56800 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 Building on Progress and Responding to Crisis The Millennium Development Goals and the Road to 2015 Building on Progress and Responding to Crisis With online companion World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs, www.worldbank.org/mdgs THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN: 978-0-8213-8587-6 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8598-2 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8587-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The millennium development goals and the road to 2015 : building on progress and responding to crisis. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-8213-8587-6 -- ISBN 978-0-8213-8598-2 (electronic) 1. Developing countries--Economic policy. 2. Developing countries--Economic conditions. 3. Financial crises--History--21st century. I. World Bank. HC59.7.M5153 2010 338.9009172'4--dc22 2010034657 Cover photographs (left to right): Curt Carnemark/The World Bank, Dominic Sansoni/The World Bank, Shehzad Noorani/The World Bank Cover design: Critical Stages ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits Statement The World Bank is committed to preserving endangered forests and natural resources. The Office of the Publisher has chosen to print The Millennium Development Goals and the Road to 2015 on recycled paper with 30 percent post-consumer waste, in accordance with the recommended standards for paper usage set by the Green Press Initiative, a nonprofit program supporting publishers in using fiber that is not sourced from endangered forests. For more information, visit www.greenpressinitiative.org. Saved: · 438 pounds of CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gases · 5 trees · 2,111 gallons of wastewater · 1 million BTU of total energy · 128 pounds of solid waste Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 About the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 User's guide to the World Bank eAtlas of the Millennium Development Goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Building on progress and responding to crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Map 1 The economic and financial crisis slowed or reversed growth in every region. . . . . . . 12 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Map 2 Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest poverty rates, but more people in East and South Asia live in extreme poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Map 3 Millions of children either never attend or fail to complete primary school . . . . . . . . 20 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Map 4 Education increases opportunities for girls and their families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Goal 4: Reduce child mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Map 5 Infants are 10 times more likely to die in developing than in developed countries . . . 28 Goal 5: Improve maternal health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Map 6 In countries with poor reproductive health care, each pregnancy adds to the risk of maternal death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Map 7 Tuberculosis remains a major problem in Sub-Saharan Africa and many parts of Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Map 8 Lack of access to a safe, convenient water source increases the risk of disease and burdens women and children with fetching water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Map 9 Aid flows from OECD countries remain an important source of development assistance in many developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CONTENTS 1 Acknowledgments This report is based on the 2010 Global Monitor- Masako Hiraga, and Sulekha Patel prepared the ing Report and the World Development Indicators. statistical material. The Global Monitoring Report It was produced by the Development Economics is a joint product of the World Bank and the Inter- Prospects Group and the Development Econom- national Monetary Fund. Sachin Shahria (a mem- ics Data Group of the World Bank in collabora- ber of the GMR core team) coordinated the GMR tion with the Office of the Publisher. Guidance was inputs to this report. The development, design, and provided by Justin Lin, Senior Vice President and production team, led by Santiago Pombo, included Chief Economist, and Caroline Anstey, Vice Presi- Stephen McGroarty, Aziz Gokdemir, and Denise dent for External Affairs. Hans Timmer, Direc- Bergeron. Shana Wagger prepared the eAtlas User's tor, Development Prospects Group; Shaida Badiee, Guide. Bill Pragluski of Critical Stages created Director, Development Data Group; and Carlos the cover. Typesetting services were provided by Rossel, Publisher of the World Bank, provided sup- Jim Taylor of BMW&W. Jeff Lecksell prepared the port and advice throughout. The lead authors were maps. Paul Holtz was the principal editor. Delfin Go and Eric Swanson. Uranbileg Batjargal, About the data Income and regional groupings For analytical purposes, the World Bank classifies countries by gross national income (GNI) per capita (calculated using the World Bank Atlas method). Every economy is classified as low income, middle income (subdivided into lower middle and upper middle), or high income. Low- and middle- income economies are sometimes referred to as developing economies, but this is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Countries are also classified by regions. The country composition of regions is based on the World Bank's analytical regions and may differ from common geographic usage. The aggregate measures for regions include only low- and middle-income economies. High-income economies are included in a single, high-income aggregate regardless of their geographic location. In this report, income classifications are determined by 2009 GNI per capita. The income group- ings are Low income $995 or less Upper middle income $3,946­$12,195 Lower middle income $996­$3,945 High income $12,196 or more Data sources The data in this report come from the World Development Indicators (WDI) database, which is accessible at http://data.worldbank.org. The data are also available in the World Bank eAtlas of the Millennium Development Goals (http://www.worldbank.org/mdgs), where users can create maps, charts, and tables from more than 100 development indicators. There are many sources for the data compiled in the WDI database. Some come from reports by World Bank staff, but many come from other international organizations with which the World Bank exchanges data. More information about the data is available in the World Development Indica- tors (http://bit.ly/WDI2010), published annually by the World Bank, which includes definitions and sources for all published indicators. The same information is available at http://data.worldbank.org. In addition the United Nations MDG database (http://mdgs.un.org) provides authoritative informa- tion on the sources and definitions of all official MDG indicators. 2 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Foreword The Millennium Development Goals provide the poorest. The recovery now underway is a multidimensional framework for attacking fragile and likely to be uneven. We know from poverty in a world of multipolar growth. By past crises that the harm to human develop- focusing on measurable results, they provide ment during bad times cuts far deeper than a scorecard for assessing progress toward the gains during upswings. Under these condi- mutually agreed targets. And by enlisting the tions, it is especially important to protect the support of national governments, interna- gains to date and press ahead with actions for tional agencies, and civil society in a develop- further progress to achieve the MDGs. ment partnership, they have brought greater However difficult it may be to achieve all coherence to the global development effort. of the goals in every country of the world, it In this way they take us beyond the old, sterile is important to report on progress clearly and opposition of "developed" and "developing" realistically, using the best available data. That or "north" and "south." The evidence from is what this little book does. In maps, charts, the last 20 years, documented in the statisti- statistics, and text, it shows the achievements cal record of the MDGs, is that where condi- of the past 10 years and the challenges ahead. tions and policies are right for growth with It also provides an assessment of the impact equity, rapid and sustainable progress toward of the recent financial and economic crisis improving the lives of the poorest people can and its lingering effects on the prospects for take place. Not every country will achieve the achieving the MDGs. global MDG targets in the time allowed. Suc- The material presented here has been cess has not been distributed evenly and there drawn from two of the World Bank's flag- have been serious setbacks. Some countries ship publications, the Global Monitoring are still burdened by legacies of bad policies, Report and the World Development Indica- institutional failures, and civil and interna- tors. Drawing on the international statistical tional conflict. For them, progress toward the record and the findings of researchers across MDGs has been delayed, but the examples the globe, it is literally the product of thou- of good progress by others point the way for sands upon thousands who share our passion their eventual success. for fighting poverty. I wish to thank everyone Five years from the target date of the who has contributed to this effort and renew MDGs, a new cloud of uncertainty shadows our commitment to its success. developing countries' efforts. We have experi- enced a historic financial and economic crisis, Justin Yifu Lin which began in the richest economies of the Senior Vice President and Chief Economist world and now threatens to slow progress in The World Bank FOREWORD 3 User's Guide to the World Bank eAtlas Figure 1 The World Bank eAtlas, this book's online · The world map shows your indicator (by companion, lets you map the indicators that default, showing the most recent year). measure progress on the eight MDGs. Mouse over to see country name and data. · The indicator name and year (above the Easy navigation from the home page, map) are linked to the definition and source accessible via www.worldbank.org/mdgs information. (figure 1) · Ranking table with country data (bottom · Use the right-hand panel to select and read right panel) toggles from table to chart. about goals and targets and see related · A time series chart (bottom) is created. indicators. (When you make a selection, a description appears, and the right-hand Changing and viewing countries and panel refreshes.) regions (figure 2) · Use the search box (top right) to search for any · View and zoom to countries and regions: word in an indicator title (e.g., malnutrition). Click the map or any country or region · Use indicator (top left) to drill quickly from name in the ranking table to zoom, or goal to target to indicator. Use Countries/Regions (above the map) · Use view (top left) to choose one map (stan- to select a country or region, or dard) or two maps (comparative). Use Locations (above the map) to select a · Wherever you start, selecting view or a specific country or region. indicator launches the mapping application. · Each time you choose a country (or region), it is added to the time series chart (bottom). Mapping basics (figure 2) given more context (top right panel). Once you have selected a view or your indica- · Restore the full world map view using the tor, the mapping application launches. inset map at the top. 4 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs of the Millennium Development Goals Figure 2 Changing years, colors, intervals, and more Using the time series chart (figure 2) (figure 2) · When you select a country or region, time · Use Periods (above the map) to see and