets or access to assets that leads to loss of income sources or other means of livelihood) as a result of project-related land acquisition and/or restrictions on land use. Resettlement is considered involuntary when affected persons or communities do not have the right to refuse land acquisition or restrictions on land use that result in physical or economic displacement. This occurs in cases of (i) lawful expropriation or temporary or permanent restrictions on land use and (ii) negotiated settlements in which the buyer can resort to expropriation or impose legal restrictions on land use if negotiations with the seller fail. The land on which the Power Plant will be built was out rightly purchased from the owners. Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources: PS 6 recognizes that protecting and conserving biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem services and sustainably managing living natural resources are fundamental to sustainable development. The Performance Standard addresses how clients can sustainably manage and mitigate impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services throughout the project‘s lifecycle. Though the Okija IPP triggers PS6, suitable mitigation measures have been proffered to eliminate envisaged adverse impacts on the project biodiversity specifically aquatic life forms and habitats. The Okija site is bounded at the rear by the Ulasi River, a tributary of the River Niger. Thus, it is imperative to ensure that the sensitive surrounding 21 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd areas are in no way negatively impacted. The Okija IPP does not envisage any water abstraction from the Ulasi River, rather, 2-3 deep wells will be dug from confined aquifers, far below the level of the river. This will provide for the raw water needs of the plant. Thus, the construction, installation and operation of these boreholes will totally eliminate the abstraction of surface water from the Ulasi River that would have potentially impacted severely on aquatic life forms and habitats in the river. It is also envisaged that several waste materials (liquid, semi-liquid and solid) will be generated during the construction and operational phases of the Okija IPP. Based on the Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants by the IFC, it is proffered that processes should be designed to ensure that discharge water temperature does not result in exceeding relevant ambient water quality temperature standards. Any water to be discharged to the environment will be appropriately treated, and will meet FMEnv Standards, the Environmental Guidelines and Standards of the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR, the AFDB of waste water quality guidelines and the IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. CPG will ensure that all wastewater produced on site is carefully managed, during both the construction and operations phases and depending on the kind of waste water it is, will be appropriately handled by recycling, percolation to the ground or discharging to the Ulasi River. Semi liquids, and Solids e.g. construction waste, debris, paper, cardboards, plastics, glass and food waste will be collected by a State licensed Waste Collector and disposed according to the regulation stipulated by the Anambra State Waste Management Authority. 2.4.3.2 World Bank Group Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). It becomes necessary to include these guidelines especially when the World Bank Group is involved in any project. World Bank group EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants This World Bank Group guideline provides guidelines on emission limits, management measures and monitoring for all fossil-fuel thermal-based power plants with a production capacity of more than 50 MW. The document outlines guidelines on assessing the industry-specific impacts and identifying management measures related to air emissions (SO2, NO2, particulates), energy efficiency and GHG emissions, water use, handling and treatment of effluent (including thermal discharges, wastewater and sanitary wastewater), solid waste, hazardous material handling and noise. Similarly, the guideline provides management measures for occupational and community health and safety (H&S). 22 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Furthermore the guidelines provide suggested limits for treated effluent discharged to surface water bodies, air and noise emission levels as well as guidelines on suggested emissions monitoring parameters. In addition, the World Bank‘s general EHS Guidelines provide guidance on ambient conditions including on air and noise, and health and safety guidelines for the workplace, which will be relevant for the project. 2.5 Applicable International Conventions, Treaties and Agreements Nigeria is signatory to some international agreements and Protocols concerning the environment, notably: Convention on Biodiversity: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an internationally binding treaty entered into force on 29th December 1993, with three main goals:  Conversion of biodiversity  Sustainable use of biodiversity and:  The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilizing of generic resources In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservations and sustainable use of biological diversity. African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (ACCNNR): The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (ACCNNR) is a continent-wide agreement signed in 1968 and revised in 2003 by the African Union. It boosts the commitment of African governments to protect the environment and the sustainable use of natural resources and a collective approach to biodiversity conservation in African. The revised Convention is a comprehensive and modern regional treaty on environment and natural resources conservation, the first to deal with a wide spectrum of sustainable development issues, including land and soil, water and biological diversity conservation and sustainable use. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992): The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janerio from the 3rd to 14th of June, 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic with the climate system. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer: The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is often called a framework convention, because it served, as a framework for efforts to protect the global ozone layer. The Vienna Convention was adopted in 1985 and entered into force on 22nd September 1988. The objectives of the Convention were for Parties to promote cooperation by means systematic observation, research and information 23 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd exchange on the effects of human activities on the ozone layer and to adopt legislative or administrative measures against activities likely to have adverse effects on the ozone layer. Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer: The Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby earth‘s fragile ozone layer. The original Montreal Protocol was agreed on 16 th September, 1987 and entered into forced on 1st January, 1989. The objective of this Agreement is to protect the ozone layer through enhanced international cooperation by taking precautionary measures to control total gas emissions of substances that deplete it. Basel Convention on the Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Substances: The Basel Convention on the Control on the Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Substance, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The Convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate. The objective of the Basel Convention is to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants: is an international environmental treaty, signed in 2001 and effective from May 2004 that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutant. The objective of this Convention is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. 2.5.1 Equator principles A wide range of banks and lenders all over the world has adopted the Equator Principles (see table 1) in order to manage the social and environmental risks associated with potential investment. Table 1: Equator Principles The principles comprise the following: ● Principle 1 Categorization of projects ● Principle 2 The borrower has to conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) 24 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd ● Principle 3 Applicable Social and Environmental Standards ● Principle 4 Action Plan and Management System ● Principle 5 Consultation and Disclosure ● Principle 6 Grievance Mechanism ● Principle 7 Independent Review ● Principle 8 Covenants ● Principle 9 Independent Monitoring and Reporting ● Principle 10 Equator Principles Financial Institutions (EPFI) Reporting 25 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4 CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND JUSTIFICATION This chapter presents a description of the proposed development based on the feasibility reports and conceptual engineering design report developed for the planned construction of a Gas Fired Power Plant in Okija, Ihiala LGA, Anambra State. The construction period will be in three phases: • Implementation of the OCPP with power output of 495 MW (approximately 500 MW). • Extension of the OCPP to CCPP with nominal power capacity of approximately 750 MW. • Installation of a second CCPP with additional capacity of 750 MW to a total power plant of approximately 1500 MW. The project will involve the use of gas turbines to generate electricity for the current 495 MW gas power plant project. In future planning (1,500 MW), the plant will use the exhaust gases to power a steam turbine for more electricity in a combined cycle configuration. 3.1 Project Site Location The site is situated in Ubahu community of Okija town along Onitsha-Owerri expressway in Anambra state and bounded at the rear by the Ulasi River. The total land acquired for the development of the power plant is 31.9 hectares. The site is about 5 Km from Ihiala Local Government headquarters, 15 Km from Nnewi town and 25 Km from Onitsha city. The site lies on longitude E6.844781°and latitude N5.936564°. 3.1.1 Land acquisition Process for the Okija site All land including the communities within the study area, belongs to the State under Nigeria‘s Land Use Act of 1978. In Anambra state, land ownership is mostly by inheritance or direct purchase from the original owners. In this case the document of purchase is processed through the state ministry of lands for the issuance of a certificate of occupancy (C of O). All other land in the state subject to conditions under the Land Use Act is under the control and management of the local government. The act divests traditional owners of land and vests such land in the state governor for the benefit and use of all Nigerians. It provides the processes through which land may be acquired by the federal government. On rural land where there are no formal title deeds, land rights are customarily held, compensation for land acquisition is only provided for buildings, crops and other ‗improvements‘ to the land as well as the rent for which the land was tenured. Payment is not made for land itself since government does not recognize customary ownership. However, in line with the customs and traditions of the Okija people, the land is 26 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd allocated to different extended families; these families use the land for rotational farming and grazing purposes. The transfer of the extended family land from one generation to another is hereditary, until the right to the use of the land is sold by a particular generation. Following the decision to choose the present site location (See Section 5.2), a sensitization exercise was held with the community leaders and other stakeholders to brief them about the intent of the project developers. The identified land was uninhabited and uncultivated prior to the acquisition; it also did not have any buildings or cash crops on it. No farming activities are carried out on the land. Due to the non-existence of any settlement on the identified piece of land, and lack of a formal/informal complaint regarding a potential loss of right to livelihood, it was determined that a resettlement action plan was therefore not required. Consequently, an offer was made by CPG to the land owners in Ubahu village of Okija, and interest to sell was thereupon received. The following were identified as interested and willing families: the Umumpidiegwu, Umunwokeaghanaji, Umuabanihi and Udensi families (see table 2). A survey exercise of the identified parcels of land was then embarked upon to measure each families land, and after that, a subsequent (and separate) offer was made to each family, after negotiations regarding the value of the land, and eventual sale was duly consummated, evidenced by the accompanying agreements for the various families. In 2012, and based on technical information regarding the plant size, the project developer realised the need for a larger landmass, hence further acquisition was embarked upon in 2013. Further to the phased acquisition, the land was valued by the State government, upon which the attributable land levies and taxes were applied and duly paid by CPG (see receipts attached in Annex 4). An ESIA review with the FMEnv was also conducted, wherein villagers and other stakeholders were duly represented.The site has been stripped, cleared and terraced; however, it is not yet fenced. It has road-side signboards mounted around its perimeter, with the inscription “Do not trespass”, boldly written on them. It is also actively patrolled by security personnel of Hammakopp Consortium, an affiliate company to CPG, with its location being directly opposite the proposed plant site. Currently, the Statutory Certificate of Occupancy for the Okija IPP is awaiting approval and signature of the Governor of Anambra state, prior to being issued. 27 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 2: Land acquisition data for the gas power plant project Cost of Cost of Land Date of S/No Name of Customary Owner Registration Sold (Naira) Purchase (Naira) Umunpidiegwu Family (Represented 1. by Chief Hyacinth Uzochukwu & 12,000,000 17th Jan 2013 2,252,500 eight (8) others) Umunwokeaghanaji Family 2. (Represented by Chief Linus Anagwu 22nd Nov 2011 459,000 & Chief Boniface Uba) 8,400,000 Umunwokeaghanaji Family 3. (Represented by Chief Linus Anagwu 28th May 2011 705,000 & Chief Boniface Uba) Umuabanihi Family (Represented by Chief Samuel 4. 17th Jan 2013 892,500 Anusiobi, Gilbert Muoneke & Hyacinth Uzoigwe) Ndeguobe Family (Represented by Mr. Jude Azubuike) Nzomiwu Family (Represented by Jude Nzomiwu), Obinumba Uzochukwu Family (represented by 8,400,000 Vincent Uzochukwu), Nwosu 5. Uzochukwu Family (Represented by 14th Sept 2011 Emmanuel Nwosu), Udebuani 416,500 Uzochukwu Family (Represented by Ignatius Uzochukwu) and Charles Odibgoagha Uzochukwu Family (Represented by Clement Uzochukwu) 6. Prince Jerry J.A. Udensi 5,400,000 17th Jan 2012 TOTAL 34,200,000 4,725,500 3.2 Power Plant Construction Figure 3 below shows the topographical survey of the Okija Power Plant. The construction of the Power Plant will involve the following activities:  Civil engineering works, including excavation, terracing and foundation construction.  Plant erection, installation of gas turbine generators, transformers, control and protection systems.  Installation of fuel gas system and in-plant piping 28 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd  Construction of water boreholes and installation of water supply and circulating water cooling systems including an independent fire fighting and domestic water consumption system for the power station;  Installation of a 330kV power outgoing line switchyard and associated switchgear systems. A Ancillary works such as installation of communication system (within the power station), and construction of the fence and gate for the proposed power station.  Operation of the power plant to produce electricity.  Maintenance Operations (scheduled and unscheduled)  Impact Monitoring and continued Stakeholder Consultation  Decommission at the end of the project life span. 29 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 3: Map Showing the Topographical Survey of the Proposed Okija Power Project, at Okija, Ihiala LGA, Anambra State 30 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 3.3 Design Conditions The proposed 495 MW gas power plant will consist of the following main components: 1. Combustor 2. Gas Turbine (see table 3 for the design data of the gas turbine) 3. Compressor 4. Generator 5. Exhaust Stacks 6. Auxiliary Transformers Unit 1 to 4 7. Generator House 8. Switchyard area 9. Demin Plant/Water Tank 10. Fuel Gas Receiving/Reducing Arrangement 11. Boreholes (2 – 3 deep wells) 12. Raw Water Treatment Plant/Tank 13. Waste water Treatment plant 14. Multipurpose Building 15. Administrative Building 16. Foam Production Equipment 17. Black Start/Emergency Diesel Facility area 18. Fire Station 19. Workshops and Warehouse 20. Control / Protection Room 21. Water storage facilities Other auxiliary and related equipment will include: Lubrication and Hydraulic System, Gas Detection and Fire Protection System, Control System, Static Starter device, Fuel Valves, Ventilation System, Compressor Cleaning Equipment, etc. 31 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 3: Main Design Data of Gas Turbine Description Unit Manufacturer - GE Type - 9E Number of gas turbines - 4 Type of installation- - Indoor Gross generation capacity Mew 4 x 128 (112) Heat rate kJ/kWh 10529 (10995) Efficiency net % 34.2 (32.74) °C Exhaust gas temperature 544 (554) on speed min-1 3'000 Main Fuel * - Natural Gas Fuel consumption * kg/s 4 x 7.54 (6.79) (* fuel gas LHV = 36.6 MJ/Nm3; ρ = t/h 4 x 27.15 (24.4) 0.738 kg/Nm3) MWth 4 x 374 (337.9) Flue gas flow at GT outlet kg/s 4 x 416 (384) t/h 4 x 1‘497 (1382) Air Emissions expected in base load operation CO emissions (dry flue gas, 15% O2) mg/Nm3 < 30 30NOx emissions (dry flue gas, 15% mg/Nm3 < 50 O2) 3.3.1 Air Intake System The air intake system for the gas turbine shall consist generally of two stage inlet air filters, silencers and ducting. The air intake system shall be selected to assure safe operation of the GT at the ambient air quality prevailing at the site. The filtration capacity during the Harmattan period shall be considered. 3.3.2 Gas Turbine The Gas turbine shall be the General Electric (GE) [single fuel] 9E-class type. See table 4 specific requirements of the gas turbine plant. 32 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 4: Specific Requirements of the Gas Turbine Plant Source: GE EPC Proposal B. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS THERMAL PLANTS: GAS PLANTS (OCPP): • Gas Turbine Type General Electric Gas Turbine 9171 E 50 Hz Gas Fuel Only • Minimum & Maximum Turbine In the low-NOx, low-CO regime, i.e. with guaranteed low emissions, part load Capacity operation is possible at outputs above 80% of rated power. • Efficiency 34.2% gross plant efficiency • Fuel Quality Specifications For GE Gas Turbines equipped with Dry Low NOx fuelgas systems: • Gas turbine pressure ratio 11.3 • Noise Level The average sound pressure levels of GT components are as follows: Lp < 90dB(A) for exhaust gas diffuser duct Lp < 88dB(A) for the GT casing Lp <= 85dB(A) for all other components These standard sound pressure levels are basing on ISO3746 – 1995 measured at a distance of 1 m and a height of 1.5 m above turbine floor or at the centre line of the shaft under steady state normal operationalconditions at rated output. • Heat Rate 10830 kJ/kWh is the heat rate provided in GE‘s offer to CPG based on the known site conditions. * 3.3.3 Generator The generators will be converting mechanical energy from the shaft at high efficiency into electric active power. Reactive power will be provided as required by the grid conditions. The rated apparent power of the generator will be selected to match with the maximum reactive power demands of the grid together with the active power produced by the prime movers over the whole range of variation of the ambient temperature, as the temperature has a major impact on the output of gas turbines. Under normal operation the generator supplies power to the grid and the unit's auxiliary system. 3.3.4 Fuel Composition The gas analysis used in GE‘s design criteria and for GE‘s performance calculations are presented in Table 5. 33 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 5: Composition of the Natural Gas for gas power plant Gas Fuel description Constituent Unit Minimum Maximum CH4 % 90 95 C2H6 % 1 3 C3H8 % 0.5 1.5 C4H10 % 0.5 1 C5H15 % 0 0.5 C6H14 % 0 0.2 CO2 % 3 5 N2 % 0 1 HydroCarbon Dewpoint DegC NA 8 (@29 bara) Moisture Dewpoint DegC NA -6 (@29 bara) 3.3.4.1 Fuel Gas Distribution Fuel gas distribution will reach each GTG unit through a single header system sized to handle the total gas flow. Provisions will be made in the design to allow any items of equipment and associated piping to be disconnected for servicing/maintenance, purging and flushing without shutting down the turbines. It is also planned that for reliable operation of the gas turbines, the fuel gas shall be supplied at constant pressure and at an acceptable quality as required by the gas turbine OEM specification. The fuel gas will be supplied at 280C, above the gas dew point, to minimise any possible condensation of hydrocarbon in the station fuel gas system. 3.3.5 Black Start Generator An adequately sized diesel generator will be installed to provide black start services for the site‘s four gas turbine generators. The use of a dual fuel unit is necessary to handle situations where the gas supply fails. This generator can then run on alternative fuel to supply station load. An alternative supply from the local utility will also be provided. 3.3.6 Emergency Diesel Generator An adequately sized diesel generator will be installed to provide station load for periods when the site‘s four gas turbine generators are not running, and an alternative supply from the local utility is not available. 34 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 3.3.7 Water Production and Treatment The Okija IPP project does not envisage any water abstraction from the Ulasi River rather, 2-3 deep wells will be dug from confined aquifers, far below the level of the river. This will provide for the raw water needs of the plant. The raw water abstracted will be stored in raw water tanks, which will supply the fire water system and the water pretreatment system. The pretreatment system (activated carbon or green sands filter) will be responsible for removing the majority of the suspended solids and Fe in the raw water before it is supplied to the potable water system and the demineralized water system. A moderate raw water storage tank will be provided for different plant wash activities. The drains will be separately collected, filtered, treated and discharged according to relevant guidelines and International best practices. 3.3.8 Switchyard Area The 330kV switchyard will be located to the north-east of the site close to the Alaoji-Onitsha 330kV transmission line. This restricted area will include the 330kV outdoor switchyard, electrical control room, TCN accommodations and utility control room. 3.3.9 High Voltage Switchgear 330KV air insulated switchgear, with bus section breakers and bus coupler breakers. A ―breaker and half‖ arrangement which is standard for PHCN/TCN installations will be used for connecting the units to the main bus. The site layout plan of the proposed Gas Power Plant at Okija is seeen in figure 4. 35 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 4: Site Layout Plan of Proposed Gas Power Plant at Okija, Anambra State 36 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 3.3.10 Gas Receiving Station At this station, the gas from the gas supplier will be treated to conform to the specifications required by the gas turbines (see figure 5). Hence, it will contain a metering station, scrubbers, filters, gas heaters and pressure adjustment device. Usually an emergency shutdown system will be provided with a slam shut valve station. Figure 5: General OCPP Diagram showing major components including the gas receiving line Hydrogen Production Area A medium sized space, of about (30x20 m) will be carved out for the trapping of hydrogen from the atmosphere. The trapped hydrogen is then stored in cylinders and used for cooling the generators. This alternative cooling method drastically reduces the water requirement for running the plant. 3.3.11 Administrative/Management Area This area includes the office building, parking area, workshop, warehouse and domestic sewage treatment station. This area shall be located in the southwest corner of the power plant. The power plant main entrance shall be next to the office building and workshop. The workshop and warehouse shall be combined. The domestic sewage treatment station shall be located in the southwest of the power plant. 3.3.12 Cooling Systems of the 495MW Gas Power Plant The cooling system of the plant and its auxiliary equipment (figure 6) shall be designed to utilize a closed loop cooling system, which is water and airtight. The process will involve circulation of demineralized cooling water causing alternate cooling of the systems and subsequent heating of the cooling water without air contact. Heat absorbed by the water in the closed system, is 37 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd normally transferred by a fin fan type heat exchanger arrangement which uses ambient air to remove the heat gained in the closed cooling loop to the atmosphere. Because the water remains within the closed loop, there should be no impact on the environment. The closed loop cooling system required for the OCPP equipment shall be independent of the future cooling system required for the CCPP. Therefore two different cooling systems shall be installed. • Closed Water Cooling System for Phase 1A will be for cooling the GTs and the related systems, when only OCPP is operated • Cooling Water System for Phase 1B serves for all the other machines in the CCPP, which require cooling (mainly the ST.) when the project is subsequently extended to 750, and then to 1500MW plant. Figure 6: Schematic representation of the plant cooling system operation (Cooling Tower) 3.3.12.1 Wastewater discharge The operation of the 495 MW open cycle power plant produces no process wastewater. The OCPP requires only: (i) potable water (ii) fire fighting water (iii) service water for cleaning purposes (iv) de-mineralised water Consequently the waste water flows are: (a) Sanitary waste water from biological treatment will be percolated. The sanitary waste water, assuming a plant staff of 40 persons, is estimated to be 6 m3 per day, with continuous discharge. 38 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd (b) Oily waste water from precipitation or cleaning, treated in an oil separation and stored in a container, prior to disposal at the Egbema waste disposal facility, operated by Shell Pet. Development Company. Normally there should be no oil-contaminated wastewater. The amount of the potentially oil contaminated water, which is the basis data for the design of the oil separator, can be calculated from the area covered by the transformer bays, and the gas turbine/steam turbine water retention pits and the maximum water level of a torrential rainfall. If there are in the final extension of the Combine- Cycle Power Plant 10 transformers with each in a bay of 40 m2, eight 9E gas turbines, and two GE steam turbines. (c) Waste water from on-line/off-line compressor washing skid, which has to be discharged and stored in a container, prior to disposal at the Egbema waste disposal facility, operated by Shell Pet. Development Company. The on-line water wash will be carried out daily, and off-line compressor washing will be executed within service outages quarterly, or as dictated by operational requirements. The operation of the 750 MW combined cycle power plant produces thermal process wastewater from the boiler bleed-off. (i) This water is discharged continuously with an amount of approximately 171,000 litres/day. This waste will be cooled to ambient temperature in a catchment tank, before being discharged into the Ulasi River, via the station drainage system. (ii) The water specification is identical with the boiler water, which means basically de-mineralised water accrued with 100°C at ambient pressure During initial start up the amount of thermal wastewater will be higher as in normal operation. On the other hand, a normal start-up will result in wastewater quantities similar to normal operation. At shut downs it might be useful to empty the boiler. This water amount, depending on boiler construction, has to be collected and cooled down until it can be percolated or bled off to the river. (iii) Water discharged during the boiler blow-down does not need any treatment, for it is not polluted in any way (iv) In case of a wet cooling tower cooling of the condenser the cooled down boiler blow-down water, can be added to the cooling water, what reduces the solid concentration in the cooling water. 3.3.13 Exhaust Gas Stack The exhaust gases from each heat recovery boiler will be discharged to the atmosphere by a stack. The height of this stack will be between 35 and 50 meters and higher than the tallest building within the project area. Each stack will be equipped with a continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) in order to continuously measure and record the flue gas parameters. The generated emission data will be monitored online in the control room of the plant. The 39 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd plant emission dispersion calculation will be based on the worst-case scenario considering all the emission sources at the same time. 3.3.14 Gas Supply The minimum expected gas pressure (35bar) at the interface is higher than the required pressure to operate the intended gas turbines throughout all load ranges. Where the expected gas pressure is higher than required no gas compressor will be needed but a gas reduction and heating station. In order to clean and measure the gas adequately a gas filtering and metering station will be installed. The natural gas conditions are described in table 6. Table 6: Natural Gas Conditions Unit Value Natural Gas Conditions as required Pressure minimum Bar 35 Temperature C 31 MJ/Nm3 37.342 LHV MJ/Kg 49.728 Density Kg/Nm3 0.751 Natural Gas conditions as required for GTs Pressure (GE 9E/ Bar g 18.85/19.45 Temperature °C 10-50 Mass flow (expected for 2 x 750MW) Kg/s 55 3.3.15 Waste Treatment Area This will consist of a wastewater treatment plant, effluent handling area, a domestic waste separation and treatment plant. 3.3.15.1 Wastewater treatment The wastewater produced by the gas turbine power plant will comprise of:  Sanitary wastewater from toilets, showers and kitchen.  Off line compressor wash water containing approximately 1 to 2 % biodegradable detergents plus any dust washed off the surface of the GT compressor. The dust originates from the air drawn into the gas turbine. This compressor washing produces approximately 2m3 per GT per year waste water. This is shown in figure 7. Different technologies will be designed and applied for the waste water treatment in conformity with relevant national and international regulatory bodies. The following description is therefore of general nature, describing the main treatment steps, which are present in all technologies: The treatment is as follows: 40 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd  Settling/decanting zone: This retains solids that are heavier and lighter than the actual waste water. Simultaneously this part serves as an anaerobic cleaning step. For minimizing the annual amount of sludge to be disposed the excess sludge of the second settling zone is also digested here.  Aeration chamber: In this part the main part of the biological oxygen demand (BOD) is reduced by aerobic bacteria. Air is brought into the water by any one of many technologies available – to be selected later.  Second settling tank: In this part the sludge and the water are separated by gravity. Settled sludge is partially returned to the aeration chamber for ensuring sufficient bacteria concentrations, the excess sludge is brought into the first chamber for anaerobic volume reduction. Figure 7: Wastewater Treatment Facility 3.3.16 Transmission Lines The Alaoji-Onitsha 330Kv line (see figure 8a and 8b), which traverses the plot towards the express road, shall be considered as a means of transmitting more power to Onitsha, which is a major load centre in the Eastern part of Nigeria. The lines will be upgraded from a single circuit in order to withstand the load bearing capacity and the existence of a window at Onitsha for possible bay extension. Furthermore, two proposed 132KV and 330KV transmission substations at the nearby towns of Ihiala and Nnewi respectively will be considered for the evacuation of the energy generated by the Gas Power Plant. 41 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 8a: Alaoji-Onitsha 330kV Transmission Line Figure 8b: Alaoji-Onitsha 330kV Transmission Line 3.3.17 Auxiliary and Related Equipment The gas turbines will be equipped with all required systems like the lubrication and hydraulic system, the control system enclosure including a gas detection system, fire protection system, etc. A governor/control system will be provided for speed control, for load/frequency regulation and for the control of all GT related systems. The GT control equipment operator interface will be located in the plant control room, and shall be capable of interfacing with the plant‘s Distributed Control System (DCS). GT control shall be possible through the DCS consoles. However each GT shall have a Packaged Electrical and Electronic Control Cabinet (PEECC) close to the Gas Turbine compartment. A gas leakage detection system will be provided within the acoustic enclosure and a master gas leak detection and alarm system panel shall be installed in the plant control room. An automatic fire fighting system will be installed which shall utilize a gas as the fire- extinguishing medium such as carbon dioxide. In order to enhance the GT‘s compressor performance a compressor cleaning system shall be installed allowing on- and offline cleaning of the device. The water from the offline cleaning shall be collected in a tank for later disposal. Other auxiliary facilities shall include: workshops (Electrical, Mechanical and General) Switchgear and protection building housing the control cubicles for the generator outputs and outgoing feeders to the evacuation substation. The protective system is also coordinated in this room with operators‘ tables for human supervision. 3.3.17.1 Plant Security, Safety and Emergency Response Procedures Adequate and efficient security measures would be put in place by the management of CPG to ensure safety of both personnel and assets at the facility. This will be achieved by the development of a comprehensive security programme based on an accurate analysis of the prevailing security situation in the project area. It will be the responsibility of the company‘s corporate security unit to assess security requirements through review and/or audit of the security programme. 