TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND DEEP SEA DISCHARGE LINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT APRIL 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................... 1 I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 7 I.1. Description of the Project ..................................................................................................... 7 I.2. Scope of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Studies ................................. 8 I.3. Structure of the ESIA Report ............................................................................................... 9 II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................ 11 II.1. Project Location ................................................................................................................. 11 II.2. Population Projections ....................................................................................................... 15 II.2.1. Population Projection Methods ................................................................................... 15 II.2.2. Comparison of Population Projections ....................................................................... 16 II.3. Wastewater Projections for the Project.............................................................................. 18 II.3.1. Wastewater Flowrate Projections ............................................................................... 18 II.3.2. Wastewater Characterization ..................................................................................... 19 II.3.3. Effluent Characterization ............................................................................................ 20 II.4. Wastewater Collection System .......................................................................................... 20 II.5. Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Components ..................... 21 II.5.1. Preliminary Treatment ................................................................................................ 24 II.5.2. Advanced Biological Treatment .................................................................................. 25 II.5.3. Sludge Treatment Units .............................................................................................. 27 II.5.4. Disinfection Unit .......................................................................................................... 28 II.5.5. Odor Control Units ...................................................................................................... 29 II.6. Sea Discharge System ...................................................................................................... 29 II.7. Personnel Requirements ................................................................................................... 32 II.8. Project Cost ....................................................................................................................... 33 II.9. Project Schedule ................................................................................................................ 33 III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 35 III.1. Turkish Legislation ......................................................................................................... 35 III.1.1. Turkish Environmental, Health and Safety Legislations ............................................. 35 III.1.2. Turkish Legislation on the Conservation of Nature and Wildlife ................................. 40 III.1.3. Permits ........................................................................................................................ 40 III.2. International Agreements and Standards....................................................................... 40 III.2.1. International Environmental Conventions that Turkey is a Contracting Party ............ 41 III.2.2. World Bank Group Policies and Standards ................................................................ 42 III.3. Gaps between National Legal Framework and World Bank Policies (OP 4.01 and OP 4.04) ........................................................................................................................................ 45 IV. BASELINE CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... 49 IV.1. Physical Environment ..................................................................................................... 49 IV.1.1. Geology ...................................................................................................................... 49 IV.1.2. Natural Hazards and Seismicity ................................................................................. 51 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. i AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT IV.1.3. Hydrogeology.............................................................................................................. 54 IV.1.4. Water Resources ........................................................................................................ 55 IV.1.5. Characteristics of Receiving Environment (Sea Water Quality) ................................. 60 IV.1.6. Land Use, Soil and Landscape................................................................................... 65 IV.1.7. Protected Area ............................................................................................................ 77 IV.1.8. Meteorology and Climatic Characteristics .................................................................. 84 IV.1.9. Noise Measurements .................................................................................................. 91 IV.1.10. Air Quality................................................................................................................ 93 IV.2. Ecology and Biodiversity ................................................................................................ 95 IV.3. Characteristics of Socioeconomic Environment ........................................................... 136 IV.3.1. Economical Characteristics ...................................................................................... 136 IV.3.2. Population ................................................................................................................. 139 V. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................................................................... 142 V.1. Area of Influence .............................................................................................................. 142 V.2. Impact Assessment Methodology .................................................................................... 145 V.3. Impacts on Physical Environment.................................................................................... 147 V.3.1. Topography, Soil and Land Use ............................................................................... 147 V.3.2. Air Quality ................................................................................................................. 152 V.3.3. Odor .......................................................................................................................... 161 V.3.4. Climate Change ........................................................................................................ 165 V.3.5. Noise and Vibration .................................................................................................. 165 V.3.6. Water Resources ...................................................................................................... 173 V.3.7. Wastes ...................................................................................................................... 194 V.3.8. Protected Areas ........................................................................................................ 202 V.3.9. Landscape ................................................................................................................ 202 V.4. Impacts on Biological Environment.................................................................................. 203 V.5. Impacts on Socioeconomic Environment......................................................................... 219 V.5.1. Transport Network .................................................................................................... 219 V.5.2. Tourism ..................................................................................................................... 221 V.5.3. Local Procurement.................................................................................................... 221 V.6. Labor and Working Conditions ........................................................................................ 221 V.6.1. Working Conditions and Management of Worker Relationship ................................ 222 V.6.2. Protecting the Work Force ........................................................................................ 223 V.6.3. Occupational and Community Health and Safety ..................................................... 223 V.6.4. Workers Engaged by Third Parties and the Supply Chain ....................................... 226 V.6.5. Labor Influx ............................................................................................................... 226 V.6.6. Summary of Impacts ................................................................................................. 227 V.7. Cumulative Impacts ......................................................................................................... 232 VI. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................... 237 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. ii AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VI.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 237 VI.2. “No Project” Alternative ................................................................................................ 237 VI.3. Site Alternatives ........................................................................................................... 237 VI.4. Technology Alternatives ............................................................................................... 238 VI.4.1. Process Alternatives ................................................................................................. 238 VI.4.2. Sludge Management................................................................................................. 242 VI.4.3. Disposal Methods ..................................................................................................... 249 VI.5. Discharge Alternatives ................................................................................................. 252 VI.6. Comparison of Alternatives .......................................................................................... 252 VI.6.1. Comparison of Technology Alternatives ................................................................... 252 VI.6.2. Comparison of Sludge Management Methods ......................................................... 254 VII. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ....................................... 257 VII.1. Mitigation Management and Monitoring Plan ............................................................... 257 VII.1.1. Mitigation Management Plan ................................................................................ 257 VII.1.2. Monitoring Plan ..................................................................................................... 267 VII.2. Institutional Arrangements and Grievance Mechanism ............................................... 273 VII.2.1. Environmental and Social Management Structure ............................................... 273 VII.2.2. Roles and Responsibilities .................................................................................... 274 VII.2.3. Training ................................................................................................................. 274 VII.2.4. Environmental and Social Monitoring Report ....................................................... 274 VII.2.5. Monitoring of Contractors and Grievance Mechanism.......................................... 275 VIII. STAKEHOLDERS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MEETING .............................................. 277 VIII.1. Identification of Stakeholders ....................................................................................... 277 VIII.2. Public Participation Meeting-I ....................................................................................... 278 VIII.2.1. Questionnaire Study ............................................................................................. 283 VIII.2.2. Questionnaire Results ........................................................................................... 283 VIII.2.3. People’s Concerns, Views/Suggestions on the Project and Assessments on the Issues .............................................................................................................................. 287 VIII.2.4. Comments ............................................................................................................. 289 VIII.3. Public Participation Meeting-II ...................................................................................... 290 VIII.3.1. Questionnaire Study ............................................................................................. 296 VIII.3.2. People’s Concerns, Views/Suggestions on the Project and Assessments on the Issues .............................................................................................................................. 298 VIII.3.3. Comments ............................................................................................................. 302 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 303 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................... 306 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. iii AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT LIST OF TABLES Table II.1. Turgutreis Wastewater Collection Basin Summer Population Projection ....................... 17 Table II.2. Turgutreis Wastewater Collection Basin Winter Population Projection .......................... 17 Table II.3. Population-Dependent Water Consumption Per Capita ................................................. 18 Table II.4. Turgutreis Wastewater Collection Basin Domestic Wastewater Flowrate ...................... 18 Table II.5. Infiltration Flowrate (Summer and Winter Periods) ......................................................... 19 Table II.6. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Design Flowrates ............................................. 19 Table II.7. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Wastewater Characterization and Pollution Load .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Table II.8. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Discharge Standards ....................................... 20 Table II.9. Project Schedule ............................................................................................................. 34 Table III.1. Turkish EHS Legislation Related to the Project ............................................................. 36 Table III.2 Project related Turkish Legislation on the Conservation of Nature and Wildlife ............. 40 Table III.3. Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation Discharge Limits .......................................... 48 Table IV.1. Disastrous Events .......................................................................................................... 51 Table IV.2. Rivers of Mugla Province ............................................................................................... 55 Table IV.3. Lakes in Mugla ............................................................................................................... 55 Table IV.4. Dams of Mugla ............................................................................................................... 56 Table IV.5. Customers' Water Consumption Table .......................................................................... 56 Table IV.6. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measurement Points and Coordinates ................ 62 Table IV.7. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measured Physical Parameters (January 2017) . 62 Table IV.8. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measured Physical Parameters (May 2017) ....... 63 Table IV.9. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Turbidity, Suspended Solids and Secchi Disk Measurements .................................................................................................................................. 63 Table IV.10. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measured Chemical Parameters ....................... 64 Table IV.11. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measured Microbiological Parameters .............. 64 Table IV.12 Coastal Receiving Water Quality Criteria in terms of General Chemical and Physicochemical Parameters (Table 3, Appendix-5, Regulation on Surface Water Quality, 2016) 64 Table IV.13. Trophic Levels of Surface Water Bodies, Eutrophication Criteria for the Coastal Waters of Aegean and Mediterranean (Table 7, Appendix-6, Regulation on Surface Water Quality, 2016) ................................................................................................................................................ 65 Table IV.14. Agricultural Potentials Represented by Different Land Use Capability Classes and Their Characteristics ........................................................................................................................ 72 Table IV.15. Project Units and the Areas They Cover ..................................................................... 74 Table IV.16. Inventory of Immovable Cultural Assets in Bodrum District......................................... 80 Table IV.17. Temperature Values .................................................................................................... 85 Table IV.18. Average Monthly Precipitation and Maximum Precipitation Amounts ......................... 86 Table IV.19. Average and Minimum Relative Humidity Values ........................................................ 87 Table IV.20. Monthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Pressure Values ...................................... 88 Table IV.21. Monthly Average Foggy, Snowy, Snow Covered, Hail, Frosty and Stormy Days Distribution........................................................................................................................................ 88 Table IV.22. Monthly Average Wind Speeds ................................................................................... 90 Table IV.23. Maximum Wind Speeds and Directions, Average Numbers of Stormy and Windy Days (1960-2015) ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Table IV.24. Background Noise Levels Measured at the Project Area ............................................ 91 Table IV.25. Air Quality Measurement Results in Mugla City Centre .............................................. 93 Table IV.26. West Direction Measurement Point ............................................................................. 93 Table IV.27. South Direction Measurement Point ............................................................................ 93 Table IV.28. East Direction Measurement Point .............................................................................. 94 Table IV.29. North Direction Measurement Point............................................................................. 94 Table IV.30. Evaluation of PM10 Measurement Results ................................................................... 94 Table IV.31. PM2.5 Measurement Results ...................................................................................... 94 Table IV.32. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Categories .......................... 100 Table IV.33. National Threat Categories for Bird Species ............................................................. 101 Table IV.34. KBA Criteria ............................................................................................................... 109 Table IV.35. Identified Species as Bodrum Peninsula KBA Criteria .............................................. 111 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. iv AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.36 Species of the KBA ..................................................................................................... 115 Table IV.37. Identified Flora Species within the Study Area .......................................................... 117 Table IV.38. Identified Mammal Species within the Study Area .................................................... 119 Table IV.39. Identified Bird Species within the Study Area ............................................................ 121 Table IV.40. Identified Amphibian and Reptile Species within the Study Area .............................. 123 Table IV.41. Identified Phytoplankton Organisms with the Study Area.......................................... 124 Table IV.42. Identified Zooplanktonic Organisms with the Study Area .......................................... 125 Table IV.43. Identified Macroalgea and Benthic Organisms with the Study Area ......................... 126 Table IV.44 Identified Fish Species with the Study Area ............................................................... 127 Table IV.45. Estimated Posidonia oceanica population of the Sea Grass Study Areas ................ 132 Table IV.46. List of Species/Genus/Taxon Detected During the Surveys and Their Economic and Ecologic (IUCN, BERN) Significances ........................................................................................... 135 Table IV.47. Indicators for Development Level of Mugla ............................................................... 136 Table IV.48. Age and Gender Distribution of Mugla Province (TUIK, 2017) .................................. 139 Table IV.49. Population of Mugla Districts (TUIK, 2017)................................................................ 140 Table V.1 Matrix Representing Environmental and Social Impact Sources, Activities and Possible Interacts (Before Mitigation Measures Are Taken)......................................................................... 146 Table V.2. Interaction Matrix for Significance Assessment ............................................................ 147 Table V.3. Criteria for Determining the Magnitude of Impact ......................................................... 147 Table V.4. Criteria for Determining the Severity of Impact ............................................................. 147 Table V.5. Project Units and the Areas They Cover ...................................................................... 148 Table V.6. Assessment of Impacts on Soil and Land Use ............................................................. 149 Table V.7. Summary of Topography, Soil and Land Use Impact Assessments ............................ 151 Table V.8. Emission Limits for Stack and Non-Stack Sources ...................................................... 152 Table V.9. Ambient Air Quality Limit Values – WBG Standards .................................................... 153 Table V.10. Emission Factor to be used to Calculate Dust Emissions .......................................... 153 Table V.11. Excavation Amounts ................................................................................................... 154 Table V.12. Emission Factors (USEPA) ......................................................................................... 157 Table V.13. Expected Amounts of Exhaust Emissions (kg/h) ........................................................ 157 Table V.14. Assessment of Dust and Exhaust Emissions Impacts on Air Environment ................ 158 Table V.15. Summary of Air Quality Impact Assessments ............................................................ 160 Table V.16. Summary of Odor Impact Assessments ..................................................................... 161 Table V.17. Recommended Distances to Settlements for Odor Prevention and Nearest Receptors ........................................................................................................................................................ 162 Table V.18. Summary of Odor Impact Assessments ..................................................................... 164 Table V.19. Environmental Noise Limits for Industrial Plants ........................................................ 165 Table V.20. Environmental Noise Limits for Construction .............................................................. 166 Table V.21. Noise Level Guidelines of IFC .................................................................................... 166 Table V.22. Machinery and Equipment and their Noise Intensity Levels (Lw)................................ 166 Table V.23. Distribution of Noise Generated Relative to Distance ................................................ 168 Table V.24. Estimated Noise Level around the Nearest Building .................................................. 169 Table V.25. Assessment of Noise Impact ...................................................................................... 169 Table V.26. Summary of Noise Impact Assessments .................................................................... 172 Table V.27. Water Requirement of the Project .............................................................................. 173 Table V.28. WPCR Table 21.4 Domestic Wastewater Discharge Criteria ..................................... 174 Table V.29. WPCR Table 22 – Characteristics of Wastewater Allowed to be discharged to Marine Environment by Deep Sea Discharge ............................................................................................ 174 Table V.30. Receiving Body Quality Criteria for Deep-See Discharges ........................................ 175 Table V.31. Deep-Sea Discharge Pipeline Length Standards ....................................................... 175 Table V.32 Summary of the Modeling Results ............................................................................... 189 Table V.33. Summary of Impact Assessments on Water Resources ............................................ 193 Table V.34. List of Possible Waste Types to be Generated during Land Preparation and Construction Phase of the Project .................................................................................................. 195 Table V.35 List of Possible Waste Types to be Generated during the Operation Phase of the Project ............................................................................................................................................ 198 Table V.36. Total Estimated Amount of Sludge ............................................................................. 198 Table V.37. Summary of Impact Assessment Regarding Waste Generation ................................ 201 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. v AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.38. Severity of Impacts on Resource/Receptor ................................................................ 205 Table V.39. Assessment of Impacts on Flora Species .................................................................. 207 Table V.40. Assessment of Impacts on Amphibian - Reptile ......................................................... 208 Table V.41. Assessment of Impacts on Posidonia oceanica and Monachus monachus ............... 210 Table V.42.Summary of Ecology and Biodiversity Assessments................................................... 217 Table V.43. Summary of Impact Assessment of Labor and Working Conditions .......................... 228 Table V.44. Summary of VECs and Areas of Influence ................................................................. 232 Table V.45. Projects to Contribute Possible Cumulative Effects ................................................... 233 Table V.46. Project Scoping Phase II ............................................................................................ 235 Table V.47. Management Approaches for Cumulative Impacts..................................................... 236 Table VI.1. Heavy Metal Limit Values in the Soil ........................................................................... 249 Table VII.1. Land Preparation and Construction Phase Impact Mitigation Plan ............................ 259 Table VII.2. Operation Phase Impact Mitigation Plan .................................................................... 264 Table VII.3. Land Preparation and Construction Phase Monitoring Plan....................................... 268 Table VII.4. Operation Phase Monitoring Plan ............................................................................... 271 Table VIII.1. Key Stakeholders of the Project ................................................................................ 278 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. vi AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT LIST OF FIGURES Figure I.1 Photos from Project Area ................................................................................................... 8 Figure II.1. Districts of Muğla............................................................................................................ 11 Figure II.2. Site Location Map .......................................................................................................... 12 Figure II.3. General Layout of the Project ........................................................................................ 14 Figure II.4. Comparison of Population Projections ........................................................................... 17 Figure II.5. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Area ................................................................ 22 Figure II.6. Layout of the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP ................................................... 23 Figure II.7. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Deep Sea Discharge Line............................... 30 Figure II.8. Trench Cross Section..................................................................................................... 31 Figure IV.1. General Geology Map................................................................................................... 50 Figure IV.2 Seismicity Map of Turkey .............................................................................................. 52 Figure IV.3. Active Fault Map of Turkey ........................................................................................... 53 Figure IV.4. Hydrology Map of the Project Area and Its Vicinity ...................................................... 58 Figure IV.5. Dams and Pond in the Vicinity of the Project Area....................................................... 59 Figure IV.6. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measurement Points........................................... 61 Figure IV.7. Views from the Project Area ......................................................................................... 67 Figure IV.8 Land Use Map According to Environmental Master Plan (Aydin-Mugla-Denizli Planning Area) ................................................................................................................................................. 69 Figure IV.9. Land Use Map According to Provincial Land Use Data Base ...................................... 70 Figure IV.10 Sand Types Map of the Project Area........................................................................... 71 Figure IV.11. Some Photographs of Soil Structure of the Project Area .......................................... 74 Figure IV.12. Map of Great Soil Groups and Land Use Capability Classes for the Project Area .... 75 Figure IV.13. Map of Erosion Levels for the Project Area and Its Vicinity ....................................... 76 Figure IV.14. Protected Areas Around the Project Area .................................................................. 82 Figure IV.15. Prohibited and Open Hunting Areas in Mugla Province (2018-2019) ........................ 83 Figure IV.16 Average Temperature, Maximum Temperature and Minimum Temperature .............. 84 Figure IV.17. Average Monthly Precipitation and Maximum Precipitation Amounts ........................ 85 Figure IV.18. Average and Minimum Relative Humidity Values ...................................................... 86 Figure IV.19. Monthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Pressure Values ..................................... 87 Figure IV.20. Annual Wind Diagram of Wind Blow Numbers and Average Wind Speeds ............... 89 Figure IV.21 Seasonal Wind Diagram of Wind Blow Numbers ........................................................ 89 Figure IV.22. Seasonal Wind Diagram of Average Wind Speeds (m/sec) ....................................... 90 Figure IV.23. Background Noise Measurement Points .................................................................... 92 Figure IV.24. General View in the Project Area ............................................................................... 96 Figure IV.25. Terrestrial Flora-Fauna Study Area ............................................................................ 97 Figure IV.26. Marine Environment Study Area................................................................................. 98 Figure IV.27. Sampling and Identification of Phytoplanktonic Organisms ..................................... 106 Figure IV.28. Scuba Diving Studies................................................................................................ 107 Figure IV.29. P. oceanica seagrasses at A, B, C Work Areas. ...................................................... 108 Figure IV.30. Topography map of KBA .......................................................................................... 111 Figure IV.31 Ecological Location of the Project ............................................................................. 113 Figure IV.32. Distribution of 9677 Endemic Taxa Locations in Turkey Flora According to Region,Subregion and Grid System (Türk Coğrafya Dergisi 69 (2017) 109-120) ......................... 113 Figure IV.33. Habitat Types of the Land Part of the Project Area and Its Close Vicinity ............... 114 Figure IV.34 Some Flora species within the Project area .............................................................. 116 Figure IV.35. Monachus monachus Breeding and Feeding Area around the Project Area ........... 129 Figure IV.36. Some Underwater Views about Biodiversity ............................................................ 131 Figure IV.37. Marine Environment Study Area and First Zone of the Sea Grass Study Area ....... 133 Figure IV.38. Marine Environment Study Area and Sea Grass Study Area (First and Second Zone) ........................................................................................................................................................ 134 Figure IV.39. Employment Rate According to Years, TR 32 .......................................................... 137 Figure IV.40. Unemployment Rate According to Years, TR 32 ..................................................... 138 Figure IV.41 Employment in the Service Sector (TurkStat, Regional Indicators, TR32 Aydın, Denizli, Mugla provinces) ............................................................................................................... 138 Figure IV.42. Population Pyramid of Mugla Province (TUIK, 2017) ............................................... 140 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. vii AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.1 Area of Influence of the Project .................................................................................... 143 Figure V.2. Sensitive Receptors of the Project Area and Its Close Vicinity ................................... 144 Figure V.3. PM2.5 Model Output Map ............................................................................................ 156 Figure V.4. Distribution of Noise Generated in the Project Area with respect to Distance ............ 168 Figure V.5. Sensitivity of S1 to Effluent Flowrate, Winter .............................................................. 176 Figure V.6. Sensitivity of S1 to Effluent Flowrate, Summer ........................................................... 177 Figure V.7. Sensitivity of S1 to Current Velocity, Winter ................................................................ 178 Figure V.8. Sensitivity of S1 to Current Velocity, Summer ............................................................. 178 Figure V.9. Sensitivity of S1 to Current Direction, Winter .............................................................. 179 Figure V.10. Sensitivity of S1 to Current Direction, Summer ......................................................... 179 Figure V.11. Scenario-1 Model Output ........................................................................................... 181 Figure V.12. Scenario-2 Model Output ........................................................................................... 182 Figure V.13 Scenario-3 Model Output ............................................................................................ 183 Figure V.14. Scenario-4 Model Output ........................................................................................... 184 Figure V.15. Scenario-5 Model Output ........................................................................................... 185 Figure V.16. Scenario-6 Model Output ........................................................................................... 186 Figure V.17. Scenario-7 Model Output ........................................................................................... 187 Figure V.18. Scenario-8 Model Output ........................................................................................... 188 Figure V.19. Composition of Municipal Waste (former Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, 2014) .......................................................................................................................... 196 Figure V.20. Waste Management Hierarchy .................................................................................. 199 Figure V.21. Projects to Contribute Possible Cumulative Effects .................................................. 234 Figure VI.1. Flow Diagram of the MBR Process ............................................................................ 239 Figure VII.1. Environmental and Social Management Structure .................................................... 273 Figure VIII.1. Announcement.......................................................................................................... 279 Figure VIII.2. Newspaper Articles ................................................................................................... 280 Figure VIII.3. Brochures ................................................................................................................. 281 Figure VIII.4. Public Participation Meeting ..................................................................................... 282 Figure VIII.5. Announcement.......................................................................................................... 291 Figure VIII.6. Posts ......................................................................................................................... 292 Figure VIII.7. Newspaper Advertisement ....................................................................................... 293 Figure VIII.8. Brochures ................................................................................................................. 294 Figure VIII.9. Photographs from the Meeting ................................................................................. 296 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. viii AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT ABBREVIATIONS AoI Area of Influence ARÜV Arüv Çevre Mühendislik Müşavirlik Hizmetleri İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand Bodrum Bodrum, Bitez, Konacık, Ortakent, Turgutreis, Yalıkavak, Gündoğan, Peninsula Göltürkbükü, Gümüşlük, and Yalı BP Bank Procedures CCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification CFU Colony Forming Unit CIA Cumulative Impact Assessment CLRTAP Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DENAM Gazi University Sea and Aquatic Sciences Application and Research Center DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon E.coli Escherichia coli EA Environmental Assessment EHS Environmental, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESS Environmental and Social Standards EU European Union EUNIS European Nature Information System GIS Geographical Information Systems GP Good Practices GPS Global Positioning System IAPCR Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation IBA Important Bird Area IFAS Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge IFC International Finance Corporation IFI International Finance Institution IPA Important Plant Area IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KBA Key Biodiversity Area MBR Membrane Bioreactor MLSS Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids MoEU Ministry of Environment and Urbanization Mugla Metropolitan Municipality General Directorate of Water & Sewerage MUSKI Administration OHS Occupational Health and Safety OP Operational Polics PDF Project Description File TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. ix AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT PM Particulate Matter POPs Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants PS Performance Standard RAMAQ Regulation on the Assessment and Management of Air Quality RAMEN Regulation on the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise RAMSAR International Importance as Particularly Water Birds Living Environment RESU Regional Environment Sector Unit TN Total Nitrogen TOC Total Organic Carbon TP Total Phosphorus TUBIVES Turkey’s Plants Data Service TÜMAŞ Türk Mühendislik, Müşavirlik ve Müteahhitlik A.Ş. UCT University of Cape Town UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VECs Valued Ecosystem Components WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WHO World Health Organization WoRMS World Register of Marine Species WPCR Water Pollution Control Regulation WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Pg. x AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Muğla has been become a Metropolitan Municipality by operation of Law on the Establishment of Fourteen Metropolitan Municipalities and Twenty Seven Districts and Amendment of the Certain Laws and Decree Laws (Law No. 6360). Within the scope of this Law, legal entities of villages and towns within the administrative boundaries of the Province have been disincorporated; villages have become neighborhoods and towns have become single neighborhoods of the district they were belonging to. As a result of this change in the area of responsibility, in order to execute water and sewerage services throughout the Province, General Directorate of Water & Sewerage Administration (MUSKİ), which is a public entity reporting to Muğla Metropolitan Municipality, was established. Main target and principle of MUSKI is to supply clean, high quality, and healthy drinking water to inhabitants of Muğla, to use and preserve the water resources in the most efficient way, to ensure the proper treatment of wastewater and to provide high standard services by adopting a modern management approach in its institutional development. In order to fulfill these targets and principles, MUSKI has planned to realize this Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant (37,000 m3/day capacity) and Sea Discharge Line Project. The treatment plant will be located at Muğla Province, Bodrum District, Turgutreis Neighborhood, Kum Locality, block 421, lot 11. The treatment plant will be in service until 2032. Currently, there is no domestic wastewater treatment plant in Turgutreis and its vicinity, and generated wastewater in the region is directly discharged to the Bodrum Bay without treatment. Currently, the treatment plant area is used by MUSKİ as a multipurpose area (warehouse, workshop, vehicle maintenance, small scale fuel station etc.). The coastal-part of the sea discharge line will follow the cadastral roads. The Project design was made according to the projected populations for 2032. In the design, the changes between summer and winter populations were also considered. The design flowrate of the treatment plant is 37,000 m3/day for summer and 11,000 m3/day for winter. It is anticipated that the treatment efficiency of the plant will be at least 92% for BOD, 80% for COD, 90% for TSS, 80% for TN, and 89% for TP. The treatment plant consists of the following units:  Coarse Screen  Fine Screen  Aerated Grit Chamber  Chemical Phosphorus Removal Tank  Anaerobic BioP Tanks  Aeration Tanks  Final Sedimentation Tanks  Sludge Equalization Tank  Sludge Pumping Station  Sludge Dewatering Building  Disinfection Unit  Odor Removal Unit  Blower Building  Administrative Building  Transformer and Generator Building  Security Cabin/Guardhouse TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Executive Summary - Pg. 1/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Sea Discharge A total of 80 workers at the peak period of construction phase and a total of 25 workers are planned to be employed in the operation phase of the Project. In the employment, priority will be given to the local community. The Project is planned to be completed in 35 months and in one stage. The coastal area of influence is selected as the service area of the sewer system which will be connected to the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP. In the marine section, the area of influence of the Project is selected as the 2,000 m corridor of the sea discharge line (1,000 m from each side of its axis). The Project’s impacts on soil environment are assessed to be low in terms of significance. However, in order to minimize it further, below mentioned measures will be taken:  Ensuring the use of designated work sites and routes to minimize soil contamination/pollution risks,  Fuel refilling from the nearest fuel station  Ensuring the impermeability of the septic tanks  Establishing a suitable drainage system in the field The significance of the impacts on the air environment will be low. The suggested mitigation measures are:  Application of erosion measures in vegetation clearance areas  Application of dust suppression methods  Covering inner roads with materials to prevent dust and keeping these roads clean  Setting speed limit in the Project Area  Keeping wind barrier trees and plantation of new ones  Loading/unloading without scattering  Covering the stored excavation materials  Regular controlling of the exhaust systems of the vehicles In wastewater treatment plants, one of the most important issues to be handled is odor impacts. The odor impact significance is assessed to be medium, since there are buildings adjacent to the treatment plant area. For the management of odor impacts, three levels of measures are constituted. However, it is thought that proper and effective grievance mechanism will be the most important part for odor management. The measures are determined as follows:  First level measures: o Prevention of wastewater influents which exceed treatment plant capacity. o Reduction of solid waste and activated sludge amounts. o Increasing disposal frequency of screenings. o Proper and timely disposal of sludge in order to prevent flies and odor. o Increasing aeration rate in biological treatment process. o Addition of chlorinated water to sludge thickeners if activated sludge unit is in open area. o Addition of lime to activated sludge. o Keeping water level under control in order to prevent turbulence as a result of instant decrease of water.  If odor nuisance prevails after the proper implementation of first level measures, the second level measures shall be taken. These are: o Addition of oxidizing material (such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochloride) (oxidizing materials, prevent generation of especially hydrogen sulfide). Addition of sodium hydroxide can also be considered. Sodium hydroxide will dissolve hydrogen sulphur gas in water. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Executive Summary - Pg. 2/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT o Preventing anaerobic bacteria with control of pH levels or disinfection. o Oxidizing odorous compounds by the help of chemicals. o Planting trees in the Project Area and the buffer zone around the treatment plant for the prevention of odor distribution.  If nuisance still prevails after implementation of first and second measures, the final measure shall be determined as: o Enclosing of aeration tanks and bio-P tanks The noise impact significance of the Project is assessed to be medium since there are some residential buildings in the immediate vicinity of the treatment plant, and the construction of the coastal part of the sea discharge line will take place in the residential areas. The suggested mitigation measures for noise impacts are as follows:  The machinery and equipment to be used during the land preparation and construction activities will not be operated at the same point/location but homogeneously distributed in the site.  It will be ensured that machinery and equipment are not operated together in the close section of the WWTP Area to adjacent buildings (north-northeast boundary).  Using construction noise barriers around the nearest receptors of WWTP Area.  Using portable noise screens during sea discharge line construction.  The maintenance of the construction machinery and equipment will be carried out regularly and speed limitations will be defined for construction vehicles.  Establishment of an operating grievance mechanism to manage noise related grievances.  During the procurement of equipment and machinery, sound levels given in the technical specifications/data sheet will be taken into consideration.  Relevant provisions and limit values of RAMEN and World Bank Group's/IFC's General EHS Guidelines and Sectoral Guidelines will be complied with during the operation phase. For the assessments of the impacts on water resources, especially impacts of effluent discharges on the marine water quality, HYDROTAM-3D modeling was used. Modeling outputs suggest that the sea discharge line should be at least 1460 m (1400 m pipe, 60 m diffusor) in length, the outfall should locate at least 17 m in depth, and the direction of the pipe should be towards WSW with 235° from north. Under these conditions, the Total Coliform data obtained through modeling will be in compliance with both relevant Turkish legislative limit and WBG performance standards, even in the worst-case scenario. The mitigation measures developed for the impacts on water resources are given as follows:  •Surface runoff due to watering for dust suppression activities will be prevented.  •The limited amount of domestic wastewater generated at site will be collected in the container of toilet cabins to be established or leak-proof septic tanks to be constructed in the Project Area during construction phase and will be disposed within the scope of the protocols of MUSKI.  •The units of the Project that are in touch with water, wastewater and chemicals will be constructed with using concrete with appropriate cement ratio and durability in order to provide basement impermeability. Thus, no leakages to soil and groundwater will occur during the operation phase of the Project.  MUSKI will aim to minimize bypass of the treatment system.  The effluent water quality of the wastewater treatment plant will be consistent with applicable national requirements or internationally accepted standards.  System overflows will be prevented as much as possible by using level-meters.  MUSKI will search options to increase the effluent water quality based on the assimilative capacity of the receiving body. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Executive Summary - Pg. 3/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The impacts related with the waste generation are also considered to have a low significance. The suggested measures are:  Wastes to be generated within the scope of the Project will be managed in accordance with the waste management hierarchy.  Wastes will only be temporarily stored on site and final disposal will be carried out outside the facility.  Waste recycling, transport and disposal will be carried out by means of licensed companies and/or related municipalities.  Incineration or burying of wastes by any means at site and/or dumping of wastes to nearby roads or water resources will absolutely not be in question.  All kinds of implementations that may threaten personnel or public health will be avoided in all activities involving collection, temporary storage, transport and disposal of wastes throughout the Project.  Wastes to be temporarily stored on site will be delivered to licensed transport vehicles appropriate to the type of waste for disposal. Information related to the operations in this context will be recorded and the records will be kept in the administrative building.  Some amount of hazardous or special wastes likely to be generated (e.g. sludge cake, filters and protective clothes, rags, packages contaminated with chemical substances such as paint/solvent or oils) within the scope of the Project will be stored in special compartments in the Temporary Storage Area allocated for this purpose, in containers, separated from the non- hazardous wastes. This area will have an impermeable base/ground and will be protected from the surface flows and rain. Additionally, necessary drainage for the area will be provided.  Hazardous or non-hazardous inscription, waste code, stored waste amount and storage date will be indicated/labeled on wastes temporary stored by classifying according to their properties. The reaction of wastes with each other will be prevented by the measures taken in the Temporary Storage Area.  Sludge Management Plan will be prepared before the commencement of the treatment plant by researching more sustainable alternatives. If there is no option other than final disposal, the procedure to be followed for disposal should be determined within the scope of the management plan. The nearest protected area is 1,350 m away from the site. Thus, there will be no impacts on the protected areas. However, the national legislation, and the provisions of OP 4.11 will be followed and complied during all phases of the Project. There will be some impacts of the Project on Testudo graeca, Elaphe quatuerlineata, Dolichophis jugularis, Posidonia oceanica, and Monachus monachus. The most significant one is the ones on Posidonia oceanica. The mitigation measures for biodiversity and ecology impacts are as follows:  Construction work will be done gradually so that it will have enough time to escape for possible fauna species to be found  Project workers will not be allowed to bring any live animals or plants into the construction site to avoid the risk of pest/invasive species establishing in the Project Area,  Construction and operation sites will be fenced in order to prevent fauna species’ entrance into these areas.  Project construction sites and access roads will be separated from other areas with appropriate signboards, signs and fences. Therefore, staff and vehicle access to the area will be limited to the construction site.  Construction will not be done under unfavorable wind and wave conditions. Otherwise, the clouds of sediment can spread rapidly to the far sides. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Executive Summary - Pg. 4/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Further studies will be conducted for examination of the Posidonia oceanica population situation in the project area and reveal the population situation quantitative. After the field survey monitoring plan and mitigation measure can be revised.  According to obtained information, a ship haven project is planned for 40 meter south of the marine discharge line. The planned ship haven project will be carried out by the 3rd Regional Directorate of Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. It will have 12.6 ha surface area approximately. This surface area is about decuple larger than the surface area of the discharge pipe to be constructed within the scope of the waste water treatment facility project. Even if the Posidonia oceanica which destroyed by waste water treatment facility project is transplanted in a nearby area, 6 times larger damage will be recovered within the scope of the ship haven project. Therefore, it will be proposed by MUSKİ to Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to prepare an action plan and a transplantation program for the Posidonia oceanica considering the cumulative effects and action plan.  To ensure incurring of least damage on "Poseidon Seagrass Beds" during construction phase, experiment stations must be established underwater along discharge line route. In aforementioned stations, monitoring studies of "Poseidon Seagrass Beds" must be conducted.  Status of populations should be monitored and reported.  The sea surface will be observed before commencing work to ensure that marine mammals (monk seal) are not in the area.  To reduce the effects of underwater sounds, air bubble curtains should be used.  Monitoring work will be conducted along the pipeline and in the discharge area  Wastewater treatment plant will probably have a positive impact on these species as the pollution level will be lowered. Within the context of the ESIA studies, the impacts on the socioeconomic environment are assessed in three different sub-sections, which are transport network, tourism, and local procurement. The key mitigation measure suggested for the impacts on tourism is “in order not to adversely affect the tourism in the region, the construction of the marine section of the sea discharge line will be performed during off-season (October 15 – May 15) as much as possible”. The other impacts on socio-economy will generally expected to be positive. Except local recruitment, the Project impacts on labor and working conditions are generally assessed as adverse but low in significance. These impacts are expected to be observed on issues such as working conditions, employee-employer relations, occupational health and safety, and workers engaged by third parties and the supply chain. The Project’s limited personnel requirement makes the impacts on these issues easy to manage. By following IFC PS2 and OP 4.01, as well as the provisions of the related Turkish national law and regulations, MUSKI will prevent its workforce from possible adverse impacts. In the ESIA studies, the project alternatives are discussed and as a result, the most feasible and environmentally friendly option is selected. Although alternatives are limited for site location and discharge, there are technical alternatives of the treatment. Thus, conventional activated sludge system is selected as the treatment technology of the plant. The selected sludge option is landfilling. One of the outputs of the ESIA studies is Environmental and Social Management Plan, which is mainly based on mitigation and performance improvement measures and actions that address the identified environmental and social issues, impacts and opportunities. The major purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Plan is to document key environmental issues, the actions to be taken to address them adequately, as well as any actions to maximize environmental benefits, the schedule and person/unit responsible for implementation and monitoring, and an estimate of the associated costs. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Executive Summary - Pg. 5/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT During the Turkish EIA studies, a public participation meeting was held to collect the opinions of the community. Although there is a great support to the Project, the main concern raised during the meetings was odor issues. MUSKI will manage an effective information disclosure system in line with the World Bank policies, and will request from its possible contractors to do so. Also, in order to collect the opinions of the community, MUSKI will operate an effective grievance mechanism and stakeholder engagement. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Executive Summary - Pg. 6/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT I. INTRODUCTION I.1. Description of the Project Muğla Metropolitan Municipality General Directorate of Water & Sewerage Administration (MUSKI) is a public entity reporting to Muğla Metropolitan Municipality established in line with Law no. 2560 by the Cabinet Decision no. 2014/6072 published on the Official Gazette dated 31.03.2014 with issue no. 28958. Muğla has been become a Metropolitan Municipality by operation of Law on the Establishment of Fourteen Metropolitan Municipalities and Twenty-Seven Districts and Amendment of the Certain Laws and Decree Laws (Law No. 6360). Within the scope of this Law, legal entities of villages and towns within the administrative boundaries of the Province have been disincorporated; villages have become neighborhoods and towns have become single neighborhoods of the district they were belonging to. As a result of this change in the area of responsibility, in order to execute water and sewerage services throughout the Province, Muğla General Directorate of Water and Sewerage Administration (MUSKİ) was established. Main target and principle of MUSKİ is to supply a clean, high quality and healthy drinking water to inhabitants of Muğla, to use and preserve the water resources in the most efficient way, to ensure the proper treatment of wastewater and to provide high standard services by adopting a modern management approach in its institutional development. In order to fulfill these targets and principles, MUSKİ has planned this integrated Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Project (hereinafter referred to as “the Project”) to develop wastewater services in the region. The Project consists of the construction of advanced biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with the daily capacity of 37,000 m3 and new sea discharge line. The WWTP is planned to be located at Muğla Province, Bodrum District, Turgutreis Neighborhood, Kum Locality, block 421, lot 11. The WWTP is planned to be in service until 2032. Currently, there is no wastewater treatment plant in Turgutreis, thus; the wastewater generated in Turgutreis is directly discharged to Bodrum Bay without any type of treatment, by sea discharge line. Via the construction of Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP within the context of this Project, the wastewater generated in the region will be treated and the treated effluent will be discharged into the Aegean Sea by a new sea discharge line. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter I - Pg. 7/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Photos taken from the Project Area are presented in Figure I.1. Figure I.1 Photos from Project Area Currently, Akyarlar and İslamhaneleri Neighborhoods, which are highly populated, have no connection to sewer system. Existing sewer lines in Peksimet, Dereköy and Gümüşlük neighborhoods have completed their 35 years of service lifespan and are not in condition to be removed. I.2. Scope of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Studies According to the Turkish Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation (Official Gazette date: November 25, 2014, number 29186), the Project is listed under its Annex-I (List of Projects Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment) Article 16 – Wastewater treatment plants with capacity of 150,000 equivalent persons and/or 30,000 m3/day. The Turkish EIA process of the Project had started with the submission of an EIA Application File to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU) on June 2016 and finalized on February 2017 with the obtainment of “EIA Positive” decision of MoEU. This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) in hand, is prepared for the Project in full compliance with the World Bank policies, to ensure that the upcoming stages of the project will meet these standards. The ESIA studies for the Project were carried out through utilization of resources including the related literature, previously prepared reports and results of field studies carried out by Arüv Çevre Mühendislik Müşavirlik Hizmetleri İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. (ARÜV). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter I - Pg. 8/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT After gathering required data from the sources, the studies were carried out with impact assessment using relevant impact assessment methodologies including mathematical calculations, geographical information systems, and experts’ opinions. The “List of Preparers and Contributors” who have contributed in the ESIA studies is included in Annex 1 of this report. Various documents were consulted during the preparation of the ESIA Report, including legal reports, laws and regulations, technical and economic reports regarding the project, publications on land use, natural resources, geology, socio-economic features of the area/region, maps, various data on water quality, hydrology, and climatology obtained from different agencies (see References). The impacts were identified and evaluated in the light of all results gathered together. Finally the report was prepared by Türk Mühendislik Müşavirlik ve Müteahhitlik A.Ş. (TÜMAŞ), covering baseline conditions of the physical, biological, and socio-economic environments, assessments regarding the potential impact of the project on the outlined baseline conditions, and the environmental and social management plan (ESMP). I.3. Structure of the ESIA Report The World Bank Group Environmental Policies formed the basis of the development of environmental, social and ESIA policies of the International Finance Institutions (IFIs). The general outline of this ESIA report is guided by the requirements of the World Bank’s Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 Environmental Assessment (EA) for Category A Projects1, and includes the following major headings;  Introduction  Project description  Policy, legal and administrative framework  Baseline data  Environmental and social impacts and mitigation measures  Analysis of alternatives  Environmental and social management plan (ESMP)  Public participation  Annexes Integrated Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Project was structured around the above-mentioned main headings. The information provided in the report was detailed under these headings to the extent that the best available data allowed. Accordingly, the chapters included in the ESIA Report can be briefly explained as the following:  Chapter I. Introduction; leads an introduction to the project and ESIA Report, providing project details and environmental and social impact studies.  Chapter II. Project Purpose and Description; is a description of the project including its location, components, technical specifications, associated construction and operation activities, and a proposed schedule for implementation.  Chapter III. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework; explains national and international legal requirements, and also identified environmental agreements that are relevant to the project. It also gives an in-depth explanation on the EIA procedure in Turkey. 1 A proposed Project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. The impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives, and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize and mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance (The World Bank, 2011). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter I - Pg. 9/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Chapter IV. Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions; describes the baseline conditions in and around the proposed project area, including physical, biological and socio-economic conditions.  Chapter V. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures; assesses the potential positive and negative impacts of the project, identifying mitigation measures.  Chapter VI. Project Alternatives; is an analysis of feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design and operation, including a “no project” alternative.  Chapter VII. Environmental and Social Management Plan; describes the necessary management strategies, monitoring activities, and responsibilities for implementation of the identified mitigation measures.  Chapter VIII Public Participation, gives the detailed information about the conducted public participation meeting, sets out the comments of the community, and the results of the questionnaire, In line with the World Bank OP 4.01, supplementary information, such as list of preparers and contributors, references, official letters, related reports, etc., which is relevant to the contents of the chapters listed above, will be provided in the annexes of the ESIA Report. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter I - Pg. 10/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION II.1. Project Location Muğla is a city in south-western Turkey and stretches along the Aegean coast. The city center is located inland at an altitude of 660 m and lies at a distance of about 30 km from the nearest coast. Districts of Muğla are Bodrum, Dalaman, Datça, Fethiye, Kavaklıdere, Köyceğiz, Marmaris, Milas, Menteşe, Ortaca, Seydikemer, Ula and Yatağan. Muğla is surrounded by Aydın Province on north, Denizli Province on east, Burdur Province on east-southeast and Antalya Province on southeast. Major part of Muğla belongs to Aegean Region while the remaining small portion belongs to Mediterranean Region. The Project Area is located in the Turgutreis neighborhood in Bodrum District and it is the second largest neighborhood on the Bodrum Peninsula. The districts of Muğla and the location of the project area are shown in Figure II.1. Figure II.1. Districts of Muğla The N18 sheet of the Aydın-Muğla-Denizli Planning Zone 1-100,000 scaled Environmental Plan on which the Project is located at, plan notes and its legend are provided in Annex-2. Site location map of the Project Area is provided in Figure II.2. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 11/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure II.2. Site Location Map TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 12/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Air distances to the Project Area are 14.5 km from Bodrum and 99 km from Muğla City Center. Currently, the Project Area, which is owned by MUSKİ, is used by them as a multipurpose area (warehouse, workshop, vehicle maintenance, small scale fuel station etc.). Photos from the Project Area are given in Chapter I. Details about the vicinity of the Project Area are as follows:  On the north, privately-owned planted farmlands and agricultural lands (mainly citrus gardens);  On the west, residential/commercial buildings and privately-owned agricultural lands;  On the east and south; privately-owned vineyards, gardens and agricultural lands (which are mainly orchards) The general layout of the Project is presented in the Figure II.3. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 13/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure II.3. General Layout of the Project TURGUTREIS Chapter II - Pg. 14/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT II.2. Population Projections Wastewater that will be generated by Turgutreis, Dereköy, İslamhaneleri, Peksimet, Gümüşlük and Akyarlar Neighborhoods will be collected and sent to Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP for treatment. Population projection is an essential part in the design of a WWTP. In order to meet the future demand, the population projection of the settlements located in the service area should be handled properly. The projections are conducted by using several calculation methods such as İlbank Population Calculation Method, Arithmetic Increase Method and Geometric Increase Method. After the calculations, the results are compared with each other and the most realistic one selected as a design population. II.2.1. Population Projection Methods Ilbank Population Calculation Method This method is developed and used frequently by İlbank (former Bank of Provinces) and is utilized prevalently during the design phase of infrastructure projects in Turkey. The calculation is mainly based on geometric method. According to this method, the following formulae are used; the first one is used to calculate population growth coefficient (P) and the second one is used to calculate future population (Ng): = ( √ − 1) 100 − = (1 + ) 100 Where: P : Population growth coefficient Ng : Projection year population Ny : Latest census result Ne : First census result a : Time between first and last census (in years) n : Calculation year In this method, in order to avoid unrealistically high and/or low population projections, upper and lower limit values are defined for P. Therefore;  If P<1, then P is taken as 1;  If 13, then P is taken as 3. Arithmetic Increase Method In this method, it is assumed that the population will change arithmetically. This method is the simplest one among the others and the main aim is to calculate population growth coefficient by using the previous census results. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 15/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The following formulae are used for estimation of ka value, which is the coefficient of population growth/increase rate and N value, which is the projection year population: 2 − 1 = ( ) 2 − 1 = 2 + ( − 2 ) Where: ka : Population growth coefficient N2 : Latest census result N1 : First census result t1 : Year of the first census t2 : Year of the latest census N : Projection year population t : Projection year Geometric Increase Method In this method, population increase rate is assumed to increase logarithmically. The following formulae are used for estimation of kg value, which is the coefficient of population growth and N value, which is the projection year population: 2 − 1 = ( ) 2 − 1 = 2 10(−2) Where: kg : Population growth coefficient N2 : Latest census result N1 : First census result t1 : Year of the first census t2 : Year of the latest census N : Projection year population t : Projection year II.2.2. Comparison of Population Projections In the following figure, the results of the projection method calculations are compared. The most acceptable results are found to be obtained by using Arithmetic Increase Method and İlbank Population Calculation Method. The projected populations calculated with these methods are in similar trend observed between 2007 and 2014. Since the saturation point of population has been almost reached for the Turgutreis wastewater collection basin and when the areas to be zoned for housing are taken into consideration, it is not expected to have a significant increase in the population of the service area in the future. Therefore, it is thought that the İlbank Population Calculation Method gives more reliable projections than Arithmetic Increase Method. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 16/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Projection Population Results Figure II.4. Comparison of Population Projections According to the selected population projection method, the projected populations are given in the Table II.1 and Table II.2 in terms of summer and winter populations, respectively. Tourism contribution is also taken into consideration during the projection calculations. Table II.1. Turgutreis Wastewater Collection Basin Summer Population Projection Tourism Secondary Total Summer Years Local Population Day Trips (Summer months) Housing Population 2015 32,421 58,893 50,727 9,984 152,026 2017 34,396 60,077 51,747 10,184 156,404 2022 39,874 63,141 54,386 10,704 168,106 2027 46,225 66,362 57,161 11,250 180,998 2032 53,587 69,747 60,077 11,824 195,235 Table II.2. Turgutreis Wastewater Collection Basin Winter Population Projection Tourism Years Local Population Secondary Housing Total Winter Population (Winter months) 2015 32,421 3,470 2,536 38,427 2017 34,396 3,539 2,587 40,523 2022 39,874 3,720 2,719 46,313 2027 46,225 3,910 2,858 52,993 2032 53,587 4,109 3,004 60,700 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 17/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT For further information on the population projection calculations please see the document named “Bodrum District Turgutreis Neighborhood Advanced Biologic Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Report” prepared by Alter International Engineering and Consulting Services Ltd. for this Project. II.3. Wastewater Projections for the Project II.3.1. Wastewater Flowrate Projections In order to identify the required capacity of a WWTP, accurate wastewater projections are as much important as population projections. The wastewater amount calculations are performed based on the water consumption per capita values. Assumed water consumption per capita data are provided in Table II.3. The assumption of these values are based on the Regulation on the Preparation of Urban Drinking Water Projects (Official Gazette Date: April 22, 1985, Number:18733) Table II.3. Population-Dependent Water Consumption Per Capita Population Type l/cap.d Local Population 170 Tourism 300 Secondary Housing 170 Day Trips 40 Domestic Wastewater Generation In the calculations of the domestic wastewater generation, it is assumed that the 90% of the consumed water will return to the sewer system. Via this assumption, wastewater generation amounts for each population type will be:  150 l/cap.d for local population,  270 l/cap.d for tourism,  150 l/cap.d for secondary housings, and  36 l/cap.d for daily trips. The projected amount of domestic wastewater that will be generated in the service area of Turgutreis WWTP in 2032 is presented in Table II.4. Table II.4. Turgutreis Wastewater Collection Basin Domestic Wastewater Flowrate 3 Domestic Wastewater Flowrate (m /day) Population Type 2032 Summer Winter Local Population 8,038 8,038 Tourism 18,832 1,109 Secondary Housing 9,011 451 Day Trips 426 - Total 36,307 9,598 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 18/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Infiltration The sewer system that will collect the wastewater and bring it to the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP will be completely new and impermeable, therefore; the infiltration rate is considered to be low. For both summer and winter periods, the infiltration rate is assumed as 10% of the total domestic wastewater flowrate. The calculated infiltration flowrate for Turgutreis wastewater collection basin is given in Table II.5. Table II.5. Infiltration Flowrate (Summer and Winter Periods) 3 Infiltration Flowrate (m /day) Year Turgutreis Wastewater Collection Basin 2032 960 Design Flowrates The design flowrates of the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP are presented in Table II.6. These flowrate determinations were conducted based on the approved feasibility reports and the negotiations made with the related governmental authority. Table II.6. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Design Flowrates 2032 Flowrates Summer Winter 3 Maximum (m /h) 1,021 299 3 Average (m /d) 37,000 11,000 3 Minimum (m /h) 3,000 850 II.3.2. Wastewater Characterization For the characterization of wastewater, pollution load per capita data found by conducted literature researches was used. This was found to be sufficient and accurate since the only wastewater source will be domestic and it is easy to find literature values for the characterization of domestic wastewater. During literature searches, different pollution load per capita values were found (Erdogan et. al., 2005; WWTP Technical Specifications Communique, 2010; WWTP Design Guide, 2012; ATV-A 281 E, 2001 etc.). The wastewater characterization calculations were performed by using these entire different pollution load per capita values and ATV-DVWK standards. After the calculations performed, the obtained wastewater characteristics and pollution load of Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP are given in Table II.7. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 19/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table II.7. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Wastewater Characterization and Pollution Load Pollution Load (kg/day) Parameters Concentration (mg/L) 2032 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 320 11,840 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 635 23,495 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 370 13,690 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 58 2,146 Total Phosphorus (TP) 9 333 II.3.3. Effluent Characterization Discharge standards for Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP are presented in the Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation (Official Gazette date: January 8, 2006, number: 26047) which was published to accomplish the harmonization of national regulations with EU Environmental Legislation. Discharge standards are given in Table II.8 and these standards are accepted as maximum limits. Table II.8. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Discharge Standards Urban Wastewater Treatment Parameters Unit Regulation Discharge Criteria TSS mg/L 35 BOD mg O2/L 25 COD mg O2/L 125 TN mg N/L 10 (for population >100,000) TP mg P/L 1 (for population >100,000) II.4. Wastewater Collection System The design, construction and operation of wastewater collection system is not a part of this Project. However; in order to ensure the overall integrity, basic information on the planned sewer system are provided below. A new sewer system will be constructed to collect the wastewater of Turgutreis, Akyarlar, Gümüşlük, İslamhaneleri, Dereköy and Peksimet Neighborhoods of Bodrum District. This new sewer system will be connected to the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP. In new sewer system construction, HDPE PE100 PN10 pipes will be used in the areas below the water table while steam cured integrated sealed concrete pipes will be used in the areas above the water table. Gravity flow is not attainable for the planned sewer system; hence, a total of 26 pumping stations were planned to be constructed within the Project. Sewer pipe diameters will be 200mm, 300mm, 400mm, 500mm, 600mm, 800mm and 1000m. According to the “Bodrum District Sewer System Final Project”, the total sewer system length will be 417 km. After the site visits of consultant firm, final project might be updated, if it is found to be necessary, and the total length of the project might differ. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 20/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The sewer system of the region will be constructed in two stages. In the first stage (until 2032), the construction will be carried out for the areas that have settlements and roads. The second stage (2032-2047) consists of the sewer system construction for future settlements. The pumping stations will be ready made and where necessary will be equipped with solid separation systems. All pumping stations will be built underground. II.5. Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Components Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP will be constructed as a part of this integrated Project. As mentioned before, the plant will have a daily capacity of 37,000 m3 and located on an area of 30,426 m2. The plant will be in operation until 2032. After 2032, if it is found to be sufficient, the plant will continue to its operation with the same daily capacity. The area, where the WWTP will be constructed, is given in Figure II.5. The layout of the WWTP is given in Figure II.6. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 21/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure II.5. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Area TURGUTREIS Chapter II - Pg. 22/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure II.6. Layout of the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP TURGUTREIS Chapter II - Pg. 23/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP consists of the following units:  Coarse Screen  Fine Screen  Aerated Grit Chamber  Chemical Phosphorus Removal Tank  Anaerobic BioP Tanks  Aeration Tanks  Final Sedimentation Tanks  Sludge Equalization Tank  Sludge Pumping Station  Sludge Dewatering Building  Odor Removal Unit  Blower Building  Administrative Building  Transformer and Generator Building  Security Cabin/Guardhouse  Sea Discharge The detailed technical information about these units is provided in the following sub- sections. II.5.1. Preliminary Treatment Preliminary treatment units of Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP consist of coarse and fine screens and aerated grit chambers. Coarse Screen  Design flow rate : Maximum  Clear spacing between bars : 30 mm  Bar width : 10 mm  Horizontal angle : 75o  Velocity between bars : < 1.2 m/s  Method of cleaning : Mechanical:  Screening amount : 5 - 10 L/person/year  Size of bar : 2 mm (2 x 10) Rectangular  Head loss : ≤ 15 cm Fine Screen  Design flow rate : Maximum  Clear spacing between bars : 6 mm  Horizontal angle : 60o  Velocity between bars : 0.80 m/s  Method of cleaning : Mechanical:  Screening amount : 45 L /1000 m3  Head loss : ≤ 15 cm TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 24/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Aerated Grit Chamber Removal of grit and oil-grease within the wastewater will be ensured through aerated grit chambers. In aerated grit chamber, inorganics like sand, pebble, silt, glass, metal etc. will be removed. Grit chambers are equipped with aeration systems to keep low density organics suspended and separating oil and grease. Grit chambers are designed to remove at least 85% of the solid particles with diameters greater than 0.2 mm and specific gravity greater than 2.65. The scraper/skimmer bridge moves back and forth regularly over the tank and collects and sends the suspended grit to grit washer by its submersible pumps. The bridge also skims the oil and grease and collects them in the hopper. Floating material such as oil and grease that collected at the hopper are transferred to the container for final disposal then. The detailed design information about the aerated grit chamber of Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP are given below. The design is based on the maximum flowrate.  Number of grit chambers :2  Length (m) : 26  Total water depth (m) : 3.30  Total width (m) : 3.90  Width of grit removal section (m) : 2.60  Width / Water depth : 0.79  Length / Depth : 10  Foam section / width of grit removal section :0.50 Air flow rate was calculated considering 1.30 Nm3/h/m3 grit chamber. Therefore, the total air required was calculated to be approximately 1000 Nm3/h. The diffuser pipes will be installed along the length of the grit chamber for the air to be dispersed; accordingly, with the air supplied, a helical flow will occur in the flow direction which will cause grit in the wastewater to settle by hitting the walls of the grit chamber. The design information on the blower are provided below.  Number of blowers : 2 (1 as substitute)  Nominal capacity : 550 Nm3/h  Standard blower capacity : 9.17 m3/min  Blower head : 600 mbar II.5.2. Advanced Biological Treatment Removal of carbon-based pollutants as well as nitrogen and phosphorus are carried out simultaneously at the bio-phosphorus tanks, aeration tanks and final sedimentation tanks. These units are considered as the advanced biological treatment components of Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP. The detailed information about these units are given in following subsections. Anaerobic Tanks (Bio-Phosphorus Tanks) Biological phosphorus removal consists of two stages. These stages are storage of phosphorus release in anaerobic environment and the storage of the storage of the excess of the released phosphorus in anoxic/oxic environment. To enable phosphorus release, readily degradable dissolved organic carbon in the inlet water shall be stored within the cell. When there is an electron acceptor in the environment, the microorganism will use the stored carbon in order to sustain its activities and store excess phosphorus for regeneration of ATP. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 25/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The retention time of the Bio-P tanks are 1.5 hours and the tanks are composed of two aeration tank groups where each has four serially connected aeration tanks. The gates located at the entrance of each tank and between the tanks are used to specifically activate or deactivate a tank. The actuator-powered gates located at the outlet of the tanks are used as overflow weirs and they are also used to level the water in both tanks. Furthermore, in order to avoid sedimentation as well as the volume losses caused by the dead zones resulting from the sedimentation and enable the required flow characteristics, submersible mixers shall be installed to the bottom of the tank to provide a velocity of 0.30 m/h. The return sludge is then taken to the first Bio-P tank and this enables biological phosphorus removal. If required, return sludge can directly be fed to the inlet structure to enter the tanks together with the raw wastewater. Design parameters of Bio-P tanks are given below.  Number of groups in operation : 1.00  Number of tanks in operation within the group : 3.00  Required tank volume : 2405.44 m3  Total volume of tanks in operation : 2528.32 m3  Retention Time : 1.58 h Aeration Tanks In the anoxic and oxic sections of the aeration tanks, biological treatment continues with nitrification and denitrification processes. The amount of air required for nitrification is supplied and the ammonium nitrogen at the inlet is converted into nitrate nitrogen. Generated nitrate nitrogen then is used as an electron acceptor for the removal of biochemical oxygen demand. Then the wastewater is transferred to aeration tanks for its further treatment in bio-P tanks. Aeration tanks are designed as pre-denitrification systems. As in the Bio-P tanks, there are gates located at the inlet and outlet of each tanks to specifically and individually activate and deactivate a tank. The aeration of the tanks will be ensured through the membrane diffusor systems. Moreover, 25% of the unaerated sections of the tank will be installed with diffusers with the same intervals at the aerated section. This will enable the operator to adjust the process through the aeration system in the event of changes in the characteristics of wastewater and flow rates as well as all kinds of malfunctioning-deactivation issues. The penstocks will be used as overflow weirs at the outlet of the tanks and the actuator- powered gates will be used to level the water in the tanks. In addition, each tank will have a gate between its connections with the other tank. As the water depth above the diffusers at the aeration tanks directly impacts the oxygen dissolubility efficiency, keeping the height of the water level at the tanks constant although the flow rate changes will enable to sustain aeration efficiency at the same level. Furthermore, once more, in order to avoid sedimentation as well as the volume losses caused by the dead zones resulting from the sedimentation and enable the flow characteristics required, submersible mixers will be installed to the bottom of the tank to provide a velocity of 0.3 m/h. There will be recirculation pumps in the middle of the four tanks to ensure inner recirculation. As a result of the flexible configuration of the process tanks, inner recirculation will be ensured from tank 4 to tank 1 and from tank 3 to tank 1; therefore, the system can be operated as either A2/O and 5-stage Bardenpho, respectively. Moreover, the system is flexible enough to allow stage-feeding. In that case, inner recirculation pumps will not be used. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 26/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Design information of aeration tanks are provided below:  Number of operating tanks :3  Total volume of operating tanks : 28,077 m3  Required tank volume : 27,842 m3  Volume of nitrification tank : 17,969 m3  Volume of denitrification tank : 10,108 m3  Nitrification denitrification ratio : 0.36 Final Sedimentation Tanks The design parameters of the final sedimentation tanks are provided below:  Design flowrate : 73,487 m3/h  Sludge Volume Index : 100 l/kg  Thickening time : 2 hours  SSBS : 12.60 kg/m3  SSRS : 10.08 kg/m3  SSAT : 4.32 kg/m3  Number of operating tanks :4  Tank diameter :33 m  qsv : 515.60 l/m2-h  qa : 1.194 m3/m2-h  R1 :4m  Clear water zone : 0.50 m  Separation/return zone : 1.84 m  Thick flow/storage zone : 0.81 m  Thickening/sludge separation zone : 1.43 m  hside : 4.03 m  hconic : 1.45 m  hcentral : 5.48 m  Inlet structure retention time : 1.7 min  Inlet structure required opening area : 6.62 m2  Total volume : 3,803.53 m3 II.5.3. Sludge Treatment Units Sludge Stabilization Tank The excess sludge will be sent to sludge stabilization tanks before sludge dewatering units In Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP design, sludge stabilization will be aerobic. It is similar to the activated sludge process. Since the supply of available substrate is depleted, this time the organisms begin to consume their own protoplasm. As similar to the activated sludge process once again, the tanks are equipped with membrane diffusors. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 27/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In the aerobic digestion tanks the retention time is selected as 8 hours. Further design parameters of stabilization tanks are provided below:  Sludge flowrate : 1,544.90 m3/d, 64.37 m3/h  Retention time : 8 hours  Required sludge storage volume : 514,96 m3  Number of sludge stabilization tanks :2  Tank diameter :9m  Wastewater depth : 4.50 m  Tank volume : 572.58 m3  Amount of required air : 1.2 m3/m3-hour  Blower capacity : 800 Nm3/h ( Sludge Dewatering Sludge dewatering will be performed by decanters. Biological sludge that will be collected from the final sedimentation tanks and the sludge that will be collected from sludge stabilization tanks will be sent to the sludge dewatering system. Sludge dewatering units will increase the solid content of the sludge from 1% to 25%. Centrifugal decanters will be active for 14 hours a day and 6 days a week. Design parameters of centrifugal decanters are as below:  Number of decanters : 3 (1 as substitute)  Decanter capacity : 65 m3/h Sludge Disposal After stabilization and dewatering, the excess sludge will be sent to the Landfills operated by Muğla Metropolitan Municipality Department of Environmental Protection and Control and disposed in accordance with the provisions of Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation. II.5.4. Disinfection Unit In Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP, the treated effluent will be discharged into the sea and hence, disinfection of the effluent is required. In this scope, the effluent will be disinfected by using closed-pipe UV systems. The technical specifications of UV system are given below:  Number of lamps . 12  Maximum capacity : 250 m3/h  TSS allowable : ≤ 15 mg/L  UV-C Dosage : > 34 mWs/cm2  Organisms after UV : < 200 CFU/100mL TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 28/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT II.5.5. Odor Control Units Potential odor causing units will be enclosed and the pressure of the odorous air will be kept higher than the atmospheric pressure. The below units will be enclosed and the odorous air will be controlled as mentioned above:  Inlet structure  Inlet pump station  Screening Unit and Screenings Disposal Area  Sludge Dewatering Building In addition to enclosing the odor causing units, a biofilter system will also be used in Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP to prevent environmental nuisance issues related with odor. The technical specifications of biofilter system are as follows:  Biofilter capacity will be 25,000 m3/h  Highly porous biofilter will increase the surface area and result an increase in filtration capacity (10-20 mm diameter granulated pores)  Operating temperature will be in between 15-45oC.  Retention time will be 15-60s.  According to the performed calculations, the amount of air that will require biofiltration will be 25,000 m3/h and the anticipated H2S concentration will be 25 ppm at 20oC.  There will be two side-by-side reinforced concrete biofilter tanks.  The width of biofilter will be 5m.  The height of biofilter will be 1.8m.  Bed depth will be 1.55m.  Volume of biofilter will be 279 m3.  Biofilters will be kept wet by the sprinklers installed on it. II.6. Sea Discharge System The treated effluent of Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP will be discharged into the marine environment by sea discharge method (submarine outfall). Submarine outfalls are common throughout the world and generally used to discharge the municipal wastewater with no or primary treatment with the intention of using the assimilative capacity of the sea for further treatment. However; in this case, the submarine outfall will be used to discharge the effluent of an advanced wastewater treatment plant. The characteristics of effluent are provided in Section II.3.3. The planned sea discharge line and existing sea discharge line are shown in Figure II.7. The coastal part of the sea discharge line will reach to coast with following cadastral roads. Together with the diffusor piper, the total length of the sea discharge line will be 1460 m (1400 m discharge line, 60 m diffusor pipe). The technical specifications of diffusor pipe are as follows:  Flowrate : 0.1-1.04 m3/s  Number of holes, located on opposite directions : 15  Hole diameter : 0.12 m  Diffusor pipe water depth : -17 m  Length : 60 m  Direction : In same direction with line The discharge line will follow a direction at a distance from the breakwater of the planned port of the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. The first section of the pipeline follows a direction of WSW for a distance of 500 m, and then the pipeline makes an agle of 30-45° turn towards SW-SSW and continues about 1100 m. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 29/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure II.7. Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Sea Discharge Line TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter II - Pg. 30/306 The discharge system is planned to be installed within a trench system as shown in the Figure II.8. Figure II.8. Trench Cross Section It is planned that the trench will have a depth of 2.25 m from the local seabed. . However this depth may be increased or decreased at necessary loations in order not to achieve a positive slope along the layout of the discharge system. In other words, this is adapted in order to always achieve a positive slope so that the upstream height will always be higher than the downstream height along the outfall pipeline direction. This is advantegous in terms of not causing any settlement within the outfall pipeline. From bottom to top, the trench is planned to be composed of:  Bed Layer  Pipe  Backfill Layer  Protection Layer The bed layer is planned to be composed of sand with proper dimensions and properties. This layer is placed in order to have a good soil conditions underneath the pipes as well as obtaining a smooth bed for the pipes. The thickness of this layer is planned to be about 0.35 mm. The pipe is planned to be a polyethylene pipe (PE). Depending on the design discharge volumes for short and long terms, the PE pipe is planned as to be Ø750 (dimension is in mm). In order to place the PE pipes to their places, ballast blocks will be used that are installed at certain intervals along the outfall pipeline. The backfill layer is planned to be composed of gravel with proper dimensions and properties. This layer is placed in order to block the contact between protection layer and PE pipes (to protect the PE pipes from bigger rocks of protection layer and to have a layer with proper sized material in between cover and bed layers in terms of filtration, hydrodynamic effects and overall soil conditions of the trench cross section. It is planned that the total thickness of this layer is about 1.5 m. The protection layer is planned to be composed of rocks with proper dimensions and properties. This layer is placed to prevent the hydrodynamic impact to reach the layers and PE pipes below. These hydrodynamic impacts are forced by waves and currents. It is planned that the total thickness of this layer is about 0.5 m. It is essential that the top elevation of the protection layer will be the same as neighboring seabed. This is adapted so that smaller rocks can be used in this layer. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 31/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT For the construction of the sea discharge system, works to be performed are categorized into two different groups as on-land and marine works. On-land works are composed of:  Finding a nearby coastal area, preferably an area within a harbor or at a coastal area to be protected from the impact of waves and having an easy access to sea  Preparation of this coastal area for storage, preparation and testing of PE pipes, as well as preparation (pouring), storage and installation of ballast blocks  Transportation of PE pipes to the project site and storage of PE pipes  Pouring and storage of ballast blocks  Preparation of PE pipes (together with ballast blocks) for immersion  Testing of PE pipes before immersion Marine works are composed of:  Dredging of the trench  Transportation of the dredged material to the disposal site  Disposal of the dredged material to an appropriate offshore site  Placement and levelling of bed layer  Floatation of the PE pipes after final testing  Transportation of the PE pipes to the immersion site  Immersion of PE pipes  Submarine connection between PE pipes  Placement and leveling of the backfill layer  Placement and leveling of the protection layer  Final testing of the PE pipes  Diver-related submarine works (communication, photography, videotaping, submarine controls, testing etc.) II.7. Personnel Requirements A total of 80 workers at the peak period of construction phase and a total of 25 workers are planned to be employed in the extent of this Project. In the employment, the priority will be given to the local population. Workers that will be employed during different phases of the Project will reside in the settlements that are close to the Project area. In this scope, no new housing/accommodation is required on site. Structures that serve the needs of the workers will be located in the administrative building. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 32/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT II.8. Project Cost The planned cost of the Project is 13,618,000 Euro. II.9. Project Schedule The Project is planned to be completed in 35 months and in one stage. Tender process regarding to the construction of the Project will start following the EIA and ESIA processes. Construction will begin right after the completion of tender process. The planned Project schedule is presented in Table II.9. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter II - Pg. 33/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table II.9. Project Schedule TURGUTREIS ADVANCED WWTP AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE PROJECT SCHEDULE Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Preparation of Application Projects EIA and other report and permit processes Construction stage Mechanical and electromechanical works Discharge line works Landscaping Commissioning Operational permits processes TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter II - Pg. 34/306 III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK This chapter is constructed to elucidate the main aspects of the legal and administrative framework to be followed in the design of ESIA studies and preparation of the report in hand. Various national and international legislations explained in the following sections are also to be complied with during different stages of the Project, including planning, pre-construction, construction and operation. III.1. Turkish Legislation The key national laws and regulations presented in this section include the legal requirements to reduce the potential environmental impacts that may arise from the construction and operational activities of the Project. Turkish Legislation related to the Project is presented in the following sections under relevant subtopics. III.1.1. Turkish Environmental, Health and Safety Legislations Environmental Law, which is ratified in August 1983, is one of the principal legislation related to the Project. Several by-laws and decrees are enforced under the Environmental Law. The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (Official Gazette date November 25, 2014, number 29186) defines the administrative and technical procedures and principles to be followed throughout the EIA process. When an activity (a Project) is planned, the Project developer is responsible for preparing an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report along with many other permits required to realize the Project. However, facilities are subject to preparation of an EIA Report depending on the type of the facility, its capacity, or the location of the activity. The activities that are subject to the provisions of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation are listed in Annex I and Annex II of the Regulation. For Annex I activities a full EIA report is required and those Projects go through the full EIA process. For Annex II activities, a Project Description File (PDF) is prepared in accordance with the outline given in the Regulation and the relevant process has to be conducted. As a result of the submission of PDF, if “EIA is required” decision is given, a full EIA is prepared. The EIA process starts with submitting a brief report (EIA Application File), summarizing the characteristics of the Project and the impact area, and the potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures, prepared according to the format provided in Annex III of the EIA Regulation to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. Then the MoEU, General Directorate of EIA, Permit and Inspection forms a committee from related governmental and non-governmental agencies, which also includes the Project Owner and the consultant that would prepare the EIA report. With the formation of this committee the scoping phase starts. This committee aims to define the scope of the EIA report to be prepared for the Project. The EIA scope is defined based on findings of the committee and the comments and suggestions received from a public consultation meeting to be held at the Project site. The purpose of the meeting is to give information regarding the Project and take the opinion of the public and answer their questions regarding the Project. In addition, the Ministry shall announce that the EIA process regarding the Project has been initiated and information regarding the EIA process may be obtained also via the internet. The scoping phase is completed with a meeting of this committee during which the EIA scope is agreed on. Based on the agreed scope, the EIA studies are conducted and the report is prepared. After the submission of the EIA Report to the General Directorate of EIA, Permit and Inspection, it is checked with regard to the contents to decide whether the report is suitable for starting the review process. If the content of the report is found to be appropriate, the review period starts and ends with either a positive or negative decision. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 35/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and the governorships are responsible for informing the public that the review period of the EIA Report is started via announcements using local and national media, boards, internet etc. Thus, public will be able to access the EIA Report from the web site of the MoEU or the relevant Provincial Directorate and comment on the Report. Those comments are reviewed in the Review Commission meeting and the results are reflected in the EIA Report. The key information on the EIA Process of this Project is listed below:  According to the Article 7 Paragraph 1 Subparagraph (a) of the EIA Regulation, the Project belongs to the Annex I of the Regulation.  Annex I Article 16 states that “Wastewater treatment plants with an equivalent population higher than 150,000 and/or capacity higher than 30,000 m3/day” requires a full EIA.  Accordingly, the EIA Application File of the Project was submitted to the MoEU on June 2016 and the Turkish EIA Process was officially started.  The final EIA Report was approved and “Environmental Impact Assessment Positive” decision (decision date February 7, 2017, number 4519) was given by the MoEU. The rest of the Turkish EHS Legislation that the Project will comply with is presented in Table III.1 below. Table III.1. Turkish EHS Legislation Related to the Project Official Gazette Official Gazette Legislation Implications for the Project Stages Date Number Waste Management  Management of wastes generated by construction staff during the construction Waste Management stage and by operation staff during the April 2, 2015 29314 Regulation operation stage  Hazardous wastes generated at construction and operation stages  Wastewater generated by the site staff Water Pollution Control December 31, 2004 25687 at construction stage and by operation Regulation staff during the operation stage. Regulation on Landfill of  Final sludge generated during operation March 26, 2010 27533 Wastes stage. Regulation on the Control of  Waste oils generated at construction and July 30, 2008 26952 Waste Oil operations stages. Regulation on the Control of  Waste vegetable oils generated at January 6, 2015 29378 Waste Vegetable Oil construction and operation stages. Regulation on the Control of  Packaging wastes generated at December 27, 2017 30283 Packaging Waste construction and operation stages. Regulation on the Control of  Medical wastes generated at January 25, 2017 29959 Medical Waste construction and operation stages. Regulation on the Control of  Waste tires generated at construction November 25, 2006 26357 Waste Tires and operation stages. Regulation on the Control of  Waste batteries and accumulators Waste Batteries and August 31, 2004 25569 generated at construction and operation Accumulators stages. Regulation on the Control of  Excavation materials, construction and Excavation Materials, March 28, 2004 25406 demolition wastes generated during Construction and Demolition construction stage. Wastes Regulation on the Control of  Management of waste vehicles currently December 30, 2009 27448 Waste Vehicles stored in the Project Area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 36/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table III.1. Turkish EHS Legislation Related to the Project Official Gazette Official Gazette Legislation Implications for the Project Stages Date Number Regulation on the Use of  Management of final sludge generated Domestic and Urban August 3, 2010 27661 during operation stage. Sewage Sludge on Soil Regulation on the  Management of final sludge generated October 6, 2010 27721 Incineration of Wastes during operation stage. Water Quality Control and Management Water Pollution Control  Discharge of treated effluent during December 31, 2004 25687 Regulation operation stage. Regulation on the Water  Drinking water supplied during Intended for Human February 17, 2005 25730 construction and operation stages. Consumption Regulation on the Control of Pollution Caused by  Management of hazardous substances Hazardous Substances in November 26, 2005 26005 at construction and operation stages. and around Water Environment Regulation on the Protection  Protection of groundwater sources of Ground Waters against April 7, 2012 28257 against pollution during construction and Pollution and Deterioration operation stages.  Discharge of treated effluent during Surface Water Quality operation stage. November 30, 2012 28483 Regulation  Monitoring of water quality at receiving body during operation stage. Regulation on the Monitoring  Monitoring of water quality at receiving of Surface Waters and February 11, 2014 28910 body during operation stage. Groundwaters Air Quality Control and Management Regulation on the Control of  Heating of the operational buildings January 13, 2005 25699 Air Pollution from Heating during operation stage. Regulation on the Assessment and June 6, 2008 26898  Emissions during operation stage. Management of Air Quality  Dust emissions due to the construction Industrial Air Pollution July 3, 2009 27277 activities performed at construction stage. Control Regulation  Emissions during operation stage. Regulation on the Control of  Odorous emissions generated during July 19, 2013 28712 Odor Causing Emissions operation stage. Regulation on the Monitoring  Greenhouse gas emissions during of Greenhouse Gas May 17, 2014 29003 construction and operation phases. Emissions Noise Control and Management Regulation on the  Noise levels caused by noise sources Environmental Noise December 30, 2006 26392 within the Project site at the construction Emissions Caused by and operation stages. Equipment Used Outdoors Regulation on the Assessment and  Noise emissions at construction and June 4, 2010 27601 Management of operation stages Environmental Noise Soil Quality Control and Management Regulation on the Control of Soil Pollution and Lands  Risks of soil contamination at June 8, 2010 27605 Contaminated by Point construction and operation stages. Sources Environmental Management, Permitting and Planning Environmental Impact  Impacts during construction and November 25, 2014 29186 Assessment Regulation operation stages. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 37/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table III.1. Turkish EHS Legislation Related to the Project Official Gazette Official Gazette Legislation Implications for the Project Stages Date Number  Audits performed by either Project Environmental Auditing November 21, 2008 27061 Owner or governmental authorities during Regulation construction and operation stages. Environmental Permits and  Required permits and licenses at all September 10, 2014 29115 Licensing Regulation stages of the Project. Health and Safety Occupational Health and  Health and safety measures to be taken June 14, 2014 29030 Safety Regulation during construction and operation stages.  Health and safety measures to be taken Manual Handling Operations July 24, 2013 28717 during manual handling activities at Regulation construction and operation stages.  Health and safety measures to be taken Preparation, Completion and during preparation, completion and April 28, 2004 25446 Cleaning Works Regulation cleaning works at construction and operation stages.  Personal protection equipment to be Personal Protection November 29, 2006 26361 used during construction and operation Equipment Regulation stages. Regulation on the Use of  Personal protection equipment to be Personal Protection July 2, 2013 28695 used during construction and operation Equipment at Workplaces stages.  In case of a first aid requirement during First Aid Regulation July 29, 2015 29429 construction and operation stages. National Occupational  Health and safety measures to be taken Health and Safety Council February 5, 2013 28550 during construction and operation stages. Regulation Regulation on the Protection of Workers Against the  Health and safety measures to be taken April 30, 2013 28633 Dangers of Explosive during construction and operation stages. Environments Regulation on the Methods  Health and safety trainings to be and Essentials of May 15, 2013 28648 performed during construction and Occupational Health and operation stages Safety Trainings for Workers Regulation on the Protection  Health and safety measures to be taken of Workers from Noise July 28, 2013 28721 against the noise impacts during Related Risks construction and operation stages. Regulation on the Protection  Health and safety measures to be taken of Workers from Vibration August 22, 2013 28743 against the vibration impacts during Related Risks construction and operation stages. Health and Safety Signs  Health and safety signs to be placed September 11, 2013 28762 Regulation during construction and operation stages. Regulation on the  Health and safety measures to be taken Occupational Health and August 23, 2013 28744 for temporary workers during construction Safety for Temporary or and operation stages. Fixed Term Jobs Regulation on the  Constructional health and safety Occupational Health and October 5, 2013 28786 measures to be taken during construction Safety in Construction phase. Communiqué on  Determination of hazard classes during Occupational Health and December 26, 2012 28509 construction and operation phases. Safety Hazard Classes List Management of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Substances  Chemicals and hazardous goods to be Water Pollution Control December 31, 2004 25687 used during construction and operation Regulation phases. Regulation on the  Chemicals and mixtures to be used Classification, Labeling and December 11, 2013 28848 during construction and operation phases. Packaging of Materials and TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 38/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table III.1. Turkish EHS Legislation Related to the Project Official Gazette Official Gazette Legislation Implications for the Project Stages Date Number Mixtures Regulation on the Road  Hazardous goods to be transported Transportation of Hazardous October 24, 2013 28801 during operation phase. Goods Land Use Regulation on the Protection, Usage and December 9, 2017 30265  Change in the land use Planning of Agricultural Lands General Regulation on the Implementation of the Law  Private security services to be used October 7, 2004 25606 Concerning Private Security during construction and operation services Services Regulation Concerning the  Construction works within the scope of Buildings to be built in March 6, 2007 26454 the Project. Earthquake Zones Regulation on the Protection  Measures to be taken for fire protection December 19, 2007 26735 of Buildings from Fire during construction and operation phases. Regulation Concerning the  Substances to be used during Ozone Depleting April 07, 2017 30031 construction and operation phases. Substances Regulation Concerning the Increase in the Efficiencies  Energy consumption during construction October 27, 2011 28097 of Energy Consumption and and operation phases. Energy Resources MUSKI shall comply with the requirements of the current national legislations and codes of practice, and fulfill all other legal requirements. Therefore, during each and every stage of the planned project and implementation of related management plans, all activities will be carried in accordance with certain standards and limits set by the above mentioned laws and regulations and any license and/or permit required for the upcoming stages of the project will be acquired accordingly. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 39/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT III.1.2. Turkish Legislation on the Conservation of Nature and Wildlife Project-related Turkish legislation on conservation of nature and wildlife is presented below in Table III.2. Table III.2 Project related Turkish Legislation on the Conservation of Nature and Wildlife Official Gazette Official Gazette Legislation Implications for the Project Stages Date Number Regulation on the Management of Natural Assets, Natural Protected  Measures to be taken during chance Areas, and State-Owned May 2, 2013 28635 finds at the construction stage. Lands Located on Environmental Conservation Lands Law on Conservation of  Measures to be taken during chance July 23, 1983 18113 Cultural and Natural Assets finds at the construction stage.  Monitoring requirements regarding Land Hunting Law July 11, 2003 25165 hunting and wildlife.  Measures to be taken during the Law on Fisheries April 4, 1971 13799 construction and operation of sea discharge line (submarine outfall).  Measures to be taken during the Regulation on Fisheries March 10, 1995 22223 construction and operation of sea discharge line (submarine outfall). III.1.3. Permits The Project-related permits to be taken following the completion of EIA/ESIA process are as follows:  Permit for the use of land for purposes other than agricultural use  Wastewater Treatment Plant Project Approval  Construction license  Building license  Operation license  Temporary Certificate of Operation  Environmental Permit and License  It is guaranteed that Class II Operation License for Non-sanitary Workplace and all required permits and licenses that are not listed here will be taken in compliance with the related legislations and the plant will be constructed and operated according to the related regulations. III.2. International Agreements and Standards International financial institutions follow certain policies and procedures regarding assessment and management of environmental and social impacts of the projects to be financed. As requirements of international extent of the Project, environmental and social database and impact assessment studies will also guarantee that Project’s design, construction and operation will be satisfactory for international environmental standards alongside national legislation. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 40/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT III.2.1. International Environmental Conventions that Turkey is a Contracting Party Turkish national policy on protection of cultural heritage and conservation of biological resources has been constituted on the base of relevant international agreements that Turkey is a party which are ratified or acceded by laws or relevant legislation. In addition to these, there are various laws and regulations on protection and conservation of natural habitats, wildlife and cultural heritage. The international agreements and conventions on biological conservation that Turkey had ratified are:  Paris Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1975),  Barcelona Convention on the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution (1976),  Bern Convention on Protection of Europe's Wild Life and Living Environment (1982),  The Convention for the Protection of Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention) (1981),  Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) (1983)  Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmissions of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) (1983),  Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1988),  Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer (1990),  Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) (1991),  Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio Convention) (1992),  The International Convention on the Established of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND 1992),  International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1992),  UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2004),  Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR) (1994),  Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1994),  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1996),  Kyoto Protocol (1997), TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 41/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) (1998),  European Landscape Convention (2001),  United Nations Europe Economic Commission Convention on Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (2000),  Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) (2001),  Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention) (2004),  Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs),  Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention) (1972),  Mediterranean Sea Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biodiversity (1988), including related protocols,  Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest) (1994) and its protocols including the Protocol for the Protection of Biological and Landscape Diversity in the Black Sea (2004). III.2.2. World Bank Group Policies and Standards Since the Lender for the Project is World Bank (WB); the Project must be in compliance with the good international practice, including WB Safeguard Policies, guides, performance standards and best practices documents alongside the national legislation. WB governs projects and activities by the Safeguard Policies in order to assure that they are conducted in an environmentally, financially and socially sound manner. Safeguard Policies include Environmental Assessments and other policies that define environmental and social adverse effects of the projects as well as their reduction and prevention. These policies are enlarged upon in “The World Bank Operations Manual”, which also provides guidance on compilation with the Operational Policies (OP), Bank Procedures (BP) and Good Practices (GP). OPs are defined as statements of policy objectives and operational principles including the roles and obligations of both the Borrower and the Bank, while BPs are compulsory procedures to be followed by both the Borrower and the Bank and GP are non-compulsory advisory material. Specific policies related to the Project are listed below:  Environmental and Social Policies o OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment o OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats o OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources o OP/BPP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement  WB Policy on Access to Information The main objectives and tasks of the Project-related WB Safeguard Policies are explained below: TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 42/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment  To ensure the proposed projects’ environmental and social sustainability and soundness  To inform decision-makers about the environmental and social risks  To increase transparency by providing stakeholder engagement in the decision- making process OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats  To conserve natural habitats and biodiversity  To avoid significant conversion/degradation of critical natural habitats  To ensure the sustainability of services and product provided to human society by natural habitats OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources  To minimize and mitigate impacts on physical cultural resources  To ensure that measures are in compliance with the framework of national and international agreements OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement  To avoid involuntary resettlement by identification of feasible project alternatives  To ensure sustainable involuntary resettlement development programme implementation, if involuntary resettlement is unavoidable  To ensure consultation with the displaced persons during the planning and implementation of resettlement programmes  To ensure the improvement or livelihood and standards of living of displaced persons or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher WB Policy on Access to Information  To help to enhance good governance, public ownership, and development effectiveness by providing timely and relevant information Under the Operational Policy for Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), WB conducts an environmental scanning and classifies the proposed projects under Categories A, B and C, based on the level of their likely environmental impacts. Furthermore, Category B Projects divide into two within its structure as B and B+, based on the special circumstances of the project in question. Brief definition of these categories is given as follows:  Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral Environmental Assessment).  Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 43/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT (including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats) are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of Environmental Assessment for a Category B is narrower than that of Category A.  Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further Environmental Assessment action is required for a Category C project. Considering the location of the Project and the nature of its potential environmental and social impacts, the Project would be categorized as Category A Project for which a full-scale environmental and social impact assessment is required under WB screening criteria and OP 4.01. The World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines constitutes technical reference resources that include general and sector specific examples of international good sector practices. It includes the information on applicable environmental, health and safety issues for all industrial sectors. International Finance Corporation (IFC) uses the EHS Guidelines as a technical source of information during project appraisal. EHS Guidelines include performance levels and measurements that can be achieved at the facilities using WBG's available technologies at reasonable cost. The relevant industry manual shall be used together with this manual. General Health and Safety Guidelines include the following main items;  Environmental o Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality o Energy Conservation o Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality o Water Conservation o Hazardous Materials Management o Waste Management o Noise o Contaminated Land  Occupational Health and Safety o General Facility Design and Operation o Communication and Training o Physical Hazards o Chemical Hazards o Biological Hazards o Radiological Hazards o Personal Protective Equipment o Special Hazard Environments o Monitoring  Community Health and Safety o Water Quality and Availability o Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure o Life and Fire Safety o Traffic Safety o Transport of Hazardous Materials TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 44/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT o Disease Prevention o Emergency Preparedness and Response  Construction and Decommissioning o Environment o Occupational Health and Safety o Community Health and Safety In addition to the General EHS Guidelines, the Water and Sanitation industry sector guideline on Water and Sanitation is also Project-related. III.3. Gaps between National Legal Framework and World Bank Policies (OP 4.01 and OP 4.04) Environmental Protection and Conservation Turkish national policy on conservation of biological resources and protection of cultural heritage has been constituted on the base of relevant international agreements (see Chapter III.2.1) that Turkey is a party which are ratified or acceded by laws or relevant legislation. In this regard, there are various national laws and regulations on protection and conservation of natural habitats, wildlife and cultural heritage. Thus, Turkey had agreed on implementation of the conservation measures specified in the international agreements and formulated them into national legislation. According to national legislation, the areas, with significant biological diversity, with local endemics of importance, with species that has a threat status of endangered, etc. are given protection status. With this regard, sites can be put under protection and conservation as national park, nature conservation area, wildlife protection and/or development area, specially protected area, water products production area. In Turkey, there is no conservation concept for vegetation communities and habitats as is provided in EU countries by the EU Habitats Directive. In Turkey, there is no specific habitat compensation requirement. There is only a policy regarding forest areas, which aims to reforest at least as much as the forest area lost due to development activities, fires, etc. Therefore, if an area is not provided some type of protection status (as explained in Chapter 2.1.2), then it is not given any special attention in terms of;  Studying the area for classifying it as a natural habitat or an important/critical natural habitat;  Requiring detailed studies for the human activities (projects) to be conducted based on the existing environmental/ecological factors (EIA or PDF is required based on the project type); and  Studying on putting limitations, or means of implementation, for certain type of activities in such areas. Main issues between Turkish legislation and OP 4.04 are in fact related with Turkish planning and environmental assessment requirements, but some other issues can be summarized as follows:  The process for identification of important natural habitats and lack of consultation with relevant stakeholders in this process.  Requirements of baseline studies in important natural habitats  Identification of the projects that would be allowed in such areas.  Study requirements (such as EIA reports) for the projects to be realized in important/critical natural habitats. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 45/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT EIA Process and Requirements National regulatory process and procedures for the EIA reports are in general compatible with the WB policies on environmental assessment (OP 4.01). EIA regulation requires the coverage of all issues regarding biological diversity and terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna in the EIA reports. In these terms, they are compatible with WB policies on natural habitats (OP 4.04). The main issues rise in the scope and details of the EIA studies and reports. Major issues/differences can be listed as given in the following paragraphs:  Turkish EIA regulation allows consideration of all projects in an integrated fashion, but does not necessarily require it. In other terms, definition of project boundaries is generally done by the project owners. WB Policies require all projects to be evaluated together with the associated facilities especially in terms of natural habitats. o For example; in a project where construction material is required from borrow areas, these borrow areas might or might not be evaluated in the EIA for the main project. Thus, associated and auxiliary facilities are not always required to be evaluated in one EIA. The associated facilities can be assessed in separate EIAs to be approved by the MoEU. o Another example would be a project requiring access roads. Generally when these are on site and short roads, they are included in the EIA since otherwise they would not need any type of assessment. However, when they are longer roads that would have connections to main roads or carry a status of provincial or state roads, separate PDF or EIA reports could be prepared. Thus, EIA report for the main project can be approved without evaluation of those roads.  The area of influence is rather implicit in many EIA studies in Turkey, in many cases without a specific or clear definition in the report. WB Policies require identification and definitions of the project area of influence (including the associated facilities as well) during scoping of the report.  The studies on biodiversity and natural resources in the EIA reports are not always site and season specific. Depending on the sensitivity of the project, use of literature and a more regional evaluation is allowed by the authorities in the review and approval of the reports. In many cases there is no seasonal sampling or observations except for rather large scale and critical projects with potentially very significant impacts and international loan involvement. WB Policies require reliable and actual data that represents the conditions in the impact area before the project (baseline) and then assessment of the impacts on the biological resources and habitats accordingly.  Cumulative impacts are not being considered in EIA reports in Turkey yet. WB Policies require assessment of the cumulative impacts of the development projects when there is a valued ecosystem component in the area of influence of the project that can be affected by other activities (existing, under construction or planned).  There is no requirement for an environmental management plan (EMP), including monitoring plan, in Turkish EIAs. Generally, mitigation measures are provided for the significant impacts in the impact assessment sections without formulating them to an EMP and/or getting into details to be provided in an EMP. This argument is valid for monitoring measures as well though sometimes there is a section on monitoring in the EIA report based on the decision of the Scoping Committee. WB TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 46/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Policies require a well-defined EMP in the EIA reports or as a result of the EIA studies.  There is a requirement for EIA monitoring during the construction phase of the projects, which receive EIA Positive Decisions. However, this monitoring is not in terms of monitoring of environmental performance or compliance with the relevant emission, discharge and such standards. This monitoring mainly covers the issues committed in the EIA report, mostly which are physical. o For example, in EIA monitoring the coordinates of the project area is checked if it is the same as given in the EIA report or not. o Another example is the treatment facilities to be installed. They are checked to confirm if they are installed or not, but their performance (do they provide the necessary treatment) are not checked.  WB Policies require a well-defined monitoring plan in the EIA reports or as a result of the EIA studies so that the environmental issues to be monitored and responsible parties are clear and committed. PDF Process and Requirements National PDF process is basically a process for screening projects (which are listed in Annex 2 of the EIA regulation) to decide if there is a need for a full EIA. In these terms, it does not comply with the project classification of the WB for environmental assessments. That is to say WB requires an EMP based on a simpler impact assessment, when compared with EIA assessments, for category B projects. However, in PDF reports in Turkey a simple impact assessment is required, but it ends up generally with very limited environmental management and monitoring measures and there is no requirement of monitoring. In fact, these differences are again due to the scoping and review of these PDF reports and not due to the lack of relevant terms in the legislation. In this regard, main conflict or gap with the WB policies in terms of environmental assessment comes into picture for the Annex 2 projects (which are like Category B projects of WB) in Turkey.  For these projects impact assessment in the PDF is rather superficial and does not come up with relevant impact management and monitoring measures.  These projects are accepted to be rather small scale and associated facilities for such projects are either all ignored or very slightly mentioned.  The biodiversity issues and natural habitats evaluations in PDF reports are almost all depended on literature for many projects (if there is not international loan involvement or a well-known sensitive area).  There is no requirement for an EMP, or a monitoring plan. Generally, mitigation measures are provided for the significant impacts in the impact assessment sections without formulating them to an EMP and/or getting into details to be provided in an EMP.  There is no environmental performance monitoring and no EIA monitoring requirement either. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 47/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Differences between Project-related National Legislation and WBG EHS Guidelines’ Limit Values Among the legislation presented in Chapter III.1.1, the key Project-related national regulations are Surface Water Quality Regulation and Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation in terms of thresholds and limit values. While Surface Water Quality Regulation determines water quality of the receiving body in its Annex-5 Table 3, Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation sets limit values for effluent quality and treatment efficiencies as presented in Table III.4. Table III.3. Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation Discharge Limits Parameters Concentration (mg/L) Minimum Treatment Efficiency (%) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) 25 70-90 (without nitrification) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 125 75 35 90 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 35(EP* > 10,000) 90 60(EP 2,000-10,000) 70 2 (EP 10,000-100,000) Total Phosphorus 80 1 (EP >100,000) 15 (EP 10,000-100,000) Total Nitrogen 70-80 10 (EP >100,000) * EP: Equivalent Population The WBG’s 2007 version of Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Water and Sanitation, which is another key document, does not provide limit values for effluent water quality parameters as in Turkish Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation. However; the Article 65 of the Guideline refers to the “applicable national requirements or international accepted standards” for the effluent water quality. The Turkish Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation has been constituted on the base European Union: Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 Concerning Urban Wastewater Treatment, which is the footnote referred legislation of the Guideline, thus; there are no gaps in between. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter III - Pg. 48/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT IV. BASELINE CONDITIONS IV.1. Physical Environment This chapter is divided into subsections of geological, hydrogeological and hydrological characteristics, seismicity and natural hazard conditions, soil, erosion and land use characteristics, climate, environmental air quality and noise levels, landscape characteristics and protected areas located in the Project area, its vicinity and the region Results of the investigation studies conducted under these subheadings are described in this chapter. Descriptions and information provided in this chapter, regarding current conditions of the Project area and its vicinity, are based on reports prepared by related public and private institutions, field studies conducted for identification of physical environment, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) studies and satellite imagery, official institution opinions, data acquired from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forest (Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs) and data acquired from the meteorology stations of the General Directorate of Meteorology. IV.1.1. Geology Andesite-trachyandesite of magmatic origin at project site and alluvial levels of tuff origin at plains are observed. At Bodrum peninsula, which is located at West Anatolia, a Palaeozoic age based slightly metamorphic structure unit composed of conglomerate-sandstone-shale detritic intercalation, named as “Güllük Formation” was formed. Mesozoic older units are distinct with Triassic-Liassic aged dolomitic sandstones (Pazardağı Formation); Lias-Malm aged sandstones with silt and marn (Karadağ Formation); and with Malm-Senomanien old pelagic sandstones (Kışladağı Formation) and an upper Cretaceous-Paleocene aged wild flysch (Bodrum Formation) covering all these deposits. Cenozoic rock units begin with Eocene-Oligocene older deposits (Koyunbaba Formation). Afterwards, with a profound magmatism became effective at the peninsula and has generated plutonic and volcanic rocks at various stages. Initially, a monzonite intrusion at middle Miocene is observed. Then an extensive calc- alkaline volcanism became effective and tuff-agglomerate beds, andesite-trachyandesite-latite- dacite-rhyodacite type of lavas were formed. Such calc-alkaline volcanism which is a product of crustal material, after a distinct process, gradually turned into mantle derived alkali olivine basaltic formations. Thus, the second volcanic phase has started and this time basalt-trachybasalt-trachyte type lava in alkali character and in the form of dykes had developed. At study area, after ending of volcanism at upper Miocene, sandstones formed at lower Pliocene are observed. Later, at quaternary, travertines, slope wash, alluvium and pumice stone pieces that most probably came from neighboring Kos Island through air and tuffs are observed. 1/25,000 scale General Geology Map of project site that was studied is presented in Figure IV.1. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 49/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.1. General Geology Map TURGUTREIS Chapter IV - Pg. 50/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT IV.1.2. Natural Hazards and Seismicity Natural Hazards The disastrous events that occurred at the planned project area between 2011 and 2015 are given in Table IV.1. Table IV.1. Disastrous Events Date Statıon Incident Damage 28.01.2011 Bodrum Rain and flood Settlements were damaged 18.02.2011 Bodrum Storm Trees were broken 06.01.2012 Bodrum Storm Tree branches were broken 06.02.2012 Bodrum Storm Trees were uprooted 18.04.2012 Bodrum Tornado People got hurt 25.11.2013 Bodrum Heavy rainfall, flood Settlements were damaged 30.12.2014 Bodrum Milas Heavy rainfall, flood Settlements were damaged 07.01.2015 Bodrum Milas Frost Cultivated agricultural areas were damaged 09.01.2015 Bodrum Milas Frost Cultivated agricultural areas were damaged 22.09.2015 Bodrum Heavy rainfall, flood Humans and animals got hurt and settlements were damaged 22.10.15 Bodrum Heavy rainfall, flood Vehicles were damaged Source: Directorate General of Meteorology (2011-2015) As seen in Table IV.1, Natural Disasters such as landslide, rock fall, avalanches do not occur around Bodrum Sub-province. As a result, no risks related to natural disasters including landslide, rock fall, avalanche, flood, etc. are identified at the Project Area to be considered as part of "Law on Aids Implemented with Mitigations taken for Natural Disasters on Public Life" numbered 7269. Seismicity According to Map of Earthquake Regions of Turkey issued by Official gazette No. 30364 dated 18.03.2018, ground acceleration of Mugla province, including Turgutreis Neighborhood is classified as between 0.25-0.30 g. Therefore, earthquake risk has to be taken into consideration in designing WWTPs. Earthquake Regions Map is given in Figure IV.2 and Active Fault Map of Turkey is given in FigureIV.3. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 51/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT SEISMICITY MAP OF TURKEY Figure IV.2 Seismicity Map of Turkey TURGUTREIS Chapter IV - Pg. 52/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.3. Active Fault Map of Turkey TURGUTREIS Chapter IV - Pg. 53/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Recently, an earthquake occurred at the region on 06.10.2016, at 08:03:07 at Aegean Sea, 51 km to Mugla province Bodrum sub-province of 1.6 (M.L.) magnitude. (Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, Earthquake Department) Turkish Earthquake Zones Map was prepared by the T.R. Ministry of Public Works and Settlement and came into effect with Council of Ministers’ Decision no 96/8109 dated 18.4.1986. According to this map, Mugla region is in 1st degree earthquake region. In all types of structures to be built, principles of “Regulations for the structures to be built in disaster areas” of former Ministry of Public Works and Settlement shall be complied with. IV.1.3. Hydrogeology Bodrum Peninsula, with its WWTPs and sewage lines, is an area with quite limited volume of underground waters. Upon examination of project site and its sphere of influence; According to “Bodrum-Karatoprak Peninsula Hydrogeological Study Report” prepared by State Hydraulic Works 11th Regional Directorate in 1974, in study area, underground water has accumulated at 13 small plains extending on the shoreline depending on topographic structure and formation. Alluvium, andesite, andesite tuff and agglomerate units carry some quantity of good quality underground water. In this above mentioned report it has been determined that 9.74 hm3 underground water could be safely yielded per year and after observations carried out during following years and taking findings into consideration, this value was revised as 11 hm3 per year in 1998. “Bodrum-Karaova Project” was prepared for irrigation of 1.364 ha land and revised in 1985 so as to provide drinking water and utility water to Bodrum Peninsula. In revised planning report, heightening of the dam by 2 meters, derivation of Gökpınar creek to the dam, and providing 2.7 hm3 per year drinking and utility water to Bodrum peninsula, or, in restricted irrigation conditions, 5 hm3 per year were stipulated. Until recent years, within Bodrum Peninsula, all municipalities except Bodrum municipality yielded their water from wells they drill within the peninsula and in their own neighborhoods. Urgent need of the whole peninsula was taken into consideration in the scope of State Hydraulic Works Bodrum Peninsula Urgent Water Supply Project. With this project, Güvercinlik Drinking Water Treatment Plant has been commissioned in 2012 operation of which is being carried out by MUSKI after Law No. 6360 came into effect and its supplying drinking, utility and industrial water needs of 10 settlements located at Bodrum Peninsula (Bodrum, Bitez, Konacık, Ortakent, Turgutreis, Yalıkavak, Gündoğan, Göltürkbükü, Gümüşlük and Yalı). In order to make use of underground water in peninsula’s water supply system, new wells were also drilled by MUSKI, for several settlements at project region, especially at Turgutreis. According to soil explorations made at project site, underground water depth ranges between 6.10 m and 8.00 m. Priority must be given to building of drainage channels around project site against water flows that could occur during excavation and production. Use of underground water for current network or in the scope of the project is not intended. At every stage of activities, Environment Law No. 2872, Law on Underground Waters, No.167, Water Pollution Control Regulation, Regulation on Protection of Underground Waters against Pollution and Deterioration, Prime Ministry Circular Letter No. 2006/27 published under the title “Stream Beds and Floods” and other related legislations provisions shall be abided by. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 54/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT IV.1.4. Water Resources Project area is located lies in East Mediterranean Water Basin. Map of subbasins in East Mediterranean Water Basin can be seen in Figure IV.5. Gokova Bay and Akdaglar mountains of Mugla province are get involved in the basin. The catchment area of the basin is approximately 21,000 km2. There are 322,000 hectares of plain in the basin. 211,500 hectares of the plains are irrigable. The waters of the Western Mediterranean Basin are discharged to the Mediterranean with Dalaman and Esen Creek. These creeks are also two most important streams of the province. Main water courses in the Mugla are Kargicik Creek Namnam Creek, Kargi Creek, Karaculha Creek, Kocadere Creek, Saricay Creek. The water potentials of these water courses are given in Table IV.2 and maps of the hydrology of the Project area and its vicinity is shown in Figure IV.4. Natural lakes in Mugla Province can be listed as Bafa Lake, Koycegiz Lake, Sulungur Lake, and Kocagol Lake. The areas of this main lakes located in the Mugla are given in Table IV.3. Table IV.2. Rivers of Mugla Province Flow Rate Total Length Length in Province 3 Name (m /sec) (km) Borders (km) Min Max Average Dalaman Creek 190 65 9.51 1050 43 Kargıcık Creek 17 17 0.35 22.8 1.33 Eşen Creek 128 80 1.65 271 14.9 Namnam Creek 33 33 0.014 556 9.65 Dipsiz Creek - - 0.114 - 4.707 Sancay - - - 220 1.32 KArtaculha River - - 0.001 2.2 0.071 Batis River - - - 35.4 0.189 Table IV.3. Lakes in Mugla Name Area (ha) Bafa Lake 2519 Koycegiz Lake 5500 Sulungur Lake 260 Kocagol Lake 260 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 55/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Mugla Province Dams and Ponds Information on ponds and dams of Mugla province are presented in Table IV.4 and locations are shown in Figure IV.5. Table IV.4. Dams of Mugla 3 Name Lake Capacity hm Purpose 41.1 Cooling water for Milas Yenikoy Fossil Fuel Geyikli Dam Plant, Drinking water for Bodrum Peninsula Mumcular Dam 19.4 Drinking water, Irrigation Marmaris Dam 30 Drinking water, Irrigation Bayir Dam 7.20 Irrigation Akköprü Dam 384.5 Irrigation, Drinking water, Flood protection Akgedik Dam 31 Irrigation Kazan Dam 3 Irrigation Water Supply of the Bodrum Due to insufficiency of measuring equipment at drinking water network line at Bodrum sub- province where project site is located, realistic values cannot be obtained for the determination of water values of water used in MUSKI’s region (Bodrum, Bitez, Konacik, Ortakent, Turgutreis, Yalikavak, Gündogan, Golturkbuku, Gumuşluk and Yali). Water consumption table for 2015 of Bodrum sub-province, showing water consumption of subscribers according to housing classes, is given below. Table IV.5. Customers' Water Consumption Table 3 Sub-Provınce Tariff Consumption (m /year) Bodrum Wastewater Customers 24,546 Bodrum Municipalities 15,914 Bodrum Temporary Workplace 2,648 Bodrum Temporary Resıdence 68,764 Bodrum Discounted Residence 203,788 Bodrum Construction 1,358,985 Bodrum Workplace 12,517,630 Bodrum Mixed-type Customers 202 Bodrum Village Constructıon 11,464 Bodrum Village Workplace 910,103 Bodrum Village Mıxed 2,344 Bodrum Village Resıdence 4,684,072 Bodrum Village Government Authorıty 35,544 Bodrum Residence 30,554,783 Bodrum Government Authorities 535,288 Bodrum Mass Water Sale 82,334 Bodrum Facilitıes with Tourism Incentives 3,062,845 TOTAL 54,071,254 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 56/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In 2015, water obtained from 2 water treatment plants located at Bodrum sub-province and water obtained from underground water wells drilled by MUSKİ, with or without water meter, consumed by subscribers was 54,071,254 m3/year. Population of Turgutreis sub-province where project site is located is 37.439. (According to Turgutreis Adjacent Area Previous Years Population Data (TurkStat, 2015)). Taking into consideration Iller Bankasi data and assuming 120 lt/person/day, water requirement is calculated as 37,439 persons x 120 lt/person/day=4,493 m3/day=1,639,828 m3/year. Total water consumption of Bodrum sub-province being 54,071,254 m3/year, it is observed that water value consumed at Turgutreis corresponds to 3% of total quantity of water. Since the region is a touristic area, periods during which water use is highest are summer months and water use during other months is at quite low levels. At Bodrum sub-province, with additional investments to be realized, touristic facilities located at the sub-province are searching for new sources for supply of drinking water and obtaining service water through reverse osmosis application from sea water and with similar systems. During project design process of wastewater treatment plants, it was taken into consideration that during months that water consumption levels are low, water consumption quantities entering WWTP would be low and WWTP was designed with 4 aeration basins and 4 sedimentation ponds. During operation phase, through measurements to be executed in infrastructure sewerage forced main systems and monitoring to be carried out and by making controlled flow rate measurements at entry to WWTP, system will be operated by degrees to ensure increased efficiency of WWTP at periods when wastewater inflow is low. When minimum flow or lower flows enter WWTP operation process will not be affected in a negative way, system will operate at desired efficiency level and outflow water values shall comply with the standards required at local regulations. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 57/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.4. Hydrology Map of the Project Area and Its Vicinity TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 58/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.5. Dams and Pond in the Vicinity of the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 59/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT IV.1.5. Characteristics of Receiving Environment (Sea Water Quality) In accordance with the provisions of “Regulation on Swimming Water Quality” that was published in Official Gazette No. 26048 dated 09.01.2006 and that took effect on the same date, for the public health considerations at beaches, sea water samples are being taken with 15 day intervals at specified swimming sites and under the scope of Blue Flag rules during swimming season and analyzed with respect to total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci parameters by Mugla Public Health Directorate. Swimming water values at discharge plates and their proximity are being measured monthly by Mugla Public Health Directorate and being evaluated by taking into consideration Blue Flag criteria. Within the scope of Turgutreis WWTP project, studies were carried out at the site for the determination of existing characteristics of the receiving environment (sea water) and modelling of discharge line. At points shown in Figure IV.6, measurements at site and water sample collecting studies were conducted in January and May 2017. Coordinates and depths of water of points are given in Table IV.6. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 60/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.6. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measurement Points TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 61/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.6. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measurement Points and Coordinates Name of the Point Coordinate of the Point Water depth (m) 0 0 T1 37.006386 N-27.241186 E -17 0 0 T2 37.012807 N-27.252874 E -5 Within the scope of site studies, of the main physical parameters that express quality of littoral water, temperature of water, salinity, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid material values were measured once at every two meters from surface to sea bottom with YSI Brand Pro Plus with 20 m cable and presented in Table IV.7 and Table IV.8 Table IV.7. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measured Physical Parameters (January 2017) Total Dissolved Depth Temperature Salinity Conductivity Dissolved Date Point Oxygen pH (m) (°C) (ppt) (µS/cm) Solids (mg/L) (TDS)(g/L) 29 January -0.5 T1 15.7 39.44 48501 6.24 8.03 38.3372 2017 29 January -2 T1 15.7 39.43 48511 6.28 8.05 38.3305 2017 29 January -4 T1 15.7 39.43 48458 6.26 8.06 38.3305 2017 29 January -6 T1 15.6 39.43 48419 6.27 8.07 38.3371 2017 29 January -8 T1 15.5 39.44 48328 6.31 8.07 38.3370 2017 29 January -10 T1 15.3 39.42 48069 6.34 8.08 38.3305 2017 29 January -12 T1 15.2 39.41 47876 6.33 8.08 38.3305 2017 29 January -14 T1 15 39.44 47763 6.39 8.08 38.3565 2017 29 January -16 T1 14.9 39.43 47665 6.34 8.09 38.3512 2017 29 January -0.5 T2 14.3 39.47 47003 6.64 8.12 38.4085 2017 29 January -2 T2 14.1 39.43 46759 6.66 8.12 38.3825 2017 29 January -4 T2 14.0 39.41 46731 6.63 8.12 38.3401 2017 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 62/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.8. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measured Physical Parameters (May 2017) Total Dissolved Depth Temperature Salinity Conductivity Dissolved Date Point Oxygen pH (m) (°C) (ppt) (µS/cm) Solids (mg/L) (TDS)(g/L) 22 May 2017 -0.5 T1 18.8 39.46 51985 6.34 8.04 38.29 22 May 2017 -2 T1 18.8 39.46 51979 6.38 8.09 38.29 22 May 2017 -4 T1 18.8 39.45 51942 6.44 8.10 38.29 22 May 2017 -6 T1 18.8 39.46 51912 6.34 8.11 38.29 22 May 2017 -8 T1 18.7 39.48 51910 6.3 8.11 38.35 22 May 2017 -10 T1 18.7 39.48 51897 6.19 8.12 38.35 22 May 2017 -12 T1 18.7 39.48 51891 6.15 8.12 38.35 22 May 2017 -14 T1 18.7 39.49 51885 6.16 8.11 38.36 22 May 2017 -16 T1 18.7 39.49 51882 6.11 8.12 38.36 22 May 2017 -0.5 T2 18.9 39.47 52096 7.24 8.2 38.29 22 May 2017 -2 T2 18.9 39.47 52112 7.07 8.21 38.35 22 May 2017 -4 T2 18.9 39.47 52117 6.92 8.21 38.35 The turbidity measurement was carried out by HF Micro TPW model portable turbidimeter; while Secchi disk depths were measured by Hyrobios Secchi disk. Additionally, the laboratory results of the water samples collected revealed suspended solid concentrations. The values measured are all listed in Table IV.9. Table IV.9. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Turbidity, Suspended Solids and Secchi Disk Measurements Suspended Solids Depth of Secchi Disk Date Depth (m) Point Turbidity (Ntu) (mg/L) (m) 29 January 2017 -0.5 T1 0.42 11 15 29 January 2017 -10 T1 0.41 3 29 January 2017 -0.5 T2 0.53 2 - 22 May 2017 -0.5 T1 0.54 15 14 22 May 2017 -10 T1 0.56 21 22 May 2017 -0.5 T2 0.27 5 - Samples were collected from the surface and at 10 meter water depth with Hydrobios water sampler and sent to the laboratory for the analyses of chemical and microbiological parameters. As a result of the analyses carried out at the laboratory, detected ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphate, chlorophyll-a, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) values are presented in Table IV.10; while total coliform, fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E.coli) values are presented in Table IV.11. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 63/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.10. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measured Chemical Parameters Total Nitrite Chlorophyll-a Nitrate Ammonia Depth Phosphorus Nitrogen COD BOD Date Point (Cv µg/L) Nitrogen Nitrogen (m) (PO4-P mg/L) (NO2-N mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (NO3-N mg/L) (NH4-N mg/L) 29 January 2017 -0.5 T1 0.806 0.0063 0.0052 0.0575 0.052 1.773 0.609 29 January 2017 -10 T1 0.803 0.0065 0.0059 0.0952 0.055 2.265 0.682 29 January 2017 -0.5 T2 0.883 0.0069 0.0044 0.0734 0.049 1.908 0.636 22 May 2017 -0.5 T1 1.112 0.0105 0.0067 0.0341 0.032 10.239 2.827 22 May 2017 -10 T1 1.051 0.0082 0.0063 0.0323 0.028 7.534 1.782 22 May 2017 -0.5 T2 1.315 0.0093 0.0066 0.0285 0.033 9.794 2.527 Table IV.11. Turgutreis Sea Discharge Coastline Measured Microbiological Parameters Total Coliform Faecal Coliform E.coli Date Depth (m) Point (CFU/100 m/L) (CFU/100 m/L) (CFU/100 m/L) 29 January 2017 -0.5 T1 26 9 5 29 January 2017 -0.5 T2 3 1 0 22 May 2017 -0.5 T1 3 2 0 22 May 2017 -0.5 T2 1 0 0 "Table 3: Coastal receiving water quality criteria in terms of general chemical and physicochemical parameters" presented in the Appendix 5 of "Regulation on Surface Water Quality" (numbered 29797), which was put into effect as from 10.08.2016, is given in Table V.12. Trophic levels of surface water bodies and eutrophication values for the coastal waters of the Aegean and the Mediterranean are listed in Table V.13. Table IV.12 Coastal Receiving Water Quality Criteria in terms of General Chemical and Physicochemical Parameters (Table 3, Appendix-5, Regulation on Surface Water Quality, 2016) Water Quality Classes Location Parameter I II III IV (very good) (good) (medium) (poor) Dissolved oxygen ≥7 6 5 <5 (mgO2/L) TP (µg/L) <5 5-7 7.1-11 >11 Aegean- NOx (µg/L) <5 5-10 10.1-20 >20 Mediterranean (NO3-N+NO2-N) Oil-grease (mg/L) <0.2 0.3 0.5 >0.5 Floating Materials Floating liquid material cannot include garbage and similar solid wastes and foam Considering the measurements carried out at the site; existing receiving water quality is listed in the category of 'GOOD' with 7>dissolved oxygen (mg/L)>6; ‘GOOD’ with 7>phosphor (µg/L)>5; ‘POOR’ with total nitrite and nitrate nitrogen (µg/L)>20. The aforementioned regulation also includes Appendix 6 "Table 7: Eutrophication criteria for the coastal waters of the Aegean and the Mediterranean", which is given in Table V.13. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 64/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.13. Trophic Levels of Surface Water Bodies, Eutrophication Criteria for the Coastal Waters of Aegean and Mediterranean (Table 7, Appendix-6, Regulation on Surface Water Quality, 2016) Water Quality NOx (µg/L) Depth of Secchi Disk TP (µg/L) Chlorophyll-a (µg/L) Class (NO3-N+NO2-N) (m) Oligotrophic <5 <5 <0.5 >14 Mesotrophic 7 10 1 9 Eutrophic 11 20 2 5 Hypertrophic >11 >20 >2 <5 Upon evaluation of the measurements carried out at the site, it is evaluated as follows; trophic level of receiving environment is in 7> phosphor(µg/L) >5 interval and “MESOTROPHIC”, 2> chlorophyll-a(µg/L) >0,5 and “EUTROPHIC”, Secchi disc(m) >14 and “OLIGOTROPHIC”, total of nitrate and nitrate nitrogen is (µg/L) >20 and “HYPERTROPHIC”. Trophic level increases from oligotrophic level towards hypertrophic level. If at least two parameters of trophic level are the same, this trophic level is prevailing. However, in case level of chlorophyll-a parameter is higher than the parameters the results of which are the same, then chlorophyll-a is determining. It is essential that food elements measurements are is carried out during December- February period, chlorophyll-a measurements between March-May, and Secchi disc measurements during spring-summer periods. According to measurement values, Turgutreis sea discharge shore waters are evaluated as “EUTROPHIC”. In Turkey’s sea waters, within the scope of studies being conducted under “Integrated Sea Pollution Monitoring Project” by Environment and Urban Planning Ministry, sediment measurements are being made at several stations at Marmaris region and Yalancı Boğaz locality. As a result of studies carried out at Turkey’s seas by Ministry of Environment and Forestry and TUBITAK, and data obtained, sea water quality and eutrophication criteria were determined in “Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation, Communique On Sensitive And Semi-Sensitive Water Areas” No. 27271 dated 29/06/2009. The area where project will be realized is within the scope of SENSITIVE area stipulated by Ministry of Environment. The area where discharge line project will be realized is a region that serves tourism sector and it is located at an area that is used by touristic facilities, sea tourism and marinas in an active way. Dense sea vehicles traffic in coastal waters, and as observed in previous years’ legal tracing and monitoring, discharge of waste caused by bilge water, etc. to receiving environments, pollution values were observed in sea water and was effective on the decision taken to determine the area as SENSITIVE. With the establishment of “Advanced Treatment Process” together with the realization of Turgutreis WWTP, removal of nitrogen-phosphor will be achieved and positive impacts on receiving environment of the sea. IV.1.6. Land Use, Soil and Landscape The 3.04 ha site designated for Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant currently consists of areas such as warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas, and it is used as a warehouse by the Water and Channel Operation Department and Bodrum Municipality. The main site for the planned project has been transferred from Mugla Metropolitan Municipality to the Directorate General of Water and Sewage Administration of Mugla on 09.06.2016, the property of the site currently belongs to the Directorate General of Water and Sewage Administration of Mugla. (Annex-7 Title Deed) Images regarding the existing land use are given in Figure IV.7 (A, B, C, D, E, and F). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 65/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Among the waste vehicles, oil containers, pipes, etc., those belonging to MUSKI, shall be transferred to the other warehouse areas of MUSKI. Those belonging to Bodrum Municipality shall be collected from the plant under responsibility of the Municipality, and the wastes shall be treated pursuant to the Environmental Law and the relevant legislation. If any road, pavement, garden, etc. are damaged during the works, they shall be reconstructed. As there is currently an access road to the treatment plant, it is out of question to construct an additional road. Land Use The analyses conducted to identify land use characteristics of the Project area utilized 3 separate resources for different purposes. In this respect, the 1/100.000 scale Environmental Master Plan of Aydin-Mugla-Denizli Planning Zone was used to provide a broader understanding of the land use types in the general area and the Project area; Provincial Land Use Database prepared by the former General Directorate of Rural Services in 1998 was utilized to provide more detailed land use types for all Project components; and finally the stand maps provided by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs were digitalized and queried in GIS (Geographic Information System) to prepare the stand map of the Project area. The WWTP Area is owned by MUSKİ and used as a multipurpose area as described before. In the close vicinity of the WWTP Area, there are roads, residences, tourism facilities such as secondary housings, hotels, motels, resorts etc., orchards, vineyards and other agricultural lands, where all are privately owned. There are 0.55 ha roads, 0.65 ha residence areas, 10.64 ha agricultural lands located within the diameter of 150 m from the WWTP Area. In the scope of the Project, the WWTP will be constructed within the area belongs to MUSKİ and there will be no land acquisition. In addition, the sea discharge line will follow cadastral roads and roads on zoning maps; thereby, there will be no expropriation or easement requirement. Coastal entrance part of the sea discharge line is used partly as beach and pier. There is no recreational and/or commercial activity observed on beach and pier. In the scope of the Project, the existing 35-year old sewer system will be kept as it is since it is unfeasible to remove it. The new sewer system will be constructed by following the same route of the existing system. Therefore, there will be no resettlement and/or physical displacement of persons in and around the Project Area. In a case of damage and loss during any phase of the Project, MUSKI will compensate the losses by swiftly identifying the damage through its Grievance Mechanism (building control team, written grievances, grievances collected from web-site etc.). MUSKİ undertakes that any temporal and/or permanent damage or loss that may occur during the construction will be eliminated. In addition, it is stated in the draft contract that the construction contractor will cover the damages given during the construction period. As a result of the land survey performed by MUSKİ in the area, it was found that there are no vulnerable groups among land users and owners of immovable properties located on and around the close vicinity of the Project Area (WWTP Area, sewer system, and sea discharge line). (Bodrum District Turgutreis Neighborhood WWTP, Sea Discharge and Sewer System Construction Works Simplified Land Acquisition Action Plan, October 2018). During the land preparation and construction phase of the Project, existing roads will be used. For the road opening requirements, MUSKİ will apply to related Municipality. All the roads that will be used during Project are shown on zoning maps. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 66/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT A B C D E F Figure IV.7. Views from the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 67/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Land Use According to the Environmental Master Plan The Project area is located section N18 of 1/100.000 scale Environmental Master Plan of Aydin-Mugla-Denizli Planning Zone, which was approved in March 9, 2011 by the MoEU. According to Environmental Master Plan Project area consists of coach station and non-domestic urban working area. A demonstration of the Project components on the Environmental Master Plan is presented in Figure IV.8. The need for a wastewater treatment plant has arisen in the region due to its steadily increasing tourism potential and urbanization. By virtue of the resolution of Turgutreis Municipality council dated 11.03.2013 and No. 2013/50 on conversion of the area stipulated as a terminal area on the plan in force into a treatment plant site, it has been announced as a “Treatment Plant Site” making a zoning plan amendment. The resolution by Turgutreis Municipality council had been submitted to the sub-province municipality, amendments of the 1/5,000 scale Master Zoning Plan and 1/1,000 scale Implementation Zoning Plan had been approved by Bodrum Municipality under the council resolution dated 04.04.2013 and No. 2013/83, and the area has been announced as a “Treatment Plant Site”. Currently, Mugla Metropolitan Municipality Directorate General of Water and Sewage Administration Plan Project and Investment Department has requested that the part currently set apart as a park area in 1/1,000 scale zoning plan be cancelled and the usage area be extended with its application to the Presidency of Zoning and Urban Planning Department on 02.08.2016 and No. 11454, and the 1/5,000 scale Master Zoning Plan and 1/1,000 scale Implementation Zoning Plan and their amendments have been finalized. (Annex-8) Land Use According to the Provincial Land Use Database Land use and soil maps for Mugla province was developed by the former General Directorate of Rural Services in 1998. According to the analysis of this data; the land use type corresponding to Project components is irrigated farmland. However, the site designated for Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant currently consists of areas such as warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas, and it is used as a warehouse by the Water and Channel Operations Department. The land use map of the Project area based on the Provincial Land Use Database is presented in Figure IV.9 Stand Types Distribution The stand type map (2001) of the Project area is presented in Figure IV.10. According to this analysis, agricultural land is the dominant stand type covered by Project components. Land part of the discharge pipeline is consists of agricultural area and settlements. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 68/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.8 Land Use Map According to Environmental Master Plan (Aydin-Mugla-Denizli Planning Area) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter IV - Pg. 69/306 Figure IV.9. Land Use Map According to Provincial Land Use Data Base TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter IV - Pg. 70/306 Figure IV.10 Sand Types Map of the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter IV - Pg. 71/306 Turkish General Directorate for Rural Services database defines the land use capabilities in 8 different classes as summarized in Table IV.14. These classes represent the agricultural potential of the soils. In this classification system, soils are categorized between Class I, which represent the arable lands on which agricultural activities can be conducted in the most efficient, economic and simplest way without causing erosion, and Class VIII, which represent the lands that are not arable, cannot even be used as grassland or forest areas but support only wildlife development or can be used as resting area or national park by human. Characteristics of each class are summarized in Table IV.14 (Former Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Services, July 2008). The Land Use Capabilities of the soils corresponding to the Project area is agricultural lands suitable for soil cultivation as Class II. The Land Use Capability Classes of the Project area and its vicinity are given in Figure V.12. Table IV.14. Agricultural Potentials Represented by Different Land Use Capability Classes and Their Characteristics Agricultural Class Definition of Land Use Capability Potential Class I lands are; flat or near flat, deep, fertile and easily cultivated so that the conventional agricultural methods can be applied; potential for water and soil erosion are minimal; have good drainage; are not prone to flood damage exposure; suitable for hoe plants and other Class I intensively grown crops; Class I irrigated lands with low precipitation rates have slope values less than 1% slope, loamy structure, good water holding capacity and medium level permeability. Class II lands are decent lands that can only be processed after taking some special precautions. Their difference from Class I lands are one or more of the limiting factors such Class II Agricultural as slight slope, moderate exposure to erosion, moderately thick soil, exposure to occasional lands moderate floods and a moderate level of moisture that can easily be isolated. suitable for Class III lands are moderately good lands for hoe plants which can generate solid income agricultural provided they are utilized with a good cropping system and proper agricultural methods. Class III soil Moderate slope, increased erosion sensitivity, excessive moisture, exposed soil, presence of cultivation stones, having a lot of sand and/or gravel, low water holding capacity and low yield are properties of this type of land. Class IV lands can be constantly utilized as meadows. Field crops can also be occasionally grown. High levels of slope, bad soil characteristics, erosion and climate are the factors limiting agricultural activities on these lands. Soils with low slopes and poor drainage are Class IV also classified as Class IV lands. These soils are not subject to erosion, but they are unsuitable for growing many agricultural products as they have a low yield and a tendency to suddenly dry up in the spring. In semi-arid regions, cropping systems incorporating legumes are generally not possible due to climate. Class V lands are reserved for long-life plantations such as meadows and forests as they generally are unsuitable for cultivated plants. A few factors such as stony structure and Class V sogginess hinder cultivation here. The land is flat or near-flat. It is not subject to an excessive amount of wind and water erosion. Grazing and tree logging activities can be Agricultural carried out on condition that a good soil cover is constantly maintained. lands not Class VI lands require moderate precautions even when they are used as forest or meadow suitable for Class VI since they have quite a bit of slope and are subject to severe erosion. Exposed, soggy or soil very dry conditions make this type of land unsuitable for cultivation. cultivation Class VII lands have high slope, are stony and have been subject to violent erosion. Exposed soils, dry and/or some unfavourable conditions and swamps can be classified as Class VII Class VII soil. These can be used as forest or meadow without showing due care. If the vegetation on these soils diminishes, erosion can get quite violent. Class VIII lands exhibit features that prevent them from being used as forest, meadow or cultivated land. This type of land is habitat to wild life and can also be used for recreational Non-arable Class VIII purposes or as catchment basins for streams. These include lands containing marshes, lands swamps, deserts as well as areas of high mountainous regions, rocky lands or lands with very deep craters. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 72/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Soil According to CORINE statistics data published by Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning, land usage changes were observed between years 2000-2006. During same years, decreases in agricultural land, forest and semi-natural areas has also occurred. Population increase affected by the tourism activities in Mugla province accelerates the increase at places opened to settlement. This creates a pressure on forests, semi-natural areas and agricultural lands. Another reason for the decrease of the forests in the province is forest fires (Turkey Provincial Environmental Status Report (2011), because, considering fire sensitivity degrees of Turkey’s forest areas, Mugla is among areas that are 1st degree of sensitivity to forest fires. Erosion map of the Project area and its vicinity is given in Figure IV.13. According to the erosion map, Project area is affected with moderate level erosion. Factors such as structure of soil, bareness of its surface, slope of the land and wrong cultivation of the soil are causes that increase erosion risk of the soil. Although at Mugla province forest areas are not confronted with destructive erosion danger due to effects of geographic conditions, measures taken for erosion control are continued. Soil Structure of the Project Area According to the former Turkish General Directorate for Rural Services database analysis (1998), the great soil groups of project area includes colluvial soils. These groups of soils is accumulated on the foot of steep slopes with the effect of gravity, landslide, surface flow or tributaries as a result of transport from short distances and have formed on colluvial material. These young soils rather show the characteristics of the soil materials available in the upper elevations. They contain layers with varying material sizes depending on the level of precipitation and flow rate and the degree of elevation. Those layers are not parallel to each other, as they are with the alluvial soils. The ones that are present at the foot of steep slopes and valleys generally include rough and coarse materials. With decreased rate of flow, material diameters reduce. These well drained soils are occasionally subject to flooding. Natural vegetative structure is dependent on the climate. They are productive under irrigation (Former Turkish General Directorate for Rural Services, 1998). According to the former Turkish General Directorate for Rural Services database (1998) great soil groups of the Project area and its vicinity is shown in Figure IV.12. Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant Area’s current type of use, which includes storage of excavation materials, fuel refilling, waste vehicle storage etc. has already damaged the top soil; thus, top soil stripping cannot be performed for the Project Area. Some photographs of the current situation of the Project area are given in see Figure IV.11. Following vegetation clearance at some areas, leveling works will begin on site. Following the leveling, excavation and filling works will be conducted. Total excavation amount will be 76,813 m3, of which 65,333 m3 from WWTP construction and 11.480 m3 from m3 from sea discharge line construction. 49,000 m3 of this amount will be sent to dumping area. The remaining part will be reused for refilling. During the construction phase of the Project, change of topography and land use will be caused mainly by WWTP construction. Since the sea discharge line is an underground structure, there will be no change in topography due to its construction. The areas of the units that will have the main impact on topography are presented in Table IV.15. In accordance with Article 13 of Soil Protection and Land Use Law No.5403, aforementioned land was inspected on the spot by technical staff of Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock and as a result of the evaluation carried out, as the land is dry, marginal agriculture land, “its use as non -agricultural purposes”, in other words, its use as WWTP was approved by their letter Ref. E.129878 dated 20.01.2017 (see Annex-6 Official Letters). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 73/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.11. Some Photographs of Soil Structure of the Project Area Table IV.15. Project Units and the Areas They Cover 2 Project Units Areas (m ) Inlet Structure (Coarse and Fine Screens, Aerated Grit Chamber) 1,300 Chemical Phosphorus Tank 12 Anaerobic Bio-P Tanks 1,200 Aeration Tanks 6,000 Final Sedimentation Tanks 3,600 Sludge Treatment Units 500 Odor Removal Unit 70 Discharge Unit 120 Blower Building 300 Administrative Building 250 Transformer Building 300 Security Cabinet 50 TOTAL 13,702 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 74/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.12. Map of Great Soil Groups and Land Use Capability Classes for the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter IV - Pg. 75/306 Figure IV.13. Map of Erosion Levels for the Project Area and Its Vicinity TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter IV - Pg. 76/306 Landscape The site designated for Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant currently consists of areas such as warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas, and it is used as a warehouse by the Water and Channel Operations Department. For this reason, the project site does not comprise any vegetable soil as seen from the above presented photographs. The amount of vegetative soil for filling and landscaping purposes is anticipated to be 16,333 m3. Types of trees and shrubs to be used shall be selected in accordance with the existing flora. The natural landscape elements such as terrain morphology, water resources and vegetation cover shall be protected. IV.1.7. Protected Area In order to identify and evaluate the protected areas within the Project Area and its immediate vicinity, desktop studies and literature researches were carried out by using the databases of the relevant institutions within the scope of the Project. For this purpose, sensitive area list available in Annex 5 of the EIA Regulation was used as reference. This list covers areas that need to be protected in accordance with international conventions that Turkey is contracting party and nationally declared protected areas. As can be seen from the evaluations in the following paragraphs, the nearest protected area is Myndos Grade 1 Archeological Protected Area, located about 1,350 m away from the site. National Parks, Natural Parks, Natural Monuments, Nature Reserve Areas, Wildlife Protection Areas, Wild Animal Raising Areas, Cultural Assets, Natural Assets, Protected Areas, Areas under Protection in accordance with Bosporus Law, Biogenetic Reserve Sites, Biosphere Reserves, Special Environmental Protection Areas and Protected Areas related to Drinking and Utility Water Reserves are not located within Project Site. Utilized main data sources within the scope of the desktop studies, but not limited to, are listed below:  Database of Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry (former Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs) (http://geodata.ormansu.gov.tr)  Database of Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry, General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (http://www.milliparklar.gov.tr)  Database of Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums (http://www.kulturvarliklari.org/kve)  Map of Prohibited and Open Hunting Areas in Mugla Province for years 2018-2019 Protected Areas in accordance with National Legislation Areas required to be protected in accordance with the legislation of the country defined under Annex 5 (Sensitive Regions) of the EIA Regulation are listed in the following items and the evaluations related to the indicated areas are presented therein. National Parks, Nature Parks, Nature Monuments and Nature Conservation Areas defined in Article 2 and 3 of the National Parks Law There are 11 Natural Parks in Mugla Province. The closest one to the Project Area is Usuluk Bay Nature Park which is located 19 km northeast of the Project Area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 77/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT There are 2 National Parks in Mugla Province. The closest one to the Project Area is Marmaris National Park and it is located 84.6 km southeast of the Project Area. The other National Park in the Province is Saklikent National Park (about 199.8 km to the Project Area). Sirtlandagi Aleppo Pine Nature Conservation Area is located 28.6 km northeast of the Project Area, at the Mugla-Milas Province Border. There are 5 nature monuments in Mugla Province and the closest one is Bitez Yalisi Zeytin Agaci Nature Monument and it is located 10.3 kilometers southeast of the Project Area. Wildlife Protection Areas, Wildlife Development Areas and Wild Animal Nestling Areas determined in accordance with the Land Hunting Law Map of prohibited and open hunting areas for years 2018-2019, prepared by Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry, General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, is presented in Figure IV.14. As could be seen from the map, the only wildlife development area (WDA) in Mugla Province is Karaada WDA that is located about 17.6 km southeast of the Project Area. There are various hunting areas in the Province as well as prohibited hunting areas (see Figure IV.15). Areas defined as Cultural Property, Natural Property, Protected Site and Protected Area according to 2863 numbered Law on Protection of Cultural and Natural Properties dated July 21 1983, Article 3, Paragraph 1, Clause (a) (Definitions); Sub-clauses 1, 2, 3 and 5; and areas identified and registered in the same Law and amendments Project site, as seen on 1/25.000 scale topographic map, is located at a distance of 1350 m distance to Myndos Grade 1 archaeological protected area, 2600 m distance to Termera grade 1 archaeological protected area. 1/25,000 Scale Sensitive Zones Map is given in Annex-9. Aquaculture Production and Breeding Sites within the scope of Aquaculture Law Dalyan channels which is in Koycegiz district is completely prohibited hunting inland waters in Mugla province. Closest natural lake to the Project Area is Bodrum Golkoy Wetland, which is located 15.4 km northeast of the Project Area. The closest dam in operation to the Project Area is Mumcular Dam, which is located about 32.6 km northeast of the Project Area. Areas defined in Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation According to the 7th Article of Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation, zones and sub-zones for air quality identification are listed in Annex-1 of Memorandum 2013/37. With the relevant circular, Turkey is divided into various regions and sub-regions. With this distinction, the Ministry tried to determine the pollution profile of the provinces. The list in Annex-III of the circular is divided into two groups according to the pollution profile of provinces substances: "high pollution potential cities" and "low pollution potential cities". Pollution profiles of provinces were carried out within the 2012-2013 winter season air quality data and air quality bulletins received from air quality monitoring stations connected to the national air quality monitoring network. According to this, the Mugla Province is in the list of "high pollution potential". TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 78/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Areas identified and declared as Special Environmental Protection Areas by the Cabinet of Ministers in accordance with the 9th Article of Environment Law There are 5 special environmental protection areas in Mugla Province. Datca-Bozburun Special Environmental Protection Areas and Gokova Special Environmental Protection Areas are the closest ones which are located about 29 km southeast of the Project Area. Areas defined in Pasture Law The Project Area is not located in pasture land which is subjected to 4342 numbered Pasture Law. Areas designated in accordance with the Regulation of the Wetland Conservation There are 7 wetland areas in Mugla Province. These are; Koyceyiz Lake, Bafa Lake, Dalyan Wetland, Dalyan Wetland Ecosystem, Girdev Lake, Golkoy Lake, Gulluk Delta. There are not any RAMSAR areas in Mugla Province. Other Protected/Restricted Areas In addition to presented information above, the areas listed below (also listed in Annex 5 of the EIA Regulation) do not exist in the Project Area:  Areas in accordance with the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th Articles in the Water Pollution Control Regulation  Protected areas within the scope of Bosporus Law  Forest Areas within the scope of Forest Law  Areas subject to construction ban in accordance with the Coastal Law  Areas designated in accordance with the Law on the Vaccination of Pesticides and Improvement of Olive Cultivation  Areas subjected to construction ban and areas of which their present characteristics should be protected according to Approved Environment Plans (areas of which their natural characteristics should be protected, biogenetic reserve areas, geothermal areas, etc.)  