select series for your selected indicator appear on from all available years for your indicator. the chart (bottom); the country name and · Use Options (above the map) to change col- the indicator's value and date are shown ors and intervals. when you mouse over. · Use Locations (above the map) to select a · Check the Display world box to see avail- region, including geographical and income able aggregate data. regions, or a country. · Use the Play button below the chart to dynamically map the time series for your indi- Comparing maps and data (figure 2) cator. As the map changes for each year, the · Select the Comparative mode in view to see ranking table and other information refresh. two maps. Exporting, importing, bookmarking, · Use Indicators, Periods, Options, and and more (figures 1 and 2) Locations (above each map) to select what you want to compare, including indicators, · Use Export (top left) to export your selec- years, country, and region. tions as various image or data files. · Select the Standard mode in view to return · Other features, such as Import, Bookmark, to one map with all features. and Share, will be available (top left) and can be used with your own login. USER'S GUIDE 5 Building on progress and responding to crisis Poverty--and hunger and disease--have Over the past decade, tremendous global always been with us, but the will to eradicate progress has been made on the MDGs, under- poverty in all its forms is new. In 2000, the pinned by rapid economic growth and good Millennium Declaration committed rich and policies in all regions and many countries. developing countries to working in partner- The global financial crisis that hit in 2008 dis- ship to achieve a set of critical development rupted those vigorous trends. But low-income outcomes. Those commitments are embodied countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, in the eight Millennium Development Goals have done relatively well during the crisis (MDGs) for 2015, supported by 18 quantified thanks to strong economic and policy posi- targets and 60 indicators measuring progress tions, and developing countries as a whole are since 1990. The MDGs do not and cannot recovering better than expected. capture all dimensions of development, but Still, the crisis will slow progress on the despite their limitations, they are a milestone MDGs for many years. The impressive pre- in international cooperation and development crisis achievements in economic growth and efforts, calling attention to the enormous poverty reduction will not be matched for challenges facing developing countries and some time, and postcrisis deviations in MDG galvanizing governments, donors, civil soci- progress from precrisis trends will persist ety, private agencies, and the media to sup- for at least a decade. Moreover, the recovery port human development. in many developing countries has relied on The fi rst seven MDGs focus on eradicat- enormous increases in government spending, ing poverty and hunger; achieving universal with fiscal deficits reaching nearly 3 percent primary education; promoting gender equality of GDP in 2009 and expected to remain high and empowering women; reducing child mor- in 2010. Borrowing from international finan- tality; improving maternal health; combating cial institutions has also increased. Financial HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; and market conditions for developing countries are ensuring environmental sustainability. The improving and capital flows are returning, but eighth MDG commits developing and devel- no major improvements are expected in 2010. oped countries to a global partnership for And in most countries, near-term growth will development, encompassing aid, trade, debt likely not be strong enough to undo the dam- relief, and access to new technologies. age caused in 2009. 6 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs If the recovery slows and old patterns of strong, even in Sub-Saharan Africa. Good policy failures, institutional breakdowns, and progress was also made on achieving universal growth collapses emerge, history shows that primary education, eliminating gender dispari- the adverse impacts on human development-- ties in primary and secondary education, and especially for women and children--will be increasing access to safe drinking water. As a devastating. So this is no time for compla- result, many countries have achieved or are cency. International financial institutions and likely to achieve the MDG targets set for 2015 the international community have responded in these areas. Progress on other MDGs-- quickly and strongly to the crisis but need to especially those related to health--has been do more to help developing countries regain less encouraging. their momentum in achieving the MDGs. To The fi rst MDG target--halving the share do so, developing countries require policy of people living in extreme poverty--is within reforms, increased aid and trade access, and reach at the global level and in four of the six sustainable support from international finan- developing regions. Rapid growth in East Asia cial institutions. and the Pacific and falling poverty in South With only five years left before the MDG Asia, the two regions with the most people deadline, there is an urgent need to intensify living in extreme poverty, account for most of efforts on all the goals and their associated this remarkable achievement. targets. Special efforts are needed to increase Progress has been less consistent at the investment in girls and women across the country level. Part of the reason is that the pace globe--particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, of progress is inversely related to initial condi- where 38 percent of the population, or 366 tions, so countries at low starting points had million people, will continue to be in extreme much farther to go to achieve the goals. While poverty (defined as living on less than $1.25 a the extent to which countries are on track day in 2005 prices) in 2015. to achieve the MDGs by 2015 varies widely, recent improvements have been widespread. Global progress But so too have been the losses caused by the With the acceleration of economic growth crisis-induced interruption in progress. in many developing countries since the Among 85 countries with available data, 46 late 1990s, human development indicators are on track to halve extreme poverty by 2015. improved significantly before the crisis hit. These countries contain 48 percent of the peo- Progress on reducing poverty was especially ple in the developing world. But 40 percent live Countries' progress toward the Millennium Development Goals Proportion of countries making 100 progress toward MDGs (%) 75 50 25 0 ­25 ­50 ­75 ­100 MDG 1.a MDG 2 MDG 3 MDG 3 MDG 4 MDG 5 MDG 7.c MDG 7.c Extreme Primary Gender parity Gender parity Child Attended Access to Access to poverty education in primary in secondary mortality births safe water sanitation completion education education Reached target On track Off track Source: World Bank staff estimates. Seriously off track Insufficient data BUILDING ON PROGRESS AND RESPONDING TO CRISIS 7 in countries that are off track or seriously off the 55 countries with data have halved child track. Another 12 percent live in 59 countries malnutrition or are on track to do so. lacking sufficient data to assess progress. Progress on improving sanitation has been The human development MDGs describe much slower--indeed, some of the slowest a compelling plan of action: educate children, progress among the MDG targets. Only 16 empower women, reduce child and maternal percent of people in developing countries live mortality, and alleviate epidemic diseases. In in countries that have halved the share of peo- absolute terms, impressive achievements have ple lacking sustainable access to basic sanita- been made. Since 2000, about 37 million more tion, and only one in five countries has done children have attended and completed pri- so. Nearly 7 in 10 countries are off track or mary school. In 2008, about 83 percent of the seriously off track on this target. world's children received one dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday through routine Inside the global averages health services--up from 72 percent in 2000. Demographic change and economic growth And the number of children dying before age are altering the structure of the developing 5 has fallen from more than 10 million a year world. In 1990, there were 4.1 billion people to 8.8 million. in developing countries, with three-quarters The most progress has been made on the in countries classified as low-income. In 2008 targets for primary school attendance, gender the population of developing countries was 5.6 equality in primary and secondary school, and billion, with two-thirds (3.7 billion) in lower- access to safe drinking water: middle-income countries. This massive shift reflects China's and India's advance from low- · Seven of 10 people in developing countries income to lower-middle-income status. Today live in countries that have attained univer- 43 low-income countries contain just under 1 sal primary education or are on track to do billion people, while 46 upper-middle-income so by 2015. But only two in five developing countries contain about 950 million and a sim- countries will do so--and more than one in ilar number live in high-income countries.* three is off track or seriously off track. Progress on the MDGs has been particularly · Four of five people in developing countries slow in low-income countries. This is not sur- live in countries that have attained or are prising given that this group is dominated by likely to attain gender equality in primary fragile states, with many afflicted by conflict. and secondary education by 2015. Some 81 Except for achieving gender equality in primary of 144 countries have achieved this target, education (61 percent of low-income countries and 10 more are on track to do so. are expected to do so by 2015, but only 30 per- · Seven of 10 people in developing countries cent in secondary education) and halving the live in countries that have halved the share share of people without access to safe drinking of people without sustainable access to safe water (35 percent of low-income countries are drinking water, though more than half of expected to reach this target), less than 20 per- developing countries have not achieved this cent of low-income countries have reached or target. are on track to achieve the MDGs. Lower-middle-income countries have done Progress has been slower in reducing child much better, though they still face serious mortality and malnutrition. Some 45 percent of challenges. A third are expected to achieve the people in developing countries live in countries poverty reduction target, and 38 percent have that have reduced or are on track to reduce the attained universal primary school comple- under-5 mortality rate by two-thirds, but 56 tion, with another 7 percent on track to do so. percent live in the 102 of 144 countries that *See "About the data" (page 2) for an explanation of are unlikely to attain this target. Only 25 of the World Bank's country classifications. 