42 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 3.4 Project Releases to the Environment 3.4.1 Atmospheric Emissions During the construction stage, atmospheric emissions will be from two main sources; exhaust fumes of construction vehicles and dust particles from earth works. Table 7 indicated the emissions to air from the proposed CPG Power plant. The major source of gaseous emissions during the operational stage of the project will be from the combustion of natural gas in the combustion chambers of the turbines and the operation of the black-start and/or emergency generators. As expected, the emission from the black start generator is envisaged to be minimal since the total operating time annually is limited to between 100 – 120 hours, but the emergency diesel generator will be expected to run a lot more due to the poor power situation in the country. In line with standard practice, all air emissions will be released through a stack, of which the design will be determined from the results of dispersion modelling procedures. Table 7: Emissions to Air from CPG Power Plant Summary of Emissions to Air from CPG IPP Parameter Emission from one Emission from the Power unit station Number of stacks 4 ¾ Estimated height of the stacks (m) 35 35 Temperature of release (˚C) 120 120 Stack diameter (m) 7 7 Actual flow rate (kg / s) 415 830 Actual flow rate (m³ / s) 990 1980 Efflux velocity at stack exit (m / s) 26 26 Emission concentrations NOx (ppm) 20 20 CO (ppm) 30 30 H₂ S Trace Trace Carbon Dioxide (tonnes / yr.) 545,000 1,090,000 Source: CPG Feasibility 2012 3.5 Workforce The personnel requirement will include staff (Engineers, Operators, Technicians/Foremen and Administrative workers) for operations and maintenance of the proposed power plant. There will also be indirect local job creation for plant and office consumables, and for equipment and lubricating oil vendors. CPG anticipates that many unskilled/semi-skilled indigenes will be employed during the construction and operations phases (cooks, drivers, cleaners, artisans etc.). The employment of unskilled/semi-skilled indigenes for the construction phase was a pre- requisite made known during the bidding process for all the pre-qualified bidders. It is estimated 43 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd that the construction period will last up to 28 months, and a total of 24,218 skilled and unskilled labourers will be employed for the project (Source: Daewoo Nigeria) [see table 7a) Table 7a Local manpower requirement for Okija IPP Local manpower requirement for the Okija IPP Categories of staff to be employed Construction Period (est. of 28 months) Skilled workers 13,324 (man months) Casual/unskilled workers 10,894 (man months) Total 24,218 Figure 8c below gives a projected preliminary local manpower schedule. Figure 8c Preliminary Local manpower schedule 3.6 Project Justification The 495 MW gas power project when completed will increase the Country‘s installed electricity capacity by 10%. It is also expected that the power supply situation and load management in terms of peaking capacity and spinning reserve within the 10km radius of the proposed project area will improve. The choice of Okija as the project site is very strategic due to its proximity to two economic hubs in Anambra state – Onitsha and Nnewi. The site is also close to Oguta- Egbema and Ihendiagu and Amansiodo (OML 905) gas fields where natural gas is available and can be piped down to the plant. This will drastically reduce the incessant gas flaring with its attendant environmental challenges within the Oguta/Egbema areas as the flared gas will be harnessed for the Okija gas power project. 44 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd CHAPTER FOUR: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT AND BASELINE STUDIES 4.1 Overview of the project State- Anambra State Anambra State is located within the south-eastern zone of Nigeria with s landmass of over 4120 sq. km. The state has a population of 4,055,048 (2006 Census) and is located between longitude 06031‘ and 07003‘E and latitude 05045‘ and 06046‘N7000E of the equator. Anambra state is situated on a low elevation on the eastern side of the River Niger and shares boundaries with Kogi, Enugu, Imo, Abia, Delta, Rivers and Edo states. The state has twenty-one (21) Local Government Areas which includes; Aguata, Anambra East, Anambra West, Aniocha, Awka North, Awka South, Ayamelum, Dunukofia, Ekwusigo, Idemili North, Idemili South, Ihiala, Njikoka, Nnewi North, Nnewi South, Ogbaru, Onitsha North, Onitsha South, Orumba North, Orumba South, Oyi. The project area is situated in Okija, a city in Ihiala LGA (see figure 9). 45 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 9: Layout of the project area and surroundings 46 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4.1.1 Biophysical Environment of Anambra State Topography: The topography of the state is fairly flat. Geology of Anambra State: Anambra State lies in the Anambra Basin and has about 6,000 m of sedimentary rocks. The sedimentary rocks comprise ancient Cretaceous deltas, somewhat similar to the Niger Delta, with the Nkporo Shale, the Mamu Formation, the Ajali sandstone and the Nsukka Formation as the main deposits. On the surface the dominant sedimentary rocks are the Imo Shale a sequence of grey shales, occasional clay ironstones and Sandstone beds. The Imo Shale underlies the eastern part of the state, particularly in Ayamelum, Awka North, and Oruma North LGAs. Next in the geological sequence, is the Ameke Formation, which includes Nanka Sands, laid down in the Eocene. Its rock types are sandstone, calcareous shale, and limestone in thin bands. Outcrops of the sandstone occur at various places on the higher cuesta, such as at Abagana and Nsugbe, where they are quarried for construction purposes. Nanka sands out crop mainly at Nanka and Oko in Orumba North LGA. Lignite was deposited in the Oligocene to Miocene; and it alternates with gritty clays in places. Outcrops of lignite occur in Onitsha and Nnewi. The latest of the tour geological formations is the Benin Formation or the coastal plain sands deposited from Miocene to pleistocene. The Benin Formation consists of yellow and white sands. The formation underlies much of lhiala LGA. Thick deposits of alluvium were laid down in the western parts of the state, south and north of Onitsha in the Niger and Anambra river floodplains. Landforms and Drainage: Anambra State falls into two main landform regions: a highland region of moderate elevation that covers much of the state south of the Anambra River, and low plains to the west, north, and east of the highlands. The highland region is a low asymmetrical ridge or cuesta in the northern portion of the Awka Orlu Uplands, which trend roughly southeast to North West, in line with the geological formations that underlie it. It is highest in the southeast, about 410m above mean sea level, and gradually decreases in height to only 33m in the northwest on the banks of the Anambra River and the Niger. The lower cuesta, formed by the more resistar sandstone rocks of the Imo Shale, rises to only 150m above mean sea level at Umuawulu an decreases in height northwestward to only 100m < Achalla. Its escarpment faces the Mamu Rive plain and has a local relief of between 80 and 30m West of it, is the higher cuesta, formed by the sane stones of the Ameke Formation. Its height is abov 400m in the south-east at lgboukwu and lsuofii decreasing northwestward to less than 300m; Agbana, and to only 100m at Aguleri. Hydrogeology: Previous studies have reported about the hydrogeology and ground water status within the state. The reports indicated that the groundwater within the state consists mainly of low concentrations of major ions and microbial contents. 47 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Soils: Three soil types can be recognised in Anambra State. They are: (i) alluvial soils, (ii) hydromorphic soils, and (iii) ferallitic soils. The soil map for Anambra State is shown in figure 10. Figure 10 Soil Map of Anambra State The alluvial soils are pale brown loamy soils. They are found in the tow plain south of Onitsha in Ogbaru and in the Niger Anambra low plain north of Onitsha. They differ from the hydromorphic soils in being relatively immature, having no well-developed horizons. The alluvial soils sustain continuous cropping even longer than the Hydromorphic and Ferallitc soils (Anyanwu, 2012). The hydromorphic soils are fine loamy soils with lower layers faintly mottled and spotted, containing stiff grey clay. They are developed on the Mamu plain, east of the cuesta, and extending northwards into the eastern part of Anambra River plain where the underlying impervious clayey shales cause water logging of the soils during the rainy season. The soils are good fro planting of yams, cassava and maize and for rice in the more heavily waterlogged areas. The ferallitic soils are found on the cuesta and other elevated areas, which are underlain, by the sandstones and shales of the Ameke Formation and the Nanka sands. The soils are deep red to reddish brown loamy sands (red earth) and are loose and easily eroded into gullies such as in the cuestas and other elevated areas underlain by sandstones and shales of the Ameke formation and the Nanka Sands. In the Nanka, Oko and Agulu areas, which are underlain by the Nanka Sands, the gullies have attained spectacular and alarming proportions, turning the area into ―bad lands.‖ 48 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Climate: The climate is characteristically of the Equatorial type found in South-Eastern Nigeria, essentially warm and humid. This is a resultant effect of its prevailing seasonal wind, nearness to the seacoast and the relatively flat topography of the environment. A humid Tropical Maritime (mT) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the south dominates the region in the longer wet season (April to October). A drier Tropical Continental (cT) air mass blowing from the northeast direction controls the climate and meteorology of the area during the dry season (November to March). Around December, it culminates into a very hungry (i.e. dry) and foggy harmattan wind as it blows right from across the continental region of the West African sub-region. An Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) zone separates the two dominant winds. This oscillates seasonally across the area depending on the apparent movement and location of the sun. Temperature: Air temperature has seasonal and diurnal variations. On the average, the ambient maximum air temperature in the area varies from 28.00C to 37.50C while the minimum temperature varies from about 220C to 270C see figure 11. Lowest values are recorded in the months of July through August. This coincides with the peak of the rainy season. The diurnal range is kept at a low 40C. The temperature of the area is influenced primarily by the apparent movement of the sun, wind direction and speed as well as land configuration (NIMET). 40 30 2008 20 2009 10 2010 2011 0 2012 Figure 11: Ambient Temperature of the Project Area (NIMET) Rainfall: The climate is tropical with two distinct seasons, the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy season begins around the first of May and continues into September while the dry season runs from November to April. Rainfall reaches its highest monthly maximum of 300 – 400mm during the month of June through September and drops to 0.0-1.0mm in December and January. During the rainy season (figure 12), a marked interruption in the rains occurs during August, resulting in a short dry season often referred to as the ―August break‖, though for years now this has not been consistent in August due to climate change. 49 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 600 500 Volumn (mm3) 400 2008 300 2009 2010 200 2011 100 2012 0 Figure 12: Rainfall Pattern of Mont h the Project Area (NIMET) The dry season is characterized by the cold dry ―Harmattan‖ from the Sahara Desert. During this period, which begins in December and runs through January a dry and dust-laden wind blows from the Sahara Desert. This sometimes makes the hills obscure due to the poor visibility. The sun is also obscured during this period by the prevailing dust haze. Relative humidity: Relative humidity is high both day and night (see figure 13). It is greater than 85% at night, above 81% in the mornings and between 60% and 75% in the evenings. Generally the drier months have lower values. 2.5 2 1.5 2008 2009 1 2010 2011 0.5 2012 0 Figure 13: Relative Humidity of the Project Area (NIMET) 50 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Wind Speed: Wind speed is generally low and usually less than 3 m/s under calm conditions most of the year. Relatively higher wind speeds may occur mainly in the afternoons inducing convective activities and creating diffusion characteristics. Incidences of these are often associated with thunder and lightning especially during changing seasons. Atmospheric disturbances such as line squalls and disturbance lines often induce the variability that results in speeds higher than 5 m/s. Such increases characterize the beginning of rainy season (March-April) and end of heavy rains (September- October), during which storms are more frequent. The harmattan season (November to January) can give rise to occasional high wind regimes. Wind Direction: Data shows that about 60% of the winds are south-westerlies and westerlies during the day in the wet season (NIMET). Southerlies, south easterlies and south westerlies prevail more in the night during the period. This implies that directions are usually more variable in the nights than in the mornings. The winds are mostly northerlies, north easterlies and north westerlies in the dry season particularly in the mornings. They are more of sourtherlies, south easterlies and/or westerlies during the evenings, indicating the fairly strong influences of the adjoining maritime oceanic air masses, contrasting land and sea breezes as well as appreciable degree of differential heating of the two surfaces. 4.1.2 Biological Environment of Anambra State Vegetation: The vegetation in Anambra State consists mainly of deciduous forests, which are made up of tall tress with undergrowth. This is influenced due to the high annual rainfall in Anambra State, which ranges from 1400mm in he north to 2500mm in the south. Figure 14 shows the vegetation map of Anambra State. The types of vegetation found in the state include fresh water swamp forest, dominated grass species and lowland rain forest. 51 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd FIGURE 3. VEGETATION MAP OF ANAMBRA STATE Figure 14 Vegetation map of Anambra State Modified from Ofomata (1975). Due to the high rainfall and short dry season in the Southern part of Anambra state, the natural vegetation is of tropical rainfall type. Some of the common plants cultivated in the state include: Palm tree, plantain, coconut tree, yam, avocado, mango, okra, cassava, Pumpkin leaves, Pawpaw, groundnut, waterleaf, etc. Fauna: Typical animals found in Anmabra include snakes of various species, fishes, monkeys, domestic animals like goat, sheep, hen, etc. and birds of various species. Tourist Sites: Anambra state is home to several areas of tourist attraction. These include the Agulu Crocodile Lake in Agulu, Aniocha LGA. The Ogbunike Caves which is a world heritage site listed by UNESCO is a sandstone cave with a waterfall. It is situated in the Ogba hills Ogbunike. Other sites of tourist attraction include the Igbo Ukwu Museum, Rojenny tourist centre etc. 52 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Ecological Issue: Some of the major ecological issues encountered in Anambra mostly includes; flooding and erosion. The erosion issues have exacerbated overtime due to the extensive forest clearing, often by bush burning, and continuous cropping with little or no replenishment of soil nutrients. This further resulted in the disruption of the ecological equilibrium of the natural forest ecosystem. Such a situation in a region of loosely consolidated friable soils is prone to erosion, giving rise to extensive gully formation typical to the one experience in Amachalla village and several other communities in Anambra State. 4.1.3 Social Environment Anambra state is one of the most populous states in the Southeastern geo-political zone. The predominate language spoke in the state is Igbo with dialectical differences. The people of Anambra have different rich cultural festivals some of which now form major tourist attractions. New Yam and Mmanwu festivals in different communities in the state and shrines like Otutu-nze and caves like the Ogbunike cave form major tourist attractions drawing a lot of visitors. Mmanwu and other types of festivals remain the traditional means of entertainment and recreation. The prominent religious group in the state is Christianity. 4.2 Overview of the Project Environment 4.2.1 Biohysical Environment Geographical Area: Ihiala Local Government is located between latitude 5o51‘14‘‘N and longitude 6051‘36‘‘E of the equator. The LGA is divided into four zones in which Okija (the project area) is a prominent zone. Ihiala LGA covers an area of 304sqkm and is bounded by Ogbaru LGA on the west, Ekwusigo LGA on the east, Nnewi South LGA in the North and in the South Oguta LGA of Imo State. It is known as the agricultural belt of the state. Okija lies with latitude 5054‘N and Longitude 6052‘E of the equator. Population: Ihiala LGA is a town with a population of 296,781 (NPC, 2009) characterised by cities such as Amorki, Azia, Okija, Mbosi, Iseke, Orsumoghu, Ubuluisuzor and Uli Climatic Features: hills, valleys and forest areas surround the area. It has a tropical climate with an annual rainfall from 1,800 millilitres to 2,000 millilitres, characterised with a rainy season between April and October and a dry season from November to March. Soil and Vegetation: there are three soil types found in the state of which ferrallitic soil type is common to Ihiala LGA which is characterised with abundant clay. The nature of the soil is characterized by medium to high plasticity and compressibility, which is usually eroded into gullies. The area witness more annual rainfall than the northern part of the state with a tropical rainforest type. 53 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4.2.2 Biological Environment Vegetation: Okija lies within the tropical rainforest vegetation. The vegetation of Okija is mainly forest with palm trees because it is the major economic tree. The land in Okija is very fertile, and is the largest food producer in Ihiala LGA and Anambra State. Farm products include yams, cassava, cocoyam, maize, plantain and palm manufacture (oil and kernel). Furthermore, the vegetation types in Okija include areas of fallow bush of varying ages. Fields used for rotational subsistence farming; and degraded secondary rainforest as well as statutory and communal forests. The flora habitats are found to comprise shrubs, grasses, sedges and a mixture of mature trees and re-growing juvenile trees. The diverse vegetation and soil types prevailing in the state encourages the practice of a variety of agricultural activities like crop farming, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry. Some of the crops include palm produce, cashew, maize, cassava, yam, rice and melon. Some few others are into palm wine tapping, cottage industries and Artisanship. Fauna Research reveals that Okija is not rich in wild life. This is attributed to widespread of deforestation, habitat loss, and intensive human activities such as farming. However, the major animals found in Okija are goats, sheep, pigs and fowls. Okija is the most important meat and fish producers and provider in Ihiala LGA. Ecological issues in Okija The main ecological issues in Okija are very similar to the issues found in other parts of the state, which includes flooding and gully erosion. 4.2.3 Socioeconomic Environment Demographics: Ihiala is a town located in the south Anambra State, and has long served as the local administrative capital of the zone with a population of about 87,796. Ihiala is an unusually peaceful part of the country, attracting settlers wishing to escape other chaotic Nigerian cities. Ihiala consists of several cities, such as Amorka, Azia, Okija, Mbosi, Iseke, Orsumoghu, Ubuluisuzor and Uli. Okija is the oldest town in the Ihiala local government area, and one of the biggest towns in Igboland. Ihiala is located in the southern part of the state Anambra, and has long served as the local administrative capital of the zone. Okija is isolated by thick forests and poor roads from the bustling commercial cities of Anambra State. It is home to those who fought the white people that came to take the land of Igbos in the olden days. The people of Okija are generally Christian. Ihiala L.G.A is a fast growing area, which is predominantly rural community based and harbours a population of 302,308 inhabitants (2006 census). The immediate host community is Ubahu Okija, which is one of the 30 villages that make up Okija community in Ihiala Local government Area of 54 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Anambra state. As an Igbo speaking community, they share the same historical origin with the rest of the Igbo ethnic group, who are descendants of the Nri dynasty. Okija is a town in Ihiala and one of the oldest in the LGA. Okija is one of the fastest growing towns in the state. Local Economy: The primary engagement of the Okija people is agriculture and trading. There are several businesses hat thrive exceedingly well in the community. These include businesses, banks, trading, entrepreneurial activities, construction, entertainment industry, etc. Several factors have contributed to an accelerated growth rate and development in Okija area. These factors include the economic development via industrialization (Hammakopp Construction Company), and proximity to Onitsha, which is the commercial centre of Anambra State. Education is also a reason for people flocking into Okija as it hosts a number of tertiary institutions (Madonna and Legacy Universities in Okija and Anambra State University in the neighbouring Uli community). Population distribution and the pattern of settlement in the state are largely influenced by the availability of dry land. Like a typical Igbo community, commercial activities are ubiquitous in all nooks and cranny of the area, varying from petty trading to distribution businesses in commodities and agricultural produce. 4.3 Description of the Project Site The project site is located in Ubahu village in Okija community in Ihiala LGA. Satellite imagery of the project area and surrounding environs is shown in figure 15. Figure 15: Satellite Imagery showing the Okija Power Plant Site, Madonna University, Hammakkop Construction Company and Onitsha-Owerri Expressway 55 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd The area has a land mass totaling about 31.9 hectares (see figure 15a-b) The land has been acquired out rightly by CPG (see annex 4). Neighbouring areas located around the site include Madonna University (which is the highest human concentration located about 800 meters away, from the rear of the project site, hence, unlikely to be affected by construction dust. Consultation with CPG during field works revealed that the University is expected to benefit immensely from the proposed injection substation at Ihiala. Also, just across the expressway, opposite the project site is the headquarters office/yard of HAMMAKOPP Consortium Limited, a Civil and Mechanical construction company belonging to the same owners of Century Power Generation Limited. Madonna University Highway Project site Project site Figure 15a: The Project Site and Madonna University Location Figure 15b: Showing the Project Site and Onitsha-Owerri Expressway Huge gully erosion can be seen on the north-west boundary of the project site while a freshly forming erosion was also located at the South-east boundary (15c – d). Figure 15c: Erosion on the North-Western Boundary of the Project Site Figure 15d: Erosion on the South-Western Boundary (Site Entrance) of the Project Site 56 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd The main access road leading into the site from the highway (Onitsha-Owerri) also leads directly to the Ulasi River and is presently eroded as a result of rain (figure 16a-b). Project site Wash off Figure 16a: Erosion on the road beside the project site leading to the nearby Ulasi River in 2012 Road leading to Ulasi River (2012) Project site Wash off Figure 16b: Erosion on the road beside the project site leading to the nearby Ulasi River in 2013 All flora habitats surveyed were found to comprise shrubs, grasses, and a mixture of mature trees and re-growing juvenile trees. 4.4 Description of Some Critical Areas within the 10km Grid of the Project Site These areas were selected based on proximity to the project site and concentration of human activities. 57 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Hammakopp This is a construction company located directly opposite the project site. It is a cleared area of land and it houses heavy-duty vehicles and machines for construction works. Figure 17 a - d gives a picture of Hammakopp. Figure 17a: HAMMAKOPP Construction Company directly opposite the Proposed Power Project Site in Okija. Figure 17b: Facilities at HAMMAKOPP Construction Company 58 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 17d: HAMMAKOPP Construction Company directly opposite the Proposed Power Project Site in Okija. Figure 17c: Team of Consultants visiting HAMMAKKOP Construction Company directly opposite the Proposed Power Project Site in Okija. Ihiala LGA This is the headquarters of the Local Government, which Okija falls within. It is located south-east of the project site and serves as the administrative seat of the LGA. St Peter’s Anglican Church This is the biggest Church in Okija town and is located south west to the project site. It is made up of the temple and living quarters for the reverend and his household. See figure 18 a – b). 59 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 18a: St Peters Anglican Church, Okija Figure 18b: St Peters Anglican Church Premises, Okija Nkwo-Okija This is the main market located within the community. It has over 500 stores made mostly of wood and corrugated zinc roofing sheets. Food items, building materials and household items are sold in the market. Figure 19 shows some marketing activities in Nkwo Okija. Figure 19a: Nkwo Okija - Okija town main market 60 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 19b: Nkwo Okija - Okija town main market Madonna University This is one of the privately owned universities in the state (figure 20a). It contains large population of students and staff and is located of the west of the project site. This citadel of learning has the tallest building within Okija community. A view of the University from the proposed Okija plant is shown in figure 20b. Madonna University Project site Figure 20a: Madonna University in Okija Town Figure 1b: View of Madonna University from the Proposed Okija Power Plant Site 61 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Nkwo Odo Orifite The market, which is the major market in Orifite, draws people from neighbouring villages on Nkwo Market day. There are over 50 stores made of corrugated roofing sheets and wood (figure 21). Market women keep their commodities on wooden tables or on trays placed on the floor. The road leading to the market is a single-lane tarred road. Figure 21: Nkwo Odo Oriefite Ozubulu Just like the other areas, Ozubulu is a busy rural area with mini businesses going on. The sample area had a roadside park and shops for beverages and drinks. Figure 22 a – b shows some pictures of the town. Figure 22a: Location in Ozubulu Figure 22b: Ozubulu town 62 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Azia This is one of the rural areas in close proximity to Okija town. Roadside business and mini market characterize the area sampled. The area is located south of the project site along the Owerri-Onitsha expressway. Figure 23 a – b shows some pictures of Azia. Figure 23a: Azia Area in Okija town Figure 23b: Azia Area in Okija Town Ihembosi Ihembosi in Ekwusigo LGA is one of the areas within the 10km grid of the project site. Areas sampled in this LGA include Chiekenta Community School. This area bears vegetation found around the eastern region. Residential buildings, which were mostly bungalows, were around the school with small provision shops. The Federal health centre Ihembosi was also sampled due to its 63 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd proximity to the project area. This is a tertiary healthcare center, which is functional with patronage also by people from neighbouring villages. Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi The hospital is located in the heart of Nnewi town. It is surrounded by numerous businesses ranging from electronic and motorcycle spare parts shops, petty trading and motor parks. Hotels and residential buildings are also located within the area. 4.5 Baseline Data Field survey was designed and executed within the proposed project area. The survey covered all relevant aspects of the ecological, socio- economic and health environment within the project site. Sample collection and handling procedures to maintain the integrity of samples and enhance quality of the results, were performed in accordance with FMEnv and international standards. In order to provide an accurate spatial dimension to the data, all sampling and observation points were geo- referenced using Garmin etrex 'Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. Quality assurance was applied to all aspects of the study including sample collection, handling, laboratory analysis, data coding and manipulation, statistical analysis, presenting and communicating results. 4.5.1 Air Quality Sample Collection Air samples were collected using a Testo 350 XL (see figure 24 a- b). Measurements were taken at different locations around the proposed project site and communities within a 20km radius with their geographical coordinates noted. Figure 24a: Air Quality Sample Collection 64 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 24b: Air Quality Sample Collection Table 8 gives a description and coordinates of the various locations for the air quality sample collection. Figure 25 shows the map of the air quality sample points within the project site. The Air Quality data sample point from the Project Area is shown in table 9a –b. 4.5.2 Noise Level Measurement Noise levels were measured using a Testo 815 Noise meter. Noise data were collected at the same locations as the air quality sampling points. Table 8 gives a description and coordinates of the various locations for the noise level sample collection. Figure 25 shows the map of the noise level sample points within the project site. The Noise level sample points from the Project Area is shown in table 9a –b. 65 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 8: Air Quality and Noise Level GPS Coordinates SAMPLE DESCRIPTION COORDINATES AQ1 Total junction, Close to First Bank OF Nigeria PLC, Opp. TOTAL Gas Station N5.853263E6.859154 AQ2 Ihuezekam Village N5.85662 E6.79044 AQ3 along Awka Etiti-Isieke Road, Orsumoghu N5.85965 E6.91807 AQ4 Ihiala L.G.A Secretariat N5.869240 E6.86289 AQ5 Umudalaegwu Community Junction N5.916810 E6.85070 AQ6 Ubahuekwem Village N5.870530 E6.81660 AQ7 Along Azia Road N5.883014 E6.900751 AQ8 Onisha-Owerri Expressway Connecting Ihiala High Court N5.888414 E6.869919 AQ9 Uhuobo Village ( Umuezeiheoma Kindred) N5.894120 E6.82414 AQ10 Nkwo-Okija (Okija Market) N5.908482 E6.843306 AQ11 Saint Peters Anglican Church N5.912740 E6.842590 AQ12 Ukpo town N5.922270 E6.897550 AQ13 Golf Course N5.921130 E6.852670 AQ14 Gas Plant Project Site, close to Ontsha-Owerri express-way N5.937742 E6.846733 AQ15 Near Fed. Health Centre and Central Sch, Ihembosi N5.933390 E6.868170 AQ16 Chiekenta Comm. Pri. Sch. Ihembosi N5.926210 E6.882680 AQ17 Madonna University, Okija N5.930420 E6.836840 AQ18 Awka Etiti-Isieke Road Near Umuaraba, Central School N5.934210 E6.93380 AQ19 Hammakopp Construction Company N5.941250 E6.84973 AQ20 Affor Ukpo-Ukpo Junction N5.941940 E6.92940 AQ21 Along Onitsha-Owerri Expressway N5.970140 E6.829450 AQ22 Ozubulu Junction – beside St Micheals‘ Cath. Church, Ekwusigo LGA N5.963033 E6.873998 AQ23 beside Nkwo Oraifite, Girls Sec. Sch, Oraifite (also near Ifite Pri. Schl.) N6.030520 E6.836880 AQ24 Along Nnewi-Owerri Road N5.996100 E6.917010 AQ25 Emeka Offor Junction, close to Oraifite. All Saints Cath. Church N5.999930 E6.837030 AQ26 Nkwo-Edo, Oraifite, Ekwusigo L.G.A N6.005170 E6.850310 AQ27 Akabuezem Uruagu, Nnewi Rd N6.014410 E6.873770 AQ28 Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi N6.025430 E6.914300 AQ29 Atani Junction N6.006800 E6.747460 AQ30 Along Ozubulu Road N5.983270 E6.788660 66 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 25: Map showing Air Quality and Noise Sample Points within the Project Area 67 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 9a: Noise Level and Air Quality Data from the Project Area PARAMETERS FMEnv WB Standards Limits UNIT AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ8 AQ9 AQ10 AQ11 AQ12 AQ13 AQ14 AQ15 90 Noise dB(A) 60.4 40.7 47.5 42.5 53.1 46.7 43 47.7 68.9 60.4 47.7 50.2 58.2 62.3 63.3 <0.0 10 26.0 CO µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.0 0.04- 0.08 NOX µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 <0.0 0.2 - SOX µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.0 - - NH3 µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.0 0.1 - H2S µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 - VOC µg/m3 3.5 3 3.5 2 2.9 3.2 2.5 2.6 3.7 3.3 2.1 1.7 0.6 2.6 1.3 SPM 2.5 µg/m3 3 20 2 2 3 2 3 2 5 4 3 1 1 3 2 SPM 10 µg/m3 47 35 11 11 10 13 9 30 31 22 11 3 3 17 16 250 - SPM Total µg/m3 89 39 14 12 14 14 10 39 87 41 14 4 12 22 23 Relative Humidity % 61.9 66.8 65.4 72.2 69.1 57.1 65.2 66.1 62.8 63.3 71.2 86.5 76.3 83.8 72.9 33.0 Atm Pressure mmHg 33.8 32.8 32.24 25.2 31.6 4 30.64 32.88 31.96 30.68 27.2 29.2 30.8 21.61 31.4 Temperature 0C 31.1 32.9 30.2 31.9 32 33 31.7 33.1 31.3 31 28.7 26.4 29.2 25.9 29.3 Wind Speed m/s 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.7 1.4 1.4 Wind SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW Direction 68 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 9b: Noise Level and Air Quality Data from the Project Area PARAMETERS FMEnv WB UNIT AQ16 AQ17 AQ18 AQ19 AQ20 AQ21 AQ22 AQ23 AQ24 AQ25 AQ26 AQ27 AQ28 AQ29 AQ30 Standards Limits 90 Noise dB(A) 10 26.0 CO µg/m3 54.1 54.2 66.1 51.7 61.7 71.3 71.8 49.9 63.5 67.3 70.2 50.5 64.3 59.2 51.4 0.04- 0.08 NOX µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 0.2 - SOX µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - NH3 µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 - H2S µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.1 - VOC µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 SPM 2.5 µg/m3 1.9 0.5 0.9 2.6 1.4 2.4 1.