Agricultural Areas: Agricultural development areas, irrigated areas, potentially irrigated areas, areas with land use capability class of I, II, III and IV, rainfed agricultural lands classified as I and II and specific product plantations areas  Wetlands: Natural or artificial, permanently or temporarily, standing water or flowing, freshwater, hard or salt water, all the wetlands have importance for the organisms especially for aquatic birds, sea depth range below six meters during the low tide, swamp, reeds and turbaries and ecologically wetlands on their coastal sides  Lakes, rivers, groundwater operation sites  Areas important for endemic species that is endangered or potentially endangered or important for scientific researches, biosphere reserve, biotopes, biogenetic reserve areas, areas have unique characteristics for geologic and geomorphologic formations TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 79/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In order to identify the cultural assets and protection areas in the vicinity of the Project Area, the database of cultural heritage of Turkey (http://kve.ulakbim.gov.tr) has been queried. As the Project Area is located about 99.6 km southwest of Mugla city center, cultural assets have been searched in district basis (i.e. by considering Bodrum district of Mugla Province). The identified immovable cultural assets are listed in Table IV.16. Table IV.16. Inventory of Immovable Cultural Assets in Bodrum District Asset Subtype Number in Bodrum District Archeological Protection Area 83 Military 7 Grave 26 Religious (Mosque) 19 Natural Protection Area 37 Urban Protection Area 1 Natural Asset 30 Industrial and Commercial (Water Tank) 5 Administrative 2 Ruins (Ancient Road) 13 Cultural 37 Street 1 Civil Architecture Sample 23 Total 284 Protected Areas in accordance with International Conventions Areas required to be protected in accordance with the international conventions to which Turkey is a party and defined under Annex 5 (Sensitive Regions) of the EIA Regulation are listed in the following items and the evaluations related to the indicated areas are presented therein. Other Protected/Restricted Areas There are no areas within the context of below mentioned protected/restricted areas;  Mediterranean Monk Seal Living and Reproduction Areas, I. and II. Conservation Zones defined in Important Sea Turtle Reproduction Areas from the protected areas in accordance with the Convention for the Protection of the Wildlife and Habitats of Europe (BERN Convention)  Areas protected under the Convention on the Protection of the Mediterranean from Pollution (Barcelona Convention)  Areas designated as Special Protection Area in Turkey in accordance with the Protocol on the Protection of Special Protection Areas in the Mediterranean  Fields on the list of 100 Coastal Historic Sites with Joint Prevention in the Mediterranean published by the selected United Nations Environment Program in accordance with the Geneva Declaration  The coastal areas that are the living and feeding environment of Native Species of Hazardous Dangers to the Mediterranean included in 17th Article of the Geneva Declaration TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 80/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Cultural, historical and natural areas that are protected by the Ministry of Culture under Cultural Heritage and Natural Heritage status according to the 1st and 2nd articles of the Convention for the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage  Protected areas in accordance with the Convention for the Protection of Wetlands with International Importance as Particularly Water Birds Living Environment (RAMSAR Convention)  European Landscape Contract TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 81/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.14. Protected Areas Around the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter IV - Pg. 82/306 Figure IV.15. Prohibited and Open Hunting Areas in Mugla Province (2018-2019) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter IV - Pg. 83/306 IV.1.8. Meteorology and Climatic Characteristics The region has a climate characteristic composed of the synthesis of Aegean and Mediterranean climates. The Mediterranean climate included in the scope of the subtropical belt is effective in Bodrum. In the Mediterranean climate, it is warm and rainy in winter, and hot and dry in summer. It has micro-climate area feature in peninsula. There is hardly any moisture in the summer months. In the winter months, the humidity rate is quite low. It is hot and dry in the summer months, quite warm and rainy in the winter months. The primary factors affecting the air quality are the natural factors such as topography, meteorology, natural vegetation, and the human factors such as population increase, unplanned urbanization and industrialization. Domestic heating and industry take place near the top in ranking of the basic factors affecting the air quality in Mugla province. For the ESIA studies, an application was made to General Directorate of Meteorology provide data from the meteorological observation station which best represents the Project Area and the institution decided to share the data of Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology Station.. Temperature Distribution According to Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology Station records, annual mean temperature is 19.1 °C. The highest temperature is recorded as 45ºC in August. The lowest temperature is recorded as –4.5ºC in February. The graphical and tabular representation of the average, maximum, minimum temperature records measured in this station are given in Figure IV.16 and Table IV.17, respectively Figure IV.16 Average Temperature, Maximum Temperature and Minimum Temperature TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 84/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.17. Temperature Values Average Maximum Average Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Months Temperature Temperatures Temperatures Temperature Temperature (oC) (oC) (oC) (°C) (°C) January 11.3 15.1 8.3 23.1 -4 February 11.4 15.4 8.3 24 -4.5 March 13.3 17.6 9.8 28.7 -1.8 April 16.5 21.1 12.7 31.2 2.8 May 21 26.1 16.6 37.2 0.5 June 25.7 31.2 20.8 42.3 12.6 July 28.3 34.2 23.2 44.2 17.8 August 28.1 34.1 23.3 45 18.5 September 24.6 30.4 20.4 42.6 10.8 October 20.3 25.6 16.8 38.9 7.8 November 16.2 20.5 13 31 -4 December 13 16.6 10 24.5 -1.5 Annual 19.1 24.0 15.3 34.4 4.6 Precipitation Distribution According to Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology Station records, annual average total precipitation is 59,8 mm. Total precipitation is maximum in September with 232 mm and minimum in July with 5 mm. Average monthly precipitation and daily maximum precipitation amounts are given graphically in Figure IV.17 and tabulated in Table IV.18. Figure IV.17. Average Monthly Precipitation and Maximum Precipitation Amounts TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 85/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.18. Average Monthly Precipitation and Maximum Precipitation Amounts Months Average Total Precipitation (mm) Maximum Precipitation (mm) January 146.6 88.1 February 118.1 95.1 March 73.7 61 April 39.7 42.4 May 16.1 39 June 4.7 39.2 July 0.3 5 August 0.7 15.1 September 15.9 231.6 October 47 102.2 November 94.5 124.5 December 160.4 86.6 Annual 59.8 77.5 Humidity Distribution According to Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology Station records, average annual humidity is 60.5%. Minimum monthly relative humidity is recorded in July (49.8%) and maximum relative humidity is recorded in December (67.6%). The monthly average and minimum relative humidity values are given graphically in Figure IV.18 and in tabular format in Table IV.19. Figure IV.18. Average and Minimum Relative Humidity Values TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 86/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.19. Average and Minimum Relative Humidity Values Months Average Humidity (%) Minimum Humidity (%) January 66.3 5 February 65.9 8 March 64.3 4 April 63 2 May 60.2 3 June 52.8 4 July 49.8 5 August 52.2 1 September 56.4 5 October 62.1 10 November 65.9 7 December 67.6 8 Pressure Distribution Annual mean local pressure measured in Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology Station is 1010.4 hPa. During the whole observation period, minimum pressure is recorded as 979.10 hPa in January and maximum pressure is recorded as 1028,90 hPa in February. Monthly average, maximum and minimum pressure values recorded in the station are provided in Figure IV.19 and Table IV.20. Figure IV.19. Monthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Pressure Values TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 87/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.20. Monthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Pressure Values Months Average Temperature (hPa) Maximum Pressure (hPa) Minimum Pressure (hPa) January 1013,70 1030,00 979,10 February 1012,60 1028,90 985,00 March 1011,60 1027,60 991,40 April 1010,00 1026,30 992,40 May 1009,60 1020,00 997,40 June 1007,70 1019,20 995,80 July 1004,80 1013,00 997,40 August 1005,30 1014,70 998,60 September 1009,20 1019,00 1000,00 October 1012,40 1022,60 998,50 November 1014,10 1028,00 998,80 December 1013,90 1028,30 992,80 Annual 1010,4 1023,13 993,93 Foggy, Snowy, Hail, Frosty and Stormy Days Distribution According to Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology Station records, the number of annual average snowy days is 2.8 and annual average number of days with snow blanket is 0.7. The snow cover depth is recorded only on January as 3 cm. Monthly distribution of average foggy, snowy, snow covered, hail, frosty and stormy days are given in Table IV.21. Table IV.21. Monthly Average Foggy, Snowy, Snow Covered, Hail, Frosty and Stormy Days Distribution Number of Average Average Average Average Number of Months Snow Covered Number of Number of Hail Number of Number of Snowy Days Days Foggy Days Days Frosty Days Stormy Days January 0,1 0 0.5 0.5 4.1 February 0,1 0.4 0.4 3.5 March 0,1 0.3 0.3 2.3 April 0.2 0.2 1.7 May 0 0 1.6 June 0 0.7 July 0.2 August 0.1 September 0.8 October 0 0.1 2.5 November 0 0,1 0.1 3.1 December 2,5 0,6 0.3 4.4 Annual 2,8 0,7 0 1.9 1.4 25 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 88/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Wind Distribution The annual and seasonal distribution of wind blow numbers and wind speeds recorded in Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorological Station are graphically represented in Figure IV.20, Figure IV.21 and Figure IV.22. According to annual wind blow numbers, 1st dominant wind direction is NNE (north-northeast). 2nd dominant wind direction is N (north). 3rd dominant wind direction is NE (northeast) and 4th dominant wind direction is SSE (south-southeast). Figure IV.20. Annual Wind Diagram of Wind Blow Numbers and Average Wind Speeds Figure IV.21 Seasonal Wind Diagram of Wind Blow Numbers TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 89/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.22. Seasonal Wind Diagram of Average Wind Speeds (m/sec) According to Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology Stations records, annual average wind speed is 3.2 m/sec. Monthly average wind speeds are presented for each month in Table IV.22. Table IV.22. Monthly Average Wind Speeds Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average Wind 3.6 3.8 3.4 3 2.7 3.1 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.6 3 3.6 Speed (m/sec) According to Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology Stations records, the direction of the highest wind speed is south (S) with 41,7 m/sec. According to Mugla, Bodrum, Marmaris Meteorology station records, number of annual average stormy days is 2.8 and number of annual average strong windy days is 8. Maximum wind speeds and directions and average stormy and strong windy day numbers are provided in Table IV.23. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 90/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.23. Maximum Wind Speeds and Directions, Average Numbers of Stormy and Windy Days (1960-2015) Direction of Maximum Maximum Wind Speed Average Number of Average Number of Months Wind (m/sec) Stormy Days Strong Windy Days January S 41.7 4.8 9.1 February S 38.2 5 8.4 March SSE 32.2 4.2 8.2 April SSE 39.2 2.8 7.4 May SE 26.4 1.1 6.4 June SE 27 1.6 7.8 July N 26 2.1 10.4 August NNE 28 1.6 8.5 September NNE 27.5 1.1 6.4 October SSE 34.1 1.4 6.6 November S 35.7 2.8 7.6 December SW 37.3 4.9 9.5 IV.1.9. Noise Measurements Noise generation as a result of the construction activities of the Project will be mainly due to construction equipment. Before the construction phase of the Project started, noise measurements were carried out to determine the background noise level within the scope of EIA process. The Background Noise Measurements were carried out at 4 points in the Project Area on 19.07.2017 and 20.07.2017 by Talya Test Company. The result of the noise measurements made at the Project Area is presented in Table IV.24. Table IV.24. Background Noise Levels Measured at the Project Area Measurement Coordinates Measurement Results (UTMED50-Z35) (Leq) (dBA) Measurement Points Daytime Evening Night X Y (07:00-19.00) (19:00-23:00) (23:00-07:00) ML-1 523934.173 4096850.468 53.1 45.4 39.5 ML-2 523925.019 4096929.857 54.2 47.4 41.2 ML-3 523975.223 4096954.102 49.9 46.4 38.0 ML-4 523999.706 4096891.219 52.7 44.7 35.7 As it can be seen from in Table IV.24, highest noise levels were measured at ML-2 Point. Evening and night noise measures are lowest at ML-4 Point. However, lowest daytime measure is recorded at ML-3 Point. Map of noise measurement points is presented in Figure IV.23. Assessment of noise impacts of the Project is provided in Section V.3.5. Also, national and international limit values are presented with the assessment. Background Noise Level Assessment Report (in Turkish) is presented in Annex-10. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 91/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.23. Background Noise Measurement Points TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 92/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT IV.1.10. Air Quality Intense urbanization, increases in the number of motor vehicles, industrial plants and consumption of low quality fuel result in air pollution throughout the city especially in winter season. In order to determine baseline air quality in Mugla Province, regular measurements are carried out. These stations work under automatic data recording system and the records are transferred to national air quality monitoring network of Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. Air quality measurement results carried out within this scope in Mugla City Center Station are presented in Table IV.25. Table IV.25. Air Quality Measurement Results in Mugla City Centre Parameter 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 PM10 73 85 81 86 80 SO2 36 45 41 23 21 Coordinates X: 37º 12’ 56” Y: 28º 21’ 25” Source: Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Provincial Directorate of Mugla In addition, results of PM10 measurement carried out within the scope of the Project at all directions are presented with coordinates of measurement points in tables below. Also, Emission Measurement Report (in Turkish) is presented in Annex 11. Table IV.26. West Direction Measurement Point Parameters Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3 Average Limit Value First Weighing of Filter Paper (mg) 151.89 151.99 151.03 - - Last Weighing of Filter Paper (mg) 151.93 152.03 151.08 - - Sampling Amount (mg) 0.04 0.04 0.05 - - Volume of Gas Sampled (Nm³) 0.154 0.149 0.156 - - Dust Concentration (mg/Nm³) 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.28 3.0 Coordinates of Measurement Point 35 S 523883 4096740 Table IV.27. South Direction Measurement Point Parameters Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3 Average Limit Value First Weighing of Filter Paper (mg) 151.41 151.58 152.77 - - Last Weighing of Filter Paper (mg) 151.46 151.62 152.83 - - Sampling Amount (mg) 0.05 0.04 0.06 - - Volume of Gas Sampled (Nm³) 0.152 0.150 0.155 - - Dust Concentration (mg/Nm³) 0.33 0.27 0.39 0.33 3.0 Coordinates of Measurement Point 35 S 523893 4096665 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 93/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.28. East Direction Measurement Point Parameters Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3 Average Limit Value First Weighing of Filter Paper (mg) 152.17 151.93 151.24 - - Last Weighing of Filter Paper (mg) 152.25 152.01 151.30 - - Sampling Amount (mg) 0.08 0.08 0.06 - - Volume of Gas Sampled (Nm³) 0.153 0.149 0.150 - - Dust Concentration (mg/Nm³) 0.52 0.54 0.40 0.49 3.0 Coordinates of Measurement Point 35 S 523958 4096705 Table IV.29. North Direction Measurement Point Parameters Measurement 1 Measurement 2 Measurement 3 Average Limit Value First Weighing of Filter Paper (mg) 151.31 151.80 151.40 - - Last Weighing of Filter Paper (mg) 151.35 151.85 151.44 - - Sampling Amount (mg) 0.04 0.05 0.04 - - Volume of Gas Sampled (Nm³) 0.157 0.165 0.154 - - Dust Concentration (mg/Nm³) 0.25 0.30 0.26 0.27 3.0 Coordinates of Measurement Point 35 S 523933 4096768 Summary of the results of all four measurement points is presented in Table IV.30 below. As can be seen from the table, the results of the measurements carried out are well below limit values. The plant has been assessed within the scope of Appendix-1.2.2 of the Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation, and the PM10 measurement results do not exceed the limit value 3 mg/Nm³. In addition, the plant has been assessed within the scope of Appendix-2 (d), and as the plant’s air quality contribution values do not exceed the limit values, it is not required to constantly monitor the air quality with measurement devices in the impact area of the plant. Table IV.30. Evaluation of PM10 Measurement Results Measurement Location Result (mg / Nm³) Limit Value West Direction Measurement Point 0.28 3 mg / Nm³ South Direction Measurement Point 0.33 3 mg / Nm³ East Direction Measurement Point 0.49 3 mg / Nm³ North Direction Measurement Point 0.27 3 mg / Nm³ In addition to PM10 measurements, 24-hour PM2.5 measurements were also carried out at the same measurement points. Results of the carried measurements are presented in Table IV.31 below. Emission Measurement Report (in Turkish) is presented in Annex-12. Table IV.31. PM2.5 Measurement Results Measurement Coordinates 3 Measurement Date Measurement Time μg/Nm Point East North T-1 35 S 523893 4096665 04.04.2018 24 Hour 15,33 T-2 35 S 523883 4096740 04.04.2018 24 Hour 15,96 T-3 35 S 523933 4096768 04.04.2018 24 Hour 16,80 T-4 35 S 523958 4096705 04.04.2018 24 Hour 16,59 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 94/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Turkish Legislation has not described a limit value for PM 2.5. Therefore, in the assessment of the measurement results, the limit values set forth in the Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe (Directive 2008/50/EC) and IFC 24-hour limit values are used, which is 25 μg/Nm3 for both of them, and as it is seen from above table, PM 2.5 measurement results are in compliance with this limit value. IV.2. Ecology and Biodiversity In order to evaluate the baseline conditions and the potential impacts of the Project on the biological environment and various species inhabiting natural habitats within and around the project area, both the terrestrial and marine ecosystems were studied to identify the existing biological conditions. In the scope of the biological studies for the Project biological environment studies which included terrestrial flora and fauna, marine environment and key biodiversity areas (KBAs) have been conducted with both desktop studies and field surveys which described in detail in following sections. By the way, the assessment follows the recommendations and requirements of the IFC Performance Standard 6 (PS6): Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources, OP 4.04 Natural Habitats definitions. Existing conditions of terrestrial biodiversity in the Project Area were investigated by Biologist Betul Aydin from Pamukkale University Faculty of Science and Literature Biology Departmant and marine biodiversity were studies by Ass. Prof. İnci Tuney Kizilkaya from Hydrobiological Departmant of Ege University. Terrestrial and marine biodiversity studies were conducted between 24 March, 29 September, 2016 and 21-23 September of 2016, respectively. 4.2.1. Definition of Study Area Terrestrial flora and fauna studies were carried out within the Project area and close vicinity. The planned route for the land part of the discharge line was also examined within the scope of the study. It was noted that most of the terrestrial study area is modified areas and land part of the discharge line will be constructed along the roads and artificial areas. The biological study area of the land part of the project area is shown in Figure IV.25. General view of the project area is given in Figure IV.24. Within the scope of the marine studies, biodiversity values were investigated in a buffer zone where was along the length of the planned discharge line. This buffer zone includes 200 m buffers either side of the discharge line (100 m left-100 m right) to ensure that a suitable sample of habitat was covered. For marine field studies study area were described as total 200 m buffer zone along the discharge line. Within the study area there were three study points were selected. First point coordinates where located in beginning of the discharge line at coast line was recorded as 370.833N-2715.260E. From the first point, a straight line was installed plumbing towards the sea in Southwest direction and coordinate at second point where was located in the end of the discharge line recorded as 370.477N-2714.469E. Along the line between these two coordinate points (as 50 meters north and 50 meters south), SCUBA diving was carried out. Third point was selected according to P. oceanica situation in the area of influence. Part of the field studies was that P. oceanica observations and the last study point were chosen as the end of the P. oceanica in the sea (370.144N-2713.761E). Study area of the marine biodiversity studies are shown in Figure IV.26. Definition of Impact Area The impact area of the terrestrial environment in terms of the biological environment covers the same boundary as the study area (see Figure IV.25). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 95/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The study area of the project in the marine environment was formed in a 200 m buffer zone as mentioned above. It is thought that the effects of the project activities on the biological environment will be at a distance of 25 meters. For this reason, a total of 50 m corridor (25 on the right and 25 on the left) is defined as an impact area to determine the effects of the activities to be carried out in the marine environment. Impact area of the marine biodiversity is given in Figure IV.26. Figure IV.24. General View in the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 96/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.25. Terrestrial Flora-Fauna Study Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 97/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.26. Marine Environment Study Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 98/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 4.2.2. Assessment Methodologies and Data Sources The ecology assessment has considered relevant Turkish (national) legislation, applicable standards and guidelines for international finance, and international agreements to which Turkey is a signatory. Applicable policy and legislation relevant to the ESIA are presented in Chapter III Legal Framework with those of particular relevance to ecology summarized below. Internationally accepted criteria are considered while determining study area together with the species characteristic and habitat needs. Potential critical habitats in the project area were identified as well. This were done by overlaying the project area with the distribution of species of conservation concern; with sites identified as globally important for migratory species (e.g. IBAs, Ramsar sites); with national parks, protected areas, and key biodiversity areas. International Agreements In evaluating the threat/protection status of species; CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), Bern Convention, and IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List Database were used. Species covered in CITES are given under three different appendices according to their conservation status. Appendix I cover the species, which are under the threat of extinction. Trade in the specimens of these species is not allowed except extraordinary circumstances. Appendix II includes species, which are not threatened with extinction, but trade in specimens is restricted in order to prevent utilization incompatible with their survival. Appendix III includes species, for which other parties of CITES is applied for assistance in controlling trade and which are conserved at least in one country. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) provides a framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. Turkey became a contracting party in 1994. BERN Convention aims at conserving and promoting biodiversity, developing national policies for the conservation of wild flora and fauna and their natural habitats, protection of the wild flora and fauna from the planned development and pollution, developing trainings for protection practices, promoting and coordinating the researches made regarding this subject. It has been signed by 26 member states of the European Council (as well as Turkey) with the aim of conserving the wild life in Europe. Species that are protected under the Bern Convention are classified according to the following categories:  Appendix I: Strictly protected flora species  Appendix II: Strictly protected fauna species  Appendix III: Protected fauna species All the nations, which are party to the BERN Convention, have signed the Convention on Biological Diversity as well. These parties are responsible from ensuring sustainable use of resources in line with their national development trends and conserving threatened species. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 99/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT To determine the threatening status of species IUCN classifications are also used, which are used in Turkish classification as well. IUCN Red List is published to highlight those species that are facing a risk of extinction. A species may be listed in IUCN Red List after studies on its population decrease. Thus, since IUCN List is based on research (annual updates are being made for species lists of countries), many countries attach more importance to species taking place in IUCN list than species taking place in Bern List. The IUCN categories were updated in 2001 as ver. 3.1 (previous one was 1994 as ver 2.3) and are provided in Table IV.32. Table IV.32. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Categories IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, 1994 (ver. 2.3) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, 2001 (ver. 3.1) EX : Extinct EX : Extinct EW : Extinct in Wild EW : Extinct in Wild CR : Critically Endangered CR : Critically Endangered EN : Endangered EN : Endangered VU : Vulnerable VU : Vulnerable LR : Low Risk cd : conservation dependent NT : Near Threatened nt : near threatened LC : Least Concern lc : least concern DD : Data Deficient DD : Data Deficient NE : Not Evaluated NE : Not Evaluated Turkish Legal Requirements It is the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Water Affairs (MoAF), together with the MoEU and their affiliated organizations to formulate policies concerning the conservation of biodiversity in Turkey, designate and manage protected areas, to develop and implement plans and programs, to carry out activities in this scope and to provide coordination among all relevant institutions. The affiliated organizations of the MoAF are the Special Environmental Protection Agency, the General Directorate of Forestry, the General Directorate of the State Meteorological Service, and the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. The provincial organization of the MoAF consists of the Provincial Directorates of Forestry and Water Affairs, as well as the regional directorates of the affiliated organizations. The MoAF’s unit with primary authority and responsibility for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, which is also the CBD focal point. The General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks is the principal unit responsible for the management of protected areas designated under the National Parks Law, for the conservation of wildlife and for the regulation and supervision of terrestrial hunting. In addition, the MoAF is the important institution with authority and responsibility in the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Those duties and responsibilities of the MoAF, which concern biological diversity, are performed by its central and provincial organizations through the General Directorate of Agricultural Research, the General Directorate of Protection and Control and the General Directorate of Agricultural Production and Development, which are amongst its main service units. The Central Hunting Commission (CHC) is established under the Terrestrial Hunting Law and includes members from MoAF and General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, Directorate of Hunting and Wildlife, universities, non-governmental organizations, hunting associations and Gendarmerie General Command. CHC prepares a resolution every year and this resolution is published in the official gazette. The recent resolution covers the hunting season for 2018-2019. These resolutions define hunting periods, limits (in terms of number of individuals that can be hunted and dates for hunting), areas where hunting is banned, as well as the species that can and cannot be TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 100/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT hunted. Thus, CHC resolutions provide some measure of regulation over the exploitation of wildlife within Turkey. In this regard, according to 2018 and 2019 Resolutions of the CHC appendixes are as follows:  Appendix I; Includes game animals which are protected by the CHC  Appendix II; Includes game animals which are allowed to be hunted in seasons predefined by CHC The legislation listed in Chapter III, provide some areas protection status based on the presence of significant biological diversity, local endemics of importance, and threatened species. These designations include Natural Protected Sites, National Parks, Nature Protection Areas, Wildlife Protection and Development Sites and Specially Protected Areas. Activities in such designated areas are also covered various regulations, but these areas are not specifically provided a protection status. In Turkey, there is no conservation status for habitats as defined by a specific vegetation as there is provided in European Union (EU) countries where the EU Habitats Directive applies. In Turkey, there is no specific habitat compensation requirement. There is only a policy regarding forested areas, which aims to replant at least as much of the forest area that is lost due to development activities. There are also laws and regulations that are in effect to protect other environmental components, as well as to minimize pollution, promote sustainable development and management of natural resources. Legislation relating to air quality, environmental management and permitting, health and safety, management of chemicals and other dangerous substances, noise, soil quality, water quality and waste management, also provide management of issues that might have secondary impacts on biodiversity components. Environmental laws and regulations that do not primarily relate to ecology are referenced in the relevant chapters of the ESIA. In addition, some national to the public were used for to collect existing baseline information. Birds of the study area were assessed according to national threat categories defined in the Red Data Book of Birds of Turkey (Kiziroglu, 2009) according to the categories defined in Table IV.33. Table IV.33. National Threat Categories for Bird Species Category A A.1.2 (CR) Critically endangered and breeding species in Turkey A.2 (EN) Endangered and breeding species in Turkey A.3 (VU) Vulnerable and breeding species in Turkey A.3.1 (D) Declining, vulnerable and breeding species in Turkey Near Threatened, breeding species not facing risk now, but are likely to qualify for threatened A.4 (NT) category in the near future in Turkey A.5 (LC) Least Concern, breeding species that are widespread in Turkey A.6 (DD) Data Deficient, breeding species on which there is deficient information in Turkey A.7 (NE) Not evaluated, breeding species which have not been evaluated in Turkey Category B B.1.2 (CR) Critically endangered and non-breeding species in Turkey B.2 (EN) Endangered and non-breeding species in Turkey B.3 (VU) Vulnerable and non-breeding species in Turkey B.3.1 (D) Declining, vulnerable and non-breeding species in Turkey Near Threatened, non-breeding species not facing risk now, but are likely to qualify for threatened B.4 (NT) category in the near future in Turkey B.5 (LC) Least Concern, non-breeding species that are widespread in Turkey B.6 (DD) Data Deficient, non-breeding species on which there is deficient information in Turkey B.7 (NE) Not Evaluated, non-breeding species which have not been evaluated in Turkey TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 101/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Standards and Guidelines Ecology and Biodiversity part of the Project is guided by the requirements of the World Bank’s Operational Policy (OP) 4.04 in order to manage environmental risks and impacts on ecology and biodiversity. (OP) 4.04 aims that the protection of critical natural habitats and to be taken mitigation measure to minimizing habitat loss. According to the (OP) 4.04 this issue is explained as “…If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g., strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area…”. As appropriate, the project will take the necessary measures and implement commitments. Also Annex A of the (OP) 4.04 straightens out to determine the critical and/or natural habitats. In the line with the (OP) 4.04, assessments of the baseline conditions and determined significance criteria for impacts assessments were detailed according to IFC Performance Standards 6 (PS6). IFC PS6 covers areas of biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services and sustainable management of living resources, which are all fundamental to achieve sustainable development. The objectives of PS6 are outlined as follows:  To protect and conserve biodiversity;  To maintain the benefits from ecosystem services; and  To promote the sustainable management of living natural resources through the adoption of practices that integrates conservation needs and development priorities. The requirements of PS6 are applied to projects: (i) located in modified, natural, and critical habitats; (ii) that potentially impact on or are dependent on ecosystem services over which the client has direct management control or significant influence; or (iii) that include the production of living natural resources (e.g. agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry) based on the risks and impacts identification process. 4.2.3. Ecological Researches Investigations of ecology and biodiversity conditions of the study area were conducted for both terrestrial and marine environment. In this scope biological components on terrestrial environment studies which include terrestrial flora and fauna were carried out twice on 24 March and 29 September, 2016 and marine environment studies conducted between 21-23 September of 2016. All ecological researches were conducted with desk based and field studies to determine the baseline conditions in the study area. These baseline data/information collections were provided an overall picture of the conditions and sensitivities (if any) in the area that should be considered in assessment of potential impacts and development of relevant mitigation measures for design. The overall approach to determine the baseline conditions in the context and objectives provided above were include the following data collection and interpretation means:  Review of pertinent literature and previous works.  Field studies carried out in the Project area.  Satellite image interpretation, as available.  Communication with the inhabitants in the study area during the field studies. Distribution, population, ecology and reproductive biology of the threatened and endemic plant species likely to occur within study area of interest were studied. The literature surveys were intended to give information on identification of endemic, endangered, and rare species and species defined under the national and international conservation classes. Accordingly, species that are under the risk of being affected due to the Project and therefore, require special attention and protection measures were determined. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 102/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The species identified during the field studies were recorded in a systematic way so that a species inventory for the baseline conditions are established as well as description of the habitats. Also, Endemic, restricted-range, CR and EN category flora species were determined as the target species within the scope of the study. The project area covers mostly modified habitats. Therefore, it is unlikely to encounter critical species; natural habitats and critical ecosystem were not encountered in the project area. In the scope of the ESIA report, based on the assessed impacts significance relevant measures for mitigating adverse impacts were developed. The importance/sensitivity of the habitats and species were given special attention in reporting and detailed data such as identified species list, their protection status and the extent of the areas were included. Methodologies Terrestrial Flora and Habitat Studies In this section terrestrial flora and habitat features were revealed at project area. Within the scope of the terrestrial flora studies, the flora and vegetation types within the study area were identified and to serve as a basis for determination of the impacts of the project on biological resources and to develop appropriate mitigation measures, where necessary. The aim of the baseline studies for terrestrial flora species and vegetations were to collect data throughout the field surveys in order to explain the environmental conditions of in the study area through selected sensitivity elements. In this context, floristic studies were conducted including both desk-based and field studies to determine the baseline conditions in the study area. The objectives of the desktop study were to review and organize the existing information on terrestrial flora, habitats and ecosystems within the study area. Therefore, species of conservation concern potentially, natural habitats potentially and critical habitats potentially present in the study area were determined before the field study and examined during field visits. Terrestrial flora studies were carried out light on the following key baseline issues:  Determining the species of terrestrial flora present in the Project area, their distribution and conservation status (such as critically endangered species, endangered species, as well as any endemic species),  Defining natural and critical terrestrial habitats and ecosystems present in the project area, Terrestrial habitats within baseline study area are categorized as modified, natural or critical habitats according to IFC (2012). As the definition of critical habitats is dependent on the presence of endemic, threatened, restricted-range species. As a result, distribution of the endemic, threatened, restricted-range species and EUNIS Level 3 habitat distribution within the Project area were obtained and mapped. The habitat classification follows the EUNIS habitat type classification, a comprehensive pan- European system that facilitates the harmonized description and collection of data across Europe, including Turkey, through the use of habitat identification criteria. The preliminary habitat distribution in the study area is determined based on EUNIS Level 3 habitat type classification. A variety of habitat types were determined by analyzing appropriate satellite imagery and aerial photos (most of the territory of the Republic of Turkey is covered by satellite imagery available through Google Earth). Since there are different habitat types within the study area, the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) habitat classification is used to determine the number of different habitat types. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 103/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Terrestrial Flora Field studies and literature search methods were used for the determination of flora species at the project area. Field studies were conducted by walking in the planned plant area. Land part of the discharge line which is usually on the road route were investigated by driven and by walking where necessary. The flora lists were prepared in accordance with the phylogenetic order in Turkish flora. Families under each group are also listed according to the phylogenetic order in the Turkish flora. Species are listed with their author names, local Turkish names (if available), phytogeographic regions, endemism, threat categories for endemic and rare species. Terrestrial flora studies carried out by various scientist flora at project site and its close proximity previously were utilized in naming of plants. (Davis 1965-1985, Davis et al. 1988, Güner et al. 2000, Peşmen 1980, Düşen & Sümbül 2001, Göktürk & Sümbül 2002, Alçıtepe 2001, Alçıtepe & Sümbül, 2003). While preparing species lists, “Turkey’s Plants List” (Güner et. al. 2012) that published in 2012 and Turkey’s Plants Data Service (TUBIVES) were used. In determination of endemic flora types, Turkey’s Plants Data Service which is updated and available at http://www.tubives.com address was utilized. Threat categories were revised according to IUCN Red List and Bern Convention. Terrestrial Fauna The main objective of fauna studies was to identify the fauna elements (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) of the study area, define the habitats these fauna elements inhabit, and make evaluations on faunal and ecological characteristics of the study area. Principles and methods that provided a basis for fauna studies are summarized below:  Fauna field studies were conducted on an area including not only the planned project area, but also the surrounding areas in order identify the species composition of the study area  Presence of habitats suitable for fauna species, nests, nestlings, pellets and tracks of species (especially for the determination of birds and macro mammals), excrete and food wastes (especially for the determination of mammals), skin-horn, shield and bone remains were checked for and evaluated during the faunistic studies.  Within the scope of faunistic field surveys, hunting-collection-killing activities were not conducted for the identification of species.  For the reasons given above, direct and indirect observations, and literature research were made for the identification of species.  Fauna field surveys were performed on foot and/or by driving around with vehicles. The study area was investigated using maps and coordinates and elevations within the study area were determined by means of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers.  Data on endemic species, threatened species and wildlife habitats in the study area were also gathered during the field studies. Conservation statuses of fauna elements have been evaluated according to the international threat statuses of the BERN Convention, CITES and the IUCN Red List. Marine Ecosystem Studies Some materials and equipment were used in marine ecosystem studies. These are listed as follows; TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 104/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Materials:  Phytoplankton net  Zooplankton net  Underwater photo camera  Underwater video camera  Underwater fishing camera with cable  SCUBA wet suit and equipment  Secchi disk  Diving boat  Quadrate for sea urchin, sea grass and algae  Ethanol  Lugol solution  Formaldehyde solution  Plastic containers for samples Taxonomic categories of determined species were checked and updated with World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) and Algabase (Guiry, 2016). Secchi depth has been measured before sampling. During measurement, Secchi disk was settled at the bottom. Measured depth was recorded as 19.5 meters. Identification of Phytoplankton Samples: For sampling of marine phytoplankton, phytoplankton net with 55 μm mesh size was used (see Figure IV.27). Sampling was made at 3 different points along the line. Sampling was made horizontally and plankton net was pulled along horizontally during 5 minutes. Collected samples were transferred to 50 ml Falcon tubes and 4% formaldehyde solution was added as fixative. Phytoplankton samples carried to the laboratory were kept at room temperature (24°C) and darkness until microscopic observation. 200 μl of samples was taken and placed between lame and cover glass, then studied and photographed under microscope with Olympus brand camera. References such as Koray (2012); Tomas (1997) and Thomas (1996) were looked up to determine species. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 105/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT a-Phytoplankton net and collector b-Preparation of phytoplankton and zooplankton samples c-Microscope with Olympus brand camera used for identification of phytoplankton and zooplankton Figure IV.27. Sampling and Identification of Phytoplanktonic Organisms Identification of Zooplankton Samples: For sampling of marine zooplankton, zooplankton net with 500 μm mesh size was used. Sampling was conducted at 3 stations where phytoplankton sampling was made. Zooplankton net was hanged down up to the bottom and pulled to surface vertically. This action was repeated 5 times. Collected samples were transferred to 150 ml dark color plastic bottles. 4% formaldehyde solution and Lugol was added as fixative. Samples were kept at room temperature until microscopic observation. Since Lugol solution is a decomposable dye under light, samples were kept in dark color bottles and at darkness. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 106/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 200 μl of zooplankton samples was taken and splatted between lame and cover glass. Microscope with Olympus brand camera was used for microscopic study. Microscopic count for each of the 5 plankton net pulling at each station was performed and average density was determined. Identification of Benthic Organisms Samples: Benthic species were determined by underwater observation and photography Identification of Fish Species: Identification and counting of fish species was done by transect method. A 50 m rope was laid on the pipeline and counting of the fish on right and left sides of transect. Identification of Seagrass Species: Since Posidonia oceanica, one of the seagrass species is under protection, it cannot be picked and sampling could not be made. Species identification was performed during SCUBA diving (see Figure IV.28). Some underwater views for Posidonia oceanica study are given in Figure IV.29. Figure IV.28. Scuba Diving Studies TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 107/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.29. P. oceanica seagrasses at A, B, C Work Areas. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 108/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 4.2.4. Findings Internationally Recognized Areas within the Region of the Project Area This section provides details on the qualifying features for each of the Internationally Recognized Areas located in the vicinity of the Project Area. These include Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), Important Plant Areas (IPAs) and Important Bird Areas (IBAs). The Internationally Recognized Areas described in this section are shown in Figure IV.30. Turkey’s KBAs have been identified on a national scale by Doga Dernegi (the Nature Society of Turkey) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (former Ministry of Environment and Forestry), Birdlife International and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The criteria and threshold values used in the selection of KBAs are as follows. Table IV.34. KBA Criteria Criteria Description Endangered Areas where important number of endangered species, sub-species or sub-populations exist species regularly. A1 Criteria Global scale is used to select areas of importance for endangered species. During the application of A1 criteria, only area selection at species taxa level is possible. Varieties and sub-populations of sub-species or species are outside the scope of this criterion. This criterion is based on two different bases. Global red list: Areas that are threatened on a global scale and regularly have significant numbers provide this criterion. According to the IUCN Red List (www.redlist.org), the categories included in the CR, EN and VU categories. Only one individual from the species in the CR and EN categories is sufficient to make the KBA. For the species in the VU category, 10 pairs or 30 individuals regularly visit the area according to the A1 criteria. Regional and national red lists: It is endemic to a region or country and at the same time provides the A1 criteria for important habitats of species in any of the categories CR, EN or VU in the red list of this region or country. Recently published Turkey Plant Red List for plants used this foundation in Turkey (Ekim et al 2000), mammals, herpetoafa and inland waterway if the domestic fish last made by the IUCN regional Red List assessment was based. This basis has not been applied to all other groups. B1 Criteria Used to select areas of importance for the threatened subspecies or subpopulations at the regional scale. A species or regional (Europe, etc.) and-or national (Turkey) CR in the red list, EN, subspecies or distinct populations showing a broken distribution of the contained and the main distribution areas VI category is providing this criterion. Variants are not considered under this criterion. Rare Distributed These areas that regularly contain a significant portion of the global or regional population of one Species or more narrowly distributed species or sub-taxa. A2 Criteria: Species with an area of spread over the world of 50 thousand square kilometers or less provide this criterion. The distribution area may be concentrated in a single country or a single point, or it may be distributed to more than one country by recording the threshold value. Areas that contain five percent of a total population that meet the definition of "Rare Distributed Species" earn a KBA status under this criterion. B2 Criteria This criterion includes populations isolated from the subspecies and / or main distribution area with a 2 spread of less than 20,000 km in the world. This is a residual population that is either disconnected from the main distribution area or stuck to certain geographical formations. Ensemble A considerable part of the global population is a regularly hosted area at certain times. Although Species some species have a widespread distribution throughout the world, they are concentrated in a narrow geographical region during certain periods of life cycle. Reproduction colonies are areas that are concentrated to spend the night, feed or winter. Inactive organisms such as plants are not considered under this criterion. A3 Criteria Areas that regularly harbor one percent of a global population during certain periods of the year are in line with these criteria. B3 Criteria These are the areas where a prominent population of the world is concentrated. To be able to apply this criterion, the area must be regularly accommodated at a certain period of the year for one percent of the total regional population. Special to Biome In order for an area to meet this criterion, it needs to contain specific biomes or eco-specific Species species within it. Turkey is located in 5 main biome; Euro-Siberian forest biology, Sahra-Chinese side-crop biology, Iran-Turan steppe biology, Mediterranean biology and Alpine-Himalayan alpine biomass. A4 Criteria Areas that contain five or more percent of global populations of one or more endemic biomass species are also KBA according to A4 criteria. This criterion is not applied on B scale. C Criteria The "C" criteria serve to determine areas where the European Union needs to be protected according to the "Bird Directive" and the "Habitat Directive". In practice, almost all areas that meet the criteria "A" or "B" also meet the criteria "C". On the other hand, it may be possible that some areas are important only according to the "C" criteria and none of the other criteria. C1 Criteria Used to select areas of importance for endangered species on the European Union scale. These species are included in the relevant annexes of the European Union Bird and Habitat directives (Bird Directive Annex 1 and Habitat Directive Annex 2). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 109/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT C3 Criteria Areas that regularly contain one percent or more of an intensifying European Union population to meet these criteria. Bodrum Peninsula: Project area has located in Bodrum Peninsula KBA boundaries. The surface of the KBA is 37506 hectare, and the Project area has 37.506 ha. The project area covers only %0.01 of the KBA. Features of the Bodrum Peninsula KBA are described in following: Surface Area: 37506 ha Elevation: 0 m – 670 m Province(s): Mugla District(s): Bodrum National Protection Status: Natural protected site, archaeological protected site Area Definition: KBA is located at Bodrum Peninsula, whose length is 42 km; widths are 6 km and 23.8 km respectively at narrowest and largest point respectively in east and west direction. Area covers all east and west coasts of peninsula and islands there. At west of KBA, there are 14 islands, capes and parallel hills. Also, there are small valleys and wetlands between hills. Habitats: While pine forest covers the big part of the peninsula at north and east side, there are Mediterranean maquis in field as well. Wide range of the areas covered by Calabrian pine and cypress forest in the past, today turn to the marquis. There are also brackish coastal lagoons, reeds, one natural group of Datca date palms and peat moors at KBA. Islands which are close to the peninsula are very important nesting areas for variety of marine animals and aquatic birds. Species: Area meets the KBA criteria for five different plant taxons. One type of orchid, Ophrys omegaifera inhabit in peninsula in restricted range and it is very important at regional scale. Hybrid coppice forest of wild date palm (Phoenix dactilifera x Phonenix theophrasti), which is close to Asagi Golkoy (approximate 11.2 km northeast to the Project area) is a significant gene pool. The difference between this date palm taxon and Cretan date palm (Phonenix theophrasti) was proved by genetic testing. Islands of the Bodrum Peninsula’s shore are very important breeding site for European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), Bonelli’s eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), elenorae’s falcon (Falco eleonore); falco naumanni (Falco naumanni) and audouin’s gull (Larus audouinii). KBA is an important life space for Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), which is one of the world’s most endangered species. Seals live at the islands and virgin area. According to research conducted by SAD-AFAG shows that, 3 to 7 seal species live in the area. In addition to those, Vipera xanthina (Montivipera xanthina), which is another one of the world’s endangered snake species, lives at that zone as well. On the other hand, there is a high probability that these species are not in the project area and this situation is very normal. KBA covers a very large area and the project area covers only about %0.01 of this area. Therefore, various habitats distributed by these special species do not provide the project area. Moreover, it is extremely unlikely that the area will support natural life in order to the project will be built in a region that has lost its naturalness completely. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 110/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Project Area Figure IV.30. Topography map of KBA Table IV.35. Identified Species as Bodrum Peninsula KBA Criteria Species IUCN KBA Criteria Plants Matricaria macrotis - B1 Ophrys omegaifera - A2, B1 Papaver argemone ssp. davisii - B1 Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum - B1, B2 Phoenix theophrasti NT A2, B1 Birds Falco eleonorae LC C1 Falco naumanni LC A1, C1 Hieraaetus fasciatus LC B1, C1 Larus audouinii LC C1 Mammals Monachus monachus CR A1, C1 Reptiles Montivipera xanthina LC A1, C1 Testudo graeca VU A1, C1 Insecta Maniola halicarnassus EN A2, A4, C1 Vegetation and Habitat Types of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Project area is located in C1 grid in grid square system of flora of Turkey and phytogeographically speaking, is located in a transition zone of Mediterranean zone. Climate feature of the region has the Mediterranean climate characteristic due to the project area is located in the Aegean region (see Figure IV. 31). The grid square system is a method used to understand spatial distributions of species. According to the system, distributions of endemic species of Turkey are shown in Figure IV.32. When the distribution of the endemics taxa in Turkey is analyzed as the grid system, it was determined that C1 square area where the project is located, below an average of Turkey with 0.9% (Türk Coğrafya Dergisi 69 (2017) 109-120). In addition, project area covers 3.04 ha and the area consists of warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas and warehouse by the Water and Channel Operations Department for MUSKI. Vegetation of close vicinity of the area has poor vegetation too. Agricultural lands and ruderal areas are dominant in the vicinity of the area and ruderal areas. In TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 111/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT addition, settlements start about 100 m from the project area. Therefore, the anthropogenic effect is dominant. There are asphalt roads and summer settlements throughout the discharge line. For this reason, the vegetation along the discharge line is little if any. During the field studies there 6 habitat types were determined in the Project area and its close vicinity. The habitat types within the Project area and close vicinity are shown in Figure IV.33. These habitat types are described as follow; I1.2: Agricultural areas: This is the most common habitat of the project area. Large agricultural areas are available along the route. In some areas fruit gardens are also found. G1.D: Fruit Gardens: Fruit gardens are widely common at the Project. In the fruit gardens largely mandarin grown. E1.6: Mediterranean subnitrophilous grass communities: These habitats which located in field and road sides have mostly annual cheeky plant species. J4.2: Disused road, rail and other constructed hard-surfaced areas: Road surfaces and car parks, together with the immediate highly-disturbed environment adjacent to roads, which may consist of roadside banks or verges. J1.4: Urban and suburban industrial and commercial sites still in active use: Buildings with public access, such as hospitals, schools, churches, cinemas, government buildings, shopping complexes and other places of public resort. J 2.1: Scattered residential buildings: Houses or flats in areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces are at a low density. According the both literature and field studies habitat types of the area had modified features and there were not any natural and/or critical habitat has been determined in the project area and this close vicinity. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 112/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT a. Project Location in the Grid Square System (Davis 1988) b. Phytogeographical Regions Map in Turkey (www.ktü.edu.tr) Figure IV.31 Ecological Location of the Project Figure IV.32. Distribution of 9677 Endemic Taxa Locations in Turkey Flora According to Region,Subregion and Grid System (Türk Coğrafya Dergisi 69 (2017) 109-120) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 113/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.33. Habitat Types of the Land Part of the Project Area and Its Close Vicinity TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 114/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Terrestrial Flora Planned Wastewater Treatment Plant area has used as warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas and warehouse by the Water and Channel Operations Department for MUSKI. All the area currently are used by municipality and lost to naturalness. Therefore, the project area has not included any natural habitat. Vegetation cover of the project area is almost non-existent. However, vegetation cover in close vicinity of the project site consists of agricultural areas, annual herbaceous plants and cosmopolite widespread species. Flora species at project site and its close vicinity specified through field survey and literature search are listed in Table IV.37. Protection status defined by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and explanation of the scope of Bern Convention Appendix-1 List are presented. Accordingly, the project area and its vicinity do not consist of endemic, endangered flora species. Among the flora list, four species listed under LC (Least Concern) category of the protection classes defined by IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) and one of them is categorized as NT (Near Threatened). None of the flora species within the project area have been evaluated according to the Bern Convention. According to KBA identifications, following 5 flora species were detected as KBA criterion (see Table IV.36). However, these species were not observed during the field studies because of the project area were not support habitats that suitable for these critical species (except Papaver argemone ssp. davisii and Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum). Papaver argemone ssp. davisii and Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum could spread in ruderal areas (TUBIVES), which are similar habitats to the project area and its vicinity. However, as a result of the field studies, different species of the Papaver genus (Papaver rhoeas) was determined in the study area. These two species are likely to be in need of habitat in and around the project area. However, this species is an annual species and a species with a high reproduction potential. It also produces a lot of seed because of its fruit capsule type. For this reason, these species are not considered to be influenced by project activities. Table IV.36 Species of the KBA KBA Species Habitat types Matricaria macrotis Limestone rocky, makita volcanic sandy slopes Ophrys omegaifera Frigana, between maquis, calcareous and coniferous forests on schistose soil Papaver argemone ssp. davisii Ruderal grass, open sandy area, calcareous volcanic soil Phoenix theophrasti Pinus brutia forests, freshwaters, valley Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum Ruderal grass, sand dunes, calcareous rocky As a result of the field studies and literature researches, there are 62 flora species were determined. Among the species there were not any endemic or endangered species according to IUCN or national sources. The reason for these results is that planned project area will established in old warehouse and the area has lost its natural characteristics. Also, the area is under anthropogenic pressure for the settlements and resorts. Some photographs of the flora species are shown in Figure IV. 34. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 115/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Anthemis tinctoria Anthemis cotula Papaver rhoeas Figure IV.34 Some Flora species within the Project area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 116/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.37. Identified Flora Species within the Study Area Family Species Turkish Name Local Name Phytogeographical Endemism IUCN Bern Source Region Amaranthacaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Tilki Kuyruğu Hoşkuran - - - - L Anacardiaceae Pistacia atlantica Sakızlak - - - LC - L Pistacia terebinthus Menengiç - - - LC - L Apiaceae Tordylium apulum - Geyikotu Mediterranean - - - L Eryngium creticum Boğa Dikeni Mediterranean - - - L Torilis arvensis subsp. neglecta - - - - - - L Torilis leptophylla - - - - - - L Ferula tingitana Çakşır otu Baston Otu Mediterranean - - - L Asteraceae Centaurea solstitialis subsp. solistialis Peygamber çiçeği Zerdali dikeni - - - L Inula graveolens Andız otu Anduz otu Mediterranean - - - L Inula viscosa Zimbit, Zimerit, Zinebit Mediterranean - - - L Crepis foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia Tüylü kanak Kokar ot Kokar - - - - L otu Anthemis tinctoria Sarı Papatya Papatya - - - - O Anthemis cotula Köpek Papatyası Papatya - - - - O Senecio vernalis Kanarya otu Küllüce otu - - - L Senecio vulgaris Kanarya otu Küllüce otu - - - L Cichorium intybus Hindiba Yabani Hindiba - - - L Calendula arvensis Nergis Altıncık - - - L Scolymus hispanicus Altın dikeni Çetmi dikeni Mediterranean - - - L Carthamus dentatus Aspir - - - - L Chrysanthemum coronarium Dağlama - - - - L Boraginaceae Echium italicum - - Mediterranean - - - L Heliotropium europaeum Siğil otu Boz ot - - - - L Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Çoban çantası - - - - - L Sinapis arvensis - - - - - - L Raphanus raphanistrum Turp otu Hardal - - - L Capparaceae Capparis spinosa var. spinosa Kebere Gebre otu - - - - L Caryophylaceae Silene vulgaris var. vulgaris Gıvışgan otu Cıvrıncık - - - - L Cistaceae Helianthemum salicifolium - - - - - - L Cistus creticus Laden Pamuk otu Mediterranean - - - L Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis Tarla sarmaşığı - - - - - L Canvolvulus galaticus Tarla sarmaşığı - Iran-Turan - - - L Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia characias Sütleğen - Mediterranean - - - O Fabaceae Spartium junceum katırtırnağı Kuş çubuğu Mediterranean - - - L Lathyrus annuus Burçak - Mediterranean - - - L TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 117/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Family Species Turkish Name Local Name Phytogeographical Endemism IUCN Bern Source Region Scorpiurus muricatus var. subvillosus - - - - - - L Ceratonia siliqua keçiboynuzu - Mediterranean - - - L Fagaceae Quercus coccifera Kermes meşesi Meşe ağacı Mediterranean - - - L Quercus aucheri JAUB. ET SPACH Pırnal meşesi - Mediterranean - NT L Mentha spicata subsp. spicata Nane - - - - - L Salvia virgata Ada çayı Yılancık Iran-Turan - - - L Teucrium polium Acı yavşan - - - - - L Liliaceae Asphodelus aestivus Çiriş otu - Mediterranean - LC - L Asphodelus fistulosus Çiriş otu Çiriş Mediterranean - LC - L Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Tükürük otu Ak yıldız - - - - L Linaceae Linum nodiflorum Keten - Mediterranean - - - L Malvaceae Malva sylvestris Ebe gümeci - - - - - L Alcea pallida Hatmi - - - - - L Oleaceae Phillyrea latifolia Akça kesme - Mediterranean - - - L Papaver rhoeas Gelincik - - - - - O Glaucium flavum Boynuzlu gelincik - - - - - L Thymelaeaceae Daphne gnidioides Develik, Havaza - Mediterranean - - - L Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis var. lutea Farekulağı - Mediterranean - - - L Ranunculaceae Ranunculus chius Düğün çiçeği - - - - - L Resedaceae Reseda lutea var. lutea Kuzu otu Gerdanlık - - - - L Rhamnacaea Paliurus spina-christi karaçalı - - - - - L Rosaceae Poterium spinosum Abdestbozan otu Çakır dikeni Mediterranean - - - L Rosa canina Kuşburnu Yabani gül Mediterranean - - - L Santalaceae Thesium billardieri - - Iran-Turan - - - L Scrophulariaceae Verbascum blattaria Sığırkuyruğu Labada - - - - L Valerianaceae Valeriana dioscoridis - - Mediterranean - - - L Zygophyllaceae Valeriana dioscoridis Demir dikeni - - - - - O *L: Literature O: Observation TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 118/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Terrestrial Fauna The main objective of fauna studies was to identify the fauna elements (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) of the study area, define the habitats these fauna elements inhabit, and make evaluations on faunal and ecological characteristics of the study area. Field studies and literature researches were conducted for determine fauna species within the study area. As a result of the studies there were 27 terrestrial fauna species were identified. List of taxonomy and threatened status of identified species are given in Table IV.38. The population densities of the fauna species are quite low and there are no breeding populations. As mentioned above, vegetation and habitat feature of the project area is modified and artificial areas mostly. Therefore, the fauna composition of the area included the cosmopolite fauna species. The fauna species identified in the area are not endemic, rare distribution, endangered species according to nationally and internationally categorize. The area has not any breeding, wintering or feeding features for the species. Identified species were found coincidentally in the area. As presented below, fauna elements specified at study area are investigated under 3 different headings; Mammalia, Aves (Birds) and Amphibia -Reptilians. Fauna elements specified after both field surveys and literature search are given with their taxonomic classification, their names in Latin and Turkish/English names (if any), in the tables. Evaluation was carried out for all fauna elements that possibly inhabit at study area in accordance with threatened categories of IUCN, Bern Convention and categories are specified based on Red Data Book – Red List and measures that need to be taken are indicated. Mammals (Mammalian) As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 7 mammal species were determined within the study area. None of species were categorized by IUCN Red List and there were not endemic and/or rare distribution mammal species. Wild boar and red fox are listed in CHC (Central Hunting Commission) as Appendix-II (Includes game animals which are allowed to be hunted in seasons predefined by CHC). By the way, these two species were not observed in the study area, they determined with literature researches. Identified mammal species are given in Table IV.38. In addition, according to KBA identifications, Monachus monachus was detected vicinity of the Project region as KBA criterion. These species were evaluated under “Marine Ecosystems” topic. Table IV.38. Identified Mammal Species within the Study Area Relative English BERN Research Family Species IUCN Abundance CHC Source Habitat Name Convention site Degree ARTIODACTYLA Suidae Wild Forest Whole Sus scrofa LC - - App- II L Boar area area FISSIPEDIA Canidae All types Vulpes of Whole Red fox LC constant - App- II L vulpes terrestrial area habitat INSECTIVORA Erinaceidae Southern Erinaceus White- Orchard, Whole LC - - - L concolor breasted Forests area Hedgehog Talpidae TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 119/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Relative English BERN Research Family Species IUCN Abundance CHC Source Habitat Name Convention site Degree Agricultur Talpa European Whole LC constant - - L al areas, europaea Mole area Steppe RODENTIA Muridae Mus Macedoni Open Whole LC constant - - L macedonicus an Mouse area area Agricultur Microtus Guenther’ Whole LC constant - - L al areas, guentheri s Vole area Steppe All types of Whole Rattus rattus Black Rat LC constant - - L terrestrial area habitat *L: Literature O: Observation Birds (Aves) As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 12 bird species were determined within the study area. 10 of these species were categorized as LC (Least Concern) by IUCN Red List and there were not endemic and/or rare distribution bird species. Columba palumbus, Carduelis carduelis and Athena noctua were listed by Red Data Book of Birds of Turkey (Kiziroglu, 2009). According to Bern Convention and CHC, there were not any bird species evaluated. Identified bird species are given in Table IV.39. Evaluated bird species by Red Data Book of Birds of Turkey are described as following: Columba palumbus: A.4= Near Threatened, breeding species not facing risk now, but are likely to qualify for threatened category in the near future in Turkey. Carduelis carduelis: A.4= Near Threatened, breeding species not facing risk now, but are likely to qualify for threatened category in the near future in Turkey. Athena noctua: A.3= Vulnerable and breeding species in Turkey All the three species are widespread species in Turkey. Also, it was thought that these species were found coincidentally in the area and its close vicinity because a habitat that they could breed intensively was not observed. According to KBA identifications, following 4 bird species were detected vicinity of the Project region as KBA criterion. These species were not observed within the study area because of the project area were not support habitats that suitable for these critical species.  Falco eleonorae: Birds usually breed and stop over on small islands and islets, wintering mainly in open woodland on Madagascar (del Hoyo et al. 1994). It feeds on large flying insects and small birds (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Breeding site Birds nest in the holes and ledges of sea cliffs, or on the ground (del Hoyo et al. 1994). The species require very peaceful or uninhabited islands on which to breed (IUCN). They usually nest on rocky islands and steep coastal cliffs of the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts. The project area is not suitable for breeding for these species and it was not determined during the studies. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 120/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Falco naumanni: It is usually a colonial breeder, often in the vicinity of human settlements. It forages in steppe-like habitats, natural and managed grasslands, and non-intensive cultivation (IUCN). In Turkey, the areas of breeding are limited, and the project area does not harbor the breeding area for this species.  Hieraaetus fasciatus: The species occupies mountainous, rocky, and arid to semi-moist habitat, from sea level to 1,500 m. The nest is composed of sticks, up to 2m in diameter, located on remote cliff ledges or in a large tree (IUCN). The project area is not suitable for this species and it was not determined as a result of the studies.  Larus audouinii: It is a coastal species, rarely occurring inland and generally not travelling far offshore. Colonies are located on exposed rocky cliffs and on offshore islands or islets, normally not more than 50 m above sea level (IUCN). The project area is not suitable for this species and it was not determined as a result of the studies. Table IV.39. Identified Bird Species within the Study Area Turkish English Relative Family Species RDB IUCN END Bern CHC Source Name Name Abundance Alaudidae Alauda Tarla Skylark - LC descending - - - O arvensis kuşu Hirundinidae Hirundo Barn Kır - LC -- - - - L rustica Swallow Kırlangıcı Ciconidae Ciconia White Stork Leylek - LC ascending - - - L ciconia Corvidae Corvus Common Kuzgun - LC ascending - - - L corax Raven Garrulus Eurasian Bayağı - LC constant - - - L glandarius Jay Alakarga Laridae Larus Küçük Little Gull - LC ascending - - - L minutus Martı Passeridae Passer House Serçe - LC descending - - - O domesticus Sparrow Columbidae Columba Tahtalı Woodpigeon A4 LC ascending - - - L palumbus güvercin Streptopelia Collared Kumru - - - - - - O decaocta Dove Fringillidae Carduelis Goldfinch Saka A4 LC constant - - - L carduelis Carduelis Greenfinch Florya - LC ascending - - - O chloris Strigidae Athena Little Owl Kukumav A3 - - - - - L noctua *L: Literature O: Observation TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 121/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Amphibian and Reptiles (Amphibian and Reptilian) There was no amphibian species were observed in the study area, but the literature suggests that Bufo viridis (Night Frog) and Pelobates syriacus (Land Frog) could be found in the area. On the other hand, six reptile species were determined. One of five species of reptiles (Ophisops elegans- field lizard) were determined by observations and five other species were identified from the literature. In addition, Anatololacerta danfordi, Eirenis modestus and Dolichophis jugularis are included LC (Least Concern) in the category by IUCN and Testudo graeca which is widespread species in Turkey is evaluated as VU (Vulnerable) by IUCN. Dolichophis jugularis and Elaphe quatuerlineata listed in Appendix-II according to Bern Convention. None of amphibian and reptile was evaluated by CHC. There were not any endemic, rare distribution and endangered amphibian and reptile species. Identified amphibian and reptile species are given in Table IV.40. In addition, according to KBA identifications, Testudo graeca and Montivipera xanthina were detected vicinity of the Project region as KBA criterion. Testudo graeca is probably found in the project area. The population of this species according to international scale is decreasing (IUCN). However, the distribution of Testudo graeca in Turkey is extremely good condition. Montivipera xanthine is a species adapted to the high mountain ecosystem. This species is found in Mediterranean scrubland and mountain steppe habitats (IUCN). The project area was not suitable for this species and it was not determined as a result of the studies. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 122/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.40. Identified Amphibian and Reptile Species within the Study Area English Relative Bern Research Family Species IUCN CHC End Source Habitat Name Abun. Conve. site AMPHIBIA Bufonidae Humid areas, Green under Bufo viridis -- -- -- - - L Whole area Toad stones and soil caves Pelobatidae Lives Eastern buried in Pelobates Spadef -- -- -- - - L loose Whole area syriacus oot and soft earth REPTILIA Lacertidae Snake- Ophisops Pastoral- eyed -- -- -- - - G Whole area elegans Maquis lizard Woodlan d, Danford Maquis, Anatololacerta 's LC balanced -- - - L rocky Whole area danfordi Lizard and stony areas Colubridae Anatolia Maquis, Eirenis n Dwarf LC balanced -- - - L under Whole area modestus Racer forests Stony Large Dolichophis streamsi whip LC balanced App-II - - L Whole area jugularis de, rocky snake slopes Sparsely distribute Elaphe Blotche d forest, -- -- App-II - - L Whole area quatuerlineata d snake maquis, stony areas Testudinidae In the forest, forest openings , road Mediter sides, ranean Decreasin water Testudo graeca Spur- VU App-II - - L Whole area g sides, thighed Stone- Tortoise rocky areas, pastures , maquis, steppe *L: Litrature O: Observation TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 123/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Marine Ecosystems Marine biodiversity studies that covered both desk-based and field studies in the Project Area, were conducted with the objective to identify marine species and habitat structures in the project area and the potential impact area and to develop appropriate mitigation where necessary. In this context, general description of the marine habitats adjacent to the project area, assessment of the habitat quality, aquatic organisms existing in the sea environment, diversity levels and dominant taxonomic groups, regional/national/international significance of species and level of legal protection were aim within the scope of the Project. For marine field studies study area were described as total 200 m buffer zone along the discharge line. Within the study area there were three study points were selected. First point coordinates where located in beginning of the discharge line at coast line was recorded as 370.833N-2715.260E. From the first point, a straight line was installed plumbing towards the sea in Southwest direction and coordinate at second point where was located in the end of the discharge line recorded as 370.477N-2714.469E. Along the line between these two coordinate points (as 50 meters north and 50 meters south), SCUBA diving was carried out. Third point was selected according to P. oceanica situation in the area of influence. Part of the field studies was that P. oceanica observations and the last study point were chosen as the end of the P. oceanica in the sea (370.144N-2713.761E). Study area of the marine biodiversity studies are shown in Figure IV.26. Results of the marine ecosystem field and literature studies are described as following topics. Identified Phytoplankton Organisms: Phytoplankton organisms that identified as result of the microscopic examination and threatened status by Bern Convenion and IUCN are shown in Table IV.41. Table IV.41. Identified Phytoplankton Organisms with the Study Area Genus/Species Class Bern IUCN Ceratium tripos (O.F.Müller) Dinophyceae - - Nitzsch, 1817 Ornithocercus quadrutus Schütt Dinophyceae - - Nitzschia Hassal, 1845 Bacillariophyceae (Diyatome) - - Cymbella C. Agardh, 1830 Bacillariophyceae (Diyatome) - - Thalassiothrix mediterranea Bacillariophyceae (Diyatome) - - Pavillard Navicula Bory, 1822 Bacillariophyceae (Diyatome) - - Chaetoceros affinis Lauder Mediophyceae - - Chaetoceros tenuissimus Meunier Mediophyceae - - Chaetoceros danicus Cleve Mediophyceae - - Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve Mediophyceae - - Leptocylindrus mediterraneus Mediophyceae - - (H.Peragallo) Hasle Bacteriastrum delicatulum Cleve Mediophyceae - - Rhizosolenia Brightwell, 1858 Coscinodiscophyceae - - Caulerpa prolifera Caulerpaceae - - Cladophora sp. Küzting Cladophoraceae - - Flabellia petiolata Udoteaceae - - Litophyllum Philippi Lithophylloidea - - TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 124/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Identified Zooplankton Organisms: Identified zooplanktons, threat status by Bern Convention and IUCN and densities are shown in Table IV.42. Table IV.42. Identified Zooplanktonic Organisms with the Study Area Group/Species/ Taxon Density (individual/L) Bern IUCN Tintinnoidea 1,938 - - Medusae 0,062 - - Evadne spinifera 0,008 - - Evadne nordmanni 0,006 - - Nauplius larva 6,628 - - (for all copepod species) Calocalanus sp. 0,319 - - Calanus sp. 0,242 - - Calanoida 0,216 - - Kalanoit kopepodit 1,653 - - Oithona plumifera 0,066 - - Oithona sp. 0,542 - - Corycaeus sp. 0,140 - DD Temora stylifera 0,034 - - Cyclopoida 0,317 - - Siklopoit kopepodit 1,837 - - Microsetella spp.* 0,776 - - Harpacticoida 0,213 - Harpacticoid kopepodit 0,375 - - Zoea larva 0,023 - - Decapoda nauplius larva 0,031 - - Planktonik Tunicata and Tunicata 0,434 - LC larva Polychaeta larva 0,135 - - Gastropoda larva 1,222 - Veliger larva 0,819 - LC Pluteus larva (Echinodermata) 0,238 - - *Microsetalla neorvegica and M. rosea were determined separately but two species were counted together. Identified Macroalgea and Benthic Organisms: In the study area, the bottom structure is completely covered with sand and only 2 species (Caulerpa prolifera and Cladophora sp. Küzting) are found due to macroalgae generally prefers rocky habitats. At the end of the discharge line, however, when the sea floor was examined with a fishing camera system at a depth of 22 m, it was observed that the Caulerpa prolifera species was spread widely and decreased to 38 meters depth with the decrease of sea grasses. However, when the discharge line was examined at sea bottom with a fishing camera system at a depth of 22 m, it has been observed that the Caulerpa prolifera species has been widely distributed with the decrease of P. oceanica (sea grasses) and continued to a depth of 38 meters. C. prolifera species is green algae that generally develop on the sandy bottom. Asexual reproduction occurs vegetative and is quite rapid. It creates dense communities in sandy marine areas Cladophora species are a cosmopolitan type of green algae that is distributed in both freshwater and brackish water. It is a filament like algal spread over rocks and other algae species. From the depth of 5 meters in the study area, it is observed only on the rocks in the depths towards the shore. Determined macroalgea and benthic organisms are given in Table IV.43. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 125/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table IV.43. Identified Macroalgea and Benthic Organisms with the Study Area Group/Species/ Taxon Family Bern IUCN Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 Chondrillidae - - Crambe crambe Crambeidae - - Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1843 ( Aplysinidae - - Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) Irciniidae - - Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, Irciniidae - - 1862 Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) Arbaciidae - - Caryophyllia inornata (Duncan, Caryophylliidae - - 1878) Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, Haliotidae - - 1758 Vermetus triquetrus Bivona- Vermetidae - - Bernardi, 1832 Rissoa ventricosa Desmarest, Rissoidae - - 1814 Bolma rugosa (Linaeus, 1767) Turbininae - - Donax sp. Linnaeus, 1758 Donacidae - - Venus verrucosa, Linnaeus, 1758 Veneridae - - Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, Spondylidae - - 1793 Identified Sea Grass Species: Sea flowering plants take more place than sea algae in Mediterranean Sea in terms of biomass, although they have less species. They differ from algae since they have rooted, stem and leaf differentiation. Groups they form are named as seagrass and establish living space for many organisms. They hold solid particles in the water with their long leaves and also, they organize ground movements with their horizontal stems, therefore they are one of the most important parts of marine ecosystem (Cirik & Cirik, 2011). There are only 5 species as marine flowering plant at Turkey’s seas. These species are Posidonia oceanica, Zostera marina, Zostera noltii, Cymodocea nodosa and Halophila stipulacea. Only Posidonia oceanica has been encountered as seagrass within the survey area. The most important species in seagrasses is Posidonia oceanica. Along composing many species as nutrition, reproduction (ovulation) and hiding area, every square meter of P. Oceanica grass bed produces 20 L of oxygen per day. The one called blue carbon is the most important species that stores carbon dioxide in the seas and oceans. Therefore, in most of Europe countries this type is accepted as species that must be protected. This type is endemic to the Mediterranean mainly spreads in the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts of Turkey seas. The growth is quite slow. Self- renewal and growth depend on rhizome development and sexual reproduction. Rhizome growth changes approximately 1-6 cm per year (Marba et al., 1996; Arnaud-Haond et al., 2012). Although listed on the IUCN Red List as LC (Least Concern), it is determined as or 'Decaying Species'. According to the Bern Convention, Annex 1: In the Strictly Protected Flora List (Appendix 1: Strictly Protected Flora Species) are listed. Also, it listed in “List of Endangered or Threatened Species” according to Barcelona Convention. Although P. oceanica is an endemic species for Mediterranean Sea, it is the most common species at Mediterranean Sea. It is a very important species since it creates a habitat for many organisms. They are widespread between 0-40 meters depth and 10 to 28 °C sea water temperatures. They produce daily oxygen as 20 liters per meter square. In last years, P. oceanica populations were decreasing (IUCN) due to some factors such as increase at sea water turbidity, anchoring of boats, pollution increase, eutrophication, coastal constructions. Recent studies showed that area covered by these seagrasses decreased 34% in the last 50 years (Perggent et al., 2016). In IUCN list; Current Population Trend is given as ‘Decreasing’. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 126/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In the field study that occurs with SCUBA diving, P. oceanica grassbed is observed from 3.5 m to 20 m which the planned discharge line. End of sea grass at 27 m is determined by observations that are made with camera at deeper areas along line. Identified Fish Species: A total of 23 species of fish were identified in the study area (see Table IV.44). 14 of these have economic proposals. Among these species, Dasyatis pasticum species were listed as DD (Data Deficient = Missing Data) in IUCN Red List, and LC (Least Concern) in other species. S. rivulatus is an invasive species from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. There are no fish species under protection in the study area. Table IV.44 Identified Fish Species with the Study Area Family Group/Species/ Taxon Bern IUCN Pomacentridae Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) - - Labridae Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Labridae Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Synodontidae Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Serranidae Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Bothidae Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809) - LC Labridae Symphodus cinereus (Bonnaterre, 1788) - LC Labridae Symphodus rostratus (Bloch, 1791 - LC Labridae Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) - LC Sparidae Diplodus annularis (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Monacanthidae Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 - - Dasyatidae Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) - DD Signidae Siganus rivulatus Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775 - LC Sparidae Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Oblada melanura salpa (Linnaeus, 1758) - - Sparidae Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Centracanthidae Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Centracanthidae Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Mullidae Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC In addition, according to KBA identifications Monachus monachus were detected vicinity of the Project region as KBA criterion. Monachus monachus is classified as EN (Endangered) by IUCN, listed in Appendix-II by Bern Convention and protected in List of Endangered or Threatened Species” according to Barcelona Convention. Monachus monachus prefer quiet and secluded rocky coasts with no restraints and not easily accessible by people or away from human activities, preferably with coastal caves that function as breeding and / or sheltering as their living area and they are directly affected by the deterioration of these types of habitats (Underwater Search Association/ Monk Seal Search Group-SAD-AFAG). According to IUCN current population trend of the monk seal is increasing. Mediterranean monk seals show interrupted distribution ranges along Turkish coasts instead of a continuous distribution range. Monk seal exists in the following coastal segments in Turkey; TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 127/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT -In the Sea of Marmara; Armutlu Peninsula, Marmara Islands, Mola Islands and northern coasts of Kapıdağ Peninsula and Karabiga coasts, -In the Aegean coasts; coast between Gelibolu Peninsula (on the Aegean side) and Behramkale as well as the coasts from Yeni Foça up to Datça, -In the Mediterranean; the coasts between Datça and Kemer, the coasts between Gazipaşa and Taşucu (Cilician coasts) as well as the coast between Samandağ and Syrian border. Breeding regularly occurs in the country while monk seal deaths are sometimes observed in some coasts. In the Aegean and Mediterranean coast of Turkey monk seals are using the areas as a breeding, feeding and resting area. It is known that the caves of Cavuş Island, which is 5.3 km away from the project area, are used as breeding grounds. The monk seal uses the Çatal Island which is located in directly opposite the project area as a feeding area (SAD-AFAG). In conclusion, Monachus monachus is critical species and it might trigger critical habitat under certain circumstances according to IFC PS6, OP 4.04. Critical habitat determination is explained in Biodiversity Management Plan. Recorded monk seals around the project area and their distances are shown in Figure IV.35. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 128/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.35. Monachus monachus Breeding and Feeding Area around the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 129/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Habitats The geomorphological structure of the seabed within the study area was relatively homogenous, with sediments dominated by sand. There were 2 habitat types at the sea bottom within the study area as sandy bottom and sea grass. Sandy area starts from the shore and it reaches up to 3,5 meters where the seagrass habitat starts. This habitat is visible at the study area with Posidonia oceanica. It is known that Posidonia oceanica populations started at 3.5 meters depth from coast and continued to 27 m depth. This species is spread over a large region around the project area. While sea grass spread from the coast in 3.5 meters to 27 meters in segmented groups, more intensive and healthy populations were found as they went deeper. As results of the field studies, sea grass in this region has quite healthy populations. Sea grasses are well supported due to the fact that the nutrient needs with the flow in the region and the sea water is extremely clear, the contact with the sunlight continues to the deep zone. P. oceanica supports vital activity as sheltering, breeding, feeding and hiding for 25% part of the flora and fauna species and sea grass are created important habitat for many marine organisms. It is a very healthy habitat for taxon of every class in the project area. Especially in this region, it forms breeding, feeding and hiding areas for fish species. For this reason, it is evaluated as an essential fish habitat for the regions where sea grasses are concentrated. For example, it was known that P. oceanica grassbed are the main breeding grounds of the gastropods and the gastropods larvaes are one of dominant organism in the study area. During the field studies with SCUBA diving, some fish species were observed and photographed on sea grass habitat (see Figure IV.36). P. oceanica which is endemic species in Mediterranean is the main source of oxygen in ecosystems. For this reason, they are defined as the lungs of the Mediterranean (Buia and Mazzella, 1991). The populations of Turkey, which are found in Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara coasts, are spreading 40-50 meters depth. P. oceanica in the infralittoral zone of the Mediterranean ecosystem are shelters for many marine communities. Establishing a suitable environment for flora and fauna species also reflects on fishing activities (Gillanders, 2006). Dural et al, 2013b specifies that P. oceanica shows a wide distribution all over the Aegean shoreline. In all Mediterranean countries P. oceanica beds collectively occupy 2.5-4.5 million ha. Italy has the most researched coast and an estimated 122 049 ha of P. oceanica beds, which constitute 44.11% of the Mediterranean total (Diaz-Almela and Duarte, 2008). It is also remarkable that this is a high level of oxygen availability and is an indicator species for clean water. Therefore, in literature studies, it was determined that Mediterranean Sea water quality oligotrophic. However, as a result of daily measurements (according to Turkish regulations), water quality was polluted and thus water quality of the project area determined to be eutrophic characteristic. Consequently, it was thought that the water quality of the area where the project area is located is contaminated in time. In conclusion, P. oceanica habitats might trigger critical habitat under certain circumstances according to IFC PS6, OP 4.04. Critical habitat determination is explained in Biodiversity Management Plan. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 130/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.36. Some Underwater Views about Biodiversity Population of the Posidonia oceanica within the Project Area In the line with both desktop and field studies, the impact area of the marine environment studies has been determined for evaluating to project impact on marine environment. Detailed information about impact area is explained in Section 4.2.2. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 131/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The sea grass study area determined by desktop studies as used Google Earth and two study zone (first and second zones) were selected inferentially. The first zone is the area where seagrass meadows can be observed through Google earth. The surface areas of seagrass meadows (visible through google earth) are drawn individually and the total area of the first zone has been determined. Map of first zone is shown in Figure IV.37. Second zone was estimated to be parallel to the first zone, with the last study point (2,6 km from the shore) where marine meadows were observed during the field studies as the last boundary (see Figure IV.38). The aim of this study is to compare seagrass populations affected by the project and seagrass populations estimated to be present in vicinity of the project area, and the amount of sea grass population could be affected is calculated numerically (as an estimated). The discharge line of the project will be constructed on the Aegean Sea where dense populations of sea meadows are found. On the shores of the Aegean Sea, there is a wide range of seagrass from north to south. However, the calculation of the estimated amount of the seagrass population of the project impacts area has been determined on the basis of the nearby the project area region. Surface of seagrass within the impact area and study area, the average estimated numbers are calculated from Google Earth (the deepest point of view from the Google Earth is used). Quantity of first zone, the second zone and the sea grass within the impact area according to the estimated calculations made through Google Earth are explained following Table: Table IV.45. Estimated Posidonia oceanica population of the Sea Grass Study Areas Estimated Posidonia oceanica Area Surface (ha) population (ha) 1. zone 443.59 186.55 2. zone 540.23 227.18 Study area 51.22 20.93 Impact area 6.59 2.49 Construction area 2.2 0.83 The amount of sea grass in the first zone is visually calculated on Google Earth. The amount of sea grass in the second zone is not distinguishable from Google Earth. However, during the field studies, the seagrass density in the second zone was observed to be quite good. According to this information, the ratio between the surface area of the first zone and the second zone is calculated relatively and this rate was multiplied by the amount of sea grass in the first zone. In this way the amount of sea grass in the second zone was obtained. Same calculation is used for determining sea grass populations between impact area and study area. Given the mentioned above, the number of possible sea grasses in the impact area and the number of sea grasses in the first zone ratio is 1.3%. Total number of seagrass in the first zone- second zone and the number of possible sea grasses in the impact area ratio is 0.6%. It means that amount of sea grasses, which is likely to be affected by the project, constitutes just 0.6% of the vicinity of the project area. During the construction activities, all sea grasses present along the line of discharge pipe will be damaged. However, the construction area of sea discharge will be approximately 2.2 ha. This is only 0.2% of the total of the 1st and 2nd zones which represented the total estimated amount of Posidonia oceanica in the immediate vicinity of the project area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 132/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.37. Marine Environment Study Area and First Zone of the Sea Grass Study Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 133/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.38. Marine Environment Study Area and Sea Grass Study Area (First and Second Zone) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter IV - Pg. 134/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Assessment of Marine Species in Terms of Socio-economy While the local people earned their livelihoods by fishery, sponge fishing and citrus cultivation prior to tourism, the social life has totally changed upon tourism boom as of 1980s. It is observed that there is a relatively more affluent social life in all parts of the sub-province. The major income sources for the inhabitants of the region are marine tourism, entertainment tourism and yachting because of the remarkable increase in tourism sector. Detail information about socio- economy is described in Chapter 4.3. Among the marine organisms identified as a result of field and literature studies, fish group have economic value. Sponge species of the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts also have economic value. However, the species of sponges detected in the study area are not in this category. Fish species with economic significance and significance level are shown in Table IV.46. Table IV.46. List of Species/Genus/Taxon Detected During the Surveys and Their Economic and Ecologic (IUCN, BERN) Significances Taxon Group IUCN BERN Economic significance* Boops boops Fish LC - ++ Bothus podas Fish LC - + Chromis chromis Fish LC - Coris julis Fish LC - Dasyatis pastinaca Fish DD - Diplodus annularis Fish LC - ++ Diplodus sargus Fish LC - ++ Diplodus vulgaris Fish LC - +++ Lithognathus mormyrus Fish LC - ++ Mullus surmuletus Fish LC - +++ Oblada melanura Fish LC - + Sarpa salpa Fish LC - + Serranus scriba Fish LC - Siganus rivulatus Fish LC - + Sparus aurata Fish LC - +++ Spicara maena Fish LC - + Spicara smaris Fish LC - + Stephanolepis diaspros Fish Not listed - Symphodus cinereus Fish LC - Symphodus rostratus Fish LC - Synodus saurus Fish LC - ++ Thalassoma pavo Fish LC - Xyrichtys novacula Fish LC - + Low ++ Moderate +++ High TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 135/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT IV.3. Characteristics of Socioeconomic Environment Economical and sociocultural characteristics of the region where the Project will be realized are evaluating under this Section. Within this scope, detailed information regarding the demographical features of the region, household structure and economical activities are given in this Section. Socioeconomic impact area of the Project is determined to include Turgutreis, Akyarlar, İslamhaneleri, Peksimet, Dereköy, and Gümüşlük Neighborhood. There are no vulnerable groups identified among land owners and immovable property owners located in and around the Project area (Bodrum District Turgutreis Neighborhood WWTP, Sea Discharge and Sewer System Construction Works Simplified Land Acquisition Action Plan, October 2018). In current state, the area designated for Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP is used by MUSKİ as a multipurpose area (warehouse, workshop etc.). The existing 35-year old sewer system will be left as it is, since it is not feasible to remove, and the new sewer system will follow the same route. Therefore, impacts on structures located in and around the Project Area and any physical displacement of persons are no expected. IV.3.1. Economical Characteristics According to the “Socio-Economic Development Ranking Survey of Provinces and Regions -2011” which was published by Ministry of Finance, Economy and Development, Mugla is ranked as the 8th. According to this index, Mugla is one of the First Level Advanced Provinces. The table below shows the basic indicators of the province of Mugla. Table IV.47. Indicators for Development Level of Mugla Parameters Value th Socio-economic development ranking (Ministry of Finance, Economy and Development, 2011) 8 Gross Value Added per Person (TR 32) (TÜİK, 2011) 14.534 TL Number of Firms in Top 1000 (Istanbul Association of Manufacturers, 2015) 4 Number of Foreign Financed Firms (TOBB, 2016) 7 Total Exportation (TİM, 2015) 342 Million $ Preschool Net Schooling Rate (Turkey % 55,5) (MEB, 2015-2016) %74,6 Secondary Education Schooling Rate (Turkey % 79,8) (MEB, 2015-2016) %83,8 Number of Students Per Classroom (Primary School-Secondary School) (Turkey 25) (MEB, 2015- 18 2016) Number of Hospital Bed per 100,000 Persons (TÜİK, 2015) (Turkey 266) 227 Forest Area / Total Area Ratio (Mugla Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, 2016) %67 Special Environment Protection Area / Total Area Ratio (Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation, %22 2016) Number of Nature Parks (Mugla Forest Management, 2016) 11 Stay Overnight Numbers at Accommodation Facilities (Mugla Provincial Directorate of Culture and 20 Million Tourism, 2016) Tourism Facility Licensed Bed Numbers (Mugla Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism,, 100,000 2016) Marina Numbers / Total Yacht Capacity (Mugla Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism, 2016) 27/6904 While the local people earned their livelihoods by fishery, sponge fishing and citrus cultivation prior to tourism, the social life has totally changed upon tourism boom as of 1980s. It is observed that there is a relatively more affluent social life in all parts of the sub-province. The major income source for the inhabitants of the region are marine tourism, leisure & entertainment tourism and yachting because of the remarkable increase in tourism sector. The second largest settlement within the boundaries of Bodrum sub-province is Turgutreis neighborhood. Turgutreis neighborhood is a favorite tourism resort with Çatal (Fork) Island before it, its winds convenient for surfing, its coolness and its hotels of any nature. Fourteen islands with miscellaneous dimensions making up of the Sporat archipelago are located opposite of Turgutreis. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 136/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The Greek islands such as Kos (Istankoy) and Kalynos are located just near them. The coastline is convenient for surfing, and it has obtained a privileged position in terms of sea tourism upon opening of the marina. Akyarlar Bay, 9 km away from Turgutreis and the largest bay of the region; Fener Burnu beach in Kemer location; the historical Aspat Castle 13 km away from Turgutreis, the historical Kadi Castle 4 km away; the famous Bagla Bay with its sea and wide beach to the west of Turgutreis can be enlisted as the primary tourism resorts. Two factors have become effective in the tourism-depended economic development of Turgutreis. One of them is yacht tourism, which is very widespread in the Mediterranean region; and the second one is the Bodrum-Milas Airport recently opened. Being the largest neighborhood of Bodrum, Turgutreis has steadily increasing number of timeshare vacation houses, hotels and motels, restaurants, bars, discos and shopping centers thanks to its bays, sea and sand. Turgutreis provides tourism services with its total bed amounts of 20 thousand on average. The 500-yacht capacity marina has been designed in a way to ensure daily check-ins/checkouts. Being one of the important projects carried out in the region, the marina provides great tourism services. The Southern Aegean Region, identified as TR32 Region, is composed of Aydin, Denizli and Mugla provinces. 4.1% of the population of Turkey lives in this region. TR32 Region constitutes 4.6% of total labor force, 4.7% of total employment, and 3.2% of total unemployment of Turkey. The 2013-year employment rate of the region is 52.3%, which is quite higher than Turkey average 45.92%. While the unemployment rate, which is 6.9%, is quite lower than Turkey average 9.7%. The change in the employment and unemployment rates of the region over years has been presented in Figure IV.39 and Figure IV.40. The unemployment rate reached to top due to the economic crisis in 2009, and hit its lowest level with 6.9% in 2013 having started a rapid decline as of 2010. Employment Rate, TR32 Employment Turkey Rate Figure IV.39. Employment Rate According to Years, TR 32 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 137/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Unemployment Rate, TR32 Unemployment Turkey Rate Figure IV.40. Unemployment Rate According to Years, TR 32 The shares of service, agriculture and industry sectors within the region are 41.1%, 39.6% and 19.1%, respectively (see Figure IV.41). Employment according to sectors, TR 32, 2013 service agriculture industry Figure IV.41 Employment in the Service Sector (TurkStat, Regional Indicators, TR32 Aydın, Denizli, Mugla provinces) In the scope of the Project; 80 workers during construction phase and 25 workers in the operation phase will be employed. The Project will create job opportunities for local people of the region. However, when this is evaluated with respect to the employment ratio of the TR32 Region, it is not expected to experience a significant increase in the regional employment rates; thereby, the impact on employment rate will be limited and insignificant. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 138/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT IV.3.2. Population Mugla is a province of Turkey, and ranks in the twenty fourth row in terms of crowd. As of 2017, its population is 938.751 (TUIK, 2017). It is a famous settlement in the Aegean Region, with a small part of its territory in the Mediterranean Region, where the holiday resorts such as Ortaca, Dalaman, Fethiye, Marmaris, Milas, Datca and Bodrum are located. The province has 13 sub- provinces. Substantial part of the Mugla population consists of age group of 0-25 and this group comprises 25 percent of total population. However, this rate still significantly below than Turkey’s age group of 0-25 rate which comprises 40 percent of total population. Age and gender distribution of Mugla is given in Table IV.49 and it seems that the age group of “35-39” (%8.5) and “40-44” (%8.0) has the highest ratio within the total population. Table IV.48. Age and Gender Distribution of Mugla Province (TUIK, 2017) Age Group Male Female Total Male (%) Female (%) Total (%) 0-4 29468 27759 57227 6.2 6.0 6.1 10-14 29796 27957 57753 6.2 6.1 6.2 15-19 30845 27883 58728 6.4 6.1 6.3 20-24 33699 29817 63516 7.0 6.5 6.8 25-29 33051 30774 63825 6.9 6.7 6.8 30-34 36348 35018 71366 7.6 7.6 7.6 35-39 40898 38829 79727 8.5 8.4 8.5 40-44 38947 36531 75478 8.1 7.9 8.0 45-49 36049 33663 69712 7.5 7.3 7.4 50-54 33812 31998 65810 7.1 7.0 7.0 55-59 29782 28457 58239 6.2 6.2 6.2 5-9 30630 28653 59283 6.4 6.2 6.3 60-64 24995 24303 49298 5.2 5.3 5.3 65-69 18689 19193 37882 3.9 4.2 4.0 70-74 12815 13834 26649 2.7 3.0 2.8 75-79 9545 10988 20533 2.0 2.4 2.2 80-84 5876 7549 13425 1.2 1.6 1.4 85-89 2796 4601 7397 0.6 1.0 0.8 90+ 909 1994 2903 0.2 0.4 0.3 Population pyramid of Mugla province is presented in Figure IV.42. When the population pyramid examined, it can be said that Mugla has developing province profile. By considering these data, the dependency ratio2 of Mugla is 31% and this ratio is lower than the average ratio of Turkey (47.6%). 2 Dependant Population Ratio: Ratio of population that is not in working age (0-14) and population that is not fit for working to the active population (15-64). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 139/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure IV.42. Population Pyramid of Mugla Province (TUIK, 2017) According to the obtained from Address Based Population Registration System 2017 results, population of the Bodrum district, where project area is located, is 164,158. With this population, Bodrum has the highest population. The population distribution of Mugla and the population of the districts are given in Table IV.50. Considering the whole Province, it is seen that Ortaca district has the highest female ratio (49.8%) and Marmaris district has the highest male ratio (53.1%). Table IV.49. Population of Mugla Districts (TUIK, 2017) Ranking of the District Total District Among the Male Female Male (%) Female (%) Province (%) Bodrum 164158 17.5 83882 80276 51.1 48.9 Dalaman 39089 4.2 20584 18505 52.6 47.3 Datca 20799 2.2 10766 10033 51.7 48.2 Fethiye 153963 16.4 77478 76485 50.3 49.7 Kavaklidere 10780 1.1 5446 5334 50.5 49.5 Koycegiz 35325 3.7 17827 17498 50.4 49.5 Marmaris 91871 9.8 48749 43122 53.1 46.9 Mentese 109979 11.7 55644 54335 50.6 49.4 Milas 136162 14.5 69062 67100 50.7 49.3 Ortaca 47697 5.1 23923 23774 50.1 49.8 Seydikemer 59994 6.4 30896 29098 51.5 48.5 Ula 24419 2.6 12289 12130 50.3 49.6 Yatagan 44515 4.7 22404 22111 50.3 49.6 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 140/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In light of the above information, it is seen that Bodrum has the highest population in Muğla Province and this high population creates waste and wastewater problems in the region. The correlation between the amount of wastewater generation and population also creates advanced treatment system needs. In Turgutreis WWTP, advanced treatment will be performed. In this way, the impacts related with the increased wastewater generation will be minimized via advance treatment and discharge of effluent to Aegean Sea. It is observed that there is a relatively high-standard social life created by tourism income in Turgutreis Neighborhood. The dynamism in the tourism sector has made main livelihood of dwellers originated tourism, entertainment, and yachting related opportunities. Advanced treatment before discharge will eliminate and/or minimize the risks to tourism activities. In addition to tourism effects of untreated wastewater discharge, the dwellers have wastewater management problems since they do not have an access to sewer system in some areas. Therefore, the wastewater problems of holiday villages, secondary residents, and other tourism related facilities are tried to be solved by using septic tanks. While this situation creates some risks in terms of public health, it creates an economic burden on local people and business owners (e.g. sewage withdrawal costs, septic tank/connection maintenance costs etc.). The wastewater treatment plant to be built and the sewer system to be connected to the plant will take this burden over the residents and provide a more centralized and systematic wastewater management approach. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter IV - Pg. 141/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT AND MITIGATION MEASURES V.1. Area of Influence The Turkish EIA Regulation defines the area of influence as "the area affected by a planned project before operation, during operation and after operation". The area of influence may be different for different types of impacts and different environmental components (physical, biological, social) (World Bank ESMAP, December 2012). According to World Bank Group (WBG) International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standard (PS) 1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts, the Area of Influence (AoI) is to encompass the following as appropriate:  The area likely to be affected by: (i) the Project (e.g. Project sites, immediate air shed and watershed, or transport corridors) and the Project Sponsors’ activities and facilities that are directly owned, operated or managed (including by contractors) and that are a component of the project (e.g. tunnels, access roads, borrow and disposal areas construction camps); (ii) impacts from unplanned but predictable developments caused by the project that may occur later or at a different location; or (iii) indirect project impacts on biodiversity or on ecosystem services upon which Affected Communities’ livelihoods are dependent.  Associated facilities, which are facilities that are not funded as part of the project and that would not have been constructed or expanded if the project did not exist and without which the project would not be viable.  Cumulative impacts that result from the incremental impact, on areas or resources used or directly impacted by the project, from other existing, planned or reasonably defined developments at the time the risks and impacts identification process is conducted. In this respect, the Project together with all of its components (WWTP and sea discharge line) has been considered in the ESIA to the extent the level of information allowed. In addition to the WWTP and the sea discharge line, the service area of the sewer system, which will be connected to the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP, is also taken into consideration during the determination of AoI. For the AoI of the sea discharge line, 2,000 m corridor (1,000 m from each side of the line axis) has been determined. The AoI of the Project is provided in Figure V.1. The sensitive receptors in the close vicinity of the Project Area are presented in Figure V.2. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 142/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.1 Area of Influence of the Project TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 143/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.2. Sensitive Receptors of the Project Area and Its Close Vicinity TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 144/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.2. Impact Assessment Methodology The assessments of possible environmental and social impacts that the project should manage during the activities to be carried out in the land preparation, construction and operation phases and the measures to be taken against the possible effects are described in the following sections. Table V.1 represents an interaction matrix that summarizes each environmental and social element discussed in the following chapters and the possible actions that might cause or potentially create benefits for these elements at different stages of the Project. The environmental and social elements to which the project may interact, the impact assessment work on these elements and the general approaches to planned preventive mechanisms to be established and the mitigation measures planned to be taken according to the evaluation results will be presented in the following sections. The magnitude and severity of the impacts are taken into consideration when determining the significance of the impact in the impact assessment studies. By using quantitative and numerical methods in the evaluation within the scope of this EIA study, the predicted magnitude of the impact is qualified for each appropriate environmental and social subject as wide, local and restricted; and the severity of the impact is considered as High, Medium and Low according to the sensitivity/value of the receiver/source exposed to the impact, as much as possible. Then, the significance of the impact is determined according to the Table V.2 (see also Table V.3 for general criteria to be used in determining the magnitude of the impact and Table V.4 for general criteria to be used in determining severity of the impact). In determining the magnitude and severity of the impact, residual impacts after the mitigation measures taken are also considered. In terms of designing mitigation measures; Avoid (make changes so that the impacts are avoided altogether), Minimize (apply measures to reduce the size of the impacts), Repair (take action to repair and/or restore the affected environment) and Offset (implement measures to offset or compensate for the impact) mitigation hierarchy has been followed for the Project. Where the impact assessment identified impacts as potentially arising, further mitigation measures have been developed and the steps or actions to be taken were described. Once feasible mitigation measures were identified and agreed, potential impacts were reassessed, assuming the mitigation measures were effectively implemented as planned. Where a residual impact was considered of Medium or High significance, an iterative process has been undertaken to further investigate opportunities for mitigation. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 145/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.1 Matrix Representing Environmental and Social Impact Sources, Activities and Possible Interacts (Before Mitigation Measures Are Taken) Environmental and Social Factors Environmental Social Occupational Health and Safety Community Health and Safety Landscape and Visual Env. Local Socioeconomic Env. Background Noise Level Biological Environment Source of Impact and Activity Land Use Properties National Economy Soil Environment Air Environment Protected Areas Surface Waters Groundwater Topography Traffic Load Geology Land Preparation and Construction Phase Vegetation Clearing, Levelling Works and Construction Activities Provision of Material, Equipment and Service Water Supply and Use Use of Energy Generation of Domestic Wastewater Generation of Solid Waste Employment of Workforce Operation Phase Water Supply and Use (Domestic) Generation of Domestic Wastewater Generation of Solid Waste Provision of Material, Equipment and Service Employment of Workforce Possible Negative Impact Possible Positive Impact TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 146/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.2. Interaction Matrix for Significance Assessment Severity of Impact High (3) Medium (2) Low (1) Wide (A) High (A3) Medium (A2) Medium (A1) Magnitude of Impact Local (B) High (B3) Medium (B2) Low (B1) Restricted (C) Medium (C3) Low (C2) Low (C1) The significance of impact must be reduced absolutely; action cannot be continued without High Significance of lowering the effect. Impact If possible, it can be reduced to a lower level by taking appropriate measures, if not lowered, risk Medium can be accepted and activity can be continued As long as legal requirements and safety criteria are provided, activity can be continued without Low a need for an additional measure Source: adopted from World Bank, June 2012; L. Canter, 1993. Table V.3. Criteria for Determining the Magnitude of Impact Magnitude of Impact Description Wide (A) Beyond the Project Influence Area (regional) Local (B) Project Influence Area (the area around Project area with 1 km radius) (local) Restricted (C) Project Area (footprint) Table V.4. Criteria for Determining the Severity of Impact Severity of Impact Description High (3) Very sensitive and valuable Receptor/Source Medium (2) Sensitive and valuable Receptor/Source Low (1) Slightly sensitive and slightly valuable Receptor/Source V.3. Impacts on Physical Environment The impacts of the Project activities and components on the physical environment and the effects of the physical environment on the Project are examined in this section. All impacts, beneficial and adverse, in pre-construction (land preparation) phase and during construction and operation phases are discussed in the following subsections. The environmental impact analysis and assessment generally follow the outline of the previous chapter and scoping tables in order to address the impacts based on the baseline data provided. V.3.1. Topography, Soil and Land Use Direct impacts on topography, soil and land use risks will be a concern mainly during the construction and operation phases of the Project. Assessment of the impacts for the land preparation and construction and operation phases, in consideration of the baseline conditions is provided in the following headings. Land Preparation and Construction Phase Impacts Since the WWTP Area is owned by MUSKİ and the sea discharge line will follow the cadastral roads, there will be no land acquisition requirement within the scope of the Project (see Chapter IV.1.6) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 147/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The access roads are already shown in the zoning plan and if there will be a need for new access road opening; MUSKİ will apply to related Municipality regarding this issue. Therefore, there will be no land acquisition for access roads. Land preparation works to be performed before the construction phase will involve mainly removal of existing structures (e.g. small barracks, maintenance area, fuel tank and small-scale fuel station etc.) and vegetation clearing in the MUSKİ owned WWTP area. The topsoil coverage of the Project Area is significantly lower since it is currently used as storage area by MUSKİ and Bodrum Municipality. Project Area’s current type of use, which includes storage of excavation materials, fuel refilling, waste vehicle storage etc., has already damaged the top soil; thus, top soil stripping cannot be performed for the Project Area. The first step in this stage will be vegetation clearance at some areas. Following vegetation clearance at some areas, leveling works will begin on site. Following the leveling, excavation and filling works will be conducted. Total excavation amount will be 76,813 m3, of which 65,333 m3 from WWTP construction and 11.480 m3 from m3 from sea discharge line construction. 49,000 m3 of this amount will be sent to dumping area. The remaining part will be reused for refilling. During the construction phase of the Project, change of topography and land use will be caused mainly by WWTP construction. Since the sea discharge line is an underground structure, there will be no change in topography due to its construction. The areas of the units that will have the main impact on topography are presented in Table V.5. Table V.5. Project Units and the Areas They Cover 2 Project Units Areas (m ) Inlet Structure (Coarse and Fine Screens, Aerated Grit Chamber) 1,300 Chemical Phosphorus Tank 12 Anaerobic Bio-P Tanks 1,200 Aeration Tanks 6,000 Final Sedimentation Tanks 3,600 Sludge Treatment Units 500 Odor Removal Unit 70 Discharge Unit 120 Blower Building 300 Administrative Building 250 Transformer Building 300 Security Cabinet 50 TOTAL 13,702 The impacts on topography caused by excavation will be limited to the Project Area. For all activities regarding excavation storage, transport and reuse provisions of Regulation on the Control of Excavation, Construction and Demolition Wastes will be complied. As stated below, the land is used by MUSKİ and Bodrum Municipality for different purposes such as storage of excavation materials, fuel refilling, waste vehicle storage etc. hence the land use of the area has already changed from its original status. Together with the realization of the Project, these structures and equipment will be transported to another area owned by MUSKİ. Therefore, any impact of the Project on the land use is not expected. Within the scope of described activities, potential impacts and possible risks on the soil environment in the case that necessary measures will not be taken during land preparation and construction phase of the Project are summarized below: TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 148/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Soil compaction as a result of soil stripping, leveling excavation and filling activities, work of construction machinery and increase in pedestrian traffic  Mixing of soil layers as a result of excavation and filling activities  Soil contamination as a result of oil or fuel leaks or spillage that may result from incidents and unexpected events  Soil pollution which may occur in case of uncontrolled storage or disposal of solid and/or liquid wastes to be generated within the scope of the Project. Significant erosion and sedimentation impact is not foreseen in the Project Area due to the mitigation measures to be taken during stripping and excavation activities and rehabilitation applications thereafter. As the impacts on soil environment within the scope of the Project will occur only in the Project Area, the magnitude of impact is evaluated as “restricted”. As described in the previous sections, the Project Area is completely covered by colluvial soils and according to the former General Directorate of Rural Services 1999 database, the entire Project Area is classified as Class II, which indicates that the area is easily cultivated by taking some special measures. These lands have very moderate erosion levels. In addition to abovementioned foreseen impacts, Project Site’s past soil contamination potential is not known since there have been no soil sampling and analysis performed on site. In order to create baseline information, a soil sampling study should be performed and current contamination on the site should be assessed. This action is listed under the Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan given in Chapter VII. Results of the study should be evaluated and mitigation measures should be defined, if found to be necessary. Significance of impacts determined in the light of the assessments made, considering the magnitude of impact limited to the Project Area and the severity of impacts (value of the source) identified for different impact issues in line with the specified properties of soil source are summarized in Table IV.6. The soil on the site had a high agricultural potential in 1999; however, the current use of the Project Area has already damaged all the potential. Therefore, the Project Area is accepted to have “low” sensitivity in terms of soil. Also, as the area has moderate erosion level, the site is accepted to have “medium” sensitivity (severity). However, to be on the safe side, it is recommended that a new soil quality assessment campaign should be performed prior to the commencement of construction activities to reflect the impacts of the current land use on the soil quality. Table V.6. Assessment of Impacts on Soil and Land Use Magnitude Severity of Impact Significance Impact Issue of Impact of Impact High (3) Medium (2) Low (1) Land Use Capability Land Use Capability Class I-II-III-IV Class V-VI-VII Land Use Capability Agricultural Class VIII (lands suitable for (lands not suitable Low (C1) Suitability agricultural soil for agricultural soil (non-arable lands) Restricted cultivation) cultivation) (C) Erosion Potential Erosion Level 3-4 Erosion Level 2 Erosion Level 1 Low (C2) Rich soils in terms Medium-rich soils in Poor soils in terms Topsoil Loss of organic matter terms of organic of organic matter Low (C1) content matter content content Operation Phase Impacts In the operation phase of the Project, the activities will have a limited physical interaction with the environment. In the operation phase of the Project, no additional significant direct impacts on topography, soil and land use are anticipated under normal operating conditions. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 149/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Land Preparation and Construction Phase Mitigation Measures Although the significance of the impacts on soil and land use are assessed as “low”, an effective implementation of the below-described mitigation measures plays an important role for the further reduction in impacts:  In order to minimize the impacts on soil environment, the amount of soil that could be subject to compaction and contamination/pollution will be minimized by ensuring the use of only the designated work sites and routes for the construction machinery and equipment and field personnel.  By establishing a suitable drainage system in the field, the potential impact of surface runoff will be minimized. In this context, drainage channels will be constructed in accordance with the topographical conditions of the site.  Wastes and wastewater to be generated during the land preparation and construction phases of the Project will be stored and disposed in a controlled manner in accordance with the relevant regulations and in line with the management practices described in this report. Thus, it will not be possible for the wastes and wastewater to be generated in the Project Area interact with the soil environment and cause any impacts.  The fuel required for the construction equipment and vehicles to be used within the site during construction phase will be supplied primarily from the nearest station; if deemed necessary, fuels that may possibly be stored at site will be stored in the areas where necessary impermeability precautions are taken. Measures to be taken in case of leaks and spills that may arise from construction machinery and vehicles due to fuel storage and unexpected accidents will be described in site- specific Emergency Response Plan to be prepared by considering the framework plan given in this report.  During land preparation and construction phase, any damage given to the access roads, state roads and dwellers’ immovable properties by Project-related construction machinery and trucks, will be compensated by the Construction Contractor with the supervision of MUSKİ.  Provisions of the Regulation on the Control of Soil Pollution and Sites Contaminated by Point Sources shall be complied within the scope of the Project. In this context, soil samples will be taken and analyzed before construction starts in order to investigate any past contamination due to current use of the project site.  The provisions of the Regulation on the Control of Excavation Material, Construction and Demolition Wastes shall be complied with during land preparation and construction phase of the Project. Summary of Assessment and Residual Impacts Table IV.7 provides a summary of impact assessments made on soil environment. Significance of the identified impacts before and after the implementation of mitigation measures are also given in this table. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 150/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.7. Summary of Topography, Soil and Land Use Impact Assessments Affected Impact Significance of Project Definition of Type of Ecosystem Significance Measures to be Taken Residual Phase Potential Impact Impact Component Before Mitigation Impacts  In order to minimize the impacts on soil environment, the amount of soil that could be subject to compaction and contamination/pollution will be minimized by ensuring the use of only the designated work sites and routes for the construction machinery and equipment and field personnel.  The fuel required for the construction equipment and vehicles to be used within the site during construction phase will be supplied primarily from the nearest station; if deemed necessary, fuels that may possibly be stored at site will be stored in the areas where necessary impermeability precautions are taken. Land  The provisions of the Regulation on the Control of Excavation Soil, Agricultural Construction and Demolition Wastes shall be complied during land Soil preparation suitability, topsoil Adverse Low preparation and construction phase of the Project. Low Environment and loss  Provisions of the Regulation on the Control of Soil Pollution and Sites construction Contaminated by Point Sources shall be complied within the scope of the Project. In this context, soil samples will be taken and analyzed before construction starts in order to investigate any past contamination due to current use of the project site.  Wastes and wastewater to be generated during the land preparation and construction phases of the Project will be stored and disposed in a controlled manner in accordance with the relevant regulations and in line with the management practices described in this report. Thus, it will not be possible for the wastes and wastewater to be generated in the Project Area interact with the soil environment and cause any impacts. Land  By establishing a suitable drainage system in the field, the potential Soil preparation impact of surface runoff will be minimized. In this context, drainage Erosion potential Adverse Low Low Environment and channels will be constructed in accordance with the topographical construction conditions of the site. TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 151/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.3.2. Air Quality In this section, the potential impacts of the Project on air quality of the region are assessed. Within this scope, construction and operation phases of the Project are taken into consideration and impacts are evaluated accordingly. This chapter includes the following:  Assessment and quantification of potential emissions,  Assessment of potential impacts on air quality,  Mitigation measures regarding air quality,  Residual impacts on air quality, Legal Framework In addition to the Chapter 3 “Legal Framework”, air-quality related legal framework is outlined, and the objectives of the regulations are summarized together with the standards they set. Particles vary according to their size and composition. Standards for PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm) are defined for particles which are respirable by humans and therefore, PM10 is the accepted measure of particles in atmosphere. In this context, both the Regulation on Air Quality Assessment and Management, and Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation define the standards in terms of PM10. Regulation on the Assessment and Management of Air Quality (RAMAQ) Regulation on Assessment and Management of Air Quality was put into force in Official Gazette dated June, 6 2008 and numbered 26898. With this regulation, the Regulation on Protection of Air Quality was abolished. Long and short terms standards were specified for the harmonization of environmental regulations in the process of accession to the European Union. However, the regulation sets a transition period for the application of these limit values. Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation (IAPCR) Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation (IAPCR) published in Official Gazette dated July 3, 2009 and numbered 27277 aims to control emissions in form of smoke, dust, gas, vapor and aerosol which are released to the atmosphere as a result of activities of industrial plants and energy generation facilities, to protect human beings and the environment from pollution, and to manage and prevent negative impacts of air pollution which result in significant problems on public health. With this regulation, the Regulation on Air Pollution Caused by Industry has been abolished. According to the regulation, limit values are defined for the calculation of contribution to air pollution resulting from stack and non-stack sources According to the provisions of the regulation, the amount of contribution to air pollution should be calculated if the amount of emission exceeds these limits. These values are provided in Table V.8. Table V.8. Emission Limits for Stack and Non-Stack Sources Mass Flow (kg/hour) Parameter Stack Non-Stack Carbon monoxide (CO) 500 50 Nitrogen oxide (NOx) 40 4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 60 6 Dust 10 1 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 152/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In this context, amounts of emissions released as a result of the activities conducted in scope of the Project will be calculated and compared with the values provided above. If the calculated emissions exceed the limits defined in the regulation, air quality modeling will be performed and contribution of the emission to air pollution will be estimated. WBG Standards In addition to the Turkish legislations, the ambient air quality limit values stipulated in the WBG General EHS Guidelines shall be complied. The WBG General EHS Guidelines – Environmental Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality refer to the World Health Organization (WHO) Ambient Air Quality Guidelines for recommended values. These limit values are presented in Table V.9. Table V.9. Ambient Air Quality Limit Values – WBG Standards 3 Parameter Duration (µg/m ) 10 minute 500 SO2 24 hour 20 Hourly 200 NO2 Annual 40 24 hour 50 Particulate Matter (PM10) Annual 20 24 hour 25 Particulate Matter (PM2,5) Annual 10 O3 8 hour daily maximum 100 Emission Sources during Land Preparation and Construction Phase The major emission source will be dust due to the nature of the activities to be conducted. The amount of dust emissions generated during construction phase of the project is calculated with the emission factors defined in IAPCR. The emission factors are presented in Table V.10. Uncontrolled emission factors in Table V.10 represent the case in which the activities are performed without any measures taken, while controlled emission factors represent the case when measures such as watering, usage of closed transportation systems, keeping the material moisturized and performing loading and unloading of materials without scattering are taken. Table V.10. Emission Factor to be used to Calculate Dust Emissions Emission Factors Sources Unit Uncontrolled Controlled Dismantling/Excavation 0.025 0.0125 Loading 0.010 0.0050 kg/ton Unloading 0.010 0.0050 Storage 5.800 2.9000 Transportation (total distance) 0.700 0.3500 kg/km- vehicle Source: Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation, Appendix 12. According to the project schedule, construction activities are planned to last for one year (approximately 300 work days) and daily shifts will last for 8 hours. Construction will start with demolishing/dismantling the present structures and be followed by vegetation clearance and leveling works. 16.333 m3 of excavation material will be stored in the Project Area for reuse and the TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 153/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT remaining will be disposed in a suitable manner after relevant agreements made with the relevant authority. Construction activities in the Project Area will include the excavation, loading and transportation of the excavation material. The total amount of excavated material that will be generated as a result of construction activities is 76,800 m3 (see Table V.11). Excavation is planned to be conducted step by step. However, the worst case scenario is assumed in the calculations and all the activities are assumed to be conducted simultaneously. Table V.11. Excavation Amounts 2 Excavation Depth Excavation Unit Footprint (m ) 3 (m) Amount (m ) Inlet Structure 1,300 5 6,500 Chemical Phosphorus Tank 12 5.00 60 Anaerobic Bio-P Tanks 1,200 5.00 6,000 Aeration Tanks 6,000 5.00 30,000 Final Sedimentation Tanks 3,600 5.00 18,000 Sludge Treatment Units 500 3.00 1,500 Odor Removal Unit 70 - 0 Discharge Unit 120 4.00 500 Blower Building 300 1.00 300 Administrative Building 250 1.00 250 Transformer Building 300 1.00 300 Security Cabinet 50 1.00 50 Road Construction in WWTP Area - - 1,873 Total Excavation (WWTP) - - 65,333 Construction of Sea Discharge Line* 3,280 3.50 11,480 Total Excavation Amount - - 76,800 * The coastal part of sea discharge line is 1640 m and the width of the excavation will be 2 m. The amount of dust emission expected as a result of the land preparation and construction activities of the Project have been calculated and presented in detail below. Total Excavation Volume : 76,800 m3 Density of Excavation Material : 1.8 ton/m3 Total Amount of Excavation : 138,240 ton Total Volume of Excavation Material will be Reused : 27,800 m3 Total Volume of Excavation Material will be sent to Disposal : 49,000 m3 Total Amount of Excavation Material will be sent to Disposal : 88,200 ton Distance within the Plant : 0.10 km Truck Capacity : 26 ton Total Number of Trips : 88,200 ton / (26 ton/truck) : 3392 trips Number of Trucks :6 Number of Trips per Truck : 565 trips/truck Total Distance to be traveled (round trip) : 113 km Excavation Time : 300 days Work Hours in a Day :8 Hourly Excavated Material Amount : 57.6 ton/hour TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 154/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Uncontrolled Dust Emissions: Emission from excavation: Excavation emission factor (uncontrolled): 0.025 kg/ton Amount of PM10 emissions: 57.6 ton/hour * 0.025 kg/ton = 1.44 kg/hour Loading emission factor (uncontrolled): 0.010 kg/ton Amount of PM10 emissions: 57.6 ton/hour * 0.010 kg/ton = 0.57 kg/hour Emission from transportation activities Transportation emission factor (uncontrolled): 0.700 kg/km-vehicle Amount of PM10 emissions: 113 km x 0.700 kg/km-vehicle x (1/300 days) x (1/8 hours) = 0.03 kg/hour Emission from storage 16,333 m3 of excavated soil will be stored for its reuse in the WWTP Area. The storage height will be 3 m. Thus, required storage area is 5.444 m2, which is 0.54 ha. Storage emission factor (uncontrolled): 5.8 kg/ha Amount of PM10 emissions:0.54 ha x 5.8 kg/ha x (1/24 hours) = 0.13 kg/hour Total uncontrolled PM10 emissions Total: 1.44+0.57+0.03+0.13= 2.17 kg/hour Controlled Dust Emissions: Emission from excavation: Excavation emission factor (controlled): 0.0125 kg/ton Amount of PM10 emissions: 57.6 ton/hour * 0.0125 kg/ton = 0.72 kg/hour Loading emission factor (controlled): 0.005 kg/ton Amount of PM10 emissions: 57.6 ton/hour * 0.005 kg/ton = 0.28 kg/hour Emission from transportation activities Transportation emission factor (controlled): 0.350 kg/km-vehicle Amount of PM10 emissions: 113 km x 0.35 kg/km-vehicle x (1/300 days) x (1/8 hours) = 0.015 kg/hour Emission from storage Storage emission factor (controlled): 2.9 kg/ha Amount of PM10 emissions: 0.54 ha x 2.9 kg/ha x (1/24 hours) = 0.065 kg/hour Total uncontrolled PM10 emissions Total: 0.72+0.28+0.015+0.065= 1.08 kg/hour TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 155/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT According to the calculations, the total amounts of uncontrolled and controlled PM10 emissions are expected as 2.17 kg/hour and 1.08 kg/hour, respectively. As stated above, these emission rates are calculated based on the worst-case scenario. However, it is found that the emission rates are greater than the limit value defined for non-stack sources in IAPCR, which is 1 kg/hour. Thus, an air quality modeling study (for PM2.5) was performed for accurate and realistic determination of air quality impacts on the nearest receptors. The modeling report is given in Annex 12. The air quality modeling was performed using AERMOD which is developed by US EPA. In the modeling study, 4 km x 4 km area was selected as a study area. The topographic effects were also taken into consideration by digitizing the topography data provided by CGAIR Consortium for Spatial Information SRTM Data. The meteorological effects such as hourly temperature, wind direction, wind speed etc. were also inserted into the model. The model output map is given in Figure V.2. Figure V.3. PM2.5 Model Output Map Emissions from Construction Machinery Since there will be heavy construction machinery usage in the land preparation and construction phase of the Project, the exhaust emissions of these machinery will have some impacts on the air quality of region. Primary emissions from exhaust gases of vehicles area NO2, CO, HC, SO2 and PM. Emission characteristics depend on parameters such as; age of the vehicle, engine speed, working temperature, ambient temperature and pressure, type and quality of fuel. Emission factors developed by USEPA for gasoline and diesel fueled vehicles are presented in Table V.12. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 156/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.12. Emission Factors (USEPA) EMISSIONS (g/km/vehicle) POLLUTANTS Gasoline Diesel Fuel Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 1.20 9.00 Carbon monoxide(CO) 39.0 15.0 Sulphur dioxide(SO2) 0.08 1.50 Hydrocarbons (HC) 2.60 2.90 Particulate Matter (PM) 0.40 0.80 During the land preparation and construction activities of the Project; 6 trucks, 2 excavators, 2 loaders, 3 mini loaders (Bobcat), 2 cranes and one sprinkler will be used. Exhaust emissions of these machinery is presented in Table V.13. Table V.13. Expected Amounts of Exhaust Emissions (kg/h) Emissions (kg/hour) NOX CO SO2 HC PM 0.153 0.255 0.026 0.049 0.014 According to the calculations made, exhaust emissions are quite below the IAPCR limit values for all parameters. Emission Sources during Operation Phase The operation phase of the Project is not expected to cause significant dust and exhaust emissions. However, as stated in the WBG’s EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation, air emissions from wastewater treatment operations may include hydrogen sulfide, methane, gaseous or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes, and bio aerosols. General Assessment of Impacts on Air Quality The amounts of uncontrolled and controlled dust emissions from land preparation and construction activities which are planned to last for one year are calculated as 2.17 kg/hour and 1.08 kg/hour, respectively. The total emissions will be even lower when the activities are carried out in a controlled manner by taking necessary dust suppression measures, such as establishment of an effective sparkling system etc. The model output also shows that the impact area will be limited even in the worst-case. For these reasons, no impact is expected outside the Project Area and the magnitude of impact is evaluated as “restricted”. The existing quality of the receiving air environment has been taken into consideration in determining the severity of the impact. According to the PM10 measurements carried out by Talya Test Laboratory upon the request of Arüv at four points at the Project Area, the existing PM10 concentrations (0.28 μg/m3, 0.33 μg/m3, 0.49 μg/m3, and 0.27 μg/m3) are found well below the limit values of IAPCR which is 3 mg/m3. Thus, according to the Annex-2 (d) of the IAPCR, there is no need for continuous measurement. Finally, since the air quality of the receiving environment is good and the measurement results are in compliance with the regulatory limit values; the level of severity is identified as "low". Therefore, the significance of foreseen impact due to dust emissions on air environment is assessed as "low" (see Table V.14). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 157/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In addition to dust emissions, as seen from the above, calculated exhaust emissions are in compliance with the pertinent IAPCR limit values. For this reason, no impact originating from the exhaust emissions is expected outside of the Project Area and the magnitude of the impact is defined as “restricted”. Since the current ambient air quality in the region is good, the level of severity is identified as “low” accordingly. The significance of the anticipated impact due to the exhaust emission on air environment is assessed as “low” (Table V.14). Table V.14. Assessment of Dust and Exhaust Emissions Impacts on Air Environment Receptor/Source Impact Magnitude of Relevant Severity of Impact Significance Issue Impact Ecosystem of Impact High (3) Medium (2) Low (1) Component Environment Environment Environment where the where the where the existing air existing air existing air quality is quality is bad quality is good medium Dust Air (if the existing (if the existing Restricted (C) (if the existing Low (C1) Emissions Environment pollutant pollutant pollutant concentration concentration concentration exceeds the limit meets the limit scarcely meets values of values of the limit values IAPCR) IAPCR) of IAPCR) Environment Environment Environment where the where the where the existing air existing air existing air quality is quality is bad quality is good medium Exhaust Air (if the existing (if the existing Restricted (C) (if the existing Low (C1) Emissions Environment pollutant pollutant pollutant concentration concentration concentration exceeds the limit meets the limit scarcely meets values of values of the limit values IAPCR) IAPCR) of IAPCR) Since the operational emissions are can be determined as odor-causing releases, the impacts of the operational emissions will be evaluated in the Section V.3.3 Odor. Mitigation Measures The assessment made above does not indicate a significant impact on air quality but still some measures shall be applied to minimize the impacts on air quality. These include:  Erosion measures to be applied in vegetation clearance areas  Application of dust suppression methods (watering, sweeping etc.) in sufficient frequency  Covering inner roads with materials to prevent dust and keeping these roads clean  Setting speed limit in the Project Area  Keeping wind barrier trees and plantation of new ones  Loading/unloading without scattering  Covering the stored excavation materials  Regular controlling of the exhaust systems of the vehicles To reduce the emission amounts caused by the construction machinery to be operated at the construction phase and to ensure that these amounts do not exceed limit values, the provisions of Regulation on the Assessment and Management of Air Quality and the Industrial Air Pollution Control Regulation shall be complied. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 158/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Summary of Assessment and Residual Impacts Table IV.15 provides a summary of impact assessments made on air environment. Significance of the identified impacts before and after the implementation of mitigation measures are also given in this table. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 159/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.15. Summary of Air Quality Impact Assessments Affected Impact Significance of Project Definition of Type of Ecosystem Significance Measures to be Taken Residual Phase Potential Impact Impact Component Before Mitigation Impacts  Erosion measures to be applied in vegetation clearance areas  Application of dust suppression methods (watering, sweeping etc.) in sufficient frequency Land  Covering inner roads with materials to prevent dust and keeping these Air preparation Dust emissions, roads clean Adverse Low Low Environment and exhaust emissions  Setting speed limit in the Project Area construction  Keeping wind barrier trees and plantation of new ones  Loading/unloading without scattering  Covering the stored excavation materials  Regular controlling of the exhaust systems of the vehicles TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 160/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.3.3. Odor Odor impacts will be observed during the operation phase of the Project. Any odor impact in the land preparation and construction phase will not be anticipated. During the operation phase, odor is generally generated in physical treatment and sludge units of wastewater treatment plants. Screens, aeration tanks, sedimentation tanks, sludge thickeners and dewatering units and operations performed within these units can result in generation of odor which may result in disruptive impacts around the treatment plant. Wastewater influent contains high amounts of organic material. Organic materials are decomposed into odorous compounds by bacteria in biological treatment process. Activated sludge contains high amounts of bacteria and organic matter which can be decomposed by bacteria in short amount of time. Odor is generated as a result of compounds generated during this process. As stated in the previous chapter, wastewater treatment operations may emit hydrogen sulfide, methane, gaseous or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes, and bio aerosols. Among those, hydrogen sulfide and methane gases are the most significant odorous gas. If sludge treatment is performed in the WWTP, ammonia, sulphur compounds, fatty acids, aromatic compounds and some hydrocarbons can also cause odor. Petroleum and organic solvents are also sources of disruptive odor. In Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP, the main odor causing activity might be the discharging wastewater from sewage trucks coming from out of the service area of the sewer system. Other than this, with good operation conditions and relevant measures taken for deodorization, disruptive odors can be prevented. The measures are listed under Mitigation Measures chapter. General Assessment of Odor Impacts The odor impacts might be majorly observed during the operation phase and at WWTP and sea discharge line pumping stations. However, the underground structure of the pumping stations will significantly lower the odor impacts. Thus, it is anticipated that no odor impact is expected outside of the Project Area and the magnitude of the impact is defined as “restricted”. However, since the nearest receptors are in the recommended buffer zone (see Table V.16), the severity of the odor impact is determined as “high”. Table V.16. Summary of Odor Impact Assessments Magnitude Severity of Impact Significance Impact Issue of Impact of Impact High (3) Medium (2) Low (1) The nearest The nearest The nearest residential / residential / Restricted residential / Odor commercial area is commercial area is Medium (C3) (C) commercial area is close to the buffer out of the buffer in the buffer zone zone zone TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 161/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Mitigation Measures As seen from the above assessments, there is no significant impact is anticipated for the Project. The impacts can be much more lowered through the proper implementation of mitigation measures together with ensuring the usual operation conditions. The proposed mitigation measures are as follows:  Prevent wastewater influents which exceed treatment plant capacity.  Decrease solid waste and activated sludge amounts.  Increase disposal frequency of screenings.  Proper and timely disposal of sludge in order to prevent flies and odor.  Increasing aeration rate in biological treatment process.  Addition of chlorinated water to sludge thickeners if activated sludge unit is in open area.  Addition of lime to activated sludge.  Keeping water level under control in order to prevent turbulence as a result of instant decrease of water. It is easily said that, odor can be successfully managed, and its formation can be prevented in the conceptual design phase. Additionally, the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP will be equipped with odor removal unit and the details of the odor removal unit (bio filters) are given in Chapter II Project Description. After all, if unwanted odor will be still generated, additional measures will also be taken. These measures will be applied when odor in the WWTP is disruptive or complaints arise from near neighborhoods.  Addition of oxidizing material (such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite) (oxidizing materials, prevent generation of especially hydrogen sulfide). Addition of sodium hydroxide can also be considered. Sodium hydroxide will dissolve hydrogen sulphur gas in water.  Preventing anaerobic bacteria with control of pH levels or disinfection.  Oxidizing odorous compounds by the help of chemicals.  Planting trees in the Project Area and the buffer zone around the treatment plant for the prevention of odor distribution. In addition to these, the first predominant wind direction in the region is north-northeast, second predominant wind direction is north and the third is north-east. The buildings are generally located at these directions. Thus, as a result of this condition, the number of residents to be affected in case of odor generated will be significant. Establishing a buffer zone between the treatment plant and residential areas and isolating odor is the main method to prevent odor generated in the treatment plant to be dispersed to settlements. Suggested buffer zone distances between treatment plants units and residential areas are presented in Table V.17. Distance of the treatment units to the nearest residential/commercial area is also presented in that table. As seen below, the nearest receptors are in the recommended buffer zone, thus mitigation measures shall be applied seriously to reduce the nuisance on these receptors. Table V.17. Recommended Distances to Settlements for Odor Prevention and Nearest Receptors Treatment unit Buffer zone, m Nearest Residential/Commercial Area, m Sedimentation Tank 122 40 Aeration Tank 152 35 Sludge Disposal Units 305 45 Source: Tchobanoglous, 1991 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 162/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT After all the above mentioned actions and measures taken, and normal conditions prevail in the operation, if odor is still detectable beyond the site boundary, the enclosing of aeration tanks and bio-P tanks shall be considered as a final odor management action by MUSKİ. Significant odor related nuisances are not expected to be observed as a result of wastewater and sludge operations as long as the measures mentioned above are taken. In addition to abovementioned measures and actions, in the operation phase of the Project, necessary action shall be taken to comply with the provisions of Regulation on the Control of Odor-Causing Emissions. There are no mandatory numerical standards set in Turkey for odor concentration in ambient air at the site boundary or at receptor locations. If a new regulatory limit value will be set in the future, the Project shall comply all the mandatory numerical standards. As a general management measure, MUSKİ shall establish an operating grievance mechanism and assign a community liaison officer for the management of odor related grievances. Summary of Assessment and Residual Impacts Table IV.18 provides a summary of impact assessments made on air environment. Significance of the identified impacts before and after the implementation of mitigation measures are also given in this table. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 163/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.18. Summary of Odor Impact Assessments Affected Impact Significance of Project Definition of Type of Ecosystem Significance Measures to be Taken Residual Phase Potential Impact Impact Component Before Mitigation Impacts The first level measures:  Prevention of wastewater influents which exceed treatment plant capacity.  Reduction of solid waste and activated sludge amounts.  Increasing disposal frequency of screenings.  Proper and timely disposal of sludge in order to prevent flies and odor.  Increasing aeration rate in biological treatment process.  Addition of chlorinated water to sludge thickeners if activated sludge unit is in open area.  Addition of lime to activated sludge.  Keeping water level under control in order to prevent turbulence as a result of instant decrease of water. If odor nuisance prevails after the proper implementation of first level measures, the second level measures shall be taken. These are: Odor Operation Odor nuisance Adverse Medium Low  Addition of oxidizing material (such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite) (oxidizing materials, prevent generation of especially hydrogen sulfide). Addition of sodium hydroxide can also be considered. Sodium hydroxide will dissolve hydrogen sulphur gas in water.  Preventing anaerobic bacteria with control of pH levels or disinfection.  Oxidizing odorous compounds by the help of chemicals.  Planting trees in the Project Area and the buffer zone around the treatment plant for the prevention of odor distribution. If nuisance still prevails after implementation of first and second measures, the final measure shall be determined as:  Enclosing of aeration tanks and bio-P tanks As a general measure: establishment of an operating grievance mechanism to manage odor related grievances. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 164/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.3.4. Climate Change According to IPCC Guideline for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, waste sector includes the following components:  Solid waste disposal (4A)  Biological treatment of solid waste (4B)  Incineration and open burning of waste (4C)  Wastewater treatment and discharge (4D)  Other (4E) (IPCC, 2006) In scope of this report components 4A and 4B and partly components 4C, 4D and 4E are investigated. According to 2007 data, waste sector is the second highest source of greenhouse gas emissions in Turkey. However, there is no inventory on greenhouse gas emissions from generation and disposal of WWTP sludge. In addition, activities which are subject to greenhouse gas monitoring, reporting and verification are presented under heading “Activities subject to monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions” in Annex-1 of the Regulation on Tracking Greenhouse Gas Emissions (dated May 17, 2014, Official Gazette No: 29003), and any of the components of this Project are not listed in Annex-1 of the Regulation. V.3.5. Noise and Vibration In this section, noise and vibration impacts of the land preparation and construction and operation phases of the Project are investigated. Turkish Legal Requirements Environmental noise in Turkey is regulated by the Regulation on the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise (RAMEN) which is published on 04.06.2010 in Official Gazette No: 27601. This regulation is intended to ensure that precautions are taken to prevent disturbance to peace and tranquility, and to ensure the physical and mental health of persons potentially exposed to environmental noise. For this purpose, the regulation sets out requirements regarding noise mapping, acoustic reporting, environmental noise assessment for determination of noise exposure levels and preparation and application of action plans to prevent or mitigate negative impacts of noise exposure on human being and environment. The noise limit values defined in the RAMEN Annex VII Table 4 are presented in Table V.19. Table V.19. Environmental Noise Limits for Industrial Plants Lday Levening Lnight Areas (dBA) (dBA) (dBA) Educational, cultural and health facilities as noise sensitive areas, and places densely populated with 60 55 50 summer houses and camp grounds Areas densely populated with residences among the areas containing commercial structures and noise 65 60 55 sensitive structures all together Areas with dense work places among the areas containing commercial structures and noise sensitive 68 63 58 structures all together Industrial Areas 70 65 60 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 165/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT For construction activities noise limit values are defined in Table 5 Appendix VII of RAMEN and presented in Table V.20. Table V.20. Environmental Noise Limits for Construction Type of Activity (Construction, Demolition and Repair) Lday (dBA) Building 70 Road 75 Other Sources 70 WBG Standards Noise limit levels are described under, Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, General EHS Guidelines: Environmental Noise. The noise limit values are based on World Health Organization Guidelines for Community Noise. Noise levels defined by WBG are presented in Table V.21. Table V.21. Noise Level Guidelines of IFC One Hour LAeq (dBA) Receptor Daytime 07:00 – 22:00 Nighttime 22:00 – 07:00 Residential, institutional, educational 55 45 Industrial, commercial 70 70 Land Preparation and Construction Phase Impacts Noise generation from machinery and equipment to be used on the site during the land preparation and construction phase is quite possible. The list of machinery and equipment, which will be used during the land preparation and construction phase and are likely to cause noise, and their number and noise intensity levels are presented in Table V.22. Table V.22. Machinery and Equipment and their Noise Intensity Levels (Lw) Machinery and Equipment Number Noise Intensity Level* (dBA) Truck 6 85 Excavator 2 115 Loader 2 115 Mini Loader (Bobcat) 3 115 Crane 2 105 Sprinkler 1 85 Source: Industrial Noise Control and Environmental Noise, Ozguven H.N. In order to assess the noise impacts of the activities that will be conducted during land preparation and construction phase, the total noise generations should be calculated for the worst- case scenario and should be compared with the legislative and WBG requirements in order to have an idea. To satisfy this need, noise generation calculation is performed below with the assumption of worst case scenario. The worst case scenario assumes that all machines and equipment operate simultaneously at maximum noise intensity levels at the same location (at the center of the WWTP area) in the Project Area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 166/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The formulas given below were used for the calculation of noise levels regarding land preparation and construction phase of the Project. Formula (1) is used to calculate total noise level at the source according to noise intensity level of each equipment, Formula (2) is used to calculate the noise level that reaches a definite distance (Lpt), and Formula (3) used to include topographical absorption effect into consideration. Lwt = 10 log ∑ =1 10L wi/10 (1) Lpt = Lwt + 10log (Q/4πr2) (2) C1 = 5xlog(do/d) (3) Lwt : Noise level at the source Lpt : Noise level that reaches a defined distance Q : Orientation coefficient/atmospheric reduction factor (assumed as 1) r : Distance from the source C1 : Topographical noise absorption d : Distance As it is mentioned before, in the equations given above, it is accepted that construction equipment and machinery are used at the same physical location (at the center of the WWTP area), non-stop at maximum noise intensity levels (worst case scenario). Therefore, it is expected that in reality noise level caused by construction activities will be much smaller than the worst case scenario calculation result. Lwt = 10 log ∑ =1 10L wi/10 = 10 log (6x108.5+2x1011.5+2x1011.5+3x1011.5+2x1010.5+1x108.5) Lwt = 123.6 dBA The calculation of noise level that reaches to the nearest building (which is 100 m away from the center of the WWTP area) is as follows: Lpt = Lwt + log (Q/4πr2) Lpt (100m) = 123.57+10 log(1/4x3.14x1002) Lpt (100m) = 72.6 dBA Topographical absorption for 100 m: C1 = 5xlog(do/d) C1 = 5xlog(1/100) C1 =-10 dBA Lpt at 100 m by taking into consideration of topographical absorption Lpt (100m) total= Lpt (150m) + C1 Lpt (100m) total= 72.6 dBA -10 dBA Lpt (100m) total= 62.6 dBA The distribution of noise generated with respect to distance from the source is presented in tabular format in Table V.23 and graphically in Figure V.3. Environmental noise level decreases below the limit value defined for construction activities (70 dBA) at a distance about 110 m from the source. The closest receptor, which is a settlement, is located about 100 meters north of the center of the WWTP Area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 167/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.23. Distribution of Noise Generated Relative to Distance Lpt with topographical Lpt with topographical Distance (m) Lpt (dBA) Distance (m) Lpt (dBA) absorption (dBA) absorption (dBA) 15 89.1 83.2 500 58.6 45.1 50 78.6 70.1 600 57.0 43.1 100 72.6 62.6 700 55.7 41.5 150 69.1 58.2 800 54.5 40.0 200 66.6 55.1 900 53.5 38.7 300 63.0 50.7 1000 52.6 37.6 400 60.5 47.5 1150 51.4 36.1 100,0 90,0 80,0 Noise Level (dBA) 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Lpt RAMEN Limit Value Lpt w/ Topographical Absorption Figure V.4. Distribution of Noise Generated in the Project Area with respect to Distance As seen from the above, under the worst case conditions, noise level near the closest building to the center of the WWTP Area caused by the land preparation and construction phase of the Project is below regulatory limit values. However, the noise that will be generated at the site will cause a cumulative impact on the background noise level by reaching the nearest building at different levels. In this context, the cumulative noise level expected at the settlement is calculated numerically by logarithmically adding of the noise resulting from the construction activities to the background noise level measured at the settlement. The day-time background noise level of the closest measurement location (ML-3) to the nearest building in the WWTP Area is measured as 49.9 dBA. The details regarding the background noise measurements are given under Section IV.1.9. The distance between the ML-3 and the nearest building is 55 m. Therefore, the background noise at the receptor is assumed as 49.9 dBA, although there is no background noise measurement performed at the receptor. The cumulative noise at the receptor is given in Table V.24. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 168/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.24. Estimated Noise Level around the Nearest Building Calculated IFC Daytime Background Noise Cumulative Noise RAMEN Daytime Settlement Construction Noise Residential Noise Level (dBA) Level (dBA) Noise Limit (dBA) Level at 100 m (dBA) Limit (dBA) Nearest Building (100 m north of the 49.9 62.6 62.8 68 55 center of the WWTP Area) As seen from the Table V.24, while the cumulative noise level of the nearest receptor is in compliance with Turkish RAMEN limit value, it exceeds WBG EHS Guideline value. In that case, the Project shall comply with the stricter one, which is WBG EHS Guideline limit value, and take measures to decrease the noise level at the nearest receptor. On the other hand, it is unlikely in reality that all construction machinery and equipment are used at the same physical location and non-stop at maximum noise intensity levels (worst case scenario). In addition, as the construction activities will occur outdoors, it is expected that there will be a decrease in noise level depending on the distance due to the atmospheric reduction in real conditions. Similarly, vegetation cover is among the factors that could reduce the impact during the spread of noise. However, since calculations are based on the worst case approach, factors such as effect of location, atmospheric reduction, vegetation cover, etc. have not been taken into consideration. According to all these evaluations, it is expected that in real terms the noise level at the nearest building will be lower than the calculated value during land preparation and construction activities of the Project. As the noise to be generated at the Project Area during the land preparation and construction activities could have an impact beyond the borders of the Project Area during certain times of the temporary land preparation and construction phase and the background noise level at certain parts of the neighborhood could increase within the limit values of RAMEN, the magnitude of the noise impact is defined as “local”. In determining the severity of impact, the areas defined in RAMEN Annex-7 have been taken into account and the sensitivity of receptor has been identified as “medium”. Accordingly, the significance of noise impact is assessed as “medium” (see Table V.25). Table V.25. Assessment of Noise Impact Magnitude of Severity of Impact Significance of Impact Issue Impact High (3) Medium (2) Low (1) Impact Areas densely Areas with dense Educational, populated with work places cultural and health residences among among the areas facilities as noise the areas containing sensitive areas, containing commercial Noise Local (B) and places Medium (B2) commercial structures and densely populated structures and noise sensitive with summer noise sensitive structures all houses and camp structures all together and grounds together industrial areas Operation Phase Impacts During the operation phase of the project noise will be generated from equipment such as engines, compressors, pumps and blowers. The level of noise generated from this equipment is expected to be constant as all equipment will be in operation during the plant operation hours (24 hour). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 169/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Equipment generating noise during the operation of the plant will be located in isolated closed buildings and some of them will be submerged in wastewater. So, no significant noise is expected to be generated during the operation of the wastewater treatment plant. In addition, the plantations and topography around the WWTP Area prevent noise to be dispersed to near settlements. In scope of the Project, during landscaping activities, additional natural noise barriers will be established to decrease potential noise impacts. Noise intensities of equipment will be taken into consideration during selection and procurement. Also, relevant standards and criteria will be complied with. Project activities will be performed in accordance with the provisions of RAMEN and the environmental noise limit values defined in the regulation and WBG’s General EHS Guidelines will be complied with (see Table V.19 and Table V.21). In addition to noise, construction equipment, engines, pumps, mixers and agitators used during construction and operation phases of the project will cause vibration. Abovementioned equipment will be located inside closed buildings. So, vibration is not expected to be effective outside the building. Project operations will be in compliance with the relevant provisions of RAMEN. The pumping stations of sea discharge line will also cause noise and vibration. However, since these units will be underground and enclosed, it is envisaged that there is no significant noise and vibration impacts. To conclude, the significance of noise and vibration impacts during operation phase would be “low”. Land Preparation and Construction Phase Mitigation Measures The machinery and equipment to be used during the land preparation and construction activities will not be operated at the same point/location but homogeneously distributed in the site. This will enable noise level be at reasonable levels and not to exceed related limit values defined in RAMEN during the land preparation and construction phase of the Project. Nevertheless, it will be ensured that machinery and equipment will not be operated together in the close section of the WWTP Area to adjacent buildings (north-northeast boundary) so that the noise level at the nearest buildings does not exceed the regulatory limit values as it is calculated so. In addition to this measure, construction noise barriers can be used around the nearest buildings and by doing so, around 5 to 10 dBA noise reduction can be achieved in the receptor. For the construction of the coastal part of the sea discharge line, portable noise screen usage should be considered. Plantation of trees along the north-northeast border of the WWTP Area should also be considered. In order to minimize the noise that will be generated within the scope of the Project; the maintenance of the construction machinery and equipment will be carried out regularly and speed limitations will be defined and obeyed for construction vehicles. MUSKİ will designate a liaison staff within the scope of its grievance mechanism, in case of complaints related with noise, for the evaluation of the complaints and where necessary, for the planning and implementation of corrective actions. In the selection of equipment, sound power levels of the equipment will be taken into account. During the land preparation and construction phase of the Project, noise monitoring activities will be performed according to the monitoring plan and the impact of noise on the settlements in the vicinity will be controlled/followed. If monitoring activities indicates any inconsistency with the relevant regulatory noise limit values, corrective actions shall be taken in order to decrease the noise level to regulatory limit values. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 170/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Operation Phase Mitigation Measures MUSKİ will take into account the sound power levels of the equipment given in the technical specifications/data sheet, in the selection of pump, blower and other equipment. Moreover, relevant provisions and limit values of RAMEN will be complied with during the operation of the Project. Summary of Assessment and Residual Impacts Table V.26 provides a summary of noise impact assessments. Significance of the identified impacts before and after the implementation of mitigation measures are also given in this table. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 171/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.26. Summary of Noise Impact Assessments Affected Impact Significance of Project Definition of Type of Ecosystem Significance Measures to be Taken Residual Phase Potential Impact Impact Component Before Mitigation Impacts  The machinery and equipment to be used during the land preparation and construction activities will not be operated at the same point/location but homogeneously distributed in the site.  It will be ensured that machinery and equipment are not operated together in the close section of the WWTP Area to adjacent buildings (north- Land northeast boundary). Preparation Increase in noise  Using construction noise barriers around the nearest receptors of WWTP Adverse Medium Low and levels Area. Construction  Using portable noise screens during sea discharge line construction.  The maintenance of the construction machinery and equipment will be carried out regularly and speed limitations will be defined for construction Local vehicles. Communities  Establishment of an operating grievance mechanism to manage noise related grievances.  During the procurement of equipment and machinery, sound levels given in the technical specifications/data sheet will be taken into consideration. Increase in noise Operation Adverse Low  Relevant provisions and limit values of RAMEN and World Bank Group’s Low levels General EHS Guidelines and Sectoral Guidelines will be complied with during the operation phase. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 172/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.3.6. Water Resources Water Supply Plan Water supply is already provided to the Project Area via city network to the Project Area. In the scope of this Project, water supply to the Project Area is provided at the same way. Water Supply during Land Preparation and Construction Phase During the land preparation and construction phase, employees’ needs and dust suppression will create water supply requirement. The total amount of daily water requirement is calculated based on the multiplication of number of employees will be working at the peak time of the phase and the daily water requirement for a person, which is assumed as 0.17 m3. Therefore, the daily water requirement of employees during the land preparation and construction phase will be: 80 employees x 0.17 m3/employee.day=13.6 m3/day Together with the amount of water required for dust suppression, which is predicted to be 10 m3/ day, the total water requirement during the land preparation and construction phase will be 23.6 m3/day. Bottled water will be used for drinking. The quality of water that will be supplied to the Project shall be in compliance with the Regulation Concerning the Water Intended for Human Consumption together with the internationally accepted standards, such as WBG’s General EHS Guidelines. Water Supply during Operation Phase During the operation phase of the Project, some portion of the water supply requirement will arise due to employee needs. The total amount of water required by employees is calculated as in the previous section. It is planned that there will be 25 employees working during the operation phase of the Project. Thus, the daily water requirement will be: 25 employees x 0.17 m3/employee.day=4.25 m3/day In addition to the daily needs of the personnel, there will be operational water requirements, and these are presented together with the Project’s water requirement according to its phases in Table V.27. Table V.27. Water Requirement of the Project Water Requirement Project Phase Intended Use Source m3/h m3/day m3/year Land Preparation and Drinking water / Tap Water Supply 5.37 13.60 4,964 Construction water Network Land Preparation and Water Supply Dust Suppression 1.25 10.00 300 Construction Network Drinking water / Tap Water Su pply Operation 0.18 4.25 1,550 water Network Water Supply Operation Garden Irrigation 6.00 144 52,560 Network TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 173/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT For the garden irrigation purposes in the operation phase of the Project, the current plan is to supply the need from the city’s water network. However, the reuse of the treated effluent for this purpose is also considered in the future. If it is decided to do so, the quality of the effluent will be assessed through laboratory analysis and ensured that the provisions on the reuse of treated wastewater of Communique on the Technical Procedures of Wastewater Treatment Plants (Official Gazette Date: March 20, 2010, Number: 27527) and the WBG EHS Guidelines are complied. Discharge of Treated Effluent Domestic wastewater discharge criteria to the receiving bodies are regulated under Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR) Table 21 “Domestic Wastewater Discharge Criteria”. This table is divided into four tables according to the pollution loads and populations. Each table set different discharge criteria. According to the Project’s calculated pollution load, which is given in Section II Table II.7, the pertinent table from the Regulation is Table 21.4. The discharge limits given in the WPCR are presented below in Table V.28. Table V.28. WPCR Table 21.4 Domestic Wastewater Discharge Criteria Composite Sample Composite Sample Parameter Unit (2 Hour) (24 Hour) BOD mg/L 40 35 COD mg/L 120 90 TSS mg/L 40 25 pH - 6-9 6-9 However, in addition to the abovementioned criteria, the WPCR also identifies additional discharge limits for sea discharge systems. First of all, the WPCR sets limit values for the wastewater that will be discharged to the marine environment. The limits for the maximum acceptable quality of wastewater (either treated or not) are given in Table 22 of the WPCR. In Table V.29, these limits are presented. Table V.29. WPCR Table 22 – Characteristics of Wastewater Allowed to be discharged to Marine Environment by Deep Sea Discharge Parameter Unit Limit pH - 6-9 Temperature °C 35 TSS mg/L 350 Oil and Grease mg/L 15 Floating Matter - None BOD mg/L 250 COD mg/L 400 TN mg/L 40 TP mg/L 10 MBAS mg/L 10 In addition to WPCR Table 4, which defines general sea water quality criteria, Table 23 of the same regulation defines special sea water quality criteria for marine environments which are receiving body of sea discharges. Table V.30 presents these special criteria. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 174/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.30. Receiving Body Quality Criteria for Deep-See Discharges Parameter Limit Temperature Regardless of the assimilative capacity of the marine environment, the temperature of the discharged water shall not exceed 35 °C. Hot water discharges shall not increase the temperature of sea water more than 1 °C in the summer period covering June to September and more than 2°C in other months. Total and Fecal Coliform (MPN) As a result of the total dilution to be provided by deep-sea discharge, in the protection zone with human presence/contact, 90% of the time, the total coliform level and fecal coliform level (in terms of MPN) shall be lower than 1000 TC/100 mL and 200 FC/100 mL, respectively. Solid and floating substances There shall be no visible solid and floating substances on the diffuser outlet except for a strip whose total width is equal to the depth of sea water at that point. Other parameters Quality criteria for other parameters are defined in WPCR Table 4. The Article 35 of the WPCR defines the additional Deep-Sea Discharge Criteria as follows.  (a) For the wastewater that is acceptable for deep-see discharge in accordance with the provisions of this Regulation, the first dilution value, S1, should not be below 40, preferably should be equal to 100 in order to discharge it. The determination of these values shall be made according to the Communique on the Technical Procedures of Wastewater Treatment Plants.  (b) Minimum discharge depth should be 20 m and if it is not economically feasible to go down to 20 m depth, the discharge pipe length from the shoreline, except diffuser, shall not be lower than the value given in the Table 24 of this Regulation. For the settlements larger than the population values given in the Table and activities and industries classified as “major pollution sources”, the pipe length shall be determined by taking pre- or complete treatment into consideration.  (c) In summer, T90 value shall be taken as 1 hour for Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, 2 hours for Black Sea, and 1.5 hours for Marmara Sea. In winter, the T90 value shall be taken in between 3-5 hours. Finally, the deep-sea discharge pipe length criteria are provided in Table 24 of WPCR. The standards are provided in Table V.31. Table V.31. Deep-Sea Discharge Pipeline Length Standards 3 Population Flowrate (m /day) Minimum Pipe Length (m) <1,000 200 500 1,000-10,000 200-2,000 1300 In order to comply with the legislative and international applicable standards, and to assess the impacts of the see discharge of the effluent of the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP, and to determine a route for the pipe, a study named “Turgutreis Deep-Sea Discharge Wind, Wave Climate, Current and Water Quality Measurements and Modeling Study” has been conducted by Gazi University Sea and Aquatic Sciences Application and Research Center (DENAM) for MUSKI. In the study; a 3-D hydrodynamic transportation model (HYDROTAM-3D) together with hydrodynamic and turbulence sub-model, wind and current sub-model, wave propagation sub- model, and water quality sub-model have been conducted and baseline information on the study area such as wind climate, wave climate, coastal currents and water quality were given. As a result of these studies, a route for the sea discharge pipe has been determined and proposed, and near and far field dilutions were presented. The further information and details of the modeling studies TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 175/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT are provided below. The baseline data that are used for the model construction can be found in the study report given in Annex-3 of this Report. Although the Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP has an advanced treatment, and the treated effluent of it will have a trace amount of coliform, in the modeling studies, the characteristics of the pollutant are assumed as follows by considering the safety factors.  Maximum bacteria concentration after treatment: C0=107 TC/100ml  T90,summer = 1.5 h, k=ln(0.1)/T90=1.54 h-1  T90,winter = 3 h, k=ln(0.1)/T90=0.77 h-1  Pollutant density: ρ0=999 kg/m3  Pollutant viscosity: ν0=10-6 m2/s For the near field dilutions, CORMIX, Visual Plume, and HYDROTAM-3D models were used. Near field modeling results change with the effluent flowrate, coastal current velocity, angle between current direction and diffuser pipe, number of holes on diffuser, and changes in density. In the sensitivity of the models, the effects of effluent flowrate, current velocity and current direction were considered. Water depth in the pipeline is lower than the 20 m. In modeling studies, sea water density was taken as variable, and a function of water temperature and salinity, and calculated by hydrodynamic model. In Figure V.4 and Figure V.5, the impacts of changes in effluent flowrate (Q) on first dilution (S1) are presented for winter and summer, respectively. In this case, Q was changed in between 0.1 and 1.1 m3/s. In sensitivity studies, receiving body coastal current velocity was assumed as u=0.1 m/s in average and perpendicular to the diffusor. Other assumptions are as follows:  Sea water salinity, winter : S=38ppt  Sea water temperature, winter : T=16°C  Sea water salinity, summer : S=39ppt  Sea water temperature, summer : T=27°C Figure V.5. Sensitivity of S1 to Effluent Flowrate, Winter TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 176/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.6. Sensitivity of S1 to Effluent Flowrate, Summer As seen from the Figure V.4 and Figure V.5, S1 decreases with exponential function, and after 0.7 m3/s, it becomes almost stagnant. The figures show that, in both winter and summer periods, the S1 value varies in between 123 and 966. Thus, these results show that the S1 value is in compliance with both the regulatory limit value, which is S1>40, and the regulatory preferred value, which is S1=100. In Figures V.6 and V.7, the effects of current velocity on S1 for winter and summer periods are presented. In this case, minimum S1 value is observed when there is no coastal current (u=0) and no wind. When current velocity increases, S1 also increases. As it can be seen from the below figures, there is a linear relationship between S1 and current velocity, when the other parameters kept constant. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 177/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.7. Sensitivity of S1 to Current Velocity, Winter Figure V.8. Sensitivity of S1 to Current Velocity, Summer As seen from the Figures V.7 and V.8, for the current velocity that varies in between 0 and 35 cm/s, the S1 was obtained as 46≤S1≤353, and it is in compliance with the provisions of the WPCR. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 178/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In Figures V.9 and V.10, the effects of the current direction on S1 for winter and summer periods are presented. As seen from the figures, in all cases, where the angle in between current and diffusor varies from 0 to 90, the S1 value was obtained as greater than 100 in every scenario. Figure V.9. Sensitivity of S1 to Current Direction, Winter Figure V.10. Sensitivity of S1 to Current Direction, Summer The above determinations show that, S1, near-field dilution is in compliance with the limit values stipulated in the WPCR for all scenarios. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 179/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT A far-field dilution study was also performed within the context of the modeling studies. Far field dilution starts under the influence of the coastal currents when a pollution cloud reaches to the surface. In far-field dilution, the pollution cloud is transported by advection, diffusion and dispersion (S2), and bacteria die off (T90). The initial coliform value of the effluent is assumed as 107 TC/100 mL, which is considered as an unrealistic assumption since the sea discharge line is connected to an advanced treatment plant with disinfection unit. To be on the safe side, the far-field dilution studies were conducted with this assumption. In line with the provisions of the Surface Water Quality Regulation Table 6 “Standards for Coastal and Transitional Waters used for Recreational Purposes”, the coastal protection band is selected as 500 m from the coast. T90 value, which is defined as the time for bacterial or viral concentration to decrease by one log unit, is taken as 1.5 h for summer and 3 h for winter periods, according to the provisions of WPCR. The target is to observe regulatory limit value for total coliform, which is 1000 TC/100 ml as presented in Table V.30, in 90% of the times within the protection zone. In the far-field dilution studies, the baseline data on the wind, wave and current climate are used to create scenarios for pollution load transport and distribution. These baseline data can be found in Annex-3 of this Report. The scenarios together with their occurrence frequencies are as follows:  Scenario-1: No wind, weak coastal currents, winter, 6%  Scenario-2: No wind, weak coastal currents, summer, 8%  Scenario-3: Dominant currents prevail, winter, 47%  Scenario-4: Dominant currents prevail, summer, 71%  Scenario-5: Winds from sea to coast (western winds), currents to coast, winter, 15%  Scenario-6: Winds from sea to coast (western winds), currents to coast, summer, 20%  Scenario-7: Winds from coast to sea(eastern winds), winter, 28%  Scenario-8: Winds from coast to sea(eastern winds), summer, 1% The outputs of model runs for Scenario 1 and 2 are presented in Figures V.11 and V.12, respectively. For Scenario-1, the total coliform concentration in the coastal protection zone is found to be lower than 100 TC/100 mL, while it is lower than 50 TC/100 mL for Scenario-2, which both are below the regulatory limit value. Coastal protection band is shown with dashes. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 180/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.11. Scenario-1 Model Output TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 181/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.12. Scenario-2 Model Output The outputs of model runs for Scenarios 3 and 4 are presented in Figures V.13 and V.14, respectively. For both scenarios, the total coliform concentrations in the coastal protection zone are found to be lower than 10 TC/100 mL, which is below the regulatory limit value. Coastal protection band is shown with dashes. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 182/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.13 Scenario-3 Model Output TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 183/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.14. Scenario-4 Model Output The outputs of model runs for Scenarios 5 and 6 are presented in Figures V.15 and V.16, respectively. For Scenario-5, the total coliform concentration in the coastal protection zone is found to be lower than 5000 TC/100 mL, while Scenario-6 is lower than 1000 TC/100 mL, where both of them are below the regulatory obligatory limit value. Coastal protection band is shown with dashes. In these scenarios, the highest total coliform results were obtained. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 184/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.15. Scenario-5 Model Output TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 185/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.16. Scenario-6 Model Output The outputs of model runs for Scenarios 7 and 8 are presented in Figures V.17 and V.18, respectively. For Scenario-7 the total coliform concentration in the coastal protection zone is found to be lower than 50 TC/100 mL, while 10 TC/100 mL is found for Scenario-8, where both of them are below the regulatory limit value. Coastal protection band is shown with dashes. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 186/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.17. Scenario-7 Model Output TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 187/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.18. Scenario-8 Model Output Outputs of CORMIX, Visual Plume and HYDROTAM-3D Models used to determine the S1 show that the near-field dilution of the pollution cloud will end when it reaches to the surface. At this point, far-field dilution will take place (S2) and bacteria will start to die off (S3). In Table V.32, summary of the modelling results are presented. For all scenarios and for near- and far-field dilutions, the model outputs show that the regulatory limit values are complied. Since, the models were constructed with the worst-case scenario, where initial total coliform TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 188/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT concentration is selected as 107 TC/100 mL; the results will be much lower in the operation period of the Project. Table V.32 Summary of the Modeling Results Scenarios 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Wastewater 3 3 0,1≤ Q ≤1,1 m /s (8.640-95.040 m /day) Flowrate Initial Coliform 7 10 TC/100 mL Concentration T90 1.5 hours for summer (Kp=1.54 l/h) 3 hours for winter (Kp=0.77 l/h) Pollutant 3 999 kg/m Density Pollutant -7 2 10 m /s Viscosity Length of 1400 m Discharge Line Length of 60 m Diffusor Depth of -17 m Diffusor Direction of Same direction with the main pipe, placed in the opposite directions on both sides of the pipe Diffusor Number of 15 Holes Hole Diameter 0.12 m S1 >40 >40 >40 >40 >40 >40 >40 >40 S3 <100 <50 <10 <10 <5000 <1000 <50 <10 Initial coliform concentration of the wastewater is assumed as 107 TC/100 mL. The scenarios considering the performance of the diffuser by taking into account the discharge pipe and dilution calculations, state of emergency, disasters, discharge after physical treatment, statistical long-term information on the marine wind, current and wave characteristics; are of great importance in the evaluation of dispersion especially in the remote-field modeling studies. The modeling studies carried out within the scope of the Project are performed according to the monitoring studies covering the summer and winter periods, when the most extreme climatic conditions are occurred. Summer and winter modelling studies provide more specific results than other two interim periods, spring and autumn. As a result of the evaluation of the worst-case conditions and scenarios for the summer and winter periods, modeling outputs can be interpreted in terms of average values for a year (365 days). The worst-case scenario as seen in Figure V.16 Scenario-6 Model Result, the frequency of the expected formation for the dispersion of the pollution cloud was determined as 15% for winter months. In the winter period, which is considered to last for 91 days, approximately 14 days (91*0.15=14 days) this condition might be observed. In a year, the occurrence frequency will be 3.8%. In other words, this condition will not be observed for 96% of the time. For summer period, which lasts for 92 days, the occurrence frequency was determined as 20%. It is expected to observe the worst-case conditions for 18 days in summer periods, and 4.9% in a year. When all scenarios are considered, it is seen that the total coliform values expected in the protection band will be less than 1000 TC/100 mL at least 91.3% of the time in a year. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 189/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Modeling studies can only be performed for Total Coliform. Fecal Coliform data can only be obtained by analyzing the samples that will be taken from the affected areas and comparing these results with the baseline concentrations. In the modeling study, not only the compliance with the T90 criteria are evaluated, but also all the sea discharge criteria are met and presented in this ESIA Report and in the technical modeling report in detail. In Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP, not only physical treatment but also advanced biological treatment will be performed, even though sea discharge is not necessary for the discharge of effluent, modeling studies showed that all WPCR sea discharge criteria are met. In addition, according to the official letter sent by MoEU to MUSKİ; it will be sufficient with regards to the Turkish Legislation to design the sea discharge line by only considering 500 m coastal protection zone (see Annex-6 Official Letters). Although, Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP’s design was made by considering not also physical treatment but also advanced biological treatment, worst-case scenarios were used in the modeling studies, such as discharge without treatment, emergencies, discharge after physical treatment only etc. The modeling studies that consider worst-case scenarios showed that criteria set forth by Turkish Legislation are met. Sea discharge just after the physical treatment without performing biological treatment will not be an operational approach in the operation phase of the WWTP. MUSKİ will also perform total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci monitoring studies in every 15 days at the outlet of treatment plant and coastal zone of the sea. In addition, sea water quality monitoring studies will also be conducted by Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization along the sea discharge line route at regular intervals. Key recommendations of the study are as follows:  The length of the sea discharge line and diffusor pipe should be at least 1400 m and 60 m, respectively.  The direction of the pipe should be towards WSW with 235° from north.  The diffusor pipe should be located at least 17 m depth. The bathymetry of the sea discharge area showed that after some point, the discharge area gets shallower. Therefore, longer discharge line becomes disadvantageous. The selected discharge line corridor is considered as the healthiest corridor for the area. Therefore, as can be seen in the results of HYDROTAM-3D model, discharge from 17 m depth was found to be sufficient. The parameters such as diffusor length, direction, hole diameter etc. were decided according to the model results. No hydraulic design study was performed within the context of the study. Therefore, if a change in the design parameters occurs in the future, this study shall be repeated accordingly. The design parameters of this study are; 0.1≤Q≤1.1 m3/s and C0=107 TC/100 mL. In addition to the comparison of the gathered results with national legislation, according to WBG General EHS Guidelines, the Table 1.3.1 provides Indicative Values for Treated Sanitary Sewage Discharge composed of parameters pH, BOD, COD, TN, TP, Oil-Grease, TSS and Total Coliform. In the Table, Total Coliform criterion is given as 400 MPN/100mL. However, it is also indicated that this is not applicable to centralized, municipal, wastewater treatment systems which are included in sectoral WBG EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation. The sectoral guideline indicates that the liquefy effluents are to be discharged after achieving “effluent water quality consistent with applicable national requirements or internationally accepted standards and consistent with effluent water quality goals based on the assimilative capacity and the most sensitive end use of the receiving water”. In this respect, although there is no specification of achieving water quality standard as 90% of the time according to WBH EHS Guidelines, the total coliforms is compliant with the national law. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 190/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Construction Phase Impacts In the construction phase of the Project, the water requirement will be very low. Since the water demand/requirement within the scope of the Project will be provided/supplied by water network and by purchasing from the market, a direct impact on surface water or groundwater within the AoI of the Project is not expected. Water to be used in dust suppression during land preparation and construction phase of the Project will be absorbed by soil or lost by evaporation. Therefore, there will not be any surface runoff formation or wastewater generation due to watering for dust suppression. Domestic wastewater generated within the scope of the Project will be temporary collected/stored in toilet cabins or leak-proof septic tanks and transferred from the site by sewage trucks in compliance with the relevant legislation. Therefore, there will not be any impact on the quality of surface water or groundwater (water resources) in and around the Project Area resulting from wastewater discharge. To conclude, the significance of impacts on water resources during construction phase would be “low”. Operation Phase Impacts In the operation phase of the Project, the treated water will be discharged to the sea through a sea discharge system. Related assessment is given in previous sections. The discharge will be performed in accordance with the provisions of related regulations. Since the planned Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP will have advance treatment units, it is anticipated that the effluent quality of the WWTP will be much better than the regulatory limit values under usual operating conditions. Together with the secondary treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus, the other important pollutants to be treated are disease causing bacteria and viruses. Thus, an effective disinfection shall be applied prior to discharge in order not to cause any damages on the touristic value of the region. As assessed through a comprehensive modeling study presented before, it is not expected to have deterioration in sea water and bathing water quality. In addition to this, an increase in the sea water quality is expected to happen with the realization of the Project, since it will solve the wastewater problems of the region. As mentioned, currently, there is no wastewater treatment in the region, even a preliminary treatment. The wastewater of the region is collected by an old sewer system and directly discharged to the marine environment through the existing sea discharge line without any treatment. In the operation phase of the Project, the wastewater that will be generated as a result of the operation activities such as from decanters, from thickening and dewatering of sludge, from cleaning of the plant, and from the activities of employees, will be sent to the beginning of the facility for treatment. Thus, in the operation phase of the Project, there will be no wastewater discharge. To conclude, operation phase impacts of the Project is generally found to be positive on water resources. However, measures should be taken to prevent any unexpected deterioration on the receiving water quality. Mitigation Measures Water to be used in dust suppression during land preparation and construction phase of the Project will be absorbed by soil or lost by evaporation. Therefore, there will not be any surface runoff formation or wastewater generation due to watering for dust suppression. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 191/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Within the scope of the measures to be taken in order to protect the water resources in the region, the limited amount of domestic wastewater generated at site will be collected in the container of toilet cabins to be established or leak-proof septic tanks to be constructed in the Project Area during construction phase and will be disposed within the scope of the protocols of MUSKI. No discharge will be made to water resources in the land preparation and construction within the scope of the Project. The units of the Project that are in touch with water, wastewater and chemicals will be constructed with using concrete with appropriate cement ratio and durability in order to provide basement impermeability. Thus, no leakages to soil and groundwater will occur during the operation phase of the Project. In the operation phase of the Project, the following measures will be taken:  MUSKI will minimize bypass of the treatment system.  The effluent water quality of the wastewater treatment plant will be consistent with applicable national requirements or internationally accepted standards.  MUSKI will search options to increase the effluent water quality based on the assimilative capacity of the receiving body.  System overflows will be prevented as much as possible by using level-meters. In all phases, the Project will follow the provisions of the national legislation together with WBG EHS Guidelines and good international practices. Summary of Assessment and Residual Impacts Table V.33 provides a summary of impact assessments made on water resources. Significance of the identified impacts before and after the implementation of mitigation measures are also given in this table. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 192/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.33. Summary of Impact Assessments on Water Resources Affected Impact Significance of Project Definition of Type of Ecosystem Significance Measures to be Taken Residual Phase Potential Impact Impact Component Before Mitigation Impacts  Surface runoff due to watering for dust suppression activities will be prevented.  The limited amount of domestic wastewater generated at site will be collected in the container of toilet cabins to be established or leak-proof Land Water requirement septic tanks to be constructed in the Project Area during construction preparation and wastewater Adverse Low phase and will be disposed within the scope of the protocols of MUSKI. Low and construction generation  The units of the Project that are in touch with water, wastewater and chemicals will be constructed with using concrete with appropriate cement ratio and durability in order to provide basement impermeability. Water Thus, no leakages to soil and groundwater will occur during the operation Resources phase of the Project.  MUSKI will minimize bypass of the treatment system.  The effluent water quality of the wastewater treatment plant will be Water requirement consistent with applicable national requirements or internationally and wastewater Adverse Low Low accepted standards. Operation generation  System overflows will be prevented as much as possible by using level- meters. Discharge of Treated  MUSKI will search options to increase the effluent water quality based on Positive Medium - Wastewater the assimilative capacity of the receiving body. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 193/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.3.7. Wastes As a result of the use of resources, construction and operation/maintenance activities as well as domestic requirements of the personnel, different types of wastes will be generated throughout the life of the Project. All the wastes to be generated during the land preparation and construction and operation phases of the Project are required to be properly managed in line with the requirements of national waste management legislation and international good practice in order to avoid impacts on soils, nearby water resources and flora and fauna elements. This Chapter identifies the wastes to be generated in this context and assesses the impacts associated with waste generation. Waste management measures to be applied in accordance with relevant Turkish regulations and international standards (i.e. WBG EHS Guidelines) are also described in this Chapter. The potential impacts on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment in the land preparation and construction and operation phases of the project, as well as measures to prevent/minimize these effects have been elaborated in detail The possible sources that will generate various type of waste are listed below:  Municipal solid waste  Packaging waste such as wood, paper, cardboard, and plastic etc.  Hazardous and special wastes that may be generated within the scope of the land preparation and construction and operation phases of the Project can be listed as contaminated vessels, cloths and overheads, waste batteries and accumulators, waste oils etc.  Excavation and construction wastes  Final sludge Land Preparation and Construction Phase Impacts During land preparation and construction phase of the Project, activities such as dismantling of the present structures, vegetation clearance, levelling, construction and installation of main operation and auxiliary units, procurement, transportation and assembly of units and equipment will be carried out. Solid waste types expected to be generated within the scope of these activities are; municipal wastes, packaging wastes of system equipment (e.g. wood, cardboard, plastic, etc.), hazardous wastes, special wastes, excavation and construction wastes (e.g. scrap metal, wood, concrete waste, etc.), and waste system equipment (panels, cables, electronic components). Hazardous and special wastes might contain chemical substances (e.g. paint, solvent) or packaging materials and cloths contaminated with oils, waste oils resulting from operation and maintenance of machinery and vehicles, solvents, accumulators, batteries, filters, machine parts. Table V.34 lists the types of wastes and their waste codes, according to the waste lists given in the annexes of the Waste Management Regulation that can be generated during the land preparation and construction phase of the Project. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 194/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.34. List of Possible Waste Types to be Generated during Land Preparation and Construction Phase of the Project Waste Code Definition of Waste Code 13 Oil Wastes and Liquid Fuel Wastes (Excluding Edible Oils, 05 and 12) 13 02 Waste Engine, Transmission and Lubrication Oils 15 Waste Packages, Unspecified Absorbents, Wipes, Filter Materials and Protective Clothing 15 01 Packaging Wastes (Including Packaging Wastes Separately Collected by the Municipality) 15 02 Absorbents, Filter Materials, Cleaning Cloths and Protective Clothing 16 Wastes Not Specified Otherwise in the List 16 06 Batteries and Accumulators 17 Construction and Demolition Wastes (Including Excavations from Contaminated Sites) 17 01 Concrete, Brick, Tile and Ceramic 17 02 Wood, Glass and Plastic 17 04 Metals (Including Alloys) 17 05 Soil (Including Excavations from Contaminated Sites), Stones and Dredging Sludge 17 06 Insulation Materials and Asbestos Containing Construction Materials 17 09 Other Construction and Demolition Wastes Municipal Wastes Including Separately Collected Fractions (Domestic and Similar Commercial, 20 Industrial and Institutional Wastes) 20 01 Separately Collected Fractions (Except 15 01) 20 03 Other Municipal Wastes Municipal wastes within the scope of the Waste Management Regulation are referred to domestic wastes or commercial, industrial and institutional wastes similar to domestic wastes in terms of its content or structure, which are defined with waste code of 20, in the Waste List given in Annex-4 of the Regulation and of whose management responsibility belongs to the municipality. In order to determine the amount of municipal wastes to be generated at site, the average daily municipal waste per person is calculated as 1.08 kg according to the municipal waste statistics of TURKSTAT in year 2014 (TURKSTAT, 2014). The estimated amount of municipal waste to be generated during the land preparation and construction phase of the Project, based on the number of people working on site, is given below. This amount includes also separately collected fractions such as paper, cardboard, glass, metal, plastic, etc. together with biodegradable wastes:  80 persons x 1.08kg/person.day=86.4 kg/day There will be no cafeteria in the construction site. Thus, there will be no food preparation related waste generation within the context of the Project. The food will be supplied through catering services. The general composition of the municipal waste in Turkey is as demonstrated in Figure V.18 according to the results of the solid waste composition determination study made within the scope of the Solid Waste Master Plan Project. 34% of municipal waste consists of kitchen wastes. Separately collectable and recyclable fractions such as paper, cardboard, bulk cardboard, plastic, glass and metal constitute 25% of municipal waste. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 195/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.19. Composition of Municipal Waste (former Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, 2014) Considering the information provided in Figure V.18, it is also valid for the municipal wastes to be generated within the scope of the Project. The only difference will be the kitchen waste percentages since there will be no kitchen/cafeteria in the Project. By reflecting this and the assumption of only 5% food waste, the composition of the municipal waste will be as follows:  Food Waste: : 5%  Other Combustible : 27%  Other Non-combustible : 31%  Paper : 16%  Cardboard : 2%  Bulky Cardboard : 6%  Plastic : 3%  Glass : 8%  Metal : 2% Now, it can be said that approximately 4.3 kg of food wastes and 32 kg of separately collectable and recyclable wastes will be generated daily during the land preparation and construction phase of the Project. Waste vegetable oil will not be generated at site during the land preparation and construction activities as meals for the staff will be provided by catering companies. Waste tire generation and storage will not take place due to the fact that the tire changes of the construction machines and other vehicles to be used at this stage will be carried out at the facilities in the region providing service for this purpose. Besides, there will not be any significant amount of medical waste generation at site within the scope of the Project, as there will no infirmary in the project site and nearest health center will be used for possible medical interventions in case of an unexpected accident during the activities. The negligible amount of medical waste generation might happen as a result of the first-aid applications. Vegetation clearing and levelling works will be carried out at certain locations in order to flatten the area during the land preparation and construction phase of the Project. The amount of excavation, construction, and demolition wastes to be generated within the Project is given in the Chapter V.3.2 Air Quality and the amounts are presented in Table V.11. For all activities regarding TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 196/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT excavation storage, transport and reuse; provisions of Regulation on the Control of Excavation, Construction and Demolition Wastes will be complied. The construction machinery will require oil changes during the land preparation and construction phase of the Project, at least once in every two month period of the phase. Oil changes of the construction machinery will be carried out at services licensed for the maintenance of the machinery. Thus, there will be no waste oil generation in the land preparation and construction phase of the Project. The annual amount of waste battery per person in Turkey is six and this value corresponds to 140 grams (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, General Directorate of Environmental Management, 2009). According to this, the annual waste battery production of 80 people to be employed during the land preparation and construction phase of the Project is calculated as 11.2 kg. During the marine works of the sea discharge system, dredging works will be performed, and as a result of these works, dredging material will be generated for disposal. Disposal site will be selected by the guidance of the Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization. Site selection will be based on the hazardousness analysis of the dredging material. No significant impact resulting from waste generation is expected due to the nature and scale of the Project, as explained above. Therefore, the significance of the impact during land preparation and construction phase would be “low”. However, mitigation measures will be proposed in the following sections in order to prevent and/or minimize likely impacts. Operation Phase Impacts In the operation phase of the Project, 25 employees will work. Thus the municipal waste generation amount will be 27 kg/day, and by using the same approach as in the land preparation and construction phase calculations, the amounts of food waste and recyclable waste portion of the municipal waste will be 1.35 kg/day and 10 kg/day, respectively. In addition to the municipal recyclable waste, it is expected that additional recyclable waste generation will be observed such as packaging wastes, paper, cardboard, plastic, and scrap metals. There might be waste generation resulting from damaged, malfunctioned or end-of-life equipment and material that could be replaced or controlled during maintenance and repair activities to be performed periodically or in case of a breakdown. Also, procurement of new equipment, pieces and other needed materials (such as flocculants, disinfectants etc.) will also result generation of packaging waste. Besides, personal protective equipment, clothes and rags used during maintenance and repair activities might result a limited amount of waste generation. In the operation phase of the Project, due to the oil change needs of equipment such as blowers, there will be limited amount of waste oil generation. Table V.35 lists the types of wastes and their waste codes, according to the waste lists given in the annexes of the Waste Management Regulation that can be generated during the operation phase of the Project. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 197/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.35 List of Possible Waste Types to be Generated during the Operation Phase of the Project Waste Code Definition of Waste Code 13 Oil Wastes and Liquid Fuel Wastes 13-02 Waste Engine, Transmission and Lubrication Oils 13 03 Waste Insulation and Heat Transmission Oils 15 Waste Packages, Unspecified Absorbents, Wipes, Filter Materials and Protective Clothing 15 01 Packaging Wastes (Including Packaging Wastes Separately Collected by the Municipality) 15 02 Absorbents, Filter Materials, Cleaning Cloths and Protective Clothing 16 Wastes Not Specified Otherwise in the List 16 02 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 16 06 Batteries and Accumulators 19 Wastes Generated from Waste Management Facilities, Wastewater Treatment Plants Outside the Facility and Water Preparation/Treatment Facilities for Human Consumption and Industrial Use 19 08 Other Waste Water Treatment Plant Wastes 20 Municipal Wastes Including Separately Collected Fractions (Domestic and Similar Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Wastes) 20 01 Separately Collected Fractions (Except 15 01) 20 03 Other Municipal Wastes The most important waste that will be generated as a result of the activities of the WWTP is sludge, together with the screenings. The solid content of the sludge that will be generated will be increased from 1% to 20-25% through sludge dewatering and drying units. The water that will be extracted from the sludge cake will be sent back to the inlet of the WWTP for treatment. After dewatering, the sludge cake will be transferred to a covered and appropriate container through the belt conveyor. The enclosed containers will be transferred to the licensed disposal plants specified by the relevant authority by licensed transport companies for final disposal. MUSKI will continue to search for more sustainable ways to handle sludge. If a better, more sustainable and feasible way will be found in the future; MUSKI will share this information with Mugla Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization and seek their approval. In order to manage the process, MUSKI will prepare a Sludge Management Plan that includes procedures to be followed and will make the management plan available before the commencement of the treatment plant. The estimated sludge amounts to be generated and sent to final disposal are presented in Table V.36. Table V.36. Total Estimated Amount of Sludge Sludge Spd, Flow Rate, Spd,P Spd,C SSRS QWAS QWAS,thick YEARS 3 VD/VAT Retention (SPWAS) 3 3 Q (m /day) (kg/day) (kg/day) (kg/m ) (kg/day) (m /day) Time (day) (kg/day) st 1 Year 30,716 0.29 10.00 285 10586 10871 8.82 1232.55 43.48 th 5 Year 32,269 0.29 10.00 300 11121 11421 8.82 1294.94 45.69 th 10 Year 34,351 0.29 8.00 320 11839 12159 8.82 1378.57 48.64 th 25 Year 38,487 0.36 7.70 414 15206 15620 10.08 1549.60 62.48 Note: Sludge cake solid content is taken as 25%. No significant impact resulting from waste generation is expected due to the nature and scale of the Project. Therefore, the significance of the impact during operation phase would also be “low”. However, mitigation measures will be proposed in the following sections in order to prevent and/or minimize likely impacts. Mitigation Measures TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 198/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Wastes to be generated in the scope of project activities will be managed in accordance with the waste management hierarchy as given in Figure V.19. In this respect, waste generation will be avoided/prevented at the source. In cases where prevention is not possible at the source, respectively; minimization of waste generation, selection of materials that will not cause generation of hazardous waste as much as possible, separate collection of wastes according to their type (hazardous, non-hazardous, recyclable, etc.), reuse of generated wastes at site as much as possible, assessment of alternatives such as recycling and energy recovery for wastes (where reuse is not possible) will be considered. The final step in the hierarchy of waste management involves the final disposal of wastes in accordance with relevant regulations, where reuse, recycling and energy recovery options are not possible. Figure V.20. Waste Management Hierarchy The wastes to be generated within the scope of the Project, especially sludge cake and hazardous wastes, will be collected in closed containers suitable for the type of waste before the final disposal and stored in the Temporary Storage Area to be established on the site. By this means, wastes will be protected from external conditions (e.g. wind, rain, heat, etc.). Containers will be labeled appropriately for storage purposes. The general principles to be taken as a basis in the management of wastes to be generated in the plant are summarized below:  Wastes will only be temporarily stored on site and final disposal will be carried out outside the facility.  Waste recycling, transport and disposal will be carried out by means of licensed companies and/or related municipalities.  Incineration or burying of wastes by any means at site and/or dumping of wastes to nearby roads or water resources will absolutely not be in question.  All kinds of implementations that may threaten personnel or public health will be avoided in all activities involving collection, temporary storage, transport and disposal of wastes throughout the Project.  Wastes to be temporarily stored on site will be delivered to licensed transport vehicles appropriate to the type of waste for disposal. Information related to the operations in this context will be recorded and the records will be kept in the administrative building. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 199/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Some amount of hazardous or special wastes likely to be generated (e.g. sludge cake, filters, protective clothes, rags, packages contaminated with chemical substances such as paint/solvent or oils) within the scope of the Project will be stored in special compartments in the Temporary Storage Area allocated for this purpose, in containers, separated from the non- hazardous wastes. This area will have an impermeable base/ground and will be protected from the surface flows and rain. Additionally, necessary drainage for the area will be provided. Hazardous or non-hazardous inscription, waste code, stored waste amount and storage date will be indicated/labeled on wastes temporary stored by classifying according to their properties. The reaction of wastes with each other will be prevented by the measures taken in the Temporary Storage Area. Permission regarding storage of wastes (e.g. hazardous and other special wastes), except municipal and packaging wastes, in the Temporary Storage Area will be obtained from the Mugla Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization. For the disposal of the dredged material, the disposal site will be selected with the guidance of the Mugla Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization. The disposal site will be an offshore location with the depths higher than 50 m. The dredging material will be disposed in calm sea conditions. In order not to cause an adverse effect on the flow regime, the dredged material will be distributed equally to the area to be disposed. The applicable legislation will be complied with at the time of temporary storage of wastes, transport of wastes to disposal facilities and final disposal of wastes. The wastes to be generated within the scope of the Project will be managed in accordance with the relevant legislation and the current relevant legislation on waste management is listed below:  Regulation on the Control of Packaging Wastes  Regulation on the Control of Waste Electrical and Electronic Goods  Waste Management Regulation  Regulation on the Control of Waste Batteries and Accumulators  Regulation on the Control of Waste Oils  Regulation on the Control of Excavation Materials, Construction and Demolition Wastes  Regulation on the Control of Waste Tires  Regulation on the Dredging and Environmental Management of Dredging Material (Draft Regulation) Summary of Assessment and Residual Impacts Table V.37 provides a summary of waste water impact assessments. Significance of the identified impacts before and after the implementation of mitigation measures are also given in this table. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 200/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.37. Summary of Impact Assessment Regarding Waste Generation Affected Impact Significance of Project Definition of Type of Ecosystem Significance Measures to be Taken Residual Phase Potential Impact Impact Component Before Mitigation Impacts  Wastes to be generated within the scope of the Project will be managed in accordance with the waste management hierarchy.  Wastes will only be temporarily stored on site and final disposal will be carried out outside the facility.  Waste recycling, transport and disposal will be carried out by means of licensed companies and/or related municipalities.  Incineration or burying of wastes by any means at site and/or dumping of wastes to nearby roads or water resources will absolutely not be in question.  All kinds of implementations that may threaten personnel or public health will be avoided in all activities involving collection, temporary storage, transport and disposal of wastes throughout the Project.  Wastes to be temporarily stored on site will be delivered to licensed transport vehicles appropriate to the type of waste for disposal. Information Land related to the operations in this context will be recorded and the records will Preparation be kept in the administrative building. and Waste Generation Adverse Low  Some amount of hazardous or special wastes likely to be generated (e.g. Low Construction sludge cake, filters and protective clothes, rags, packages contaminated Local with chemical substances such as paint/solvent or oils) within the scope of Communities the Project will be stored in special compartments in the Temporary Storage Area allocated for this purpose, in containers, separated from the non- hazardous wastes. This area will have an impermeable base/ground and will be protected from the surface flows and rain. Additionally, necessary drainage for the area will be provided.  Hazardous or non-hazardous inscription, waste code, stored waste amount and storage date will be indicated/labeled on wastes temporary stored by classifying according to their properties. The reaction of wastes with each other will be prevented by the measures taken in the Temporary Storage Area.  Dredging material disposal site will be an offshore location with depth greater than 50m. The disposal will be performed in calm sea conditions. In order not to cause an adverse effect on the flow regime, the dredged material will be distributed equally to the area to be disposed.  See mitigation measures for "Land Preparation and Construction Phase".  "Sludge Management Plan" will be prepared before the commencement of Operation Waste Generation Adverse Low the treatment plant by researching more sustainable alternatives. If there is Low no option other than final disposal, the procedure to be followed for disposal should be determined within the scope of the management plan. TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 201/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.3.8. Protected Areas The primary aim in the project development is not to have any significant impact on any protection area or area of environmental, social and cultural importance mainly through proper site selection, and to decrease the pollution stress on the marine environment caused by the discharge of urban wastewater without treatment. As mentioned previously in Section IV.1.7 Protected Areas, there are no protection areas within the Project Area. The Project Area consists of former agricultural lands and cadastral roads. The nearest protected area is Myndos Grade 1 Archeological Protected Area located about 1.350 meters away from the site. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that there are no significant potential impacts on protected areas that are assessed. Protected areas around the Project Area are presented in Section IV.1.7. However, as required with Article 4 of Law on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Properties (2863 Numbered Law), chance finds procedure will be implemented during land preparation and construction works. In this context, related Civilian Authority or Museum Directorate will be informed latest in three days in case of finding any movable or immovable cultural asset by chance during construction works. Construction works will be stopped immediately. In case of result of any damage on protected areas or cultural assets due to the Project during construction and operation phases, the damage will be compensated by MUSKI. In case of a chance find, the communication with the relevant stakeholders will be performed. In addition to the national legislation, the provisions of WB OP 4.11 will be followed and complied during all phases of the Project. V.3.9. Landscape As described in previous sections, there is not any unique landscape or visually important area in the vicinity of the Project Area. Moreover, current use of the wastewater treatment plant area causes poor housekeeping and leaves a negative impression on visitors as an uncontrolled dumping area does. In this regard, with the realization of the Project, it can be easily said that there will be no significant potential impacts on landscape. In addition, there are some good practices to be implemented within the scope of the Project. After the completion of construction works, topsoil will be spread to the treatment plant site, grass cover growth will be ensured, and improvement of the landscape features of the area will be ensured. Tall plants and trees will be used along the borders of the treatment plant area to reduce the noise and especially odor impacts. The coastal part of the sea discharge line its pumping stations will follow the cadastral roads and will be underground and invisible. Thus, there will be no impact of the construction and operation of the sea discharge line on landscape. Closure Phase Operation lifetime is determined as 25 years for the Project. However; it is predicted that the operation lifetime of the Project can be longer with necessary maintenance, repair, improvement, and retrofit works. Activities in closure phase will be those below when operation is ended;  Disassembly of aboveground units to reuse or disposal  Demolition of structures and related foundations  Disassembly of underground pipelines, valves and related units  Disposal of wastes that generated after these activities in accordance with related regulations TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 202/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Levelling preparation (rough grade) of the land before restoration phase  Cutting off the connections to sea discharge line to prevent any discharge After closure phase, roughly graded land will be formed to a new land use or natural conditions. In this context, roughly graded land will be graded to provide a natural drainage system. Then existing topsoil in the area will be spread. Topsoil will be vegetated with commercial seeds and land will have a good land cover condition. In case of selecting a different land use than natural conditions, proper works will be realized in accordance with opinions of local people and authorities. It will be ensured that the closure of the Project will not cause any soil contamination on the Project Area. In order to manage a possible closure in the future; Closure Management Plan and Land Rehabilitation Management Plan will be prepared by MUSKİ before the closure phase. V.4. Impacts on Biological Environment In this section, potential impacts of the proposed construction activities for the Project on the biological environment are considered. These impacts could be in effect during both the construction and operation phases of the project. Potential impacts will affect terrestrial flora-fauna and marine ecosystems directly or indirectly. Therefore, impacts of project activities can be further divided into the target group of biological elements as terrestrial and marine. The following subsections define the potential impacts of the project considering the foreseen project activities during construction and operation. The potential impacts are assessed for terrestrial flora, terrestrial fauna, and marine environment, respectively. Mitigation measures to be taken in order minimize these impacts are also included in the assessments. The impact of project activities on ecological components is related to the size of the impact and the vulnerability of the recipient. For terrestrial and marine flora-fauna species, size and significance of the effects according to the matrices presented below have been determined in accordance with the criteria determined according to the ecological sensitivities of the species. It is known that the features of each step in the systematic classification of species are different from each other and accordingly the shapes and dimensions of the influence from the Project will vary within themselves. Sensitivities of terrestrial flora and fauna species determined within the Project Area are explained in detail in the report. Criteria for significance for ecological components are explained in following topic. Impact Assessment Criteria The impact assessment criteria for the impacts on ecology and biodiversity were determined, as high, moderate or low, based on the evaluation of magnitude of impact and sensitivity/value of the receptors/resources. OP 4.04 definitions are used in habitat and species assessments. These definitions are explained step-by-step. According to OP 4.04, Annex A, Natural Habitats, Critical Natural habitats, Significance conversion and Degradation defined as: “Natural habitats are land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems' bio-logical communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological, social, economic, and existence value. Important natural habitats may occur in tropical TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 203/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT humid, dry, and cloud forests; temperate and boreal forests; Mediterranean-type shrub lands; natural arid and semi-arid lands; mangrove swamps, coastal marshes, and other wetlands; estuaries; sea grass beds; coral reefs; freshwater lakes and rivers; alpine and sub alpine environments, including herb fields, grasslands, and paramos; and tropical and temperate grasslands. “ “Critical Natural habitats: (i) existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by governments as protected areas (e.g., reserves that meet the criteria of the World Conservation Union [IUCN] classifications), areas initially recognized as protected by traditional local communities (e.g., sacred groves), and sites that maintain conditions vital for the viability of these protected areas (as determined by the environ-mental assessment process); or (ii) sites identified on supplementary lists prepared by the Bank or an authoritative source determined by the Regional environment sector unit (RESU). “ Significance conversion: Such sites may include areas recognized by traditional local communities (e.g., sacred groves); areas with known high suitability for bio-diversity conservation; and sites that are critical for rare, vulnerable, migratory, or endangered species. Listings are based on systematic evaluations of such factors as species richness; the degree of endemism, rarity, and vulnerability of component species; representativeness; and integrity of ecosystem processes. Significant conversion may include, for example, land clearing; replacement of natural vegetation (e.g., by crops or tree plantations); permanent flooding (e.g., by a reservoir); drainage, dredging, filling, or channelization of wetlands; or surface mining. In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, conversion of natural habitats can occur as the result of severe pollution. Conversion can result directly from the action of a project or through an indirect mechanism (e.g., through induced settlement along a road). Degradation is modification of a critical or other natural habitat that substantially reduces the habitat's ability to maintain viable populations of its native species.” The IFC Performance Standard 6 (IFC, 2012), Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Living Revenue Natural Resource Management rules were used to identify Critical Living Area in the study area. IFC criteria for identifying Critical Habitats include:  Criterion 1: Habitats important for critical and/or endangered species;  Criterion 2: Habitats of significant importance to endemic and/or restricted species;  Criterion 3: Habitats containing significant intensive species or migrating species and/or indigenous species in the global sense;  Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/or unique ecosystems;  Criterion 5: Key evolutionary processes. Based on these criteria, sensitivity criteria for ecological components within the scope of the project have been determined as given in Table V.38. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 204/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.38. Severity of Impacts on Resource/Receptor Ecosystem Severity of Impact Component High Medium Low Internationally Recognised Areas Nationally designated areas. N/A (e.g. UNESCO Natural World Heritage Sites, UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserves, Key Biodiversity Designed Areas Areas, and wetlands designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention)). Habitats is natural or critical Areas of habitat that represent Natural habitats that do not meet natural habitat under the OP 4.04 >1% distribution within the criteria for either definitions and or Turkey or are threatened at a medium or high sensitivity. Habitats that trigger critical national level. Habitats that support species of habitat under the following IFC Habitats that support species of Low sensitivity. PS6 Criteria: Medium sensitivity. Habitats  Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/or unique; and/or ecosystems  Criterion 5: Key evolutionary processes Habitats that support species of High sensitivity Species populations that trigger Nationally/regionally important Locally important populations of critical habitat under the concentrations of a Near Threatened (NT) or following IFC PS6 Criteria: Vulnerable (VU) species, or Vulnerable (VU) species, or  Criterion 1: Critically locally important locally important populations Endangered (CR) and/or concentrations of Critically of species listed on Annexes to Endangered (EN) species; Endangered (CR) and/or the Bern Convention. Species  Criterion 2: Endemic and/or Endangered (EN) species. restricted-range species;and/or Locally important populations of  Criterion 3: Migratory and/or endemic / rangerestricted congregatory species. species. Populations of migratory species that represent >1 % of the national (Turkish) population. Construction Phase Impacts on Ecology Within the scope of the construction phase of the project some direct or indirect impacts could be occurred. The loss of habitat and biodiversity are the most important example to direct impacts. However, the planned project will be established at modified area already which used as warehouse. Therefore, there is not any natural vegetation which harbors wildlife so there will not any habitat and vegetation loss during the project construction activities. Another direct impact of construction phase will be the vehicle traffic for construction. The fauna species which have limited mobility will be prone to fauna mortality. The risk of crushing will increase as the animals cross the road. Indirect impacts of construction include disturbance in terms of noise and visual nuisance and pollution. Some of the secondary impacts have been identified as changes in the composition of soil and water quality, changes in air quality (dust generation, etc.), wastes to be generated due to project activities and noise pollution that might impact species’ behavior especially that of fauna elements. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 205/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT It is expected that the effects of the construction phase of the project will be largely in the marine environment. Possible species and habitats to be affected, sensitivity ratings of these and their impact magnitudes are described in the following sections. Internationally Recognized Areas IFC PS6 states that internationally and/or nationally recognized areas of high biodiversity value are likely to be qualified as critical habitat. Therefore, Bodrum Peninsula KBA which covers the Project area is considered to be of high sensitivity. However almost none of the species that represent KBA are identified in the project area. This situation is very normal because KBA covers a very large area and the project area covers only about %0.01 of this area. Also, it is extremely unlikely that the area will support natural life in order to the project will be built in a region that has lost its natural properties completely. Therefore, the internationally recognized area as assessed as being negligible. Terrestrial Habitats and Flora The most major impacts of this kind of projects on the terrestrial environment are generally habitat and vegetation loss or damage. However planned wastewater treatment plant will be built in warehouse that used by MUSKI and there are not any natural or semi natural habitats. Therefore, such an effect will not be the issue. The effects of the construction activities will include dust. These effects may soon lead to effects on plant species within the vicinity of the project area, but none of these effects will have a lasting effect on species. When necessary measures are taken and after the construction activity is over, it is expected that the composition of the plant species will return to its original state in time. According to the OP 4.04 “Natural habitat” definition, land part of the project area does not have any natural habitat and wild life. The project area covers 3.04 ha and the area consists of warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas and warehouse by the Water and Channel Operations Department for MUSKI. Determined terrestrial habitat types are explained in Section 4.2.4. All of the area was already degraded and the project area generally uses as disused road, and other constructed hard-surfaced areas. Significance of impacts on terrestrial habitats within the project area and magnitude of impacts on habitats are considered to be of negligible. As a result of the both field and literature studies there is not any endemic, restricted range, endangered or critical species. Quercus aucheri is listed in “NT: Near Thretened” by IUCN but the project areas is very poor for vegetation and the species is not observed and significance of impacts on this species is “Negligible” according to Table 39. Papaver argemone ssp. davisii and Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum is KBA critation and potentially found in the project area and its close vicinity. Papaver argemone ssp. davisii is listed in B13 and a widespread endemic species. Papaver argemone ssp. davisii spreads in Western Anatolia. Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum which is endangered species in national scale is evaluated as B1-B24 criteria. Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum spreads in Greece and Aegean Islands. None of these species were observed in the study area during the field studies. Also, these two species are likely to be in need of habitat in and around the project area. However, this species is an annual species and a species with a high 3 B1 critation: Used to select areas of importance for the threatened critation according to subspecies or subpopulations at the regional scale. A species or regional (Europe, etc.) and-or national (Turkey) CR in the red list, EN, subspecies or distinct populations showing a broken distribution of the contained and the main distribution areas VI category is providing this criterion. Variants are not considered under this criterion 4 B2 critation This criterion includes populations isolated from the subspecies and / or main distribution area with a spread 2 of less than 20,000 km in the world. This is a residual population that is either disconnected from the main distribution area or stuck to certain geographical formations. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 206/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT reproduction potential. It also produces a lot of seed because of its fruit capsule type. For this reason, these species are not considered to be influenced by project activities. For these reasons, significance of impacts on these species is “Negligible” according to Table V.39. Table V.39. Assessment of Impacts on Flora Species Severity of Significance Species Magnitude Rationale Description Impact of Impact Locally The Project areas is important very poor for populations of Quercus aucheri Restricted (C) vegetation and the Negligible Negligible Near species is not Threatened observed (NT) Locally The Project area is important very poor for Papaver argemone Restricted (C) populations of vegetation and the Negligible Negligible ssp. davisii endemic species is not species. observed. This Locally species is an annual important species and a species concentrations with a high of reproduction Endangered potential. It also Papaver argemone (EN) species produces a lot of seed Restricted (C) Negligible Negligible ssp. nigrotinctum because of its fruit capsule type. For this reason, these species are not considered to be influenced by project activities. Terrestrial Fauna Mammals As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 7 mammal species were determined within the study area. None of the identified mammal species which are not endemic or restricted range have international and national protection status and the project area does not have any significant habitat such as breeding, feeding for these species. In addition, it was thought that these species will escape from the project area when construction activities begin. For this reason, no impact is expected on the construction phase of the project on the mammal species. It is unlikely that any impact will effect on terrestrial mammalian species which were determined within and around the project area. Therefore, the significance of impacts on mammal species evaluated as negligible. Birds As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 12 bird species were determined within the study area. None of the identified bird species which are not endemic or restricted range have international and national protection status and the project area does not have any significant habitat such as wintering, breeding, feeding for these species. Also, there is not any wetland which arouses interest to birds, around the project area. On the other hand, three species (Columba palumbus, Carduelis carduelis, Athena noctua) evaluated in “NT: Near Threatened” category in national scale (see Section 4.2.4). Although stands as a reference to national threat categories for bird species, evaluations made by Kiziroglu (2009) are not sufficient enough to make a thorough critical habitat assessment. Because, evaluations made by Kiziroglu (2009) on threat statuses of bird species are conservation-oriented and do not TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 207/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT include range of distribution for individual species. Based on expert opinion these species are not listed as critical habitat trigger components due to the following reasons:  Kiziroglu (2009) does not provide an official list of threatened bird species. As a matter of fact, unlike flora species, there is no official or widely recognized national list for fauna species to assess their threat statuses. Being one of the limitations to this study, and to any of its kind, Turkey lacks a nationwide population based assessment of its fauna species.  Evaluations made by Kiziroglu (2009) on threat statuses of bird species are conservation-oriented and do not include range of distribution for individual species.  Although stands as a reference to national threat categories for bird species, evaluations made by Kiziroglu (2009) are not sufficient enough to make a thorough biodiversity value. Amphibian –Reptile As result of the field and literature studies, two amphibian and six reptile species were determined. All of the amphibian and reptile species which determined within and around the project area are widespread species in Turkey. However, three of them (Dolichophis jugularis, Elaphe quatuerlineata, Testudo graeca) are evaluated in Appendix-II by Bern Convention. In addition, Testudo graeca is listed in “VU: Vulnerable” in IUCN Red List. Magnitude, severity and significance of impacts are shown in Table V.40. Table V.40. Assessment of Impacts on Amphibian - Reptile Severity of Significance Species Magnitude Rationale Description Impact of Impact Dolichophis jugularis Restricted (C) Locally important populations of species listed Low Low (C1) on Annexes to the Bern The Project Convention. area has very poor vegetation Elaphe quatuerlineata Restricted (C) Locally for the species important and the species populations of are not species listed observed. Low Low (C1) on Annexes to However, the Bern vicinity of the Convention. project area is Testudo graeca Restricted (C) Locally suitable for the important species populations of Vulnerable (VU) Low Low (C1) species Marine Ecosystem Main impact of construction phase of the project will affect to marine environment. Within the context of construction activities, discharge pipes will be placed on the sea bottom. It is likely that many marine species (especially the benthic species) will be influenced by the activities. During discharge pipe construction it was though that turbidity effect will be also one of the important factors that will affect marine life. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 208/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Due to the construction works, sediment will spread into water mass that is accumulated in the bottom part in the project area. At the end, this sediment and sediment clusters will settle down to the sea bottom as a footprint. Footprint may be larger than the excavation and therefore has a greater effect on the marine environment. For example, this sedimentary cloud of sediment can reduce light penetration by negative effects on photosynthetic algae and bonded living aquatic organisms. Fine-grained particles for fish can cause irritation by corroding protective mucosal coatings, thus increasing susceptibility to parasites, bacterial and fungal infections can occur. Suspended sediment cloud can also reduce the ability to fish vision, and thus affect nutritional behavior. It may also reduce respiratory efficiency due to blockage of the gills. Finally, underwater construction activities can produce high sound pressure levels that can be lethal for fish and can disturb marine mammals in the area. In addition, very high sound pressure levels can prevent fish and other sea organisms from reaching breeding grounds, finding food, and acoustically matching their partners. This may cause long-term effects, especially on the breeding and populations of marine mammals. During the construction phase, existing marine communities may be removed from the environment and an appropriate environment for the harmful species may develop. Only for a short time competition may diminish and it can be allowed native species to slowly colonize and increase their populations. Non-indigenous exotic species can cause extreme ecological and economical damage to ecosystems in the water. Monachus monachus The Mediterranean monk seal known to be located in the region and it has been detected at a distance of 1.5 km nearest to the project area. It was thought that this species used the project area as ramble on. However, this species escapes from the regions where human activities are located and prefers virgin regions. It was thought that when project activities begin monk seal will move away from this region. In addition, there are no virgin rocks or any breeding grounds in this project area. Therefore, it is unlikely that the activities will lead to a negative effect on this species. Posidonia oceanica In the field study that occurs with SCUBA diving, P. oceanica is observed from 3.5 m to 20 m which the planned discharge line. End of grass bed at 27 m is determined by observations that are made with underwater camera at deeper areas along line. Since the sea water has very good light transmittance, although the depth is increased, the intensity of the seagrass is quite good. During excavation to benthic habitats including seagrass that are located within the pipeline footprint will be removed. In addition, the migration of sediment plumes from the point of disturbance have the potential to impact of photosynthesizing species such as seagrass by reducing photosynthetic active radiation due to increases in turbidity from mobilized sediments. During the placement of the discharge pipes on the seabed, some of the seagrass populations which are concentrated in the area and are under protection will remain under the pipes or excavated. This will result in destruction of the sea grasses and many marine species that use the seagrass habitats. As given in the Chapter IV.2.4, the number of possible sea grasses in the impact area and the number of sea grasses in the first zone ratio is 1.3%. Total number of seagrass in the first zone- second zone and the number of possible sea grasses in the impact area ratio is 0.6%. According to these estimated rates, the number of sea grass in the impact area is very low. Therefore, it was thought that the construction activities of the project will not seriously affect the TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 209/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT seagrass populations of the region and the species which uses sea grasses habitat. However, the sea grass is considered to be protected as a critical species by the global scale, taking various measures against possible effects from project activities will be beneficial in terms of sustainability. The mitigation measures to be taken are described in “Mitigation Measures” topic. In the light with OP 4.04, Annex A, identified sea grass habitats are the critical natural habitats. Because Posidonia oceanica which is intensely spreaded in Aegean Sea, is a protected species by the Barcelona Convention (List of Endangered or Threatened Species) and it is endemic in Mediterranean. P. oceanica supports vital activity as sheltering, breeding, feeding and hiding for 25% part of the flora and fauna species and sea grass are created important habitat for many marine organisms. It is a very healthy habitat for taxon of every class in the project area. Especially in this region, it forms ovulation, feeding and hiding areas for fish species. For this reason, it is evaluated as an essential fish habitat for the regions where sea grasses are concentrated. In addition, the area where the project area will be constructed is located within the borders of Bodrum KBA. According to the evaluations of the worst impact of the project construction, the bottom structure will be deformed along the entire line. This represents an excavation area of 2,2 ha. According to OP 4.04 definitions, possible impacts on marine biodiversity in this project will be degradation. The existing Posedonia ocaenica sea bed habitat along the line will be completely removed by excavation operations. However, the excavation area will be 2,2 ha. Only 0.2% of the close vicinity of the Project area (1st and 2nd zones) will be directly affected by the excavation process. This numbers are represented minimal areas and considering the environmental benefit of the project, it is foreseen that this effect can be minimized by measures to be taken. Table V.41. Assessment of Impacts on Posidonia oceanica and Monachus monachus Significance of Habitat/Species Magnitude Rationale Severity of Impact Impact Species populations that trigger critical habitat under the following IFC PS6 Criteria: Posidonia oceanica Local (B)  Criterion 1: High High (B3) Critically Endangered (CR)  Criterion 2: Endemic and/or restricted-range species;and/or Species populations that trigger critical habitat under the Monachus monachus Local (B) following IFC PS6 Low Low (B1) Criteria:  Criterion 1: Endangered (EN) species; Production Status of Water Products According to “No.4/1 on the Communique Regarding the Commercial Aquaculture Fishing Squad No. (No: 2016/35)" published in the Official Gazette dated August 13, 2016 and numbered 29800, the fishery catches which are forbidden and the fisheries production status of the region were determined. According to the communique, there is no spatial prohibition for coastal fishermen in the area where the construction is planned. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 210/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The target species in the coastal fishery consist Boops boops, Bothus podas, Diplodus annularis, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, Lithognathus mormyrus, Mullus surmuletus, Oblada melanura, Sarpa salpa, Siganus rivulatus and Sparus aurata. As a result of assessing the impacts of marine ecosystem, living groups and fisheries on field studies and interviews:  A relatively small portion of the hunting area of small-scale fishermen will be adversely affected during the project construction temporarily;  In terms of resting, feeding, reproduction and waiting behaviors of fishes, small- scale portion of the area used by these species will be adversely affected during construction.  In the case of bottom fishes living and spawning areas, a fairly small-scale portion of fishes will be adversely affected temporarily during the construction of the project. Operation Phase Impacts on Ecology Terrestrial Biodiversity The project area has completely lost natural characteristics and it has a very weak biodiversity (see Section 4.2.4). The area is also anthropogenic because of there are many settlements in the immediate vicinity. It is not an important fauna wilderness area by area characteristic. There is not any endangered species by internationally or nationally scale and the area is not used by the species as a feeding, shelter and breeding ground. There is no restricted rate species and / or endemic species. In line with the mentioned issues, it has been evaluated that the operation activities of the project will not be a negative and significant effect on the flora and fauna elements. Marine Biodiversity Within the scope of the Wastewater Treatment Plant which has advanced biological treatment process, nitrogen and phosphorus removal is discussed. For this reason, no important adverse impact on marine ecosystem is expected. However, possible effects on the species determined for the planned project;  The discharge water will be treated and there will be no extra nitrogen and phosphorus input in the marine. If there is a nitrogen or phosphorus input, macroalgae, especially increase of green algae and phytoplankton can be observed.  In case of solid particles and suspended solids in the discharge water, it is expected to increase turbidity of the sea water and as a result, the light permeability is decreased and P. Oceanica species from sea grasses are prevented from photosynthesis. However, it is expected that these substances will not be present in the increased water, so it is considered that there is no negative effect.  It is considered that treated discharge water will not have an effect on fish species.  No major negative impact on biodiversity is expected because the treated discharge water will not carry pollution.  It is planned that the height of the discharge pipe of the planned diffuser is about 1.5 meters above the ground level. For this reason, it is thought that the flow of treated water originating from the diffusers will not have a negative effect on the benthic life forms. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 211/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  No population changes are expected on pelagic fish and plankton species originating from the current. It is expected that only passively moving plankton species will not slip out of the diffuser line due to the current or will slip into areas with little current. Because fish are actively moving nektonic creatures, they will not be affected by the current, while non-flowering species will prefer to be in areas where there is no current. In the report of the European environment agency (UNEP, 4/2006) areas under significant environmental threat in Turkey's Mediterranean coast and pollution hot spots and their causes determined, and one of these point 'Bodrum: tourism and aquaculture activities' unless otherwise stated. In the summer season, there is a serious increase in the population especially with the arrival of vacationers, which causes water pollution at significant levels. At the same report noted the presence of rapid coastal pollution due to the construction of recreational facilities on the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean coastal shores and the widespread summer residential construction. The recommendations for increasing water quality in the 'Büyük Menderes Basin - Strategic Environmental Assessment Report' also emphasized the importance of water and wetland quality of advanced wastewater treatment facilities in the National Watershed Management Strategy Action Plan. For this reason, the wastewater to be given to the marine environment in the Turgutreis Neighbourhood of Bodrum district, where the summer structure is concentrated, will seriously damage the marine ecosystem. With the Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant Project, the treated water will be discharged to the sea with nitrogen and phosphorus removal through the advanced biological treatment process. Therefore, it is considered that the effect on the species determined in the environment will be at the minimum level. Similarly, in the study of Sabancı & Koray (2007), the effects of Cigli Wastewater Treatment Plant located in İzmir Gulf’s diatom species composition, the treatment plant indicated that the phytoplankton community structure improved in the following periods. In the sensitivity studies of the model parameters, the effects of wastewater flow, flow velocity and flow field dilution on remote field dilutions were investigated (Annex-3). The pollution cloud reaching the surface as a result of the near field dilution causes coastal currents and remote field dilutions. In the remote field dilution, the pollution cloud is scattered through progressive propagation (advection), turbulent diffusion and dispersion and the bacteria die and disappear. The spread and distribution of the pollution cloud reaching to the surface as a result of near field dilution, when there is no wind and the weakest coastal currents occur for winter conditions and for summer conditions were evaluated. In both cases, the pollution concentration values are below 10 TC/100 ml within the coastal protection band after the near field and remote field dilutions, which meet the requirements in the regulation. The spread and distribution of the pollution cloud reaching to the surface as a result of near field dilution under the impact of dominant current direction for winter conditions and summer conditions were evaluated. In both cases, the pollution concentration values are below 10 TC/100 ml within the coastal protection band after the near field and remote field dilutions, which meet the requirements in the regulation. The spread and distribution of the pollution cloud reaching to the surface as a result of near field dilution under the impact of the surface current towards the land for winter conditions and for summer conditions were evaluated. In both cases, the pollution concentration values are below 1000 TC/100 ml within the coastal protection band after the near field and remote field dilutions, which meet the requirements in the Regulation on Water Pollution Control. The spread and distribution of the pollution cloud reaching to the surface as a result of near field dilution under the impact of east winds for winter conditions and summer conditions were evaluated. In both cases, the pollution concentration values are below 10 TC/100 ml within the TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 212/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT coastal protection band after the near field and remote field dilutions, which meet the requirements in the regulation. As a result of these circumstances, the dilutions of the amount of coliform to be produced during the operation phase meet the criteria specified in the regulation in each case. In this direction, it is thought that the coliform which will appear in the operating period will not have a serious negative effect on natural life. It was noted that the most significant threats on this species are trawling, boat anchoring, turbidity, shoreline artificialization, urban and sand mining as well as eutrophication and pollution on the coastal lines. Wastewater treatment plant will probably have a positive impact on these species as the pollution level will be lowered. Mitigation Measures The measures to be taken to the effects on the terrestrial and marine biologic environment from the Project activities during the construction phase are given below. Terrestrial Biodiversity Mitigation measures will be implemented during the construction and operation phase to protect terrestrial biodiversity as follow:  Prior to the land preparation phase, definite working areas will be set up where activities (e.g. vegetation clearing, vegetation removal, leveling and construction) and permanent structures (units and roads) will be established.  Project construction sites and access roads will be separated from other areas with appropriate signboards, signs and fences. Therefore, staff and vehicle access to the area will be limited to the construction site,  Avoid and/or minimize dust emissions by lightly watering the immediate surroundings of construction sites, and wetting the stored material,  Construction waste generated due to project activities will first be stored at designated storage areas and then disposed,  Construction work will be done gradually so that it will have enough time to escape for possible fauna species to be found,  If there is a nest of birds species, the nest should be marked with a safety strip about 3 meters in diameter and an expert ornithologist should be informed,  Measures to reduce noise are provide in Chapter 5 Noise for details,  Measures to reduce dust and air pollution are provide in Chapter 5 Air Quality and Climate Change for details,  Project workers will not be allowed to bring any live animals or plants into the construction site to avoid the risk of pest/invasive species establishing in the Project Area,  Construction and operation sites will be fenced in order to prevent fauna species’ entrance into these areas. Marine Biodiversity The most important effect in the marine environment is expected to be seen on Posidonia oceanica. Influence of Posidonia oceanica will indirectly affect marine biodiversity. It is possible that the project has some effects as mentioned above during the construction and operation periods. As the planned treatment plant will discharge treated water to the sea and no major impact is expected TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 213/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT during operation phase. The measures to be taken against the effects of the project during both construction and operation are as follows: Construction Phase  To reduce the effect of underwater sounding is air bubble curtains. Air bubbles are the cheapest way to place air curtain around a work piece.  The sea surface will be observed before commencing work to ensure that marine mammals (monk seal) are not in the area.  Smooth start with lower frequency effects should be done to ensure that the animals leave the area before the highest noise levels from the runs reach the top.  The species of fish will move away from the environment in which the blur occurs. For this reason, the impact to fishes from the sediment cloud will be limited. When all of these impacts are evaluated, it is thought that there is no significant impact on the sediment, the fish species and the fishing activities of the region.  In the construction phase, the activities that are not in the scope of the planned construction works will not be allowed to minimize the effects.  The spring period (March, April, May and beginning of June) is known as the breeding season where marine biological activity is its highest level. Construction works should be avoided during these periods. Noise, turbidity and mechanical effects can affect the presence and quantity of eggs, young and mature individuals negatively in this period when the density of marine organisms is beginning to increase. If the construction studies are carried out in autumn and winter months when the biological activity is the lowest, the impact on the marine ecosystem will be minimum. However, the spring and early summer times are important for reproduction for aquatic life, their density is increasing and their ecosystem activity is high. For this reason, care should be taken that construction activities are not carried out during this breeding season.  Construction will not be done under unfavorable wind and wave conditions. Otherwise, the clouds of sediment can spread rapidly to the far sides.  Silt curtains will be used to prevent sediment spread in project area. Situation and efficiency of silt curtains will be control.  Before the construction activities, a field study will be conducted by specialists in order to determine the density of the Posidonia oceanica in the vicinity of the pipeline to be installed. According to the information obtained in this study, a clear judgment will be made about the replant of sea grass. According to the information obtained from the desktop studies, the density of Posidonia oceanica in the impact area is 0.6% as near the project area. However, this number is an estimate and findings need to be supported with detail field studies. The survey findings will provide numerical values regarding the Posidonia oceanica quantity and the number of Posidonia oceanica to be affected. If the density of Posidonia oceanica, which will be destroyed according to the survey findings, is found to be negligible, the effects can be eliminated by mitigation measures. Replantation is a high-cost activity and this process should be decided after a comprehensive field study. After the field survey, monitoring plan and mitigation measures can be revised.  In addition, according to the information obtained, a ship haven project is planned for 40 meter south of the marine discharge line. The planned ship haven project will be carried out by the 3rd Regional Directorate of Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. It will have 12.6 ha surface area approximately. This surface area is about decuple larger than the surface area of the discharge pipe to be constructed within the scope of the waste water treatment facility project. Even if the Posidonia oceanica which destroyed by waste water treatment facility project is transplanted in a nearby area, about 6 times larger damage will be recovered within the scope of the ship haven project. Therefore, it is proposed to prepare a joint action plan and to create a transplantation program for the Posidonia oceanica through the TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 214/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Mugla Metropolitan Municipality and the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure considering the cumulative effect. This action plan will be carried out in the coordination of the Mugla Metropolitan Municipality and under the Ministry's responsibility.  After the marine field studies in pre-construction, the future actions will be determined (see Annex-4 for Biodiversity Management Plan).  During the construction phase monitoring studies at experiment stations will be conducted (see Annex-4 for Biodiversity Management Plan). Biological alternatives have been considered for the construction of the discharge pipe. A method that can be applied for the minimization of the damage given to the Posidonia oceanica, is to select a route for the discharge pipe where there are no Posidonia oceanica. However, according to the findings of the field survey, Posidonia oceanica distribution in the study area is not appropriate for this purpose. Therefore, this method is not applicable for this Project. The roots of Posidonia oceanica can reach up to 40 cm (Garcia-Martinez et al., 2005). Another method that can be followed to lay the pipeline without damaging the Posidonia oceanica located along the route is the micro tunneling of the pipe from the shore to the sea. However, this option is a costly system. Another disadvantage of this system is, in case of any failure and any maintenance requirement, the pipes should be removed; thereby, necessary technical intervention will cause damage on the Posidonia oceanica. According to the findings of desktop studies, the coverage of Posidonia oceanica within the study area and the ratio to be destroyed due to construction activities will be limited. For this reason, with the meticulous application of mitigation measures, the impacts on Posidonia oceanica Posidonia oceanica will be kept at minimum. Operation Phase Monitoring work will be conducted along the pipeline and in the area where the discharge is being made (see Annex-4 for Biodiversity Management Plan) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 215/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT After the construction period, biodiversity of the sea will be monitored and reported in the construction activities. In addition, during the operating period, the effects of discharge on the marine environment will be monitored. Therefore experiment stations must be established underwater along discharge line route. In aforementioned stations, monitoring studies of “Poseidon Seagrass Beds” must be conducted. Through monitoring study, the state of biodiversity after the effects of the construction phase and the impacts of operation phase on the biodiversity will be monitored. If necessary, it will be intervened and actions will be taken to biodiversity benefits. Summary of Assessment and Residual Impacts Table V.42 provides a summary of ecology and biodiversity assessments. Significance of the identified impacts before and after the implementation of mitigation measures are also given in this table. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER Chapter V - Pg. 216/306 TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.42.Summary of Ecology and Biodiversity Assessments Affected Impact Definition of Potential Significance of Ecosystem Project Phase Type of Impact Significance Measures to be Taken Impact Residual Impacts Component Before Mitigation  Construction work will be done gradually so that it will Testudo graeca have enough time to escape for possible fauna species to be found  Project workers will not be allowed to bring any live animals or plants into the construction site to avoid the Elaphe quatuerlineata risk of pest/invasive species establishing in the Project Adverse Low (C1) Area, Negligible  Construction and operation sites will be fenced in order to prevent fauna species’ entrance into these areas.  Project construction sites and access roads will be Dolichophis jugularis separated from other areas with appropriate signboards, signs and fences. Therefore, staff and vehicle access to the area will be limited to the construction site.  Construction will not be done under unfavorable wind and wave conditions. Otherwise, the clouds of sediment can spread rapidly to the far sides.  Silt curtains will be used to prevent sediment spread in project area. Situation and efficiency of silt curtains will be Ecology and Land preparation control. Biodiversity and construction  Further studies will be conducted for examination of the Posidonia oceanica population situation in the project area and reveal the population situation quantitative. After the field survey monitoring plan and mitigation measure can be revised.  Information obtained, a ship haven project is planned for Posidonia oceanica Adverse High (B3) 40 meter south of the marine discharge line. The planned Medium ship haven project will be carried out by the 3rd Regional Directorate of Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. It will have 12.6 ha surface area approximately. This surface area is about decuple larger than the surface area of the discharge pipe to be constructed within the scope of the waste water treatment facility project. Even if the Posidonia oceanica which destroyed by waste water treatment facility project is transplanted in a nearby area, about 6 times larger damage will be recovered within the scope of the ship haven project. Therefore, it will be proposed by MUSKİ to Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure to prepare an action plan and a transplantation program for the Posidonia oceanica TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 217/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Affected Impact Definition of Potential Significance of Ecosystem Project Phase Type of Impact Significance Measures to be Taken Impact Residual Impacts Component Before Mitigation considering the cumulative effects and action plan.  To ensure incurring of least damage on “Poseidon Seagrass Beds” during construction phase, experiment stations must be selected underwater along discharge line route. In aforementioned stations, monitoring studies of “Poseidon Seagrass Beds” must be conducted.  Monitoring status of populations and reporting  The sea surface will be observed before commencing work to ensure that marine mammals ( monk seal) are Monachus monachus Adverse Low (B1) not in the area Negligible  To reduce the effect of underwater sounding is air bubble curtains. Air bubbles are the cheapest way to place air curtain around a work piece.  Monitoring work will be conducted along the pipeline and in the area where the discharge is being made. Operation Posidonia oceanica Adverse Low (C2)  Wastewater treatment plant will probably have a positive Negligible impact on these species as the pollution level will be lowered. TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 218/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.5. Impacts on Socioeconomic Environment In this chapter, potential impacts of the Project on socio-economic environment of the region are assessed. For the assessment of impacts on socio-economic environment, desktop and field studies were performed. The chapter includes potential social impacts of the Project, mitigation measures, and summary of assessment and residual impacts. V.5.1. Transport Network Improvement the existing roads or establishment new access roads is not foreseen within the scope of the Project as current road infrastructures are sufficient to realize the Project. Land preparation and construction phase of the Project will be last for 22 months hence; vehicle load on existing traffic infrastructure will be somewhat significant. However; as part of the Project, existing traffic volume will be affected only during transportation of the excavation materials and receiving the relevant technical equipment. As explained in Section V.3.2, as a result of excavation activities carried out within the scope of land preparation and construction phase, the amount of excavation materials that will be sent to final disposal will be 49,000 m3. Thus, this will lead to a daily number of 10-11 trips for the disposal of excavation material. Considering the daily traffic volume around the Project area and the schedule for the excavation works, which will be 300 days, significant traffic impact within the scope of the Project is not anticipated. However, for Project-related vehicles, approaches to traffic safety will be implemented, such as setting speed limits in residential areas, covering transported material with a paulin, and loading the vehicles according to their load limits. The risk of accidents will be as minor as possible because of the implementation of such measures and the low traffic intensity outside of the Project Area. With the completion of the Project, the wastewater will be collected mainly by sewer system and the sewer truck requirement in the region will be solved. However, it is foreseen that the amount of wastewater to be brought to the facility from remote areas without access to sewer will be maximum 5 sewer trucks per day. Therefore, an increase might be observed in the traffic load during the operation period on the roads of close vicinity of WWTP. In the region that Project Area belongs, daily 1017 trucks were counted as 2017 average (http://www.kgm.gov.tr). In this case, a 0.5% increase in the current situation traffic load is expected to be observed. However, when the plant will commence to operate, the demand for sewer trucks in the region will reduce and this will decrease the traffic load in the region. On the other hand, it is anticipated that accumulation of sludge cake and other disposable and/or recyclable wastes will be slow. Thus, the operation phase impacts on transport network are considered as negligible. As one of the components of the Project is the construction of sea discharge line, marine traffic is expected to increase as a result of the activities at sea. Thus, MUSKİ shall ensure that the Contractor shall prepare a Traffic Management Plan, which will include marine traffic, before the commencement of marine construction works. The purpose of this Traffic Management Plan is to outline the procedures that MUSKİ and/or the Contractor must comply with during marine and land operations. The objectives of the plan will be are as follows:  Promote the safe movement of equipment and personnel to and from the Project site;  Promote safe transport of personnel and equipment for Project related activities;  Identify and respond to stakeholder concerns;  Address environmental management associated with shipping and road transports during different phases of the Project and in particular matters such as provision for the protection of the marine sensitive receptors, such as Posidonia oceanica, marine mammals, and Mediterranean monk seal; TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 219/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Ensure that all relevant statutory requirements in relation to traffic are met during all phases of the Project;  Establish the baseline traffic conditions;  Describe the access routes for traffic generated by the Project;  Outline the roles and responsibilities for traffic management for both onshore and offshore traffic schedule;  Outline a program to monitor and audit Project related traffic and associated impacts;  Minimize disruption, congestion and delays as a result of construction activity;  Ensure that traffic generated as a result of the Project will have a minimal impact on existing marine routes and overall naval navigation as well as to the onshore neighboring activities. All marine construction activities will be performed in accordance with the provisions of Law on the Protection of Life and Property at Sea (Law No: 4922, date 10/06/1946), International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974 (SOLAS), and International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 and the 1978 Protocol (MARPOL 73/78). In addition, MUSKİ will be obliged to inform the community regularly about the construction schedule and activities by being in cooperation with the relevant public institutions. Mitigation Measures If the improvement required for the asphalt road that is on the west border of the treatment plant area and the cadastral roads that coastal part of the sea discharge line will pass under, MUSKI will take the lead in the talks and applications necessary to be made to relevant authorities. In case any road, facility, building etc. will be damaged due to the activities originating from the Project during the service life of it, the necessary maintenance, improvement and compensation works will be done by MUSKI. MUSKI will take and ensure the implementation of necessary precautions in the entry and exit of the treatment plant and in terms of road traffic safety along the road by cooperating with the relevant authority/administration. Trucks, trailers and other vehicles to be used to transport necessary equipment and materials will be provided to comply with the speed limits. MUSKI will ensure to comply with Highways Traffic Law, Road Transport Law and the regulations issued in compliance with these laws. In the construction of the marine part of the sea discharge line; buoys will be positioned in the waters to mark the working area to protect public sea traffic entrance into the work area. In order to prevent from collision with other vessels within the Project Area or vicinity with third party vessels, following measures need to be taken:  Appropriate navigation aid should be used (update chart, GPS, radar, etc.)  Continuous radio-watch  Each operation should be reported to Port Authority  Operators should follow lightning and signalization  Operators should be in aware of strong and treacherous currents  Proper communication with other vessels and with the Port Authority should be ensured. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 220/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.5.2. Tourism Since the Project is located in a touristic area, the impacts on the tourism should also be assessed. As stated before, in the present case, there is no wastewater treatment plant in the region. The hotels and other tourism complexes located in the region solve their wastewater problems by their own means. For these facilities, the most common solution is to install a package treatment plant. However, the summer houses located in the region are dealing with the problem in a primitive way, such as septic tanks. During the withdrawal of these tanks by sewage trucks, odor and leakage of the wastewater occur quite frequently. While this method is creating environmental nuisance among the residents of the region, it also causes financial and managerial burden. It is envisaged that the realization of the Project will positively contribute to the residents and investors of the region. In addition to the residential point of view, with the realization of the Project, current sea discharge of wastewater without treatment will be halted. It is expected that the advance treatment with disinfection will positively contribute to the sea water quality. Thus, Blue Flag status of the beaches in the Bodrum will be maintained and number of beaches with Blue Flag can be increased. In order not to adversely affect the tourism in the region, the construction of the marine section of the sea discharge line will be performed during off-season (October 15 – May 15), as much as possible. V.5.3. Local Procurement If it is possible and feasible to do so, local procurement options will be selected at all phases of the Project and this will have a positive impact on the local economy of the region. V.6. Labor and Working Conditions As stated in the former sections, it is planned that 80 employees on the land preparation and construction phase, and 25 employees on the operation phase will work on site for the Project. In the recruitment process, the priority will be given by MUSKI to local people. On the overall, labor and working conditions for the construction and operation phase include the issues listed below:  Working Conditions and Management of Worker Relationship  Protecting the Work Force  Occupational Health and Safety  Workers Engaged by Third Parties and the Supply Chain Commitments on labor and working conditions are concluded with a range of mitigation measures for managing labor-related risks and impacts. Table V.42 presents a summary of impacts and associated mitigation measures. The legal frame for the chapter can be drawn with two major national laws relevant to the Project:  The Labor Law (Act. No. 4857) which regulates the relations between an employer and an employee; TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 221/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Occupational Health and Safety Law (Law No: 6331) which regulates management of all occupational health and safety issues Turkish Labor Law and related regulations covers the basic principles of international labor standards in the issues of equal treatment of employees, restrictions on the working age and employment of children, avoidance of forced labor and ensuring occupational health and safety at the workplaces. Monitoring of the implementation is essential to ensure full compliance of the activities with the relevant legislation. Turkey has ratified a broad range of International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions including the following:  Forced Labor Convention  Minimum Age (Industry) Convention (Revised)  Labor Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention  Protection of Wages Convention  Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention  Equal Remuneration Convention  Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention  Abolition of Forced Labor Convention  Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention  Equality of Treatment (Social Security Convention)  Workers' Representatives Convention  Minimum Age Convention  Human Resources Development Convention  Tripartite Consultation (International Labor Standards) Convention  Occupational Safety and Health Convention  Termination of Employment Convention  Occupational Health Services Convention  Safety and Health in Construction Convention  Safety and Health in Mines Convention  Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention  Protection Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention V.6.1. Working Conditions and Management of Worker Relationship MUSKI will provide workers with documented information that is clear and understandable, regarding their rights under national labor law; including collective agreements, their rights related to hours of work, wages, overtime, compensation, and benefits as of startup of working relationship and when any material changes occur. MUSKI will not discourage workers from electing worker representatives, forming or joining workers’ organizations of their choosing, or from bargaining collectively, and will not discriminate or retaliate against workers who participate, or seek to participate, in such organizations and collective bargaining. MUSKI will pay particular concern on principles of non-discrimination and equal opportunity. In this respect, MUSKI will not make employment decisions (i.e. recruitment and hiring, compensation, wages and benefits, working conditions and terms of employment, access to training, job assignment, promotion, termination of employment or retirement, and disciplinary practices) on the basis of personal characteristics unrelated to job requirements. Wages, work hours and other benefits shall be per the Turkish Labor Law. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 222/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT MUSKI will provide a grievance mechanism for workers to raise workplace concerns. MUSKI will inform the workers about the grievance mechanism at the time of recruitment and make it easily accessible to them. V.6.2. Protecting the Work Force MUSKI will ensure measures to prevent child labor and forced labor. In this respect, children under 18 years of age will not be employed during construction and operation stages. V.6.3. Occupational and Community Health and Safety Construction stage of the Project includes assembling works for equipment and the use of duty vehicles in this scope. As described in the sectoral WBG EHS Guidelines Water and Sanitation; work at sanitation facilities is often physically demanding and may involve hazards such as open water, trenches, slippery walkways, working at heights, energized circuits, and heavy equipment. The nature of the work may also involve entry into confined spaces, including manholes, sewers pipelines, storage tanks, wet wells, digesters, and pump stations. Before the commencement of land preparation and construction works, MUSKI will prepare a site-specific Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan for the Project which will comply with the Turkish Legislation and international standards inclusive of:  Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety (Official Journal of 09.12.2003; No: 25311)  Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety in Construction Works (Official Journal dated 05.10.2013; No: 28786)  Regulation on the Use of Personal Protective Equipment in Workplaces (Official Journal dated 25.04.2013; No: 28628 – amended: 24.04.2017; No: 30047)  Regulation on the Procedures and Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Trainings of Employees (Official Journal dated15.05.2013; No: 28648) OHS Plan for the construction phase will include the measures listed below in order to prevent accident risks:  All Project staff shall comply with the environmental, health and safety policies.  In order to minimize the risks and hazards that may arise (e.g. natural disasters, accidents, equipment malfunctions etc.) on human health and safety, safe working environments in the working sites will be established and physical hazards and risks will be prevented.  The relevant plans and procedures of the relevant Turkish legislation and the MUSKI will be complied within the OHS measures and practices.  Employees will be informed about the hazards that may cause from their work and thus a safer work environment will be created.  Training will be given to employees according to the Regulation on the Procedures and Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Trainings. In this context, a training program will be prepared, training records will be kept and evaluation activities will be carried out after the trainings.  Personal protective equipment will be provided to all employees and necessary training will be given for their use.  Work areas will be equipped with warning signs (e.g. "Hazard", "Entry Prohibited", etc.) in accordance with the quality and potential risks of the work to be performed in that area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 223/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  All necessary precautions will be taken in the Project Area to prevent possible fires from construction activities. Uncontrolled fires in and out of the field will be prevented.  Smoking in areas where there is a risk of fire will be prohibited. All employees must have knowledge of what to do in the event of a fire.  Project staff will include first aid trained personnel. In case of emergency where an intervention is required, personnel will be sent to the nearest health center by appropriate means.  MUSKI will apply the sufficiency of the technical requirement of the machinery, equipment, and tools to be used in the activities.  Moving parts of machinery and equipment will be equipped with appropriate protective systems (e.g. metal shields etc.), minimizing the risk of injury or damage to the person using the machine or equipment.  Personal factors that may create and control risks during activities (e.g. long hair, jewelry and accessory use, clothing etc.) will be removed from the site by the regulations brought by the field management. Project staff will be informed about the relevant regulations within the scope of the training program.  Drivers and operators will be trained to comply with traffic rules and to control the vehicles and equipment they use against risks and hazards originating from vehicle traffic. Required traffic signs will be placed in the Project Site and its surroundings. Machine operators and other employees will be informed and alerted about the relevant signs.  The wastes to be generated within the scope of the construction phase of the Project will be managed under the Waste Management Regulation and the negative impacts on public health will be minimized.  Areas where excavation work is to be carried out will not be accessible other than the authorized personnel. The loading and unloading activities shall be carried out together with the persons to oversee the personnel to carry out the activity.  Persons and/or organizations with the necessary permits will be assigned to ensure the security of the Project Area (e.g. private security companies/officials). These persons and/or organizations shall regularly monitor the facility and its surroundings. The special security applications and officials' authorities within the scope of the project shall comply with the provisions of the Regulation on the Implementation of the Law on Private Security Services and the Law on Private Security Services.  In addition to safety personnel, monitoring of the Project Site for security purposes will be provided by a closed circuit camera system which will be installed at appropriate distances on the site boundary (e.g. 30-40 meters) to provide daytime and nighttime monitoring of the whole area.  Before construction activities begin, any holes on the fences of the treatment plant area will be fixed and the access of the visitors, local people and animals to the area will be controlled.  Entry of staff and third parties into the working site will be carried out in a controlled manner from the doors at which authorized security personnel will work.  Since the works will be performed at areas close to the public during the construction of the coastal part of the sea discharge line, working areas will be specified and the restriction of public access to these areas will be ensured. Working areas will be equipped with signs, labels, wires, and fence, and if necessary, these areas will be announced to the public by regarding authority.  If a trench needed to be left open for night, the sufficient illumination of the area shall be ensured by MUSKI and necessary signs shall be placed and the area shall be enclosed with barriers.  In case of any significant environmental or social incident (e.g. lost time incidents, fatalities, environmental spills etc.), the contractor will notify MUSKİ about the occurrence of the incident in 3 business days and MUSKİ will inform Ilbank and World Bank. A detailed incident investigation report, including the root-cause TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 224/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT analysis, precautions taken and compensation will be submitted to MUSKİ, İlbank and World Bank in 30 business days after the incident. Mitigation measures that will be taken during the operation phase are listed below:  The whole area will be fenced; the access of local people and wildlife will be controlled. The entry of personnel and third parties into the facility will be carried out in a controlled manner  Private security officers will be hired in order to provide the security of the working area. The special security applications within the scope of the project and the competent authorities shall be in compliance with the provisions of the Law on Private Security Services and the Implementation of the Law on Private Security Services  Personal Protective Equipment will be provided for the workers according to the nature of work to be performed. The necessary trainings will be carried out for their use.  Smoking will be prohibited where the risks of fire is high. All the workers will be informed about the action plan in a case of fire  All equipment will be operated in proper working order.  Procedures approved by the MUSKI in the maintenance and repair activities and the requirements of the technical specifications of the supplier companies will be complied with.  The necessary health and safety signs and traffic signs will be placed around the project site. Employees will be informed and alerted about the subject matter markings.  Trainings will be given to employees and operational and maintenance personnel within the scope of the Regulation on Procedures and Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Trainings and measurement and evaluation activities will be carried out after the trainings.  Entrance of operation and maintenance personnel and third parties will be carried out in a controlled manner from the doors of the security personnel.  Equipment that meets international standards in terms of electrical performance and safety will be used at the plant.  After the plant is completed, necessary electrical tests will be carried out to check that the electrical connections and other related equipment are made properly before the plant is taken into operation.  An Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan will be prepared before the plant is taken into operation.  Automatic cleaning screens should be used instead of manually cleaning screens to prevent entrance of cleaning workers into the channels.  Appropriate ventilation systems should be installed at where methane accumulation is expected.  Railings will be installed around all tanks and pits.  MUSKI will prepare a Confined Space Entry Procedure that is consistent with MUSKI standards, applicable national requirements and internationally accepted standards.  MUSKI will conduct trainings for operators who work with disinfectants regarding safe handling practices and emergency response procedures.  MUSKI will ensure that the Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan covers the escape plans in case of chlorine emission.  MUSKI will distribute sufficient number of personal gas detection equipment to its employees.  MUSKI will advise individuals with asthma, diabetes, or suppressed immune systems not to work at the treatment plant and its auxiliary facilities due to greater risk of infection. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 225/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  MUSKI will ensure the compliance of all the activities within the treatment plant and pumping stations with national standards and WBG EHS Guidelines. MUSKİ will ensure that the Contractor prepares an OHS Management Plan and Community Health Management Plan for land preparation and construction activities and will review this plan and submit it to the approval of İlbank. In addition, a Community Health Management Plan will be prepared by MUSKİ and submitted to the approval of İlbank prior to the beginning of the operation phase. MUSKİ has prepared a sample Emergency Action Plan covering construction and operation activities (see Annex-5). MUSKİ will ask the Contractors involved in the Project to prepare a site-specific Emergency Action Plan which shall be compatible with this Emergency Action Plan. MUSKİ will ensure that this plan is prepared, examined and submitted to İlbank before construction activities begin. V.6.4. Workers Engaged by Third Parties and the Supply Chain MUSKI will ensure that subcontractors are reputable and legitimate enterprises and have an appropriate ESMS that will allow them to operate in a manner consistent with the labor conditions provided by MUSKI MUSKI will monitor the performance of subcontractors such that human rights policy and labor rights of all workers are exercised properly. MUSKI will ensure that workers of subcontractors have access to the overall grievance mechanism to be established for the Project. MUSKI will monitor its primary supply chain for safety issues related to supply chain workers, and where necessary MUSKI will introduce procedures and mitigation measures to ensure that suppliers are taking steps to prevent or to correct life-threatening situations. In order to realize those, MUSKI will prepare a Subcontractor Management Plan and ensure its implementation. MUSKİ shall ensure that the impacts and measures defined by this ESIA and the relevant ESMP are followed by the Contractor. In the event of any significant incident (e.g. environmental, social, labor or lost-time incidents) the Contractor shall immediately notify MUSKİ and MUSKİ shall inform the WB within three days. Then, within 30 days, a report on the root causes of the incident and the corrective actions to be taken will be presented to WB. V.6.5. Labor Influx In case when personnel or material or services required for the works to be carried out in a construction project cannot be sourced from local sources; technical personnel with adequate capacity or materials that meet international standards must be brought from outside the project area. In such cases; suppliers, potential suppliers and potential job-seekers might move to the close vicinity of the project area to provide goods and services to the Project and create an influx in the region. In order to call this situation as workforce influx, which can be observed in any project, people who will work on the project or provide goods and services to the project should be settled quickly in the region. In such a case, people who settle in the area due the project may have a negative impact on the local population (especially if the area is rural, remote and small). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 226/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT As mentioned earlier, 80 employees in the land preparation and construction phase and 25 employees in the operation phase. In order to avoid the negative impacts of the workforce influx, MUSKİ will give priority to the local people in recruitment and this will be added to the terms of the contracts of the Contractor and possible subcontractors in order to ensure this. In contract process, MUSKİ will request the contractor to plan the workforce and request from the contractor to prepare a Workforce Management Plan if the requirement for a workforce other than the one specified in this ESIA is seen. MUSKİ will evaluate and submit this plan to İlbank for approval. In addition, there will be no accommodation within the scope of the Project. The Project is not expected to cause workforce influx, if an unusual situation is not triggered. Therefore, it is thought that the impacts of workforce influx will be low. MUSKİ and the Contractor shall ensure that code of conduct and public communication trainings are given to all employees as an orientation training to prevent a possible future dispute. V.6.6. Summary of Impacts Table V.43 summarizes the impact assessment on the labor and working conditions. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 227/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table V.43. Summary of Impact Assessment of Labor and Working Conditions Definition of Affected Project Impact Measures to be Taken Significance of Potential Component Phase Significance Residual Impact Impacts  MUSKI will provide workers with documented information that is clear and understandable, regarding their rights under national labor law; including collective agreements, their rights related to hours of work, wages, overtime, compensation, and benefits as of startup of working relationship and when any material changes occur.  MUSKI will not discourage workers from electing worker representatives, forming or joining workers’ organizations of their choosing, or from bargaining collectively, and will not discriminate or retaliate against workers who participate, or seek to participate, in such organizations and collective bargaining.  MUSKI will pay particular concern on principles of non-discrimination and equal opportunity. In this respect, MUSKI will not make employment decisions (i.e. recruitment and hiring, compensation, wages and benefits, working conditions and terms of employment, access to training, job Working Construction Labour Force Low assignment, promotion, termination of employment or retirement, and disciplinary practices) on the Low conditions and Operation basis of personal characteristics unrelated to job requirements. Wages, work hours and other benefits shall be per the Turkish Labor Law.  MUSKI will provide a grievance mechanism for workers to raise workplace concerns. MUSKI will inform the workers about the grievance mechanism at the time of recruitment and make it easily accessible to them.  In order to avoid the negative impacts of the workforce influx, MUSKİ will give priority to the local people in recruitment and this will be added to the terms of the contracts of the Contractor and possible subcontractors in order to ensure this. In contract process, MUSKİ will request the contractor to plan the workforce and request from the contractor to prepare a Workforce Management Plan if the requirement for a workforce other than the one specified in this ESIA is seen. MUSKİ will evaluate and submit this plan to İlbank for approval.  Employment of child labor and forced labor will be prevented. Protecting the Construction Labour Force Low Low Work Force and Operation  All Project staff and MUSKI shall comply with the environmental, health and safety policies.  In order to minimize the risks and hazards that may arise (e.g. natural disasters, accidents, equipment malfunctions etc.) on human health and safety, safe working environments in the working sites will be established and physical hazards and risks will be prevented. Occupational  The relevant plans and procedures of the relevant Turkish legislation and the MUSKI will be health and Labour Force Construction Low complied within the OHS measures and practices. Low safety  Employees will be informed about the hazards that may cause from their work and thus a safer work environment will be created.  Training will be given to employees according to the Regulation on the Procedures and Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Trainings. In this context, a training program will be prepared, training records will be kept and evaluation activities will be carried out after the trainings. TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 228/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Definition of Affected Project Impact Measures to be Taken Significance of Potential Component Phase Significance Residual Impact Impacts  Personal protective equipment will be provided to all employees and necessary training will be given for their use.  Work areas will be equipped with warning signs (e.g. "Hazard", "Entry Prohibited", etc.) in accordance with the quality and potential risks of the work to be performed in that area.  All necessary precautions will be taken in the Project Area to prevent possible fires from construction activities. Uncontrolled fires in and out of the field will be prevented.  Smoking in areas where there is a risk of fire will be prohibited. All employees must have knowledge of what to do in the event of a fire.  Project staff will include first aid trained personnel. In case of emergency where an intervention is required, personnel will be sent to the nearest health center by appropriate means.  MUSKI will apply the sufficiency of the technical requirement of the machinery, equipment, and tools to be used in the activities.  Moving parts of machinery and equipment will be equipped with appropriate protective systems (e.g. metal shields etc.), minimizing the risk of injury or damage to the person using the machine or equipment.  Personal factors that may create and control risks during activities (e.g. long hair, jewelry and accessory use, clothing etc.) will be removed from the site by the regulations brought by the field management. Project staff will be informed about the relevant regulations within the scope of the training program.  Drivers and operators will be trained to comply with traffic rules and to control the vehicles and equipment they use against risks and hazards originating from vehicle traffic. Required traffic signs will be placed in the Project Site and its surroundings. Machine operators and other employees will be informed and alerted about the relevant signs.  The wastes to be generated within the scope of the construction phase of the Project will be managed under the Waste Management Regulation and the negative impacts on public health will be minimized.  Areas where excavation work is to be carried out will not be accessible other than the authorized personnel. The loading and unloading activities shall be carried out together with the persons to oversee the personnel to carry out the activity.  Persons and/or organizations with the necessary permits will be assigned to ensure the security of the Project Area (e.g. private security companies/officials). These persons and/or organizations shall regularly monitor the facility and its surroundings. The special security applications and officials' authorities within the scope of the project shall comply with the provisions of the Regulation on the Implementation of the Law on Private Security Services and the Law on Private Security Services.  In addition to safety personnel, monitoring of the Project Site for security purposes will be provided by a closed circuit camera system which will be installed at appropriate distances on the site boundary (e.g. 30-40 meters) to provide daytime and nighttime monitoring of the whole area.  Before construction activities begin, any holes on the fences of the treatment plant area will be fixed and the access of the visitors, local people and animals to the area will be controlled. TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 229/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Definition of Affected Project Impact Measures to be Taken Significance of Potential Component Phase Significance Residual Impact Impacts  Entry of staff and third parties into the working site will be carried out in a controlled manner from the doors at which authorized security personnel will work.  Since the works will be performed at areas close to the public during the construction of the coastal part of the sea discharge line, working areas will be specified and the restriction of public access to these areas will be ensured. Working areas will be equipped with signs, labels, wires, and fence, and if necessary, these areas will be announced to the public by regarding authority.  If a trench needed to be left open for night, the sufficient illumination of the area shall be ensured by MUSKI and necessary signs shall be placed and the area shall be enclosed with barriers.  In case of any significant environmental or social incident (e.g. lost time incidents, fatalities, environmental spills etc.), the contractor will notify MUSKİ about the occurrence of the incident in 3 business days and MUSKİ will inform Ilbank and World Bank. A detailed incident investigation report, including the root-cause analysis, precautions taken and compensation will be submitted to MUSKİ, İlbank and World Bank in 30 business days after the incident.  MUSKI will ensure that subcontractors are reputable and legitimate enterprises and have an appropriate ESMS that will allow them to operate in a manner consistent with the labor conditions provided by MUSKI Workers  MUSKI will monitor the performance of subcontractors such that human rights policy and labor Engaged by rights of all workers are exercised properly. Third Parties Labour Force Construction Low  MUSKI will ensure that workers of subcontractors have access to the overall grievance mechanism Low and Operation to be established for the Project. and the Supply Chain  MUSKI will monitor its primary supply chain for safety issues related to supply chain workers, and where necessary MUSKI will introduce procedures and mitigation measures to ensure that suppliers are taking steps to prevent or to correct life-threatening situations.  MUSKI will prepare a Subcontractor Management Plan and ensure its implementation.  The whole treatment plant area will be fenced; the access of local people and wildlife will be controlled. The entry of personnel and third parties into the facility will be carried out in a controlled manner.  Private security officers will be hired in order to provide the security of the working area. The special security applications within the scope of the project and the competent authorities shall be in compliance with the provisions of the Law on Private Security Services and the Implementation of Occupational the Law on Private Security Services Health and Labour Force Operation Medium Low  The workers will be trained in accordance with Regulations on the Procedures and Principles of Safety Occupational Health and Safety Trainings of Employees.  Personal Protective Equipment will be provided for the workers according to the nature of work to be performed. The necessary trainings will be carried out for their use.  Smoking will be prohibited where the risks of fire is high. All the workers will be informed about the action plan in a case of fire  All equipment will be operated in proper working order. TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 230/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Definition of Affected Project Impact Measures to be Taken Significance of Potential Component Phase Significance Residual Impact Impacts  Procedures approved by the MUSKI in the maintenance and repair activities and the requirements of the technical specifications of the supplier companies will be complied with.  The necessary health and safety signs and traffic signs will be placed around the project site. Employees will be informed and alerted about the subject matter markings.  Trainings will be given to employees and operational and maintenance personnel within the scope of the Regulation on Procedures and Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Trainings and measurement and evaluation activities will be carried out after the trainings.  Entrance of operation and maintenance personnel and third parties will be carried out in a controlled manner from the doors of the security personnel.  Equipment that meets international standards in terms of performance and safety will be used at the plant.  After the plant is completed, necessary electrical tests will be carried out to check that the electrical connections and other related equipment are made properly before the plant is taken into operation.  An Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan will be prepared before the plant is taken into operation.  Automatic cleaning screens should be used instead of manually cleaning screens to prevent entrance of cleaning workers into the channels.  Appropriate ventilation systems should be installed at where methane accumulation is expected.  Railings will be installed around all tanks and pits.  MUSKI will prepare a Confined Space Entry Procedure that is consistent with MUSKI standards, applicable national requirements and internationally accepted standards.  MUSKI will conduct trainings for operators who work with chemicals such as flocculants, disinfectants, etc. regarding safe handling practices and emergency response procedures.  MUSKI will ensure that the Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan covers the escape plans in case of disinfectant emission/spillage.  MUSKI will distribute sufficient number of personal gas detection equipment to its employees.  MUSKI will advise individuals with asthma, diabetes, or suppressed immune systems not to work at the treatment plant and its auxiliary facilities due to greater risk of infection.  MUSKI will ensure the compliance of all the activities within the treatment plant and pumping stations with national standards and WBG EHS Guidelines. TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 231/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT V.7. Cumulative Impacts Cumulative impact assessment (CIA) has been performed for possible added impacts of the Project and projects within the impact area of it. CIA has been mainly based on expert opinion. CIA study follows the main principles of the Good Practice Handbook of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) on the Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) and Management Guidance, which is one of the latest and most comprehensive documents available to CIA practitioners and compiles the fundamental approaches of key reference documents on the assessment of cumulative impacts. Accordingly, the main steps of the study will comprise the following:  Step 1: Scoping Phase I – VECs, Spatial and Temporal Boundaries  Step 2: Scoping Phase II – Other Activities and Environmental Drivers  Step 3: Establish Information on Baseline Status of VECs  Step 4: Assess Cumulative Impacts on VECs  Step 5: Assess Significance of Predicted Cumulative Impacts  Step 6: Management of Cumulative Impacts – Design and Implementation Step 1: Scoping Phase I In line with the good practice handbook, the CIA study is based on the Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) that would be environmentally or socially important in assessing the risks of the Project. Accordingly, since the CIA should be looked at “from the VECs point of view”, in which the combined (i.e., cumulative) effects of various actions on each VEC are assessed, as the first step of the assessment, VECs for which cumulative impacts are to be assessed and managed, have been identified. It should be noted that only the VECs affected by the Project are considered in the assessment. In other words, any VEC that would be affected by other developments, but not by the Project are not taken into account in the assessment. For the initial identification of VECs, the following key environmental, health and safety issues mentioned by the Project EIA Report and former sections of this ESIA Report have been considered as:  Posidonia oceanica,  Receiving body,  Noise, and  Odor. Temporal extent of the assessment covers the impacts of past, present and reasonably foreseeable future developments that would correspond to the economic life of the Project to the maximum extent practical. Table V.44 summarizes VECs and areas of influence. Table V.44. Summary of VECs and Areas of Influence VECs Potential Impacts from the Project Area of Influence Footprint of the Project and immediate Posidonia oceanica  Decrease in coverage area surrounding. Receiving Body  Positive impact on sea water quality Receiving Body  Noise from transportation vehicles Footprint of the Project and immediate Noise  Noise from engines of construction equipment surrounding.  Noise from blower and pumps Footprint of the Project and immediate Odor  Nuisance due to the nature of the activities surrounding. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 232/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Step 2: Scoping Phase II Once the CIA extent is determined, other activities and environmental drivers within this geographical boundary that would affect the condition of the VECs selected for the CIA are determined based on a desk-top review of the readily available sources. The projects that might have a potential to contribute to possible cumulative impacts are provided in Table V.45 below and visually presented in Figure V.20. Table V.45. Projects to Contribute Possible Cumulative Effects Projects to contribute to possible cumulative Estimated Maximum Area Project Name effects Use Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP Source Project 3.04 ha and Sea Discharge Line Other Major Projects D-Marin Turgutreis 12.44 ha Ministry of Transportation and Planned Major Projects 12.6 ha Infrastructure’s Turgutreis Shipyard Total 28.08 ha TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 233/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure V.21. Projects to Contribute Possible Cumulative Effects TURGUTREIS Chapter V - Pg. 234/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT It is known that D-Marin Turgutreis, which is a marina for public use, is already in use. Due to the touristic nature of the Project location, there are no other big scale investments in the region. The region is mainly occupied by summer housings and hotels. Other than this Project, Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure’s Shipyard Project has possibility to be realized in the future. However, there is no sufficient information on this project since it is a military project. At this step, potential impacts on the VECs identified in Step I are evaluated to decide whether they need to be included in the cumulative assessment or not. The summary of this assessment is provided in Table V.46 below. Table V.46. Project Scoping Phase II Impact Estimated impact Scoped in / VECs Area of Influence significance of significance of other Scoped out Project facilities and activities Footprint of the Project and Posidonia oceanica Low Moderate Scoped in immediate surrounding. Receiving Body Receiving Body High (Positive) Low Scoped in Footprint of the Project and Noise Low Negligible Scoped out immediate surrounding. Footprint of the Project and Odor Low Negligible Scoped out immediate surrounding. As described earlier, this Project has two components; one is the wastewater treatment plant and the other is the sea discharge line. Since the noise and odor VECs identified for the Project are of concern mainly for treatment plant and since there are no other major projects around the treatment plant, these two VECs are scoped out totally. Step 3: Establish Information on Baseline Status of VECs For the characterization of the existing conditions of the selected VECs, the main reference is the EIA Report together with the marine biodiversity studies conducted within the scope of ESIA studies which includes comprehensive description of the baseline conditions regarding Posidonia oceanica coverage, sea-water quality, etc. Step 4: Assess Cumulative Impacts on VECs Cumulative impacts on the VECs are analyzed by estimating the future state of the VECs under the aggregated effect of past, present and reasonably foreseeable activities/developments. The assessment is based on a qualitative approach rather than the magnitude of the impact. The construction stage effects of the marina and shipyard projects are limited to the footprint area and can be completed within a relatively short period of time. However, the construction of these kinds of structures alters the bottom of the sea. As known, the marine part of the Project Area and its close vicinity is covered with Posidonia oceanica, whose importance is discussed in depth in the related sections of this report. Since D-Marin Turgutreis is already in operation, it can be said that it has already altered the Posidonia oceanica coverage. In addition to the impacts on sea grass coverage, D-Marin Turgutreis has some effects on sea water quality as well. Unfortunately, there is no quantitative data to assess the impacts of the D-Marin Turgutreis on sea water quality. However; it can be said that the baseline sea water quality determination performed within the context of this ESIA study also reflects the impacts of D-Marin Turgutreis on seawater quality. In future, it is expected to observe better sea water quality in the region due to the realization of this Project. However, it is also required that MUSKI will be in communication with the D-Marin Turgutreis administration in future not only for the management of the impacts on the TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 235/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT defined VECs but also especially in the construction phase of the marine part of the sea discharge line to ensure the marine traffic safety for the visitors of D-Marin Turgutreis. The most important project that will be expected to have some impacts on the sea grass coverage is the Shipyard of Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure’s. In addition to the impacts on sea grass community, the construction and operation phases of this project will also have some impacts on sea water quality. Since there is no clear information on this project, MUSKI will be needed to be in close contact with the relevant authority to work in collaboration to reduce any adverse impacts on defined VECs. Step 5: Assess Significance of Predicted Cumulative Impacts Significance of predicted cumulative impacts are estimated in terms of the vulnerability and/or risk to the sustainability of the VECs assessed, which are directly related with the existing sensitivity/vulnerability conditions of the VECs and the applicable thresholds that are the limits beyond which changes resulting from cumulative impacts become of concern. For practical purposes, if the cumulative impacts of all combined developments on a VEC do not exceed a limit or threshold, the impact is considered insignificant. In this regard, the coverage area of the Posidonia oceanica and changes in sea water quality is considered. Therefore, the cumulative impacts on the sea water quality are assessed to be low and are easily managed by the implementation of mitigation measures. However, it is expected that the realization of Naval Shipyard project will cause some impacts on sea grass coverage in the area; thus, the cumulative impacts can be assessed to be significant. However, it should be noted that the Naval Shipyard project has not been disclosed to community yet and the information about it is limited. Step 6: Management of Cumulative Impacts At the final step of the CIA, management strategies are suggested for any cumulative impacts that are anticipated to be significant. However, it should be noted that since cumulative impacts typically result from the actions of multiple stakeholders, the responsibility for their management will be collective, which would not be ensured solely by the efforts of MUSKI. Hence, the CIA is concluded with both project level mitigation measures as well as possible joint actions and coordinated efforts for managing cumulative impacts. In this regard, although the cumulative impacts due to the Project are found to be insignificant, project specific management approach regarding loss of sea grass coverage and sea water quality is provided in Table V.47. Table V.47. Management Approaches for Cumulative Impacts VECs Impacts Management approach  All administrations should work together to protect and/or mitigate impacts on Posidonia oceanica  The related mitigation measures suggested within this report Posidonia might be shared with the relevant authorities Decrease in coverage area oceanica  If the findings of this ESIA study is found to be insufficient, a comprehensive study specified on Posidonia oceanica might be conducted with the contributions of Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure  Joint studies to determine sea water quality might be Receiving Body Changes in sea water quality performed TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT Chapter V - Pg. 236/306 AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VI. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES VI.1. Introduction The planned Project will be constructed in the vicinity of Turgutreis neighborhood of Bodrum District in Mugla Province. The Project Area covers a land of 3.04 hectares. Within the scope of the project, it is planned to treatment of collected waste water of Turgutreis neighborhood and its close vicinity. In the following sections, factors considered in the site and technology selection will be described and evaluation of alternatives will be presented. VI.2. “No Project” Alternative No project alternative concerns the scenario that the Project does not become operational and negative or positive possible consequences of the scenario. As explained in the previous sections, the domestic wastewater generated in the service area of the Project is currently being discharged to Bodrum Bay by sea discharge without any treatment. In case of the project is not actualized, the situation will continue and the wastewater of the region will be discharged into the sea without treatment. Therefore, its negative impacts will continue and the discharge will create pollution stress on marine environment. Furthermore, in order to ensure that the settlements located in the service area of the Project will not be able to benefit from wastewater services in a healthy and sustainable manner since necessary treatment is not applied. Therefore negative impacts could be occurring on public health, especially in terms of bathing water. Since the Project Area is already used as a storage area, there will not be any new area use. Therefore, the Project will not cause a significant change on land use. Construction phase short term impacts such as noise and dust generation will not occur if the Project is not actualized. However, these impacts will be kept in regulation limits and will not have significant impacts on local residents anyway. Due to the abovementioned reasons, no project alternative is not considered as a reasonable alternative. The benefits of the positive effects of the project are of great importance to the surrounding population. VI.3. Site Alternatives Site selection criteria for the planned Project are listed below;  Need of collection and treatment of wastewater at Turgutreis and its close vicinity  The absence of residences in the immediate vicinity of the treatment plant  The absence of any flora and fauna species, which are rare and endangered in the Project Area,  The ownership of the area belongs to the General Directorate of Water and Sewerage Administration of Muğla,  Consideration has been given to the fact that the designated area is currently used by the Water and Channel Administration Department as a warehouse and not within any Important Plant Area  The facility should be easily accessible at all times during the year, energy, communication and drinking water connections should be made easily, TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 237/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  The site should be close to a large body of water and / or agricultural land where the treated wastewater can be discharged,  The wastewater treatment facility should have a low elevation area where the collected wastewater can be brought with gravity flow;  A moderately-slope site, if possible, should be preferred, especially as it would allow a suitable hydraulic profile. The area that meets the above criteria at the most appropriate level has been selected as the Project Area which is also subject to this ESIA Report. The planned Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant is at a point where most of the wastewater coming from the pump stations is reached with gravity flow. Wastewater collected from TM6, TM6A and TM7 will be provided to the facility by evaluating the most feasible condition of operating conditions. The area designated for the project is located 100 m from the nearest urban residential area (from the center of the treatment plant area). According to the noise levels caused by the construction equipment and equipment to be used in the project, even at the worst conditions (all vehicles working at the same time and during working hours) it is seen that after approximately 100 meters from the source (distance to the nearest house from the center) it is 62.8 dBA. VI.4. Technology Alternatives VI.4.1. Process Alternatives In this section, the alternatives of the advanced biological treatment of the Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant are examined. When BOD/COD concentrations and the discharge criteria are taken into consideration within the scope of feasibility study, the necessity of the advanced treatment for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is understood. In order to identify the process alternatives, working principle of the system is determined. Sequencing batch or continuous treatment configurations can be applied. Sequencing batch configuration is not recommended for touristic regions due to possible difficulties in operation and high design flowrates. The big difference between summer and winter flowrates makes hard to design and apply different operation alternatives (i.e. while operating whole lines during summer and operating less lines during winter). Therefore, continuous configuration is recommended for the plant. The alternatives of the continuous advanced biological treatment for the plant are:  Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)  Conventional Activated Sludge Systems  Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS). Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Membrane Bioreactor System (MBR) is actually an improved version of conventional activated sludge process. It is a suspended growth system separating the treated effluent and biomass with low pressure membrane filtration. MBR consist of a bioreactor providing biological treatment and filtration unit (with pores of 0.02-1 microns) providing physical separation (ultrafiltration and microfiltration). An effluent with hardly any solids and microorganisms can be obtained. MBR can achieve % 80-%98 COD removal. Continuous flow on the filter surface prevent filter from clogging by filtered solids. Still pores of the membrane are clogged in time and the permeability decreases. Thus backwash of the filter with chemicals (citric acid or sodium hypcloride) or treated water within certain periods is needed. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 238/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT When compared to conventional activated sludge, MBR systems requires % 50 less area. Also final sedimentation is not required in MBR systems, therefore filamentous growth and bulking sludge problems occurring in sedimentation tanks are not possible. Separation of biomass is done by filters. Moreover, MBR systems can be operated with high MLSS concentrations which cause decrease in bioreactor volume and enable high organic loads. Also, toxic organics create less operational problems and nitrification is not affected negatively as much in conventional activated sludge. However the configuration is more complex and control is harder than conventional systems because treatment process takes place in single tank. Necessary engineering services for operation and monitoring of development cost more than conventional systems. Moreover initial investment cost is higher than conventional systems because membranes are expensive and delicate automation and control systems are necessary. For MBR to be able to operate properly in long run, pretreatment may be required; which requires additional costs. Furthermore membranes must be renewed within certain periods. Energy used during backwash and chemicals used in backwash increases cost. Consequently, initial investment cost and operational cost are higher than conventional systems, thus MBR systems are not utilized frequently. Other drawbacks of the MBR are the clogging of the membrane frequently during treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater, absence of high flowrate system application examples, and the need of field test during project design, which consumes time and cause additional cost. Figure VI.1 presents overall flow diagram of MBR process. Figure VI.1. Flow Diagram of the MBR Process Conventional Activated Sludge Systems A2O (denitrification first or simultaneous systems), Step Feed, Bardenpho and UCT are the conventional activated sludge systems. These systems can be converted to each other via placing gates in transition points of tanks and inserting pipes. For the treatment plant, these systems are recommended and explained below: A2O Process A2O is a modification of the AO process which provides phosphorus removal via anaerobic tank and nitrogen removal via anoxic tank. Hydraulic retention time of anoxic tank is about 1-1.5 hours. Denitrification takes place in anoxic reactor. In order to denitrify the nitrate produced via nitrification in aerobic tank, recycling of some portion of the effluent of the aerobic tank to anoxic tank entry and well mixing with the raw waste water is required. Necessary carbon source for denitrification is contained in raw wastewater and conveyed to anoxic tank via activated sludge recycle line. When it is not required anoxic and aerobic tanks to be separated, by providing recycle in oxidation tanks and forming anoxic and aerobic parts in each tank, simultaneous nitrogen removal can be achieved. Simultaneous systems are more suitable to treatment plants with low flowrates. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 239/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Entry of the dissolved oxygen to anoxic tank via nitrate recycle line must be minimized. Nitrogen removal efficiency is directly proportional to internal recycle ratio. A2O process is not affected negatively by the changes in flowrate and pollution strength. Also, extended aeration systems of the process provide sludge stabilization; thus there is no need to apply additional sludge stabilization methods. Figure VI.2, A2O shows the flow diagram of the process. Figure VI.2. Flow Diagram of the A2O Process Step Feed System Step Feed configuration is capable of removing carbon and nitrogen and it is applied to optimize the biological nitrogen removal. Raw waste water is given to tanks at 2 or 3 points. Therefore, second and the following anoxic tanks receive carbon source for denitrification from raw waste water. Increased denitrification efficiency and relatively constant MLSS concentration through reactor can be counted as the advantages of this configuration. It is suitable for high nitrogen concentrations. Figure VI.3 shows the flow diagram of the process. Figure VI.3. Flow diagram of the Step Feed System TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 240/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Bardenpho Process (5 Staged) 5 Staged Bardenpho Process is a configuration providing nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon removal. 5 Staged Bardenpho is obtained by adding an additional anaerobic tank to the beginning and a recycle line from final sedimentation to that anaerobic tank to the 4 Staged Bardenpho. Carbon sources both present in raw wastewater and/or produced from endogenous respiration are used for denitrification. Nitrate coming from recycle line and/or present in raw wastewater denitrified with the carbon sources in wastewater. Ammonium nitrogen goes to the first aerobic tank where the wastewater nitrified and then the second anoxic tank where denitrification is performed by released carbon in the endogenous respiration. The second aerobic tank is smaller than the first one, is used to increase dissolved oxygen concentration and remove the nitrogen gas from environment. Flow diagram of 5 staged Bardenpho process is presented in Figure VI.4 below. Figure VI.4. Flow Diagram of the 5-Staged Bardenpho Process UCT Process Activated sludge system configurations with the anaerobic, aerobic and anoxic tank are needed to remove nitrogen and phosphor from wastewater. Nitrate and oxygen concentration should be minimized in the recycle line from anoxic tank to improve phosphor removal and avoid negative effects on treatment performance. That is why UCT process, which is a modification of A2O process, is developed. Nitrate is recycled from aerobic to anoxic tank to reduce nitrate concentration in the anaerobic tank and sludge is recycled from the final sedimentation tank to anoxic tank and also from anoxic to anaerobic tank. UCT process is especially applicable for the wastewater which has the low COD/TP to be able to increase phosphor removal. Figure VI.5. Flow Diagram of the UCT Process TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 241/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) Process Hybrid system is obtained by the integration of the biofilm layers into the suspended activated sludge system. As IFAS have more biomass, higher quality effluent standards and higher influent loads are obtained. IFAS can be used in the domestic wastewater treatment plant, differs from activated sludge process in that all biomass is not suspended, it will grow by holding onto a media integrated in the aeration tank. Anaerobic and anoxic tanks are required for the nitrogen and phosphorous removal as in the conventional activated sludge process. Advantages of IFAS are;  Need small area,  Odorless and aesthetic treatment technology,  Resistance to shock loads,  High quality of effluent,  Short time needed for the plant construction and installation. Disadvantages of IFAS are;  Non-widespread technology,  High quality of staff needed for the maintenance and repair,  Higher initial investment and operating costs than conventional activated sludge systems. Figure VI.6. Flow Diagram of the Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) Process VI.4.2. Sludge Management Sludge treatment is one of the most difficult processes in terms of operation and planning in wastewater treatment plants. Although the amount of sludge produced corresponds to a low percentage of 1% to 6% by volume of wastewater, the investment and operation costs of the sludge treatment units are a higher in the total cost of the plant. In general waste management; primarily strategy is to prevent waste generation or to minimize, then to recover it if possible, if it cannot be recovered, it is essential to dispose of it in harmony with the environment. Sludge should be reused on the soil, used as additional fuel in cement plants, anaerobic digestion and energy recovery methods, and environmentally compatible and regularly stored and incinerated. In general, the sludge from the system with the pumps is first condensed and then decomposed by suitable sludge stabilization method selected under the sludge management, dewatered, dried and removed using the final disposal methods. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 242/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Sludge Thickening Alternatives The concentration of the solid content of sludge coming from the wastewater treatment units is increased by removing a portion of liquid fraction and volume is decreased in sludge thickening. Volume reduction decrease the;  Capacity of tanks and equipment required,  Quantity of chemical required,  Amount of heat required for the subsequent sludge thickening units Gravity Thickening Solid matter that has high density in the sludge and can precipitate spontaneously is separated from water and becomes concentrated by gravity. It is applied to the preliminary settling sludge which has the high inorganic and perceptible solid content. Sludge thickening is accomplished in circular sedimentation basins. The solids concentration reached in the gravitational sludge thickening is generally 5-10% solids content for preliminary settling sludge, 2- 3% solid content for waste activated sludge, 3-6% solid content for drip-filtered filter sludge and 4- 7% for mixed sludge. Floatation Thickening It is primarily used to thicken the solids in biological process. The incoming solids is concentrated as 2~8 times degree. Separation of solids is achieved by introducing fine air bubbles created under pressure of several atmospheres into the liquid, attaching to solids to cause flotation of solids. The condensed sludge that accumulates on the surface of the tank is stripped away. Coagulant addition can also be performed to better perform solid/liquid separation in process. Disadvantages of flotation thickening are equipment cost, maintenance-repair and high operating cost depending on energy requirement. Mechanical Thickening (Centrifugation) It is a common method for sludge thickening and dewatering. During the centrifugation process, centrifugal force separates the solid substances and free water in the sludge. The most advanced centrifuges are spinner type solids decanter type centrifuges. Entrance of the sludge is continuous and the solid materials are gathered around the horizontal cylinder and paddled out of the cradle. The water of the sludge is removed from the thickener by means of weirs. Advantages of centrifugation;  Better concentration performance  Easier and closed system operation  Need low area  Easy maintenance and repair  Lower risk of odor problem and formation of pathogens Disadvantages of centrifugation;  Higher initial investment cost TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 243/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Gravity Belt Thickening Gravity belt thickeners which are used in the waste activated sludge, aerobic and anaerobic digestive sludge and some industrial sludge are applied in solids concentrations less than 2%. Treatment sludge is distributed on the condensation band in the pore structure and the water is directed by gravity effect after the addition of polymer. Through the use of a series of scraper knives placed along the course of the band, the water is allowed to pass from the sludge to the band. Disadvantages of gravity belt thickening;  Need high polymer addition and equipment,  The need for backwashing of the band increases the formation of filtrate water, which acts as additional pollution load to the treatment plant,  Need good ventilation due to odor formation. Sludge Stabilization Alternatives The Ministry of Environment and Forestry should make a selection of sludge treatment process to comply with Appendix 11-A of the "Regulation on the Control of Hazardous Wastes" for storage criteria in landfills of sludge from wastewater treatment plant. Stabilization is applied in order to eliminate problems such as reduction of pathogenic organisms, prevention of unwanted odors, decay, deterioration and spoilage in the contents of treatment sludge. The most important feature in the stabilization process is the volatile or organic content of the treatment sludge. If sludge incineration applications are preferred as a final disposal, since the amount of energy to be obtained as a result of the combustion process depends on the calorific value of the sludge, it may be considered that not to conduct stabilization of the sludge since the stabilization of the sludge will reduce calorific value of the sludge. In this case, however, the dewatered sludge must be transferred to the incineration process without prolonged storage. The main technologies used for sludge stabilization are as follows: Aerobic Digestion Aerobic digestion can be applied to waste active sludge or mixed sludge (primary sedimentation+waste active sludge or primary sedimentation+dripping filter sludge). Waste activated sludge into a separate tank and aerated for a few days. Thus, the volatile solid materials in the sludge are biologically stabilized. Advantages of aerobic digestion;  Low initial investment cost,  Less operational problem. Disadvantages of aerobic digestion;  High energy need to provide necessary oxygen to the system,  No useful final product such as methane can be obtained and lack of energy recovery. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 244/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Anaerobic Digestion Sludge in the anaerobic digestion, one of the most common processes used for sludge stabilization, is heated at about 35 ° C to decompose organic and inorganic substances in the mesophilic environment in the absence of molecular oxygen. Condensed primary sludge and excess the biological sludge is pumped to the digesters where air intake is off and well mixing conditions are provided. The organic substances in the waste sludge are biodegraded and converted into various end products such as methane and carbon dioxide. The most important parameter in reactor design is the waiting period, which can be accepted between 20-25 days. The most important advantage of anaerobic digestion is that biogas can be obtained as a product and heat and electricity can be supplied by the gas cogeneration system collected in the gas reservoirs. Electricity is generated by inserting the generator into the generator. The generator meets some of the electricity needed by the treatment plant. The cooling water from the gas motor is used as heat energy to protect the existing mesophilic temperature of the sludge digester. Chemical Sludge Stabilization In chemical stabilization, the lime is added to the raw water to raise pH above 12. The environment created by high pH is not suitable for the survival of microorganisms. Thus, microorganism will not cause rot, bad smell and harmful health. Despite the low initial investment cost, the operating cost is high due to the high amount of chemical addition and sludge formation. Stabilization in the Aeration Tank Extended aeration activated sludge systems have a high sludge age and therefore excess biological sludge removed from the system is in a stabilized state. Larger tank volumes and more oxygen supply are needed due high sludge age. It is stated that the process according to our specification will be done according to ATV-DVWK-A131. Aerobic sludge stabilization in ATV-A131 is also recommended. In such a case, additional units need to be done;  Mechanical Thickener  Aerobic Sludge Stabilization Pool  Diffuser System  Mixers, dosing pumps PE dosing unit  Blower Unit  Lime Unit is required. Disadvantages of aerobic sludge stabilization tank;  No energy recovery,  More costly due to the energy costs which is spent for aeration,  Weaker dewatering character of digested sludge,  Process is affected by temperature, tank geometry, amount of solids in the input sludge, the quality of mixing / ventilation equipment and the type of tank building material. Also; in some facilities that are in MUSKI’s responsibility, for example existing Marmaris Wastewater Treatment Plant; the aerobic sludge stabilization pool and lime unit were constructed. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 245/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT It has been declared by the plant manager that the sludge stabilization pool has never been used to date since these facilities were built. It is not possible to use the stabilization pool in all seasons of the year since there are serious seasonal differences in the summer and winter pollution load of the incoming wastewater. On the basis of all these evaluations, it was concluded that since it is not economical and useful in the operation and it would be more appropriate to not construct aerobic sludge stabilization due to insufficient land. Sludge Dewatering Alternatives To facilitate the final disposal of treatment sludge and to reduce the amount of sludge to be removed, it is necessary to increase the content of solids and reduce the water content. The reduction in the volume of sludge is of great importance for the capacity and investment of the final disposal facilities. In addition, it reduces the cost of transporting and transporting sludge. Sludge dewatering by mechanical methods, is the most preferred method for dewatering treatment sludge, have low area requirement and higher dewatering efficiency. Decanter centrifuges, belt filter presses and filter presses are most widely used dewatering equipment. Other mechanical sludge dewaters are vacuum filters and drill presses which their usage rates are low. Dewatering with Centrifugation Today, centrifugation is one of the most common used methods. Centrifugation dewatering is the treatment of sludge under the influence of centrifugal forces, making it more dense sludge. The sludge, which usually contain chemicals such as polyelectrolyte, alum and limestone, are given to centrifuges rotating about a horizontal axis at a speed of 1,600-2,000 rpm. The sludge drained from the ditch is conveyed to the entrance to the wastewater treatment plant. The dewatering yields are 90-95%, and the solids content of the outlet sludge can vary between 20- 25%. Advantages of centrifugation dewatering;  Need less space,  No odor problem because it is a closed system,  High dewatering efficiency. Disadvantage of centrifugation dewatering;  High investment cost. Dewatering in Belt Filter Dewatering with a belt filter is based on the principle that the squeezing of the sludge with the pressure effect applied to the sludge will remove the water. Polymer addition is required to purify the sludge quenching feature. Sludge is compressed between the two strips with a porous surface, with the tension provided by the cylinders of different diameters. Belt filter designs have basic features such as polymer conditioning, gravity drainage, under-compression and under- compression. The filtration area provided by the belt filter, the use of additional rollers, and the belt rotation speed are factors affecting the dewatering efficiency. Belt filter dewatering can be dewatered to 18-20% solids in general, depending on the yield sludge characterization. Dewatering in Filter Press Filter press dewatering is the method of dewatering mechanical sludge which provides the oldest and highest output solid matter ratio. Higher pressures are applied in filter press dewatering. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 246/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT It is a suitable method to be used in industrial sewage sludge which has discontinuous sludge feed and low water supply ability. 28-30% solid matter ratios can be achieved. Sludge Drying Alternatives The water in the sludge has to be evaporated in order to dry the sludge. Since the water in the sludge has different properties, it is generally considered in two main parts; free water not bound to solid particles and part of the water that is difficult to evaporate. Both natural and mechanical dewatering and drying methods have been developed for the sludge disposal with different moisture contents according to the final sludge disposal method. The dried sludge is biologically stable and has low water content as well as burning and storage, and so on. The advantages of sludge drying are that the problem of odor is low; transport, handling and storage costs are reduced considerably by reducing the volume of wet sludge in large volumes. The biggest advantages of dried the treatment sludge is the possibility of using the final product as following areas;  Use as fertilizer in agriculture and forestry,  Use as energy in cement plants, energy plants and incineration plants,  Use for topsoil landscaping, fill and regular storage. Thermal Drying Thermal drying reduces the content of moisture in the sludge far below that obtained by mechanical dehydration methods. Advantages of the dried sludge are lower transportation costs, reduction of pathogens and better storage and marketing. In the contact drying process, heat is indirectly transferred to the sludge through the heated surface while heat is directly supplied to the particles in the convection drying process. The most common types of drying are tape, drum and fluid bed dryers. The sludge is poured onto the conveyor belt and the hot air is fed into the system. Since the speeds of the driers are adjustable, it is possible to obtain between 65% and 90% solids. The drying capacities of the dryers vary between 500 - 4000 kg H2O / hr. Mixing with dry matter (pre- dried slurry) is required at the beginning of the system in order to pass the adhesive phase to prevent plugging. Solar Drying Wet sludge is dried in specially prepared greenhouse areas where are extremely transparent, with special coverings that prevent uncontrolled air change and therefore unnecessary heat loss. With ventilators located in the unit, the drying air of the ambient air is introduced into the circuit by the optimal air flow rate. Solar drying, climatic conditions and mud drying characteristics are parameters that determine the design of the drying facility. Space required for drying depends on sludge characteristics and atmospheric conditions such as precipitation, relative humidity and temperature. The disadvantage of solar drying is that very high area is needed. Lime Drying By the addition of slaked lime, to a hygienic and pathogen free product is obtained from the waste sludge. This is achieved by reaction heat and alkalization. The obtained product has organic content, can be used in agriculture and in soil lacking in lime. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 247/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 248/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VI.4.3. Disposal Methods Land application, storage, incineration and composting alternatives can be applied for final disposal. Information about the final disposal methods that can be applied to the treatment sludge to be formed at the Turgutreis Advanced Biological Treatment Plant is as in the following. Field Application The application of treatment sludge to agricultural areas aims to increase the use of sludge, fertilizer as a source of nutrients or as soil conditioner and to increase agricultural production. The pH of the soil to be applied to the treatment sludge must be 6.5. Thus, the movement of heavy metals within the soil is limited. Regulation on the Use of Soil and Municipal Sewage Sludge, which was published in the Official Gazette dated 03.08.2010 and numbered 27661, covers the technical and administrative principles related to soil controlled use in such a way that treatment sludge does not harm soil, plant, animal and human. It is strictly forbidden to use raw sludge to the soil according to the Regulation. In treatment sludge, there are limit values for heavy metals, organic compounds and dioxins. Heavy metal content limit values for soil and stabilized sludge to be used in soil are presented in Table VI.1 and Table VI.2. Table VI.1. Heavy Metal Limit Values in the Soil 6≤ph<7 pH≥7 Heavy Metal (Total) mg. Kg-1 Oven Dry Soil mg. Kg-1 Oven Dry Soil Lead 70 100 Cadmium 1 1,5 Chromium 60 100 Copper 50 100 Nickel 50 70 Zinc 150 200 Mercury 0,5 1 Table VI.2. Maximum Heavy Metal Content Limit Values for Stabilized Sludge to be used in Soil Heavy Metal (Total) Limit Values (mg kg-1 dry matter) Lead 750 Cadmium 10 Chromium 1000 Copper 1000 Nickel 300 Zinc 2500 Mercury 10 The maximum permissible values of stabilized sludge for organic compound are given in Table VI.3 below. The limit value for the stabilized sludge content for the polychlorinated dibenzodioxin / dibenzofurans is specified as 100 ng Toxic Equivalent kg-1 dry matter. Table VI.3. Organic Compound Limit Values for Stabilized Sludge to be used in Soil Organic Compounds Limit Values (mg kg-1 dry matter) AOX (Absorbable organic halogens) 500 LAS (Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate) 2600 DEHP (Diptalate (2-ethylhexyl)) 100 NPE (Nonyl phenol and nonyl phenol ethoxylates with 1 and 2 ethoxy groups ) 50 PAH (sum of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or polyaromatic hydrocarbons) 6 PCB (sum of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) 0,8 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 249/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT There are important restrictions on the use of the sludge in the soil both in terms of soil quality, and in the treatment sludge, heavy metals, organic compounds and dioxin content. There are significant restrictions on the soil quality of the treatment sludge in terms of heavy metal, organic compound and dioxin content. Therefore, heavy metal content of the treatment sludge within the limit values does not mean that the sludge can be used in the soil. Composting Composting is the process of decomposition of waste sludge by biological activity. Composting boxes and tunnel reactors are widely used in composting process. The heavy metal content in the final product has critical importance and must provide specifications about the end product standards, local and national legislation. Disadvantages of composting;  Operating costs are higher than laying out of the raw sludge.  Ventilation causes energy consumption. In order to ensure an optimum C/N ratio, it may be advantageous to mix the treatment sludge with other wastes, and in the case where it is necessary to purchase these wastes, it can turn into a disadvantage. Landfill Regulation on the Regular Storage of Wastes, which was published in the Official Gazette dated 26.03.2010 and numbered 27533, covers the technical and administrative basis for the prevention and management of environmental effects that may occur during the disposal process of waste through the regular storage method. Regular Storage Facilities belonging to the Metropolitan Municipalities is considered as II. Class regular storage facility in the line with the description of the facility with the substructure required for the storage of municipal wastes and non-hazardous wastes. II. Class regulated storage facilities acceptance limit values are given in the Table VI.4 below. Table VI.4. Waste Acceptance Limit Values for Class II Landfill Facilities Parameter Unit Limit Value As mg / L 0,05 Ba mg / L 2 Cd mg / L 0,004 Cr mg / L 0,05 Cu mg / L 0,2 Hg mg / L 0,001 Mo mg / L 0,05 Ni mg / L 0,04 Pb mg / L 0,05 Sb mg / L 0,006 Se mg / L 0,01 Zn mg / L 0,4 Chloride mg / L 80 Fluoride mg / L 1 Sulfate mg / L 100 DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) mg / L 50 TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) mg / L 400 pH mg / L ≥6 Total Organic Carbon mg / L 50.000 - %5 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 250/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The most important provisions in the Regulation on the Regular Storage of Wastes are included in Temporary Article 4. Temporary Article 4 is stated below:  In Appendix-IV to the Regulation on the General Principles of Waste Management, sludge classified as non-hazardous does not require compliance with the Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) limit value in a separate lot storage in the Class 2 regular storage area Class on condition that all other parameters given in Appendix-2 is provided, at least 30% by weight of dry matter is involved and of bad smell is eliminated. In addition to the first paragraph of this Article, the following limit values must be met:  A maximum of 250,000 mg/kg is taken until 1/1/2020 without additional limit value increase for Appendix-2 Waste Acceptance Criteria, 2-A) Inert Wastes Regular Storage Criteria III. TOC (Total Organic Carbon) value which is below the limit values for class storage facilities and treatment sludge.  A maximum 25% is taken up to 1/1/2020 without additional limit value increase for Annex-2 Waste Acceptance Criteria, 2-B) Non-Hazardous Waste Regular Storage Criteria, non-reactive and stable hazardous wastes II. TOC (Total Organic Carbon) value which is below the limit values for acceptance to class storage facilities, for treatment sludge. Incineration The disposal of sewage sludge directly for agricultural purposes or to the landfill site is subject to increasingly stringent legal controls. Mixing domestic solid wastes and waste sludge optimize the operation of the combustion plants. The volumetric reduction in very significant quantities is the result of the burning. It is estimated that incineration will be increasingly used by burning sewage sludge, despite the high investment costs in incineration systems, the incidence of incineration criteria, increased costs associated with the processing of emission gases, and the difficulty of disposal of ash resulting from combustion. The Regulation on the Waste Incineration, which was published in the Official Gazette dated 06.10.2010 and numbered 27721, is designed to prevent the negative effects of the incineration of wastes on the environment, in particular the risks that may arise for pollution resulting from emissions in air, soil, surface waters and groundwater and human health. Some definitions related to sludge management within the scope of the Regulation are as follows: Combined incineration plat: The main objective of the project is to develop a waste management system for the production of energy, waste acceptance unit, temporary storage unit, pretreatment unit, waste feed and air supply systems, boiler, flue gas treatment units, including all units in co-incineration facilities, including measuring equipment and systems used to control incineration, flue, burning operations, recording and monitoring of incineration conditions, for the temporary storage of incineration residues and for the treatment of wastewaters all installations are considered to be incinerators (but if the incineration process is aimed at the thermal disposal of the waste, not the product or energy production). Current incineration or co-incineration plant: It means an incinerator or co-incinerator plant which has been operating on the date of entry into force of this Regulation and which has already submitted licensed installations or license application files. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 251/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Incineration plant: The units included in the facility for waste storage, preheating unit, waste treatment and waste disposal systems, boiler, flue gas treatment systems, regular storage of residues resulting from combustion and wastewater treatment, control and burning of flue, including any other thermal disposal operations such as pyrolysis, gasification, or plasma processes, including the combustion of waste by oxidation, which may or may not recover the resulting combustion heat, including all the units involved in the process, including measurement devices and systems used to monitor and record thermal disposal refers to any kind of system. The moisture content of the sludge is important for the incineration because dewatered sludge with a moisture content of 70% or more cannot sustain the combustion process and require additional fuel. For the sludge to be used as an alternative fuel, it must have a dry matter content of at least 85%. Cement factories around the treatment plant accept dried sludge as fuel in calorific value range 2,700-3,000 kcal. The main advantages of the incineration method are listed below;  After burning, there is a significant reduction in the volume of the treated sludge (it is linked to the organic matter content of the sludge being burnt).  Sewage sludge is used as energy.  It is possible to use the by-products produced after the burning of the treatment sludge by recycling (asphalt road filler, concrete production and brick making).  This process is not affected much by the sludge composition.  They are reliable (known / implemented) systems.  The smells are minimized due to the system being closed and high temperatures. VI.5. Discharge Alternatives Three dimensional hydrodynamic convection and water quality model has been used to study wind climate, wave climate, long-term extreme wave statistics studies and to model wind, wave, density flow currents and pollution cloud distribution with these current orders in close and far area. According to results of abovementioned studies criteria’s for the discharge point have been identified;  Main discharge line should be placed with 2350 angle from north to west-southwest direction,  It should be at least 1,400 meters long,  At the end of the main discharge line there should be a diffuser pipe with a length of 60 meters at least thorough the same direction,  Diffuser pipe should be located at 17 meters depth at least,  There should be 0.12 diameters 15 holes that placed on alternating diffuser. VI.6. Comparison of Alternatives VI.6.1. Comparison of Technology Alternatives A scoring system was established during the comparison of treatment alternatives considered for the design of Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants and the following criteria were taken into consideration:  To be able to provide discharge standards,  Ease of operation and maintenance,  Investment costs, TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 252/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Operation and maintenance costs,  Flexibility to flow and load changes,  Resistance to toxic substances,  Land requirements,  Aesthetic. These criteria are graded according to importance by weighted percentage and percentile. According to the treatment technology, each criterion is given between 0 and 5 points (5 best points, 1 weakest point, and 0 ineffective points). Weighted scores were obtained by multiplying the importance grade and the technology score, and the total score was obtained by their aggregation. It is accepted that the technology alternative with the highest total score is the most feasible option. Table VI.5 shows the results of the evaluation. Table VI.5. Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Alternatives Conventional Significance Concept MBR Process Activated IFAS Process Level Sludge Systems Providing Discharge Standards 15 5 4 5 Ease of Operation and Maintenance 10 2 5 3 Land Requirements 10 5 3 4 Electricity and Maintenance Costs 20 2 4 3 Resistance to flow and load changes 10 3 5 4 Investment Costs 20 2 4 2 Aesthetic 5 4 3 4 Sludge Disposal Costs 10 4 2 3 Total (weighted score) 100 3.15 3.85 3.35 Table VI.5 compares the advantages and disadvantages of three different biological treatment processes capable of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Conventional activated sludge systems containing different configurations of classical activated sludge systems have been evaluated together at this stage. All processes can provide discharge standards, but the highest quality effluent is obtained by MBR and IFAS processes. Operating conventional activated sludge systems is easier than operating IFAS systems. The fact that the application examples are not common in our country and that the application examples for high wastewater treatment are limited is disadvantageous in terms of operation. The MBR process requires the least land due to the fact that the final settling tanks are not needed. On the contrary, conventional activated sludge processes require higher space requirements than other systems because of the higher pool volumes and the need for the final settling tank. In IFAS systems too, low ventilation pool volumes arise due to the adherence of some of the biomass to the media. Also the filtration unit instead of the last settling tank can also be used. MBR systems have a disadvantage in terms of operating cost due to high electricity consumption and frequent blockage of MBR units. In conventional activated sludge systems, operating cost is much lower than other systems. In IFAS systems, low sludge production, high energy consumption is the issue. The application example for resistance to flow and shock pollution loads are the most common conventional activated sludge systems is more advantageous than other alternatives. In the MBR process biological treatment performance against shock loads is significantly affected. In case of shock loading in MBR application examples, the caps are automatically closed in biological reactors and no water is taken into the system. This is a major drawback to the business. The IFAS system has been evaluated as a process resistant to shock pollution loads and flow rates due to its two types of microbial lifecycle. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 253/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In the MBR system, the initial investment cost is higher than conventional systems due to the high membrane cost and the need for precise measurement-automation. Similarly, the IFAS process is often patented technology and has high initial investment costs. MBR systems have a view and aesthetic advantage because they have closed and low space requirements. IFAS processes also have an aesthetic appearance because they can be used with purification plants in patented application examples. Since conventional activated sludge systems are composed of open and high-volume units, they have an aesthetic appearance. However, the aesthetic criterion has a lower significance level because the areas where the treatment facilities are located for the project area are not intensive and the areas are far from the city center. Since the most sludge production from the treatment alternatives under consideration is related to the conventional systems, it has the highest score in terms of sludge disposal costs. Since the least sludge production occurs in the MBR and IFAS processes, a lower rating is made. Sewage sludge that is generated after the treatment process in all wastewater treatment plants operated by MUSKI is disposed of at Solid Waste Regular Storage Facilities operated by the Environmental Protection and Control Department. The result of technical evaluation of treatment technologies is the technologically most suitable alternative for conventional Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant is the conventional activated sludge systems. The facility will be designed according to the first stage (37.000 m³ / day) according to the related article (Number: 53042709-314.04-2016-2236 / 14568) of the Wastewater Treatment Plant. It will be the reference ATV standards according to the specification. VI.6.2. Comparison of Sludge Management Methods Sludge treatment is one of the most difficult processes in terms of operation and planning in wastewater treatment plants. Although the amount of the originating sludge corresponds to a low percentage like 1% to 6% of wastewater in volume, the investment and operation costs of the sludge treatment units have a higher share in the total cost of the plant. Therefore, it is of great importance to select the most suitable sludge treatment system. Generally, in waste management; it is firstly essential not to generate waste or to minimize waste generation, and then if possible, to ensure recovery thereof, and if it is not possible, to dispose of it in an environment-friendly way. If sludge shall be recovered, the methods to use it on soil, to use it as additional fuel in cement plants and to generate energy with anaerobic digesters shall be assessed. In case it is disposed of in an environment-friendly way, then the regular storage and drying/burning methods are assessed. When the sludge treatment and disposal alternatives, the project site, the location and other related conditions of the wastewater treatment plants are taken into account, meeting legal standards, operational and maintenance costs and ease of operation, initial investment costs and land requirements of the place to be selected shall be considered. The assessment method for the sludge treatment system is the same as the one used for wastewater treatment technologies. The criteria are weighted in percentiles according to the significance level. The weighted scores have been achieved by multiplying the scores indicating significance level with the technology scores (Table VI.6). It is required to select the most feasible disposal method for the sludge according to the characteristics of the sludge generated from the treatment plant as a by-product and considering the environmental conditions. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 254/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Within the framework of the five basic criteria determined upon examination of Table VI.6, the most appropriate method is the incineration system, as no sludge stabilization is required, energy recovery is ensured, the products generated as a result of incineration are suitable for re- use, and it decreases to a large extent in volume. The incineration operation is a system with a high initial investment cost and operating cost, and which highly requires qualified personnel to operate it. The environmental conditions that affect selection of the disposal method are climate, presence of infertile soils in the region, availability or non-availability of thermal power plants or cement plants, presence of unused quarries and mines, and cheapness or expensiveness of the land in such regions where the population is dense. Due to the fact that the activity field and its surroundings are located within the boundaries of the tourism center, and that, correspondingly, the land acquisition prices are high; the land selection process for the incineration plant to be constructed for disposal of the sludge generated in the treatment plants across Muğla province has not yet been completed. The other alternative is that the treatment sludge may be dried and stored by the licensed companies. In this context, the analyses of the sludge shall be carried out in accordance with the parameters specified in Appendix-2 of the “Regulation on Regular Storage of Wastes” entering into force after publication in the Official Gazette dated 26.03.2010 and numbered 27533, and the final disposal form shall be determined according to the results of the analyses. Albeit, while disposing of the sludge, it is required to pay attention to the Provisional Article 4 of the “Regulation on the Amendment of the Regulation on Regular Storage of Wastes” entering into force after publication in the Official Gazette dated 11.03.2015 and numbered 29292. As another alternative, it is recommended to prioritize use of the sludge in agricultural activities. Because organic materials shall improve the structure of soil, the water holding capacity of soil, the infiltration and aeration of the soil; in addition, the macro nutrients and micro nutrients shall contribute to plant development. Through this method, it shall be possible to recover the sludge, which is a waste matter, into economy. However, when it is assessed in terms of socio- economic aspects, the social approach to the use of wastewater treatment sludge in agricultural activities is negative. It is necessary that the society is firstly informed and its awareness on this issue is raised. If the sludge cannot be used in the agricultural activities, energy recovery is provided by transferring them to the cement plants as the final disposal method. Within the scope of the project, the treatment sludge shall be collected from the plant by the licensed disposal companies, which are determined by MUSKI according to the tenders that it calls out every year. During the operation period, documents related to the amount of sludge delivered to the licensed disposal company shall be issued, and a record shall be kept within the scope of monitoring. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VI - Pg. 255/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table VI.6. Comparison of Sludge Treatment and Disposal Methods Sludge Stabilization Sludge Dewatering Sludge Drying Sludge Removal Significance Stabilization Stabilization Stabilization Concept Lime Drying Composting Centrifugal Application Sun Drying Dewatering Dewatering Dewatering F i l t e r Press Belt Press Anaerobic (Cement etc. Incineration Extended Chemical Aeration Methods Thermal Aerobic facilities) System Sludge Landfill Land Land requirement* 20 3 4 4 3 5 4 4 4 1 3 1 3 2 4 Operation and maintenance 20 3 2 3 5 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 difficulties Investment costs 20 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 1 Operation and maintenance 25 2 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 3 5 costs Feasibility 15 4 5 1 5 5 4 3 4 5 2 2 3 4 5 Total (Weighted Score) 100 2.9 3.6 3.1 3.7 4.15 3.55 3.2 3.4 3.5 3 2.9 3.25 3.35 3.60 TURGUTREIS Chapter VI - Pg. 256/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VII. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is mainly based on mitigation and performance improvement measures and actions that address the identified environmental and social issues, impacts and opportunities. Within the scope of the plan, mitigation measures and actions are identified at the all stages of the project (i.e. land preparation and construction, and operation phases) in compliance with the relevant Turkish Legislations and international requirements. The major purpose of ESMP is to document key environmental issues, the actions to be taken to address them adequately, as well as any actions to maximize environmental benefits, the schedule and person/unit responsible for implementation and monitoring, and an estimate of the associated costs. For each of the component of the ESMP, a framework for the related management plan is provided in this chapter. Detailed management plans will be prepared within the scope of the project, in accordance with these frameworks. In order to reflect developments on detailed Project design, this ESMP will be improved and evolved in the future. Hence, this ESMP is a living document that will be continuously reviewed and updated by taking into account of these subjects:  Monitoring results,  Test and trial results performed during Project’s operation phase,  Changes on national legislation and international standards, and  Changes on Project parameters (if any). This ESMP covers mitigation measures for significant adverse environmental impacts and describes the monitoring and institutional requirements necessary to implement this Plan. Mitigation and monitoring activities are considered for the two main phases of the Project, which are “Land Preparation and Construction” and “Operation”. The main objectives of this ESMP are as follows:  Fully comply the applicable national legislation  Comply with the environmental and social guidelines and requirements of MUSKİ  Prevent or minimize potential adverse environmental and social impacts of the Project The following chapters were prepared to outline the legislative background for management, organizations that will be responsible for the implementation of this ESMP, specifications of the Project, mitigation plans for land preparation and construction and operation phases of the Project, monitoring plan, public participation, and inspection and reporting. VII.1. Mitigation Management and Monitoring Plan The purpose of the Mitigation Management and Monitoring Plan is to apply mitigation measures, which are determined during ESIA studies, to reduce the impacts of the Project, describe the roles of the participating parties and key personnel responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures, and identify procedures to ensure that the mitigation measures are implemented adequately during all phases of the Project. VII.1.1. Mitigation Management Plan Impact mitigation measures and activities are developed for all phases of the Project in scope of this ESMP and are in compliance with national legislation as well as the international TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VII - Pg. 257/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT standards. Impact mitigation management plan is presented in Table VII.1 and Table VII.2 for land preparation and construction, and operation phases, respectively. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VII - Pg. 258/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table VII.1. Land Preparation and Construction Phase Impact Mitigation Plan Type of Impact Significance Before Key Performance No. Topic Definition of Potential Impact Measures to be Taken Responsibility Impact Mitigation Indicators  In order to minimize the impacts on soil environment, the amount of soil that could be subject to compaction and contamination/pollution will be minimized by ensuring the use of only the The number of events that designated work sites and routes for the construction machinery and equipment and field trigger Spill Response personnel. Environmental Spill/Leak  The fuel required for the construction equipment and vehicles to be used within the site during Incident Records/Report construction phase will be supplied primarily from the nearest station; if deemed necessary, fuels that may possibly be stored at site will be stored in the areas where necessary impermeability Excavation amount Agricultural suitability, topsoil precautions are taken. MUSKI C1 Soil Environment Adverse Low  The provisions of the Regulation on the Control of Excavation Soil, Construction and Demolition loss Reused excavation Wastes shall be complied during land preparation and construction phase of the Project. Contractor amount  Provisions of the Regulation on the Control of Soil Pollution and Sites Contaminated by Point Sources shall be complied within the scope of the Project. Amount of excavated  Wastes and wastewater to be generated during the land preparation and construction phases of material that is sent to the Project will be stored and disposed in a controlled manner in accordance with the relevant final disposal regulations and in line with the management practices described in this report. Thus, it will not be possible for the wastes and wastewater to be generated in the Project Area interacts with the soil Monitoring Report findings environment and causes any impacts.  