8 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Fragile states have made the least progress toward the MDGs 100 Progress toward goal 80 to date (%) 60 40 20 0 MDG 1.a MDG 2 MDG 3 MDG 3 MDG 4 MDG 7.c MDG 7.c Extreme Primary Gender parity Gender parity Child mortality Access to Access to poverty education in primary in secondary under 5 safe water sanitation completion education education middle-income countries low-income countries fragile states Source: World Bank staff calculations from the World Development Indicators database. Note: Most recent data as of 2009. Two-thirds of lower-middle-income countries mented reforms later and so benefited later have attained or are expected to attain gender from accelerating income growth. equality in secondary schools. And 43 per- cent are expected to achieve the safe drinking The impact of the global financial crisis water target. Two areas where lower-middle- The global financial crisis that hit in 2008 income countries have done poorly are child worsened in 2009. Though signs of recov- mortality and sanitation access, with 7 of 10 ery are emerging, considerable efforts will countries not expected to attain the goal for be needed to restore and achieve progress on reducing child mortality and 2 of 3 the target many MDGs. for sanitation. Many of these countries have During past cycles of accelerations and large concentrations of poverty, reflecting decelerations of economic growth, deterio- high income inequality. rations in bad times have been much greater Progress has been fastest among upper- than improvements in good times--especially middle-income countries, but they face the for human development indicators. For exam- challenge of reaching truly advanced lev- ple, life expectancy is 2 years higher than its els. For example, child mortality rates in long-term trend during sustained expansions in growth and 6.5 years lower during reces- upper-middle-income countries averaged 47 sions. Infant mortality is lower by 8 per 1,000 per 1,000 in 1990 (four times the average in live births during expansions and higher by high-income countries) and have fallen to 24 24 per 1,000 during recessions. The primary (compared with 7 in high-income countries). A school completion rate is 4 percentage points two-thirds reduction would require that rate higher during expansions and 25 points lower to fall to 16. Still, a majority of these countries during recessions. But recovery from the cur- are expected to attain most of the MDGs. rent crisis is uncertain and likely to be uneven, Among regions, Sub-Saharan Africa lags and the data needed to assess its impact on on all the MDGs, including poverty reduction. development indicators will not be available But that is only half the story, because the for at least two years. region has made progress. Progress has taken The economic and social impacts of the longer because Sub-Saharan Africa began financial crisis would have been far worse more slowly than other regions and from if not for the effective, often extraordinary a lower starting point. In addition, it imple- policy responses adopted by many countries. BUILDING ON PROGRESS AND RESPONDING TO CRISIS 9 The crisis was also mitigated by swift and sig- effects of the crisis and are recovering more nificant assistance from international financial slowly. institutions and regional development banks. Thus, continued urgent and exceptional Moreover, developments in the period lead- responses are needed to halt the slipping prog- ing up to the crisis enabled many developing ress on many MDGs. Success will depend countries to help offset its effects on MDG on further reforms by developing countries, progress. Unlike in past crises, most develop- increased trade access to advanced economies, ing countries encountered this one with better and continued and sustained support from economic policies and social protection mech- donors and international financial institutions. anisms, stronger institutions, and lower debt. Timely, well-designed cash transfer programs Social spending has remained strong in Latin increase household incomes and help girls and America and the Caribbean, and in Europe boys stay in school. To beat major diseases and and Central Asia--the hardest hit of develop- reduce maternal mortality, a holistic approach ing regions--some countries focused spending should be taken to strengthening health sys- cuts on sectors with excess capacity, increasing tems. Some MDGs will not be achieved by long-term efficiency and limiting the welfare 2015, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, but impact of the cuts. many were ambitious to start with. And that Several Sub-Saharan countries with pov- ambition fueled much of the striking progress erty reduction strategies have been able to over the past decade. protect social spending, and countries such Though there are signs of recovery from as the Philippines and the Republic of Yemen the crisis, the damage it has caused to devel- have expanded existing or planned safety net oping countries, especially in Sub-Saharan programs in response to the crisis. Still, low- Africa, will be long lasting. And if the recov- income countries were more vulnerable to the ery weakens and developing countries suffer Human development indicators fall more in recessions than they gain in expansions 8 a. Life expectancy at birth 50 b. Mortality rate 6 40 deaths, thousands 30 years gained/lost 4 2 20 10 0 0 ­2 ­10 ­4 ­20 ­30 ­6 ­40 ­8 ­50 women men total infant mortality child mortality under 5 growth acceleration growth deceleration (per 1,000 live births) (per 1,000) growth acceleration growth deceleration 30 c. Primary completion rate 45 d. Gender equality, ratio of girls to boys percentage point change percentage point change 35 20 25 10 15 5 0 ­5 ­10 ­15 ­25 ­20 ­35 ­30 ­45 girls boys total primary secondary tertiary growth acceleration growth deceleration enrollment enrollment enrollment growth acceleration growth deceleration Source: World Bank staff calculations based on data from the World Development Indicators database. Note: The panels show differences of averages during growth accelerations and decelerations from overall averages; averages are statistically different at the 1% level. 10 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs policy reversals--cutting trade, eliminating people will not be able to lift themselves out safety nets, and allowing inflation to return-- of poverty. the impacts on human development outcomes To mitigate the effects of the crisis, efforts could be horrific. To meet the MDGs, the in all countries--rich and poor--should focus developing world must revive its growth and on achieving inclusive and sustainable global reinforce its resilience to global economic vol- growth, maintaining and expanding open atility by rebuilding fiscal policy buffers and international trade and financial systems, and strengthening social safety nets--the first line fostering private sector development. Sus- of defense against shocks to poor people. Core tained support from the international commu- spending on health, education, and infrastruc- nity will be essential to helping governments ture must also be protected against economic restore trust, build legitimacy, and deliver downturns. Still, if growth in developing basic services to their people. As part of this countries is lower than expected over the next effort, high-income countries must deliver on decade, it will exacerbate the slowed progress their aid commitments. on the MDGs caused by the crisis. The World Bank Group is dedicated to help- The financial crises of the late 1990s showed ing countries achieve--and reach beyond--the that continued progress on the MDGs is pos- MDGs. Drawing on its comparative advan- sible despite major challenges. The next five tages, the Bank is supporting critical pro- years offer the same opportunity. A dynamic, grams and providing technical assistance. It resilient global economy, powered by strong is also helping countries mobilize and leverage and sustainable growth on many fronts, is a domestic and international resources in new prerequisite for mobilizing the resources and and innovative ways from both the private generating the jobs and prospects needed to and the public sectors. With committed efforts achieve the MDGs. Regaining momentum on from the many partners engaged in advancing the MDGs will also require ambitious efforts development, developing countries can learn to improve access to health, education, and from past experiences, seize emerging oppor- basic infrastructure--particularly for the most tunities, and build a future that delivers the disadvantaged groups--without which poor promise offered by the MDGs. Effects of crisis on MDG progress MDG 2: Primary completion rate MDG 3: Ratio of girls to boys in primary 96 98 and secondary school 94 97 92 percent percent 90 96 88 95 86 84 94 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 MDG 4: Under-5 mortality rate MDG 7: Proportion of population without 75 17 access to an improved water source deaths per 1,000 73 15 13 percent 71 11 69 9 67 7 65 5 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 low-growth postcrisis precrisis Source: World Bank staff calculations. BUILDING ON PROGRESS AND RESPONDING TO CRISIS 11 MAP 1 The economic and financial crisis slowed or reversed growth in every region GDP real growth rate: Greenland % change (2009) (Den) < ­6 ­6 < ­3 ­3 <0 Canada 0 <3 3 <7 7 no data United States Bermuda (UK) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay This map was produced by the and Nevis Argentina Netherlands Dominica Map Design Unit of The World Bank. Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) Antilles (Neth) The boundaries, colors, denominations St. Vincent and St. Lucia and any other information shown on Aruba (Neth) The Grenadines Barbados this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment Grenada on the legal status of any territory, or Trinidad any endorsement or acceptance of and Tobago such boundaries. R.B. de Venezuela Antarctica Source: World Economic Outlook database. 12 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 37846 MAY 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Congo Kenya Singapore Nauru São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Rwanda Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica BUILDING ON PROGRESS AND RESPONDING TO CRISIS 13 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Goal 1 See pp. 4­5 for more information about the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Reducing poverty and hunger and increas- Moreover, the number of people living on ing employment are intrinsic components of less than $1.25 a day in developing countries development efforts. Indeed, they are among fell from 1.8 billion in 1990 to 1.4 billion in the first things that come to mind when 2005--from 42 percent of the population to assessing any country's prospects for pros- 25 percent--largely due to progress in China perity. Accordingly, this fi rst MDG focuses and India. By 2015, the global rate of extreme on the need for action on all three. poverty is expected to be 15 percent. Economic growth is a key driver in reduc- ing poverty, and GDP growth in develop- Reduced poverty--a global bright spot ing countries is projected to accelerate to When the crisis hit, poverty rates were falling 6.3 percent in 2010, up from 2.3 percent in rapidly in many countries, especially in East 2009. Poverty will continue to fall after the Asia and the Pacific and in South Asia. Since crisis, but more slowly. In 2015, the global 1990, global poverty had fallen 40 percent, poverty rate would have been 14.1 percent with poverty in East Asia dropping from 55 were it not for the crisis; instead it is pro- percent in 1990 to 17 percent in 2005. Sub- jected to be 15 percent. The crisis will cause Saharan Africa had also seen rapid declines 53 million fewer people to have escaped in poverty levels since the late 1990s, though poverty by 2015, including 20 million in it is the largest region that will not achieve Sub-Saharan Africa. Still, the number of the MDG target of halving extreme poverty people in extreme poverty is expected to by 2015. fall to about 900 million in 2015 even as the Progress in reducing poverty All regions but Sub-Saharan Africa are on track to reach the poverty reduction target 100 60 Proportion of countries making progress toward reducing extreme poverty (%) Sub-Saharan Africa 50 People living on less than 0 40 $1.25 a day (%) South Asia 50 East Asia & Pacific 100 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- 20 Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Middle East & Latin America & Caribbean North Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Europe & Central Asia Reached target On track Off track Seriously off track 0 Insufficient data 1990 1999 2005 2015 Source: World Bank staff estimates. Source: World Bank staff calculations. 