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.1 1 1.5 1.8 SPM 10 µg/m3 1 0 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 3 2 1 5 1 1 250 - SPM Total µg/m3 9 2 19 15 6 4 163 6 103 17 9 5 34 5 3 Relative Humidity % 11 4 24 18 8 5 238 17 127 18 21 6 56 7 3 Atm Pressure mmHg 82.6 74.2 85.7 86.6 81.5 71.1 70.7 62.6 65.8 87.3 86.3 89.2 63.7 81.1 83.5 Temperature 0C 28.6 25.8 27.7 26.1 26.8 30.68 27.1 29 31.76 23.9 25.6 26.8 32.8 28.2 27.1 Wind Speed m/s 27.4 29.1 27.9 26.2 26.3 29.6 30.1 31.9 30.8 26.9 26.7 26.2 32.2 28.5 28.1 Wind Direction SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW 69 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4.5.3 Soil Sample Collection Soil samples were collected within a 500-meter collection radius. Samples were collected using a manual soil auger (see figure 26 a- b). Surface soil samples were collected within a soil depth of 0- 15cm, while sub-soil samples were collected within a soil depth of 15-30cm. Samples for physico- chemical analysis were collected into coded plastic bags after being wrapped in aluminium foil. Soil samples were placed into containers made of high UV (Ultra Violet) resistant material. A total of twenty (20) soil samples were collected comprising topsoil (10 samples) and sub-soil (10 samples). Figure 26a: Soil Sample Collection Figure 26b: Soil Sample Collection Figure 27 gives a schematic map showing the Soil Sample Collection Points in the Project Area of during field works. The statistical analysis of the soil analysis is shown in table 10. 70 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 27: Schematic Map Showing Soil Sample Collection Points in the Project Area 71 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 10: Mean Values for Soil Sample Analysis Location Sample Concentration (mg/kg) Depth PH Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- NH3 PO43- SO42- K+ Na2+ NO3- 5.939358N 0-15cm 6.99 49 57.5 24.5 1.7 25.05 28.5 46.25 24.2 0.6265 6.845864E 15-30cm 7.07 195.4 60.6 25 1.625 25.15 30 51.5 22.2 0.401 5.937619N 0-15cm 7 52.25 62.25 42.75 1.85 23 29.5 46.5 24 0.458 6.844258E 15-30cm 6.25 108.7 67.5 38 2.05 23.55 30 52.25 24.75 0.602 5.935858N 0-15cm 7.045 221.25 182.3 36 1.705 34.7 48 30 26.2 0.051 6.842378E 15-30cm 7.31 101.5 174.25 45 1.765 35.3 50.5 23 23.5 0.0405 5.934161N 0-15cm 6.85 280.25 208.5 40 1.2 36.25 45.5 26 26.5 0.557 6.843183E 15-30cm 7.2 103 209 44.75 1.25 35 47.5 23.25 24 0.516 5.935997N 0-15cm 6.51 280.05 272.5 42 1.655 17.15 38 27 25.2 0.007 6.845692E 15-30cm 6.73 80 255 41 1.85 18.25 67.5 27 26.15 0.031 5.934172N 0-15cm 6.28 246.9 253.5 27.45 2.3 22.65 46 23.5 26 0.371 6.847644E 15-30cm 7.095 97.75 260 26.95 2.3 22.7 74.5 23.5 26 0.311 5.934172N 0-15cm 6.25 337.8 253 31.5 2.375 21.15 45.5 24 26 0.122 6.847644E 15-30cm 7.05 109.35 277.75 27 2.35 27.15 74.5 24.525 25.025 0.651 5.932811N 0-15cm 7.155 78 150 21.25 1.7 38 33.5 24 25 0.867 6.838511E 15-30cm 7.1 54.5 150 20.5 1.4 41.5 40.5 21.75 22.55 0.817 5.939739N 0-15cm 6.9 59.5 151 22 1.8 41 36.5 23 24.25 0.5305 6.841867E 15-30cm 6 50.05 149.25 22 1.975 41.5 45.5 21.525 26.85 0.5315 5.942272N 0-15cm 6.96 217.5 150 22.05 1.825 43 37 23.5 24.4 0.5615 6.846786E 15-30cm 6.3 185.25 156 22 1.95 37.025 48.5 22 26.5 0.5615 72 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4.5.3.1 Discussion on Soil Analysis pH Generally, the soils ranged from 5.05 – 7.43, while that of the sub-surface ranged between 5.27 – 7.42 during the wet season. A strongly acid soil indicates intensive leaching; low exchangeable basic cations content and slow microbial activity (Donahue, et al., 1990). Conductivity Lower levels of electrical conductivity were observed for both surface and subsurface soils in the study site. This can be attributed to the heavy annual precipitation that is characteristic of the project area. The average values of electrical conductivity for both the surface soil and the sub- surface soil during the dry season were 58.24 ± 13.21µS/cm and 63.47 ± 30.12µS/cm respectively. Total Organic Matter Organic matter in the soil is responsible for most desirable surface soil structure, promotes a greater proportion of larger pore sizes, improve water and air relations, and reduce erosion by wind and water. It is also the soil‘s source of nearly all nitrogen, 5 – 60% of the phosphorus, about 80% of the sulphur, and a large part of the boron and molybdenum used by plants in a given season when the crop is not fertilized. The concentration of total organic matter (TOM) in the surface soil samples ranged between 0.86 – 2.3mg/L during the wet season and 0.67 – 2.86mg/L during the dry season for the sub surface soil. Nutrients The nitrate concentration in the surface soil samples ranged from 0.30 – 0.90mg/L during the wet season, while the sub surface soil ranged from 0.31 – 0.81mg/L. Slightly lower levels of phosphate (PO43-) ions were observed in the soil samples with an average value of 0.44 ± 0.10mg/L for surface soil and 0.33 ± 0.08mg/L for sub-surface soil. Exchangeable Cations Exchangeable cations in the soil are easily dissolved into solution making them readily available for uptake by the roots of plants. Their presence in soils is therefore directly related to the nutrient levels and hence, fertility of the soil. Exchangeable cation levels for both surface and sub-surface soil samples were Ca2+, 62.8 – 98.0mg/L and 61.4 – 210mg/L respectively; Mg2+ 45.3 – 80.2mg/L and 53.2 – 78.7mg/L; K+, 31.2 – 58.2mg/L and 29.8 – 41.7mg/L; Mn2+, 1.11 – 2.15mg/L and 1.38 – 5.50mg/L. 73 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Total Hydrocarbon Content (THC) Total hydrocarbon content (THC) is a measure of the hydrocarbon content of the soil. Sources of hydrocarbon accumulation in an environment include natural sources, accidents during transportation and storage of petroleum products, the atmosphere, and municipal/industrial wastes. Total hydrocarbon content (THC) was low, ranging between 0.00 – 22.0mg/L and 0.00 – 30.0mg/L in both surface and sub-surface soils during the wet and dry seasons respectively. Heavy Metals These metals often form soluble compounds in the soil and contribute in various amounts to the fertility of soil and growth of plants. Most of the heavy metal values obtained in both surface and sub-surface soils represent background levels. Soil Microbiology Majority of the soil samples analysed especially the surface layer recorded relatively high concentrations of total heterotrophic Bacteria and Fungi. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts in the upper soil layer ranged between 46 x 105 and 4800 x 105 Cfu/g. while those of Fungi ranged between 32 x 105 and 1100 x 105 Cfu/g. The predominant microbial isolates from soil samples include; Pseudomonas fluorescence, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Flavobacterium Sp; Serratia marcescence, Bacillus cerus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Candida Sp; Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium espansum, Aspergillus japanicus, Penicillium pinophylum and Penicillium crysogenium. 74 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4.5.4 Water Sample Collection Water samples were collected along the Ulasi River using sterile 100ml bijour bottles (made of high UV resistant material). Fast changing physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature, pH, DO, Conductivity and TDS were measured in-situ using an in-situ water analyzer. A total of eight (8) surface water samples (figure 28a) were collected for laboratory analyses of various parameters. Hanna HI 991300 PH/EC/TDS Meter was used for water sample analysis (In-situ). Groundwater samples were collected from two (2) boreholes (figure 28b). Figure 28a: Surface Water Sample Collection Figure 28b: Ground Water Sample Collection Table 11 shows the coordinate points for the soil samples collected. Figure 29 and 30 gives a schematic map showing the surface and ground water Sample Collection Points respectively in the Project Area of during field works. 75 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 11: Showing Surface and Ground Water Sample Locations Sample Code GPS Height above sea level (m) Location 5.922267N Upstream of Ulasi river across SW1 6.860578E 27 Onitsha-Owerri road (Control1) 5.926219N SW2 6.851631E 27 Upstream SW3 5.928433N 6.848100E 16 Upstream SW4 5.930447N 6.845983E 14 Midstream at the site boundary SW5 5.932958N 6.842400E 65 Midstream at the site boundary SW6 5.934169N 6.842400E 56 Down stream SW7 5.935981N 6.839825E 36 Downstream 5.943547N Downstream of Ulasi river SW8 6.831611E 52 (Control2) 5.937512°N GW1 6.843330°E Project site 5.936809°N GW2 6.844010°E Project site 76 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 29: Map Showing Surface water Sample Points in the Project Area 77 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 30: Map Showing Ground Water Sample Points in the Project Area 78 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd The mean values for the physio-chemical characterises of the surface and ground water samples are shown in table 12. Table12: Mean Values for Physio-Chemical Characteristics of Surface and Ground Water Samples Temp C0n TDS pH TSS PO4 DO BOD COD CO3 Ca Mg TA TH Cl NO3 SO4 K Na SW 1 26.9 57 29 6.92 15.5 0.215 4.75 4.5 7 1.75 15 10.5 40 22.5 2.71 2.25 6.5 5 4.5 SW2 26.75 114 56.5 5.96 26.5 0.065 4.65 6 7.5 2.03 12.5 9 35 19.5 2.93 3.285 7 3.5 8 SW3 26.4 85.5 42.5 6.82 39 0.09 4.95 5 8 2.51 16 10 25 26 2.02 1.97 6 3.5 4.5 SW4 27.55 69 34 7.57 47.5 0.05 5.5 5.5 9.5 1.62 16 9.5 35 25.5 3.145 3.055 6.5 8 5 SW5 28.85 72 35.5 6.95 38 0.1 5.15 5.9 8.5 2.265 12.5 6.5 25 19 2.39 1.15 5.5 6.5 7 SW6 28.95 108.5 53.5 6.925 81 0.065 5.4 7.5 17.5 0.815 18.5 9.5 50 28 5.19 0.635 1.5 3 2.5 SW7 28.8 78 44 6.31 49.5 0.1 4.75 5.9 6.5 0.825 20.5 8.5 25 29 2.685 1.475 2.5 4 4.5 SW8 30.1 70 34.5 6.705 12 0.105 4.8 4.25 11 1.01 17.5 10.5 45 28 2.24 0.34 5 2.5 6.5 GW1 29.2 159.5 80.5 6.495 77.5 0.21 4.85 7.15 12 0.535 20 6 25 26 5.4 1.165 2.5 2 7 GW2 31 79.5 34.5 6.625 36.5 0.545 4.5 6 9 1.17 20.5 10 40 30.5 6.125 1.025 2.5 3.5 2.5 79 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4.5.4.1 Discussion on Water Sample Analysis Temperature The temperature for all the sampling locations was all within the FMEnv range. pH The pH values for the wet and dry seasons varied from moderately acidic to moderately alkaline for the surface and groundwater. Water pH showed significant positive correlation with salinity as expected. Samples were all within the FMEnv permissible limits. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Dissolved oxygen is the oxygen molecules present in water. Very low levels ranging from 0- 2mg/l do not support life (aquatic flora and fauna). The samples collected showed an average value of 5.0mg/l for the surface water and 4.6mg/l for the groundwater samples in the wet season. Studies indicate that aquatic organisms survive in a DO range of 2-4 mg/l. Conductivity The conductivity values ranged from 14 to 35.6µS/cm-1 for surface water and 18 to 28µS/cm-1 for groundwater samples. Salinity The salinity values were very low and within range in all the sampling points for surface and underground water. This is expected, as the surface water is a typical freshwater during the rainy and dry seasons. Total Dissolved Solids The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) content is a measure of turbidity and general polluting potentials in water. It is an index of the amount of dissolved substances in water. All the surface water sources had a TDS value below the FMEnv limits of 1000mg/l with surface water varying between 7.0 and 17.8mg/l with an average value of 12.4mg/l, while the groundwater values ranged from 114 to 124mg/l with a mean value of 119mg/l. The total dissolved solids (TDS) content of the all the samples gave values below the FMEnv permissible limit of 2000mg/l during the wet and dry seasons. 80 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Nitrate, Sulphate and Phosphate These parameters were found within the permissible limits prescribed by the FMEnv. High levels of these parameters especially nitrate and phosphate can lead to eutrophication of the water body. Calcium and Magnesium Sample analysis of water shows Calcium and Magnesium to be within FMEnv permissible limits. Heavy Metals The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the surface and groundwater samples in the project area for the two seasons did not differ significantly from each other. Heavy metals concentrations in the water bodies varied from Not Detected to 0.74ppm with Iron being the most abundant metal. Lead, Arsenic and Mercury were not detected at all in the water samples. Other heavy metals including Zn, Mn, and Cu were in tolerable concentrations and therefore do not pose any hazard to the aquatic environment. Most of the metals (Pb, Ni, Co, Cr and Zn) were slightly higher in mass concentration in freshwater site of the study area than in the brackish lagoon water. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) Biochemical Oxygen Demand is a measure of the amount of oxygen utilized during a specific incubation (usually for 5 days) for the biochemical degradation of organic materials and also the oxygen utilized to oxidize inorganic material such as sulphate and ferrous ion. The BOD5 values for the water samples were all within the FMEnv range of 30mg/l. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) The COD measures the amount of organic compounds present in a water sample. The COD values of the water samples were high ranging from 7.5 –12 mg/l except for CFGC1SW, CPGC7SW which ranged from 6.5-7 mg/l. This can be attributed to the increase in construction materials in the water surface. Microorganism Microbial characterization of both the surface and groundwater resources of the project area during the wet and dry seasons indicates that heterotrophic bacteria counts were relatively high in all water samples. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged between 160 x 10 5 and 220 x 105 Cfu/ml. for surface fresh water samples while those of borehole samples 81 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd ranged between 1.80 x 105 and 36 x 105 Cfu/ml. The total microbial counts of surface water were higher than those of borehole samples. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts was relatively low in all the samples suggestive of the fact that no recent organic pollution has occurred in the area. Coliform bacteria were present at significant concentrations in samples from the fresh water streams. Heterotrophic and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungal and Yeast Counts were relatively low in all the water samples. The predominant microbial flora of the surface water samples are: Corynebacterium Sp., Serratia marcescens, Bacillus subtilis, and Alkaligenes sp., Borehole samples were dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cerus, the latter is also the predominant microbial flora of the bottom sediment. The following fungal species were also isolated from the water and bottom sediment samples; Aspergillus niger, Candida sp., and Aspergillus flavus. 4.5.5 Flora Studies Vegetation studies were carried out in order to understand the existing nature of the vegetation and crops, including the species composition, diversity and population of plant species as well as pathology. Sampling for vegetation was done as follows:  Sampling stations were erected based on transects and quadrant systems within the field. At each sampling point, transects of 100m in four directions: East – West, North – South were used to demarcate the project area coverage for the assessment of the vegetation.  Visual assessment was used to determine the health status of the vegetation  Sample collections were made at 20m intervals. In each quadrant, all plants within each species were carefully counted and recorded against the name of the specie (where it was identified on the spot) or a coded name indicating also the quadrant and site of occurrence. The Raunkaerian classification of the vegetation was also employed for this vegetation study  Species that could not be immediately identified in the field were collected in polythene bags and later determined at selected herbarium of choice using aids such as the Flora of Tropical Africa. Other parameters such as abundance, height and diversity were also appropriately assessed. The most dominant vegetation types are complex transitional rain forests to secondary forests zone and savannah vegetation. The plants are at different stages of evolution with identifiable floristic composition. These range from characteristic close stands of varied layers and canopies to typical shrubs, herb layers, lianas, epiphytes and parasites. 82 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd A large proportion of the vegetal cover is disturbed through cultivation of kolanut cultivations and for subsistence cash and food crop agriculture. They are intermixed with Elaeis guineens, bamboo trees and Raffia sp. Pictures of some of the flora in the area is shown in figure 31 a –b. Figure 31b: Typical Food Crop Farms within the Ubahu Figure 31a: Bamboo Forest Vegetation within the Project Site Community The main uses to which the features are put include lumbering, hunting and fuel wood gathering for both domestic and cottage industrial purposes. Only the freshwater forests support-farming activities. They are carried out on subsistence for both food crops largely. In almost all the settlements, palm trees, Albizia spp. (Silk trees), Iroko, Bread fruit, Oil bean and coconut trees predominate as economic trees along with some fruits like guava, oranges, pawpaw and mangoes. Other cultivated crops in the Ubahu community are listed in table 13. Table 13: Some Cultivated crops in the Ubahu Community S/NO COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME 1. Maize /corn Zea mays 2. Cassava Manihot esculenta 3. Banana Musa sapientum 4. Plantain Musa parasidiaca 6. Water leaf Talinum triangulare 7. Okro Abelmoschus esculentus 12. Pineapple Ananas comosus 83 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 13. Guava Psidium guajava 14. Cocoyam Colocasia esculenta 15. Pumpkin Cocurbita pepo 16. Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum 17. Melon Citrullus vulgaris 18. Pepper (small) Capsicum annuum 20. Mango Magnifera indica 21. Pawpaw Carica papaya 22. Bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina 4.5.6 Fauna Studies The animal life studies concentrated on the identification of the species of existing domestic and wild animal life in the study areas. A systematic random sampling approach was adopted to select on-site domestic animals and was physically examined. Two methods were adopted to assess the fauna resources of the area; 1. An extensive literature search was conducted on the fauna and conservation activities of the locations to obtain background information. 2. Field observations and oral guided interviews were conducted on natives and residents within and around the project area (domestic and wild). The sampling stations used were designed to coincide with those of the vegetation study. A species classification matrix was designed to impute relevant fauna data. Identified and existing animal species in the project area were grouped as domestic and wild and documented according to taxonomical classifications. Field observations, literature review and interview of local people revealed that the project area is not rich in wild life. This was attributed to widespread deforestation, habitat loss, and intensive human activities such as farming. From the investigations conducted, representatives of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals were found in the area. The dominant species encountered in the area were those associated with grassland such as Grass Cutters, Squirrels, Vipers, antelopes, porcupines and many species of rats. Birds that are known to be cosmopolitan or increasingly tolerant of human activities were common around the project site. These include egrets, sparrows and pied-crown. 84 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd S/No Common Name Local name (Igbo language) Scientific/Zoological name 1. Antelope Ele Alcelaphinae 2. Monkey Enwe Macaca Fascicularis 3. Crocodile Aguiyi Crocodylus 4. Goat Ewu Capra Aegagrus Hircus 5. Grass cutter/Hedgehog Nchi Atelerix Albiventris 6. Snake Agwo Serpentes 7. Squirrel Osa Sciuridae 8. Chicken Okuko Gallus domesticus 9. Dog Nkita Canis familiaris 10. Cat Nwamba Felis catcus 11. Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 4.5.7 Geo-Physical studies Fieldwork consisted of 5 No. borings to 30 metres each, Ten (10) CPT positions to 20 meters each or to refusal, Ten (10) Resistivity (Werner) positions and Three (3) VES (Schlumberger) positions. In other words, the numbering of the boreholes was done systematically as shown in Figure 32 below. These are numbered thus: SPT 1-5, CPT 1-10. The fieldwork was carried out using the Pilcon Wayfarer Percussion Rig (capable of drilling up to 40 metres deep with the procurement of undisturbed samples and performance of Standard Penetration Tests (SPT)), DCPT machine and ABEM Terrameter SAS 1000. 85 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Resistivity data were interpreted with RES2D.INV.SOFTWARE. The result is given in colours and apparent resistivity values against depth as displayed in the result sheet. The soundings are numbered lines 1 to 10. The lower the resistivity, the more the chances of the existence of wet sand or clay. Figure 32: Soil Resistivity Results for Okija Power Plant Site Source: 1st Geotechnical Full Report (2013) 4.5.8 Litho-Stratigraphic Description of parts of the study area Two major lithographic units were identified. These are sand and clayey sand. The sandy clay layers were found in the depth range of 1.8 and >30 metres, while the clay with minor sand layers were found in the depth range of 17 and > 48 metres. The aquifers in the type localities i.e. the underlying sands are recharged both from the surface (vertical) as percolation from rain and from the sides (horizontal) by the river in contact with the water bearing sands. The findings indicate that groundwater flow is basically north-south into the river implying the hydraulic gradient is to a reasonable extent controlled by the topography. 86 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Source: 1st Geotechnical Full Report (2013) Figure 33: Geotech at Okija Power Plant Site 4.6 Socioeconomic Assessment The socio-economic assessment studies were aimed at examining the socioeconomic conditions of the communities living around the project area in Okija, Ihiala LGA of Anambra State. This is to ensure that the potential impacts of the proposed CPG Okija IPP Project is captured and described while proffering solutions to possible negative impacts to human habitat, health and livelihoods. The specific objectives of the study include:  To elicit information about the existing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the inhabitants living around the proposed CPG Okija IPP Project  To document the distributional characteristics of the socioeconomic components in the project area  To analyze the patterns of the relationships of the socioeconomic components  To discuss and deduce the effect of the patterns on the environment of the proposed Project through the perceptions of the respondents  To provide a baseline data for the assessment of the socioeconomic impacts of the proposed project 87 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Methodology The general methodology used for the socio-economic impact assessment employed the collection of primary and secondary source data. The primary sources data gathering comprised of questionnaire administration, group interviews Ground trothing/Reconnaissance survey for identification and Disclosure (awareness creation), discussions and direct observations. Secondary data was obtained from the National Population Commission and desktop literature review. Structured questionnaires were administered to people in residential areas, administrative offices, commercial establishments, schools, families, youth leaders etc. Data collected was analysed using Microsoft Excel 2007. Areas for socioeconomic assessment studies were selected based on the information gathered from the feasibility studies and concept design documents while taking into consideration likely areas to be affected during preconstruction, construction and operation phases of the CPG Okija IPP Project. A random sampling survey was carried out in communities within a ten (10)-kilometre radius of the project site. Questionnaires were administered to a total of 1732 respondents. Figure 34a: Socioeconomic Data Gathering 88 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 34b: Socioeconomic Survey Figure 34c: Socioeconomic Data Gathering 89 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 34d: Socioeconomic Survey 4.6.1 Socio-Economic Data Analysis 4.6.1.1 Population and Gender Distribution The survey shows that 64% of the respondents were males while 36% were females as represented in figure 35 below. However, secondary information on population indicates that there are more females than males. It was observed that the females within the communities hardly move with their male counterparts especially among the youths due to cultural persuasions, which are more relevant in the village. Female 36% Male 64% Figure 35: Gender Distribution of Respondents - Overall Mean 4.6.1.2 Age Distribution of Respondents The overall mean result (see figure 36) shows that about 7% of the respondents were 15yrs old and below while 12% were between 16-19years old; about 21% fall between 20 and 29 90 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd years old, while 12% were between 30 and 39 years old. Respondents between 40 and 49 years old made up 10%; those between 50 and 59 years old made up 28% while those that are 60 years and above made up 10%. This shows a good representation of all age brackets in field survey and also a greater representation of older adults (50-59years) and youths (16-29years). The younger population is predominant around the LGA office and construction sites while the more elderly are visible in the evenings around the village square and churches. 30 25 20 Percentages(%) 15 10 5 0 Below 15 16-19years 20-29years 30-39years 40-49years 50-59years 60years and above Figure 36: Age Distribution of Respondents within the Project Area 4.6.1.2 Marital Status of Respondents The survey result shows that the married persons are predominant among the respondents in the project areas (84%), followed by single persons (15%) (see figure 37). Divorced and widowed persons were 0.1% and 0.8% respectively. This also shows that more mature people were more eager to respond than the younger ones, as they seem to have more patience. 90 84 80 70 91 60 ntages(%) 50 40 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 37: Marital Status of Respondents within the Project Area 4.6.1.3 Religion of Respondents The overall mean result show that Christianity is the predominant religion in the area with a representation of about 80% as seen in figure 38. Islam is 5%, while traditional religion and others account for 15%. 5% 15% Christianity 80% African Traditional Religion Islam Figure 38 Religion of Respondents 4.6.1.4 Occupation Distribution The result of the survey shows that majority of the sampled population depend on farming (25%) as their primary occupation, and trading as the secondary. 3% of the respondents are into fishing while 11% work with privately owned companies as shown in figure 39. Private Companies 11% Civil Service Unemployed 12% 20% 92 Trading Farming 22% 25% Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 39: Occupation Distribution 4.6.1.5 School and Literacy level In general, the survey shows that there is a reasonably high literacy level within the project area. About 6.7% of the population does not have any formal education and this is mostly elderly people, 30.3% have only primary school education, 25.2% are secondary school leavers while the rest are graduates at various tertiary institutions and mostly among the younger generation. 35 30.3 30 25.2 25 Percentage (%) 19 20 17 15 10 6.7 5 1.8 0 0 No Formal FSLC SSCE/WASC OND HND/BSc Post Islamic education Graduate Studies Figure 40: School and Literacy Level of the Project Area 4.6.1.6 Sources of Energy for Domestic Use The primary source of energy in the project area is electricity from the national grid. The respondents stated that they hardly receive power supply over a period of weeks and when they do it hardly exceeds 2 hour duration a day. A good number of households use private 93 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd generators (84.6%) as a secondary source of energy while 15.4% use Hurricane lamps. Among the various sources of cooking fuel available, 55% of the households use kerosene for cooking while 10% use gas. 29% make use of Firewood for cooking while 5% and 1% use Charcoal and Electricity respectively. Most of the respondents spend about 50% of their (see figure 41) monthly income on fuel to run their generators. This has caused some of the small industries within the community to shut down. Electricity 1% Gas 10% Firewood 29% Kerosene 55% Charcoal 5% Figure 41: Source of Energy for Domestic Use 4.6.1.7 Sources of Water for Domestic Use 57% of respondents get domestic water from privately owned boreholes while 28% make use of water from commercial boreholes and therefore do not spend money on water. 10% of respondents use water from wells, while about 5% get their domestic water from nearby streams/river as shown in figure 42. Streems/ Rivers 5% Pipeborne water 0% Well 10% 94 Borehole(comm Borehole(private) ercial) 57% 28% Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 42: Source of Water for Domestic Use 4.6.1.8 Household Waste Disposal Figyre 42a shows that about 77% of the people in the area dispose their household waste through an organized (door-to-door) collection medium provided by private refuse disposal persons. 15.% make use of the public open dumpsites managed by the state environmental protection authority. Private open Dump Waste Disposal 0% Public open Dump 15% Bush 8% Organized collection 77% Figure 42a Waste disposal practices 4.6.1.9 Infrastructural Development Most of the Okija community roads are tarred through state, LGA and community efforts. The Okija-Oguta- Egbema road is also tarred and provides an alternative route to Imo state, especially the oil rich Egbema axis. There is a post office in the community and the GSM telecommunication facilities of various networks are available in the area. 4.6.1.10 Type of Lighting Fuel The project area is connected to the national electricity grid. About 70% of respondents are not satisfied with power supply in the area stating that the power supply to the area is not 95 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd enough to support sustainable businesses. About 90% of the respondents depend on a secondary source (generator or candle) of energy for lighting. This group said that they spend so much money on buying diesel/petrol to power their generators. However, 30% of the respondents are indifferent with the electric power supply stating that it is a national issue and not peculiar to their environment. 4.6.1.11 Desirability of the Project A substantial number of the respondents (80%) expressed awareness of the proposed CPG Okija IPP project especially around Ubahu and Umuohi settlements along the expressway. Majority of the respondents saw the project as a positive development for various reasons. Besides the provision of constant power supply, the respondents saw the project as an opportunity to create jobs for the youths while some were of the notion that it will boost economic activities in the area due to influx of workers during construction and operation phases. However, a few raised issues regarding air pollution, noise and biodiversity displacement. 80% 80% 70% 60% 50% Percentage (%) 40% 30% 15% 20% 5% 10% 0% Yes No Indifferent Figure 43: Desirability of the Project 1% 4% 96 Yes No 95% Indifferent Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4.6.1.12 Figure 44: Awareness of the ProjectHealth Status Survey Health Symptoms From the physical survey, the people appear to enjoy health of mind and body. The survey shows headache and heartburn as the most predominant symptoms followed by coughing, blurred vision and stuffy nose in that order as shown in figure 45. This situation is unofficially corroborated by the chemists (roadside medicine sellers) around the area who confirmed that the most sought-after drugs are analgesics, antibiotics and cough syrups for children. 40 35 30 25 20 Yes 15 No I don’t know 10 5 0 Figure 45: Health Symptoms HIV prevalence was put at about 1.-1.5% by the state ministry of Health which is below the Nigerian average of 3.6% (World Bank fact book 2011). Prevalent Health Problems 97 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Results from the survey and Secondary data gathered from health facilities showed that the most prevalent health conditions are malaria, chough and cholera (see figure 46). Other infectious diseases like dysentery, cholera etc. are attributed to poor hygiene. Cholera is observed to be more prevalent in children. Diarrhea Dysentery Cholera HEALTH PROBLEMS Chicken Pox Measles Neutral Rheumatism No Asthma Yes Cough Typhoid Fever Malaria 0 10 20 30 40 RESPONSE (%) Figure 46: Prevalent Health Problems in the Project Area Reponse on Health Risk Figure 47 below shows the respondents distribution according to their conviction on the potential health risk of the proposed project. Majority of the respondents do not see any health risk posed by the 495MW CPG Power plant because it is isolated from where they live. However, the more enlightened responders would rather have the ESIA process determine their level of exposure and inform them accordingly. 89 90 80 70 98 rcentage(%) 60 50 40 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 47: Response on Health Risk in the Project Area 4.6.2 Secondary Data Collection Tables 14 – 18 below show Secondary data obtained from the National Population Commission Secondary data showed that majority of the residents within the area either live in Flats or Room/Let in Houses as seen in table 14. Table 14: Distribution of Households by Type of Housing Unit Categories Ihiala LGA Anambra State House on a separate stand/Yard 4,512 51,9502 Traditional/hut structure made of Traditional Material 1,180 33,946 Flat in Block of Flats 4,762 11,7952 Semi Detached House 3,511 58,446 Rooms/Let in House 2,307 94,500 Informal/Impoverished Building 270 6,205 Other 3,837 52,324 TOTAL 20,379 882,870 Source: National Population Commission (2010) None of the respondents interviewed in the project area have access to pipe-borne water. This is because a functional water supply network does not exist and most people make use of private and commercial boreholes. Table 15: Distribution of Household by Source of Water Supply for Domestic Use Categories Ihiala LGA Anambra State Pipe borne inside dwelling 2,361 31,494 Pipe borne outside dwelling 3,787 53,485 Tanker supply water vendor 3,952 76,925 Well 6,055 95,351 Borehole 12,905 171,422 Rain Water 5,485 91,687 River/Stream 18,540 247,533 Dugout/Pond/Lake/Dam 1,999 31,119 Other 5,885 83,854 TOTAL 60,969 882,870 Source: National Population Commission (2010) 99 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 16: Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Toilet Facility CATEGORIES Ihiala LGA Anambra State Water Closet 8,237 210,226 Pit Latrine 34,237 38,3040 Bucket/Pan 5,909 8,2784 Toilet Facility in another (different) 2,384 3,3517 dwelling Public Toilet 7,356 10,6745 Nearby Bush//beach/field 2,601 64,782 Other 245 1,781 TOTAL 60,969 882,870 Source: National Population Commission (2010) When compared to primary data, information for use of water closet, pit latrine and public toilets corresponded to that provided from Secondary data. Table 17: Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Cooking Fuel Categories Ihiala LGA Anambra State Electricity 12,126 149,071 Gas 2,068 39,098 Kerosene 14,074 301,744 Firewood 30,968 356,144 Coal 1,202 29,651 Animal dung/Saw dust 214 3,641 Solar 119 1,752 Other 194 1,774 TOTAL 60,965 882,875 Source: National Population Commission (2010) Table 18: Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Lighting Fuel Categories Ihiala LGA Anambra State Electricity 23,727 395,337 Gas 1,124 18,040 Fuel/Generator 33,142 429,719 Candle 2,311 33,755 Solar 274 2,983 Other 391 3,041 TOTAL 60,969 882,870 Source: National Population Commission (2010) Information generated from primary data sources on household fuel-use (electricity, generator, gas etc.) in Okija does not correspond to secondary data as none of the respondents make use of Gas nor solar for lighting. Table 19: Distribution of Regular Household Method Solid Waste Disposal Categories Ihiala LGA Anambra State Organized Collection 11,616 167,434 Buried by Household 11,193 122,650 Public Approved Dump site 6,484 173,678 Unapproved Dump site 9,901 167,918 100 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Burnt by Household 18,489 211,842 Other 3,286 39,353 TOTAL 60,969 882,870 Source: National Population Commission (2010) Information provided from secondary data on solid waste disposal corresponds to primary data with respect to organized collection, public approved dumpsites and unapproved dumpsites. It was gathered that there are 2 government-approved dumpsites used around the area. 5 CHAPTER FIVE: PROJECT ALTERNATIVES The use of natural gas for electricity production to a large extent, presents operational system planning, cost and environmental advantages when compared with alternative energy resources. 