By establishing a suitable drainage system in the field, the potential impact of surface runoff will MUSKI C2 Soil Environment Adverse Low Monitoring Report Erosion potential be minimized. In this context, drainage channels will be constructed in accordance with the Findings topographical conditions of the site. Contractor  Erosion measures to be applied in vegetation clearance areas  Application of dust suppression methods (watering, sweeping etc.) in sufficient frequency Visual observations  Covering inner roads with materials to prevent dust and keeping these roads clean MUSKI Exhaust emission decal C3 Air Environment Dust emissions, exhaust Adverse Low  Setting speed limit in the Project Area follow-up emissions  Keeping wind barrier trees and plantation of new ones Contractor  Loading/unloading without scattering Monitoring Report  Covering the stored excavation materials Findings  Regular controlling of the exhaust systems of the vehicles Noise level measurement  The machinery and equipment to be used during the land preparation and construction activities results will not be operated at the same point/location but homogeneously distributed in the site.  It will be ensured that machinery and equipment are not operated together in the close section of Construction machinery the WWTP Area to adjacent buildings (north-northeast boundary). MUSKI and equipment C4 Noise Increase in noise levels Adverse Medium  Using construction noise barriers around the nearest receptors of WWTP Area. maintenance log  Using portable noise screens during sea discharge line construction. Contractor  The maintenance of the construction machinery and equipment will be carried out regularly and Noise grievance records speed limitations will be defined for construction vehicles.  Establishment of an operating grievance mechanism to manage noise related grievances. Monitoring Report Findings Visual observations  Surface runoff due to watering for dust suppression activities will be prevented. Septic-tank impermeability  The limited amount of domestic wastewater generated at site will be collected in the container of toilet cabins to be established or leak-proof septic tanks to be constructed in the Project Area Septic-tank pump out MUSKI C5 Water Resources Water requirement and Adverse Low during construction phase and will be disposed within the scope of the protocols of MUSKI. records wastewater generation  The units of the Project that are in touch with water, wastewater and chemicals will be Contractor constructed with using concrete with appropriate cement ratio and durability in order to provide Wastewater disposal basement impermeability. Thus, no leakages to soil and groundwater will occur during the agreements operation phase of the Project. Monitoring Report Findings TURGUTREIS Chapter VII - Pg. 259/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Type of Impact Significance Before Key Performance No. Topic Definition of Potential Impact Measures to be Taken Responsibility Impact Mitigation Indicators  Wastes to be generated within the scope of the Project will be managed in accordance with the waste management hierarchy.  Wastes will only be temporarily stored on site and final disposal will be carried out outside the facility.  Waste recycling, transport and disposal will be carried out by means of licensed companies and/or related municipalities.  Incineration or burying of wastes by any means at site and/or dumping of wastes to nearby roads Proper Waste or water resources will absolutely not be in question. Management Plan  All kinds of implementations that may threaten personnel or public health will be avoided in all activities involving collection, temporary storage, transport and disposal of wastes throughout the Proper waste segregation Project.  Wastes to be temporarily stored on site will be delivered to licensed transport vehicles appropriate Proper temporary waste to the type of waste for disposal. Information related to the operations in this context will be MUSKI storage are on site C6 Waste Waste generation Adverse Low recorded and the records will be kept in the administrative building.  Some amount of hazardous or special wastes likely to be generated (e.g. sludge cake, filters and Contractor Waste Disposal protective clothes, rags, packages contaminated with chemical substances such as paint/solvent Agreements and Records or oils) within the scope of the Project will be stored in special compartments in the Temporary Storage Area allocated for this purpose, in containers, separated from the non- hazardous Waste Grievance Records wastes. This area will have an impermeable base/ground and will be protected from the surface flows and rain. Additionally, necessary drainage for the area will be provided. Monitoring Report  Hazardous or non-hazardous inscription, waste code, stored waste amount and storage date will Findings be indicated/labeled on wastes temporary stored by classifying according to their properties. The reaction of wastes with each other will be prevented by the measures taken in the Temporary Storage Area.  Dredging material disposal site will be an offshore location with depth greater than 50m. The disposal will be performed in calm sea conditions. In order not to cause an adverse effect on the flow regime, the dredged material will be distributed equally to the area to be disposed.  Prior to the land preparation phase, definite working areas will be set up where activities (e.g. vegetation clearing, vegetation removal, leveling and construction) and permanent structures No accidental mortality of (units and roads) will be established. MUSKI fauna species C7 Terrestrial Biodiversity Entrance of fauna species into Adverse Low work sites  Project construction sites and access roads will be separated from other areas with appropriate Contractor Monitoring Report signboards, signs and fences. Therefore, staff and vehicle access to the area will be limited to the Findings construction site. Preserved nests MUSKI C8 Terrestrial Biodiversity Bird species within the work Adverse Low  If there is a nest of birds species, the nest should be marked with a safety strip about 3 meters in sites diameter and an expert ornithologist should be informed. Monitoring Report Contractor Findings Conservation of species  Avoid and/or minimize dust emissions by lightly watering the immediate surroundings of populations and their construction sites, and wetting the stored material MUSKI C9 Terrestrial Biodiversity Adverse Low feeding habitats Disturbance on fauna species  Construction work will be done gradually so that it will have enough time to escape for possible Contractor Monitoring Report fauna species to be found. Findings Any alien specie MUSKI C10 Terrestrial Biodiversity Adverse Low  Project workers will not be allowed to bring any live animals or plants into the construction site to Alien species introduction avoid the risk of pest/invasive species establishing in the Project Area, Monitoring Report Contractor Findings Conservation of species populations and their  To reduce the effect of underwater sounding is air bubble curtains. Air bubbles are the cheapest MUSKI feeding and breeding C11 Marine Biodiversity Adverse Low way to place air curtain around a work piece. Disturbance to marine species habitats Contractor  Unnecessary interventions will not be allowed. Monitoring Report Findings  The spring period (March, April, May and beginning of June) is known as the breeding season where marine biological activity is its highest level. Construction works should be avoided during Construction Schedule these periods. Noise, turbidity and mechanical effects can affect the presence and quantity of eggs, young and mature individuals negatively in this period when the density of marine MUSKI C12 Marine Biodiversity Fish species within the working Adverse Low Expert Opinion organisms is beginning to increase. If the construction studies are carried out in autumn and places winter months when the biological activity is the lowest, the impact on the marine ecosystem will Contractor Monitoring Report be minimum. However, the spring and early summer times are important for reproduction for Findings aquatic life, their density is increasing, and their ecosystem activity is high. For this reason, care should be taken that construction activities are not carried out during this breeding season. TURGUTREIS Chapter VII - Pg. 260/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Type of Impact Significance Before Key Performance No. Topic Definition of Potential Impact Measures to be Taken Responsibility Impact Mitigation Indicators Construction Schedule  Construction should not be done under unfavorable wind and wave conditions. Otherwise, the MUSKI Daily Construction C13 Marine Biodiversity Effects of increased turbidity on Adverse Low sediment clouds can spread rapidly to the far field. Reports marine species  Silt curtains will be used to prevent the spreading of sedimentation in project area. Situation and Contractor efficiency of silt curtains will be control. Monitoring Report Findings  Construction will not be performed under unfavorable wind and wave conditions. Otherwise, the sediment clouds can spread rapidly to the far field.  Further studies will be conducted for examination of the Posidonia oceanica population situation in the project area and reveal the population situation quantitative. After the field survey Construction Schedule monitoring plan and mitigation measure can be revised.  Information obtained, a ship haven project is planned at the 40 meter south of the marine Joint Posidonia oceanica discharge line. The planned ship haven project will be carried out by the 3rd Regional Directorate Monitoring Program of Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications. It will have 12.6 ha surface area approximately. This surface area is about decuple larger than the surface area of the discharge MUSKI C14 Marine Biodiversity Adverse High Outcomes of the further Impacts on Posidonia oceanica pipe to be constructed within the scope the Project. Even if the Posidonia oceanica which studies destroyed by this Project is transplanted in a nearby area, 6 times larger damage will be given by Contractor the ship haven project. Therefore, it will be proposed by MUSKİ to Ministry of Transport and Monitoring station reports Infrastructure to prepare an action plan and a transplantation program for the Posidonia oceanica considering the cumulative effects and action plan. Monitoring Report  To ensure incurring of least damage on “Poseidon Seagrass Beds” during construction phase, Findings experiment stations must be established underwater along discharge line route. In aforementioned stations, monitoring studies of “Poseidon Seagrass Beds” must be conducted. Through monitoring study, development and regression levels of seagrass beds will be determined.  Monitoring status of populations and reporting Visual observation  The sea surface will be observed before commencing work to ensure that marine mammals MUSKI C15 Marine Biodiversity Impacts on Monachus Adverse Low (monk seal) are not in the area monachus Monitoring Report  To reduce the effect of underwater sounding, air bubble curtains will be used. Air bubble curtain is Contractor Findings found as the most feasible option.  MUSKI/Contractor will provide workers with documented information that is clear and understandable, regarding their rights under national labor law; including collective agreements, their rights related to hours of work, wages, overtime, compensation, and benefits as of startup of working relationship and when any material changes occur.  MUSKI/Contractor will not discourage workers from electing worker representatives, forming or Workers’ Grievance joining workers’ organizations of their choosing, or from bargaining collectively, and will not Records discriminate or retaliate against workers who participate, or seek to participate, in such organizations and collective bargaining. MUSKI Presence of union or C17 Labor Force Working Conditions Adverse Low  MUSKI/Contractor will pay particular concern on principles of non-discrimination and equal workers’ representative opportunity. In this respect, MUSKI/Contractor will not make employment decisions (i.e. Contractor recruitment and hiring, compensation, wages and benefits, working conditions and terms of Findings of Monitoring employment, access to training, job assignment, promotion, termination of employment or Report retirement, and disciplinary practices) on the basis of personal characteristics unrelated to job requirements. Wages, work hours and other benefits shall be per the Turkish Labor Law.  MUSKI/Contractor will provide a grievance mechanism for workers to raise workplace concerns. MUSKI/Contractor will inform the workers about the grievance mechanism at the time of recruitment and make it easily accessible to them. MUSKI C18 Labor Force Protecting the Workforce Adverse Low  Employment of child labor and forced labor will be prevented. No child and forced labor Contractor TURGUTREIS Chapter VII - Pg. 261/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Type of Impact Significance Before Key Performance No. Topic Definition of Potential Impact Measures to be Taken Responsibility Impact Mitigation Indicators  All Project staff and MUSKI shall comply with the environmental, health and safety policies.  In order to minimize the risks and hazards that may arise (e.g. natural disasters, accidents, equipment malfunctions etc.) on human health and safety, safe working environments in the working sites will be established and physical hazards and risks will be prevented.  The relevant plans and procedures of the relevant Turkish legislation and the MUSKI will be complied within the OHS measures and practices.  Employees will be informed about the hazards that may cause from their work and thus a safer work environment will be created.  Training will be given to employees according to the Regulation on the Procedures and Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Trainings. In this context, a training program will be prepared, training records will be kept and evaluation activities will be carried out after the trainings.  Personal protective equipment will be provided to all employees and necessary training will be given for their use.  Work areas will be equipped with warning signs (e.g. "Hazard", "Entry Prohibited", etc.) in accordance with the quality and potential risks of the work to be performed in that area.  All necessary precautions will be taken in the Project Area to prevent possible fires from construction activities. Uncontrolled fires in and out of the field will be prevented.  Smoking in areas where there is a risk of fire will be prohibited. All employees must have knowledge of what to do in the event of a fire.  Project staff will include first aid trained personnel. In case of emergency where an intervention is required, personnel will be sent to the nearest health center by appropriate means.  MUSKI will apply the sufficiency of the technical requirement of the machinery, equipment, and tools to be used in the activities.  Moving parts of machinery and equipment will be equipped with appropriate protective systems (e.g. metal shields etc.), minimizing the risk of injury or damage to the person using the machine or equipment.  Personal factors that may create and control risks during activities (e.g. long hair, jewelry and accessory use, clothing etc.) will be removed from the site by the regulations brought by the field management. Project staff will be informed about the relevant regulations within the scope of the training program. Incident Records  Drivers and operators will be trained to comply with traffic rules and to control the vehicles and equipment they use against risks and hazards originating from vehicle traffic. Required traffic Number of signs will be placed in the Project Site and its surroundings. Machine operators and other nonconformities employees will be informed and alerted about the relevant signs. MUSKI C19 Labor Force Occupational Health and Safety Adverse Low  The wastes to be generated within the scope of the construction phase of the Project will be Training records managed under the Waste Management Regulation and the negative impacts on public health Contractor will be minimized. Work Permits  Areas where excavation work is to be carried out will not be accessible other than the authorized personnel. The loading and unloading activities shall be carried out together with the persons to Monitoring Report oversee the personnel to carry out the activity. Findings  Persons and/or organizations with the necessary permits will be assigned to ensure the security of the Project Area (e.g. private security companies/officials). These persons and/or organizations shall regularly monitor the facility and its surroundings. The special security applications and officials' authorities within the scope of the project shall comply with the provisions of the Regulation on the Implementation of the Law on Private Security Services and the Law on Private Security Services.  In addition to safety personnel, monitoring of the Project Site for security purposes will be provided by a closed circuit camera system which will be installed at appropriate distances on the site boundary (e.g. 30-40 meters) to provide daytime and nighttime monitoring of the whole area.  Before construction activities begin, any holes on the fences of the treatment plant area will be fixed and the access of the visitors, local people and animals to the area will be controlled.  Entry of staff and third parties into the working site will be carried out in a controlled manner from the doors at which authorized security personnel will work.  Since the works will be performed at areas close to the public during the construction of the coastal part of the sea discharge line, working areas will be specified and the restriction of public access to these areas will be ensured. Working areas will be equipped with signs, labels, wires, and fence, and if necessary, these areas will be announced to the public by regarding authority.  If a trench needed to be left open for night, the sufficient illumination of the area shall be ensured by MUSKI and necessary signs shall be placed and the area shall be enclosed with barriers.  In order to avoid the negative impacts of the workforce influx, MUSKİ will give priority to the local people in recruitment and this will be added to the terms of the contracts of the Contractor and possible subcontractors in order to ensure this. In contract process, MUSKİ will request the contractor to plan the workforce and request from the contractor to prepare a Workforce Management Plan if the requirement for a workforce other than the one specified in this ESIA is seen. MUSKİ will evaluate and submit this plan to İlbank for approval.  In case of any significant environmental or social incident (e.g. lost time incidents, fatalities, environmental spills etc.), the contractor will notify MUSKİ about the occurrence of th e incident in 3 business days and MUSKİ will inform Ilbank and World Bank. A detailed incident investigation TURGUTREIS report, including the root-cause analysis, precautions taken and compensation will be submitted to MUSKİ, İlbank and World Bank in 30 business days after the incident. Chapter VII - Pg. 262/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Type of Impact Significance Before Key Performance No. Topic Definition of Potential Impact Measures to be Taken Responsibility Impact Mitigation Indicators  MUSKI will ensure that subcontractors are reputable and legitimate enterprises and have an appropriate ESMS that will allow them to operate in a manner consistent with the labor conditions provided by MUSKI Contractor Agreements  MUSKI will monitor the performance of subcontractors such that human rights policy and labor rights of all workers are exercised properly. Workers Engaged by Third Grievance Records C20 Labor Force Adverse Low  MUSKI will ensure that workers of subcontractors have access to the overall grievance MUSKI Parties and the Supply Chain mechanism to be established for the Project. Monitoring Report  MUSKI will monitor its primary supply chain for safety issues related to supply chain workers, and Findings where necessary MUSKI will introduce procedures and mitigation measures to ensure that suppliers are taking steps to prevent or to correct life-threatening situations.  MUSKI will prepare a Subcontractor Management Plan and ensure its implementation MUSKI Grievance Records C21 Tourism Adverse Low  The construction of sea discharge line will be performed at off-season (October 15-May 15), as Impacts on tourism much as possible. Contractor Construction Schedule TURGUTREIS Chapter VII - Pg. 263/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table VII.2. Operation Phase Impact Mitigation Plan Type of Impact Significance Before Key Performance No. Topic Definition of Potential Impact Measures to be Taken Responsibility Impact Mitigation Indicators The first level measures:  Prevention of wastewater influents which exceed treatment plant capacity.  Reduction of solid waste and activated sludge amounts.  Increasing disposal frequency of screenings.  Proper and timely disposal of sludge in order to prevent flies and odor.  Increasing aeration rate in biological treatment process.  Addition of chlorinated water to sludge thickeners if activated sludge unit is in open area.  Addition of lime to activated sludge.  Keeping water level under control in order to prevent turbulence as a result of instant decrease of water. Grievance Records If odor nuisance prevails after the proper implementation of first level measures, the second level Odor Management Plan measures shall be taken. These are: Odor nuisance in the close O1 Odor Adverse Medium MUSKI Odor Measurement vicinity of the treatment plant  Addition of oxidizing material (such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochloride) (oxidizing Results materials, prevent generation of especially hydrogen sulfide). Addition of sodium hydroxide can also be considered. Sodium hydroxide will dissolve hydrogen sulphur gas in water. Monitoring Report  Preventing anaerobic bacteria with control of pH levels or disinfection. Findings  Oxidizing odorous compounds by the help of chemicals.  Planting trees in the Project Area and the buffer zone around the treatment plant for the prevention of odor distribution. If nuisance still prevails after implementation of first and second measures, the final measure shall be determined as:  Enclosing of aeration tanks and bio-P tanks  As a general measure: establishment of an operating grievance mechanism to manage odor related grievances. Noise Measurement  During the procurement of equipment and machinery, sound levels given in the technical Results specifications/data sheet will be taken into consideration. O2 Noise Increase in noise levels Adverse Low MUSKI Grievance Records  Relevant provisions and limit values of RAMEN and World Bank Group’s/IFC’s General EHS Guidelines and Sectoral Guidelines will be complied with during the operation phase. Monitoring Report Findings Amount of bypassed  MUSKI will aim to minimize bypass of the treatment system. wastewater O3 Water Resources Water requirement and Adverse Low  The effluent water quality of the wastewater treatment plant will be consistent with applicable MUSKI Presence of level wastewater generation national requirements or internationally accepted standards. detectors  System overflows will be prevented as much as possible by using level-meters. Monitoring Report Findings O4 Water Resources Discharge of Treated Positive Medium  MUSKI will search options to increase the effluent water quality based on the assimilative Results of further MUSKI Wastewater capacity of the receiving body. researches TURGUTREIS Chapter VII - Pg. 264/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Type of Impact Significance Before Key Performance No. Topic Definition of Potential Impact Measures to be Taken Responsibility Impact Mitigation Indicators Sludge Management Plan Waste Management Plan Proper waste segregation Proper temporary waste storage are on site  See mitigation measures for "Land Preparation and Construction Phase" (C5)  "Sludge Management Plan" will be prepared before the commencement of the treatment plant by Waste Disposal O5 Wastes Waste Generation Adverse Low researching more sustainable alternatives. If there is no option other than final disposal, the MUSKI Agreements and Records procedure to be followed for disposal should be determined within the scope of the management plan. Sludge Disposal Arrangements and Records Waste Grievance Records Monitoring Report Findings Results of Sea Discharge  Monitoring work will be conducted along the pipeline and in the area where the discharge is being Line Impact Area made. The most significant threats on this species are trawling, boat anchoring, turbidity, O6 Marine Biodiversity Adverse Low Monitoring Impacts on Posidonia shoreline artificialization, urban and sand mining as well as eutrophication and pollution on the MUSKI coastal lines. Wastewater treatment plant will probably have a positive impact on these species Monitoring Report as the pollution level will be lowered. Findings O7 Labor Force Working Conditions Adverse Low  See C17, Land Preparation and Construction Phase Mitigation Measures MUSKI See C17 O8 Labor Force Protecting the Workforce Adverse Low  SeeC18, Land Preparation and Construction Phase Mitigation Measures MUSKI See C18 Workers Engaged by Third O9 Labor Force Adverse Low  See C20, Land Preparation and Construction Phase Mitigation Measures MUSKI See C20 Parties and the Supply Chain TURGUTREIS Chapter VII - Pg. 265/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Type of Impact Significance Before Key Performance No. Topic Definition of Potential Impact Measures to be Taken Responsibility Impact Mitigation Indicators  The whole treatment plant area will be fenced; the access of local people and wildlife will be controlled. The entry of personnel and third parties into the facility will be carried out in a controlled manner.  Private security officers will be hired in order to provide the security of the working area. The special security applications within the scope of the project and the competent authorities shall be in compliance with the provisions of the Law on Private Security Services and the Implementation of the Law on Private Security Services  The workers will be trained in accordance with Regulations on the Procedures and Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Trainings of Employees.  Personal Protective Equipment will be provided for the workers according to the nature of work to be performed. The necessary trainings will be carried out for their use.  Smoking will be prohibited where the risks of fire is high. All the workers will be informed about the action plan in a case of fire  All equipment will be operated in proper working order.  Procedures approved by the MUSKI in the maintenance and repair activities and the requirements of the technical specifications of the supplier companies will be complied with.  The necessary health and safety signs and traffic signs will be placed around the project site. Employees will be informed and alerted about the subject matter markings. Incident Records  Trainings will be given to employees and operational and maintenance personnel within the scope of the Regulation on Procedures and Principles of Occupational Health and Safety Number of Trainings and measurement and evaluation activities will be carried out after the trainings. nonconformities  Entrance of operation and maintenance personnel and third parties will be carried out in a O10 Labor Force Occupational Health and Safety Adverse Medium controlled manner from the doors of the security personnel. MUSKI Training records  Equipment that meets international standards in terms of performance and safety will be used at the plant. Work Permits  After the plant is completed, necessary electrical tests will be carried out to check that the electrical connections and other related equipment are made properly before the plant is taken Monitoring Report into operation. Findings  An Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan will be prepared before the plant is taken into operation.  Automatic cleaning screens should be used instead of manually cleaning screens to prevent entrance of cleaning workers into the channels.  Appropriate ventilation systems should be installed at where methane accumulation is expected.  Railings will be installed around all tanks and pits.  MUSKI will prepare a Confined Space Entry Procedure that is consistent with MUSKI standards, applicable national requirements and internationally accepted standards.  MUSKI will conduct trainings for operators who work with chemicals such as flocculants, disinfectants, etc. regarding safe handling practices and emergency response procedures.  MUSKI will ensure that the Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan covers the escape plans in case of disinfectant emission/spillage.  MUSKI will distribute sufficient number of personal gas detection equipment to its employees.  MUSKI will advise individuals with asthma, diabetes, or suppressed immune systems not to work at the treatment plant and its auxiliary facilities due to greater risk of infection.  MUSKI will ensure the compliance of all the activities within the treatment plant and pumping stations with national standards and WBG EHS Guidelines. TURGUTREIS Chapter VII - Pg. 266/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VII.1.2. Monitoring Plan In order to ensure the continuity and effectiveness of the implementation of mitigation management strategies defined, monitoring plays a key role. The main objective of the Monitoring Plan is to provide a basis for the evaluation of the impacts of the Project. Information collected with the monitoring can be used to improve management plans during all phases of the Project. While impact assessment attempts to encompass all relevant potential impacts to identify their significance and include appropriate responses for these impacts, unanticipated impacts may still arise, which can be managed or mitigated before they become a problem using the information obtained through monitoring. Therefore, monitoring will ensure the successful implementation of the mitigation/management plans and optimize environmental protection through good practice at each and every stage of the Project. Consequently, monitoring studies will provide implementation of impact mitigation measures and optimization of environmental protection by using best practices at the all stages of the Project. Some of the monitoring parameters are determined in the scope of engineering design studies. Monitoring studies will ensure the accordance with the relevant legislation, contract necessities and implementation of impact mitigation measures. Monitoring activities are submitted in tabular form in Table VII.3 and Table VII.4. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 267/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table VII.3. Land Preparation and Construction Phase Monitoring Plan Which parameters shall be Where the parameters shall be How the parameters shall be When the parameters shall be No. Responsibility monitored? monitored? monitored? monitored? Visual observation Once in a week starting from the MUSKI Storage and usage of excavation Construction site and storage C1 initialization of land preparation waste areas Amount of refilled, stored, and and construction phase Contractor disposed excavation materials Visual observation Once in a week starting from the MUSKI C2 Storage and usage of chemicals Storage areas initialization of land preparation Site inspections and construction phase Contractor Prior to the initialization of the land MUSKI C3 Soil pollution Construction site Sampling and analysis preparation and construction phase Contractor Visual observation Once in a week starting from the MUSKI Construction site, storage areas, C4 Wastes Waste Records initialization of land preparation and administration office and construction phase Contractor Site inspections Visual observation Once in a week starting from the MUSKI C5 Wastewater Wastewater storage areas initialization of land preparation Pump-out records and construction phase Contractor Quarterly starting from the MUSKI Air Quality (settleable dust and C6 Nearest sensitive receptors Sampling/analysis initialization of land preparation PM10) and construction phase Contractor Quarterly starting from the initialization of land preparation MUSKI C7 Noise Nearest sensitive receptors Noise measurements and construction phase Contractor Upon grievance Once prior to the initialization of MUSKI Site survey the land preparation and construction phase C8 Posidonia oceanica Impact area Contractor Joint Posidonia oceanica Monitoring Program Twice a year during the land preparation and construction Marine Biologist TURGUTREIS Chapter VIII - Pg. 268/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Which parameters shall be Where the parameters shall be How the parameters shall be When the parameters shall be No. Responsibility monitored? monitored? monitored? monitored? phase MUSKI C9 Monachus monachus Impact area Site survey One off Contractor Marine Biologist MUSKI Twice a year during the land C10 Marine Ecosystem Impact Area Site survey preparation and construction Contractor phase Marine Biologist Construction sites and access Accident records Monthly starting from the MUSKI roads C11 Traffic initialization of land preparation Maintenance records and construction phase Contractor Construction machinery Daily basis starting from the MUSKI On and around the working C12 Chance Finds Visual observation initialization of land preparation location and construction phase Contractor MUSKI Upon grievance starting from the C13 Grievances Administration office Grievance records initialization of the Project Contractor Grievance records Upon grievances and events MUSKI C14 Community conflicts Administration office starting from the initialization of Conflicts with security personnel the Project Contractor and workers of the Project MUSKI Upon each engagement starting C15 Stakeholder engagement Administration office Engagement records from the initialization of the Project Contractor Visual observation Daily basis starting from the MUSKI C16 Occupational Health and Safety Construction site initialization of land preparation Site inspection and construction phase Contractor TURGUTREIS Chapter VIII - Pg. 269/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Which parameters shall be Where the parameters shall be How the parameters shall be When the parameters shall be No. Responsibility monitored? monitored? monitored? monitored? Incident Records Training Records Work Permits Employment records MUSKI Quarterly starting from the C17 Labor Force Administration office initialization of the Project Grievance records Contractor TURGUTREIS Chapter VIII - Pg. 270/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table VII.4. Operation Phase Monitoring Plan Which parameters shall be Where the parameters shall be How the parameters shall be When the parameters shall be No. Responsibility monitored? monitored? monitored? monitored? Visual observation Daily basis starting from the Storage and usage of chemicals O1 Storage areas initialization of the operation phase MUSKI and disinfectants Chemical dosing system checks of the Project Visual observation Weekly basis starting from the Treatment plant site, storage O2 Wastes Waste Records initialization of the operation phase MUSKI areas, and administration office of the Project Site inspections Grievance records O3 Odor Nearest sensitive receptor Upon grievance MUSKI Sampling/analysis/measurement Once in a year O4 Noise Nearest sensitive receptor Noise measurement MUSKI Upon grievance Continuous monitoring for the Effluent water quality (legislation detectable by automatic Automatic measurement for applicable parameters, and measurement device O5 Treatment plant discharge unit relevant parameters, and MUSKI parameters to be followed laboratory analysis for others according to the WBG guidelines) Weekly basis for others In the first year of the operation, MUSKI twice a year O6 Posidonia oceanica Impact Area Site survey Marine Biologist In the following years, annually In the first year of the operation, MUSKI twice a year O7 Marine Ecosystem Impact Area Site survey Marine Biologist In the following years, annually O8 Grievances Administration office Grievance records Upon grievance MUSKI Grievance records O9 Community conflicts Administration office Upon grievance and/or incident MUSKI Conflicts with security personnel TURGUTREIS Chapter VIII - Pg. 271/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Which parameters shall be Where the parameters shall be How the parameters shall be When the parameters shall be No. Responsibility monitored? monitored? monitored? monitored? and workers of the Project Biannually starting from the O10 Stakeholder engagement Administration office Engagement records initialization of the operation phase MUSKI of the Project Visual observation Site inspection Daily basis starting from the O11 Occupational Health and Safety Treatment plant site Incident Records initialization of the operation phase MUSKI of the Project Training Records Work Permits Employment records Quarterly starting from the O12 Labor Force Administration office MUSKI operation phase of the Project Grievance records TURGUTREIS Chapter VIII - Pg. 272/306 ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VII.2. Institutional Arrangements and Grievance Mechanism Main responsible organization for implementation of this ESMP is MUSKI, who is also responsible of the land preparation and construction, and operation phases of the Project. Besides, on different phases of the Project, various parties (Contractors, Mugla Metropolitan Municipality, Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization etc.) will take responsibility on various works in the scope of the ESMP. All mentioned works will be coordinated by MUSKI. Mitigation management and monitoring tables, which are given in this ESMP, summarize relevant responsibilities. In that scope, it is suggested to add below mentioned liabilities to tender documents of any possible contractor(s):  Technical characteristics of the ESMP  Environmental, social, and health and safety liabilities  Other environmental and social issues that can show-up VII.2.1. Environmental and Social Management Structure As the possible impacts of the Project are varied according to the land preparation and construction, and operation phases and/or impact levels are different, environmental and social management is assessed separately. ESMP consists of three main components in that scope, which are as follows:  Mitigation Management Plan  Monitoring Plan  Monitoring Report Graphical representation of the environmental and social management structure is given in the figure below. Environmental and Social Policy Permits and Environmental and Social Commitments Other Relevant Environmental and Social Documents Environmental and Social Management Plan Updates on the Environmental and Social Management Plan During Land Preparation and Construction and Operation Phases Figure VII.1. Environmental and Social Management Structure TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 273/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VII.2.2. Roles and Responsibilities MUSKI holds ultimate responsibility for the environmental and social performance of the overall Project, including the performance of its contractors and any other contractors. MUSKI’s environmental engineer, who will act as the Environmental Manager of this Project, will oversee the implementation of the ESMP and monitoring progress. The environmental engineer will be supported by environmental consultants, when necessary. Environmental engineer will appoint a representative in the treatment plant to lead the development of this ESMP, and site implementation of it. In addition, MUSKI’s social expert will act as the Social Affairs Manager of this Project, and will manage the social issues determined in the ESIA Report, this ESMP, and their monitoring progress. The social expert will also manage the grievance mechanism and stakeholder engagement. VII.2.3. Training One of the main necessities of the ESMP is trainings for the Project Owner’s and contractor’s top level management and employees. In that scope, MUSKI’s managerial staff will be responsible for the environmental and social trainings. Environmental and social unit will give necessary trainings to all personnel and will ensure that the Contractor will perform the same trainings for their personnel. The unit is also responsible for the monitoring of the Contractor’s actions on training. Main subjects of the trainings are as follows:  All workers should follow environmental and social precaution procedures, should attend trainings, and should sign the attendance forms.  Main training program will contain below mentioned subjects: o Soil pollution control o Waste management o Water pollution control o Air quality o Noise control o Protection of biological environment o Toolbox talks o Work-specific talks  An award and penalty system will be established and operated  Banners, signs, and posters will be placed to relevant locations of the Project Area which will clarify critical points of the trainings and provide support to trainings VII.2.4. Environmental and Social Monitoring Report Environmental and Social Monitoring Report is one of the most important tools to record the monitoring activities. In that scope, an Environmental and Social Monitoring Report will be prepared in quarterly basis, in Turkish and English. Monitoring report will at least include all the issues defined in the monitoring plan. Results of technical assessments of relevant issues given in Table VII.3 and Table VII.4 will be presented in the monitoring report. The results shall be compared with the national legislative requirements and World Bank EHS Guidelines. The results of the visual observations together with the key issues observed will be submitted in written form. The report should focus on the negative findings as well as the good practices. The negative findings should be supported with TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 274/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT the photographical evidence. For each negative observation, a corrective action should be suggested with a reasonable due date. Any analysis/sampling/measurement report should be given as an annex of the report together with the relevant assessment and necessary remediation activities. The findings of the Environmental and Social Monitoring Reports will keep this ESMP as a living document; thus, the ESMP should be reviewed and revised by the environmental and social unit of MUSKI according to these findings, if necessary to do so. The monitoring report will be submitted to the relevant organization (ILBANK, World Bank Group, MoEU etc.). VII.2.5. Monitoring of Contractors and Grievance Mechanism Environmental and social issues included in mitigation measures will be monitored and supervised by experts assigned by İlbank. Although environmental and social impacts are expected to be at a low level, potential negative environmental impacts are planned to be prevented or mitigated at construction and operation stages. İlbank will supervise sub-projects regularly during construction and operation stages in order to ensure implementation of ESMP properly. If İlbank finds any problem in implementation of Environmental and Social Management Plan, it will inform relevant municipality accordingly and will come to an agreement with regard to the measures that has to be taken for solving said problem. İlbank will present its findings in six month progress reports to World Bank. In order to bring any other problems to World Bank’s attention, they can also present reports whenever necessary with shorter intervals. World Bank project team will visit project sites in the scope of project supervision activities with certain intervals or whenever necessary. MUSKI will supervise works realized by contractors during construction and operation stages in line with environmental and social management plans and will hire expert consultants of environment to assist them in adequate follow-up of environmental and social management plans. MUSKI will work in close cooperation with İlbank at Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and Environmental and Social Management Plan stages and establishment of grievance mechanism and monitoring stages. Before implementation of the project, a transparent and comprehensive grievance mechanism will be established in order to receive considerations, questions and complaints of communities that will be affected from environmental and social aspects the project and for their solution. System will enable proper recording of complaints, considerations and demands of affected persons and their evaluation in a timely manner. Several issues, from compliance criteria of sites project components have coincide to compensation issues, might cause complaints. MUSKI will provide appropriate procedures in order to satisfactorily solve affected peoples unjust treatment on time and without causing any unjust suffering. Moreover, MUSKI will prepare special measures in order to provide equal accession of especially sensitive groups (e.g. senior citizens, disabled, etc.) to grievance resolving mechanisms. MUSKI will exert all necessary efforts for the correction of projects grievance mechanism for affected people and affected settlement(s) during all types of informing and consultation meetings during project term. MUSKI may allocate an accessible contact person (name/position) during construction stage to whom all types of problems (concerns, complaints, demands, etc.) related to the project can be conveyed, including those that are related to land. This person is responsible for keeping a record of these filed complaints. MUSKI and local office will ensure handling and resolving of all complaints in a timely manner; in line with World Bank’s policy needs. Grievance mechanism will be presented by MUSKI in report form for each 6 month period. There are more than one grievance channel and can be listed as below: TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 275/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  CİMER (Presidency Communication Centre)  MUSKI web site  By phone  By filling in and conveying of grievance forms that will be available at project site and neighborhood headman's office. All complaints will be given a document receipt number and in accordance with their subject, along with their print-outs, will be conveyed to relevant sections and resolution process will be started. Issues that are solved and could not be solved will be followed up together with complaint’s duration. Telephone contact numbers of institutions and also persons in charge and MUSKI addresses are given to neighborhood headmen’s offices. It is announced that in case of a demand for information on any related subject, they can be contacted through MUSKI Call Centre. Moreover, updates will be made on existing web site specific to the project, a special page will be prepared for the project, following up of the developments by stakeholders on the web site will be enabled. Grievance Mechanism Form currently used before construction stage via web site is presented in Annex-13. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 276/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VIII. STAKEHOLDERS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION MEETING VIII.1. Identification of Stakeholders Identification of stakeholders can be defined as the process of determination of persons and groups that will be affected by the project directly or indirectly, in a positive or negative direction; or persons/institutions that can prevent project’s success or that can contribute to (generally referred to as related stakeholders). In the scope of participation of people, all stakeholders of the project were described in detail and prioritized. Stakeholders of the Project are generally national and local regulating authorities, local institutions and NGOs. List of key stakeholders for the project are given in Table VIII.1. Since sewer network and elevation centers and treatment plant will provide their services to Turgutreis neighborhood center, Akyarlar, Islamhaneleri, Peksimet, Dereköy and Gümüşlük neighborhood settlement units, plans were made for reaching people that will be affected by the project in a positive or negative way through neighborhood headmen’s offices. Other related stakeholders are public institutions and organizations. Within the scope of the Project, public participation meeting was held in order to provide public involvement in the process, to share necessary information about the project with the public, to receive their concerns, suggestions and opinions related to the project and take them into account, and to communicate effectively with stakeholders. In this section, the details of the administrative and technical studies conducted within the scope of the public participation meetings and the findings and results obtained from this meeting are presented in following subheadings. The Project will be realized within Mugla province boundaries and will be located in Bodrum District of Mugla Province near the village of Turgutreis. Air distances to the Project Area are 14.5 km from Bodrum and 99 km from Mugla City Center. Currently, the Project Area is used by MUSKİ as a multipurpose area (warehouse, workshop, vehicle maintenance etc.). People who will be affected directly by the Project are the ones who are living in the nearest settlements to the Project area. The land to be used for the planned Project is located within the borders of Turgutreis neighborhood and the nearest residential area to the plant is also therein. Since this is the case, people/communities residing in Turgutreis neighborhood are considered to be the primarily project affected people. The people living in this neighborhood are also likely to be affected by the Project activities. In this context, the field studies regarding public participation process were conducted in Turgutreis neighborhood, which are the priority group to be focused. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 277/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table VIII.1. Key Stakeholders of the Project Stakeholder Responsibility of the Stakeholder Stakeholder Type Akçaalan Neighborhood Headman Providing public services to the Local Institution Cumhur BAYIRLI Akçaalan Neighborhood Akyarlar Neighborhood Headman Providing public services to the Local Institution Ali BİLLOR Akyarlar Neighborhood Dereköy Neighborhood Headman Providing public services to the Local Institution Cemal AKHAN Dereköy Neighborhood Gümüşlük Neighborhood Headman Providing public services to the Local Institution Zeki PAY Gümüşlük Neighborhood Islamhaneleri Neighborhood Headman Providing public services to the Local Institution Ömer MAZI Islamhaneleri Neighborhood Peksimet Neighborhood Headman Providing public services to the Local Institution Adnan SÜZEN Peksimet Neighborhood Turgutreis Neighborhood Headman Providing public services to the Local Institution İsmail USLU Turgutreis Neighborhood st 21 Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Planning, management, development National Regulating Works and operation of the water resources. Authority To Enable Sustainable Use of Agricultural and Ecological National Regulating Provincial Directorate of Agriculture Resources, Improve the Living Authority Standards in the Rural Area Providing public services to the National Regulating Muğla Bodrum Municipality Bodrum Sub-province Authority Muğla Governorate, Provincial Directorate of Implementation and execution of National Regulating Environment and Urban Planning environmental legislation at local level Authority VIII.2. Public Participation Meeting-I Tools used during planning stage for informing public are described below. During construction and operation phases and after grievance mechanism is established similar tools can be used for informing the public. Public Participation Meeting announcement was published Mugla Environment and Urban Planning Provincial Directorate’s web site and text of mentioned announcement given in Figure VIII.1 was put on official notice boards of district governorships, neighborhood headmen’s offices, Bodrum municipality building, Metropolitan municipality building and MUSKI General Directorate. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 278/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure VIII.1. Announcement Public Participation Meeting was announced on BirGün national newspaper’s 29 June 2016 issue, page 4; and Bodrum Ekspres local newspaper’s page 8 published on the same date. Local people and authorities from several institutions were invited to the meeting. Participants identities were recorded in participants’ lists (enclosed to the ESIA report). Newspaper pages with announcement notices are presented in Figure VIII.2. Brochures were distributed at the public areas and meeting locations (see Figure VIII.3). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 279/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure VIII.2. Newspaper Articles TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 280/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure VIII.3. Brochures TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 281/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT A Public Participation Meeting was organized at Akcaalan Multi-Purpose Wedding Ceremony Hall on 12.07.2016 in order to inform people living in the region that could potentially be affected by the planned project, receive their opinion on the issue and evaluate the same. A PowerPoint presentation was prepared for Public Participation Meeting, which included promotion of the project. In presentations, description of the project, its importance and environmental impacts were supported with figures and photographs. Impacts regarding construction and operation stages of the project were evaluated and presented as two separate stages. Photographs from the public participation meeting day are given in Figure VIII.4. Figure VIII.4. Public Participation Meeting TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 282/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT VIII.2.1. Questionnaire Study At the end of Public Participation Meeting, questionnaire forms prepared beforehand were distributed to participants in order to obtain their opinion regarding the project. Questionnaire form consisted of 8 questions and 44 persons participated. Questionnaire survey studies were transferred to computer and result was shown in charts. In questionnaire surveys total answer items for each question were evaluated. Charts in which answers given are shown in percentages are presented below. VIII.2.2. Questionnaire Results 1. What is your relation to the project? a) I am residing at the region b) I don't know the region c) Other %4 c %14 b %82 a a b c 2. Do you have adequate information about the project? a) Yes b) No %32 b a %68 b a TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 283/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 3. Do you think the project is required? a) Yes b) No c) I don't know %32 b a %68 a b 4. What do you think about the project? (a) I support the project (b) I am not sure (c) I don't know (d) I don't support the project %2 c a b %98 c a TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 284/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 5. What kind of impacts do you think the project will have on the environment and human health? a) Beneficial b) Damaging c) No impact d) I don't know a %100 b a c d 6. How do you think the project will contribute to the protection of environment and the sea? a) Positive b) Negative c) No impact d) I don't know a b %100 a c d TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 285/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 7. Did you have any knowledge about the Treatment Plants (location, units, processes, etc.)? a) Yes, I have detailed information b) Partially c) No d) I don't know %11 c a %52 %37 a b b c d The answers given to the question 8 of the survey, "Please kindly indicate if you have any other issue to rise or to be assessed that you think the project will have an adverse impact on." are given below. From : Ayfer YILMAZ (Retired Teacher)  The project is one of the urgent needs of Turgutreis, which we have been waiting for years. We would like get rid of the odor generated, and of the sewage wastes flowing over the roads. I think those, who prevent this project for their personal interests, shall be urgently informed and stopped.  We would like to end the selfish attitude that uses the tap water for garden irrigation. We think that it is necessary to put this plant into operation for human health. I wish you success.  Accidents that occur due to the imbalance of the manholes and adequate activities of the responsible institution. From : Semahat BERBER (Retired)  A society understanding that adopts being biased dominates here; like odor- proximity to residential areas.  I think the Treatment-Recycling-Solid Waste issues are not given adequate importance.  Those, who do not have information on the abovementioned issues, do not attend or even are not informed about such meetings. There seems to be lack of communication. From : Meryem Tek Kaşıkçı (Retired)  What can you say about the odor that the project will emit after it is put into operation? TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 286/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT From : Funda Akçalı (Agricultural Engineer-Retired)  People have excess concerns about the odor issue. In addition, it is important that tourism is not affected during the summer during the construction activities. From : İlhan Tambora (Self-employed - Retired)  I hope, when the project is completed and put into service, it will not emit stinky odors to the surrounding area, and also, all the excavated areas will be regulated, asphalted in a better way or covered by parquet flooring after the excavation works are finished. From : Ali Yücegönül (Retired)  I hope the project is carried out as soon as possible From : Suat Arslan (Tourism - Manager)  It shall have been put into operation yesterday. From : Ali Aslan (Employee)  It is a very good project, thank you. I wish you great success. VIII.2.3. People’s Concerns, Views/Suggestions on the Project and Assessments on the Issues The presentation made in the public participation meeting identified the project and discussed its environmental and social impacts. After the presentation of the project, the participants were asked about their views, suggestions and questions. All the positive and negative views of the participants with respect to the project were listened, and the questions asked by the participants and the answers given to these questions at the public participation meeting are given below. Q&A Question : Ali DÖNMEZ  Is it possible to renew the rain water line simultaneously while the sewage line is constructed in Turgutreis Neighborhood? Is it not possible to construct them at the same time to avoid a second excavation operation? Answer : Cem YAŞAR  Sewage, rain water and drinking water systems are separate systems.. So, they have to be constructed separately, it is not possible to construct them all in the same place; however, we have a plan. The Metropolitan Municipality will carry out road works in Turgutreis, but they are waiting for us to complete the infrastructure TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 287/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT works. Therefore, we plan to carry out activities related to the sewage in parallel with the rain water and drinking water lines, but they cannot be constructed on the same route, as they are separate systems. This is how the plans go. Question : Yavuz YILDIZ  In such big projects, stands can be opened and people’s views can be listened to receive more support from the community. Therefore, is it possible to increase the disclosure activities? Answer : Cem YAŞAR  The purpose of the meeting is to inform you. After you leave this meeting, you will go to your neighbor and share with them our brochures that we distributed and the information you learned. In fact, you will make the greatest presentation to your friends and neighbors. Surely, we publish this project on our website. When we progress to the construction phase, we will also organize a groundbreaking ceremony. So, the purpose of this meeting is to get your approvals. Question : Prof. Dr. Ali DEMİRSOY  The planned treatment plants are about nitrogen and phosphorus removal. However, the medicines used are not treated. And these medicines cause hormonal disorders. For this reason, the treatment plant will not solve the problem altogether but it is necessary to carry out this project. Answer : Mehtap EYLEN  The biological treatment system does not only remove nitrogen and phosphorus, we underline them as they are the most specific, that is to say, the most pollutant elements and the most risky elements in the natural area. In fact, in the advanced biological treatment systems, bacteria perceive all the organic substances in the wastewater, that is, the carbon compounds that primarily ensure cell effect as nutrients, and then all the organic components are removed by the natural treatment system in the biological treatment unit as a nutritional source. Question : Semahat BERBER  Will there be a system in the plant that utilizes solar energy or generates its own energy? Answer : Mehtap EYLEN  The Directorate General of MUSKI has separate projects with respect to the renewable energy sources. The capacity of the plant is quite high, and the land is not sufficient when the layout of such units is taken into account. We need to have a certain land potential to build the solar energy system. So, in short; we could only place our units in an area of about 30500 m2. However, in addition to this, we continue to research the appropriate points in this region in coordination with both the French Development Agency and Iller Bankasi. We carry out these operations in coordination with them. But as I said, it does not seem to be carried out as part of this plant. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 288/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Question : Funda AKÇALI  As the prevailing wind in the region, where the Treatment Plant will be constructed, is northwester, the breeze comes directly to Akyarlar Region. Will there be any odor issue caused by the Treatment Plant? Answer : Mehtap EYLEN  The points in the treatment plant units, particularly where the odor problems are encountered is the unit called preliminary treatment or identified as physical treatment, where the raw wastewater enters the plant, i.e. where the rough materials are removed from the system. As this is a tourism region, we especially design to install these units within completely closed buildings, and at the same time, we will try to minimize the odor with odor removal units and advanced technological odor removal units. Question : Ali KARA  The project seems very good. I would like to thank each and every one of you for the project. Do you have any particular deadlines for the beginning and the completion of the project? People would like to learn about this issue. The project is good but dreaming is one thing, starting and completing is another thing. Answer : Cem YAŞAR  This is a project that we will carry out with the loan from the World Bank. So far, the meetings with Iller Bank continue. They told us that it would take about 1 month. As Directorate General of MUSKI, we will sign the contract of loan with the World Bank in September. Later on, we will select the consultant company. We will complete our projects probably in 2017, that is, until the end of 2016. We will start in 2017; if there will be no problems. VIII.2.4. Comments Survey results demonstrate that local community predominantly has positive attitude towards the realization of the Project. Project-related concerns arise mainly due to odor issues and Project’s timely and transparently completion without experiencing any delays. During the meetings, for the commencement of mentioned Project, issues such as design, permitting processes, EIA and ESIA studies, and budget allocation in the investment plan should be solved and it was stated that the preparation of the Project took a very long time. It was also stated that, if the loans had not been secured for the Project, its realization would take more time since the cost of the Project is relatively high. In the meetings, it was conveyed to the community that after the signing of contracts of all construction works, the work schedule will be determined by considering the tourism season and daily activities of dwellers, and this process will start after the completion of processes related with permits and tender. Local community has been informed in the meetings that MUSKI General Directorate’s webpage has a link “Sustainable Cities Project” that provides information on these processes. In addition, the possible impacts anticipated for the construction and operation phases of the Projects to be realized can be seen; questions, suggestions, and any Project-related issue can be conveyed to MUSKİ through this website. Project-related requests and suggestions can also be written to TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 289/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT CIMER. Also, these can be conveyed through MUSKI’s information desks and face-to-face meetings. As a result of the public participation meetings and interviews, the local community had more detailed information on the Project and stated that they expect positive impacts such as new job opportunities, solution to the infrastructure problems, and protection of the natural environment. It has been seen as a result of the public participation meetings and survey studies that local community has a positive approach to the Project by supporting infrastructure investments. VIII.3. Public Participation Meeting-II Since the Project is connected with “Bodrum District Sewer Network Project”, a joint public participation meeting was also held, Project-related information was given to the community, and community’s opinion on the Project were taken for the second time. Prior to the public participation meeting, MUSKI invited public institutions and muhtars to the meeting with the official letters written on 18, 19, and 24 July 2018. It was requested from the muhtars to make announcements to the local communities through appropriate methods. Announcement text is provided in Figure VIII.5. Photographs of posts were taken and delivered to MUSKI by muhtars (See Figure VIII.6). The public participation meeting was announced on the 2nd page of Bodrum Ekspres Newspaper dated 20 July 2018 and published on MUSKI website (see Figure VIII.7). Project information brochures have been prepared and printed for distribution before and during the meeting (see Figure VIII.8). A presentation that includes Project information was prepared for the public participation meeting. The presentations consist of project’s description, importance, and environmental and social impacts which supported with figures and photographs. The construction and operation phase impacts of the Project are presented separately. The public participation meeting was held in Akcaalan Neighborhood multipurpose hall on 1 August 2018 to inform local community about the Project (see Figure VIII.9.) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 290/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure VIII.5. Announcement TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 291/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure VIII.6. Posts TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 292/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure VIII.7. Newspaper Advertisement TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 293/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure VIII.8. Brochures TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 294/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 295/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure VIII.9. Photographs from the Meeting VIII.3.1. Questionnaire Study In order to evaluate the opinions of the community about the Projects, to determine the needs and sensitivity of the people in the region, and to measure their satisfaction, the questionnaire forms consist of 8 questions distributed to the attendees prior to the public participation meeting. 43 participants attended to the questionnaire study. The answers given to the survey question indicates "Please kindly indicate if you have any other issue to rise or to be assessed that you think the project will have an adverse impact on." are given below. From : Ayla ÇAKIR Akyarlar Neighborhood is important for Bodrum. Here I would like to request that priority should be given to the construction of wastewater treatment plant for more pleasing life. However, I think that it would be better to have another meeting in Akyarlar Neighborhood to raise the public awareness. These meetings are needed for each neighborhood. Here, many facilities discharge their wastewater into the sea. Hotels in the region cause great harm to the environment. Serious inspections should be made. From: Şenol KAYA We want Turgutreis’ sea retrieved again. From: Özgür ÖZDURMUŞ I think wastewater treatment plant’s location was selected in a hurry and planned on wrong place. The plant can be constructed at a higher altitude. Because the selected location is TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 296/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT surrounded with agricultural areas and it is close to the Akcaalan Neighborhood. There are approximately 6500 dwellers in the region. Due to public health concerns, I recommend that the treatment plant location should be reconsidered. From: Memduh BEŞER We, as residents of Kemer and Akyarlar, believe that the Project will be very good for our environment and economy. From: Ali KARAKÖSE Each house (especially summer resorts) has active manholes/septic tanks. From there, wastewater discharged to the treatment plant with gravity flow. It would be better to evaluate these manholes/tanks again. Will my old manhole/tank be improved or renewed? Or the connection will be made at the treatment plant? From: M.Faruk SOMAKLI Thanks for the Project. From: Kudret KAYI Project staging studies is not enough. Project completion time is not convincing. It is not clear how the existing treatment units will be disintegrated/disabled. From: Celal ŞAKIYAN There is no negative side of the Project. However, it should be realized as soon as possible. Project cost is important. From: İlyas SAĞLAM How will the infrastructure to be constructed in places that do not have a 1/1000 scale zoning plan, especially in the Islamhaneleri neighborhood? I’d appreciate if you inform us. From: Saim YILAL It has to be realized as soon as possible. The lack of sewer system is a really big problem and it’s a shame. I hope to get rid of this problem as soon as possible. Best regards. From: Şengül ÇÜRÜK Akyarlar’s sewer system need is urgent. Besides the benefits of sewer system, it is very important to discharge wastewater with treatment in order to reduce the damage to the sea. The public wants the sea not to be damaged anymore. Just save us from this situation as soon as possible. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 297/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT From: Hasan ÖZŞEKER We have an application for sewer line connection; but, connection has not been made yet. We are in a difficult condition right now. From: Mustafa ÇÜRÜK The Project needs to be done as possible. Because when the septic tank is full of waste water, it overflows to the streets and roads and creates public health risks. From: Ömer MAZI I wish MUSKİ to avoid create problems for dwellers by quickly finishing the works where they started. From: Seher ALTUNTAŞ Septic tanks are not proper for Bodrum, especially for Akyarlar. It cracked during the earthquake and we are still facing with problems. From: Sevilay DELİCE We don’t think there will be a negative impact due to the Project. It will be very useful. I wish that it should be completed as soon as possible. We have been waiting for years. VIII.3.2. People’s Concerns, Views/Suggestions on the Project and Assessments on the Issues The questions and answers given to the participants after the information given at the public consultation meeting held on 1 August 2018 at Akcaalan multipurpose hall are given below. Q&A Question: Recep DEMİRBAY I am attending to the meeting from Islamhaneleri Neighborhood. Can you describe the physical and biological treatment? I would like to know how the straits will be affected. When will the Project will start and end? Do you think that the elevation center to be built in İslamhaneleri Neighborhood will be sufficient? You also mentioned the renewal of vehicles. From what I see from the catalogs, MUSKI has 120 vehicles. As you know, wastewater of İslamhaneleri is transported from the septic tanks through sewage trucks. There was a sewage truck belongs to our muhtar’s office, it was expropriated and transferred to Metropolitan Municipality. We don’t have a sewage truck in the neighborhood right now. We use private sewage trucks. I would like to mention problems of some houses. For example, a household with a septic tank of 20 m3 should discharge with sewage truck every day. People cannot afford to pay 150 TL every day. Therefore, at night, owner lets septic tank to overflow through the road. There is a wastewater running down the road like a river. Where will this project begin? Will it start at where there will be no sewer system or will it be necessary to initial connection to elevation center? I think works should start at İslamhaneleri TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 298/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Neighborhood first. Because all other neighborhoods have some sort of sewer systems. It’s been 30-35 years. 35 years are not very important for sewer line. In Istanbul, they don’t renew sewer system at every 30 years. Therefore, I think that priority should be given to regions where there is no sewer system. Also, will the capacity of the treatment plant sufficient? Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ In physical treatment, only visible materials are removed from domestic wastewater by mechanical equipment. Biological treatment is a classical treatment system where only organic treatment occurs. In biological treatment, trace elements are not treated. Advanced biological treatment is a high technology treatment system in which nitrogen and phosphorus removal is carried out. We designed Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant with advanced biological treatment plant technology. The effluent of the treatment plant will have a quality of irrigation water. Currently, wastewater of the region is discharged to the nature without any treatment. This is a great embarrassment for our country. In line with our budget and supporting it with loans when needed, we have to serve as much as possible for the nature. The domestic wastewater that will be collected with mentioned sewer system and main collectors will be directed to our new treatment facility in Turgutreis. Currently there is no treatment plant in Turgutreis. A sewer system was built in Turgutreis about 35 years ago and wastewater collected with this sewer system reached to elevation center near Sakıp Sabancı High School and discharged into the sea without any treatment. When it comes to your next question, you have asked that flow in Islamhaneleri Neighborhood can be achieved without an elevation center. Our project is designed according to hydraulic profile calculations. In other words, elevation centers are used in places where hydraulic flow cannot be achieved. Absence of an elevation center does not mean flow won’t be achieved. Therefore, the system is designed in such a way that gravity flow would be achieved in İslamhaneleri Neighborhood without an elevation center. Another question is the renewal of vehicles. These vehicles are completely technical vehicles that will provide better service for the community and will be used for better operation of the existing wastewater treatment plants. So, these vehicles are industrial vehicles. With the completion of the Project, we will be done with the septic tank withdrawal issues, hopefully. That’s the main goal. We also have sewage trucks that belong to our organization, but they are limited in numbers. Unfortunately, the numbers are not enough to meet the need. That is a big problem for us too. Regarding to the question on the on which location to start the Project, we are talking about a network of 330 km. If we start the whole Project at the same time, Bodrum turns into a construction site. After all, here is a tourism city. We need to work in a coordinated and systematic way together with you in order not to affect daily life, tourism and traffic. Therefore, the construction of the whole network at the same time will create problems. So it will be performed in stages. Since our budged is not sufficient for this Project, we requested a loan from World Bank. We estimate that the loan will cover the construction of 100-110 km line at first. Exact numbers will be clarified with the consultant firm after the results of tenders. We are planning to start to the sewer system construction at neighborhoods where there is no sewer line. As MUSKİ, we would prefer starting from those locations. Thus, construction would start from such neighborhoods which also don’t have any problems in terms of development plans. After the construction ban given due to the tourism is lifted, it is planned to start the construction of the project at the end of 2018 or in 2019 according to the tender process. It is predicted that the first phase will be about two years. Question: Kudret KAYI TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 299/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT I am attending to the meeting from Gümüşlük Neighborhood. Akyarlar Neighborhood has rugged terrain, Gümüşlük has even more rugged one. Will elevation centers be sufficient? Existing facilities, houses, estates, and hotels have their treatment facilities. When this project is completed, will these facilities will be canceled or integrated into the Project? Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ The elevation centers are a kind of collection center to manage wastewater. There are gravity flow networks with no elevation centers. During design, we prefer systems where energy and investment costs are low and systems that run with gravity flow as much flow as possible. This is the best way. So, 8 elevation centers are enough? Yes. There is a wastewater treatment plant in Gümüşlük. However, we cannot divert all wastewater of Gümüşlük to that treatment plant due to its capacity. Therefore, some places where there are no sewer system will sent their wastewater to Turgutreis. Some of the estates have package wastewater treatment plants. Of course, after completing the sewer system construction, these estates can continue to operate their own package treatment plants, or they can apply for connection to the sewer system. Question: Özgür ÖZDURMUŞ I live in Akçaalan Neighborhood. I’m so glad to hear that project will be realized. I am glad that our natural resources will be saved. I would like to declare that I support his project. I have a question about where the treatment plant will be located. I think the site selection is wrong. Will we have odor nuisance? Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ Advanced biological treatment plant means that the plant will have the most advanced technology. Odor removal units will be installed to prevent odor problems in treatment plants. We are committed to design a treatment plant where community will not experience any odor nuisance. Question: Mustafa DELİCE I am attending to the meeting from Akyarlar Neighborhood. You said that the existing package treatment plants can be connected to the network in case of a request. Will you provide garden irrigation water and potable water for those who demand? Will you supply drinking water? Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ We can supply garden irrigation water for those who demand, but not as drinking water or tap water. Drinking water is another subject but let me try to answer. Currently, there is a project on the Bodrum peninsula for drinking water supply. There are also studies for minimizing water loss in the existing network and finding new water resources. Question: İsmail DEMİRBAY Can we see the plans of this Project? Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ In order to present the entire project plan clearly, we have presented you on the general layout plan by overlapping the network with satellite imagery in Autocad and Netcad. However, TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 300/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT since the file sizes are quite large and comprehensive, it was not possible to present more detailed information. If you want to see our project calculations and all other details of the project, please visit our General Directorate and let’s examine the project in detail. We can even give you printouts of the Project. After the Meeting: Necessary information was given face-to-face to the citizens who came to the General Directorate and request further information about the Project. Question: Celil ÇINAR Will we do the connection ourselves? Do we need to make application? Some manhole/septic tanks were constructed defectively. The water flow is insufficient. Do we need to make application for these issues? Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ You will provide the connection to discharge line yourselves. You also need to make application for this. We cannot enter into boundaries of private parcel by law. The technical team related to the septic tank which you will connect to the network system will come and guide you on what to do. Question: Nurgül TOSUNOĞLU We have a garden in close vicinity of the treatment plant to be constructed in Turgutreis. Responsible came, negotiate and described the Project for approximately two years. Then nobody came. I called and asked about the status of the project. I couldn’t get any information about the situation. They said they were waiting for the Project. I wanted to take care of my garden, expand my garden walls but now I am in an uncertain situation. I cannot do anything right now. Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ The area where the treatment plant will be located is a parcel owned by General Directorate of MUSKI. Our main objective is the rehabilitation of the sea and obtaining Blue Flag for our coasts. If you learn your parcel number and notify us after the meeting, we can talk about the issue. Note: Face-to-face negotiations were conducted with the related land owners. As a result of these negotiations with the owners of the 421 block 7,8,9 parcels or beneficiaries (4 people), no adverse situation has occurred in written or verbally and discussions were positive. After Meeting: Parcel information was taken from Nurgül TOSUNOĞLU and discussed with her in detail. As a result, land owners (among owners of 421 block 9 lot) who participated in the public participation were informed about the process. After public participation meeting, Ramazan UZUN, who is one of the land owners related to the issue, came to MUSKI building and requested information. Face to face negotiation was conducted. Question: Sevilay DELİCE TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Chapter VIII - Pg. 301/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT When will Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant and sewer line be operational? When we will be able to benefit from these projects? Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ First of all, our projects are ready as we mentioned. According to national and international regulations, construction will be started after obtaining necessary permits. Construction of treatment plant and sewerage network system will be started simultaneously. However; construction of treatment plant should be completed in order to make connections and ensure treatment. These two projects are interrelated and construction of both sewage system and treatment plant should be completed so that it can be operated. Work schedule will be planned in a way that both tourism season and our daily life standards will not be affected adversely. Question: Memduh BEŞER Treatment plant has not been constructed in this region for years. We all know that wastewater is discharged into the sea without any treatment. For this reason, as locals we all are afraid of swimming. After this Project, will we be able to swim with peace of mind? Or will it continue to be polluted? Although this is a late Project, I still find it positive. I just wish it didn’t harm the environment. Answer: Mehtap ÜNLÜ You are right. Before, there was sea discharge without treatment. However; by means of this Project wastewater will be treated with the most advanced technology. According to national and international regulations, since treated water discharge will be more qualified than swimming water, Turgutreis Sea will be cleaner over time and you can benefit from sea with peace of mind. Also I would like to mention that discharge will be conducted at a far distance and depth so that swimming area will not be affected under any circumstances. VIII.3.3. Comments In general, it is seen that the public has a positive approach to the Project and support infrastructure investments as a result of opinions stated in the public participation meeting and questionnaire studies. It has been redirected to MUSKİ website for grievance and recommendation form. As a result of the public participation meeting, it is understood that, “Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Project” is an investment for the protection and improvement of the environment. It is planned to take measures against possible environmental risks in terms of environment and human health and to eliminate the existing septic tanks currently used in the area and the resulting odor problem with the Project planned to be realized. As a result of the public participation meeting it is concluded that the public has a positive approach to the Project and wish the Project to be realized as soon as possible. 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Desen Matbaası, Ankara  Mülga Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, 30.07.2008 tarih ve 26952 sayılı "Atık Yağların Kontrolü Yönetmeliği" ve 05.11.2013 tarih, 28812 sayılı Resmi Gazete 'de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren "Atık Yağların Kontrolü Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik."  Mülga Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, 04.06.2010 tarih ve 27601 sayılı Resmi Gazete 'de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren "Çevresel Gürültünün Değerlendirilmesi ve Yönetimi Yönetmeliği."  Mülga Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, 21.11.2008 tarih ve 27061 sayılı Resmi Gazete 'de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren Çevre Denetim Yönetmeliği.  Mülga Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı 31.12.2004 tarih ve 25687 sayılı "Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği" ve 25.03.2012 tarih ve 28244 sayılı Resmi Gazete 'de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren "Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik."  Mülga Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı 03.07.2009 tarih ve 27277 sayılı "Sanayi Kaynaklı Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği" ve 20.12.2014 tarih ve 29211 sayılı Resmi Gazete 'de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren "Sanayi Kaynaklı Hava Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik."  Mülga Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, 11.08.1983 tarih ve 18132 sayılı Resmi Gazete 'de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren 2872 sayılı "Çevre Kanunu" ve 13.05.2006 tarih ve 5491 sayılı "Çevre Kanununda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun."  Mülga Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, 19.04.2005 tarih ve 25791 sayılı "Bitkisel Atık Yağların Kontrolü Yönetmeliği" ve 05.11.2013 tarih, 28812 sayılı Resmi Gazete 'de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren "Bitkisel Atık Yağların Kontrolü Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik."  Operational Manuel 4.04, World Bank Group: Washington DC, June 2001.  Operational Manuel 4.01, World Bank Group: Washington DC, January 1999  Operational Manuel 4.11, World Bank Group: Washington DC, June 2006  Talya Test Laboratuvarı, Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Gürültü Seviyesi Değerlendirme Raporu, 10/8/2017  Talya Test Laboratuvarı, Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Emisyon Ölçüm Raporu, 07/8/2017  Turgutreis İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Ve Turgutreis-Akyarlar-Gümüşlük Kanalizasyon Hattı Projesi, Çevresel ve Sosyal Etki Değerlendirme Raporu, Arüv, 2018 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND References - Pg. 304/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Turgutreis İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Ve Turgutreis-Akyarlar-Gümüşlük Kanalizasyon Hattı Projesi, Çevresel ve Sosyal Etki Değerlendirme Raporu, Arüv, 2018  Turgutreis İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi, Çevresel Etki Değerlendirme Raporu, Arüv, 2017  Türk Coğrafya Dergisi 69 (2017) 109-120  http://muglaobm.ogm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Kurulusumuz/Isletme- Mudurlukleri/BodrumOrmanIslMud.aspx  http://turkherb.ibu.edu.tr/ web sitesi Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi  http://www.kulturvarliklari.org/kve  http://kve.ulakbim.gov.tr)  www.tuik.gov.tr  www.deprem.gov.tr  https://www.mugla.bel.tr/  http://www.milliparklar.gov.tr  geodata.ormansu.gov.tr  http://www.dogadernegi.org/onemli-doga-alanlari/  http://sadafag.org/ TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND References - Pg. 305/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT ANNEXES Annex-1 :Contributors Annex-2 :1/100,000 Scale Environmental Master Plan Annex-3 :Turgutreis Sea Discharge Wind, Wave Climate, Current and Water Quality Measurements and Modeling Study Annex-4 :Biodiversity Management Plan Annex-5 :Emergency Response Plans Annex-6 :Official Letters Annex-7 :Title Deed Register Annex-8 :Implementation Master Development Plan Annex-9 :1/25,000 Scale Sensitive Zones Map Annex-10 :Background Noise Level Assessment Report Annex-11 :Emission Measurement Report (PM10) Annex-12 :Emission Measurement Report (PM2.5) Annex-13 :Grievance Form TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Annexes - Pg. 306/306 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT ANNEX-1 CONTRIBUTORS CONTRIBUTORS Adı Soyadı Mesleği Cem ARÜV Environmental engineer Tülay ARÜV Landscape architect Murat Bedri TUĞAÇ Environmental engineer Vesile HAYTABEY KOMİLİ Environmental engineer Dilara KARACA Environmental engineer Havva Özlem KAZANCIOĞLU Environmental engineer Aslıhan BİLAL Environmental engineer Betül AYDIN BOSTANCI Biologist Deren İKİZOĞLU Hhydrogeology engineer Prof. Dr. Lale BALAS construction engineer Yrd. Doç. Dr. İnci TÜNEY KIZILKAYA Hydrobiologist Mehtap ÜNLÜ Environmental engineer Dr. İbrahim Haluk ÇERİBAŞI Environmental engineer Dr. Okan BİLKAY Mechanical engineer Tolga BALTA Environmental engineer Hüseyin TEKİN Environmental engineer Çağdaş CENGİZ Environmental engineer Nehir AKBABA Biologist Nazan YİĞİTER Urban planner Aslı KARABACAK Environmental engineer Erhan AĞCA Landscape architect Arzu GÜRBÜZ Landscape architect TURGUTREIS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ VE Sf. 1/1 DERİN DENİZ DEŞARJ HATTI PROJESİ ÇSED RAPORU ANNEX-2 1/100,000 SCALE ENVIRONMENTAL MASTER PLAN ANNEX-3 TURGUTREIS DEEP-SEA DISCHARGE WIND, WAVE CLIMATE, CURRENT, AND WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING STUDY TURGUTREİS DENİZ DEŞARJI RÜZGÂR, DALGA İKLİMİ, AKINTI DÜZENİ VE SU KALİTESİ ÖLÜMLEME VE MODELLEME ÇALIŞMALARI “ DENİZ VE SU BİLİMLERİ UYGULAMA VE ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ (DENAM) GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ANKARA Temmuz 2017 İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No 1  GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................................. 1  2  ÜÇ BOYUTLU HİDRODİNAMİK TAŞINIM MODELİ: HYDROTAM- 3D ................ 2  2.1  Hidrodinamik ve Türbülans Alt Modelleri .................................................................. 4  2.2  Rüzgâr ve Dalga İklimi Alt Modelleri ....................................................................... 16  2.3  Dalga İlerleme Alt Modeli ......................................................................................... 19  2.4  Su Kalitesi Alt Modeli ............................................................................................... 22  3  ÇALIŞMA SAHASI ........................................................................................................ 35  4  RÜZGÂR İKLİMİ............................................................................................................ 36  5  DALGA İKLİMİ .............................................................................................................. 46  6  KIYISAL AKINTILAR ................................................................................................... 61  6.1  Akıntı düzeni ............................................................................................................. 61  6.2  Ölçümleme çalışmaları ile karşılaştırmalar ............................................................... 66  7  SU KALİTESİ PARAMETRELERİ ÖLÇÜMLEME ÇALIŞMALARI ......................... 70  8  DENİZ DEŞARJI BORU GÜZERGAHININ BELİRLENMESİ, SU KALİTESİ TAŞINIM VE SEYRELME MODELLEME ÇALIŞMALARI .............................................. 78  8.1  YAKIN ALAN SEYRELMESİ................................................................................. 79  8.1.1  Kullanılan modeller ............................................................................................ 79  8.1.2  Model Uygulamaları .......................................................................................... 81  8.2  UZAK ALAN SEYRELMESİ .................................................................................. 85  9  SONUÇLAR .................................................................................................................... 95  i ÇİZİM LİSTESİ Sayfa No Çizim 2.1. Üç boyutlu kartezyen koordinat sisteminde su yüzeyi ve su derinliğinin tanımı ..... 8  Çizim 2.2 Su kalitesi temel döngüleri ...................................................................................... 22  Çizim 2.3 Azot biyokimyasal döngüsünü oluşturan süreçler ................................................... 23  Çizim 2.4 Fosfor biyokimyasal döngüsünü oluşturan süreçler ................................................ 23  Çizim 2.5 Oksijen biyokimyasal döngüsünü oluşturan süreçler .............................................. 24  Çizim 2.6 Sabit deniz suyu yoğunluğu durumunda atık su bulutunun davranışı ( ρd:deniz suyu yoğunluğu, ρk:kirletici yoğunluğu) .......................................................................................... 26  Çizim 2.7 Deniz suyunda yoğunluk tabakalaşması durumunda atık su bulutunun davranışı (d:deniz suyu yoğunluğu, ρk:kirletici yoğunluğu) .................................................................... 26  Çizim 2.8 Denize deşarj edilen atık suların genel seyrelme türleri (yaklaşık zaman ve uzunluk skalası ile) ................................................................................................................................. 27  Çizim 2.9 Yakın alan seyrelmesi, sabit deniz yoğunluğu (Roberts vd, 2010) ......................... 29  Çizim 2.10 Yakın alan seyrelmesi, değişken deniz yoğunluğu (Roberts vd, 2010) ................ 30  Çizim 2.11 Yakın alan seyrelme mesafesi, değişken deniz yoğunluğu ve dik akıntı etkisi (Roberts vd, 2010) .................................................................................................................... 32  Çizim 2.12 Froude sayısının değişimine göre atık su bulutu davranışının deneysel incelenmesine ait fotoğraf (Roberts vd, 2010) ......................................................................... 33  Çizim 4.1 Rüzgâr verilerinin karşılaştırılması (a) Turgutreis Marina ölçümleri ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı tahminleri (b) Turgutreis Marina ölçümleri ve ECMWF 37.0N- 27.3E koordinatı tahminleri (c) Hüseyin Burnu Feneri ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E (d) Yalıkavak Gemitaşı Feneri ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E (e)Didim Meteoroloji İstasyonu ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı tahminleri (f) Bodrum Meteoroloji İstasyonu ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı tahminleri ....................................................................................... 37  Çizim 4.2. Rüzgâr gülleri ......................................................................................................... 38  Çizim 4.3 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre yıllık rüzgâr gülü .............................................................................................. 40  Çizim 4.4 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre kış mevsimi rüzgâr gülü ................................................................................... 40  Çizim 4.5 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre ilkbahar mevsimi rüzgâr gülü .......................................................................... 41  Çizim 4.6 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre yaz mevsimi rüzgâr gülü .................................................................................. 41  Çizim 4.7 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre sonbahar mevsimi rüzgâr gülü ......................................................................... 42  Çizim 4.8 NNW yönü için uzun dönem rüzgâr istatistiği log-lineer olasılık dağılımı (HYDROTAM-3D) .................................................................................................................. 42  Çizim 4.9 N yönü için uzun dönem rüzgâr istatistiği log-lineer olasılık dağılımı (HYDROTAM-3D) .................................................................................................................. 