14 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs population in developing countries rises to malnutrition. The United Nations Food and 5.8 billion. Agriculture Organization estimates that the number of people suffering from food insecu- rity--not consuming enough food calories to Achieving full and productive meet average daily energy needs--rose from employment--an ongoing challenge 842 million in 1990­92 to more than 1 bil- Progress on full and productive employ- lion in 2009. ment, especially for women, was lacking even Malnutrition is caused by a combination of before the crisis. Maintaining full employ- insufficient food consumption, lack of vitamins ment is important for sustainable growth and and minerals, and disease. Reducing malnutri- income generation, and increasing produc- tion among children is essential to achieving tivity is key to raising incomes and reducing other MDGs, including education for all and poverty. Underemployment is high in infor- reductions in child and maternal mortality. mal sectors, and subsistence activities in rural Malnourished children are less likely to attend areas are hard to measure. Employment lev- school and may suffer learning deficits. Mal- els for women have consistently been lower nutrition is a contributing factor in more than than for men, particularly in the Middle one-half of deaths in young children, and mal- East and North Africa and South Asia. Still, nutrition during pregnancy accounts for more female employment has increased since 1991 than a fifth of maternal deaths. in Latin America and the Caribbean and the The share of children under 5 who are Middle East and North Africa. underweight in developing countries fell from 31 percent in 1990 to 24 percent in 2008, a much slower pace than needed. Progress has Fighting hunger--crises create been slowest in South Asia and Sub-Saharan complications Africa, where moderate to severe stunting The developing world is not on track to halve affects more than 140 million children. Chil- the proportion of people suffering from hun- dren in the poorest households are more than ger by 2015. Moreover, the recent food crisis twice as likely to be underweight as those in complicated progress on fighting hunger and the richest. The number of people living in extreme poverty Child malnutrition rates remain high in South Asia has been falling since 1990 and Sub-Saharan Africa Proportion of children under age 5 6 50 above and below $1.25 poverty line (billions) Number of people in developing countries underweight for age (%) 5 40 People above the $2 a day poverty line 4 30 3 20 10 2 People between $1.25 and { People below $1.25 $2 a day poverty lines a day poverty line 0 1 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa 0 Africa 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2010 2015 East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa 2000 2008 South Asia Other regions Source: United Nations Children's Fund and World Health Source: World Bank staff calculations. Organization. GOAL 1: ERADICATE EX TREME POVERT Y AND HUNGER 15 MAP 2 Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest poverty rates, but more people in East and South Asia live in extreme poverty Poverty rate: Greenland Share of population living on less than $1.25 a day, % (2005) (Den) <2 2­9.9 10­24.9 Canada 25­49.9 50 no data United States Bermuda (UK) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) This map was produced by the St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay and Nevis Argentina Map Design Unit of The World Bank. Netherlands Dominica The boundaries, colors, denominations Antilles (Neth) Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) and any other information shown on St. Lucia Aruba St. Vincent and this map do not imply, on the part of (Neth) The Grenadines Barbados The World Bank Group, any judgment Grenada on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of Trinidad such boundaries. and Tobago R.B. de Venezuela Antarctica Source: World Bank staff calculations. 16 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 37843 MAY 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Kenya São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Nauru Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica GOAL 1: ERADICATE EX TREME POVERT Y AND HUNGER 17 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Goal 2 See pp. 4­5 for more information about the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs Achieve universal primary education More than 20 years ago the world commu- students may be unable to complete primary nity committed itself to providing at least school by 2015. a primary school education to every child. Ensuring that all children receive a good qual- Progress toward primary education ity education is the foundation of sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Educa- According to available data, 50 develop- tion accelerates progress in other areas such ing countries have achieved universal pri- as poverty, gender equality, and child and mary education and 7 more are on track to maternal health. When women are educated do so. Countries in Europe and Central Asia and empowered, their fertility rate is likely to and Latin America and the Caribbean have be lower, and their children are less likely to been most successful in reaching the target. suffer from malnutrition or die before their The recent increase in enrollment rates in fifth birthday. When the head of household is Sub-Saharan Africa--despite rapid popula- educated, the poverty level for the household tion growth--is encouraging. But 38 coun- is lower. tries, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, are seri- Progress toward the goal of universal pri- ously off track and unlikely to achieve the mary education was slow in the least devel- full-enrollment target. oped countries but has accelerated since In 2007, the primary school comple- 2000. But in periods of economic crisis, fam- tion rate reached 87 percent for develop- ilies sometimes choose to remove children ing countries: 92 percent for middle-income from school because they cannot afford the countries but just 67 percent for low-income cost of schooling or they need their children's ones. That means that some 70 million labor. Because of the current crisis, 350,000 children worldwide were not enrolled in Progress toward universal primary education To reach the goal of universal primary education, children must remain in school East Asia & Pacific reach the last grade of primary education (%) 100 Latin America & Caribbean Proportion of students starting grade 1 who 100 Proportion of countries making progress toward universal primary education (%) 50 Europe & Central Asia 90 Middle East & North Africa 0 80 South Asia ­50 70 ­100 60 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Sub-Saharan Africa Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa 50 Africa Reached target On track 40 Off track Seriously off track 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Insufficient data Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Source: World Bank staff estimates. Organization Institute for Statistics. 18 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs primary school--and about half will receive threatens the ability of both governments no formal education. Not all households are and parents to invest in education. Develop- affected to the same extent. Poor children are ing countries therefore need to give priority less likely to be enrolled in school, but in the to those education expenditures that have the poorest countries large numbers of children highest expected returns and to protect the in wealthier households are also not enrolled. most vulnerable and disadvantaged parts of During an economic crisis, urban households the population. may suffer more than rural households from unemployment and reduced earnings, forcing The literacy challenge cuts in their children's education. Literacy comes closest to a general measure of the quality of education outcomes. Across Keeping children in school developing countries, youth literacy is higher For children to complete primary school, than adult literacy--a result of expanded they must be enrolled. Although enroll- access to formal schooling. The United ments in grade 1 have been increasing, in Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural some developing countries, less than 60 per- Organization defines literacy as the ability to cent of primary school pupils who enroll in read and write with understanding a short, fi rst grade reach the last grade of schooling. simple sentence about everyday life. In many Children drop out of primary school because countries, national assessments are enabling their families do not recognize the value of ministries of education to monitor prog- education. Many things discourage chil- ress on literacy. But approaches differ, and dren and their parents: absent or indifferent in some places literacy is assessed by school teachers, inadequate or dangerous facilities, attendance or self-reporting instead of formal and demand for children's labor at home or testing. at work. Enrolling all children and keeping Dramatic improvements in youth literacy them in school will require ongoing reforms have occurred in the Middle East and North and increased investment. Conditional cash Africa and South Asia. But in every region transfers, scholarships, and school feeding except Latin America and the Caribbean, programs are effective ways of encouraging boys are more literate than girls--with the poor households to invest in their children. starkest differences in South Asia and Sub- But the current global economic downturn Saharan Africa. Youth literacy is on the rise . . . . . . but in most regions girls lag boys 100 100 Youth literacy rate, 2008 (%) Youth literacy rate (%) 80 80 60 60 40 40 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Africa 1990 2008 Female Male Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics. Organization Institute for Statistics. GOAL 2: ACHIE VE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION 19 MAP 3 Millions of children either never attend or fail to complete primary school Primary completion rate: Greenland % of relevant age group (2004­09) (Den) <50 50­69 70­84 Canada 85­94 95 no data United States Bermuda (UK) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay This map was produced by the and Nevis Argentina Map Design Unit of The World Bank. Netherlands Dominica Antilles (Neth) Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on St. Vincent and St. Lucia Aruba this map do not imply, on the part of (Neth) The Grenadines Barbados The World Bank Group, any judgment Grenada on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of Trinidad and Tobago such boundaries. R.B. de Venezuela Antarctica Source: World Development Indicators. 