101 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 5.1 Alternative Sources of Energy There are in existence several technologies and fuel sources for the generation of electricity. Nigeria in trying to meet its energy needs and to avoid over dependence on any one type of energy source is endeavouring to diversify both its energy sources and technologies for the generation of power. Thus, it has developed a national policy that will encourage the generation of electricity from;  Hydroelectric Power  Coal  Wind energy  Natural gas Table 20a below evaluates the various available technologies that may be explored for the generation of electricity in the study area. Table 20a Comparative analysis of various alternative technology and fuels Natural gas Coal Hydroelectric power Wind energy Criteria Environmental Natural gas generally Coal will produce Hydroelectric power Relatively minor Consideration produces negligible SOx, NOx, (HEP) generally have impacts quantities of particulate matters, small to negligible particulate matter wastes and ash. green house gases and sulfur oxides, Levels of nitrogen emissions or other Natural gas-fired oxides are about pollutants associated plants also release 60% of those from with combustion. lower quantities of plants using coal carbon dioxide, a (without emission greenhouse gas. reduction measures). Investment There are available Investment on this This option is cheap Cost of Cost sources of natural gas option is huge compared to other harnessing this in the country. Low forms of energy as it technology is investment capital eliminates the cost of similar with the fuel. However the other renewable investment costs for options HEP are high due to the massiveness of the installation. Application We have an Use of coal Use of water There is constant technology abundance of natural need for wind gas in country that speed needs to be harnessed to improve electricity sector. Operation cost Relatively lower option cost that other technologies Demand The option is very This alternative is This alternative is Not able to meet attractive owing to unattractive because unlikely to meet the the demand. 102 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd the availability and it will not be able to current urgency of Field works meet the urgency power demand. Hence, revealed that the demand of power for this alternative is not wind speed of the actualization of suitable at this time the study area are this project. since the realization of generally low and the project require a usually less than medium to long term 3 m/s planning. However, the technology option to be chosen should be dependent on various factors: a) Current status of technology and its cost-benefit situation for large scale continuous power generation b) Best available technology that is best suited for the Nigeria‘s technical and professional capacity c) The lead time to construct and commission each option The proposed power plant project development alternatives were considered on the basis of engineering judgment, environmental concerns, societal benefits and the cost effectiveness of the project. 5.1.1 Alternatives Technologies and Fuels (a) Construction of a 750MW Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Plant (b) Construction of a 495MW Open Cycle Gas Turbine (OCGT) Power Plant (c) Construction of a 495MW Coal fired thermal plant Options ImplicationOption “a” Construction of a 750 MW CCGT Power Plant  This option will ensure the use of efficient technology for power generation in terms of raw materials (Natural Gas) input against higher energy output, due to reduced gross heat rate.  The option is a more environmentally sustainable when compared with an equivalent coal, fuel oil, or open cycle gas powered plant.The duration for a combined cycle would be longer than an open cycle plant, coupled with its attendant higher project cost  The Onitsha sub-station which would absorb most of the plant‘s output is limited to 500MW from the Okija IPP, boosting this capacity would require significant investment which TCN does not have. This cost will therefore have to be absorbed by the project company.  A combined cycle plant may attract carbon credit. Option “b” Construction of a 495 MW OCGT Power Plant 103 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Open cycle power generation is a well understood technology in the country and the professional and technical capacity for its construction, operation, and maintenance is readily available in country. Knowledge and availability of experienced trained professionals in technologies such as solar and wind-farms are low. These technologies are also presently expensive to set up and maintain. This option also presents the first four advantages of option ―a‖. However, the following economic and environmental concerns render it unsuitable as option of choice.  The build cycle is shorter, and will enable the much-needed power come on the national grid faster than with a combined cycle plant.  The justification for a combined cycle is valid in countries where the cost of gas is high. Nigeria on the other hand, with a large reserve of gas and relatively cheap gas prices makes a better case for an open cycle plant in the first instance.  Ensure the use of clean burning natural gas for power generation thereby reducing emissions and consequent environmental impact.  There will also be a multiplier effect (indirect job creation) creating work for citizens of Anambra state in particular and Nigeria in general in new industries and businesses. Against the above background, this option is preferred. Option “c” Construction of a 495MW Coal Fired Generating Plant This option also provides the first three advantages of option ―a‖. However, a few logistics and environmental concerns as discussed below put it behind option ―a‖.  The available coal deposit in Kogi and Enugu states estimated at 356 million tonnes can barely satisfy the envisaged demand of power generating plant already being considered for the region. Another company is already building a 1200 MW coal fired plant near the coal deposits in Kogi state. From the feasibility study performed for the Nigerian government by Messrs Behre Dolbear, 1200MW is about the maximum plant rating the coal deposit can support for a reasonable length of time.  The nearest coal deposit to the Okija site is 90 kilometres of road transport away and without a rail line, it will be extremely costly to move coal down to the site.  Attempting to move the coal down will involve high density heavy vehicular traffic in a poorly maintained road network which will pose serious environmental concern.  Construction of a coal power plant and development of the mines will require a lead time of seven years or more compared with 3 and 2 years for option ―b‖ and ―c‖ respectively  A coal plant will require a much larger land area to handle ash storage, erect emission management equipment such as towers for gas cleaning and sulphur dioxide removal 104 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd plant usually implemented through the use of limestone to produce gypsum. This will negatively impact on agricultural land use.  Such a plant would naturally require greater quantities of water than a typical CCGT or OCGT for cooling.  A number of authoritative studies on air emission factors of fossil fuels have led to the conclusions that emissions from a coal power plant in comparison with OCGT or CCGT are significantly higher in all pollutants. The use of natural gas for the CPG seems to be best option based on the evaluation done in table 20a above. The project developer therefore chose to proceed with the development of a 495MW open cycle plant, and the decision to either advance to a combined cycle or purchase additional turbines will be made in the future, based on gas prices. Effort has been made in the section below to totally evaluate the need for optimization of natural gas as best for the project. The Okija IPP is intended to improve on the quantity of electricity that is being produced in Nigeria. Electricity generated will be fed into the national grid. It is in view of this that the National Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) has given approval for the construction of a 495MW natural gas powered plant in Okija, Anambra State. Natural gas has been selected as the main fuel for the power plant. Compared to other fossil fuel generating technologies, gas-fired combustion turbine generators have relatively low emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), moderate emission levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulates. In addition, the project will be using E technology machines, which utilize Dry Low NOx technology to reduce emissions of NOx. Economic Considerations There are several economic advantages associated with natural gas use for electricity generation. The operational system planning and potential cost advantages of natural gas use are related largely due to the conversion technologies available for use with natural gas. Natural gas is suitable for use with combustion turbines and combined-cycle plants. Combined-cycle plants are available in modular forms and are thus are easy to transport and have relatively short construction lead times. Also, capital costs of combined-cycle plants are generally modest. This characteristic, combined with short construction lead times, results in low capital investment for natural gas-fired facilities. Comparatively, although the cost of an equivalent capacity generating combined cycle plant is greater than for combustion turbines, costs of combined-cycle plants are generally less than costs of comparable steam-electric facilities. 105 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd As an added economic advantage, the combined cycle technology using natural gas as fuel was chosen because of the proven very large deposits of natural gas in the Anambra basin, as well as in the adjacent Oguta-Egbema oil mining leases. Environmental Considerations The use of natural gas for the generation of electricity is imbued with environmental advantages because of the clean products of natural gas combustion. Natural gas combustion products contain low quantities of particulates or oxides of sulphur. Formation of nitrogen oxides is controlled in combustion turbines and combined-cycle plants by water injection, or as in the case of the CPG Okija IPP, using Dry Low NOx combustors. Combined-cycle plants operate at high conversion effectiveness, minimizing the waste heat rejected to the environment, and thus have a higher efficiency than a similar open cycle plant. The potential environmental impacts that may occur during the siting of the project were examined and considered. Screening level assessment during feasibility study indicated that the level of environmental impacts would be relatively constant for all the considered sites. Plant Design Options There are a wide variety of potential designs for the proposed power plant. On the basis of the key design features selected for the power plant, together with the adoption of general good practices within its overall design and layout, fuel and chemical storage facilities and pollution monitoring equipment, the power plant minimizes its potential impacts on the environment whilst ensuring safe, secure and efficient operation. Key aspects of the design, which have been compared with alternatives, are as follows:  The stacks have been designed to meet the standards of good engineering practice;  The Gas Turbines will be equipped with low NOx combustors, minimizing emissions of NOx which is the key pollutant associated with combustion of natural gas;  Cooling water will be supplied from ground water abstraction from boreholes within the premises of the plant. 5.2 Site location alternative sites Site Evaluation Criteria The key criteria used in evaluating alternative sites were: 1. Land topography 2. Area with land size required for the execution of the project – Plant House and associated facilities (2 x 750 MW combined cycle plant); b. Construction lay down area; Staff Housing; 106 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 3. Willingness of Community to accept the project to be sited in their domain 4. Economic benefits to the region 5. Proximity to main roads, 5. Proximity to gas supply, 6. Source of cooling and raw water 7. Availability of power evacuation logistics. 8. Potential environmental impacts. 9. Site development. 10. Capital costs. 11. Operation and maintenance costs Okija Site The Okija site is located at the Onitsha-Owerri expressway just opposite Hammkopp Construction Company. The site is already a property of CPG, therefore there will be no need for land acquisition process. The choice of Okija as the project site is very strategic due to its proximity to two economic hubs in Anambra state – Onitsha and Nnewi. The site is also close to Oguta-Egbema and Ihendiagu and Amansiodo (OML 905) gas fields where natural gas is available and can be piped down to the plant. This will drastically reduce the incessant gas flaring with its attendant environmental challenges within the Oguta/Egbema areas as the flared gas will be harnessed for the Okija gas power project. The site is easily assessable by road however it is worth nothing that the site has some huge gully erosion on the North-West and South-east boundaries of the site. However CPG will ensure to implement some civil works (e.g. filling with latertic soil) and landscaping, which will ensure that the erosion is not escalated. In general, the site is recommended due to advantages of the site location in relation to the associated infrastructure. Locating the Gas Power Plant in another site Besides Okija, other sites may be better for the situation of the power plant, however, there is need to consider possible risks such as pollution, congestion, residents around and activities around the area. Other sites lack the advantages possessed by Okija site. The new site will require land acquisition process, which requires time and money. The new site will also require construction of power plant supporting facilities such as new substation, new connecting transmission line, construction of access road, etc. In this case, the option of locating the project on the other sites is rejected due to time and financial constraints pertaining to the proposed project although majority of people 107 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd surrounding the project area recommended the power plant to be constructed in another location. 5.3 Zero option or Do Nothing Alternative Nigeria is presently facing a severe shortage of electricity power supply, with frequent cuts in supply. This has impacted negatively on the country‘s development, and due to acute shortage of power supply, is far from achieving its development potentials. Shortage of electric power supply has also impacted negatively on the quality of life of the general populace. There are numerous industries located in the cities around Okija, especially Nnewi and Onitsha which are major industrial and economic hubs. Indeed Onitsha is the largest market city in Africa, and the poor quality of electricity supply has severely impacted on the development of the towns and cities in Anambra and neighbouring Imo State. The combined cycle plant as proposed for Okija will critically improve the quality of life of the people and the industrial development of the whole area. No project would:  Implies that CPG discontinues the project.  Results in the company losing a large amount of financial resources which have been invested on acquisition of Land, ESIA, Feasibility Studies, Site Survey and some plant facilities.  Involves societal deprivation of all accruing benefits which include employment opportunities, urbanization and technological development.  Based on the maximum available capacity of the Nigerian grid c. 4,000MW, the country will lose about 12% contribution to the grid, if the project is terminated. Thus a zero option or do-nothing alternative is unacceptable. 5.4 Overall Alternative Analysis Based on the overall analysis of alternatives, the Project has selected the most appropriate, which is the utilization of Natural gas for the power plant to be located in Okija in Anambra State. 108 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 6 CHAPTER SIX: ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS This chapter focuses on the assessment of potential environmental impacts associated with the 495MW CPG IPP project. The proposed project will lead to several impacts on the environmental and socio-economic status of the project area. In this section of the report, a succinct description of the impact assessment methods used for this project is identified. Also, a summary of the identified potential beneficial and adverse impacts associated with the 495MW CPG IPP project are presented. 6.1 Associated and Potential Impacts For the identification and rating of key issues and impacts that are likely to occur during the phases of this project and the significance of the associated impacts, a “5-Step-Tool‖ was used. 6.1.1 Rating of Impacts Five steps were followed sequentially in order to rate the impacts of the various activities of the project as shown figure 48 below: Stage 1 Impacts Identification Interactions b/w project activities and environmental and social sensitivities Stage 2 Qualification of Impacts Stage 5 Impact Table Positive/negative, List impact source and ratings Direct/indirect, Short /long term, local/wide spread, reversible/irreversible Stage 4 Degree of Impact Significance Stage 3 Rating of Impacts Major, Moderate, Moderately Likleihood High, Moderately Low Figure 48: Impact Rating Tool 109 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Step 1: Identification of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Expected impacts were determined based on anticipated interactions between project components and major environmental and social sensitivities. The environmental and social sensitivities likely to be affected by project activities include the following: Environmental Components  Air (physical and chemical properties)  Noise - vibrations, sound waves etc.  Surface Water  Ground Water and Hydro-geology  Soil  Topography and Landscape  Climate Change  Terrestrial Habitats  Waste Management Social Components  Air (odour)  Noise – nuisance  Visual Sensitivity  Economic Activities  Employment  Public Health  Occupational Health and Safety  Education  Land Use  Property Rights  Transport and Traffic  Religious Activities  Leisure and social activities  Community Affairs and Grievance Redress  Power (electricity) Steps 2 and 3: Qualification of Impacts Qualification of impacts was based on two assessment characteristics: 110 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Step 2: Likelihood of occurrence – This is an assessment of the probability of the effect occurring see table 20. Step 3: Potential consequence – This is the actual result and scale that an effect might have. The application of each of the two characteristics is described in table 21 below. Table 20b: Likelihood of Occurrence of Impacts Impact Probability Likelihood Frequency High probability (80-100%) A very likely impact Very frequent impact Medium high probability (60-80%) A likely impact Frequent impact Medium probability (40-60%) A possible impact Occasional impact Medium low probability (20-40%) An unlikely impact Few impact Low probability (0-20%) A very unlikely impact Rare impact The magnitude of the potential changes to the physical and social environment caused by the impact of an activity or hazard, and the level of sensitivity of the receiving environment determine the potential impact of the activity. This is shown below: Table 21 Potential Consequences Classification Matrix Magnitude of Effect Receptor Sensitivity Low change Medium change High change Low receptor sensitivity Trivial effect Slight effect Substantial effect Medium receptor sensitivity Slight effect Substantial effect Big effect High receptor sensitivity Substantial effect Big effect Massive effect The rating of the potential consequences of an impact and its effects are shown in table 22 below: Table 22 Potential Consequences Potential Consequence Effect Extreme consequence A massive effect Great consequence A big effect Considerable consequence A substantial effect Little consequence A slight effect Hardly any consequence A trivial effect 111 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Step 4: Degree of Significance The table 23 below shows the impact significance with associated impact ratings. Table 23: Impact Significance Impact Significance Impact Ratings Major significance Major Impact Moderate Significance Moderate Impact Minor Significance Minor Impact Negligible Significance Negligible Impact Step 5: Impact Assessment Matrix Table 24 shows the impact assessment matrix. After the rating of each impact, the determination of mitigation measures followed (refer to section on ESMP). Only moderate and major impacts were considered for impact mitigation. Continuous improvement practices will address low impacts. The positive impacts shall be monitored and enhanced when expedient. Table 24: Impact Assessment Matrix Potential Consequences Likelihood Positive Negative Hardly any Little Considerable Great Extreme High Moderate Moderate Major Major Major Medium high Minor Moderate Moderate Major Major Medium Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Major Medium low Negligible Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Low Negligible Negligible Minor Minor Moderate 112 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 6.2 Associated and Potential Impacts Determination The results of the evaluation of the interactions between the proposed project activities and their impacts on environmental and social sensitivities are shown in subsequent pages of this chapter. The identified negative impacts were rated as minor, moderate and major. Beneficial impacts arising from the project were rated as positive. Hence, no further classifications were made on the beneficial impacts. 6.2.1 Broad Beneficial Impacts of the 495MW CPG IPP Project The beneficial environmental and social impacts of the project will include: Environmental Impacts 1) Improved Power Generation and Evacuation: Considering the current and on-going reforms in the Nigerian Electricity Sector, the construction and functioning of IPPs is a positive developmental strategy in ensuring optimal electricity generation in-country. The proposed CPG Gas Turbine Power Plant in Okija will ensure electricity generation and evacuation to receptive transmission or distribution networks, which will eventually allow for the sustainable supply of electricity within Anambra State. Eventual improved power supply will further enhance quality of lives, especially by helping businesses which extensively rely on the use of electricity. The economic, social and safety benefits of this are expected to be huge. 2) Upgrade of the current electricity generation capacity and technologies of the Project state (Anambra state) 3) The project will directly and indirectly encourage investments in Anambra States. 4) Occupational Safety: Trainings will be provided on Occupational Health and Safety 5) Improved waste management and good housekeeping practices in the station: Since the construction project emphasizes the need for an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), it is envisaged that a comprehensive waste management plan is developed; this will lead to a more environmentally sound management of activities in the switchyard and improved housekeeping practices. Social Impacts 1) The CPG Okija IPP project will improve the electricity generation capacity of Anambra state 2) It will ensure sustainability of electricity generation in the long term, meeting the needs of the present and future population. It will help motivate interests for other IPPs to install power plants in Anambra State, in the future. 3) It will serve as a positive benchmark for future developments anticipated in the Nigerian power industry. 113 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 4) Wider positive impacts on businesses, schools, healthcare facilities and households. The project will ensure the provision of good services and increase in health care centres within the area. 5) It will create opportunities for transfer of power generating technology and skill acquisition in the power sector in Ihiala LGA and Anambra state at large. 6) The project will contribute greatly towards job creation and employment for people in Ihiala LGA, provision of direct and indirect employment opportunities for citizens of the State in new industries and businesses. 7) Create the potential for future private sector involvement and participation especially in the areas of Public/Private Partnerships (PPP). 8) Utilization of efficient power generation methodology through the deployment of state of the art gas turbine technology. 9) Promotion of small and medium scale industrial/business development and investment opportunities within the 10km grid of the project area through improved power generation 10) Utilizing gas for electricity generation thus reducing gas flaring and its associated environmental impacts. 6.3 Summary of Traffic Impact Assessment 6.3.1 Background and Existing conditions This project covers 31.93 hectares of land and is expected to generate additional road trips as part of its pre-operation and operation phases. The first service cycle of the project is expected to run for a period of 25years. The major road identified in the TIA falls under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government (this is to say that management and maintenance is the responsibility of the Federal Government of Nigeria). The road is permitted for use by heavy vehicles and runs from Onitsha to Owerri bearing two lanes in either direction which measures 11.89m wide each and is separated by 6m x 0.84m x 0.25m precast concrete kerb stones at 12‖ interval. This kerbstone runs through most of the length of the road. The schematic map of the Onitsha-Owerri expressway is shown in figure 49. 114 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 49: Schematic showing the Onitsha-Owerri Expressway 115 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Site Onitsha-Owerri Expressway Figure 50: Onitsha-Owerri Expressway 116 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd There are few significant horizontal or vertical curves long the proposed road route given the topography of the area. The vegetation in the vicinity of the roadside is generally sparse. This is due to development and human activities (businesses) along the road allowing excellent visibility along the route and at intersections. Few intersections are also identified along the route. The route has a speed limit of 80-100km/hr. 2.3m 1m Figure 51a: Highway showing Lane B walkway and Figure 51b: Showing width of drainage on the Onitsha drainage on the Onitsha – Owerri Expressway – Owerri Expressway Highway showing Lane B walkway and drainage are shown in figure 51a-b and 52a-b Concrete kerb Figure 52a: Showing Concrete Kerbs on the Onitsha – Owerri Expressway Figure 52b: Showing the Onitsha- Owerri Expressway Okija town enjoys a good road network connecting the villages. The project proponent has constructed a major road, which links the expressway to other communities in Okija, and is currently maintaining the road. Traffic surveys were taken at key sections of the highway route using the Manual Method (manual counting on observation). The route was found to carry from relatively moderate to high traffic. This is time dependent as the route connects two major cities (Owerri and Onitsha). 117 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd The extent of the study was determined by identifying the intersections in the vicinity of the development on which the traffic generated during the pre-construction and construction phases of the project may have a significant impact. The target years and peak scenarios to be analyzed were also determined, based on the land-use and extent of the development. The existing traffic flow patterns were surveyed, where after the functioning of the intersections in the area was analysed. A spatial analysis of accidents along the section of the Onitsha-Owerri highway with data gotten from the Road Traffic Crash (RTC) report by Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC), Ihiala LGA Command revealed no recorded incident of road traffic crashes within the selected section in the past 5years. Peak periods were observed to be in the early morning (between 6.30am and 7.30am) and in evenings (between 5.00p.m and 7.00p.m). These periods represent when people go to work/business and when they return to their homes. 6.3.2 Traffic Generation Traffic counts were undertaken on the road for three days (Tuesday to Thursday) during the field study at the AM Peak and PM Peak periods. AM Peak Data was gotten as 247 while PM Peak data was 325 giving a total of 572 (see table 25). The Institute of Transport Engineering (ITE), USA specifies the Traffic generation rate for heavy manufacturing industry development uses (in this case is the CPG Okija IPP) as 2.16 daily trips per Acre. Application of the above rate to the 31.93 hectares (78.90 Acres) with Pass-by trips assumed to be 25%, result in the generation of up to 105 daily trips. The expressway was observed to fall within LOS A- very low delay (<10sec/vehicle) Table 25: Traffic Volume Count S/N Inbound Outbound Period 1 124 116 Peak AM 2 123 209 Peak PM 3 247 325 TOTAL 6.3.3 Traffic projection Using traffic growth rate calculator (www.easycalculation.com) a total of 871 daily vehicle counts over a period of 30 years was gotten with AM Peak and PM Peak counts as 409 and 538 respectively. A traffic growth rate of 3% was used in the calculation. 118 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 6.4 Identified Potential Impacts (by Project Phases) Table 26 describes all the identified potential positive and negative impacts associated with the proposed project by phases. Table 26: Identified Potential Impacts by Phases Pre-construction Phase Environmental Impacts Positive Prior to the commencement of construction works, a feasibility study and environmental assessment is required to describe the proposed project needs and give an overview of the project environment. The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize the inhabitants of Ihiala LGA on the environmental safeguards components of the project. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project concept decision-making and implementation. Further surveys and studies (particularly geotechnical surveys/studies) of the site will be conducted at this stage to determine the mitigation measures required for erosion issues around and within the project area before project activities commence. CPG and project contractors will benefit from trainings on ESMP implementation and monitoring. Public awareness and social mobilization programs on the project will be conducted in order to keep the public abreast of developments. Negative The pre-construction phase will give rise to fugitive dust and frequent exhaust emissions into the atmosphere as equipment is delivered to the project site and along major roads (Onitsha – Owerri Expressway) This will affect travellers along the Onitsha – Owerri Expressway and could possibly led to increase in road accidents. Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such engine oil. This could result in the seeping-through of oil into the soil, thereby leading to possible contamination of soil and ground water. During the pre-construction activities the WHO/WB and FMEnv permissible noise level (70dB) may be exceeded due to operations and mobilization of heavy machinery to the proposed project site. Sand filling activities during the pre-construction phase may cause air pollution. It is envisaged that there will be heavy soil compaction due to the influx of heavy-duty equipment and vehicles Increase in waste generation and handling will occur during the site clearing process and as a result of increased workers on site. Social Impacts 119 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Positive The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize the inhabitants of Ihiala LGA on the social safeguards components of the project. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project concept decision-making and implementation. The implementing agency (CPG) may also help establish project supervision committees at the Local Government and community levels to enable participation, monitoring and evaluation when rehabilitation works commence. Negative Considering that the Onitsha – Owerri Expressway is highly utilised by travellers, increase in traffic congestions as a result of movement of equipment and materials along the road is envisaged. This will impact on travel time, and may result in negative perception about the project, amongst residents and road users. It may also disrupt movement of inhabitants to places of work, business (particularly HAMAKOPP) and schools, resulting in the loss of man-hours. Noise from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment may exceed the WHO/WB and FMEnv acceptable noise level limits, resulting in nuisance. Accidents involving vehicles or pedestrians may be more likely to occur during vehicle and equipment movement to project site and work areas within the LGA. Possible conflicts between PAPs and different project implementing bodies (CPG, contractors, Federal Road Safety Corps [FRSC], etc.) Occupational Health and Safety Positive During the pre-construction phase, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) awareness programs will be conducted. Awareness programs and interactive sessions will benefit primarily the contractors’ personnel and CPG staff, schools, residents and businesses. Guidelines on safe practices and safe behaviours will be made available to these groups in order to minimize the occurrence of occupational incidents or accidents in the course of implementing project activities. Negative During the pre-construction phase air pollution from exhaust fumes of vehicles and equipment moving to the project site may occur and may exceed the WHO/WB and FMEnv acceptable limits. This will pose an occupational health risk (respiratory infections and diseases), especially for people living in and carrying out activities around the neighbourhoods and also, personnel conveying equipment to the site. Exposure to noise pollution, injuries and accidents during movement of equipment to the project site. Visual impacts will also occur 120 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Construction Phase Environmental Impacts Positive During the phase, there will be the construction of the CPG Okija IPP. Sand filling of the project site will allow for easy access and the performance of routine operations Fencing of gas power station will lead to improved security and a more aesthetically improved environment. Negative Air  Increase in fugitive dust during movement of vehicles and earth moving activities as a result of construction works may pose health risks (bronchitis, asthma) as well as distort air quality  Civil works will cause changes in the air and atmospheric conditions of the project area and surrounding environment. Cement dust, machinery exhaust fumes (nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons and suspended particulates) and dust from construction activities will impact negatively on air quality. Air pollution from machineries will be short term, moderate and localized. Air pollution in the vicinity of the construction works areas will be generated by activities involving trench diggings, excavations, running of hydrocarbon powered machinery..  