20 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 37848 MAY 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Kenya São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Nauru Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica GOAL 2: ACHIE VE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION 21 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Goal 3 See pp. 4­5 for more information about the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs Promote gender equality and empower women Promoting gender equality and empowering those in high-income countries, and those in women are important in their own right and lower-middle-income countries are nearing because they foster progress toward other equity. But gender gaps remain large in low- MDG targets, such as those for reducing pov- income countries, especially at the primary erty, hunger, and disease and improving access and secondary levels. Girls in poor house- to education. When women make decisions, holds and rural areas are least likely to be household resources tend to be shared more enrolled in school. Cultural attitudes and equitably. And educated women are better able practices also pose formidable obstacles to to care for children and more likely to send gender parity. their children to school. But progress toward Despite these challenges, developing coun- the gender parity targets has been uneven, and tries have made progress toward gender par- the current crisis has made achieving the tar- ity in education. Two-thirds achieved gender gets more difficult because women are more parity in primary education by 2005, and vulnerable, particularly in poor countries. more girls than ever before are completing primary school. Today 64 developing coun- tries, many in Europe and Central Asia and Progress toward gender parity in Latin America and the Caribbean, have education achieved gender parity in primary school, Education opportunities for girls have and 21 more are on track to do so by 2015. expanded since 1990. Enrollment patterns in But 22 countries remain seriously off track-- upper-middle-income countries now resemble mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Progress toward gender parity in primary Progress toward gender parity in secondary education education toward gender parity in primary education (%) toward gender parity in secondary education (%) 100 100 Proportion of countries making progress Proportion of countries making progress 50 50 0 0 ­50 ­50 ­100 ­100 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Africa Reached target On track Reached target On track Off track Seriously off track Off track Seriously off track Insufficient data Insufficient data Source: World Bank staff estimates. Source: World Bank staff estimates. 22 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs In most developing regions, progress toward wage and salaried employment in all regions gender parity has been faster in secondary except Europe and Central Asia and Latin than in primary schools: 71 countries have America and the Caribbean. Women are also achieved gender parity, and another 14 are on segregated to lower-paid employment. And track. Again, Europe and Central Asia and in sectors where women dominate, such as Latin America and the Caribbean have made health care, they rarely hold upper-level man- the most progress. But 29 countries, more than agement jobs. two-thirds of them in Sub-Saharan Africa, are seriously off track and unlikely to achieve par- Women in government ity if current trends continue. Still, the global target of gender parity in primary and second- The proportion of parliamentary seats held ary education could be achieved by 2015. by women has increased steadily over the Underlying these statistics is a disturbing past two decades. Rwanda is furthest ahead, pattern. In Latin America and the Caribbean, making history in 2008 when its elections for example, 24 of 30 countries have reached led to women holding 56 percent of parlia- the target at the secondary level, while only mentary seats. Worldwide, more women are 15 have reached the target or are on track to entering positions of political leadership. In do so at the primary level. This implies that March 2009, 15 women were heads of state, boys are leaving secondary school in dispro- up from 9 in 2000. In Latin America and portionate numbers--not a good solution to the Caribbean, the Middle East and North achieving gender parity. Africa, and South Asia, women's represen- tation in parliament rose 30 ­50 percent between 1990 and 2009. Women in the Mid- Where and how women work dle East and North Africa made substantial Women's share in nonagricultural paid gains but still hold less than 10 percent of employment has risen marginally in some parliamentary seats--the smallest share regions but remains below 20 percent in the among all regions. Latin America and the Middle East and North Africa and South Caribbean is in the lead, with women hold- Asia. There are more men than women in ing 23 percent of seats. Women's share in nonagricultural work has barely Women's political representation is growing changed 50 Europe & Central Asia 25 Proportion of seats held by women in High income Proportion of women employed in Latin America & Caribbean 20 East Asia 40 nonagricultural sector (%) national parliaments (%) & Pacific East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan 30 15 Latin America Africa & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa 10 Europe & Central Asia 20 South Asia South Asia 10 5 Middle East & North Africa 0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Source: International Labour Organization. Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union. GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN 23 MAP 4 Education increases opportunities for girls and their families Gender equality rate: Greenland Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education, % (2005­09) (Den) <80 80­89 90­97 Canada 98­100 101 no data United States Bermuda (UK) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay and Nevis Argentina This map was produced by the Netherlands Dominica Map Design Unit of The World Bank. Antilles (Neth) Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) The boundaries, colors, denominations St. Lucia Aruba St. Vincent and and any other information shown on (Neth) The Grenadines Barbados this map do not imply, on the part of Grenada The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or Trinidad any endorsement or acceptance of and Tobago R.B. de Venezuela such boundaries. Antarctica Source: World Development Indicators. 24 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 37850 MAY 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Kenya São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Nauru Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN 25 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Goal 4 See pp. 4­5 for more information about the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs Reduce child mortality Deaths of children under age 5 have been 1 child in 13 dies before reaching age 5, but declining since 1990. In 2006, for the fi rst progress remains well short of the MDG time, the number of children who died target. These two regions remain overriding before their 5th birthday fell below 10 mil- priorities for child survival interventions such lion. Child mortality in developing countries as immunizations, exclusive breastfeeding, dropped more than 25 percent between 1990 and insecticide-treated bednets. Better poli- and 2008, from 101 per 1,000 live births cies and targeted interventions could reduce to 73. Though this progress is impressive, it the deaths of 3 million infants a year in Sub- will be insufficient to meet the fourth MDG Saharan Africa, which is home to one-fifth of of reducing under-5 child mortality by two- the world's children under age 5 but accounts thirds. And with the onset of the financial for half of all child deaths. crisis, an additional 265,000 infants and 1.2 million children under age 5 may die between Progress on reducing under-5 mortality 2009 and 2015. Little progress has been made in reducing Thirty-seven developing countries have infant and child mortality in Sub-Saharan achieved or are on track to achieve the tar- Africa, where one child in seven dies before get of reducing their under-5 mortality rate the age of 5. And because of the crisis, infant by two-thirds. Two of the poorest coun- deaths in the region rose by 30,000­50,000 tries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Eritrea and in 2009 alone, nearly all of them girls. The Malawi, have made remarkable progress. odds are slightly better in South Asia, where Countries that have achieved this target now Progress toward reducing child mortality Infant mortality rates are falling 100 0 Proportion of countries making progress toward reducing child mortality (%) Reduction of infant mortality rate, 50 ­10 ­20 1990­2008 (%) 0 ­30 ­50 ­40 ­100 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan ­50 Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa ­60 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- High Reached target On track Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan income Off track Seriously off track Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Insufficient data Africa Source: World Bank staff estimates. Source: World Bank staff calculations. 26 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs account for half the population of develop- end of 2009, 23.7 million children had not ing countries. received a single dose of the measles vaccine by their first birthday, and 23.2 million chil- dren went without all three recommended Life expectancy begins at birth doses of the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and Success in reducing infant mortality--deaths pertussis) vaccine. Of the children not prop- before age 1--is a general indicator of prog- erly immunized with DPT, 16.2 million live ress on human development outcomes under in 10 countries, with the largest numbers in the MDGs, reflecting access to medicines, India and Nigeria. And according to the most health facilities, safe water and sanitation, recent World Health Organization estimates, fertility patterns, maternal health, maternal rotavirus, which causes the most common and infant nutrition, maternal and infant form of deadly childhood diarrhea, caused disease exposure, and female literacy. Infant more than 500,000 child deaths worldwide mortality is the main contributor to child in 2004. In Asia and Africa, where more than mortality, and reducing infant and child mor- 85 percent of rotavirus-related deaths occur, tality is the most effective way of increasing prevention through the newly field-tested life expectancy in developing countries. vaccine could have a substantial impact on diarrhea and child mortality. Sharp disparities in access to immuniza- The importance of immunizations tions continue to remain within countries. Immunizations, among the most important In developing countries, only 40 percent of and cost-effective public health interventions, poor children are immunized, compared have saved more than 20 million lives in the with more than 60 percent of children from past two decades and protected countless chil- wealthier households. But in some coun- dren from illness and disability. Immuniza- tries, poor people have shared in these health tions for measles--a leading cause of vaccine- improvements. In Mozambique, immuniza- preventable deaths among children--con- tion coverage rose from 58 percent in 1996 to tinue to expand worldwide. Coverage in all 77 percent in 2002. The poorest 40 percent regions now exceeds 70 percent, markedly of households were the main beneficiaries of improving child survival rates. But at the this increase. Progress toward measles immunization Measles is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in children 100 Proportion of countries making progress 100 High income Europe & Central Asia toward measles immunization (%) Measles immunization rate (%) 50 80 Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean East Asia 0 & Pacific 60 South Asia ­50 Sub-Saharan Africa 40 ­100 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan 20 Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Reached target On track 0 Off track Seriously off track 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 Insufficient data Source: United Nations Children's Fund and World Health Source: World Bank staff estimates. Organization. GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALIT Y 27 MAP 5 Infants are 10 times more likely to die in developing than in developed countries Infant mortality rate: Greenland Deaths per 1,000 live births (2008) (Den) <10 10­39 40­69 Canada 70­99 100 no data United States Bermuda (UK) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua T Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) This map was produced by the St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay Map Design Unit of The World Bank. and Nevis Argentina Netherlands Dominica The boundaries, colors, denominations Antilles (Neth) Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) and any other information shown on St. Lucia this map do not imply, on the part of Aruba St. Vincent and (Neth) The Grenadines Barbados The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or Grenada any endorsement or acceptance of Trinidad such boundaries. and Tobago R.B. de Venezuela Antarctica Source: World Development Indicators. 28 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 37845 MAY 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Congo Kenya Singapore Nauru São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Rwanda Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALIT Y 29 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Goal 5 See pp. 4­5 for more information about the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs Improve maternal health Every year hundreds of thousands of women Causes and concentrations of die from complications related to pregnancy maternity-related deaths or childbirth. Some 99 percent of these deaths occur in developing countries. And for every Causes of maternal death vary. Hemorrhage woman who dies, about 20 suffer injuries, is the leading cause in South Asia and Sub- infections, or diseases. In developing coun- Saharan Africa, while hypertensive disorders tries, pregnancy-related complications are during pregnancy and labor are more com- among the leading causes of death and dis- mon in Latin America and the Caribbean. ability for women between 15 and 49. AIDS also kills many pregnant women in But recent findings from 181 countries Africa, particularly in the south. indicate more rapid progress on reducing About half of maternity-related deaths maternal mortality than previously estimated. occur in Sub-Saharan Africa and about a Between 1980 and 2008, maternal mortality third in South Asia. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, dropped from more than 525,000 a year to the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, less than 350,000. But progress is fragile and India, and Nigeria account for a large share has varied enormously. Very few countries of maternal deaths. are on track to achieve the MDG target of The risk of death in pregnancy or child- reducing maternal mortality to three-quarters birth increases with the number of pregnan- of the 1990 level. As countries emerge from cies. In some countries in Africa, the total fer- the crisis, efforts must be upgraded to achieve tility rate exceeds six children per woman. In universal access to reproductive health care. countries with high maternal mortality ratios Progress in providing care to mothers Most deaths from complications of childbirth occur in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia 1,000 toward births attended by skilled staff (%) 100 Proportion of countries making progress Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) 800 50 600 0 400 ­50 200 ­100 0 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Africa Reached target On track 1990 2005 Off track Seriously off track Source: Estimates developed by World Health Organization, Insufficient data United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Population Fund, Source: World Bank staff estimates. and World Bank. 30 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs and high fertility rates, a woman's lifetime The proportion of pregnant women in risk of maternal death can be several hun- developing countries who had at least one dred times higher than for women in Western prenatal visit rose from 64 percent in 1990 Europe or North America. Pregnancy in ado- to 82 percent in 2008. But the share who lescence further increases the chance of dying received four or more visits is still less than during childbirth. 50 percent in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The availability of family planning services is also low and advancing slowly in Skilled care--a critical antidote both regions. Attendance by skilled health workers at deliv- ery is critical to reducing maternal mortality. Lack of contraception poses large risks In developing countries, the share of births attended by skilled health staff rose from about Contraceptive use has increased in most devel- half in 1990 to two-thirds in 2008. Countries oping countries for which data are available in Europe and Central Asia have made the and is usually accompanied by reductions in most progress in ensuring safe deliveries. Most fertility. In almost all regions, more than half have achieved universal coverage, and the rest of women who are married or in union use are on track to achieve it by 2015. some form of birth control. The exception But the overall picture remains sobering. is Sub-Saharan Africa, where contraceptive In South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, more prevalence has remained at just over 20 per- than half of births are not attended by skilled cent since 2000. staff. And averages obscure a harsh reality: More than 200 million women want to wealthy women are more than twice as likely delay or stop having children. In every coun- as the poorest to have access to skilled health try, large shares of women--more than half workers at childbirth. in some--say that their last pregnancy was Many health problems faced by pregnant unwanted or mistimed. More than a quarter women are preventable and treatable through of these pregnancies, about 52 million a year, visits with trained health workers before end in abortion. More than 1 in 10 mater- childbirth. Having at least four prenatal visits nal deaths are due to unsafe abortions, with enables women to receive important services young women especially vulnerable. Thus such as tetanus vaccinations and treatment of women in developing countries continue to infections and life-threatening complications. die for lack of contraception. The risk are higher for both mother and child Care before delivery reduces risks for mothers and when births occur frequently and at young ages children Pregnant women receiving prenatal 140 100 per 1,000 women ages 15­19) Adolescent fertility rate (births care at least four times (%) 120 80 100 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Africa 1998 2008 2000 2008 Source: United Nations Population Division. Source: United Nations Children's Fund. G OA L 5: I M P R O V E M AT E R N A L H E A LT H 31 MAP 6 In countries with poor reproductive health care, each pregnancy adds to the risk of maternal death Greenland Total fertility rate: (Den) Births per woman, 2008 5.0 or more 3.5­4.9 2.2­3.4 Canada 1.5­2.1 less than 1.5 no data United States Bermuda (UK) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay and Nevis Argentina Netherlands Dominica Antilles (Neth) Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) This map was produced by the St. Lucia Aruba St. Vincent and Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The Grenadines Barbados (Neth) The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on Grenada this map do not imply, on the part of Trinidad The World Bank Group, any judgment and Tobago R.B. de Venezuela on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Antarctica Source: World Development Indicators. 32 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 38050 AUGUST 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Kenya São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Nauru Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica G OA L 5: I M P R O V E M AT E R N A L H E A LT H 33 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Goal 6 See pp. 4­5 for more information about the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases For many reasons--including poverty, cli- 2008, there were 2.7 million new HIV infec- mate, bad policies, and inadequate services-- tions worldwide--a 17 percent decline over people in developing countries are highly sus- eight years--and 2 million AIDS-related ceptible to life-threatening diseases. Some of deaths. But the global prevalence rate of the these, such as malaria and tuberculosis, have disease has remained constant since 2000, in been eliminated or largely contained in high- line with the MDG target. HIV prevalence income countries, yet continue to kill millions in Sub-Saharan Africa has fallen, and in 14 a year in developing countries. HIV/AIDS of 17 Sub-Saharan countries with adequate remains a global pandemic. A concerted data, the share of pregnant women ages international effort against these diseases is 15­24 living with HIV/AIDS has declined starting to make inroads, but more resources since 2000. are needed. Still, troubling increases in new infections are occurring in highly populated countries in other regions, such as Indonesia, the Russian HIV/AIDS--progress and problems Federation, and some high-income countries. Worldwide, 33.4 million people were living Even more worrisome, an estimated 430,000 with HIV/AIDS in 2008. Sub-Saharan Africa children under 15 became infected with HIV contains just over one-tenth of the world's in 2008. Globally, the number of infected population but is home to two-thirds of children rose from 1.6 million in 2001 to people living with HIV/AIDS, with women 2.1 million in 2008. About 90 percent live in far more likely to be infected than men. In Sub-Saharan Africa. Two thirds of young people living with HIV/AIDS Only 42 percent of the population with HIV receive are in Sub-Saharan Africa, most of them women effective treatment 4 Population living with HIV in need HIV prevalence among people 60 antiretroviral therapy, 2006 (%) of treatment who are receiving ages 15­24, 2007 (%) 50 3 40 2 30 20 1 10 0 0 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- sia ia ca a La nia a be ca s on ric ea si As Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan fri De arib eri hA Oc A an Af gi nA st & st C m re ut rth Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Ea Ea & in A ra ng So h- No ha pi t Africa ut Sa lo So b- ve Su Male Female 2005 2008 Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization. Source: UNAIDS. 