During construction exposed paints and other hazardous substances may result in volatile vapour release into the atmosphere causing environmental and health risks. Water Quality and Hydrology  During the construction activities there may be potential for contaminant laden water runoff to impact on water quality. The contaminants in water runoff may have the potential to enter existing drainage channels and into local watercourses (Ulasi river).  Accidental spillage of chemicals (lubricants, transformer oil), cement and fuels from the operation and maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will pose negative impacts to surface and future groundwater quality.  Pollution of water resources from inadequate or unsafe storage of waste and disposal of sanitary wastewater and domestic water may occur. Groundwater  The construction of water abstraction boreholes may impact on groundwater quality due to possible new permanent or temporary pathways created between pollutant sources and the aquifers. Groundwater Vulnerability  Drilling of Boreholes Drilling of boreholes can increase groundwater vulnerability if engineering designs, construction and installations development of wells is poorly done. 121 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Construction Phase  Redevelopment of Boreholes During the process of redevelopment of boreholes, a lot of wastewater with probable high turbidity being released into the environment might contaminate surface water bodies.  Poor Capping of Boreholes This can increase the vulnerability of the aquifer, as it could be entry points of surface contaminants into the aquifers. Sanitary Concerns  The management of human faecal waste may be an issue. Workers that will be at the sites at the peak of construction works will need good and hygienic mobile toilet facilities to support those present in the project site. If alternatives are not provided for personnel, indiscriminate defecation may occur. This could increase spread of infections such as dysentery, typhoid. Soil/Geology  Frequent movements of vehicles and heavy equipment (such as during bulldozing and grading activities), on and off the project site may lead to surface soil compaction and could induce ground motion (vibrations), which can affect structures with weak foundations. Stationary vehicles and heavy equipment (positioned over a long period of time) may also cause soil compaction. Compaction of the soil may reduce the permeability and water infiltration of the soil. This could further aggravate the existing erosion issues within the proposed project vicinity.  Changes in siltation pattern may occur as a result of construction activities, which will destabilize soils potentially leading to soil erosion during heavy rainfall and sedimentation in downstream water bodies.  Oil and chemical leakages from work vehicles and equipment may lead to soil contamination and death of beneficial soil flora and fauna.  Excavation of soils for project activities such as piling, foundation construction will disturb the soil structure and improper filling of trenches after piling  Drilling of boreholes will alter soil structure and create pathways for chemical substances (heavy metals etc.) within and beyond the project site. These chemicals may travel into ground water and cause contamination. This could pose serious risks to the water supply in the project area as contaminants may be introduced into the water channel and subsequently affect water bodies such as the Ulasi river if not treated. Air  Increase in fugitive dust during movement of vehicles may affect air quality  Civil works will cause changes in the air and atmospheric conditions of the project area and surrounding environment. Machinery exhaust fumes (nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons and suspended particulates) and dust from construction activities will impact negatively on air quality. Air pollution from machineries will be short term, moderate and localized. Air pollution in the vicinity of the project site will be generated by activities involving trench diggings, excavations, running of hydrocarbon powered machinery and demolitions. 122 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Construction Phase  During construction exposed paints and other hazardous substances may result in volatile vapour release into the atmosphere causing environmental and health risks  Dust emissions will arise from the site during construction activities, as a result of earth moving activities and vehicular movement over open ground. Noise Impact  Noise impacts will occur, probably exceeding WHO/FME permissible limits (90 dB). It would be relatively short term. During the construction phase, major noise sources will be from the excavators, heavy duty trucks and piling rigs. Construction of the plant will take up to two (2) years and will include approximately two months of earthwork and site clearance, the preparation of footings for the plant, heavy earthworks and the construction and installation of superstructures. Proposed construction hours are 0700 – 1800 Monday to Saturday.  Vibration impacts will occur particularly during piling works. However this impact will be short term and localised. Waste  Solid wastes will arise during the construction phase, from surplus spoil from site excavation, levelling and other civil works. Other waste will comprise of domestic waste including sanitary and food waste, office waste, organic material, packing materials e.g. crates. Biodiversity  Civil work activities during this phase may disrupt the existence of fauna and flora within the project areas, including aquatic life (if surface water is contaminated by contaminant sources from construction activities)  The removal of vegetation and soil in the site clearance could result in an alteration of the surface water run-off system.  There is the potential for fragmentation to occur in the study area Social Impacts Positive Employment of skilled and unskilled labour will be promoted. Artisans and professionals from the Ihiala LGA and surroundings will be provided contractual employment during this phase. This will help promote community goodwill. Specifically, skilled labour will include to a minimum short term contracts for mechanical, structural. electrical, civil engineers etc. Unskilled labours will include diggers, brick layers, masons, carpenters, drivers, technicians etc. Construction activities may bring about illumination (lighting) at night. This will help secure the work premises and may reduce the occurrence of social vices within the project site and surrounding areas (HAMMAKOP) at night This phase will encourage economic activities within and around work areas. Since there would be a large workforce, petty traders and food-spot owners will benefit immensely from the demand at the work site. The construction phase will encourage co-existence of different ethnic and tribal groups from amongst contractor staff, CPG and visitors to the project site As a result of project implementation activities, there may be an improvement in security within the LGA. This improvement in security will positively affect the surrounding neighbourhoods, schools, businesses and offices The construction phase will see to the implementation of a viable waste management plan for project activities 123 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Construction Phase Occupational health and safety efforts will be intensified during the construction phase as traffic signs, warning and hazard signs will be put up to inform residential communities and travellers on the Onitsha- Owerri express road, about the on-going construction works. Landscaping activities will improve the project site aesthetic The phase will encourage the conduct of Occupational Health Risk Assessment (OHRA), Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Hazard Communication Program (HAZCOM), OHS trainings and other proactive safety strategies (fulfilling the social and fiscal imperatives) which will help reduce the occurrence of on- site incidents/accidents and the resultant burden of direct or indirect compensation costs Negative There will be an increase in traffic congestion on major roads particularly Onitsha – Owerri express road as a result of intermittent movement of equipment and materials into the project site. This will impact on travel time, and may result in negative perception about the project, amongst road users, residents and commercial establishments Potential contamination of water resources (Ulasi river) would impact on water abstraction for domestic, agricultural and other commercial uses and cause harm to ecosystems, including animals and crops and potentially human health. The project will attract a large workforce. Associations between workers and local residents may lead to casual sexual relationships, thereby increasing the risks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV An incidence of respiratory conditions and respiratory diseases (silicosis, asthma, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections) is likely to occur, due to air contamination by exhaust fumes and dust resulting from civil works Vices such as extensive alcohol and drug use, casual sex (with minors, prostitutes etc.), small scale gambling, rape, fist Fights, etc., may arise due to the influx of project workforce in the areas This phase may also cause noise disturbance and nuisance, at the closest noise sensitive properties (e.g. HAMMAKOP, Madonna University and Onitsha- Owerri police checkpoint) during key phases of the work, particularly earthworks and piling activities The project is expected to require a workforce of about 600 or more people during the construction phase, most of which may be foreigners. Influx of outsiders could disrupt traditional customs in local communities Destruction of culturally sensitive site and/or disruption of cultural activities. Potential conflict between workers and the locals. Negative perceptions from the communities relating to the fear of gas leaks from the pipelines The construction phase will lead to increase in on and off site quantities of generated construction and municipal wastes If project implementation will require the procurement of more than one contractor, the possibility of conflicts and workplace violence occurring may arise. This may hinder or slow down project activities. Impediment to the work schedule will pose a negative social impact as successful project management and monitoring will be thwarted Power outage may occur during the installation of transformers and the 330kV switchyard. This will affect residents and businesses activities (electricity 124 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Construction Phase dependent) in Ihiala LGA and neighbouring communities Visual impacts are forseeable since the power plant infrastructe will be erected in the area Occupational Health and Safety Negative In the course of construction works, there would be a moderate to severe likelihood of the occurrence of workplace hazards. Activities such as excavation, well drilling, piling works, trench digging, mechanical, structural works and electrical installations could predispose personnel to ha zards. “Unsafe behaviours” and “unsafe conditions” will pose a serious occupational health and safety risk. Hazardous conditions or practices likely to impact on occupational health and safety will include: a) Works involving installation of fuel gas system and distribution pipes b) Works involving installation of 330kV power outgoing switchyard c) Restringing of existing Alaoji- Onitsha 330kV line. d) Conveying and lifting of heavy equipment (fuel equipment, transformers) e) Works at heights f) Use and exposure to hazardous energy g) Digging/drilling of boreholes h) Electrical installations and Cabling etc. i) Trench digging and excavation j) Gas intoxications k) Side effects of gas inhalation by personnel – headaches, nerve damage, dizziness, impairment, lethal consequences l) Safety risks associated with project traffic 125 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Operation Phase Environmental Impacts Positive Air  Vehicular emissions generated during the operation of the gas power station are expected to be minimal  Reduced GHG emissions from heavy vehicular and equipment movement and machinery use.  Aesthetic modifications will promote good ambience within and around the power station, during the operational phase. Noise  The operation of the Okija Gas power station will not pose any significant adverse impact on baseline noise conditions. As noise or vibrations will be only site specific and expected to be below WHO/FMEnv/WB acceptable limits. Negative Climate Change  Emissions of greenhouse gases are likely to occur during operation of the Okija 495MW combined gas power plant. Air  Air quality impacts that may arise during the operation of the gas power station would include emissions from the combustion of natural gas in the combustion chamber of the nine turbines and also the operation of the 7.5MW gas engine power generator. This may be hazardous to on-site personnel and impact on the air quality in Ihiala LGA and other nearby communities. Emissions arising from the combustion process during the operation of the facility may include; Nitrogen dioxide (NOx), Sulphur dioxide (SOx), Carbon monoxide (CO)  Gas leaks from the gas treatment system and/or the gas power plant pipeline may occur, impacting on air quality.  During the gas power plant operation there is the possibility of the re-entrainment of exhaust gases as a result of stack tip downwash. Stack tip downwash is the disturbance to the plume, whereby the stack exit velocity is small compared to the wind speed at the stack height, which can draw the emission down to the ground. This impact is usually aided by wind speed.  There could be potential risk of explosion due to gas leak or any unforeseen reason (high heat and high gas pressure Water Quality and Hydrology  Liquid effluents wastes from used lube oil, chemical leaks, maintenance drains and equipment wash may impact on the Ulasi river water quality.  Operation of the combined gas power plant could result in surface water contamination of the Ulasi River, from surface water drainage containing pollutants, incorrectly processed effluent and sewage management (including sludge generated from waste water treatment), incidences relating to accidental releases of fuel, oils and hazardous chemicals. Groundwater  The simple cycle power plant is envisaged to require a maximum of approximately 15m3 (15,000 litres) per day over the lifetime of the project. There is the potential for the over exploitation of the ground water resources if not properly managed. This could result in potentially long term effects on the water resources at a local and regional level.  There could be possibility of lowering of the water table during the dewatering of the aquifer.  There could be potential risk of explosion due to gas leak or any unforeseen reason (high 126 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Operation Phase heat or high gas pressure) Soil and Geology  During the project operation phase, part of the project area will be paved or otherwise covered by a surface with low permeability. This may result in increased soil surface runoff and consequently erosion, leaching and nutrient loss. This impact is particularly relevant due to the characteristic heavy rainfall in the project area. Waste  During the operation phase wastes will be generated, although significantly lower as in the construction phase. Biodiversity  Operational phase activities (such as lighting) may disturb faunal nocturnal activities. This may lead to migration of faunal activities away from the project site.  Movement of certain species in the area may be decreased and migration delayed due to the potential disruption of wildlife corridors during vehicular operations. Groundwater Vulnerability  Over-abstraction of the aquifer Pumping of aquifers beyond their safe yield causes undesirable effects such as lowering the water quality and dewatering the aquifer. This also leads to a decline in the water table, which can affect springs, seepages, and other surface water outcrops in the project area. Noise  During operation, the major source of noise will be include gas turbines, the high voltage and power station transformers, 330kV switchyard, the black-start/emergency diesel generators and ancillary facilities. This impact is expected to be localised. Social Impacts Positive Improvement in electricity generation in Ihiala LGA and Anambra state at large There will be employment creation. For instance, workers may be employed in CPG as managers, Technicians etc., for the purpose of the gas power plant operation. Due to improvement in electricity, a surge in economic activities is envisaged in Ihiala LGA and its environs. Standard of living and services delivered by businesses and commercial establishments will be enhanced as a result of this project. Local economic development and investment will be generated. Improvement in electricity will reduce the purchase of petrol (PMS) and diesel (AGO) by commercial establishments, businesses and residents to run their private generators. This development will be of huge economic benefit. Services delivered by commercial establishments (restaurants), hospitals, businesses etc. will be enhanced directly and indirectly The CPG Okija IPP will be suitable for educational tours, (for example university students studying in the fields of power engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial safety, structural engineering etc.) and Industrial Training (Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme [ SIWES] )” and those requiring hands-on experience. Negative Contractors, sub-contractors and personnel engaged during the construction phase will be reduced drastically at the commencement of the operational phase. If the waste management plan implemented during the construction phase is not followed through into the operational phase, the issues of poor waste management may arise, posing social and health concerns to the facility management and other affected groups There may be malfunctioning of the entire gas power plant system which could affect livelihood and raise negative reactions from inhabitants of the project area 127 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Operation Phase Poor air quality as a result of natural gas combustion activities may lead to respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis, Asthma, Lung cancer etc. Occupational Health and Safety Positive Positive outcomes during the operation phase on occupational health and safety will be as follows:  Implementation of site-specific occupational health and safety management plans (OHSMPs)  Monitoring for occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) report data.  Continuous job hazard analysis and process hazard analysis (JHA and PHA)  Implementation of a hazard communication program (HazCom)  Institution of the facility safety committee.  Reduced direct and indirect costs as a result of pro-active safety strategies.  Availability of a fire safety and emergency plan.  Availability of electric safety plan  OHS Training  PPE availability Negative During the operation phase, the under-listed Occupational health and safety hazards are likely to occur:  Explosion due to fault  Electrical fires  Gas leaks and explosions  Smog  Flashovers  Accidents from plants and machines  Shocks/Death by electrocution  Faults and fires  Exposure to hazardous energy (electrical, electromagnetic energy/fields).  Lightning strikes, earth wire, conductors, structure equipment.  Explosions in oil filled transformers Faults in power cable due to overheat, installation failure and over-voltage  Exposure to potentially PCBs contaminated oils  Safety risks associated with poor operation activities  Personnel Health (short term and long term impacts) – headaches, gas intoxication, respiratory diseases (lung cancer, bronchitis etc.), nerve damage and death etc. 128 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Decommissioning Phase Environmental Impacts Positive Air  Reduced GHG emissions from heavy vehicular and equipment movement and machinery use and also from the reduced combustion of natural gas  Gas leaks from the gas treatment system and gas power plant pipeline will be less likely to occur  Cessation of emissions arising from the combustion process during the operation of the facility including; Nitrogen dioxide (NOx), Sulphur dioxide (SOx), Carbon monoxide (CO) Soil  After decommissioning, the soil profile will be allowed to be re-established through artificial means and through colonisation by plants Fauna and Flora  Remediation and restoration activities during the decommissioning phase will give rise to ecological reclamation of the CPG Okija IPP project site. Negative Air  Fugitive dust will be released during decommissioning activities such as site levelling and filling, removal of piping, cabling and storage facilities and demolition activities.  Vehicular emissions will be generated during the decommissioning phase as disassembled equipment and plant will be conveyed for disposal and also the transportation of materials and workers. Water Quality and Hydrology  Potential contamination from leaching from demolition and incorrect disposal of waste generated and chemicals (including transformer oil, residual sludge from wastewater treatment works and diesel) and/or incidents of spills. The major activities during decommissioning phase will include demolition and removal of storage tanks and associated pipeworks, dismantling of effluent treatment plant, removal of gas engines and transformers and the removal of piles and foundations. Also the groundwater abstraction boreholes will be decommissioned Soil and Geology  During the project decommissioning phase, activities will include dismantling and demolition of project facilities and subsequent earthworks and site levelling. The resulting disturbance and associated soil compaction could result in negative impacts such as increased erosion.  Improper handling of waste generated during the dismantling and demolition activities could result in contamination of soils. Waste  During the decommissioning phase wastes (from equipment, demolition works) will be generated, including hazardous materials Noise  The decommissioning of the Okija Gas power station will lead to significant impacts on baseline noise conditions and nearest noise sensitive properties/settlements. The removal of installed facilities (including pipes, cables and storage facilities), equipment and demolition works may cause noise or vibrations above WHO/FMEnv/WB acceptable limits. Social Impacts Positive The gas power plant equipment, facilities and other reusable components may be donated to a new project for reuse. 129 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Decommissioning Phase There will be employment creation. For instance, new workers may be employed for decommissioning activities Elimination of health and safety risks associated with the project Negative The Okija gas power plant personnel/staff engaged during the operational phase will be relieved of their duties at the commencement of the decommissioning phase. Services delivered by commercial establishments (restaurants), hospitals, businesses etc. to the personnel at the gas power plant will reduce. Conflict of interest between decommissioning phase contractors Occupational Health and Safety Positive Positive outcomes during the decommissioning phase on occupational health and safety will be as follows:  Development and implementation of a site specific decommissioning plan  Implementation of site-specific occupational health and safety management plans (OHSMPs) during the phase  Monitoring for occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) report data.  Continuous job hazard analysis and process hazard analysis (JHA and PHA)  Implementation of a hazard communication program (HazCom)  Institution of the facility safety committee.  Reduced direct and indirect costs as a result of pro-active safety strategies.  Availability of a fire safety and emergency plan.  Availability of electric safety plan  OHS Training  PPE availability Negative During the decommissioning phase, the under-listed Occupational health and safety hazards are likely to occur:  Explosion due to fault  Electrical fires  Gas leaks and explosions  Fire Hazard  Flashovers  Accidents from plants and machines  Shocks/Death by electrocution  Exposure to hazardous energy (electrical and electromagnetic energy/fields).  Explosions in oil filled transformers Faults in power cables due to overheating, installation failure and over-voltage  Discharge of electric potential through wet walls and metal parts 6.5 Projection of Operation Phase Emissions 6.5.1 Methodology Overview As a requirement for sound environmental management of the air shed within which a thermal power plant is to be established, a projection of the impact of resultant air pollutants in the atmosphere is key. Modelling of air pollution was accomplished with the aid of the AERMOD Gaussian dispersion plume model that accounted for the dispersion characteristics of the gaseous pollutants to be emitted from the gas plant during its 130 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd operational phase. A 10 Km grid was considered for the model with the gas plant at the center of it. The meteorology and the terrain of the project area were considered, as they are critical factors that will determine the characteristics of the dispersion of the plume arising from the stacks of the gas plant. Atmospheric parameters such as wind speed and direction, ambient temperature and cloud cover are required details for a reliable simulation of the dispersion of flue gas into the air. 6.5.2 Background Environment As described in Chapter 4, Okija and its environs is a rural area with few small-scale industrial activities. The field team carried out an investigation of the potential sources of industrial scale air pollution focus group discussions with the local government authorities, locals and professionals in the area. The larger scale industries that existed in the earlier part of the last decade, and would have contributed to the dispersion of pollutants in the environs were reported to have wound up due to a lack of electric power supply. However, from field assessment the movement of heavy-duty vehicles within the premises of Hammakopp Construction Company results in elevated level of dust particles that may travel beyond its fenced boundary. Ambient air quality sampling was carried out at 11 locations within 10km grid. Figure 53 illustrates the extent of the grid showing key features such as roads, public places and the location of the proposed gas plant. 131 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Okija Figure 53: Base map of the 10 Km grid centered on the Okija Gas Plant 132 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 6.5.3 Terrain Elevation Data The Terrain elevation map used for the modelling was sourced from SRTM elevation data. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is an international project spearheaded by the United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the United States‘ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The project obtained elevation data on a near-global scale to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth. 1-degree, 90-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map was used as input in the AERMOD Terrain Preprocessor (AERMAP). Figure 54 is a topographical map of the 10 km grid illustrating the elevations of the terrain in above mean sea level (AMSL) in meters. Figure 54: Topographical map of the project area showing elevations of the terrain 133 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 6.5.4 Meteorological Data PSU/NCAR mesoscale modelled (MM5) data for Okija was processed and applied as input in the AERMOD Meteorological Preprocessor (AERMET). A historical period of five consecutive years (January 2008 through December 2012) was considered. Mesoscale Model prognostic meteorological data is an alternative source for use in air dispersion modelling in the absence of available observation station hourly data from a source within a close distance from the project site. In this case, the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) has her closest observation stations in Onitsha and Awka (approximately 25Km and 37.5Km away from Okija respectively). The only available data from the two stations was from Awka as the Onitsha station was reported to have been out of full functional service since 2005. Furthermore, the available data from the Awka station was in the form of daily averages of the parameters and the five last months of 2012 were unavailable as they were yet to pass through the Agency‘s quality assurance process as at the date of this report. Also, there were no available upper air observatory facilities at these stations. Figure 55 is a wind rose plot illustrating the distribution of wind direction and speed intensity at the project site over five years. It indicates the prominence of a South-Western wind. Figure 55: Wind Speed and Direction of the Project Area (2008 – 2012) 134 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Source and Emission Details The CPG Okija IPP will make use of natural gas as fuel and the potential pollutant gases that will be released into the atmosphere from the elevated stacks are oxides of Nitrogen, Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide. The estimates of the gas emissions and the details of their sources within the plant as shown in table 27 were adapted from the conceptual engineering design and consultation with CPG. Table 27: Emission Source Parameters Height Coordinates Base Emission Rates (g/s) Gas Exit Gas Exit from Diameter Source Elevation Temp. Velocity Ground (m) (m) (°C) (m/s) level (m) Longitude Latitude NOX CO CO2 Stack 1 N5.938006° E6.842489° 50 7.8 50 14.4444 8.6806 18680.56 552 5.6691 Stack 2 N5.937700° E6.842797° 50 7.8 50 14.4444 8.6806 18680.56 552 5.6691 Stack 3 N5.937384° E6.843042° 50 7.8 50 14.4444 8.6806 18680.56 552 5.6691 Stack 4 N5.937078° E6.843314° 50 7.8 50 14.4444 8.6806 18680.56 552 5.6691 6.5.5 Model Receptors Sensitive receptors within the 10 Km grid were identified by the community during the field work and their coordinates were obtained. They include markets, places of worship, schools and hospitals. A uniform Cartesian grid consisting of 40401 receptor nodes spanning the surface area of the 10Km grid with an interval of 50 m between each was also applied in the model. Table 28 is a list of the sensitive receptors with their geographic coordinates. The elevations of the receptors above mean sea level were automatically generated during the AERMOD terrain pre-processor (AERMET) run using the digital elevation model of the Okija area as input. Table 28: Sensitive receptors identified within the 10Km Grid and their coordinates # Sensitive Receptors Coordinates 1 Nkwo-Okija (Okija Market) N5.90848, E6.84331 2 Saint Peters Anglican Church N5.91274, E6.84259 3 Golf Course N5.91881, E6.84929 6 Chiekenta Comm. Pri. Sch. Ihembosi N5.92621, E6.88268 5 Madonna University, Okija N5.93003, E6.83750 6 Hammakopp Construction Company N5.94125, E6.84973 7 Ozubulu Junction – beside St Micheals‘ Cath. Church N5.96303, E6.87400 8 Umudalaegwu Community Junction N5.91681, E6.85070 135 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd # Sensitive Receptors Coordinates 9 Uhuobo Village ( Umuezeiheoma Kindred) N5.89412, E6.82414 10 Umuabu Primary School N5.93944, E6.85990 11 Ihembosi Central School N5.93390, E6.86834 12 Umunakwa Primary School N5.94067, E6.87003 13 Orumba Primary School N5.95401, E6.87949 14 Ozubulu Joint Hospital N5.96306, E6.87388 15 Ozubulu Town Hall N5.96876, E6.86795 16 Umuotutu Hall N5.96012, E6.88028 17 Umunkwoejim Hall N5.95902, E6.86135 18 Ubahu Village Hall N5.96186, E6.85248 19 Community School N5.96135, E6.82909 20 Catholic Church N5.91886, E6.85882 21 Okada Park, Okija N5.91834, E6.85932 22 St. Paul's Catholic Church N5.90124, E6.82558 23 St. Patricks Catholic Church N5.89443, E6.83713 24 St. Mary's Catholic Church N5.90692, E6.84250 25 St. Mary's Anglican Church N5.89821, E6.87360 26 St. Anthony's Catholic Church N5.89244, E6.86983 27 Eke Ihembosi (Market) N5.93340, E6.86776 28 St. John's Catholic Church N5.91379, E6.86607 29 Ubahu Community School N5.92345, E6.86909 30 Village Hall N5.91644, E6.84121 31 Road Side Market N5.91109, E6.81756 Predicted Concentration The modelled predictions of the flue gas dispersion indicated that the maximum concentration of the gas pollutants will not exceed the Federal Ministry of Environment‘s ambient air quality limits as well as the guidelines of IFC and WHO. Table 30 contains the predicted concentration values of the various gases versus standard exposure limits within relevant averaging periods. Table 29 Maximum predicted concentration levels of the flue gas within the Okija area compared with FMEnv, IFC and WHO air quality standards Max. predicted FMEnv WHO Gaseous Pollutant/ Concentration Averaging Period (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) Nitrogen Dioxide (as NOx) Annual Average 3.64687 No stipulated limits 40 1 Hour Average 94.70529 75.27 to 113 200 136 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Max. predicted FMEnv WHO Gaseous Pollutant/ Concentration Averaging Period (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 Hour Average 35.03023 22,912.07 10,000 1 Hour Average 56.91470 11,456.03 30,000 The highest predicted concentration levels of the gasses at the identified sensitive receptors considering standard time periods all fell within statutory limits of both FMEnv and WHO. Figures 56 to 61 are two-dimensional map plot representations of the dispersion spread and concentration levels for each of the flue gases considering relevant averaging periods. The location points where the highest concentration levels are predicted to occur has also been indicated within the maps. 137 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 56: NOx Maximum Concentrations (1 hour Averaging period) indicating the point of highest concentration 138 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 57: NOx Maximum Concentrations (Annual Average) indicating the point of highest concentration 139 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 58: CO Maximum Concentrations (8 Hour Average) indicating the point of highest concentration CO 8 Hour High 140 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 59: CO Maximum Concentrations (1 Hour Averaging Period) indicating the point of highest concentration 141 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 60 : CO2 Maximum Concentrations (1 Hour Averaging Period) indicating the point of highest concentration 142 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 61: CO2 Maximum Concentrations (Annual Averaging Period) indicating the point of highest concentration = 143 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 30 – 33 describes the identified Impacts based on ratings, description of the impacts and consequences for the preconstruction, construction, operational and decommissioning phases. 144 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 30: Identified Impacts and Ratings – Pre - Construction Phase Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Air Fugitive dust and Direct Medium Considerable Moderate exhaust fumes from Negative vehicles short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible Soil Soil compaction Direct Moderate Little Minor and soil structure Negative changes due to short-term influx and Local stationary Reversible positioning of heavy duty equipment and vehicles Pre- construction Environment Leakages from Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Phase stacked equipment Negative and subsequent short-term seeping through of Local oils, chemicals and Reversible other contaminants Vegetation Removal of Topsoil Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Negative short-term Local Reversible 145 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Noise Increase above Direct Medium Considerable Moderate permissible noise Negative level, (90dB) due to short-term movement of Local/widespread vehicles, equipment Reversible and machines to the proposed CPG Environment Okija IPP site. Surface Water Increase in surface Direct Medium Considerable Moderate water run-off and Negative sedimentation of short-term Ulasi river during Local/widespread site clearing and Reversible preparation activities Traffic Traffic Direct High Considerable Major congestion/travel Negative Pre- delay short-term/Long-term Construction Local/widespread Phase Reversible Noise Nuisance to nearby Direct Medium Considerable Moderate properties Negative (HAMMAKKOP)and short-term settlements Local Reversible Social Others Grievances Direct/Indirect Low Little Minor Negative short-term Local Reversible Accidents involving Direct/Indirect Medium low Considerable Minor pedestrians and site Negative personnel short-term Local Reversible 146 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Air Exposure to Direct Medium low Considerable Minor respiratory disease Negative risks from dust, short-term /long-term exhaust fumes of Local/wide spread equipment and Reversible vehicles Noise Noise pollution Direct Medium Considerable Medium Negative Short-term Local/widespread Occupational Pre-construction Reversible Health and Phase Health Exposure to vehicle Direct Medium Little Minor Safety emissions (e.g. CO) Negative Short-term Local Reversible Accidents Collapse of heavy Direct /indirect Low Considerable Minor equipment being Negative conveyed by Short-term/Long-term vehicles/injury to Local unsuspecting persons Reversible 147 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 31 Identified Impacts and Ratings - Construction Phase Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Climate Change GHG Emissions Direct /indirect Medium Little Minor Negative Short-term/Long-term Local/widespread Reversible Pollution pathways Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Negative Short-term/Long-term Local/widespread Reversible Construction Aquifer Vulnerability Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Negative Phase Short-term/Long-term Local/widespread Reversible Environment Groundwater Introduction of turbid Direct Medium Considerable Moderate waste water into Negative boreholes and surface Short-term/Long-term water during borehole Local/widespread cleaning Reversible Stress on Water Supply Direct Low Little Negligible Negative Short-term/Long-term Local/widespread Reversible 148 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Fugitive dust, Cement, Direct High Considerable Major dust, other dust, exhaust Negative fumes, hazardous gases short-term/Long-term (NOx, CO, SOx, PM 2.5, Local/widespread PM 10) Irreversible Air Volatile vapour release Direct Medium Little Minor from exposed paints Negative and hazardous short-term/Long-term chemicals into the Local/widespread atmosphere Irreversible Blockage of water Direct Medium Considerable Moderate channels by Negative Construction construction debris short-term Environment Phase Local Reversible Contamination from Direct/indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Water (oils, fuel, chemicals, Negative quality/hydrology substances etc) short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible 149 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Discharge of sediment Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate laden run-off Negative short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible Water Contamination by Direct/indirect Medium-high Considerable Moderate quality/hydrology human faecal wastes Negative short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible Creation of pathways Direct Medium-low Considerable Moderate for contaminants as a Negative result of short-term/long-term borehole/well drilling Local/widespread Reversible Construction Environment Phase Loss or compaction Direct of top soil due to Negative Medium-high Considerable Moderate Soil/Geology movement of heavy short-term vehicles and Local equipment Reversible Contamination of soil Direct by oil spills, fuel etc Negative Medium-low Considerable Minor short-term Local Reversible Removal and Direct Medium - High Considerable Moderate disruption of existing Negative fauna and flora short-term Biodiversity Local Reversible 150 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Extensive noise Direct Medium-high Considerable Moderate pollution as a result of Negative Environment Noise on-going construction short-term works. Local Reversible Traffic Increase in travel time Direct Medium Considerable Moderate due to works. Negative short-term /long-term Local/wide spread Reversible Public Negative perception Direct Medium Little Minor among residents and Negative commercial short-term establishments etc. Local about the project. Reversible Health Increase in sexual Indirect Medium Little Minor activities leading to Negative Construction possible spread of short-term Phase STIs Local/widespread Reversible Social Incidence of Direct Medium Considerable Moderate respiratory diseases Negative due to air short-term contamination by Local fugitive dust and Reversible exhaust fumes Behaviour Occurrence of on-site Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate social vices Negative short-term Local Reversible 151 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Project Conflicts between Direct Medium Considerable Moderate performance contractors may Negative disrupt completion of short-term tasks on or before the Local proposed project end Reversible date. Grievance and Direct/Indirect Medium low Considerable Minor resistance from Negative Social communities Short-term/long-term Local Reversible Construction Phase Others Destruction of Direct Medium Considerable Moderate culturally sensitive Negative areas / Disruption of short-term/Long-term cultural activities Local Reversible/Irreversible Occupational Personnel safety Injuries, falls, electric Direct/Indirect Medium high Considerable Moderate Health and shocks, electrocution, Negative Safety explosions, gas Short-term/Long-term intoxication, Local/widespread flashovers, fires, Reversible leakages, release of hazardous (electric) energy, accidents etc. 152 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 32: Identified Impacts and Rating - Operational Phase Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating GHG Emissions Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Negative Climate Change Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Irreversible Exhaust fumes Direct Medium low Little Minor from equipment Negative and vehicles. Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Irreversible Emissions from Direct High Great Major natural gas Negative Air combustion (NOx, Short-term/long-term CO, SOx) Local/widespread Operational Environment Irreversible Phase Gas leaks from Direct Medium Great Major pipeline Negative Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Irreversible Soil surface runoff Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Negative Short-term/Long-term Local Soil Irreversible 153 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Environment Noise Nuisance due to Direct Medium low Little Negligible increase in noise Negative levels Short-term/long-term Local Reversible Water quality Water run-off into Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate and hydrology surface water etc. Negative Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible Groundwater Over abstraction of Direct Low Great Minor groundwater Negative Short-term/long-term Local Reversible Operational Biodiversity Disruption of faunal Direct Medium Little Minor Phase activities Negative Short-term/long-term Social Local Reversible Employment Loss of Indirect High Little Moderate employment Negative (engaged contract short-term staff on the project) Local Reversible Waste Social and health Indirect Low Considerable Moderate concerns arising due Negative to poor waste short-term management Local practices Reversible 154 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Health Increase in Direct Medium Great Major respiratory diseases Negative short-term/long-term Local Reversible/Irreversible Social Others Gas power plant Direct/indirect Medium Considerable Moderate malfunction Negative short-term Local Reversible Operational Phase Occupational Personnel safety Mechanical injuries, Direct Medium high Considerable Moderate Health and electric shocks, Negative Safety electrocution, short-term/Long-term explosions, Local/widespread flashovers, fires, gas Reversible leakages, falls, gas intoxication, release of hazardous(electric, electromagnetic) energy, accidents etc 155 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 33: Identified Impacts and Ratings - Decommissioning Phase Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Exhaust fumes Direct Medium low Considerable Minor from equipment Negative Air and vehicles. Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Irreversible Soil surface runoff Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Negative Short-term/Long- term Local Irreversible Soil Contamination of Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Soils Negative Decommissioning Short-term/Long- Environment Phase term Local Irreversible Nuisance due to Direct Medium Considerable Moderate increase in noise Negative Noise levels Short-term/long-term Local Reversible Water quality Water run-off into Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate and hydrology surface water etc. Negative Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible Groundwater Groundwater Direct Low Considerable Minor contamination Negative Short-term/long-term Environment Local Reversible 156 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating Employment Loss of Indirect High Little Moderate employment Negative (engaged staff on short-term the gas power plant) Local Reversible Social Waste Social and health Indirect Low Considerable Moderate concerns arising due Negative to hazardous waste short-term Local Reversible Decommissioning Phase Occupational Personnel safety Mechanical injuries, Direct Medium high Considerable Moderate Health and electric shocks, Negative Safety electrocution, short-term/Long- explosions, term flashovers, fires, gas Local/widespread leakages, falls, gas Reversible intoxication, release of hazardous(electric, electromagnetic) energy, accidents etc 157 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 7 CHAPTER SEVEN: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 Overview The range of environmental, social and occupational health and safety issues associated with the 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project will be described in a matrix table format (see table 34 – 37) for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The table also includes a column for Monitoring Indicators and Monitoring Frequencies. It outlines the corresponding mitigation measures for potential environmental and social impacts; and occupational health and safety risks that are envisaged to occur during activities. Since the project consists of civil, electrical and mechanical works basically, the majority of the environmental and social impacts and occupational hazards will be expected to arise during the construction phase of the project. The mitigation measures for the construction phase have also considered air quality impact since the main source of energy for the project is natural gas. The ESMP also covers potential impacts as perceived during the pre-construction and operation phases. 7.2 Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan It is planned that the environmental and social impacts and their designed mitigation measures shall be monitored during implementation of the construction works and operation phase. The roles and responsibilities for monitoring the environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures are as follows: CPG will ensure implementation of all mitigation measures. The State Ministry of Environment (SME), National Environmental Standards Regulatory Enforcement Agency (focus will be on the NESREA office domiciled in Anambra State), and Anambra State Environmental Ministry of Environment (ANSMEnv) will ensure implementation of measures that concern the environment. ANSMENV will undertake compliance monitoring and periodic inspection of pumping stations and other work areas. The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) will ensure that mitigation measures for impacts on traffic are implemented. An Influx and Traffic Management Plan will be instituted. Contractors will be responsible for task-specific mitigation. Independent Consultants will be responsible for the development of management plans as described in the ESMP (e.g. groundwater monitoring program, site-specific safety management plans, site-specific waste management plans, workers, respiratory protection program. Public Health departments from Ihiala LGA will be responsible for monitoring distribution of face masks to schools, offices etc. 158 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd All the mitigation measures specified in this plan shall be included in the bid documents for the successful enterprise to implement. Campaigns on HIV/AIDS, environmental protection and personal hygiene and sanitation shall also be undertaken. For this purpose, services of experienced NGOs in the fields would be sought. 7.2.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan Budget The total cost for implementing the ESMP is estimated at Four hundred and ninety four thousand five hundred and sixty US dollars only ($494,560.00) *Exchange rate based on 2013 USD Dollar rate, $160 - N 1 159 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 34: ESMP- 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown Costs Costs component Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) (N) (USD) Mitigation Monitoring Environment Air Mobilization of Increase in amounts Sprinkling of water Air quality Twice Mitigation: Costs may Costs workers, equipment of fugitive dust and via spraying devices parameters monthly CPG and - - not apply may not and other materials exhaust fumes from to limit dust are within Contractors as water apply into site. movement of heavy- permissible will be as duty vehicles and Limits Monitoring: obtained water equipment into the Ensure that vehicles Contractors NESREA from will be site and work areas. are serviced; undergo obliging to Every two (state), HAMAKO obtaine vehicle emission VET and months ANSMEnv, PP d from testing (VET) and VES with CPG, HAMA vehicle exhaust evidence Contractor KOPP screening (VES) as from laid down in the NESREA NESREA guidelines (state) Environment Soil Mobilization of Loss of topsoil and Limit zone of vehicle Visible Weekly Mitigation: 4,000 500 720,000 4,500 workers, equipment soil compaction due and equipment demarcation CPG and and other materials to movement of weight impact of vehicles Contractors into project site and vehicles to site and and work areas stacking of heavy- equipment duty equipment. limit zone Monitoring: ANSMEnv Leakage from Ensure fastening of Installation Weekly stacked equipment loose parts (bolts, of and subsequent nuts); Install impermeable intrusion of oil and impermeable surface platform at chemical substance at the limit zone to limit zone. into the soil contain potential leakages. 160 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD ) Environment Noise Mobilization of Increase above The effective control Options for Weekly Mitigation: 2,000 800 448,000 2,800 workers, permissible noise of noise from vehicles noise impact CPG, equipment and level, (90dB) during and equipment during mitigation are Contractors other materials movement of this phase may be being into site and vehicles, equipment achieved by implemented Monitoring: work areas and machines (site- considering the ANSMEnv, specific and following techniques: ANSMH widespread)  Alternative design options;  Mitigation at the source;  Mitigation along the path; and  Mitigation at the receiver For minimal disturbance it will be advised that equipment is transported in the evening or night hours when traffic is less. Environment Vegetation Clearing of areas Displacement of soil Contractors should Vegetation Monthly Mitigation: 700 300 160,000 1,000 in preparation fauna and damage to limit vegetation clearing is Contractors for civil works flora. clearing to minimum limited to areas required precise areas. Further predisposing Cleared areas should Re-vegetation Monitoring: of soils to erosion be re- vegetated with is on-going Monthly CPG beneficial local species where known to mitigate appropriate. against erosion (e.g. Bahama grass) Environment Waste, Defecation into Increase in Provide at least 5 Contractors One-off Contractor 3,480 - 556,800 3,480 Surface water channels, Pathogenic water sanitary mobile toilets Compliance Monitoring Water surface waters coliform bacteria in power stations CPG Quality etc. 161 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub-component Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs Costs Impact Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD) Defecation Generation of Liaise with the CPG Monthly Monitoring: 4,000 2,000 960,000 6,000 into sewage over time municipal sewage Compliance Contractors Water drainages, collection authorities CPG Environment quality/hydrology water for collection and channels, treatment of sewage Mitigation: surface ANSMENV waters etc. SUBTOTAL 14,180 3,600 2,844,800 17,780 162 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Costs Costs Component component Impact Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility Breakdown (N) (USD) (USD) Mitigation Monitoring Traffic Traffic Apply lane Lane Daily Mitigation: congestion/travel configuration configuration Contractors, FRSC delay along the changes to affected changes are (Federal Road Safety Onitsha-Owerri road. being made Corps) Road An Influx and where Monitoring: FRSC As Mobilization Traffic applicable. previously - - - of workers, Management Plan highlighted equipment will be instituted Others and other Disruption of Adequate and Adequate Monthly Mitigation: CPG, materials vehicle access to timely sensitization and timely Contractor, FRSC into project part of the roads of PAPs; Lane sensitization site. where civil works configuration program is will be conducted being Social conducted Lane configuration change have been made Noise Mobilization Nuisance to Retrofit with Retrofitting Daily Mitigation: 10,500 5,200 2,512,000 15,700 of workers, HAMAKOPP, suitable cost with vehicle Contractors equipment Madonna effective vehicle sound proof and other University, the sound proofing materials is Monitoring: materials police checkpoint materials/ being ANSMEnv, into project adjacent to the technologies. performed ANSMH site. project station and possibly few members of the community 163 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Cost (N) Costs(USD) component Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring Air Mobilization of Exposure to health Provision of facemasks Provision of Weekly Mitigation: 400 100 80,000 500 workers, risks from fugitive to police officer that are facemasks and ANSMEnv, equipment and dust and exhausts domiciled on the appropriate Public of Health other materials fumes. Onitsha- Owerri Road, PPEs are being Depts. Ihiala into site personnel and staff of provided. LGA CPG and HAMAKOPP. Restrict access of non- Restriction Monitoring: project personnel to barrier are ANSMH, work areas where dust being installed. and emissions exist. Others Mobilization of Destruction of Ensure possible Overhead One-off Mitigation: 12,500 3,000 2,480,000 15,500 workers, public facility relocation of the power CPG, TCN equipment and (overhead power overhead power lines/pylon is other materials lines/pylon) during lines/pylon by a TCN relocated and Social into the site vehicle and trained lineman community Monitoring: equipment reconnection TCN movement to national grid. Training and Evidence of Mitigation: sensitization of training in road Contractor, personnel (drivers) in safety and CPG road safety and traffic traffic regulations; regulations; Monitoring: Ensure class ―H‖ FRSC accreditation for heavy duty vehicle drivers, and Mental status screening Evidence of for drivers. class ―H‖ accreditation and mental screening for drivers SUBTOTAL 23,400 8,300 5,072,000 31,700 164 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Cost (N) Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) Air Mobilization of Respiratory disease Institute workers Institution of Weekly Mitigation: 8,500 1,250 1,560,000 9,750 workers, risks from respiratory protection WRPP Independent equipment and exposure to program (WRPP) Consultant, other materials exhaust fumes of Contractors into the site equipment and Monitoring: vehicles Public of Health Depts. Ihiala LGA Noise Mobilization of Noise pollution Institute noise control Institution of One-off Mitigation: 4000 690 750,000 4,690 workers, plan noise control Independent equipment and plan Consultant, other materials Contractor into the site Monitoring: ANSMENV, CPG Mobilization of Accidents Contractor(s) education Training has One-off Mitigation: 4,690 - 750,000 4,690 workers, involving vehicles and training on been CPG, Occupational equipment and and pedestrians. pedestrian safety conducted Independent Health and Accidents other materials Consultant Safety into the site Monitoring: FRSC Mobilization of Accidents Install safety signage Safety Weekly Mitigation: 1,500 100 256,000 1,600 workers, involving vehicles Signage have CPG, Accidents, equipment and and pedestrians. been installed Independent Safety other materials Consultant into the site Monitoring: FRSC Mobilization of Collapse of pipes, Conduct haulage safety Training has One-off Mitigation: 2,250 - 360,000 2,250 workers, heavy equipment training been CPG, Contractor Accidents, equipment and etc. being conducted Monitoring: Safety other materials conveyed to site FRSC into the site and work areas Enhanced fastening of Contractor(s) Mitigation: equipment to carriage Compliance Weekly Contractor 450 50 80,000 500 section of vehicles. Monitoring: FRSC 165 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Cost (N) Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Mitigation Monitoring Occupational Other Relocation of the Electrocution of Ensure that qualified Overhead One-off Mitigation: - - - - Health and overhead power equipment personnel from TCN power CPG, Safety lines/pylon operators and are contracted to carry lines/pylon Contractor, TCN other workers out the relocation has been Monitoring: process. relocated and TCN, CPG, connected Independent Consultant Subtotal 21,390 2,090 3,756,000 23,480 Preconstruction Phase total 58970 13,990 11,672,800 72,960 166 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 35: ESMP- 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project CONSTRUCTION PHASE Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs Costs (USD) component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) Air Use of earth Dust emission, Routine water down of the Contractors Daily Mitigation: Costs may not moving vehicle for increased site Compliance Contractors - - - apply as water construction levels of PM10, Monitoring: will be activities, vehicular CO, SO2, NO2 NESREA obtained from movement /NOx, (state), HAMAKOPP ANSMEnv, CPG, Contractor Climate Operation of GHG Fuel switching- Fuel Compliance Weekly Mitigation: 4500 500 800,000 5,000 Change equipment used Emissions switching from high- to to proffered CPG, during the low-carbon content fuels mitigation Contractors construction (where available) can be a measures. phase, relatively cost effective Civil engineering means to mitigate GHG works including emissions during this excavation and phase. Environment foundation Transition to renewable construction, energy sources i.e. solar Monitoring: Ancillary works energy (where applicable) CPG (installation of Energy efficiency- communication Machines e.g. generator system within the plants could be turned off power station, and when not in use in order to construction of reduce carbon emissions the fence and gate Multiple trips reduction: In order to reduce vehicular movement and subsequent increased carbon emissions. Hire vehicles, plants and equipment that are in good condition generally less than 3 yrs. old. 167 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD) Mechanical Release of Welding design Contractor(s) Weekly Mitigation: 4,000 500 720,000 4,500 installations and possible consideration- Use of Compliance Contractors fittings (pumps, hazardous welding properly designed welds valves etc.) fumes during and best practices in minor welding welding operations to Monitoring: works ensure lowest amount CPG of welding fumes Air Painting and wood Volatile vapour Ensure that paints and Contractor(s) Weekly Contractors 950 50 160,000 1,000 treatment works release from chemicals are always Compliance for the ancillary exposed paints covered when not in building and hazardous use. Monitoring: (administrative chemicals into the CPG structure etc.) atmosphere Environment Hydro- Construction of Disruption of Ensure that the activity Contractors One-off Mitigation: 6,000 - 960,000 6,000 geology water boreholes natural is carried out by Compliance Contractor and installation of groundwater flow professionals Monitoring: water supply and CPG circulating water Changes in natural Implement a Status of Monthly Independent 2,250 29,000 5,000,000 31,250 cooling systems groundwater groundwater- groundwater Consultant chemistry monitoring program quality (See Annex 2) Introduction of Implement a Status of Monthly Independent contaminants into groundwater monitoring groundwater Consultant groundwater program (see annex 9.2) quality Contamination of Ensure that waste water Contractors One-off CPG surface water from drilling are treated Compliance Monitoring: body- River with before being disposed ANSMEnv, waste water from of in the environment. ANSMWR drilling processes 168 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activity Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD) Construction of Increase in Employ contractors Quality- One-off Contractor, water boreholes groundwater with appropriate Based Independent and installation of vulnerability if expertise in well design, Selection Consultant water supply and engineering construction and during circulating water designs, installation. procurement cooling systems construction and of installation contractors development of wells is poorly Hydro- done geology Saltwater intrusion Installation of wells in Contractors One-off Contractor, the 2nd and 3rd aquifers Compliance Independent (150m and 270m Consultant respectively) which are Environment safe from saline intrusion Capping of Poor capping will Ensure well heads are Contractors One-off Contractor boreholes increase the properly capped. Compliance Monitoring: vulnerability of ANSMEnv, the aquifer as it ANSMWR could provide entry points of surface contaminants into the aquifers. 169 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activity Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs (N) Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) Water Anti-weed Possible seepage Liaise with the CPG Monthly Monitoring: 3,200 600 608,000 3,800 quality/ treatment of herbicidal department of Compliance Contractor Hydrology during chemical water quality aesthetic compounds control and Monitoring works in River Ulasi and sanitation from the ANSMENV, power Groundwater state ministry of ANSMWR station water resources Groundwater Installation Pipeline rupture Prevent rupture by Contractors During Contractor To be pollution of pipeline enhancing pipeline Compliance installation determined integrity and Mitigation:CPG by CPG pressure Coat pipeline with testing anti- corrosion coating and supplement by cathodic protection. Drilling of Distortion of Use less aggressive Contractors Weekly Mitigation: 1,000 200 192,000 1,200 new soil structure drilling options Compliance Contractor boreholes Creation of Installation of wells Contractors One-off Contractors, Environment Soil/ pathways for in the 2nd and 3rd Compliance Independent Geology contaminants aquifers (150m and Consultants 270m respectively) which are safe Excavation Loss of top soil; Ensure excavation Contractor‘s Monthly Contractors 500 700 192,000 1200 from possible minor is limited to desired Compliance trench to moderate soil areas for trenches Soil/ digging instability Geology Digging of Identify and avoid CPG and Weekly CPG, Contractors, foundations areas with unstable Contractor‘s Independent for new Exposure of soil and local Compliance Consultant 15,000 2,250 2,760,000 17,250 civil soils to erosion factors that can structures cause soil instability Soil/ in the Develop an erosion Independent One-off CPG, Independent 18,000 - 2,880,000 18,000 Geology power control and re- Consultant‘s Consultant station vegetation plan to Compliance delineate measures to minimize soil loss. 170 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activity Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs (N) Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) Mechanical Extensive noise Mitigation at works site-specific source (for all Contractors Noise Electrical pollution as a activities) Compliance Weekly works result of on- A noise barrier or Mitigation: CPG 20,000 3,250 3,720,000 23,250 Equipment going acoustic shield will Contractors off- construction reduce noise by Monitoring: loading, works. interrupting the ANSMEnv, installations propagation of ANSMENV and test sound waves. running. Environment Waste Waste Social and Dispose waste CPG Monthly CPG 3,250 250 560,000 3,500 generation health concerns streams through the Compliance arising due to municipal waste poor waste management management system in the practices project area. Wastes should be collected, stored and managed on- site. Measures to ensure that wastes do not enter municipal water courses way must be ensured at all times during operations and maintenance. SUBTOTAL 78,650 37,300 18,552,000 115,950 171 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibilit Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD) y Traffic Mobilization of Loss of travel time Lane configuration Contractors Weekly Mitigation: As equipment and due to heavy changes Compliance FRSC previo other materials concentration of usly construction/projec discus t vehicles on and sed off the power station. Continuous civil Increase in sexual Awareness campaign Conduct of Quarterly Mitigation: 750 250 160,00 1,000 work activities activities with on sexual diseases, and awareness CPG, Public 0 and steady members of the distribution of male campaigns Health dept. of influx of community leading and female condoms. Ihiala LGA. workforce to possible spread of STIs Social Continuous civil Incidence of Distribute facemasks Facemasks are Weekly Mitigation: 400 100 80,000 500 work activities respiratory diseases to the schools and being ANSMEnv, Health and steady due to air residents as a means to distributed Public of influx of contamination by reduce allergic Health Depts. workforce fugitive dust and reactions and Ihiala LGA exhaust fumes respiratory disease occurrence. Monitoring: ANSMH, Regular sprinkling of Contractors As need be Contractors - - May not water in during Compliance - apply construction work Switchyard Shut-down due to Ensure routine CPG One-off TCN, NIPP - - - operations the restringing of maintenance practices; Compliance Monitoring: - the existing Alaoji- Inform Ihiala LGA, TCN Onitsha 330kV line residents and Power to accommodate commercial Outage the output of the establishments CPG Okija IPP beforehand when Plant sudden shut down occurs or is envisaged. 