34 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs In 2008, some 17.5 million children Though malaria is endemic in most tropical worldwide had lost one or both parents to and subtropical regions, 90 percent of malaria AIDS, including 14.1 million in Sub-Saharan deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa--and Africa. A key indicator of progress in HIV/ most are among children under 5. Moreover, AIDS treatment and the situation of children children who survive malaria do not escape affected by AIDS is school attendance by unharmed. Repeated episodes of fever and orphans. Orphans and vulnerable children anemia take a toll on their mental and physi- are at higher risk of not attending school, cal development. Much progress has been living in households with low food security, made across Sub-Saharan Africa in providing and being exposed to HIV. But in many insecticide-treated bednets for children, use countries, the disparity in school attendance of which rose from 2 percent in 2000 to 20 between orphans and non-orphans appears percent in 2006. to be shrinking. Wider access to antiretroviral medicines Tuberculosis rates falling--but not has slowed deaths from AIDS, reaching fast enough almost a third of people with HIV/AIDS in developing countries. Though these medi- The number of new tuberculosis cases cines have become much more widely avail- peaked globally in 2004 and is leveling off. able in Sub-Saharan Africa, more than 60 The tuberculosis prevalence rate (cases per percent of the infected population still does 100,000 people) has fallen, but the target not have access to them. Few countries will of halving 1990 prevalence and death rates achieve the target of universal access to treat- by 2015 is unlikely to be met in all regions. ment anytime soon. Prevalence is still high in Sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asian countries appear to have returned to 1990 levels. In 2008, there were Malaria's enormous toll--and effective 11 million cases of tuberculosis globally-- responses down from 14 million in 2007. In 2008, 1.3 The World Health Organization estimates million infected people died. An estimated that in 2008 there were 250 million cases of half million people who died were also HIV malaria, leading to nearly 1 million deaths. positive. Treated bednets combat malaria but are still not Tuberculosis prevalence and mortality are falling, widely available but resistant strains remain a challenge Proportion of children sleeping under insecticide- Deaths from tuberculosis (per 100,000 people) 60 120 treated bednets in selected African countries Sub-Saharan Africa 50 100 40 80 30 60 20 40 East Asia & Pacific South Asia 10 Latin America Middle East & 0 20 & Caribbean North Africa Europe & Central Asia Malawi Tanzania Ghana Senegal Guinea- Zambia Rwanda Bissau 0 High income Earlier period (1999­2005) Later period (2005­2008) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 Source: United Nations Statistical Division. Source: World Health Organization. GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES 35 MAP 7 Tuberculosis remains a major problem in Sub-Saharan Africa and many parts of Asia Tuberculosis rate: Greenland Incidence of tuberculosis per 100,000 people (2008) (Den) <50 50­99 100­249 Canada 250­499 500 no data United States Bermuda (UK) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua T Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) This map was produced by the St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay and Nevis Argentina Map Design Unit of The World Bank. Dominica Netherlands The boundaries, colors, denominations Antilles (Neth) Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) and any other information shown on St. Lucia Aruba St. Vincent and this map do not imply, on the part of The Grenadines Barbados (Neth) The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or Grenada any endorsement or acceptance of Trinidad such boundaries. and Tobago R.B. de Venezuela Antarctica Source: World Development Indicators. 36 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 37849 MAY 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Kenya São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Nauru Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES 37 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Goal 7 See pp. 4­5 for more information about the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs Ensure environmental sustainability The 1992 Earth Summit adopted comprehen- emissions have continued to rise. As economies sive global, national, and local responses for develop, their use of energy derived from fos- every area where humans affect the environ- sil fuels increases. And despite increased energy ment. This agenda was incorporated into the efficiency, average emissions per person are Millennium Declaration along with commit- growing. Without agreed and enforceable tar- ments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, pro- gets for reduced emissions, little progress will tect biodiversity, and prevent desertification. be made on global climate change. Developing countries can shift to lower- Mitigating forest losses carbon paths while promoting development Many of the world's poor people depend on and reducing poverty if they receive fi nancial forests. The loss of forests threatens their liveli- and technical assistance. High-income coun- hoods, destroys habitats that harbor biodiver- tries must shape the climate future by reducing sity, and eliminates important carbon sinks. their carbon footprints and developing alterna- Since 1990, forest losses have been substantial, tive energy sources. The costs of doing so will especially in Latin America and the Caribbean be high but manageable. and Sub-Saharan Africa. But recent data show that global deforestation is slowing. Easing demands on water resources Most water is used for agriculture and industry; Alleviating climate change only a small portion goes to domestic consump- Neither the UN Framework Convention on tion. Growing economies and populations are Climate Change (adopted at the Earth Summit) putting greater demands on the world's fresh nor the MDGs commit countries to targets for water. In 2008, 63 economies had less than reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and such 1,700 cubic meters of fresh water per person Progress on access to an improved water source Progress on access to improved sanitation progress toward sanitation access (%) progress toward water access (%) 100 100 Proportion of countries making Proportion of countries making 50 50 0 0 ­50 ­50 ­100 ­100 East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- East Europe & Latin Middle South Sub- Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Asia & Central America & East & Asia Saharan Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean North Africa Africa Africa Reached target On track Reached target On track Off track Seriously off track Off track Seriously off track Insufficient data Insufficient data Source: World Bank staff estimates. Source: World Bank staff estimates. 38 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs (a level associated with water stress), and 43 source of drinking water. Nevertheless, at least of these had less than 1,000 cubic meters per 66 developing countries are on track to halve the person (water scarcity). Water pollution and share of people without access to an improved waste further reduce its availability. In some water source, and others could reach the target countries, especially in the Middle East and by 2015. North Africa, withdrawals exceed available resources, with the difference made up by sea- Improving sanitation has proven elusive water desalinization. Around the world, 2.6 billion people lack access to toilets, latrines, and other forms of Reducing biodiversity loss improved sanitation, and more than 40 per- Habitat losses have caused widespread extinc- cent of these people practice open defecation. tions of animals and plants. Developing coun- In developing countries, the share of people tries contain some of the most important areas with access to improved sanitation rose from of biodiversity, and designating protected areas 43 percent in 1990 to 54 percent in 2008. To is an important step toward sustainable devel- halve the proportion of people without basic opment. But though the number and size of sanitation by 2015, more than 1.3 billion peo- protected areas have grown, there is no evi- ple would have to gain access to an improved dence that biodiversity loss has slowed. facility--so the global target will be missed. Progress has been slowest in South Asia and Increasing access to improved Sub-Saharan Africa. water sources An improved water source meets basic standards Expanding urban housing for access to a protected water supply, but water Since 2000, living conditions have improved for from improved sources--such as public taps or more than 200 million urban dwellers, but the hand pumps--may not meet quality standards number of people moving into urban areas has set by the World Health Organization and may grown even faster. More than 825 million peo- still require considerable fetching and carrying. ple live in urban dwellings without improved In 1990, more than 1 billion people in develop- sources of drinking water, improved sanita- ing countries lacked access to such a minimal tion facilities, sufficient living areas, durable convenience. That number has been falling, structures, and secure tenure. In Sub-Saharan but because of the crisis, 25 million more peo- Africa, more than half the urban population ple may remain without access to an improved lives in slums. The world has lost more than 1.4 million square Carbon dioxide emissions continue to rise kilometers of forest since 1990 Forest loss (­) or gain (+), (thousands sq. kilometers) 15,000 High income High income Total carbon dioxide emissions from fossil -fuels (million metric tons) Sub-Saharan Africa 10,000 South Asia East Asia & Pacific Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean 5,000 Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Europe & Central Asia Sub-Saharan South Asia Africa Middle East & North Africa East Asia & Pacific 0 ­800 ­600 ­400 ­200 0 200 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization. Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILIT Y 39 MAP 8 Lack of access to a safe, convenient water source increases the risk of disease and burdens women and children with fetching water Access to water: Greenland Share of population with access to improved water source, % (2008) (Den) <50 50­69 70­89 90­99 Canada 100 no data United States Bermuda (UK) The Bahamas Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay and Nevis Argentina This map was produced by the Netherlands Dominica Antilles (Neth) Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations St. Vincent and St. Lucia Aruba and any other information shown on (Neth) The Grenadines Barbados this map do not imply, on the part of Grenada The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or Trinidad and Tobago any endorsement or acceptance of R.B. de Venezuela such boundaries. Antarctica Source: World Development Indicators. 40 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 38049 AUGUST 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Kenya São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Congo Rwanda Singapore Nauru Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILIT Y 41 www.worldbank.org/mdgs Goal 8 See pp. 4­5 for more information about the World Bank eAtlas of the MDGs Develop a global partnership for development Prospects for sustaining the current economic 2008. But to meet donors' global commit- recovery will be enhanced if advanced and ments, aid increases will have to be larger developing countries continue to cooperate and sustained. in implementing policies aimed at increasing growth, protecting the poor and vulnerable, Expanding trade maintaining infrastructure investment, and The global economy is bound together by sustaining private sector growth. trade and investment. To improve opportuni- Increasing official development ties for developing countries, the Millennium assistance (ODA) Declaration calls for rich countries to permit tariff- and duty-free access for exports from In 2002, world leaders agreed on the need to developing countries and draws attention to provide financing for development through a the need for assistance to improve developing coherent process that recognizes the need for countries' export capacity. both domestic and international resources. Three years later, the leaders of the Group of Average tariffs levied by rich countries have Eight (G-8) industrial countries made specific been falling, but many obstacles remain for commitments to increase aid to Africa. But developing-country exporters. The averages while aid to Africa increased to $40 billion disguise high peak tariffs applied to certain in 2008, it has fallen far short of the commit- goods. Arcane rules of origin may also pre- ments made in 2005. vent countries from qualifying for duty-free Aid received by all developing countries access. And subsidies paid by rich countries has increased substantially in real terms-- to their agricultural producers make it hard from $73 billion in 2000 to $129 billion in for developing countries to compete. Though Significant increase in ODA from DAC members is The burden of debt service has been falling for required to meet target for 2010 developing countries Increase required to meet Net ODA from DAC donors, constant 2004 US$ (billions) 160 current 2010 targets ­0.35 25 Debt service as proportion of exports (%) 0.32 Net ODA as a proportion of donors' GNI (%) 140 0.31 Heavily indebted poor countries ­0.3 (right scale) 20 120 ­0.25 Upper middle-income 100 economies (left scale) ­0.2 15 80 ­0.15 60 10 Lower middle-income ­0.1 economies 40 5 20 ­0.05 0 ­0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Assistance Committee. Source: World Bank staff estimates. 