172 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD) Environmenta Movement of Construction Ensure that all Contractors Weekly Mitigation: 1,700 300 320,000 2000 l hygiene and construction works could lead construction wastes are Compliance Contractors aesthetics wastes off- to accidental gathered on-site and facility dropping of wastes disposed of according outside power through the available waste station and further disposal operation in the Social raise complaints project area. Social- Implementatio Occurrence of on- Enforce and ensure proper Compliance Monthly CPG, 950 50 160,000 1,000 Behaviour n of civil site/off-site social orientation on acceptable Contractors works and rest vices (Fights, rape, behaviours for periods harassments, theft, construction personnel vandals, drug use on/off-site. etc. Archaeology Trench digging Potential chance In the event that an Chance find Daily Contractor, To be and finds of archaeological resource is procedure is CPG discuss implementatio archaeological discovered during the civil implemented ed n of some remains during the work, a Chance Finds in event construction construction phase Procedure as described in activities Performance Standard 8 of the IFC (see annex 9.1) will be implemented. The procedure includes record keeping and expert verification procedures, chain of custody instructions for movable Social finds, and clear criteria for potential temporary work stoppages that could be required for rapid disposition of issues related to the finds. Project Implementatio Conflicts between Good work enforcement Compliance Monthly CPG, 500 - 80,000 500 performance n of all contractors, program Contractors, construction communities etc. NGOs& CBOs phase activities may disrupt completion of Conflict resolution Compliance Monthly CPG, 1300 200 240,000 1,500 tasks. Contractors, NGOs& CBOs 173 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD) Regular stakeholders CPG, meetings Contractors, NGOs & CBOs Monitoring: ANSMEnv, ANSMENV, FMW 5,600 900 1,040,00 6,500 SUBTOTAL 0 174 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs (N) Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD ) Civil engineering Welding Develop and implement on- PHWC Monthly Independent 18,000 2,000 3,200,000 20,000 works, including fumes, site occupational health and Compliance Consultant, excavation and Musculoskelet safety management plan; Contractors foundation al Disorders Routine OHS training and Monthly construction. (MSDs) education; Conduct routine Independent Independent JHA/PHA; Use of PPE; Consultants/ Consultants, Plant erection, Establish electrical safety Contractors Contractors installation of Silica dust, program; Establish fall Compliance transformers, control whole-body protection program; and protection vibration, Establish ergonomics Monitoring: systems. noise, MSDs program; Establish and CPG implement HazCom; Construction of Conduct hazard water boreholes and identification, control and installation of water Silica dust, analysis; Establish fire supply and circulating whole-body prevention program; Use water cooling systems vibration, heat material safety data sheets including an stress, noise, (MSDS); Employ hierarchy Occupational independent fire- MSDs of controls procedure; Personnel Health and fighting and domestic Conduct OHSRA, Cost safety Safety water consumption Benefit Analysis (CBA), system for the power Collapse, Return on station; injuries, death, Investment(ROI)/pay-back MSDs. period analysis Installation of a 330kV power outgoing line switchyard and associated switchgear systems. Restringing of the MSDs, Falls, existing Alaoji – fractures, Onitsha 330KV line death to accommodate the output of the CPG Plant. Ancillary works such 175 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd as installation of communication system (within the power station), and construction of the fence and gate for the proposed power station. Electrical works Injuries, Institute and implement an Contractor Monthly Mitigation: 20,000 20,000 6,400,000 40,000 electric shocks, electrical safety plan Compliance Independent electrocution, Consultant, explosions, Conduct electrical safety Contractors flashovers, trainings fires, leakages, Monthly Independent falls, release of Consultants, hazardous Contractors (electric, electromagneti c) energy, Occupational accidents, Monitoring: Health and death etc. CPG Safety All construction All Develop and implement on- Independent Monthly Mitigation: activities construction site occupational health and Consultants/ Contractors Personnel and other dust safety management plan; Contractors Monitoring: safety and fumes Routine OHS training and Compliance CPG from grinding, education; Conduct routine welding, JHA/PHA; Use of PPE; cutting, or Establish electrical safety brazing program; Establish fall surfaces protection program; coated with Establish fleet safety lead-based management program; paint; Silica Establish and implement dust from HazCom; Conduct hazard cutting identification, control and concrete; analysis; Establish fire solvent prevention program; Use vapours from material safety data sheets adhesives, (MSDS); Employ hierarchy paints, of controls procedure; strippers, Conduct OHSRA, Cost cleaning Benefit Analysis(CBA), 176 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd solvents, and Return on spray coatings; Investment(ROI)/pay-back vapours from period analysis Contractors spray foam should prepare and insulation and implement a Community certain spray Affairs, Safety, Health, paints or Environment and Security coatings. (CASHES) manual, to coordinate OHS issues during the construction phase. SUBTOTAL 38,000 22,000 9,600,000 60,000 182,45 Construction Phase Total 129,000 60,200 29,192,000 0 177 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 36: ESMP- 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project OPERATIONAL PHASE Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown Costs Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD) Occupational Safety Operation of the Fire hazard In addition to all that CPG Monthly Mitigation: 36,000 4,000 6,400,000 40,000 Health and power plant to has been incorporated Compliance CPG Safety generate electricity (as in the design of the gas previously described turbine power house, this will include: Gas additional safety Turbine Generator measures must be Units 1 to 4; insured: Generator Step Up  The gas turbine Transformers Units powerhouse should 1 to 4; Auxiliary preferably be well Transformers Unit 1 ventilated and to 4;; Switchyard equipped with its area;; Exhaust separate fire Stacks 1-4; Fuel Gas extinguishing Receiving/Reducing system. The fire- Arrangement; Water extinguishing Treatment Plant; medium should be Waste water preferable made of Treatment plant; Carbon Dioxide. It Multipurpose should be totally Building; automatic and have Administrative higher level of Building; Black reliability. The fire Start/Emergency protection system Diesel Facility area; should also have a Fire Station; manual actuation Workshops and facility, which can be Warehouse; Control used during the / Protection Room; failure of automatic Water storage actuation. facilities  All the miscellaneous electrical equipment used in the turbine enclosures should be flameproof and there should not be any possibility of hot 178 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown Costs Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (N) (USD) spots or sparks being generated in the electrical equipment. SUBTOTAL 36,000 4,000 6,400,000 40,000 179 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measure Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown Costs Cost Components component impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) Soil Storage of oil, and Soil and Ensure CPG Daily CPG 7,750 500 1,320,000 8,250 diesel for vehicle Groundwater environmentally sound Compliance contamination and safe storage and by oil and containment of oil and diesel diesel Implement spill Monthly CPG 32,000 2,500 5,520,000 34,500 prevention and Monitoring: response plan. ANSMEnv, NESREA, Soil, water, Disposal of industrial, Odour and Enforce good in-house CPG Weekly CPG Vegetation and domestic waste aesthetic practices to control Compliance generated from the devaluation domestic and industrial Monitoring: administrative building may result waste; enforce the ANSMEnv Environment from implementation of a improper waste management handling. plan at site. Increase in disease if dumped in water. Environment Air Gas leaks from the Increased Make contingency for CPG Weekly CPG operation of the incidence of fire out break Compliance power plant fire Noise Use of equipment, Noise Ensure that equipment Administrative Monthly CPG - - - - vehicles coming into nuisance are turned off when controls to Monitoring: the power station. Gas not in use. minimize ANSMEnv, NESREA turbine generators; air Plant workers will be noise levels (state), ANSMENV, compressors, pumps provided with CPG and emergency gas protective wear in Compliance engines plant areas with high noise level. 180 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs (N) Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) Water Trickling Water run-off Ensure that water run- CPG Monthly ASMWR 18,000 2,000 3,200,000 20,000 quality and down of the (containing oil off is channelled Compliance CPG hydrology chemicals, and diesel) into properly (Treat before fuel, diesel surface and disposal into the into the groundwater environment) Environment River Ulasi Ensure that standard Independent operating procedures CPG Quarterly Consultant, ASMWR 20,000 2,500 3,600,000 22,500 for water treatment Compliance activities are prepared, Monitoring: established and ANSMEnv, NESREA implemented (state), ANSMENV, SUBTOTAL 77,750 7,500 13,640,000 85,250 Power Shut down due Ensure routine CPG Quarterly CPG 1000 700 272,000 1700 station to equipment maintenance practices; Compliance Performance operation failure (or other reasons), Inform beneficiaries Social and subsequent beforehand when disruption of sudden shut down socioeconomic occur is envisaged activities SUBTOTAL 1000 700 272,000 1700 OPERATION PHASE TOTAL 114,750 12,200 20,312,000 126,950 181 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 37: ESMP- 495 MW CPG Okija IPP Project DECOMMISSIONING PHASE Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs (N) Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) Noise Sources of noise Increase The effective control Options for Throughout the Mitigation: CPG, 10,500 2000 2,000,000 12,500 during above of noise from noise impact decommissionin Contractors decommissioning permissible vehicles and mitigation are g phase would be similar noise level, equipment during being Monitoring: to those during (90dB) this phase may be implemented ANSMEnv, construction and during achieved by ANSMENV will be generated movement considering the primarily by of vehicles, following construction equipment techniques: equipment and and  Alternative design vehicular traffic. machines options; (site-specific  Mitigation at the and source; widespread)  Mitigation along the path; and  Mitigation at the receiver For minimal Environment disturbance it will be advised that equipment is transported in the evening or night hours when traffic is less. Air Quality This will include Increase in Sprinkling of water Air quality Throughout the Mitigation: 2000 3000 800,000 5,000 vehicle amounts of via spraying devices parameters are decommissionin CPG and Contractors emissions; diesel fugitive dust to limit dust within g phase emissions from emissions permissible Monitoring: large from Limits NESREA (state), construction clearing of ANSMEnv, CPG, equipment and the Ensure that vehicles Contractor generators. structures, are serviced; Contractors Fugitive dust ancillary undergo vehicle obliging to emissions from buildings emission testing VET and VES many sources and exhaust (VET) and vehicle with evidence such as land fumes from exhaust screening from clearing, movement (VES) as laid down NESREA 182 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs (N) Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) structure of heavy- in the NESREA (state) removal, cement duty vehicles guidelines mixing, and backfilling, equipment dumping, and into the reclamation of station. disturbed areas (grading, seeding, planting), and truck and equipment traffic. Hazardous Removal of Rupture of Much of the solid CPG Throughout the To be Materials and above ground pipelines material can be sold Compliance decommissionin deter Waste component containing as scrap to the spare g phase mined gas, waste part deals in Nnewi by production or used for other CPG CPG projects; the remaining non- hazardous waste would be sent to permitted disposal facilities. Industrial wastes Independent (oils, hydraulic Consultant Environment fluids, coolants, solvents, and cleaning agents) would be treated similarly to wastes during the production phase. Removal of Surface Ensure that Contractors‘ Throughout the Monitoring: 60,000 2,500 10,000,000 62,500 access roads, well disturbance, disturbed areas will Compliance decommissionin CPG pad facilities, heavy be contoured and re- g phase buildings, equipment vegetated which Mitigation: pipelines, and traffic, and would minimize the ANSMEnv, Soil other ancillary changes to potential for soil FRSC, ANSMENV structures. surface erosion. runoff Contaminated soils 183 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs (N) Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) patterns (e.g., in waste pits) could cause would need to be soil erosion. removed, bio- Soil erosion remediated, or impacts treated in some include soil other manner. All nutrient loss surface disturbances and reduced could possibly Soil water quality remain as long-term in nearby (or even permanent) surface impacts on the water landscape if bodies. reclamation efforts are not successful. Traffic Short-term Overweight Apply lane Lane Daily Mitigation: 24,000 7,500 5,040,000 31,500 increases in the and configuration configuration (Throughout the Contractors, FRSC use of local oversized changes to affected changes are decommissionin (Federal Road Safety roadways would loads could road. being made g phase) Corps) occur during cause where Monitoring: FRSC decommissioning temporary applicable. and reclamation. disruptions to local traffic. Surface water Decommission Water  Disturbed areas Contractors (Throughout the Mitigation: and process of the quality could would be contoured Compliance decommissionin Contractor Groundwater power station be affected and re-vegetated to g phase) dismantling of by activities minimize the Monitoring: Environment structures that cause potential for soil ANSMEnv soil erosion, erosion and water weathering quality related of newly impacts exposed soils causing leaching and oxidation that can release chemicals into the water, 184 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Cost Breakdown (USD) Costs (N) Costs component Impact Measures Indicators Frequency Responsibility Mitigation Monitoring (USD) discharges of waste or sanitary water, spills of residual product remaining in the pipeline, and herbicide application or spills. 96,500 15000 17,840,000 111,500 Employment Closure of civil Loss of Inform personnel Proper Throughout the Mitigation: 700 - 112,000 700 Social works employment that employment is engagement of decommissionin Contractors for the short-term prior to service g phase Monitoring: CPG power their engagement. documentation station workers 700 - 112,000 700 Use of Improperly Ensure safety Contractors Throughout the Mitigation: - - - - earthmoving closed sites measures are Compliance decommissionin Contractors equipment and can be a employed during the g phase vehicles, use of safety process Monitoring: large equipment, hazard. CPG Occupational Safety dismantling of Increased or Health and industrial reckless Safety components, and driving by transportation of oil or gas overweight and workers oversized would also materials. create safety hazards. SUBTOTAL - - - - 112,20 DECOMMISSIONING PHASE TOTAL 97,200 15000 17,952,000 0 185 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Table 38 Summary of the Cost Breakdown Mitigation Cost Monitoring Cost Total Cost Total Cost (USD) (USD) (N) USD Sub-Components Environmental 14,180 3,600 2,844,800 17,780 Social 23,400 8,300 5,072,000 31,700 Preconstruction Occupational 21,390 2,090 3,756,000 23,480 Phase Health & Safety Total 58,970 13,990 11,672,800 72,960 Sub-Components Environmental 78,650 37,300 18,552,000 115,950 Construction Phase Social 5,600 900 1,040,000 6,500 OHS 38,000 22,000 9,600,000 60,000 Total 122,250 60,200 29,192,000 182,450 Subcomponent OHS 36,000 4,000 6,400,000 40,000 Operation Phase Environment 77,750 7500 13,640,000 85,250 Social 1000 700 272,000 1,700 Total 114,750 12,200 20,312,000 126,950 Decommissioning Environmental 96,500 15,000 17,840,000 111,500 Phase Social 700 - 112,000 700 Total 97,200 15,000 17,952,000 112,200 GRAND TOTAL FOR 393,170 101,390 79,129,600 494,560 IMPLEMENTING THE ESMP 7.3 Assessment and Distribution of Traffic Most of the traffic generated by the development is expected to originate from Onitsha-Owerri Expressway and will peak during weekends. Traffic arriving from Owerri axis is unlikely to turn left into the site but rather continue north to Onitsha. Similarly, most of the traffic departing the site is expected to turn right onto Onitsha-Owerri expressway upon leaving the car park and travelling towards Ihiala. 20% of the traffic associated with the development is assumed to originate from Onitsha (or other locations in between). The remaining 80% of traffic is estimated to originate from the surrounding areas to the South (Owerri) and East (Nnewi) of Okija. Locally derived trips are likely to be generated from the Madonna University Road and within Okija town. These will be mainly personnel of the gas power plant. Impact on Loss of Service will be insignificant. On the basis of the above considerations, we therefore conclude that;  The vehicular access points to Onitsha-Owerri expressway meet the relevant Ministry of Works standard requirements (where relevant) and are appropriately designed to accommodate the variety of vehicles anticipated to use them.  Pedestrian links and road network have been designed appropriately. 186 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd  The traffic volumes to be generated by the project are anticipated to be readily accommodated by the surrounding road network. Overall, the project is expected to cause minimal adverse traffic impacts in the surrounding area. This can be mitigated by; 1. Encouraging consolidation of trips by providing mixed use especially during construction phase 2. Encouraging alternative modes of transportation (bicycles, motorcycles) for people living within the project community. 3. Design development to be pedestrian friendly by including smaller set-backs, requirements for parking behind buildings, and building sidewalks—including sidewalks that provide connections from the development to residential areas There should be a separation of the concrete kerbs directly in front of the project site. This is to give direct access to construction vehicles from Hammakopp Construction Company to the project site. This will prevent loss of service as a result of turns on intersections. 187 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 8 CHAPTER EIGHT: PUBLIC CONSULTATION 8.1 Introduction This chapter presents in matrix tables, a summary of various consultations held during the field survey for data gathering. Stakeholder consultation and focus group discussions were conducted in systematically selected areas located within 10km radius from the project site. These areas where selected following the consultants work design for gathering air quality data and the potential for these areas to be likely impacted by emissions from the gas power plant during operation. 8.2 Consultation Objectives Consultation with relevant stakeholders is carried out in order to:  Informing stakeholders about the project  Gaining their views, concerns and values  Taking account of public inputs in decision making  Influencing project design  Obtaining local knowledge  Reducing possible conflicts 8.3 Stakeholder Engagement In order to enable adequate dissemination on information about the Public Consultation exercise, the Consultant team liaised with the Ihiala Local Government Headquarters and the Counselor of the Okija Ward. The latter assisted the Consultant team in preparing a list of groups to be consulted as part of the ESIA studies. The groups included:  St Peter‘s Anglican Church, Ubahu  Ihiala Local Government Headquarters  Okija Markets Association  Fishermen of the Ulasi River  Madonna University, Okija  Okija Royal Cabinet/Traditional Council  Commercial Drivers and Motor bike riders 188 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 8.4 Methodology for the Consultations The section below (table 39) describes the consultation exercise that was carried out during field works with the identified groups. The consultation was carried out from the 26th – 30 of August 2013. A list of the people consulted is documented in annex 5 of this report. 8.4.1 Section A Table 39: Consultations during Field Surveys Date 26th August and 30st August 2013 Name of Stakeholder St Peter’s Anglican Church (Ubahu): Venerable Obih Kobe Roland (Arch Dean – In-charge) Language of Communication English Introduction A brief introduction on the project was provided, stating the project objectives and area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the capacity of the proposed gas power plant and the activities to be conducted during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases. Response of Stakeholders The stakeholder appreciated and welcomed the initiative and informed that about the project the project will strengthen electricity supply in Ubahu and Ihiala LGA. They stated that installation of a gas fired power plant will reduce the financial burden of heavy costs borne in purchase of diesel for powering the church‘s diesel generator set. The Arch Dean informed the ESIA team that an average of N35, 000 is realized from offerings made during church services of which N17,000 is spent on fuel for electricity supply through the use of a generator for electricity. The members of the church also informed the ESIA team that electricity supply through the national grid lasts only for a period of 1-2hrs a day; and barely a week in a whole month. The members of the church asked if they would have to pay for electricity supplied from the CPG project and how soon the project will be implemented. They informed on their willingness to pay the electricity bills and will be looking forward to better service than what is presently being experienced. Concerns/ Complaints The members of the church made no complaints. However believes that the implementation of the project will be much more beneficial when compared to the current electricity situation in their community. Feedback to the Stakeholders The stakeholders were assured that their concerns and recommendations will be imputed in the ESIA and in project planning. Remarks/Recommendation Generally stakeholders appreciate dthe development. CPG will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation. 189 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Date 26th August and 30st August 2013 Name of Stakeholder Ihiala Local Government Headquarters: Chairman- Honourable Chinedu Ukachukwu and members of his cabinet Language of Communication English Introduction A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the capacity of the proposed gas power plant and the activities to be conducted during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases Response of Stakeholders The stakeholders expressed their appreciation on the CPG project. The LGA about the project Chairman stated that current source of electricity supply in the headquarters is via a diesel powered generator. Concerns/ Complaints Members had no concerns or complaints on the project, however the LGA Chairman and his team were pleased about the development and expressed certainty that electricity supplied through the gas power plant will be more dependable than the existing supply. He recommended that CPG carry along the communities within the project area on the initiative. Feedback to the Stakeholders The stakeholders were assured that their recommendations will be imputed in the ESIA. Remarks/Recommendation CPG will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation. Date 26th August and 30st August 2013 Name of Stakeholders Okija Markets Association: 1. Market Masters Children‘s Organization 2. Ubahu Women‘s Organization (Poultry and goats seller) 3. Umuogu Women‘s Organization (Yam sellers) 4. Umuatuegwu Women‘s Organization ( Yam sellers) 5. Umuohi Women‘s Organization (Palm produce sellers) 6. Pentecostal Fellowship Organization (Ensure moral behaviour in the market place) 7. Safety Officials (Responsible for Health and Safety) 8. Welfare Committee Language of Communication English Introduction A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the capacity of the proposed gas power plant and the activities to be conducted during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases Response of Stakeholders The members of the various Markets Association appreciated the efforts of about the project CPG in its decision to install a 495MW gas fired power plant to enable efficient electricity generation and supply. The Okija Markets Association representative further stated that the markets will be most cooperative during the development and was eager to know if they had any roles to play with regards to the project. He also stated that most shop owners use gasoline generators and currently pay electricity bill of N50 per stall per day. Concerns/Complaints They inquired on how the electricity will be supplied to the markets from the gas power plant? and if they will they have to pay for the electricity? Feedback to Stakeholders The stakeholders where informed that power will be supplied via a dedicated station transformer at the CPG Okija IPP. Remarks/Recommendations CPG will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation. 190 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Date 26th August and 30st August 2013 Name of Stakeholders Fishermen of the Ulasi River Language of Communication English/Igbo Introduction A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the capacity of the proposed gas power plant and the activities to be conducted during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases Response of Stakeholders about The stakeholders appreciated the efforts of CPG in her decision to install a the project 495MW gas fired power plant in Okija town were appreciated. Concerns/Complaints There were no concerns raised by the fishermen Feedback to Stakeholders The Consultant informed the stakeholders that the proponent (CPG) is conducting the ESIA to identify potential impacts that may affect their fishing activities during project implementation. Where potential impacts do not exist, measures will be put in place to enhance and encourage fishing activities throughout the project life. Remarks/Recommendations CPG will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation. Date 26th August and 30st August 2013 Names of Stakeholders Madonna University, Okija: Sir Charles A. Njoku (Registrar), Rev. Father Elias Amaechi Okorie, Language of Communication English Introduction A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the capacity of the proposed gas power plant and the activities to be conducted during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases Response of Stakeholders Sir Charles A. Njoku (Registrar) commended the project concept and stated about the project that it will indeed reduce expenses made by the university for the running of 5 generator sets. He stated that the university runs mainly on diesel generators, which need to be shutdown at intervals. This once in a while may affect lecture hours and even study hours of the students. However with the possibility of a constant supply of electricity, this occurrence will be remarkably reduced. Concerns/Complaints Some of the compliants raised were: Will the project impact negatively in terms of noise pollution? Will there be any form of radiation from the gas power plant? Will the project impact negatively on traffic? Feedback to Stakeholders The Consultant informed that the gas plant will not utilize any form of radioactive material, hence, radiation is not permissible. All impacts (noise) will be mitigated through the implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), which is developed for the project. Remarks/Recommendations CPG will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation. 191 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Date 26th August and 30st August 2013 Name of Stakeholders Okija Royal Cabinet/Traditional Council Language of Communication Igbo/English Introduction The official language used was Igbo (Native language of the South Eastern people of Nigeria). A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the capacity of the proposed gas power plant and the activities to be conducted during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases. Response of Stakeholders The Okija Royal Cabinet was pleased to receive the ESIA team. They about the project express their opinions on the low rate of supply of electricity in their community. The Royal Cabinet further inquired about the time frame for the project as the communities are overwhelmed and need the gas fired power plant to commence operation as soon as possible in order to solve the issues of insufficient electricity supply. Concerns/Complaints The council is eager to see the development commence. Feedback to the Stakeholders The Consultant informed that CPG is equally eager and determined to implement the project. They had already completed the feasibility study, and are currently undertaking an ESIA for the project. The ESIA when completed will also aid in the sustainable implementation of he project. Furthermore, the Federal Government is aware of the electricity issues in the country and has therefore established the IPP to support electricity supply in country. Remarks/Recommendations The CPG will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation Date 26th August and 30st August 2013 Name of Stakeholders Commercial Drivers and Motor bike riders Language of Communication English/Pidgin Introduction A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the capacity of the proposed gas power plant and the activities to be conducted during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases. Response of Stakeholders The stakeholders showed appreciation and were supportive about the about the project proposed project. Concerns/Complaints There were no concerns or complaints Feedback to the Stakeholders The Consultant informed the stakeholders that the ESMP will provide measures that will in sure that adverse impacts on traffic and transportation will be adequately mitigated. Remarks/Recommendations CPG will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation 192 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd PANNEL REVIEW /TOWN HALL MEETING IN PICTURES Figure 62 The Paramount Ruler Obi-Onowu with members of the cabinet The Ag. Paramount Ruler Obi-Onowu kicking off the Town Hall meeting M/D of Century Power Dr.Eloka Ume and Figure 63 Prof. Some Okafor, of youth group the EIA of the consultant receiving kolanut community from Obi Onowu 193 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Group photograph of the youths with the Igwe, proponent and EIA consultant The women representatives at the event with the Igwe, proponent and EIA consultants Figure 64 Some members of the community with the Igwe and the MD of CPG ESIA of CPGL 495MW IPP Okija R-35 October 2012 194 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd The Group photograph proponent Dr. Ume of the attendees explaning to the Hall at the Town the project Igwemeeting showing while others look Traditional on Figure 65 The MD CPG informing the Igwe and cabinent members on the project chiefs, women and youths Figure 66 The Igwe and members of his cabinent with the MD CPG Proponent and EIA consultant (in suits) with the Igwe in council 195 ESIA of CPGL 495MW IPP Okija R-34 October 2012 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 67 Group photograph with keaders of some women groups, Igwe and his cabinent and youth groups Group photograph of the attendees at the Town Hall meeting showing Traditional chiefs, women and youths 196 Proponent and EIA consultant (in suits) with the Igwe in council Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION The Okija site is in a good location for installing the 1,500MW combined-cycle power plant Civil works will be largely site specific with minimal impacts on traffic along the Onisha- Owerri expressway. The natural location of the Ulasi River will enable water evacuation, which will allow for the cooling of the system. The project will not impact negatively on surface water, as the system will install water treatment facility. Clean runoff will be introduced into the Ulasi River. On the socioeconomics level, the positive social impacts will out way the negative social impacts especially considering that the Gas power plant will be located away from social sensitivities such as the local markets, Madonna University, businesses, etc. In the area of potential stack emissions, impacts on air quality will be largely mitigated since the entire system will be built with emissions control. It is however advised that periodic air quality monitoring is performed to ensure that emissions are constantly within permissible limits (FMEnv, WB, WHO). The current reforms in the Nigerian Electricity Sector, the construction and functioning of IPPs is a positive developmental strategy that will ensure optimal electricity generation in country. The CPG Gas Turbine Power Plant in Okija will ensure electricity generation and evacuation to receptive transmission or distribution networks, which will eventually allow for the sustainable supply of electricity within Anambra State. Improved power supply will further enhance quality of lives, improve businesses and ensure good governance. 197 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 8 References African Convention Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. (1968) Ahmed .M.E, (2008: A Comparative Study of International EIA Guidelines and the Sudan EIA Experience, Vol.1 APHA (1985). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water America Public Health Association, Washington D.C. BCS Energy Nig Ltd, (2012): Feasibility Studies on 1000MW Power Plant, by Cornerstone System Inc. of Jupiter, Florida Canter, L. W. (1996): Environmental Impact Assessment. Second Edition, New York, USA: McGraw Hill. CAO (Compliance Advisor Ombudsman), 2008: A Guide to Designing and Implementing Grievance Mechanism for Development Projects. www.cao- ombudman.org CSI (Cement Sustainability Initiative), 2005: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Guidelines – World Bank Council for Sustainable Development David Balevic et al, (2009): GE Energy Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Operating and Maintenance Consideration. GER-3620L (11/09) De Pauw, N. and G. Vanhorren: Method for Biological Quality Assessment of Water Courses in Belgium, Hydrobiologia, 100, 153-168 (1983). DPR (1991): Environmental Guidelines and Standards of the Petroleum Industry, Nigeria. Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Lagos: 35-76. E. B. Babatunde (2012). Surface Albedo Estimation and Variation Characteristics at a Tropical Station, Solar Radiation, Prof. Elisha B. Babatunde (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51- 0384-4, E.B. Babatunde et al (2008). Observation bio-effect of SW-global solar radiation in Ilorin in the tropics EGASPIN (2002): Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992. Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act 58, CAP 131, LFN in 1988 that was amended by Act No. 59 of 1992. FEPA (FME) (1991): Federal Environmental Protection Agency. National Interim Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Waste Management in Nigeria. FMEnv (1991): Guideline and Standard for Environmental Control in Nigeria, Lagos. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Lagos. FMEnv (1991): Guideline and Standards for Environmental Control in Nigeria, Lagos. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Lagos. FOS (Federal Office of Statistics) (1998) ―Population‖ Annual Abstracts of Statistics, FGN, 198 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Abuja. Fouracre .P. (2001) (TRL Limited), ―Environmental Impact Assessment and Management‖ – Rural Travel and Transport Program. Gas Turbine World, (2012): GTW Handbook, Volume 29, a Pequot Publication Hill, M.B. and Webb, J.E. (1958): The ecology of Lagos lagoon 11. The topography and physical features of Lagos harbour and Lagos lagoon. Phil Trans. B. Vol. 241: 319 – 333. Hutchinson, J. and Dalziel, J.M. (1954–67): Floral of West Tropical Africa vols I- III. Crown Agents. London. 2nd Ed. IFC (International Finance Corporation), 2007: Stakeholder Engagement: A good practice handbook for Companies doing Business in Emerging Markets. International Finance Corporation (2007): Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. General EHS Guidelines: Environmental, Noise Management. International Finance Corporation. Keay, R.W.J. (1959): An outline of Nigeria vegetation. Government printers, Lagos. 3rd Edition. Lee, N. and Wood, C.M. (1995). Consultation and Public Participation within EIA. EIA Leaflet Series, EIA Centre, Department of Planning and Landscape, University of Manchester, England. Leopold, L.B., Clarke, F.E, Henshaw, B.B and Balsley, J.R. (1971). A Procedure for Evaluating Environmental Impact. Geological Survey Circular 645, US Dept. of Interior, Washington D.C. Moore, N. W, (1997) Dragonflies – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Odonata Special Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge. National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) (2010) Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for the 434 Geregu Phase 11 Power Plant. Federal Ministry of Power. Final EIA Report National Population Census (1996) Final Results of the 1991 Population Census in Lagos State, 28 (Projected to 2006) 28 Pages. National Population Commission (2010) Housing Characteristics and Amenities Tables: Priority Tables (LGA), Volume II. NUWEIBA: 750MWe Combined Cycle Power Plant Project, EIA Nwafor, J. C, 2006: Environmental Impact Assessment for Sustainable Development. (The Nigerian Perspective) EL‟DEMAK Publishers, Enugu OSHA, (1989), ACGIH, (1995), EPA (1994). Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons (Curtis D. Laassen et al (1996). Fifth Edition. PGESCo (Power Generating Engineering and Services Company), 2009: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the 750MW Nuweiba Combined cycle power plant Project. Plog, B.A. (1996): Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene: National Safety Council, USA. 199 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2004. AERMET User‘s Guide U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2004. AERMOD User Guide U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2008. AERMOD Implementation Guide 200 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 9 10 11 201 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 12 13 14 15 ANNEXES 202 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd ANNEX 1 - IFC Performance Standard 8 It is envisaged that the development will not have an impact on Cultural Heritage. However, it has become necessary to include the section on Cultural Heritage and Chance find procedures in the event of encountering items of cultural significance. Cultural Heritage Introduction 1. Performance Standard 8 recognizes the importance of cultural heritage for current and future generations. Consistent with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, this Performance Standard aims to protect irreplaceable cultural heritage and to guide clients on protecting cultural heritage in the course of their business operations. In addition, the requirements of this Performance Standard on a project‘s use of cultural heritage are based in part on standards set by the Conv ention on Biological Diversity. Objectives  To protect cultural heritage from the adverse impacts of project activities and support its preservation  To promote the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of cultural heritage in business activities Scope of Application 2. The applicability of this Performance Standard is established during the Social and Environmental Assessment process, while implementation of the actions necessary to meet the requirements of this Performance Standard is managed through the client‘s Social and Environmental Management System. The assessment and management system requirements are outlined in Performance Standard 1. 3.For the purposes of this Performance Standard, cultural heritage refers to tangible forms of cultural heritage, such as tangible property and sites having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, cultural, artistic, and religious values, as well as unique natural environmental features that embody cultural values, such as sacred groves. However, for the purpose of paragraph 11 below, intangible forms of culture, such as cultural knowledge, innovations and practices of communities embodying traditional lifestyles, are also included. The requirements of this Performance Standard apply to cultural heritage regardless of 203 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd whether or not it has been legally protected or previously disturbed Requirements Protection of Cultural Heritage in Project Design and Execution Internationally Recognized Practices 4. In addition to complying with relevant national law on the protection of cultural heritage, including national law implementing the host country‘s obligations under the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage and other relevant international law, the client will protect and support cultural heritage by undertaking internationally recognized practices for the protection, field-based study, and documentation of cultural heritage. If the requirements of paragraphs 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 apply, the client will retain qualified and experienced experts to assist in the Assessment. Chance Find Procedures 5. The client is responsible for siting and designing a project to avoid significant damage to cultural heritage. When the proposed location of a project is in areas where cultural heritage is expected to be found, either during construction or operations, the client will implement chance find procedures established through the Social and Environmental Assessment. The client will not disturb any chance finds further until an Assessment by a competent specialist is made and actions consistent with the requirements of this Performance Standard are identified. Consultation 6. Where a project may affect cultural heritage, the client will consult with affected communities within the host country who use, or have used within living memory, the cultural heritage for long- standing cultural purposes to identify cultural heritage of importance, and to incorporate into the client‘s decision-making process the views of the affected communities on such cultural heritage. Consultation will also involve the relevant national or local regulatory agencies that are entrusted with the protection of cultural heritage. Removal of Cultural Heritage 7. Most cultural heritage is best protected by preservation in its place, since removal is likely to result in irreparable damage or destruction of the cultural heritage. The client will not remove any cultural heritage, unless the following conditions are met:  There are no technically or financially feasible alternatives to removal 204 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd  The overall benefits of the project outweigh the anticipated cultural heritage loss from removal  Any removal of cultural heritage is conducted by the best available technique Critical Cultural Heritage 8. Critical cultural heritage consists of (i) the internationally recognized heritage of communities who use, or have used within living memory the cultural heritage for long- standing cultural purposes; and (ii) legally protected cultural heritage areas, including those proposed by host governments for such designation. 9. The client will not significantly alter, damage, or remove any critical cultural heritage. In exceptional circumstances, where a project may significantly damage critical cultural heritage, and its damage or loss may endanger the cultural or economic survival of communities within the host country who use the cultural heritage for long-standing cultural purposes, the client will: (i) meet the requirements of Paragraph 6 above; and (ii) conduct a good faith negotiation with and document the informed participation of the affected communities and the successful outcome of the negotiation. In addition, any other impacts on critical cultural heritage must be appropriately mitigated with the informed participation of the affected communities. 10. Legally protected cultural heritage areas are important for the protection and conservation of cultural heritage, and additional measures are needed for any projects that would be permitted under the applicable national laws in these areas. In circumstances where a proposed project is located within a legally protected area or a legally defined buffer zone, the client, in addition to the requirements for critical cultural heritage cited above in Paragraph 9, will meet the following requirements:  Comply with defined national or local cultural heritage regulations or the protected area management plans  Consult the protected area sponsors and managers, local communities and other key stakeholders on the proposed project  Implement additional programs, as appropriate, to promote and enhance the conservation aims of the protected area Project’s Use of Cultural Heritage 11. Where a project proposes to use the cultural resources, knowledge, innovations, or practices of local communities embodying traditional lifestyles for commercial purposes, the client will inform these communities of: (i) their rights under national law; (ii) the scope and nature of the proposed commercial development; and (iii) the potential consequences of 205 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd such development. The client will not proceed with such commercialization unless it: (i) enters into a good faith negotiation with the affected local communities embodying traditional lifestyles; (ii) documents their informed participation and the successful outcome of the negotiation; and (iii) provides for fair and equitable sharing of benefits from commercialization of such knowledge, innovation, or practice, consistent with their customs and traditions. 206 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Annex 2 - Groundwater/Aquifer Monitoring Plan Groundwater Assessment and Monitoring Groundwater assessment is the evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological status of groundwater in relation to natural conditions and human interference. The assessment and monitoring process comprises a series of linked steps:  Water management  Information needs  Monitoring strategy  Network design  Sample collection  Laboratory analysis  Data handling  Data analysis  Reporting  Information utilisation Groundwater monitoring is the scientifically designed, continuing measurement and observation of the groundwater situation. It should also include evaluation and reporting procedures. Within a monitoring programme, data on groundwater are to be collected as far as possible at set locations and regular time intervals. Although the legal basis, institutional framework and funding situation will impose their own objectives and constraints, still the underlying scientific or technical objective is to describe the groundwater situation in space and time. The requirement for continuity and stability in the monitoring programme emphasizes: • the need for long-term planning and commitment of staff and budgets; • the need to understand the hydrogeological and hydrological setting • the need to ensure uninterrupted access to sampling points. The monitoring programme forms a key component of the assessment process, and is represented by all of the boxes except the uppermost three. The cycle also applies to groundwater quantity monitoring if the boxes ―Sample collection‖ and ―Laboratory analysis‖ are replaced by a single box: ―Groundwater measurements‖. The consecutive activities in the monitoring part of this cycle should be specified and designed according to the information needs and requirements of adjacent steps in the cycle. Monitoring objectives may be different (groundwater quality, water level, monitoring of a defined area/aquifer, monitoring over a specific time period, monitoring of a specific parameter), so that the installation and operation of several individual groundwater-monitoring networks may be required. 207 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Defining the area to be monitored As a general principle, the area to be monitored should be defined on hydrological or hydrogeological criteria rather than political ones. Even if political or administrative boundaries determine institutional responsibility for monitoring, the interpretation and assessment should be made on the basis of physical units Defining information needs An early step in the preliminary stages of planning and implementation of a monitoring programme is to define the information needed as a basis for managing the quantity and quality of groundwater. This means deciding who (from a broad range of potential stakeholders) wishes or requires to be informed about groundwater, what types of information they need and for what purposes. It also requires consideration of the issue of what format they might require the information to be provided in to meet their various purposes, and how accurate and quickly the different stakeholders require the information. Defining monitoring objectives In order to be effective, the groundwater-monitoring programme needs to be adjusted to the data needs of data-users. Users may be governmental institutions, universities or private companies with tasks in the groundwater sector or related areas. The data are needed to investigate the actual groundwater situation, to plan groundwater development and to observe the effects of management measures. For design, implementation or evaluation of a monitoring programme, it will be necessary to have a good overview of relevant users, their goals and related data needs. PROCEDURE The procedure of a groundwater-monitoring programme involves a number of steps. These steps are intended to make sure that the programme provides optimal data to the users: institutions and persons involved in groundwater assessment, development, management and protection or other groundwater-data dependent activities. 208 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Figure 65: Scheme of design for a aquifer/groundwater monitoring program Step 1: Preliminary assessment of the groundwater situation, the problems and trends as well as the size of a sustainable groundwater monitoring programme This step is to assist in evaluating whether or not systematic groundwater monitoring is desirable in an area and what the objectives and scope of the monitoring programme(s) should be, considering the given budgetary and organisational conditions. The activities described are aimed at providing the components for a ―quick scan‖ of the groundwater situation, the actual problems and a list of key issues for monitoring. Step 2: Analysis of the groundwater system and development of a conceptual model This step involves analysis of the groundwater system (aquifer and flow systems) and development of a conceptual model on the basis of available hydrogeological and hydrological information. The conceptual model, in turn, forms the technical framework for the groundwater 209 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd monitoring network design. Groundwater quality is also analysed in relation to the groundwater flow systems defined. Step 3: Analysis of the institutional setting This step concerns an inventory of the institutions involved in groundwater exploitation, management and protection as well as analysis of their roles, mandates, tasks and related budgets and manpower. Evaluating these conditions should lead to a better idea of the scope and limitations related to extending or improving groundwater monitoring. Step 4: Inventory of data needs and specification of monitoring objectives The inventory of data needs includes listing the users of groundwater data and assessing their data needs. Monitoring objectives may include provision of data for assessment, development, use, management and protection of groundwater resources. Step 5: Design of groundwater monitoring programme components for identified objectives This step concerns analysis of the monitoring objectives and translation into components of the monitoring programme. Each monitoring objective leads to a monitoring component with its own specific requirements (area to be covered, preferential network set-up, parameters needed, frequency of sampling, etc.). By bringing the components together in a scheme, the various functions and needs of the monitoring programme will become clear. Because of the complexity of situations, a modular structure of the monitoring programme is recommended. Step 6: Specification of monitoring programme options Feasibility of a monitoring programme depends among other things on the budgets and institutional capacity available. It is good practice to consider a limited number of possible monitoring programme options, for instance with increasing level of complexity. Options may differ with respect to the scope of the programme, the area covered or the properties involved (e.g. network density, frequency of observation, etc.). Specification of the options to be considered should be done in consultation with representatives of the institution responsible for groundwater management and monitoring. The details of the programmes considered should be clearly specified in maps and/or tables. Step 7: Specification of required budget, expected performance and necessary institutional capacity for each option considered To prepare for the selection process, further analysis requires for each monitoring programme option considered: a) Calculation of investments and annual costs involved in the monitoring programme; b) Description of the information level expected (areas covered, objectives covered, estimated accuracy, etc. Also, strong points and limitations should be indicated; 210 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd c) Analysis of institutional capacity needed and of possible limitations. Step 8: Evaluation of feasibility and selection of best monitoring programme option This step includes evaluation of the feasibility of the monitoring programme options considered on the basis of the information resulting from step 7 and selection of the best monitoring programme option for implementation. New options may have to be specified (step 6) and analysed (step 7) if none of the programme options considered turns out to be feasible or sufficiently attractive. MODULAR SET-UP OF THE GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAMME Measurement points, especially observation wells, can have different functions within the monitoring programme. Some points may have a single function (e.g. only water levels), while other points have multiple functions (e.g. water levels and water quality monitoring). Differentiation in the monitoring programme in conformity with the specified functions can be very cost-effective, especially in groundwater quality monitoring programmes. For instance a limited number of selected ―indicative‖ points may be used for annual monitoring of trends while a larger number of points may be used for five-yearly reports on the spatial water quality distribution. In order to enable flexible planning and control of a groundwater monitoring programme with respect to the role of the various observation points, the programme has to be transparent. Figure 66: Modular setup of a monitoring program 211 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd The conceptual model The design of a groundwater-monitoring programme requires basic knowledge with respect to the hydrogeological framework and the groundwater flow systems within the relevant aquifers, aquitards and aquicludes. The description of the understanding of the hydrogeological framework and the hydrological and hydrochemical processes occurring is called the conceptual model. The level of complexity of the conceptual model should be appropriate to both the objectives of the programme and the available data. In the early phase of groundwater assessment, when basic data on these items are usually scarce, it may only be possible to produce a rough concept of the real system. Later on, the level of complexity that can be depicted will increase as more data become available. Besides playing an important role in preliminary analysis of the groundwater system, the model is the basis for design of a groundwater-monitoring programme. Data collected for the conceptual model, either existing or new, should be analysed for indications of potential impacts as well. So, development of a conceptual model should be one of the first actions of the design procedure, even if this first attempt is very simplified. Creating a conceptual model of the groundwater system involves a review of relevant available data on topography, hydrology, hydrogeology and hydrochemistry and, in many cases, a focused programme of additional data collection. The model is based on interpretation of these data as well as on visual impressions from the field. Inventory of data The data inventory phase often includes the following steps: 1. Collection and review of published documents about the topography, hydrology, hydrogeology, and related information of the area investigated; 2. Collection and review of site-specific data. This may concern data about the aquifer systems(s) in question (lithological and geophysical borehole logs, pumping test reports, etc.), data on the groundwater system (groundwater levels and groundwater quality), groundwater related data of the surface water systems (base flow and spring flow) and, if necessary, data on precipitation and evaporation. 3. Collection of new information about the groundwater system. This could vary from a rapid reconnaissance survey using GPS and field test equipment to a more detailed field investigation with exploration drilling and pumping tests. Studying published material on analogous systems (e.g. web search for papers) may be useful, especially when too little information is available on the groundwater system at hand. Specification of the hydrogeological framework 212 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Geological formations form the basic structure of the hydrogeological framework. Groundwater flows through this structure from infiltration zones to discharge zones. The hydrogeological framework usually consists of zones with a relatively high permeability (aquifers), zones with limited permeability (aquitards) and zones with virtually no permeability (aquicludes). As groundwater tends to take the way of lowest resistance, the bulk of groundwater flow is through the aquifers. Also the majority of observation wells for groundwater level and quality monitoring will predominantly be installed with their screens in the zones of highest permeability (the aquifers). The establishment of the hydrogeological framework is, therefore, essential information for the design of a groundwater-monitoring programme. Analysis of groundwater flow Groundwater flow systems are especially important for studies of the origin of the groundwater and interaction with its environment. A groundwater system may consist of several groundwater flow subsystems, small and shallow ones embedded in large and deep ones. Shallow flow systems are usually drained by small streams, whereas the larger ones discharge into the major rivers or into the sea. These flow systems are separated from one another by ―soft‖ groundwater divides or impervious layers. Groundwater flow is gravity driven, causing groundwater to flow from areas of relatively high groundwater level under recharge zones towards the lower discharge zones. Path lines in a groundwater flow system connect the zone of recharge with the zone of discharge. The course of these lines is influenced by the hydraulic properties of the sub-soil, which makes aquifers the preferential flow path. This mutual relation between groundwater flow systems and the hydrogeological framework is scale dependent. Several small groundwater flow systems may be found in shallow aquifers. In a similar way, large and deep groundwater systems may penetrate several aquifers and aquitards. Studies of groundwater flow systems and their path lines provide essential information for analysis of the evolution of groundwater quality, the possible impact of contaminants, and the effects of environmental measures. Assessment of groundwater quality A review of available hydrochemical data will provide important insight into the status of groundwater quality in the aquifer, the chemical processes and changes occurring and their possible causes. Chemical changes may be due to recharge from rainfall, leakage from surface water, inflows from other aquifers, (considerable) evaporation, saline intrusion or contamination. Changes in groundwater quality along groundwater flow lines are also caused by chemical interaction between groundwater, soil and aquifer material. Interpretation of the groundwater quality data will help in determining the origin and age of the water, thus supporting groundwater flow analysis, in identifying potential threats (saline intrusion or upcoming, groundwater contamination, etc.) and in studying the perspectives and limitations of further groundwater development Institutional embedding of groundwater monitoring 213 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Commonly aspects which regulate the use of all water resources are documented in a country‘s water law. Complementary, individual aims concerning what a government wants to achieve in the water sector may be written down in a water policy. Such legally binding documents should also cover aspects of groundwater monitoring because monitoring can only be effective if the responsible institutions have a legal mandate to conduct monitoring and at the same time must be able to implement resource management decisions which may arise from the results of groundwater monitoring. In order to gain the highest benefit from monitoring information it is recommended to establish suitable structures for information exchange between the different responsible institutions, water user organizations, corporations and NGOs. It may be required to formalize this information exchange by a respective regulation or decree. Data may be collected by a number of different organisations. Therefore, their systems need to be compatible in terms of standards, quality assurance, electronic access and data transfer. The main aim of groundwater monitoring is to acquire data which help to adjust the management of (ground) water resources. In this respect it is important to disseminate the results of monitoring together with the conclusions drawn for (ground) water resources management among all stakeholders and the affected population in order to achieve agreement on necessary counter-measures. This may be for instance helpful if monitoring of groundwater quality reveals degradation risks or if groundwater level monitoring shows decline of water levels which pose a high risk for many stakeholders. The government or corporations may be obliged to publish monitoring data. It must be agreed between all involved stakeholders how and at what frequency data are to be published. 214 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Annex 3: Corporate Social Responsibility Effective and efficient management of social and community issues are critical for a project in Nigeria. Managing social issues and obtaining to community freedom-to-operate is critical to the success of any project. Key social issues in Okija community and Ihiala Local Government area include employment opportunity, local economic enhancement and provision of infrastructure. The overall approach to Community Development adopted by Century Power Generation Limited (CPG) in particular and the NESTOIL Group of Companies in general, has evolved from the past emphasis on one-off community assistance to a more holistic approach that aims to ensure a sustainable wealth level for Communities in areas where we are operating. Such an approach requires a consistent approach towards managing community issues and expectations. With this in mind, CPG has implemented an approach where all Community Development effort embedded as part of project execution activities. Century Power Generation Limited Community Development Policy In order to improve the quality of life and maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with communities with the Okija host communities during the construction and operation phases of the Okija Integrated Power Project, CPG shall: - Focus intervention on sustainable community development programmes that have high impact and broad benefits for the wider population. - Enhance partnerships with all segments of community and other relevant stakeholders. - Encourage full participation by the host communities. - Develop and maintain communication with all segments of the communities in order to integrate their concerns and contributions and bring these to the attention of the appropriate authorities. - Identify and promptly manage issues arising from CPG operations in communities in accordance with approved procedures and statutory provisions. - Operate an efficient and cost-effective sustainable community development programme. The Community development policy and process is designed to support the social freedom-to- operate within the locality. The sustainable development programmes to be implemented as part of the Okija Integrated Power Project have been identified through a combination of participatory appraisal and community Issues identification process, and been matched with the budget available for the sustainable community development programme. The following Identified programmes will be implemented along thematic lines of Economic Empowerment, Human Capital Development and Basic Community Services: 1. Okija IPP electrical Interdependency project. 215 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 2. Potable Water Supply via the construction of deep boreholes and overhead water storage tanks for designated Okija communities. 3. Construction of 10km internal access road in Okija community. Roads will be constructed with the associated drainage network. Prior to the implementation of these projects, CPG, the Okija community and the Ihiala Local Government area, will sign an agreement- Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the detailed scope of sustainable development intervention. A firm budget for these projects will be made available as part of the overall Okija Integrated Power Project budget. This budget will be utilised in support of the Community Development Plans that have been prepared and which have been summarized above. The Community Development Officer, who will be part of the Okija IPP implementation team, will prepare an execution plan for these projects. This execution plan will be agreed with the community and formalised as part of the MoU. The CDO will also supervise the support the execution of these projects and ensure that execution will be in line with the MoU. Additionally, employment opportunities will be sought for community participation in the execution activities of Okija IPP. To this end, project execution plans will include a clause for local community participation. Intentionally, this clause will include: o A listing of activities the contractor would be able to subcontract to community/local contractors, o A listing of activities for which the contractor would be able to employ local community members, o The extent of participation, (number of workers and % per activity, including skilled and semi-skilled activities), o A (on the job) training program to facilitate community participation in semi-skilled activities, Community participation will be in line with CPG corporate policies and procedures and will be in support of the overall Community Development effort and will be captured under the MoU. 216 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Annex 4- Land Tenure Documents Land Documents I 1 217 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 218 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 219 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 220 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 221 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 222 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 223 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Land Documents II 224 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 225 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 226 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 227 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 228 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 229 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 230 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Land Documents III 231 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 232 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 233 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 234 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 235 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 236 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 237 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 238 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 239 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 240 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Land Documents IV 241 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 242 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 243 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 244 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 245 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 246 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 247 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 248 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 249 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Land Documents V 250 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 251 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 252 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 253 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 254 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Land Documents VI 255 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 256 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 257 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 258 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 259 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 260 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 261 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd 262 Okija 495MW Gas Power Plant – ESIA Report Prepared by Hospitalia Consultaire Ltd Annex 5 List of Stakeholders Consulted S/no Name Designation 1. Kings Chukwu Akuma MD Hamakopp 2. Nelson Anaele Account Manager 3. Chigala Sunday Procurement 4. Judith Ekwesili HR 5. Sir Charles A. Njoku Madonna University 6. Rev. Fr. Elias Amaechi Okorie ‗‘ 7. Ven. Obih Kobe Roland ‗‘ 8. Hon. Chinedu Ukachukwu Ihiala LGA Hq. 9. Uche Ewuzie 10. Bayo Adewole 11. Maya Ibrihgbo 12. Joy Anele Secretary 13. Alex Smith HSE 14. Ikechukwu Okeke Community member 15. Iheanyi Onyekwe ‗‘ 16. Onyema Akachukwu ‗‘ 17. Sly Onyema ‗‘ 18. Chidialu Blessing ‗‘ 19. Love Anyanele ‗‘ 20. Ngozi Chimuanya ‗‘ 21. Peter Benjamin ‗‘ 22. Esther Onyeka ‗‘ 23. Kelechi Ogwuamusu ‗‘ 24. Bright Ekwusigo ‗‘ 25. Emeka Anele ‗‘ 26. Sunday Amos ‗‘ 27. Chukwu Onyema ‗‘ 28. Isreal Anyanele ‗‘ 29. Chuks Okikolone ‗‘ 30. Eberechukwu Okulu ‗‘ 31. Chukwuma Ekene ‗‘ 32. Echefuna Nkanu ‗‘ 33. Anyanwu Obiekwe ‗‘ 34. Festus Ogo ‗‘ 35. Ebube Chisom ‗‘ 36. Liyda Chisom ‗‘ 37. Moses Emefie ‗‘ 38. Frank Obia ‗‘ 39. Okija main marker association 263