42 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs falling, these subsidies are still much higher countries, primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa, than the aid provided by the same countries. had received $45.2 billion in additional assis- Despite widespread fears, the crisis has not tance under the MDRI. significantly reduced developing countries' Still, concerns about debt sustainability access to global markets. Although global underscore the need for sound economic trade contracted by 12 percent and 350 trade- and borrowing policies. Six countries that restrictive measures were introduced around received HIPC debt relief are again at high the world in 2009, protectionism has been risk of debt distress. contained. Signs of recovery are evident, but trade remains fragile. Increasing access to affordable drugs There have been limited successes in provid- Reducing debt burdens ing poor people with access to affordable Better debt management, increased trade, essential drugs--such as the introduction of and, for the poorest countries, substantial antiretroviral drugs to combat HIV/AIDS in debt relief have reduced the burden of debt Sub-Saharan Africa. But a lack of measurable repayments. The global crisis is likely to indicators has rendered this target more a reverse these trends in the near term and wish than a commitment. make it more difficult for developing coun- tries to pay off debt or borrow to finance Realizing the benefits of new balance of payments deficits--especially for technologies countries with high debt. In 1996, the World Bank and International While trade and investment provide the eco- Monetary Fund (IMF) launched the Heavily nomic sinews that bind the world together, Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative information and communication technology to provide relief to countries with recurring provides the nerve tissues that relay messages debt repayment problems. By June 2010, 36 from the most remote parts of the planet. countries had participated in the initiative Growth in fi xed-line telephone systems has and received $72.3 billion in debt relief. Since peaked in high-income economies and slowed 2005, the World Bank, IMF, African Devel- in developing countries, while mobile (cellu- opment Bank, and Inter-American Develop- lar) subscriptions continue to grow at a rapid ment Bank have provided additional debt pace in both. Internet use, barely under way relief under the Multilateral Debt Relief Ini- in 2000, is expanding quickly in many devel- tiative (MDRI). Also by June 2010, 29 HIPC oping countries. Agricultural subsidies by OECD members exceed Growth of fixed telephone lines has slowed, their net ODA but cellular phone use is rising rapidly 2.5 120 Mobile cellular, high-income economies 2.0 100 Telephone subscriptions OECD countries: agricultural (per 100 people) 1.5 support as a proportion of GDP 80 Percent Fixed lines, 60 high-income economies 1.0 Mobile cellular, low- 40 and middle-income 0.5 economies DAC donors: net aid as a proportion of GNI Fixed lines, low- 20 and middle-income economies 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Assistance Committee. Source: International Telecommunication Union. G OA L 8: D E V E LO P A G LO B A L PA R T N E R S H I P F O R D E V E LO PM E N T 43 MAP 9 Aid flows from OECD countries remain an important source of development assistance in many developing countries Aid: Greenland (Den) Aid received per capita, 2008 $100 or more $50­99 $10­49 Canada less than $10 no data Aid donated per capita, 2008 United States $250 or more $150­249 Bermuda $50­149 (UK) less than $50 The Bahamas net donor Cayman Is. (UK) Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Mexico no data Haiti Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama R.B. de Guyana Venezuela Suriname Colombia French Guiana (Fr) Ecuador Kiribati Peru Brazil Samoa Cook Is. (NZ) French Polynesia (Fr) American Samoa (US) Bolivia Fiji Tonga Dominican Puerto British Virgin Paraguay Republic Rico (US) Islands (UK) Anguilla (UK) U.S. Virgin Antigua and Barbuda Islands (US) St. Kitts Guadeloupe (Fr) Chile Uruguay and Nevis Argentina Netherlands Dominica Antilles (Neth) Montserrat (UK) Martinique (Fr) St. Vincent and St. Lucia This map was produced by the Aruba Map Design Unit of The World Bank. (Neth) The Grenadines Barbados The boundaries, colors, denominations Grenada and any other information shown on Trinidad this map do not imply, on the part of and Tobago The World Bank Group, any judgment R.B. de Venezuela on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Antarctica Source: World Development Indicators. 44 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs IBRD 38051 AUGUST 2010 Faeroe Norway Iceland Islands Finland (Den) Sweden The Netherlands Russian Federation Estonia Isle of Man (UK) Denmark Russian Latvia Fed. Lithuania United Ireland Kingdom Germany Poland Belarus Channel Islands (UK) Belgium Ukraine Luxembourg Moldova Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Mongolia France Italy Romania Switzerland Andorra Bulgaria Georgia Uzbekistan Kyrgyz Azer- Rep. D.P.R. Portugal Spain Turkey Armenia baijan Turkmenistan of Korea Monaco Greece Tajikistan Japan Cyprus Syrian Rep. of Gibraltar (UK) Arab Islamic Rep. Afghanistan China Tunisia Malta Lebanon Korea Rep. Iraq of Iran Morocco Israel Jordan Kuwait West Bank and Gaza Bahrain Pakistan Bhutan Nepal Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Qatar Former Spanish of Egypt Saudi Sahara Arabia United Arab Bangladesh Emirates India Myanmar Lao Mauritania Oman P.D.R. Cape Verde Mali N. Mariana Islands (US) Niger Rep. of Thailand Vietnam Senegal Chad Eritrea Yemen Guam (US) The Gambia Burkina Sudan Djibouti Cambodia Philippines Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Guinea- Guinea Faso Benin Sri Bissau Côte Ghana Nigeria Ethiopia Sierra Leone Central Lanka Brunei Liberia D'Ivoire Cameroon African Rep. Somalia Palau Togo Malaysia Maldives Equatorial Guinea Uganda Kiribati Congo Kenya Singapore Nauru São Tomé and Príncipe Gabon Rwanda Dem. Rep. of Burundi Seychelles Papua Solomon Congo Indonesia New Guinea Islands Tanzania Comoros Tuvalu Timor-Leste Angola Malawi Zambia Mayotte Fiji (Fr) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Mauritius Namibia Madagascar Botswana Mozambique Réunion (Fr) New Poland Caledonia Australia (Fr) Swaziland Ukraine Germany Czech Rep. Slovak Rep. South Lesotho Africa Austria Hungary Slovenia Romania Croatia New Zealand Bosnia and San Herz. Serbia Bulgaria Marino Montenegro Kosovo FYR Macedonia Vatican Italy Albania City Greece Antarctica G OA L 8: D E V E LO P A G LO B A L PA R T N E R S H I P F O R D E V E LO PM E N T 45 Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration GOAL 1 ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER TARGET 1.A Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day TARGET 1.B Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people TARGET 1.C Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger GOAL 2 ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION TARGET 2.A Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling GOAL 3 PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN TARGET 3.A Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and at all levels of education no later than 2015 GOAL 4 REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY TARGET 4.A Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-5 mortality rate GOAL 5 IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH TARGET 5.A Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio TARGET 5.B Achieve by 2015 universal access to reproductive health GOAL 6 COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, AND OTHER DISEASES TARGET 6.A Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS TARGET 6.B Achieve by 2010 universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it TARGET 6.C Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases GOAL 7 ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY TARGET 7.A Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources TARGET 7.B Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving by 2010 a significant reduction in the rate of loss TARGET 7.C Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation TARGET 7.D Have achieved a significant improvement by 2020 in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers GOAL 8 DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT TARGET 8.A Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system (including a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction, nationally and internationally) TARGET 8.B Address the special needs of the least-developed countries (including tariff- and quota-free access for exports of the least-developed countries; enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous official development assistance for countries committed to reducing poverty) TARGET 8.C Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing states (through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the 22nd special session of the General Assembly) TARGET 8.D Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures to make debt sustainable in the long term TARGET 8.E In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries TARGET 8.F In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications Source: United Nations. 2008. Report of the Secretary-General on the Indicators for Monitoring the Millennium Development Goals. E/CN.3/2008/29. New York. Note: The Millennium Development Goals and targets come from the Millennium Declaration, signed by 189 countries, including 147 heads of state and government, in September 2000 (http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm) and from further agreement by member states at the 2005 World Summit (Resolution adopted by the General Assembly­A/RES/60/1). The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole. They represent a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries "to create an environment--at the national and global levels alike--which is conducive to development and the elimination of poverty." 46 THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE ROAD TO 2015 www.worldbank.org/mdgs As the development community takes stock of its MDG progress, we need to look beyond and behind the numbers to see what we can learn from them and our efforts to date. We need to invest in what works and fix what doesn't. We need to mobilize and create incentives for all those that can contribute: developing and developed countries; governments and businesses; NGOs and church groups. And as we do, we always need to keep in mind that this work is ultimately about empowering people, families, and communities. If given a chance, the human spirit can accomplish amazing things. We need to give everyone, wherever they live, that opportunity. Even one person imprisoned in poverty is one too many. -- Robert B. Zoellick President The World Bank Group FOLLOW CONNECT SHARE The new World Bank eAtlas of the Millennium Development Goals lets you map the indicators that measure progress on the eight MDGs. Derived from the World Bank's premier data source, World Development Indicators, the eAtlas contains data for more than 150 economies. Features include worldwide mapping, timeline graphing, ranking tables, easy navigation, comparative mode, and exporting and sharing of graphics. Visit www.worldbank.org/mdgs. @WorldBank @WBPubs facebook.com/worldbank @WorldBankVideos #MDGs facebook.com/worldbankpublications @WorldBankAfrica #MDGsummit facebook.com/worldbankafrica @WorldBankAsia ISBN 978-0-8213-8587-6