43  Çizim 4.10 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre aylık ortalama ve en yüksek en büyük değer rüzgâr hızları ............................ 43  Çizim 4.11 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre en yüksek rüzgâr hızları ve esme yönleri......................................................... 44  Çizim 4.12 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre 7m/s ve üzeri hızlar için yıllık rüzgâr gülü ...................................................... 44  Çizim 5.1 Kuzey Batı (NW) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği ......................... 48  ii Çizim 5.2 KuzeyKuzeyBatı (NNW)yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği .............. 49  Çizim 5.3 Kuzey (N) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği ..................................... 49  Çizim 5.4 GüneyDoğu (SE) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği .......................... 50  Çizim 5.5 GüneyGüneyDoğu (SSE) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği ............. 50  Çizim 5.6 Güney(S) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği ...................................... 51  Çizim 5.7 Uzun dönem dalga istatistiği belirgin dalga yüksekliği ve ortalama dalga periyodu (Hs –Tm ) ilişkisi ....................................................................................................................... 52  Çizim 5.8 Yıllık ve Mevsimlik Dalga Gülleri .......................................................................... 54  Çizim 5.9 Aylık ortalama ve en büyük değer belirgin dalga yükseklikleri.............................. 55  Çizim 5.10 Ekstrem (En yüksek değer) Dalga İstatistiği (Gumbel Dağılımı) ......................... 55  Çizim 5.11 Sinüsodial dalga profili (Dean, Darymple,1998) ................................................. 56  Çizim 5.12 Kırılmadaki boyutsuz derinlik ile dalga kırılma dikliği ilişkisi (SPM, 1984) ....... 59  Çizim 5.13 Kırılma anındaki dalga yüksekliği indeksi ile derin deniz dalga dikliği arasındaki ilişki (SPM,1984) ..................................................................................................................... 60  Çizim 6.1 Yıllık akıntı gülleri a) yüzey tabakası b) yüzeyden -4m c) yüzeyden -8m ............. 62  Çizim 6.2 Mevsimsel akıntı gülleri a) Kış yüzey tabakası b) Kış taban tabakası c) İlkbahar yüzey tabakası d) İlkbahar taban tabakası e) Yaz yüzey tabakası f) Yaz taban tabakası g) Sonbahar yüzey tabakası h) Sonbahar taban tabakası .............................................................. 63  Çizim 6.3 Yüzey tabakası hâkim akıntı düzeni (HYDROTAM-3D) ...................................... 64  Çizim 6.4 Taban tabakası hâkim akıntı düzeni (HYDROTAM-3D) ....................................... 65  Çizim 6.5. Hâkim akıntı düzeninde su derinliği boyunca akıntı değişimi (HYDROTAM-3D) .................................................................................................................................................. 66  Çizim 6.6 29 Kasım 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması 67  Çizim 6.7 29 Kasım 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması .................................................................................................................................................. 67  Çizim 6.8 30 Kasım 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması 67  Çizim 6.9 30 Kasım 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması .................................................................................................................................................. 67  Çizim 6.10 1 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması 68  Çizim 6.11 1 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması .................................................................................................................................................. 68  Çizim 6.12 2 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması 68  Çizim 6.13 2 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması .................................................................................................................................................. 68  Çizim 6.14 3 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması 69  Çizim 6.15 3 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması .................................................................................................................................................. 69  Çizim 6.16 Ölçülen tüm akıntı hızlarının modelleme sonuçları ile karşılaştırılması ............... 69  Çizim 6.17 Ölçülen tüm akıntı yönlerinin modelleme sonuçları ile karşılaştırılması .............. 70  Çizim 8.1 Deniz deşarjı borusu güzergahı ............................................................................... 79  Çizim 8.2Turgutreis kış koşullarında atıksu debisi (Q) hassasiyeti ......................................... 82  Çizim 8.3 Turgutreis yaz koşullarında atıksu debisi (Q) hassasiyeti ....................................... 82  Çizim 8.4 Turgutreis kış koşullarında akıntı hızı hassasiyeti................................................... 83  Çizim 8.5 Turgutreis yaz koşullarında akıntı hızı hassasiyeti .................................................. 84  Çizim 8.6 Turgutreis kış koşullarında akıntı yönünün yakın alan seyrelmesine etkisi ............ 84  Çizim 8.7 Turgutreis yaz koşullarında akıntı yönünün yakın alan seyrelmesine etkisi ........... 85  Çizim 8.8 Kış ayı ve rüzgâr esmediği koşullar etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı .................................................................................................................................................. 87  iii Çizim 8.9 Yaz ayı ve rüzgâr esmediği koşullar etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı..................................................................................................................................... 88  Çizim 8.10 Kış ayı ve hâkim akıntı koşulları etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı .................................................................................................................................................. 89  Çizim 8.11 Yaz ayı ve hâkim akıntı koşulları etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı .................................................................................................................................................. 90  Çizim 8.12 Kış ayı ve karaya doğru akıntılar etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı .................................................................................................................................................. 91  Çizim 8.13 Yaz ayı ve karaya doğru akıntılar etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı .................................................................................................................................................. 92  Çizim 8.14 Kış ayı açığa doğru akıntı etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı ......... 93  Çizim 8.15 Yaz ayı açığa doğru akıntı etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı ........ 94  ÇİZELGE LİSTESİ Sayfa No Çizelge 2.1 Modelde benzetimi gerçekleştirilen ekolojik parametreler ................................... 24  Çizelge 5.1 Etkin Dalga Kabarma Mesafeleri (“Feç”) (km) .................................................... 46  Çizelge 5.2 NW yönündeki etkin dalga kabarma uzunluğunun hesaplanması ....................... 47  Çizelge 5.3 37.0N-27.2E için 2000-2015 yıllarına ait ECMWF operasyonel arşiv dalga tahminlerinden elde edilen belirgin dalga yükseklikleri aşılma süreleri ve olasılık dağılımları .................................................................................................................................................. 51  Çizelge 5.4 2000-2016 yılları arası 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı tüm ECMWF operasyonel arşiv belirgin dalga yükseklikleri(Hs) ve ortalama dalga periyotları (Tm) tahminleri için oluşma sıklıklarına göre ortak(bağlı) dağılım ....................................................................................... 53  Çizelge 5.5 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası ECMWF operasyonel arşiv dalga tahminleri için yönsel olarak Hs-Tm bağıntıları .............................................................. 53  Çizelge 5.6 Denizel alanda yaklaşan dalgaların derin deniz dalga yüksekliği, dalga dönemi, kırılma yüksekliği, kırılma derinliği ve kırılma dalga boyları ................................................. 60  Çizelge 7.1 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanı ölçüm noktaları ve koordinatları................ 71  Çizelge 7.2. Ocak 2017 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında ölçülen fiziksel parametreler .................................................................................................................................................. 72  Çizelge 7.3. Mayıs 2017 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında ölçülen fiziksel parametreler .............................................................................................................................. 72  Çizelge 7.4. Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanı bulanıklık, askıda katı madde ve seki disk ölçümleri................................................................................................................................... 73  Çizelge 7.5. Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında ölçülen kimyasal parametreler ............ 73  Çizelge 7.6. Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında ölçülen mikrobiyolojik parametreler .. 73  Çizelge 7.7 Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Analiz Metotları ................................................................. 74  Çizelge 7.8 Mikrobiyolojik Analiz Metotları ........................................................................... 74  Çizelge 7.9 Cihazların Hassasiyet Aralıkları ........................................................................... 75  Çizelge 7.10 Genel kimyasal ve fizikokimyasal parametreler açısından kıyı suları alıcı ortam kalite kriterleri (Tablo 3, Ek-5, Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği,2016) ................................. 76  Çizelge 7.11. Yerüstü su kütlerinin trofik seviyeleri, Ege ve Akdeniz kıyı suları ötrofikasyon kriterleri (Tablo 7, Ek-6, Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği,2016) ........................................... 77  Çizelge 8.1 Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Tasarıma Esas Atıksu Debileri ........................ 78  iv Çizelge 8.2 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı difüzör borusu özellikleri .............................................. 78  Çizelge 8.3. Kirleticinin uzak alan seyrelmesi senaryoları ...................................................... 86  HARİTA LİSTESİ Sayfa No Harita 3.1.Çalışma Sahası Genel Coğrafi Konumu (Google Earth, 2016) .............................. 35  Harita 3.2. Çalışma Sahasının Konumu (Google Earth, 2015) ................................................ 35  Harita 4.1. Rüzgâr kaynakları (Google Earth, 2016) ............................................................... 36  Harita 5.1 Yönlere Göre Dalga Kabarma Mesafeleri (“Feç”) .................................................. 46  Harita 7.1 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanı ölçümleme noktaları .................................... 71  v 1 GİRİŞ Kıyı bölgelerinde yapılacak olan kıyı yapılarının denizel alan ve taşınım olayları ile etkilerini incelemek amacıyla çeşitli yöntemler uygulanmaktadır. Bunlar fiziksel modeller ve sayısal benzeştirmeler (sayısal modeller) olmak üzere iki grupta incelenebilir. Fiziksel modeller, çalışma yapılacak olan kıyı bölgesinin laboratuvar ortamında ölçeklendirilmiş modelinin yapılarak, çeşitli dalga parametreleri altında davranışını incelemek amacıyla yapılmaktadır. Fiziksel modellerin kurulması maliyet ve zaman açısından tercih edilmemekle birlikte, sınır koşullarının laboratuvar ortamında sağlanamaması nedeniyle sağlıklı sonuçlar verememektedir. Bu aşamada, sayısal modeller önemli birer tahmin araçları olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadırlar. Ülkemizde, uzun süreli dalga yüksekliği verileri bulunmadığı için sayısal modeller yardımıyla uzun süreli ölçülmüş rüzgâr hızlarından, rüzgârın etkisiyle oluşan dalga yükseklikleri tahmin edilebilmektedir. Derin denizde oluşan bu dalga yükseklikleri kıyıya kadar taşınabilmekte, kıyı yapıları ile dalga etkileşimleri, rüzgâr ve kırılan dalgalar etkisiyle oluşan akıntılar, kirleticilerin akıntılar taşınımları, sediman taşınımları, su kalitesi parametrelerindeki değişimler vb. sayısal modeller yardımıyla başarı ile tahmin edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyı sularına yapılması planlanan deniz deşarjı sistemlerinin etkisiyle oluşacak taşınım olaylarını incelemek için, - Rüzgâr iklimi, - Dalga iklimi, - Akıntı iklimi, - Su kalitesi kirletici taşınımı, yakın ve uzak alan seyrelmeleri sayısal modelleme çalışmaları sunulmuştur. 2 ÜÇ BOYUTLU HİDRODİNAMİK TAŞINIM MODELİ: HYDROTAM- 3D Üç boyutlu modellerin kullanımı, yoğunluk dağılımının göz ardı edilemeyeceği ve/veya rüzgârların oluşturduğu akıntıların önemli olduğu kıyısal su alanlarında kaçınılmazdır. Bu tip akıntılar derinlik boyunca ve alanda yön değiştirirler, bu nedenle iki ve tek boyutlu modellerle benzeştirilmeleri önemli hatalar doğurur. HYDROTAM-3D, bilimsel kaynaklarda yayınlanan analitik ve deneysel sonuçlarla ve saha çalışmaları ile karşılaştırılarak gerçeklenen, Türkiye’de birçok kıyı alanına uyarlanmış bir üç boyutlu hidrodinamik ve taşınım modelidir (Balas, 2001,2004; Balas ve Özhan, 2000,2001,2002,2003; Balas ve İnan 2005; Balas vd, 2006; Balas ve Küçükosmanoğlu 2006; Balas ve İnan,2010; Balas vd.2011; Balas vd.2012; İnan vd. 2012; İnan ve Balas 2010,2009,2008,2007,2002; Yıldız vd. 2005, Cebe ve Balas, 2016). HYDROTAM-3D, 1990 yılından bugüne dek sürekli olarak saha çalışmaları ile doğrulanarak geliştirilmiş sayısal modelleme sistemidir. İlişkisel veri tabanı, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistem entegrasyonu ve görsel "Karar Destek" sistemi içermekte olup web arayüzü sayesinde yaygın bir kullanım imkanına sahiptir. HYDROTAM-3D yazılımı bulut bilişim mimarisini kullanmaktadır. Bulut Bilişim, bilgi teknolojisi (BT) kaynaklarına Internet üzerinden erişim ve paylaşım ortamının tesis edilmesi olarak özetlenebilir. Sistemin kullanıcısının tek ihtiyacı İnternet erişimi ve internet tarayıcısıdır. Kullanıcı önyüzü sadece web tarayıcı üzerinde bulunan model yazılımının kullanıcı veri tanımlamaları ve çıktı analizleri CBS üzerinden yapılmaktadır. Kıyısal alanlarda rüzgâr iklimi, dalga iklimi, akıntı iklimi, tuzluluk, sıcaklık ve kirlilik taşınımı, askıda sediman ve kıyı boyu sediman taşınımı, su kalitesi parametrelerinin gibi kıyısal taşınım olaylarının benzeştirilmesi amacıyla geliştirilmiş yazılım olan HYDROTAM-3D, aynı zamanda Türkiye’nin ilk kıyı suları bulut bilişim yazılımıdır. Yazılımının başlıca özellikleri şunlardır:  Üç boyutlu, alansal, derinlik boyunca ve zamansal kapalı (imlicit) sayısal çözümleme yapar.  Tüm değişkenlerin, alana ve zamana göre değişimlerini içerir. Kullanıcının belirttiği herhangi bir zaman dilimi için sonuç üretebilir.  Bulut bilişim mimarisindedir. Çoklu çekirdek ortamını kullanabildiği için hızlıdır.  Modelin girdileri ve çıktıları coğrafi bilgi sistem temellidir, kolayca yorumlanabilir, anlaşılabilir özelliktedir.  Model küresel koordinat sistemini kullanır. Sonlu hacimler ve sonlu farklar metodu ile çözüm oluşturur. 2  Model rüzgâr, dalga, yoğunluk farklılaşması kuvvetlerinin etkilerini dikkate alan baroklinik bir modeldir.  Modele su kaynakları girdileri, havza kökenli yayılı ve noktasal yükler girdi olarak tanımlanabilir.  Model Türkiye kıyı suları için ilişkisel veri tabanına sahiptir. Veri tabanında tüm Türkiye kıyılarının batimetrileri, Türkiye Kıyıları Meteoroloji İstasyonları’nın kuruluşlarından bu yana saatlik rüzgâr verileri, ölçümlenen tüm fizikokimyasal veriler yer almaktadır. Veri tabanı her türlü veri girişinin, kullanıcı tarafından kolaylıkla yapılmasına izin verecek şekilde yapılandırılmıştır. Ayrıca, veri tabanında tüm Türkiye’yi kapsayan 0,1o aralıklı yatay çözüm ağı için ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast)’in sayısal meteorolojik modeliyle üretilen her altı saatlik 2000-2016 yılları arası analiz rüzgârları ve yine 0,1o aralıklı yatay çözüm ağında tüm Türkiye kıyılarını kapsayan ECMWF üçüncü kuşak dalga modeli olan WAM dalga tahmin modeliyle elde edilen altışar saatlik 2000-2016 yılları arası dalga yükseklikleri ve dalga periyotları bulunmaktadır.  Model çözümleme alanı CBS ortamında kullanıcı tarafından kolaylıkla oluşturulabilmektedir. Seçilen çözümleme alanında bulunan tüm veri kaynaklarının yerleri CBS ortamında gösterilmekte, istenilen kaynak verisini seçebilme olanağı tanınmaktadır.  Veri tabanından seçilen ya da kullanıcı tarafından tanımlanan verilere dayalı olarak, çalışma alanının rüzgâr iklimi hesaplanmaktadır. Uzun dönem ve en yüksek değer, yönsel rüzgâr istatistikleri yapılmakta, yıllık ve mevsimsel rüzgâr gülleri hazırlanmaktadır (RÜZGÂR İKLİMİ ALT MODELİ).  Veri tabanından seçilen ya da kullanıcı tarafından tanımlanan verilere dayalı olarak, derin deniz belirgin dalga yükseklikleri ve belirgin dalga dönemleri, uzun dönem dalga istatistiği ve en yüksek değer dalga istatistiği kullanarak hesaplanmaktadır. Yıllık ve mevsimsel dalga gülleri hazırlanmaktadır (DALGA İKLİMİ ALT MODELİ).  Yumuşak eğim eşitlikleri çözülere, açık denizde tahmin edilen dalga yükseklikleri, batimetri ve topoğrafya etkisinde kıyısal alanlara taşınmaktadır. Dalga ilerlemesinde, sığlaşma, sapma, dönme, sürtünme, kırılma ve dalga kabarması etkileri hesaplanmaktadır. Alansal ya da noktasal olarak dalga yükseklerinin dağılım haritalarına ya da zamansal değişim grafiklerine erişilebilmektedir. (DALGA İLERLEMESİ ALT MODELİ).  Rüzgâr, dalga, gelgit ya da yoğunluk farklılaşması etkenli akıntılar, su düzeyi değişimleri ve rüzgâr kabarması, 3-boyutlu Navier-Stokes denklemleri çözümlenerek benzeştirilmektedir. Akıntı modellemesinde üç boyutlu k- türbülans modeli ya da karışım uzunluğu modeli 3 kullanılabilmektedir (TÜRBÜLANS ALT MODELİ). Su tuzluluk ve sıcaklıklarının dağılım ve yayılımı yine üç boyutlu ilerlemeli dağılım (adveksiyon-difüzyon) denklemlerinin çözümüyle benzeştirilmekte ve su yoğunluğu su tuzluluğunun, sıcaklığının ve basıncın bir fonksiyonu olarak uzaysal ve zamansal değişkenlikle hesaplanmaktadır. Seçilen çalışma alanındaki akıntı gülleri oluşturulabilmekte, derinlik boyunca, alansal ya da zamansal akıntı değişim grafikleri, katmansal akıntı düzeni animasyonları hazırlanmaktadır (HİDRODİNAMİK ALT MODELİ).  Model akıntılar ile askıda madde taşınımını ve kırılan dalgalar etkisiyle kıyı boyu sediman taşınımını içerir (ASKIDA ve KIYI BOYU SEDİMAN TAŞINIM MODELİ).  Model azot, fosfor ve oksijen biyokimyasal döngülerini oluşturan tüm süreçleri ve birbirleri ile olan ilişkilerini çözümlemektedir. Fitoplankton, zooplankton, bakteri, amonyum, nitrit, nitrat, partikül organik azot, korunumlu ve korunumsuz çözünmüş organik azot, inorganik forfor, partikül organik fosfor, korunumlu ve korunumsuz çözünmüş organik fosfor ve oksijen konsantrasyonlarının uzaysal ve zamansal değişimleri benzeştirilmektedir. Korunan ya da korunmayan bir kirleticinin (bakteri, tuzlu su ve/veya sıcak su) kıyısal su ortamına karışması durumunda, alansal ve zamansal yayılım ve dağılımı üç boyutlu olarak çözümlenmektedir. Deniz deşarjlarında yakın alan ve uzak alan dağılımları benzeştirilmektedir (SU KALİTESİ ALT MODELİ).  Modellemeye ilişkin tüm çıktılar alansal, derinlik boyunca ve zamansal grafikler ve animasyonlar olarak CBS üzerinden sunulabilmektedir. Veri tabanında çalışma alanına ait ölçümleme sonuçları var ise model sonuçları ve ölçümleme sonuçları karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmaktadır.  Model kıyısal su alanlarına, haliç, lagün ve göl ortamlarına uygulanabilir. Bu çalışmada rüzgâr iklimi, dalga iklimi, hidrodinamik, türbülans ve su kalitesi kirletici taşınımı, yakın ve uzak alan seyrelmesi alt modelleri kullanılacaktır. 2.1 Hidrodinamik ve Türbülans Alt Modelleri Kıyı sistemlerinde görülen büyük ölçekli su akıntılarının en önemli özelliği, yatay ve düşey yönlerdeki akım büyüklüklerinin çok farklı olmasıdır. Büyük ölçekli su akıntıları, özellikle lagün, haliç, göl ve körfez gibi, yüzey alanı/ortalama su derinliği oranı büyük olan kıyı sistemlerinde oluşmaktadır. Bu akıntılar çok çeşitli hidrodinamik kuvvetlerin etkisiyle oluşabilmektedir. Yerçekimi, ay ve güneşin çekim etkisiyle oluşan gel-git kuvveti ve su 4 yüzeyini etkileyen rüzgâr kuvveti, büyük ölçekli akıntıları oluşturan dış etkenli kuvvetlerdendir. Ayrıca, büyük ölçekli su akıntılarının matematiksel modellenmesinde, dünyanın dönüş etkisini ifade eden sanal Coriolis kuvveti de kullanılmaktadır. Kıyı sistemlerinin su alanı yüzeyinde çekme gerilmesi yaratan rüzgâr kuvveti, yüzey tabakasını sürükleyerek, rüzgâr yönündeki kıyı kenarında su seviyesinin yükselmesine, karşı yöndeki kıyıda ise seviyenin düşmesine neden olur. Rüzgâr yönünde oluşan bu su düzeyi eğimi, barotropik basınç değişimi meydana getirerek, su tabanına yakın tabakalarda, yüzey tabakasının sürüklenme yönüne karşıt yönde bir akıntı oluşturur. Sonuç olarak, yüzeydeki su tabakasını sürükleyerek alt tabakaların sürtünmeden dolayı ters yönde akmasına yol açan rüzgâr kuvveti, düşeyde güçlü bir su çevrintisi yaratır. Bu çevrinti hareketi, düşeydeki momentum değişimini artırarak, derinlik boyunca yoğunluk farklılaşmasından kaynaklanan akıntıların azalmasına ve bu sayede, yatay düzlemdeki karışmanın artmasına neden olur. Kararlı katmanlardan oluşan bir su kütlesinin, serbest yüzeyine etkiyen rüzgâr kuvveti, yoğunluğu daha fazla olan homojen tabakalardaki suyun geçişiyle zamanla derinleşen türbülanslı bir yüzey tabakası oluşturur. Bu tabakaların arasında, türbülansın, yoğunluk farklılaşması ve yatay hız değişimleri ile sönümlendiği ve karışım uzunluğunun azalarak düşey yöndeki taşınımın önemli ölçüde etkilendiği ince bir geçiş tabakası da yer alır. Böylece türbülans kinetik enerjisinin bir bölümü karışım süreci ile potansiyel enerjiye dönüşür ve düşey türbülans yayınımı da azalır. Kıyı sistemlerindeki su hareketleri, su alanı yüzeyine etkiyen rüzgâr kuvveti ve sıcaklık- tuzluluk farklılıkları sonucu oluşan su yoğunluğu değişimlerine neden olan günlük ve mevsimlik iklim değişikliklerinden etkilenmektedir. Bu değişiklikler, düşey eksende derinlik boyunca belirli sıcaklık tabakaları oluşturur: Güneş enerjisinin emilmesi ile oluşan sıcak yüzey tabakası; derinliğe bağlı olarak ani sıcaklık düşüşü görülen ısı değişim tabakası (thermocline) ve sıcaklık değişiminin çok yavaş gerçekleştiği derin tabaka. Ancak, kıyı sistemleri bu oluşumun gerçekleşmesi için gereken derinliğe genelde sahip değildirler. Bu sistemlerde, mevsimlik ve günlük ısı değişim tabakaları oluşmaktadır. Belirli mevsimlerdeki su-hava etkileşimleri sonucunda, karışım şeklindeki yüzey tabakası ile asıl değişim tabakası arasındaki bölgede meydana gelen ani sıcaklık düşüşleri, mevsimlik ısı değişim tabakasını (seasonal thermocline) oluşturur. Su-hava sınır tabakasında gün içerisinde oluşan ısı değişim 5 olayları da günlük ısı değişim tabakasını (diurnal thermocline) meydana getirir. Bu tabakalarda, sıcaklığa ve tuzluluğa bağlı olarak suyun yoğunluğu değişmekte ve kıyı sistemlerindeki yoğunluğa dayalı su çevrintileri oluşmaktadır. Su alanı yüzeyindeki yoğunluk; buharlaşma ve soğuma ile artmakta; ısınma, su buharı yoğunlaşması, yağış ve kaynak suyu akışları ile azalmaktadır. Güneş ışınlarının su yüzeyini ısıtması ile azalan yoğunluk, düşey yönde dengeli bir tabakalaşma oluşturur ve düşey karışımı azaltır. Su yüzeyinin gece soğuması veya buharlaşma ile yoğunluğun artması, dengesiz yoğunluk farklılaşması oluşturur. Sonuç olarak, su yüzeyindeki yüksek yoğunluklu tabaka derine doğru batma eğilimi gösterir. Bu su yoğunluğu hareketi düşey çevrintilere (thermohaline convection) sebep olur. Böylece, farklı derinliklerdeki, ısınma ve karışma farklılıklarının neden olduğu yatay yoğunluk değişimleri, büyük ölçekli su çevrintilerine yol açar. HYDROTAM-3D, rüzgâr ve gelgit kuvvetlerini, sıcaklık ve tuzluluk farklılıklarından kaynaklanan yoğunluk değişimlerini ve su tabanı sürtünmesini de benzeştirebilen bir modeldir. Bu çalışmada rüzgâr iklimi, dalga iklimi, dalga ilerlemesi, hidrodinamik, türbülans, kirletici taşınımı alt modellerini içeren HYDROTAM-3D (Üç Boyutlu Hidrodinamik Taşınım Modeli) kullanılacaktır. Modelde kullanılan temel hidrodinamik denklemler, Çizim 1’de verilen üç boyutlu kartezyen koordinat sisteminde aşağıdaki gibidir: Süreklilik denklemi; u v w [1]   0 x y z Yatayda birbirine dik konumdaki x ve y yönleri için momentum denklemleri; u u u u 1 p   u     u v      u w   [2] u v w  fv   2 vx   vy       vz    t x y z  0 x x  x  y    y x   z   z x   v v v v 1 p    v u     v     v w   [3]  u  v  w   fu    vx     2  vy    vz      t x y z    0 y x   x y   y    y  z   z y   Düşeyde z yönü için momentum denklemi; w w w w 1 p    w u      w v     w  [4] u v w   gz   vx       vy      2  vz  t x y z 0 z x    x z  y   y z   z  z  Bu eşitliklerde; x ve y: Yatay koordinatlar; z: Düşey koordinat; t: Zaman; u, v, w: Herhangi bir çözüm ağı noktasında x, y ve z yönlerindeki hız bileşenleri; vx, vy, vz: Sırasıyla x,y ve z yönlerindeki eddy viskozitesi; f: Corriolis katsayısı; ρ(x,y,z,t): Su yoğunluğu; ρo: Referans yoğunluk; g: Yerçekimi ivmesi; p: Basınçtır. 6 Su yoğunluğu; sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve bunlara göre çok az etkili olan basınç ile değişen bir değerdir. Deniz suyunun ortalama yoğunluğu yaklaşık 1.0276 g/cm3 değerindedir. Diğer su yoğunlukları göz önüne alındığında bu değerin önemli olan kısmı noktadan sonra üç haneye kadardır. Bu nedenle gerçek su yoğunluğu  , yerine deniz suyunun yoğunluğu t ile gösterilirse:  t    1  10 3 [5] Eşitlikte;  : Yoğunluktur (gr/cm3). Yoğunluk hesabında, basınç, tuzluluk ve sıcaklığın fonksiyonu olan Gill (1982) formülü kullanılmaktadır: C  999,83  5,053d  0,048 d 2 [6]   0,808 0,0085d [7]   0,0708(1  0,351d  0,068(1  0,0683d)T) [8]   0,003(1  0,059d  0,012(1  0,064d)T) [9]   C(d)  (d)S  (T, d)T  (T, d)(35  S)T [10] Eşitliklerde; S: Tuzluluk (%); d: dinamik derinlik (km); T: Sıcaklıktır (oC). Her bir noktadaki yoğunluk değerlerinin bulunması için, o noktadaki sıcaklık ve tuzluluk değerlerinin hesaplanması gerekmektedir. Bu değerler için üç boyutlu taşınım-dağılım denklemi çözülmektedir: Q Q Q Q   Q    Q    Q  +u +v +w =  D x  +  D y  +  Dz  [11] t x y z x  x  x  y  z  z  Bu eşitlikte; Dx, Dy ve Dz: Sırasıyla x, y ve z yönlerindeki türbülansın difüzyon katsayıları; Q: Su sıcaklığı (T) veya tuzluluğudur (S). Su alanında, ortama bırakılan bir kirleticinin zamanla nasıl değiştiğini gözlemleyebilmek için kirletici sakınım denklemi kullanılmaktadır: C C C C   C    C    C  +u +v +w =  D x  +  D y  +  D z  +k pC  Ss [12] t x y z x  x  x  y  z  z  Bu eşitlikte; C: Kirleticinin derişimi; kp: Kirleticinin yok olma hızı; Dx, Dy ve Dz: Sırasıyla, x, y ve z yönlerindeki türbülansın difüzyon katsayıları; Ss: Kirletici kaynağıdır. 7 Yüzeydeki kinematik sınır koşulu şöyledir:     us  vs  ws  0 [13] t x y Eşitlikte; us ve vs: Yüzeydeki su parçacığının yatay hızları; ws: Yüzeydeki su parçacığının düşey hızı;  : Su seviyesini göstermektedir. (x,y,t) H h(x,y) Çizim 2.1. Üç boyutlu kartezyen koordinat sisteminde su yüzeyi ve su derinliğinin tanımı Süreklilik denkleminin derinlik boyunca integrali alınıp, yüzeydeki kinematik sınır koşulu kullanılırsa, derinlik eklenmiş süreklilik denklemi bulunur:            u dz    v dz  0 [14] t x   h  y    h   Eşitlikte; h(x,y): Sakin su yüzeyinden ölçülen su derinliğidir. H(x,y,t): Toplam su derinliğidir ve H(x,y,t)=h(x,y)+  (x,y,t). Su alanında basınç sabit değildir ve yoğunlukla değişmektedir:  p( x, y, z, t )   g( x, y, z, t ) dz [15] z Eğer Leibniz Kuralı uygulanır ve bağımsız olan değişkenler yok edilirse: 8   p      g dz   g dz  g s [16] x x z z x x Eşitlikte;  s yüzeydeki yoğunluktur. Benzer bir eşitlikte  p /  y için yazılabilir. Türbülans alt modelinde iki eşitlikli k-ε türbülans modeli kullanılmaktadır. Türbülans modelindeki kinetik enerji ve kinetik enerjinin sönümlenme hızı için aşağıdaki denklemler kullanılmaktadır. k k k k   v k   k    k  [17] u v w   z   P  B     Dx    Dy  t x y z z   k z  x  x  y  y        v     2         [18] u v w   z  C ( P  C B )  C   Dx    D y  z z    z  1 3 2  t x y  k k x  x  y  y  Bu eşitliklerde; k: Kinetik enerji;  : Kinetik enerjinin dağılma oranı; vz: Düşey eddy viskozitesi; Dx ve Dy: Sırasıyla x ve y yönündeki türbülansın difüzyon katsayıları; P: Kinetik enerjinin gerilme çarpımı; B: Kinetik enerjinin kaldırma çarpımıdır ve aşağıda tanımlanmaktadır. g v z  B [19]  0 Pr z Bu eşitlikte; Pr: Prandtl ya da Schmidt türbülans sayısıdır. Deneyler Prandtl ya da Schmidt türbülans sayısının bir akımdan, başka bir akıma çok az değiştiğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle Pr = 0,7 kabul edilmektedir. Kinetik enerjinin gerilme çarpımı ise aşağıdaki eşitlikle tanımlanmaktadır.   u  2  v  2  u v   2  u  2  v  2  P  vh  2    2         vz        [20]  x   y   y x      z       z   Bu eşitlikte; vh: Yatay eddy viskozitesi; u ve v: Sırasıyla x ve y yönündeki yatay su zerreciklerinin hızlarıdır. Düşey eddy viskozitesi aşağıdaki eşitlikle hesaplanmaktadır. k2 vz  C [21]  9 Eşitliklerde; B>0 (değişen katmanlaşma) olduğunda C  = 0,09,   = 1,3, C1 = 1,44, C2 = 1,92, C3 = 1 ve B<0 (sabit katmanlaşma) olduğunda ise C3 = 0,2, evrensel ampirik sabitleri kullanılmaktadır. Standart k   modeli, türbülansın yerel izotropik olduğunu, başka bir deyişle yatay eddy viskozitesinin düşey eddy viskozitesine eşit olduğunu kabul etmektedir. Ancak yatay hareketin düşey harekete göre baskın ve yatay uzunluğun fazla olduğu yerlerde; örneğin sığ su alanlarında standart k   türbülans modeli yatay eddy viskozitesini gerçek değerine kıyasla daha az tahmin etmektedir. Bu nedenle yatay kesme kuvveti etkisi ile oluşan geniş ölçekteki türbülansı hesaplayabilmek için, yatay eddy viskozitesi matematiksel Smagorinsky türbülans modeli ile benzeştirilmektedir. 1/ 2   u  2  v  2 1  u v  2  v h  0,01xy        2 y  y   [22]   x     y       Katmanlaşmış akıntı durumunda, türbülansın katmanlaşmaya etkisi yatay yönde ihmal edilebilecek düzeydedir. Bu nedenle yatay türbülansın difüzyon katsayısı, yatay eddy viskozitesine yaklaşık olarak eşittir. Düşey türbülansın difüzyon katsayısı, Dz ise aşağıdaki gibidir: vz Dz  [23] Pr vz: Düşey eddy viskozitesidir. Model için dört farklı sınır koşulu vardır. Bunlar; serbest yüzey, deniz tabanı, açık deniz ve kıyı sınır koşullarıdır. Serbest Yüzey Sınır Koşulu Serbest yüzeydeki rüzgâr nedenli kesme kuvveti aşağıdaki Denklemde tanımlanmıştır:  wx ,  wy   aCd uw , vw  uw 2 2  vw [24]   Bu eşitlikte;  wx ,  wy : Rüzgâr kuvvetinin bileşenleri; uw ve vw : Sırasıyla x ve y yönünde rüzgâr hızının (m/s) bileşenleri; a : Havanın yoğunluğu; Cd: Havanın sürükleme katsayısıdır. 10 Literatürde, rüzgâr sürükleme katsayısının belirlenmesinde, bütün rüzgâr hızları için sabit bir değerden başlayıp, rüzgâr hızını, yönünü ve deniz yüzeyinin pürüzlüğünü göz önüne alan karmaşık formüllere kadar birçok eşitlik sunulmuştur. Modelde, aşağıdaki rüzgâr sürükleme katsayısı eşitliği kullanılmaktadır. 1.2 * 10 –3 W < 11 m/s Cd = (0,49 + 0,065 W) * 10 –3 11 m/s < W < 25 m/s [25] W: Rüzgâr hızıdır. Yüzeydeki rüzgâr nedenli kesme kuvveti, yüzeyin altında su hızının değişmesine neden olur. u v  wx  v z ;  wy  v z [26] z z Yüzeyde kirletici ve tuzluluk değeri sıfır alınmaktadır, ancak sıcaklık şöyledir: T K Dz  Ts  Te  [27] z C p Bu eşitlikte; K: Yüzey ısı transferi katsayısı;  : Suyun yoğunluğu; Cp: Suyun özgül ısısı; Ts: Yüzeydeki su sıcaklığı; Te: Dengedeki su sıcaklığıdır. Kinetik enerjinin ve dağılım oranının sınır koşulları da rüzgârın kuvvetine bağlıdır. Eğer bir rüzgâr kuvveti varsa: 3 2 u us ks  s ; s  [28] c  z s Yoksa, k s  0; s  k s C  3/ 2 [29] z 0,07H Bu eşitlikte; us : Yüzey kesme hızı; c  : Değeri 0,09 olan evrensel ampirik sabit; zs : Yüzey ile yüzeyin hemen altındaki çözüm ağının ilk noktası arasındaki mesafe;  : Değeri 0,42 olan Karman sabiti; H: Toplam su derinliğidir. 11 Deniz Tabanı Sınır Koşulu Deniz tabanındaki taban kesme kuvveti, hızların logaritmik duvar kanunu ile eşleştirilmesi olarak tanımlanmıştır:  u   v   bx  vz   0C f ub ub 2  vb 2 ;  by  vz   0C f vb ub 2  vb 2 [30]  z  b  z  b Bu eşitlikte;  bx ,  by : Taban kesme kuvvetinin bileşenleri; ub , vb : Tabana en yakın çözüm ağı noktasındaki yatay hız bileşenleri; o : Ortalama su yoğunluğu; Cf: Taban sürtünmesi için deneysel bir katsayıdır. Eğer taban yakınında yeterli derecede hassas bir çözüm ağı sağlanabilirse, Cf logaritmik duvar kanunu ile tahmin edilebilir: 2  1  zb   Cf       ln z   [31]   0  Bu eşitlikte; zb : Taban ile üzerindeki çözüm ağının ilk noktası arasındaki mesafe; z0 : 1 cm olarak alınabilen ve yerel tabandaki pürüzlülüğe bağlı bir parametre; Eğer taban sınırındaki tabaka yeterince hassas değilse, Cf değeri genelde 0,002 ile 0,003 arasında değişen bir sabit olarak alınmaktadır. Duvar bölgesi olarak kabul yapılabilmesi için 30 < z+ <100 olmadır. Düşeydeki çözüm ağında, çözüm ağının ilk noktası bu aralığa denk gelmelidir. z+ şu eşitlik ile hesaplanmaktadır: zb ub z  [32] v Eşitlikte; ub : Taban sürtünme hızıdır. Tabandaki kinematik sınır koşulu şöyledir: h h wb  ub  vb [33] x y Tabandaki kinetik enerji kb ve dağılımı b şu eşitlikle tanımlanmıştır: 3 2 u u kb  b ; b  b [34] C  zb Tabandaki sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve kirletici değerlerinin değişimi sıfır alınmaktadır. Deniz tabanının içine dağılım ve akıntı olmadığı düşünülmektedir. 12 Açık Deniz Sınır Koşulu Açık deniz sınırı yatay bir sınırdır ve su alanının içine ya da dışına doğru akıntı olabilmektedir. Gel-git hareketi olmadığında sınıra dik hızlar, su derinliğinin bilindiği hücre ortasında hesaplanmaktadır. Yatay hızın değişim terimleri ve daha detaylı bilgi Balas and Özhan (2000) tarafından verilmiştir. Açık deniz sınırında gel-git akıntısı için şu eşitlikler kullanılmaktadır:  t    aT sin  2  [35]  Tw    2 n 2  Vn  gh aT H 1 cos  L 2  T t 1/ 2  [36]  w w  Eşitlikte; Tw ve Lw: Sırasıyla gel-git dalga dönemi ve dalga boyu; H: Toplam su derinliği; Vn: Sınıra dik olan derinlik boyunca ortalanmış hız;  n : Yatay çözüm ağının yatay sınıra dik mesafesi; aT: Gel-git genliğidir. Kıyı Sınır Koşulu Haliç, lagün gibi kıyı sistemlerinde su hacmi mevsimsel değişmeler göstermektedir. Bu değişim de bazı alanların kurumasına ya da bazı alanların su altında kalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu kuruma ve ıslanma olayını benzeştirebilmek için suyun sınırı hareketli olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bütün su alanındaki yeni hızlar ve serbest su yüzeyi hesaplandıktan sonra, diğer zaman adımına geçmeden önce, toplam su derinliği ve düşey çözüm ağı aralıkları yeniden hesaplanmaktadır. Her zaman adımında su yüzeyinin eğimi bulunmaktadır. Eğer su yüzeyinin eğimi pozitif ise, su yüzeyindeki bu eğim ile su, kıyıyı kestiği noktaya kadar uzatılmaktadır. Kıyıda yatayda gidilen mesafenin bir hareket olarak kabul edilmesi için, yatay çözüm ağındaki aralığın 1/50’si kadar değişmiş olması gerekmektedir. Daha sonra, yatay çözüm ağı aralığı modifiye edilir ve çözüm ağının orta noktasındaki su derinliği hesaplanır. Su derinliği H için negatif bir değerin fiziksel olarak bir anlamı yoktur. Bu nedenle toplam su derinliği Hi,j şöyle tanımlanmaktadır:  H i , j  max 0, hi , j  i , j  [37] Eşitlikte; h(x,y): Sakin durumdaki su seviyesinden ölçülmüş su derinliği;  ( x , y , t ) : Su yüzeyinin seviyesidir. Çözüm ağının ortasındaki su derinliği, taban pürüzlülüğünün uzunluğu Lb ile kıyaslanmaktadır. Eğer hesaplanan su derinliği, Lb değerinden küçükse ya da sıfırsa, o hücrenin kuruduğu kabul 13 edilmektedir. Daha sonraki bir zamanda su derinliği pozitif olursa, o hücre yeniden ıslanacaktır. Kuru bir hücrede u ya da v hız bileşenleri yok olmaya zorlanmakta, böylece akımın hücrenin duvarlarından geçmesine izin verilmemektedir. Kuruma ve ıslanma olayının sonucunda zamanla değişen kıyı sınırı, sınıra dik yönde akıntının geçmediği durum için tanımlanmaktadır. Kıyı boyunca kıyıya dik yöndeki sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve kirletici değerlerinin değişimi sıfır kabul edilmektedir, başka bir değişle kıyının içine doğru yayılma ve difüzyon yoktur. Kıyı sınırı boyunca akıntı girdisinin ve çıktısının olduğu yerlerde, k ve  tam gelişmiş kanal akıntısı verilerinden şöyle tanımlanmaktadır. k 3/ 2 k 2 0,004ud   c 3/ 4 [38] 0,09bk Eşitlikte; ud: Giren akıntının hızı; bk: Giren akıntının giriş genişliğidir. Eşitlikler şaşırtmacalı sonlu farklar çözüm ağı kullanılarak sayısal olarak çözülmektedir. Düşey düzlemde Galerkin sonlu elemanlar metodu kullanılmaktadır. Su derinliği taban topoğrafyasını takip eden eşit sayıda katmana ayrılmaktadır. Çözüm ağının her noktasında katman kalınlığının oradaki su derinliğine oranı sabittir. Sonlu elemanlar yaklaşımı izlenerek, hız değerleri, u, v, w; eddy viskoziteleri, vx, vy, vz; sıcaklık, T; tuzluluk, S; kirletici konsantrasyonu, C; türbülansın difüzyon katsayıları, Dx, Dy, Dz; kinetik enerji, k; kinetik enerjinin dağılım oranı,  ; basınç, p; su derinliği üzerindeki her noktada düşeydeki çözüm ağı noktaları arasında lineer çizim fonksiyonu kullanılarak sonlu değerlerin terimleri cinsinden tekrar yazılmaktadır. ~ G  N1G1k  N 2 G2 k [39] z2  z z  z1 N1  ; N2  ; lk  z2  z1 [40] lk lk ~ Eşitlikte; G çizim fonksiyonu ya da yaklaşımıdır ve değişkenlerden herhangi biridir, k eleman sayısıdır, N1 ve N2 enterpolasyon fonksiyonlarıdır, lk k’ıncı elementin uzunluğudur, z1 ve z2 k elemanının başlangıç ve bitiş seviyeleridir, z bir elemanda z1’den z2’ye değerler alan dönüştürülmüş değişkendir. Değişkenlerin yaklaşım eşitlikleri korunum denklemlerine yerleştirilmekte ve kalan hatalar “Galerkin” yöntemi kullanılarak minimize edilmektedir. Düşey çözünürlüğü artırmak için, 14 gerektiği yerde, düşey düzlemde sıklaştırma uygulanabilmektedir. Çözüm ağı tabanda, yüzeyde ya da orta katmanlarda sıklaştırılabilmektedir. Galerkin metodu uygulandıktan sonra, eşitliklerde görülen; yatay koordinatlardaki türev terimleri merkezi sonlu farklar yaklaşımı ile değiştirilmektedir. Yataydaki çözüm ağı aralığı değiştirilebilmektedir. Yatay düzlemdeki herhangi bir çözüm ağı noktasında, düşey bir çizgideki bütün elemanların yerel eleman matrisleri, zamana bağlı türev değişken terimlerini belirlemek için, bir arada gruplanarak global matris eşitliği oluşturulmaktadır. Global matris su derinliği boyunca oluşturulurken, deniz yüzeyindeki ve tabanındaki sınır koşulları da hesaba katılmaktadır. Matris elemanlarının türetilmesi ile ilgili detaylı bilgi, Balas and Özhan (2000) tarafından verilmiştir. Lineer olmayan eşitlik sistemleri, zamanda ikinci dereceden hassas olan Crank-Nicholson metodu ile çözülmektedir. Bu hassaslığı sağlayabilmek için sonlu farklar yaklaşımları zaman adımının ortasında geliştirilmektedir. Geçici ilk türev terimine (t + 1/2) zamanında yaklaşılmaktadır ve o andaki diğer değişkenler ile türev terimleri zaman adımının başlangıç (t) ve bitişindeki (t + 1) sonlu farklar yaklaşımlarının ortalaması alınarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sonuçta çıkan dolaylı zaman adımlı eşitlikler, hızlandırma etkili yaklaştırma yöntemi kullanılarak çözülmektedir. Bu yöntem, genelde sonuca yaklaşmayan bir sistemi yaklaştırmak ya da salınımlara engel olarak yaklaşımı hızlandırmak için kullanılmaktadır. Yatay hızların tahmininden sonra, düşey hızlar, w, her zaman adımı için süreklilik denklemi kullanılarak hesaplanmaktadır. Yatay hızlar u ve v için, yaklaşım eşitlikleri süreklilik denkleminde yerine konmaktadır: u  v w   0 [41] x  y  z Daha sonra, kalan hatalar Galerkin metodu kullanılarak azaltılmaktadır. Yatay hızlar bilindiği için, düşey hızın hesaplanacağı eşitlik şu hale gelir: 1  lk k  u1k k  v1k k  k w2 k  w1   2  x  k  u1  u2  lk   x  u2 x   lk k k  y   v1  v2  lk   y  v2 y      k      lk  u1   k z2 z1 z1 z2  u2  2 x  l  l 2 x    v1 k   v2  2  l  k z2 z1 z1 z2 y  l 2 y     [42]  k k k k  Eşitlikte; k = 1, 2,...,m katman numarasını göstermektedir ve lk k elemanının uzunluğudur. 15 Süreklilik denklemini sağlamak için, her noktadaki düşey hızlar, tabandaki tabakadan başlayarak yüzeydeki tabakaya doğru hesaplanmaktadır. 2.2 Rüzgâr ve Dalga İklimi Alt Modelleri Bir kıyı bölgesini etkileyen rüzgâr özelliklerini belirten rüzgâr iklimi, hemen hemen tüm kıyı ve deniz etkinlikleri için göz önüne alınması gereken temel unsurdur. HYDROTAM-3D, veri tabanında, Türkiye kıyılarının tüm Meteoroloji İstasyonlarının kuruluşlarından günümüze saatlik rüzgâr (yaklaşık olarak 1970-2016) verilerini içermektedir. Tüm istasyonların yerleri, Türkiye haritası üzerinde CBS ortamında gösterilmektedir. Çalışılmak istenen denizel alan, harita üzerinde işaretlenebilmekte ve alana en yakın meteoroloji istasyonları harita üzerinde gösterilmektedir. Kullanıcı çalışmak istediği istasyonu harita üzerinden seçebilmektedir. Seçilen istasyona ait saatlik rüzgâr verileri analiz edilmekte, aylık, yıllık ve mevsimlik rüzgâr gülleri sunulmaktadır. Yıllık rüzgâr gülü, meteoroloji istasyonlarındaki ölçüm süresi boyunca, farklı yönlerden farklı hızlar ile esen rüzgârların oluşma oranlarını göstermektedir. Rüzgârın hangi yönden hangi yöne doğru esmekte olduğunu gösteren yön dilimleri, coğrafik yönlerle aynı seçilmiştir. Bu yönler Kuzey (N) yönünden başlayarak saat yönünde, N (Kuzey), NNE (KuzeyKuzeyDoğu), NE (KuzeyDoğu), ENE (DoğuKuzeyDoğu), E (Doğu), ESE (DoğuGüneyDoğu), SE (Güney Doğu), SSE (GüneyGüneyDoğu), S (Güney), SSW (GüneyGüneyBatı), SW (GüneyBatı), WSW (BatıGüneyBatı), W (Batı), WNW (BatıKuzeyBatı), NW (KuzeyBatı), NNW (KuzeyKuzeyBatı) olarak sıralanmaktadır. Rüzgâr hızları, rüzgâr gülünün yanında ölçek olarak sunulmaktadır. Rüzgârın herhangi bir yönden oluşma sayıları rüzgâr gülünde gösterilmektedir. Mevsimsel rüzgâr gülleri, kış, sonbahar, ilkbahar ve yaz mevsimi aylarının rüzgâr verilerini gruplandırarak, yıllık rüzgâr gülüyle benzer çizimde sunmaktadır. Kış mevsimi, Aralık, Ocak, Şubat, ayları saatlik rüzgâr verilerini; İlkbahar mevsimi Mart, Nisan, Mayıs ayları saatlik rüzgâr verilerini; Yaz mevsimi Haziran, Temmuz, Ağustos ayları saatlik rüzgâr verilerini; Sonbahar mevsimi ise Eylül, Ekim, Kasım saatlik rüzgâr verilerini kapsamaktadır. Aylık ortalama ve en yüksek değer rüzgâr hızları da bir grafik olarak sunulmaktadır. Rüzgâr hızlarının aylık ortalamaları, meteoroloji istasyonlarının kurulduğu tarihten 2016 yılına dek, o ay içindeki tüm rüzgâr hızlarının aritmetik ortalaması alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Aylık en yüksek değerler olarak, 16 aynı sürelerde o ay içerisinde gözlenen en yüksek, en düşük ve ortalama en büyük değerler (herhangi bir ay için, her yılın en yüksek değerlerinin ortalaması) verilmektedir. Tüm Kıyı istasyonlarının, aylık ortalama ve en yüksek değer rüzgâr hızları da bir grafik olarak sunulmaktadır. Rüzgâr hızlarının aylık ortalamaları, meteoroloji istasyonlarının kurulduğu tarihten 2016 yılına dek, o ay içindeki tüm rüzgâr hızlarının aritmetik ortalaması alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Aylık en yüksek değerler olarak, aynı sürelerde o ay içerisinde gözlenen en yüksek, en düşük ve ortalama en büyük değerler (herhangi bir ay için, her yılın en yüksek değerlerinin ortalaması) verilmiştir. Rüzgâr istatistiği olarak, “uzun dönem” ve “en büyük değer (ekstrem)” olmak üzere iki tür istatistiksel dağılım kullanılmıştır. Uzun dönem istatistik zamansal olarak süreklilik gösteren verileri yani meteoroloji istasyonlarının kurulduğu tarihten 2016 yılına dek ölçülen tüm saatlik verileri kullanmaktadır. Uzun dönem rüzgâr hızı, log-normal dağılım istatistiği ile incelenmiştir. Tüm saatlik rüzgâr verilerinin, yönlere göre aşılma olasılıkları sunulmaktadır. İstenen yönden istenilen rüzgâr hızının yılda kaç saat aştığı hesaplanabilmektedir. En büyük değer istatistiğinde ise, meteoroloji istasyonlarının kurulduğu tarihten 2016 yılına dek ölçülen tüm saatlik verilerin içinden yıllık en büyük rüzgâr hızları kullanılmıştır. Yıllık en büyük rüzgâr hızları Gumbel olasılık dağılımı ile incelenmiş ve Gumbel dağılım kağıdına yerleştirilerek sunulmuştur. Noktalara en iyi uyan doğru çizilmiş ve verilerin kapsadığı süre dışına da uzatılmıştır. Herhangi bir yineleme dönemiyle oluşması beklenen rüzgâr hızları, çizimin üst yatay ekseninde gösterilmektedir. Uzun dönem ve en büyük değer istatistikleri, Türkiye denizel alanını kapsayan 1o aralıklı yatay çözüm ağı üzerindeki her bir nokta için ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast)’in sayısal meteorolojik modeliyle her altı saatte bir üretilen 2000-2016 yılları arası analiz rüzgârları kulanılarak da yapılabilmekte ve bu verilere dayalı rüzgâr iklimi de, yukarıda meteoroloji istasyonları için anlatılanlar ile aynı şekilde hesaplanmaktadır. Türkiye Kıyılarında dalga iklimi çalışmalarında kullanılabilecek ölçülmüş dalga verisi bulunmamaktadır. Bugün dünyada olduğu gibi, Türkiye’de de dalga tahminleri, rüzgâr ölçümlerine ya da modellerine dayanmaktadır. Rüzgâr dalgalarının modellenmesinde, iki türlü 17 yaklaşım bulunmaktadır; ampirik modeller ve sayısal modeller. Birçok sayısal model, batimetrik, topografik ve çözümleme ağı uzunluğu ve kara sınırları problemleri nedeni ile kıyısal alanlarda doğru sonuçlar üretememektedir. Özellikle, Türkiye’nin Ege Denizi ve Marmara Denizi kıyılarında sayısal modellerin çözüm ağları ve kara sınırı uyarlamalarında hata oranları yükselmektedir. Birçok kıyı mühendisliği tasarımlarında, doğruluğu kanıtlanmış ampirik modeller kullanımı tercih edilmektedir. Dünyada en çok kullanılan, ölçümlerle test edilmiş ampirik modeller SMB (Bretschneider,1970), JONSWAP (Hasselmann vd. 1976), SPM (US Army, 1984), CEM (US Army, 2006). Dalga iklimi çalışmalarında, dünyada da yaygın olarak kullanılan, CEM ampirik modeli ve ECMWF‘in üçüncü kuşak sayısal dalga modeli olan WAM dalga tahmin modeli sonuçları kullanılmaktadır. CEM ampirik modelinde, rüzgâr hızları deniz yüzeyinden 10 m. yükseklikteki rüzgâr hızlarına dönüştürülmektedir. Seçilen denizel noktadan, tüm yönlerde, noktanın karşısındaki karayı kesen dikmenin uzunluğu, o yöndeki dalga kabarma mesafesi(feç) dir Tüm yönlerdeki etkin dalga kabarma uzunluğunun (etkin feç uzunluğu) belirlenmesi için cosinüs ortalama metodu uygulanmıştır. Tüm ana yönler için ±22.5 derece aralığında, θ=7.5 derecelik açılarla dalga kabarma uzunluklarının ortalamaları alınmaktadır;  X i cos 2 i X ef  (43)  cos i burada X dalga kabarma uzunluğu, Xef etkin dalga kabarma uzunluğudur. WAM sayısal modeli, WAMDI (WAve Model Development and Implementation) kısa adıyla anılan gruptaki araştırmacılar ve bilim adamları tarafından ortak geliştirilmiş, bir üçüncü kuşak dalga tahmin modelidir (WAMDI Group, 1988). HYDROTAM-3D veri tabanında, Türkiye denizel alanını kapsayan 0,1o aralıklı yatay çözüm ağı üzerindeki her bir nokta için ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast)’in WAM modeli kullanarak her altı saatte bir ürettiği 2000-2016 yılları arası tüm dalga yüksekliği sonuçları da bulunmaktadır. CEM ampirik modeli ya da WAM modeli derin deniz belirgin dalga yüksekliklerinin “uzun dönem” ve “en yüksek değer” istatistikleri çalışılabilmektedir. Uzun-dönem dalga istatistiği zamansal olarak süreklilik gösteren verileri içermektedir. Bir denizel alanda oluşan dalga yüksekliklerinin istatistiksel değerlendirilmesi için değişik olasılık dağılımları üretilmiştir. Bu dağılımlardan en çok uygulanmakta olanı tüm fırtınalarda yaratılan belirgin dalga yükseklikleri 18 ile bunların oluşma olasılıkları arasındaki ilişkiyi gösteren “Log-lineer dağılım”dır. Uzun dönem dalga istatistiği log-lineer dağılım ile incelenmiştir. Böylelikle, iskele ya da yanaşma yerlerinde ya da limanlarda dalgaların yol açtığı çalkantıların ne sürelerde olduğu bulunabilmektedir. Log-lineer olasılık dağılım denklemi; Q(H1/3)=e2,3(H1/3-B)/A ’dir (44) Denklemde; Q(H1/3) fırtınalarda oluşan belirgin dalga yüksekliğinin H1/3 değerine eşit ya da daha büyük olma olasılığı, H1/3 belirgin dalga yüksekliğinin değeri, A ve B dağılım parametreleridir. Log-lineer olasılık dağılım denklemi aşağıdaki biçimde de yazılabilir: H1/3=A*LogQ(H1/3)+B (45) Seçilen denizel alanın uzun dönem dalga istatistikleri yönlere göre sunulmakta, istenilen dalga yüksekliğinin yılda kaç saat aşılma olasılığı olduğu hesaplanabilmektedir. Hesaplanan derin deniz belirgin dalga yükseklikleri ve dalga periyotları kullanılarak yıllık ve mevsimlik dalga gülleri hazırlanmaktadır. Yıllık dalga gülleri, belirgin dalga yüksekliğinin tüm yıl boyunca değişik yönlerden oluşma oranlarını göstermektedir. Dalgaların nereden geldiğini gösteren yön dilimleri, coğrafik yönlerle aynı seçilmiştir. Dalga yüksekliği 0.5 metreden küçükse, denizin durumu “sakin” olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu durumda herhangi bir dalga yönü belirtilmemekte ve oluşma oranı gülün ortasındaki çember içinde verilmektedir. Belirgin dalga yükseklikleri için en büyük değer istatistiği uygulanmıştır. Belirgin dalga yüksekliğinin yıllık en büyük değerleri, Gumbel dağılımına uydukları varsayımıyla, Gumbel çizim kağıdına yerleştirilmiştir. Noktalara en iyi uyan doğru da çizilmiş ve verilerin kapsadığı sürenin dışına da uzatılmıştır. Herhangi bir yenileme dönemiyle oluşması beklenen belirgin dalga yükseklikleri, çizimin üst yatay ekseni yardımıyla elde edilebilir. Denizel alanda en yüksek dalga yüksekliklerinin genellikle oluştuğu “etken” ve eğer bulunuyorsa “ikincil” yön dilimleri de verilmektedir. 2.3 Dalga İlerleme Alt Modeli Geliştirilen dalga ilerlemesi sayısal modelinde, geniş ve düzensiz batimetriye sahip alanlarda açık denizden eğik açıyla yaklaşan dalgaların ilerlerken uğrayacakları değişimleri ve bunların sonucunda dalgaların sahip olacakları dalga yüksekliklerini benzeştirmek amacıyla, 19 geliştirilmiş yumuşak eğim denklemleri çözülmektedir. Açık deniz dalgaları, rüzgâr etkisiyle oluşan dalgalardır. Düzensiz taban topoğrafyasına ve değişen su derinliklerine bağlı olan sığlaşma, sapma, dönme, yansıma, taban sürtünmesi ve kırılma etkileri benzeştirilmektedir (İnan, 2007; İnan ve Balas, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2002). Dalga ilerlemesini tanımlayan, yumuşak eğim eşitliği;     Cg (CCg )  (CCg )   2 0 (46) x x y y C Burada, x ve y : Yatay koordinatlar; (x,y): Kompleks hız potansiyeli; :Açısal frekans; C(x,y): Dalga yayılma hızı; Cg(x,y): Grup hızı; h(x,y): Durgun su yüksekliği; k(x,y): Dalga numarası; g: Yer çekimi ivmesidir. Eğer dalga ilerleme yönündeki dönme etkilerinin zayıf olduğu kabul edilirse (47) nolu eşitlik şu şekli alır;   1   i    ik  (kCCg )  (CCg ) ;i 1 (47) x  2kCCg x   2kCCg y y Burada potansiyel fonksiyonu aşağıdaki gibi alınmaktadır,   aeis (48) Potansiyel fonksiyonu (48) nolu eşitliğe yerleştirilirse ve dönme etkisi gözönüne alınırsa aşağıdaki eşitlik real ve imajiner olmak üzere iki parçaya ayrılarak çözülür. 1  2a 2a  a  2 2 x y 1 CC a  CCg     2  k 2  s  0 (49)  g    a 2 CC g s   0 (50) Burada, a(x,y): Dalga büyüklüğü; H(x,y): Dalga yüksekliği; s(x,y): Dalganın faz fonksiyonu;  :Yatay koordinatlar türev operatörü. İrrotasyon özelliği dikkate alındığında,   (s )  0 (51) r r   s  s cos  i  s sin  i (52) 20 Burada, i,j: x ve y yönündeki birim vektörler; (x,y): Lokal dalga açısıdır. (x,y) aşağıdaki denklemle çözülür.   ( s sin  )  ( s cos  )  0 (53) x y  2 x  a CC g s cos    2 y   a CC g s sin   0  (54) Eğer lokal dalga açısı ve faz fonksiyonundaki değişimin büyüklüğü biliniyorsa bu enerji eşitliği dalga büyüklüğünü bulmak için de kullanılabilir.   ( k sin  )  ( k cos  )  0 (55) x y     a 2 CC g k  0 (56) Bu iki eşitlik, sadece sapmadan dolayı dalgaların uğradıkları değişimleri ifade eder. Dalga büyüklüğü ‘a’ değerinin yerine dalganın yüksekliğinin yarısı H/2 yerleştirilirse, dalga parametreleri H, , s değerlerini ifade edecek üç denklemle çözülür. 2 1  2 H 2 H 2 1  H CCg H CCg   s  k   2  2      (57) H x y CCg  x x y y     x  H 2 CC g s cos    y   H 2 CC g s sin   0  (58)   s sin      s cos    0 (59) x y Oluşan denklem takımları sonlu farklar metoduyla çözülmekte, x yönündeki parçasal türevler geri olarak, y yönündeki parçasal türevler ise merkezi olarak açılmaktadır. Yapılan kabuller şu şekilde sıralanabilir: Taban eğimi küçüktür, dalgalar irrotasyoneldir. Modelin girdileri, derin deniz parametresi olan dalga yüksekliği (H0), dalganın geliş açısı (0) ve dalga periyodudur (T). İlk yaklaştırmada, çözüm ağı üzerindeki her noktada lokal dalga yüksekliği, derin denizdeki dalga yüksekliği ile sığlaşma ve sapma katsayılarının çarpımına eşit alınmaktadır. Modelde her derinlikte dalgaların kırılma kontrolü de yapılmaktadır. Geliştirilen model sonuçları literatürde yayınlanan deneysel ve ölçümsel verilerle karşılaştırılarak gerçeklenmiştir. Dalga ilerleme alt modeli kullanılarak, rüzgâr etkisiyle derin denizde oluşan dalgalar kıyı bölgesine taşınmakta ve kıyı boyu dalga kırılma bölgesi belirlenerek bu bölgede sediman 21 taşınımına etken olan gerilme akısı dağılımı hesaplanmaktadır. Dalga ilerleme alt modelinden elde edilen kıyı bölgesi dalga yükseklikleri, yaklaşım açıları ve gerilme akıları, dalga etkisiyle oluşan akıntı düzeninin benzeştirilmesinde girdi olarak kullanılmaktadır (Balas vd, 2006), Yıldız vd 2005). 2.4 Su Kalitesi Alt Modeli Kıyısal ortamdaki su kalitesi parametrelerinin benzetimini gerçekleştirebilmek için ekolojik sisteme ait temel değişken ve döngülerin de modellenmesi gerekmektedir. Modelde temsil edilen canlılar, fitoplankton, azot dönüştüren bakteriler ve zooplanktondur. Su kalitesi alt modelinde, azot, fosfor ve oksijen biyokimyasal döngülerini oluşturan tüm süreçler ve birbirleri ile olan ilişkileri ve bu döngüler ile etkileşimli olarak zooplankton, fitoplankton ve bakteri konsantrasyonlarındaki değişimler çözümlenmektedir. Su kalitesi alt modelinin genel şeması de Çizim 2.2’de verilmiştir. Modelde çözümlenen, azot, fosfor ve oksijen biyokimyasal döngülerinin süreçleri Çizim 2.3-Çizim 2.5’de sunulmuştur. Modelde benzetimi gerçekleştirilen ekolojik parametreler Çizelge 2.1’de sunulmuştur. Çizim 2.2 Su kalitesi temel döngüleri 22 Çizim 2.3 Azot biyokimyasal döngüsünü oluşturan süreçler Çizim 2.4 Fosfor biyokimyasal döngüsünü oluşturan süreçler 23 Çizim 2.5 Oksijen biyokimyasal döngüsünü oluşturan süreçler Çizelge 2.1 Modelde benzetimi gerçekleştirilen ekolojik parametreler 24 Atık sular, denizlerin doğal özümleme kapasitelerini kullanmak amacıyla denize boşaltılmaktadır. Belirli hacimdeki atık su, alıcı ortamdaki büyük hacimdeki suyla karışarak miktarı azalmakta böylece seyrelme oranı büyümektedir. Bu sayede atık suların imha edilmesi çevreye minimal etkiyle gerçekleşmektedir. Deşarj sisteminden alıcı ortama boşaltılan atıkların toplam seyrelmesinde üç mekanizma önemlidir: Başlangıç seyrelmesi S1 (birincil seyrelme, yakın alan seyrelmesi), ilerlemeli yayılma (adveksiyon), difüzyon ve dispersiyon (dağılım) nedeni ile seyrelme (ikincil seyrelme, uzak alan seyrelmesi) S2 ve bakterilerin ölmesinden ileri gelen seyrelme S3 (üçüncül seyrelme)’ tür. Toplam seyrelme S, Eş. (60)’ den hesaplanmaktadır. S = S1x S2xS3 [60] Atık su, deşarj borusundan bir su jeti şeklinde çıkmaktadır. Alıcı ortamın yoğunluğu ortamın tuzluluğuna ve sıcaklığına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Denizlerde tuzluluk değeri ile sıcaklık, derinlikle değişim göstermektedir. Bu değişim nedeniyle alıcı ortamın derinliği boyunca yoğunluk tabakalaşmaları oluşabilmektedir. Mevsimlere göre farklılık gösteren tabakalaşma, alıcı ortam yoğunluğunun çeşitli derinliklerde farklı değerlere sahip olmasına neden olmaktadır. Evsel ve endüstriyel pis suların yoğunluğu deniz suyu yoğunluğundan genellikle küçüktür. Bu nedenle, deniz suyunda bir yoğunluk tabakalaşması yoksa, atık su bulutu her zaman deniz yüzeyine ulaşmaktadır (Çizim 2.6). Deniz suyunda belirgin bir yoğunluk tabakalaşması varsa, derinlerdeki ağır suyun atık suyla karışması bulut içerisindeki karışımın yoğunluğunun daha yükseklerdeki deniz suyu yoğunluğuna eşit olmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu durumda atık su bulutu deniz yüzeyine erişmeden, belirli bir derinlikte tutsaklanır (Çizim 2.7) Deşarj borusundan verilen atık suyun yoğunluğunun, alıcı ortam yoğunluğuna eriştiği seviyeye tutsaklanma derinliği denir (Çizim 2.7). Atık su, yüzeye veya tutsaklanma seviyesine ulaştığında, o bölgedeki akıntı sisteminin etkisiyle belirli bir yönde ve hızda hareket ederek seyrelir. Bu sırada meydana gelen seyrelme ilerlemeli yayılma (adveksiyon), difüzyon ve dispersiyon nedeni ile dağılarak seyrelme olarak adlandırılmaktadır. 25 Deniz Yüzeyi Yoğunluk d Uzak Alan Seyrelmesi d k k Yakın Alan Seyrelmesi Yayıltmaç (Difüzör) Deniz Tabanı Derinlik Çizim 2.6 Sabit deniz suyu yoğunluğu durumunda atık su bulutunun davranışı ( ρd:deniz suyu yoğunluğu, ρk:kirletici yoğunluğu) Deniz Yüzeyi Yoğunluk Uzak Alan Seyrelmesi d d Tutsaklanma derinliği k k Yakın Alan Seyrelmesi Yayıltmaç (Difüzör) Deniz Tabanı Derinlik Çizim 2.7 Deniz suyunda yoğunluk tabakalaşması durumunda atık su bulutunun davranışı (d:deniz suyu yoğunluğu, ρk:kirletici yoğunluğu) Bakteri ölümlerinden ileri gelen seyrelme S3, korunamayan maddelerin kimyasal değişimleri, ölümleri ve çökelmeleri ile açıklanmaktadır. Bakteriler, içinde bulundukları ortamdaki yaşam şartlarının değişmesiyle genel olarak %90 oranında azalmaktadır. Mevsim, gün içindeki saatler ve atığın doğası bakteri ölüm oranlarını etkileyen faktörlerdir. Yoğunluktaki tabakalaşma yaz aylarında kış aylarına göre daha belirgindir. İlkbahar, yaz ve sonbaharın başlangıcında yaygın olan deniz suyu tabakalaşması başlangıç seyrelmesini ve atığın yükselmesini sınırlamaktadır. 26 Yakın alan, uzak alan ve uzun dönem bakteri ölümü seyrelmelerinin hangi zaman aralığı ve hangi uzaklıkta gerçekleştikleri Çizim 2.8’de verilmiştir. 1 saat 1 gün 1 hafta 1 ay Çizim 2.8 Denize deşarj edilen atık suların genel seyrelme türleri (yaklaşık zaman ve uzunluk skalası ile) Seyrelme türleri çiziminde de görüldüğü üzere seyrelmeler farklı zaman ve uzunlukta gerçekleşmektedir. Bu sebepten dolayı tüm seyrelme türleri için ortak bir model olması zor ve hatalıdır. Her seyrelme türü için ayrı model yazılması ve bunların bir bütün içinde çalıştırılması ile doğru seyrelme tahmini yapmak mümkündür. HYDROTAM-3D programında yakın alan ve bakteriyel seyrelmeyi içeren uzak alan birbiri ile etkileşimli ayrı modeller halinde çözümlenmektedir. Seyrelme miktarı, çizgisel difüzörün oryantasyonundan etkilenmektedir. Model, akıntıya dik (900), 450 ve paralel (00) yönler benzeştirmeler yapmaktadır. Çizgisel difüzörler için karışım bölgesi analizlerinde belirtilen açıların en yakın ara yönleri kapsadığı kabul edilmektedir. Modelde kullanılan yakın alan seyrelme eşitlikleri, akıntı hızına ve yönüne bağlı olarak değişmektedir. 27 2.4.1. Yakın Alan Seyrelmesi Yoğunluk farkının olmadığı deniz durumlarında yakın alan seyrelmesini etkileyen faktör akıntı hızıdır. Seyrelme modeli yazılırken akıntı hızının olması ve olmaması durumlarının her ikisi de göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Akıntı hızının olduğu deniz ortamları için, tutsaklanmanın zayıf olduğu ve atık su bulutunun yüzeye yükseldiği ( z y  H y ), tabakalı olmayan alıcı ortam için aşağıda verilen eşitlikler uygulanabilmektedir. Kıyı suları sonbahardan ilkbahara kadar tabakasız olma eğilimindedir ve atığın yüzeye ulaşmasına izin verir. Bazen yaz periyodunda bile, deniz güçsüz tabakalaşma sergiler ve atık su bulutu tutsaklanması gerçekleşemez. Bu şartların olduğu durumlarda, yakın alan sonundaki ortalama seyrelme aşağıdaki eşitliklerden hesaplanmaktadır (Çizim 2.9). U  Hy S1  1,41  0,58 , 900 0  FR  100 [61] Q LD S1  1,41 U  Hy Q   0,3653  FR 0,185  , 450 0  FR  1 [62] LD U  Hy S1  1,41  0,3715  0,005  ln FR  , 450 1  FR  100 [63] Q LD S1  (0,085  ln FR  1 ,545)  U  Hy Q   0,314  FR 0,2495  , 00 0  FR  20 [64] LD U  Hy  0,188  0,0128  ln FR  ,0 20  FR  100 0 S1  (0,085  ln FR  1,545)  [65] Q LD Burada; U akıntı hızını, H y deşarj noktasında deniz derinliğini, FR Froude sayısını, LD difüzör uzunluğunu, Q atık su debisini, S1 yakın alan seyrelmesini tanımlamaktadır. Froude sayısı aşağıdaki eşitliklerden bulunmaktadır.  ' Q  b g  L   [66]  D  28 U3  FR     b  [67]    d  k  g   g     [68]  d  Burada, LD difüzör uzunluğunu, U akıntı hızını,  d rayzır seviyesinde alıcı ortam yoğunluğunu,  k rayzır seviyesinde atık suyun yoğunluğunu, g yerçekimi ivmesini tanımlamaktadır. Dik akıntılar için başlangıç karışım bölgesi uzunluğu X , aşağıdaki eşitliklerden hesaplanmaktadır. X  H  0,566  FR  3,389  [69] Yakın alan seyrelmesi, S1 Yakın alan uzaklığı, X Çizim 2.9 Yakın alan seyrelmesi, sabit deniz yoğunluğu (Roberts vd, 2010) Yoğunluk farkının olduğu deniz durumlarında yakın alan seyrelmesini etkileyen faktörler akıntı hızı ve yoğunluk tabakalaşmasıdır (Çizim 2.10). 29 H Zy Çizim 2.10 Yakın alan seyrelmesi, değişken deniz yoğunluğu (Roberts vd, 2010) T şeklindeki rayzırlı (delikler her iki yönde difüzör eksenine dik) difüzörler için yakın alan sonundaki ortalama seyrelme, aşağıdaki eşitliklerden hesaplanmaktadır (Economopoulou, 2001; Roberts vd, 2010). b2 3   0,52  1 6 S1  2    2,19  FR  , 900 [70] N   Q LD S1  2  b2 3 Q   1,3214  FR 0,2014 ,  450 [71] N LD S1  (0,1209  ln FR  2,1846 )  b2 3 Q  1,15  FR0,1345 , 00 [72] N LD Eşitliklerde kullanılan, difüzör uzunluğu boyunca toplam kaynak yüzdürme akısı b , yüzdürme frekansı N , Froude sayısı FR , yoğunluk farkı nedeniyle değiştirilmiş ivme g ' , aşağıdaki eşitliklerden bulunmaktadır.  ' Q  b g  L   [73]  D  30 1 2   d a  N     dz   [74]  a  U3  FR     b  [75]    d  k  g   g     [76]  d  Burada, LD difüzör uzunluğunu, U akıntı hızını,  d rayzır seviyesinde alıcı ortam yoğunluğunu,  k rayzır seviyesinde atık suyun yoğunluğunu, g yerçekimi ivmesini tanımlamaktadır. zy Atık su bulutunun ulaştığı yükseklik , aşağıdaki eşitliklerden hesaplanmaktadır. b1 3 z y  2,74  N , 0  FR  1 [77] b1 3 1 6 z y  2,5   FR N , 900 ve 450 1  FR  100 [78] 1 3 b 0,0447 z y  2,59   FR N , 00 1  FR  100 [79] Dik akıntılar için başlangıç karışım bölgesi uzunluğu X (Çizim 2.11), aşağıdaki eşitliklerden hesaplanmaktadır. X F 1 3  8,5  R , 900 [80] 1 3 N b 31 z X Çizim 2.11 Yakın alan seyrelme mesafesi, değişken deniz yoğunluğu ve dik akıntı etkisi (Roberts vd, 2010) Yakın alan seyrelmesi sonucu oluşan atık su bulutlarının genişlikleri difüzörün akıntı yönü ile arasındaki açıya bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Difüzör akıntı yönü ile paralel konumda ise bulut genişliği artmaktadır. Konu üzerinde yapılan deneysel çalışmalar sonucu yakın alan seyrelmesi sonundaki bulut genişliği eşitlik haline getirilmiştir. w  0.70  FR 1 3 [81] x Eşitlik 82 de w yakın alan seyrelmesi sonunda oluşan atık su bulutunun yatayda genişliğini, x yakın alan uzaklığını temsil etmektedir. Yakın alan seyrelme modelinde tüm deniz koşulları göz önünde bulundurulmuş ve her türlü koşul için çözüm eşitlikleri yazılmıştır. Yoğunluğu değişken deniz ortamına çoklu noktadan bırakılan bir kirleticinin davranışına ait Çizim 2.11’ de görülmektedir. Çoklu noktadan bırakılan kirleticiler akıntı hızı olması durumunda da genellikle çizgisel kaynaktan bırakılan çizgisel atık su bulutu davranışı sergilemektedirler. Akıntı hızının bulunduğu denizel ortamlarda atık su bulutunun taşınmasında ve seyrelmesinde en önemli dinamik parametre Froude sayısıdır. Froude sayısının durumuna göre atık su bulutu davranışı değişiklik göstermektedir. Örnek olarak Froude sayısının 0 olduğu (durgun deniz) ortamlarda T şekilli yayıcıdan bırakılan atık sular her iki yöne doğruda ilerler ve yükselirken bir noktada birleşirler, bu durum seyrelme miktarını etkiler. Akıntı hızının zayıf olduğu (F=0,11) bir ortamda atık su bulutu yükselir ve tutsaklanma noktasına ulaştığında yatay 32 yönde kalınlığı fazladır. Eğer akıntı artık F=1 olursa bu durumda T şeklindeki yayıcının her iki ucundan çıkan atık su hemen birleşir ve atık su bulutu deniz içerisinde dalgalanarak hareket eder yani bir dalga hareketi oluşturur. Eğer Froude sayısı çok yükselirse (akıntı hızı artarsa) yayıcıdan çıkan atık su bulutu çok yükselemeden yatayda yol almaya başlar ve bu duruma sürüklenme gücü rejimi denir. Bu durumda Froude sayısının kritik bir değerinden sonra atık su bulutu neredeyse yayıcı seviyesinde yatayda yol almaya başlar. Atık su bulutunun kalınlığı çok azdır ve bulut tutsaklanma seviyesine ulaşamaz. Froude sayısının kritik olduğu değer 1 ile 10 arasında bir değerdir. Çizim 2.12’de Froude sayısının değişimine göre bulut davranışları görülmektedir. Çizim 2.12 Froude sayısının değişimine göre atık su bulutu davranışının deneysel incelenmesine ait fotoğraf (Roberts vd, 2010) Araştırmalar, en yüksek yakın alan seyrelmesinin, akıntı hızına dik difüzör yerleşiminde; en az yakın alan seyrelmesinin ise paralel difüzör yerleşiminde elde edildiğini göstermektedir. Froude sayısının 0,1’den küçük olduğu durumlarda ise akıntı hızının seyrelme üzerinde hiç etkisinin olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Benzeştirmelerde, akıntıya paralel difüzör yerleşimindeki seyrelme değerlerinin, akıntı hızının olmadığı ortamdan daima fazla olduğu ve akıntı hızının yakın alan seyrelme miktarını artırıcı etkisi olduğu görülmektedir. 33 2.4.2. Uzak Alan Seyrelmesi Yakın alan seyrelmesinin sonlandığı yüzey noktasında ya da tutsaklanma derinliğinde, uzak alan seyrelmesi başlamaktadır. Yakın alan seyrelmesi sonundaki kirletici konsantrasyonu, uzak alan için başlangıç konsantrasyon değeri olarak alınmaktadır. Uzak alan seyrelmesi, akıntı düzeni ile kirleticinin ilerlemeli yayılımını(adveksiyon), türbülanslı dağılım ve difüzyonunu ve bakterinin yok olma(ölme) olaylarını içermektedir. HYDROTAM-3D modelinde, uzak alan seyrelmesi üç boyutlu kirletici sakınım denklemi çözümlenerek elde edilmektedir. C C C C   C    C    C  +u +v +w =  Dx  +  Dy  +  Dz  + k p C  Ss [82] t x y z x  x  x  y  z  z  Bu eşitlikte; C: Kirleticinin derişimi; kp: Kirleticinin yok olma hızı, negatif değer; Dx, Dy ve Dz: Sırasıyla, x, y ve z yönlerindeki türbülansın difüzyon katsayıları; Ss: Kirletici kaynağı (yakın alan son noktası ve yakın alan sonu konsantrasyon değeri) dır. Burada k kirleticinin yok olma hızı katsayısı T90 parametresinin fonksiyonudur. T90, mikroorganizmaların %90'nının yok olması için geçen süredir. k p= -ln(0,1)/T90 [83] eşitliği yazılabilir. T90 değeri mevsimlik değişim gösterir. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği (Değişik:RG-13/2/2008-26786)’ne göre “yaz aylarında T90 değeri Ege ve Akdeniz’de en az 1 saat, Karadeniz’de 2 saat Marmara Denizinde ise 1,5 saat alınmalıdır. Kış aylarında ise T90 değeri daha yüksek olacağı için bu değer ortalama 3-5 saat arasında alınmalıdır”. 34 3 ÇALIŞMA SAHASI Çalışma sahası konum olarak Bodrum, Turgutreis kıyı sularını kapsamaktadır (Harita 3.1 ve Harita 3.2). Harita 3.1.Çalışma Sahası Genel Coğrafi Konumu (Google Earth, 2016) Harita 3.2. Çalışma Sahasının Konumu (Google Earth, 2015) 35 4 RÜZGÂR İKLİMİ Çalışma bölgesinin rüzgâr ikliminin belirlenebilmesi için, Turgutreis Marina Ocak 2012-Mart 2016 yılları arası saatlik ölçümleri, Bodrum Hüseyin Burnu Feneri Ocak 2014-Mart 2016 yılları arası saatlik ölçümleri, Yalıkavak Gemitaşı Feneri (Şubat 2013-Mart 2016), Didim Meteoroloji İstasyonu Ocak 2012-Mart 2016 yılları arası saatlik ölçümleri, Bodrum Meteoroloji İstasyonu Ocak 2012-Mart 2016 yılları arası saatlik ölçümleri; ECMWF 37.0N-27.3E ve 37.0N- 27.2E koordinatlarında Ocak 2012-Kasım 2016 yılları arası 6 saatlik rüzgâr tahminleri incelenmiştir (Harita 4.1). Veri kaynaklarının ortak ölçüm süreleri için rüzgâr hızlarının birbirleri ile karşılaştırmaları Çizim 4.1’de, rüzgâr gülleri ise Çizim 4.2’de sunulmuştur. Sunulan tüm rüzgâr hızı ölçümleri ve tahminleri 10 m. (U10) yüksekliktedir. Harita 4.1. Rüzgâr kaynakları (Google Earth, 2016) 36 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Çizim 4.1 Rüzgâr verilerinin karşılaştırılması (a) Turgutreis Marina ölçümleri ve ECMWF 37.0N- 27.2E koordinatı tahminleri (b) Turgutreis Marina ölçümleri ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.3E koordinatı tahminleri (c) Hüseyin Burnu Feneri ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E (d) Yalıkavak Gemitaşı Feneri ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E (e)Didim Meteoroloji İstasyonu ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı tahminleri (f) Bodrum Meteoroloji İstasyonu ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı tahminleri 37 Rüzgâr Hızı Rüzgâr Hızı (m/s) (m/s) (a)TurgutreisMarina (Ocak2012-Mart2016) (b) ECMWF (37.0N-27.2E) (Ocak2 012-Kasım 2016) Rüzgâr Hızı Rüzgâr Hızı (m/s) (m/s) (c)ECMWF (37.0N-27.3E) (Ocak2012-Kasım2016) (d)Hüseyin Burnu Feneri (Ocak2014-Mart2016 Rüzgâr Hızı Rüzgâr Hızı (m/s) (m/s) (e)Yalıkavak Gemitaşı Feneri (Şubat2013-Mart2016) (f)Didim Meteoroloji (Ocak2012-Mart2016) Rüzgâr Hızı (m/s) (g) Bodrum Meteoroloji (Ocak2012-Mart2016) Çizim 4.2. Rüzgâr gülleri 38 Turgutreis Marina’da alınan ölçümlerin (Çizim 4.1 ve Çizim 4.2) ECMWF operasyonel arşivi deniz üzeri tahminleri ile karşılaştırmaları, ECMWF deniz üzeri rüzgâr hızı tahminlerinin 1,5- 1,8 kat daha fazla olduğunu göstermektedir. Benzer ilişki, karada bulunan Didim ve Bodrum Meteoroloji İstasyonlarının ölçümleri ve ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E koordinatının rüzgâr hızı tahminlerinde 1.85-2.0 oranları ile görülmektedir. Bu oranlar literatürde 1,5-2,0 arası olarak önerilen deniz üzeri rüzgâr hızı/kara üzeri rüzgâr hızı oranı ile uyumludur. ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatının rüzgâr hızı tahminleri ile Hüseyin Burnu ve Yalıkavak Gemitaşı Fenerleri 0,92-0,91 oranları ile büyük bir uyum göstermektedir. Benzer uyum rüzgâr güllerinde de izlenmektedir. Ölçümlerle olan karşılaştırmalar sonucunda, ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E koordinatına ait rüzgâr tahminlerinin, kıyısal alanın rüzgâr ikliminin belirlenmesinde güvenli olarak kullanılabileceğine karar verilmiştir. Kıyısal alanın rüzgâr iklimini belirlemek için, ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası altışar saat aralıklı tüm analiz rüzgâr tahminleri incelenmiştir. Yönlere göre, her bir yön için ayrı ayrı rüzgâr oluşum sayıları belirlenmiş ve bölgenin yıllık ve mevsimsel rüzgâr gülleri oluşturulmuştur (Çizim 4.3-Çizim 4.7). KuzeyKuzeyBatı(NNW) ve Kuzey(N) yönleri için uzun dönem rüzgâr istatistiği log-lineer olasılık dağılımları sırası ile Çizim 4.8 ve Çizim 4.9’da verilmektedir. Aylık ortalama ve en yüksek değer rüzgâr hızları da bir grafik olarak Çizim 4.10’da sunulmaktadır. Rüzgâr hızlarının aylık ortalamaları, o ay içindeki tüm rüzgâr hızlarının aritmetik ortalaması alınarak hesaplanmıştır. Aylık en yüksek değerler olarak, aynı sürelerde o ay içerisinde gözlenen en yüksek, en düşük ve ortalama en büyük değerler (herhangi bir ay için, her yılın en yüksek değerlerinin ortalaması) verilmektedir. Yıllara göre en yüksek rüzgâr hızları ve esme yönleri Çizim 4.11’da sunulmaktadır. 7 m/s ve üzeri hızla esen rüzgârlar için yıllık rüzgâr gülü Çizim 4.12’da verilmektedir. 39 Çizim 4.3 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre yıllık rüzgâr gülü Çizim 4.4 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre kış mevsimi rüzgâr gülü 40 + Çizim 4.5 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre ilkbahar mevsimi rüzgâr gülü Çizim 4.6 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre yaz mevsimi rüzgâr gülü 41 Çizim 4.7 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre sonbahar mevsimi rüzgâr gülü Çizim 4.8 NNW yönü için uzun dönem rüzgâr istatistiği log-lineer olasılık dağılımı (HYDROTAM-3D) 42 Çizim 4.9 N yönü için uzun dönem rüzgâr istatistiği log-lineer olasılık dağılımı (HYDROTAM-3D) Çizim 4.10 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre aylık ortalama ve en yüksek en büyük değer rüzgâr hızları 43 Çizim 4.11 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre en yüksek rüzgâr hızları ve esme yönleri Çizim 4.12 ECMWF operasyonel arşivi 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası verilerine göre 7m/s ve üzeri hızlar için yıllık rüzgâr gülü 44 Yıllık rüzgâr gülü incelendiğinde, birincil olarak 2 m/s ve üzeri rüzgâr hızlarının saatin ilerleme yönünde KuzeyBatı (NW)- Kuzey (N) yön aralığından, ikincil olarak GüneyDoğu (SE) - GüneyGüneyDoğu (SSE) yön aralığından estiği görülmektedir. Yaz mevsiminde kuzeybatılı, kış mevsiminde ise kuzeyli esen rüzgârların sıklığında artış götülmektedir. Aylık ortalama rüzgâr hızı 6 m/s iken, en yüksek en büyük değer rüzgâr hızları 13-19 m/s aralığında değişmektedir. İnceleme süresi içinde, en yüksek rüzgâr hızının 18,95 m/s ile GüneyDoğu(SE)yönünden estiği görülmüştür. 7 m/s rüzgâr hızı ve üzeri rüzgârların esme olasığı %34 olup, birincil yön aralığı, KuzeyBatı(NW)-Kuzey (N) aralığıdır. Tüm yönler için rüzgâr hızları log-lineer dağılım denklemleri ve yılda 1saat, 1 gün ve 1 hafta aşılacak rüzgâr hızları çizelgede özetlenmiştir. Tablo 4.1. Rüzgâr hızlarının yönsel log-lineer dağılım denklemleri Yön Rüzgâr Hızları (Vs m/s) 1 saat/yıl 1 gün/yıl 1hafta/yıl Log-lineer Dağılım Vs Güvenilirlik Vs Güvenilirlik Vs Güvenilirlik Aralığı Aralığı Aralığı Denklemi (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (±m/s) (±m/s) (±m/s) N Vs=-0,032-2,174*ln(P(Vs)) 19,7 1,98 12,8 1,05 8,6 0,79 NNE Vs=-5,992-2,376*ln(P(Vs)) 15,6 1,36 8,0 0,58 3,4 0,69 NE Vs=-5,614-1,506*ln(P(Vs)) 8,1 0,52 3,3 0,35 0,3 0,57 ENE Vs=-7,210-1,770*ln(P(Vs)) 8,9 0,37 3,2 0,27 - - E Vs=-7,081-1,861*ln(P(Vs)) 9,8 0,35 3,9 0,28 0,3 0,45 ESE Vs=-6,090-2,271*ln(P(Vs)) 14,5 1,03 7,4 0,55 2,9 0,79 SE Vs=-2,413-2,436*ln(P(Vs)) 19,7 1,99 11,9 0,99 7,2 0,91 SSE Vs=-2,288-2,318*ln(P(Vs)) 18,8 1,77 11,4 0,91 6,9 0,89 S Vs=-4,874-2,379*ln(P(Vs)) 16,7 1,08 9,2 0,61 4,5 0,80 SSW Vs=-6,307-2,434*ln(P(Vs)) 15,8 0,93 8,1 0,45 3,3 0,60 SW Vs=-5,308-2,262*ln(P(Vs)) 15,2 0,94 8,1 0,52 3,6 0,70 WSW Vs=-5,301-2,269*ln(P(Vs)) 15,3 1,04 8,1 0,57 3,7 0,77 W Vs=-4,740-2,022*ln(P(Vs)) 13,6 0,76 7,2 0,50 3,3 0,70 WNW Vs=-2,023-1,616*ln(P(Vs)) 12,6 0,73 10,1 0,55 8,9 0,50 NW Vs=+0,508-1,584*ln(P(Vs)) 14,9 0,97 9,9 0,66 6,8 0,70 NNW Vs=-1,122-1,699*ln(P(Vs)) 16,5 2,00 11,1 1,12 7,8 0,85 45 5 DALGA İKLİMİ Dalga istatistikleri için gereken etkin dalga kabarma mesafeleri (“fetch“; rüzgârın estiği doğrultuda, bir karadan diğer karaya uzanan deniz alanının uzunluğu) (Harita 5.1) belirlenmiş ve Çizelge 5.1’de sunulmuştur. Tüm yönlerdeki etkin dalga kabarma uzunluğunun (etkin feç uzunluğu) belirlenmesi için cosinüs ortalama metodu uygulanmıştır. Denizel alanda konumu itibarıyla en fazla dalga kabarmasına yol açabilecek dalga kabarma mesafeleri GüneyGüneyDoğu(SSE)–Kuzey(N) yönleri aralığındadır. Harita 5.1 Yönlere Göre Dalga Kabarma Mesafeleri (“Feç”) Çizelge 5.1 Etkin Dalga Kabarma Mesafeleri (“Feç”) (km) Yön Mesafe(Km) Yön Mesafe (Km) GüneyGüneyDoğu(SSE) 10,341 Batı (W) 2,029 Güney (S) 13,115 BatıKuzeyBatı(WNW) 32,705 GüneyGüneyBatı(SSW) 16,280 KuzeyBatı (NW) 171,078 GüneyBatı (SW) 128,312 KuzeyKuzeyBatı (NNW) 49,383 BatıGüneyBatı (WSW) 93,037 Kuzey (N) 3,867 46 Etkin dalga kabarma mesafesinin hesaplanması, örnek bir yön KuzeyBatı(NW) için, Çizelge 5.2’de sunulmaktadır. NW yönündeki etkin dalga kabarma uzunluğunun (etkin feç uzunluğu) belirlenmesi için θ=7,5 derecelik segment açılarla dalga kabarma uzunluklarının açısal ortalamaları alınmaktadır: 2  X i cos i X ef   171,078 km  NW (61)  cos i burada Xi segment açılarda ölçülen dalga kabarma uzunlukları, Xef NW yönü için hesaplanan etkin dalga kabarma uzunluğudur. Çizelge 5.1’deki değerler, tüm yönler için benzer şekilde hesaplanmıştır. Çizelge 5.2 NW yönündeki etkin dalga kabarma uzunluğunun hesaplanması Tarama açısı Ölçülen dalga kabarma cosi   X i cos 2  i θ (derece) uzunluğu (X) km 11,25 84,988 0,9808 81,753 7,5 136,188 0,9914 133,868 3,75 135,072 0,9978 134,494 0 597,190 1 597,190 3,75 227,265 0,9978 226,293 7,5 7,098 0,9914 6,977 11,25 6,999 0,9808 6,733 ECMWF, atmosferik sayısal modeli ile gerçekleştirmekte olduğu meteorolojik tahminler yanı sıra bir üçüncü kuşak dalga modeli olan ve tüm dünyada en yaygın kullanılan modellerden olan, WAM dalga tahmin modeli ile dalga tahminleri de gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu model, fiziksel kurallara dayalı bir dalga tahmin aracı elde etmek amacıyla, WAMDI (WAve Model Development and Implementation) kısa adıyla anılan gruptaki araştırmacılar ve bilim adamları tarafından ortak geliştirilmiştir (WAMDI Group, 1988). Uzun dönem dalga istatistiği çalışmaları ECMWF’in operasyonel arşivinden 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı için elde edilen 2000-2016 dönemine ait dalga tahminleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Model tahminleri de birincil etken dalga yön aralığının saat yönünde KuzeyBatı(NW)-Kuzey(N) arası, ikincil olarak GüneyGüneyDoğu(SSE) olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu yönler için uzun dönem dalga istatistikleri Çizim 5.1 ve Çizim 5.6 arasında sunulmaktadır. Çizelge 5.3’de ECMWF dalga tahminlerinden elde edilen belirgin dalga yükseklikleri aşılma süreleri ve olasılık dağılımları verilmiştir. 47 Çizim 5.1 Kuzey Batı (NW) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği 48 Çizim 5.2 KuzeyKuzeyBatı (NNW)yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği Çizim 5.3 Kuzey (N) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği 49 Çizim 5.4 GüneyDoğu (SE) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği Çizim 5.5 GüneyGüneyDoğu (SSE) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği 50 Çizim 5.6 Güney(S) yönü için uzun dönem belirgin dalga istatistiği Çizelge 5.3 37.0N-27.2E için 2000-2015 yıllarına ait ECMWF operasyonel arşiv dalga tahminlerinden elde edilen belirgin dalga yükseklikleri aşılma süreleri ve olasılık dağılımları Yön Dağılım Denklemi 1 saat/ yıl 12 saat/yıl 1 saat/hafta Hs (±m) Tm(sn) Hs(±m) Tm(sn) Hs(±m) Tm(sn) %90 güvenilirlik %90 %90 güvenilirlik güvenilirlik SE Hs =-0,57-0,32ln(p(H)) R2=0,965 2,4±0,09 5,0 1,6±0,05 4,6 1,1±0,05 4,2 SSE Hs =-0,57-0,35ln(p(H)) R2=0,986 2,6±0,06 5,3 1,8±0,03 4,9 1,2±0,03 4,5 S Hs =-0,83-0,34ln(p(H)) R2=0,992 2,2±0,04 4,9 1,4±0,02 4,5 0,9±0,03 4,2 SSW Hs =-0,72-0,27ln(p(H)) R2=0,983 1,8±0,05 4,7 1,1±0,03 4,4 0,7±0,04 4,2 SW Hs =-0,74-0,28ln(p(H)) R2=0,988 1,8±0,05 5,0 1,1±0,03 4,7 0,7±0,03 4,3 WSW Hs =-0,61-0,31ln(p(H)) R2=0,996 2,2±0,03 5,2 1,4±0,02 4,8 1,0±0,02 4,5 W Hs =-0,80-0,27ln(p(H)) R2=0,991 1,7±0,04 5,1 1,0±0,02 4,6 0,6±0,03 4,2 WNW Hs =-0,63-0,26ln(p(H)) R2=0,984 1,7±0,04 4,7 1,1±0,03 4,4 0,7±0,04 4,2 NW Hs = 0,10-0,20ln(p(H)) R2=0,966 1,9±0,08 4,8 1,1±0,03 4,3 0,7±0,03 4,0 NNW Hs = 0,02-0,27ln(p(H)) R2=0,985 2,5±0,06 5,1 1,8±0,04 4,8 1,4±0,03 4,6 N Hs =-0,73-0,37ln(p(H)) R2=0,987 2,6±0,06 5,3 1,7±0,03 4,8 1,1±0,03 4,4 Uzun dönem dalga istatistiği çalışmaları kapsamında, tüm yönler için, belirgin dalga yüksekliği (Hs) ile ortalama dalga periyodu (Tm) oluşum sıklıklarını gösteren ortak(bağlı) dağılım Çizelge 5.4’te verilmiş ve aralarındaki ilişki Çizim 5.7’de gösterilmiştir. Çizelge 5.4’te, 2 numaralı son kolonda verilen dalga periyotları, frekans ağırlıklı ortalama yöntemi ile hesaplanmıştır [24]. Örneğin, Hs=2,125m (2,0m≤Hs<2,25m) dalga yüksekliğine karşılık gelen dalga periyodu Tm=(10*4,75+27*5,25+1*5,75)/38=5,13 sn olarak bulunmuştur. Çizim 5.7’de tüm verilerin saçılımı ve Çizelge 5.4’de yer alan Hs ve Tm (kolon no 1 ve 2) arasındaki bağıntı sunulmaktadır. Benzer şekilde, her bir yön için Hs-Tm bağıntısı bulunmuş ve Çizelge 5.5’de özetlenmiştir. Yıllık ve mevsimlik dalga gülleri Çizim 5.8’de ve aylık ortalama ve en büyük değer belirgin dalga yükseklikleri Çizim 5.9’da sunulmaktadır. 51 , 4,32856 2 R =0,89702 Çizim 5.7 Uzun dönem dalga istatistiği belirgin dalga yüksekliği ve ortalama dalga periyodu (Hs –Tm ) ilişkisi 52 Çizelge 5.4 2000-2016 yılları arası 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı tüm ECMWF operasyonel arşiv belirgin dalga yükseklikleri(Hs) ve ortalama dalga periyotları (Tm) tahminleri için oluşma sıklıklarına göre ortak(bağlı) dağılım 1 Tm (sn) 2 Hs(m) 1,25 1,75 2,25 2,75 3,25 3,75 4,25 4,75 5,25 5,75 6,25 6,75 Tm(sn) 0,125 33 468 1186 2011 1511 1023 800 372 411 0 0 0 3,21 0,375 0 37 601 2658 2023 1359 612 260 49 5 1 1 3,22 0,625 0 0 21 363 1677 1556 634 239 71 13 1 0 3,63 0,875 0 0 0 4 256 1294 791 179 55 6 0 0 3,96 1,125 0 0 0 0 5 204 840 184 17 2 0 0 4,25 1,375 0 0 0 0 0 7 275 328 14 0 0 0 4,53 1,625 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 160 30 0 0 0 4,71 1,875 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 34 41 3 0 0 5,00 2,125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 27 1 0 0 5,13 2,375 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 0 0 5,40 2,625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 5,50 2,875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 5,75 Çizelge 5.5 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı 2000-2016 yılları arası ECMWF operasyonel arşiv dalga tahminleri için yönsel olarak Hs-Tm bağıntıları Yön Hs-Tm Eşitliği SE Tm=4,16263(Hs) 0,21936 R2=0,83979 SSE Tm=4,30671(Hs) 0,22072 R2=0,87419 S Tm=4,29188(Hs) 0,17628 R2=0,90654 SSW Tm=4,37184(Hs)0,13659 R2=0,95740 SW Tm=4,57802(Hs) 0,15154 R2=0,89938 WSW Tm=4,55423(Hs) 0,15552 R2=0,96326 W Tm=4,60260(Hs) 0,18162 R2=0,93269 WNW Tm=4,24904(Hs) 0,17584 R2=0,89703 NW Tm=4,18858(Hs)0,19856 R2=0,83587 NNW Tm=4,25504(Hs) 0,20575 R2=0,89203 N Tm=4,30229(Hs) 0,21185 R2=0,91688 Tüm yönler Tm=4,32856(Hs)0,20726 R2=0,89702 53 Çizim 5.8 Yıllık ve Mevsimlik Dalga Gülleri 54 Çizim 5.9 Aylık ortalama ve en büyük değer belirgin dalga yükseklikleri Yıllara göre elde edilen en yüksek dalga yüksekliklerinden belirli yinelenme süreleri için elde edilen ekstrem (en yüksek değer) tasarım dalgası değerleri ve aşılmama olasılıkları Çizim 5.10’da verilmiştir. Tm Çizim 5.10 Ekstrem (En yüksek değer) Dalga İstatistiği (Gumbel Dağılımı) 55 Bu çalışmada dalga kırılma özellikleri de belirlenmiştir. Derin denizde rüzgâr etkisiyle oluşan dalgaların derin denizden sığ denize doğru ilerlerken uğradıkları sapma, dönme, sığlaşma, yansıma ve kırılma olaylarını içermektedir. Uzunluğu yüksekliğine göre fazla olan deniz dalgası en basit olarak sinusodial tiptedir. Çizim 5.11’de sinüsodial bir dalganın temel özellikleri verilmiştir. Çizim 5.11 Sinüsodial dalga profili (Dean, Darymple,1998) Sinusodial dalgaların temel tanımları sırasıyla aşağıda verilmiştir.  Dalga Yüksekliği (H) (m): Ardışık dalga çukuru ile dalga tepesi arasındaki düşey mesafedir. Derin denizdeki gösterimi H0 şeklindedir.  Genlik (a) (m): Sakin su yüzeyi ile dalga çukuru veya dalga tepesi arasındaki düşey mesafedir. Dalga büyüklüğü de denir.  Dalga Periyodu (T) (s): Aynı enkesitten ardışık iki dalga çukuru veya iki dalga tepesinin geçebilmesi için gereken zaman aralığına dalga dönemi denir.  Dalga Boyu (L) (m): Ardışık iki dalga tepesi veya iki dalga çukuru arasındaki yatay mesafe dalga boyu olarak tanımlanır. Derin denizdeki gösterimi L0 şeklindedir. gT 2 2d L tanh( )  L0 tanh kd  2 L (61) L0 : Derin deniz dalga boyu (m) g : Yerçekimi ivmesi (m/s2) d : Su derinliği (m) 56 k : Dalga sayısı Dalga sayısı (k): Dalga boyunun bir fonksiyonudur. 2 k L (62) Açısal Dalga Frekansı (  ): Dalga periyodunun bir fonksiyonudur. 2  T (63) Dalga Profili ( ): Dalganın su seviyesinden itibaren yaptığı yer değiştirme olarak tanımlanır. H  2 2   x, t   sin  x t   a kx   t  2  L T  (64) Dalga Dikliği (s=H/L): Dalga yüksekliğinin dalga boyuna oranı Dalga yayılma hızı (C) (m/s): Dalga boyunun dalga periyoduna oranıdır. L gT 2d C  tanh T 2 L (65) Grup hızı (Cg) (m/s): Aynı yönde ilerleyen, fakat farklı dalga dönemine ve dalga numarasına sahip iki dalganın yayılma hızlarının toplamıdır. 1 2 kd  Cg  nC   1  C (66) 2  sinh(2 kd )   Dalgalar kıyıya doğru ilerledikçe derinliğin etkisini hissetmeye başlamakta ve bunun sonucunda yükseklikleri ve boyları değişmektedir. Dalgaların teorik olarak kırılma şartlarının belirlenmesi için kinematik ve dinamik stabilite kriterleri göz önüne alınır. 57 1) Kinematik stabilite kriteri Dalga tepesinde akışkan taneciklerinin yatay yörüngesel hızları dalga yayılma hızını aşarsa kırılma meydana gelir. uc  C (67) 2) Dinamik stabilite kriteri Su yüzeyinde akışkan taneciklerinin sahip olduğu maksimum düşey ivme yerçekimi ivmesine eşit olursa kırılma oluşur. dw g (68) dt Sığ suda ilerleyen dalgalar derinliğin azalmasıyla taban etkisini hissetmeye başlarlar. Dalga periyodunun sabit olmasına rağmen, dalga boyları kısalır, bunun sonucunda dalga yayılma hızı azalır, dalga tepeleri sıklaşır. Tabana yakın su taneciklerinin yörüngesel hızları dalga yayılma hızına eşit olduğunda dalga maksimum yüksekliğe erişir ve stabilitesi bozulur. Bunun sonucunda kırılma olayı meydana gelir. Kırılma dalga yüksekliği Hb ile kırılma derinliği db arasında aşağıdaki bağıntı geçerlidir. Hb  0.78 (69) db Çizim 5.12 kullanılarak kıyının eğimine (m) ve dalga periyoduna (T) göre, kırılan dalganın özellikleri (kırılma derinliği, db, ve kırılan dalganın yüksekliği, Hb) hesaplanmaktadır. Çizim 5.13’de değişik kıyı eğimleri için verilen eğriler ise, kırılan dalganın derin deniz dalga yüksekliğinin, H0, hesaplanmasında kullanılmaktadır. SPM’deki grafiklerde kırılan dalga yüksekliği periyodun, derin su şartlarının ve kıyı eğiminin bir fonksiyonu olarak gösterilmiştir. 58 Çizim 5.12 Kırılmadaki boyutsuz derinlik ile dalga kırılma dikliği ilişkisi (SPM, 1984) 59 Çizim 5.13 Kırılma anındaki dalga yüksekliği indeksi ile derin deniz dalga dikliği arasındaki ilişki (SPM,1984) Denizel alanda uzun dönem dalga istatistiğine dayalı olarak farklı yönlerden yaklaşan dalgaların derin deniz belirgin dalga yüksekliği, ortalama dalga dönemi, kırılma yüksekliği, kırılma derinliği ve kırılma dalga boyları Çizelge 5.6 de verilmektedir. Kıyı çizgisi yaklaşık olarak KuzeyKuzeyBatı-GüneyGüneyDoğu(NNW-SSE) doğrultusunda uzanmaktadır. Çizelge 5.6 Denizel alanda yaklaşan dalgaların derin deniz dalga yüksekliği, dalga dönemi, kırılma yüksekliği, kırılma derinliği ve kırılma dalga boyları Derin Deniz Derin Dalga Dalga Kırılma Dalga Kırılma Kırılma Dalga Yaklaşım Belirgin Dalga Deniz Dönemi Yüksekliği Derinliği Boyu(m) Yönü Yüksekliği Dalga Boyu T(sn) Hb (m) db (m) Lb(m) Ho (m) Lo(m) SSW 1.95 5.13 41.05 1.62 2.07 21.86 SW 1.95 5.12 40.89 1.8 2.31 22.89 WSW 2.05 5.01 39.2 1.92 2.45 22.98 W 1.85 5.23 42.67 1.73 2.22 23.05 WNW 2.05 5.25 43 1.75 2.23 23.2 NW 1.85 4.68 34.17 1.23 1.58 17.51 Denizel alanda, dalga kırılma bölgesi su derinliği, yaklaşık olarak, d=-2,5 m ile kara sınırı arasıdır. 60 6 KIYISAL AKINTILAR Kıyısal su alanındaki çevrintiler genellikle düzensiz ve türbülanslıdır. Modelde, türbülanslı hareket ile ortalama hareket arasındaki bağlantı, düşey ve yatay eddy vizkoziteler ve düşeyde ve yatayda eddy difüzyonu ile oluşan kütle yer değişimi ile sağlanmaktadır. Körfezler gibi yüzey su alanının su derinliğine oranla büyük olduğu kıyı sularında, hareketin yatay ve düşey yönlerdeki türbülans yoğunluğu da önemli ölçüde farklılaşmaktadır. Düşey ve yatay uzunluklardaki bu farklılık izotropik olmayan bir durum yaratmakta, bu nedenle, modelde yatay ve düşeyde kullanılan birbirinden farklı eddy vizkositesi değerleri de benzeştirmelerde çok önem kazanmaktadır. Düşeyde isotropik k- modeli ile hesaplanan eddy vizkozite değerleri kullanılarak, yatayda çözüm ağı uzunluklu alt bir türbülans modeli ile bu farkı karşılayacak doğrultuda yatay eddy vizkozite değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Deniz suyu sıcaklığı, tuzluluğu ve yoğunluğu alansal ve derinlik boyunca sabit alınmıştır. 6.1 Akıntı düzeni Çalışma kıyısal alanında akıntı düzeninin belirlenmesi için modelleme çalışması yürütülmüştür. 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı ECMWF operasyonel arşivinden elde edilen 2000- 2016 dönemine ait, 6 şar saatlik rüzgâr verilerinin yıllık ortalamaları kullanılarak, 17 yıl boyunca 6 şar saatlik akıntı düzeni zaman serisi elde edilmiş ve bu verilere dayalı modelleme alanında difüzör borusunun bulunduğu su derinliğinin yaklaşık -16 m olduğu noktada elde edilen derinlik boyunca değişen yıllık akıntı gülleri Çizim 6.1‘de sunulmuştur. Yine bu noktada 17 yıl boyunca 6 şar saatlik akıntı düzeni zaman serisi tahminlerine dayalı olarak, mevsimsel akıntı gülleri hazırlanmış ve Çizim 6.2‘de verilmiştir. Çalışma alanında yüzey tabakası suları sıklıkla kuzeyli esen rüzgârlar ve yaklaşan dalgalar etkisiyle, Güney-GüneyGüneyBatı(S-SSW) yönlerine doğru ortalama 15-20 cm/s hızlarla, taban tabakası suları ise ortalama 8-10 cm/s hızlarla Kuzey-KuzeyKuzeyDoğu(N-NNE) yönlerine doğru sürüklenmektedir. En kuvvetli akıntı hızlarına yine kuzeyli esen rüzgârlar etkisiyle ulaşılmakta olduğu, yüzey tabakası sularının ortalama 30 cm/s‘ye erişen akıntı hızları ile Güney-GüneyGüneyBatı (S-SSW) yönünde, taban tabakası sularının ise ortalama 14 cm/s yi aşan hızlarla KuzeyKuzeyDoğu(NNE) yönünde hareket etmekte oldukları görülmektedir. Akıntı güllerinde de görülen, çalışma alanında oluşma sıklığı fazla olan hâkim akıntı yönü için yüzey tabakası ve taban tabakası akıntı düzenleri Çizim 6.3 ve Çizim 6.4‘de ve deşarj noktasında su derinliği boyunca akıntı düzeni örneği, Çizim 6.5‘de sunulmuştur. . 61 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Çizim 6.1 Yıllık akıntı gülleri a) yüzey tabakası b) yüzeyden -4m c) yüzeyden -8m d) yüzeyden -12m e) taban tabakası 62 Hız Hız (cm/s) (cm/s) (a) (b) Hız Hız (cm/s) (cm/s) (c) (d) Hız Hız (cm/s) (cm/s) (e) (f) Hız Hız (cm/s) (cm/s) (g) (h) Çizim 6.2 Mevsimsel akıntı gülleri a) Kış yüzey tabakası b) Kış taban tabakası c) İlkbahar yüzey tabakası d) İlkbahar taban tabakası e) Yaz yüzey tabakası f) Yaz taban tabakası g) Sonbahar yüzey tabakası h) Sonbahar taban tabakası 63 Çizim 6.3 Yüzey tabakası hâkim akıntı düzeni (HYDROTAM-3D) 64 Çizim 6.4 Taban tabakası hâkim akıntı düzeni (HYDROTAM-3D) 65 Çizim 6.5. Hâkim akıntı düzeninde su derinliği boyunca akıntı değişimi (HYDROTAM-3D) 6.2 Ölçümleme çalışmaları ile karşılaştırmalar Proje sahası ve çevresindeki akıntı sistemini tanımlamak için 29-30 Kasım,1-3 Aralık 2016 tarihlerinde, su derinliğinin yaklaşık 9,23 m olduğu, 37° 00' 28.46"N- 27° 14' 37.86"E noktasında yüzey tabakasında Valeport Model 106 Akıntı ölçme cihazı ile herbir gün için 12 saat olmak üzere toplam 60 saat süreli akıntı ölçümleri yapılmış ve ölçümler detaylı olarak “Hidrografik ve Oşinografik Etüt Raporu”nda sunulmuştur. Bölüm 6.1 de sunulan akıntı düzeni modelleme çalışmalarında elde edilen sonuçlar, ölçümleme tarihleri ile çakışan günler için ölçümleme sonuçları ile akıntı hızı ve akıntı yönleri olarak karşılaştırılmış ve herbir gün için sonuçlar Çizim 6.6-Çizim 6.15’de sunulmuştur. Bu grafiklerde, 15 dakikada bir ölçümlenen akıntı hızları, saatlik ortalamaları ve 3 saatte bir elde edilen modelleme sonuçları birarada sunulmaktadır. 29 Kasım-3 Aralık 2016 tarihleri arasındaki tüm ölçüm sonuçları ile modelleme sonuçlarının karşılaştırmaları, akıntı hızları için Çizim 6.16’de ve akıntı yönleri için Çizim 66 6.17’da sunulmuştur. Modelleme sonuçları ve ölçümleme sonuçları arasındaki yüksek uyum, modelin tahminlerinin akıntı düzenini başarı ile benzeştirmekte olduğunu göstermektedir. Çizim 6.6 29 Kasım 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması Çizim 6.7 29 Kasım 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması Çizim 6.8 30 Kasım 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması Çizim 6.9 30 Kasım 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması 67 Çizim 6.10 1 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması Çizim 6.11 1 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması Çizim 6.12 2 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması Çizim 6.13 2 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması 68 Çizim 6.14 3 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı hızı ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması Çizim 6.15 3 Aralık 2016 günü akıntı yönü ölçümleri ve model sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması Çizim 6.16 Ölçülen tüm akıntı hızlarının modelleme sonuçları ile karşılaştırılması 69 YÖN 360 315 Ölçüm (Derece) 270 225 180 135 90 y = 1,2745x - 55,043 R² = 0,7023 45 0 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 Model (Derece) Çizim 6.17 Ölçülen tüm akıntı yönlerinin modelleme sonuçları ile karşılaştırılması 7 SU KALİTESİ PARAMETRELERİ ÖLÇÜMLEME ÇALIŞMALARI Deniz deşarjı kıyısal sularında Harita 7.1’de gösterilen noktalarda, Ocak ve Mayıs 2017 aylarında sahada yerinde ölçümleme ve su numunesi toplama çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Noktaların koordinatları ve su derinlikleri Çizelge 7.1’de verilmiştir. Saha çalışmaları kapsamında, kıyısal su kalitesini ifade eden başlıca fiziksel parametrelerden, su sıcaklığı, tuzluluk, iletkenlik, pH, çözünmüş oksijen, toplam çözünmüş katı madde değerleri, su derinliği boyunca (su yüzeyinden su tabanına dek) her iki metrede bir olmak üzere 20 m kablolu YSI Marka Pro Plus ile ölçümlenmiş ve Çizelge 7.2 ve Çizelge 7.3’de sunulmuştur. HF Marka Micro TPW Model portatif türbidimetre ile bulanıklık değerleri, Hyrobios Marka seki disk ile seki disk derinlikleri okunmuş, alınan su numunelerinin laboratuvar analizleriyle askıda katı madde değerleri bulunmuş ve Çizelge 7.4’de listelenmiştir. Hydrobios su numunesi alma cihazı (Hydrobios water sampler) ile yüzey tabakasından ve -10 m su derinliğinden su numuneleri alınarak, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik parametreler için laboratuvar analizleri yürütülmüştür. Laboratuvarda yapılan analizler ile tespit edilen, amonyum azotu, nitrit azotu, nitrat azotu, 70 toplam fosfat, klorofil-a, kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı(KOİ), biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı (BOİ) değerleri Çizelge 7.5’de, toplam koliform, fekal koliform ve escherichia coli (E-koli) değerleri Çizelge 7.6’da sunulmuştur. Analiz yöntemleri, kullanılan cihazlar ve ölçüm hassasiyet aralıkları sırasıyla Çizelge 7.7, Çizelge 7.8 ve Çizelge 7.9’da yer almaktadır. Harita 7.1 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanı ölçümleme noktaları Çizelge 7.1 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanı ölçüm noktaları ve koordinatları Nokta İsmi Nokta Koordinatı Su derinliği (m) T1 37,0063860N-27,2411860E -17 T2 37,0128070N-27,2528740E -5 71 Çizelge 7.2. Ocak 2017 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında ölçülen fiziksel parametreler Toplam Çözünmüş Tarih Derinlik Sıcaklık Tuzluluk İletkenlik Çözünmüş Nokta Oksijen pH 2017 (m) (°C) (ppt) (µS/cm) Katı Madde (mg/L) (TDS)(g/L) 29 Ocak -0,5 T1 15,7 39,44 48501 6,24 8,03 38,3372 29 Ocak -2 T1 15,7 39,43 48511 6,28 8,05 38,3305 29 Ocak -4 T1 15,7 39,43 48458 6,26 8,06 38,3305 29 Ocak -6 T1 15,6 39,43 48419 6,27 8,07 38,3371 29 Ocak -8 T1 15,5 39,44 48328 6,31 8,07 38,3370 29 Ocak -10 T1 15,3 39,42 48069 6,34 8,08 38,3305 29 Ocak -12 T1 15,2 39,41 47876 6,33 8,08 38,3305 29 Ocak -14 T1 15 39,44 47763 6,39 8,08 38,3565 29 Ocak -16 T1 14,9 39,43 47665 6,34 8,09 38,3512 29 Ocak -0,5 T2 14,3 39,47 47003 6,64 8,12 38,4085 29 Ocak -2 T2 14,1 39,43 46759 6,66 8,12 38,3825 29 Ocak -4 T2 14,0 39,41 46731 6,63 8,12 38,3401 Çizelge 7.3. Mayıs 2017 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında ölçülen fiziksel parametreler Toplam Çözünmüş Tarih Derinlik Sıcaklık Tuzluluk İletkenlik Çözünmüş Nokta Oksijen pH 2017 (m) (°C) (ppt) (µS/cm) Katı Madde (mg/L) (TDS)(g/L) 22 Mayıs -0,5 T1 18,8 39,46 51985 6,34 8,04 38,29 22 Mayıs -2 T1 18,8 39,46 51979 6,38 8,09 38,29 22 Mayıs -4 T1 18,8 39,45 51942 6,44 8,10 38,29 22 Mayıs -6 T1 18,8 39,46 51912 6,34 8,11 38,29 22 Mayıs -8 T1 18,7 39,48 51910 6,3 8,11 38,35 22 Mayıs -10 T1 18,7 39,48 51897 6,19 8,12 38,35 22 Mayıs -12 T1 18,7 39,48 51891 6.15 8,12 38,35 22 Mayıs -14 T1 18,7 39,49 51885 6.16 8,11 38,36 22 Mayıs -16 T1 18,7 39,49 51882 6.11 8,12 38,36 22 Mayıs -0,5 T2 18,9 39,47 52096 7,24 8,2 38,29 22 Mayıs -2 T2 18,9 39,47 52112 7,07 8,21 38,35 22 Mayıs -4 T2 18,9 39,47 52117 6,92 8,21 38,35 72 Çizelge 7.4. Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanı bulanıklık, askıda katı madde ve seki disk ölçümleri Askıda Katı Seki Disk Tarih Bulanıklık Derinlik (m) Nokta Madde Derinliği (m) 2017 (Ntu) (mg/L) 29 Ocak -0,5 T1 0,42 11 15 29 Ocak -10 T1 0,41 3 29 Ocak -0,5 T2 0,53 2 - 22 Mayıs -0,5 T1 0,54 15 14 22 Mayıs -10 T1 0,56 21 22 Mayıs -0,5 T2 0,27 5 - Çizelge 7.5. Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında ölçülen kimyasal parametreler Toplam Nitrit Nitrat Amonyum Klorofil-a Fosfor Azotu Tarih Derinlik Azotu Azotu KOİ BOİ Nokta (Cv µg/L) (PO4-P (NO2-N 2017 (m) (NO3-N (NH4-N (mg/L) (mg/L) mg/L) mg/L) mg/L) mg/L) 29 Ocak -0,5 T1 0,806 0,0063 0,0052 0,0575 0,052 1,773 0,609 29 Ocak -10 T1 0,803 0,0065 0,0059 0,0952 0,055 2,265 0,682 29 Ocak -0,5 T2 0,883 0,0069 0,0044 0,0734 0,049 1,908 0,636 22 Mayıs -0,5 T1 1,112 0,0105 0,0067 0,0341 0,032 10,239 2,827 22 Mayıs -10 T1 1,051 0,0082 0,0063 0,0323 0,028 7,534 1,782 22 Mayıs -0,5 T2 1,315 0,0093 0,0066 0,0285 0,033 9,794 2,527 Çizelge 7.6. Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında ölçülen mikrobiyolojik parametreler Tarih Derinlik Toplam Koliform Fekal Koliform E-Coli Nokta 2017 (m) (CFU/100 m/L) (CFU/100 m/L) (CFU/100 m/L) 29 Ocak -0,5 T1 26 9 5 29 Ocak -0,5 T2 3 1 0 22 Mayıs -0,5 T1 3 2 0 22 Mayıs -0,5 T2 1 0 0 73 Çizelge 7.7 Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Analiz Metotları ANALİZ METOT 1 pH YSI Pro Plus- 20 m kablo 2 İletkenlik YSI Pro Plus Çözünmüş 3 YSI Pro Plus Oksijen 4 Bulanıklık HF TPI Model Portatif Türbidimetre Askıda Katı 5 TS EN 872 Madde 6 Nitrat TS ISO 7890-3 7 Nitrit TS 7526 8 Toplam İyon Seçici Elektrot Yöntemi AWWA 4500-NH3-D 21st ed. 2005 Amonyak 9 Toplam Standart Methods, 1989, 4500 PC.( Vanadomolibdofosforik asit ile fosfor kolorimetrik yöntemle Fosfor Tayini) (Fosfat) 10 Kimyasal Oksijen TS 2789 ISO 6060 Su kalitesi: Kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı dikromat metodları İhtiyacı (KOİ) 11 Biyolojik Oksijen TSE EN ISO 10707 İhtiyacı (BOİ) 12 Klorofil-a APHA 1995 Çizelge 7.8 Mikrobiyolojik Analiz Metotları 1 TS EN ISO 9308-1 Su kalitesi - Membran Filtre yöntemiyle Escherichia Fekal Koliform Coli ve koliform bakterilerin tespiti 2 Toplam TS EN ISO 9308-1 Su kalitesi - Membran Filtre yöntemiyle Escherichia Koliform Coli ve koliform bakterilerin tespiti 3 TS EN ISO 9308-1 Su kalitesi - Membran Filtre yöntemiyle Escherichia E. Coli Coli ve koliform bakterilerin tespiti 74 Çizelge 7.9 Cihazların Hassasiyet Aralıkları YSI Pro Plus İletkenlik ±1% (20 m kablo) Çözünmüş Sıcaklık Aralığı: -5 ile 50°C Oksijen (mg/L, 0 -20 mg/L: ± 2% ya da 0.2 mg/L, ppm): 20 – 50 mg/L: % ± 6 pH (mV, pH unit) ±0.2 Tuzluluk (ppt) ±0.1 ppt Sıcaklık (°C) ±0.2°C HF TPI Model Bulanıklık % ± 2 ya da ± 0.01 NTU (0-500 NTU) Portatif % ± 3 (500-1100 NTU) Türbidimetre Jeotech marka 100°C de ±1°C OF 01E Model Etüv HF TPI Model %± 2 ya da ± 0.01 NTU (0-500 NTU) Portatif %± 3 (500-1100 NTU) Türbidimetre SHIMADZU Tekrarlanabilirlik (Standart Sapma) ≤0.1mg ATX-224 Lineerite ± 0.2mg Analitik terazi Hassasiyet için sıcaklık katsayısı (10-30 ̊C) ± 2 ppm/̊C Isolab Digital Doğruluk = %0.2, hassasiyet= ± 0.1 % Büret Shimadzu UV Dalga boyu doğruluğu ± 1.0nm MINI-1240 Dalga boyu tekrarlanabilirliği ± 0.3nm UV/VISIBLE Fotometrik doğruluk ± 0.005 Abs (at 1.0 Abs) Spektrofotometre ± 0.003 Abs (at 0.5 Abs) Fotometrik tekrarlanabilirlik ± 0.002 Abs (at 1.0 Abs) WTW CR4200 Doğruluk ± 1 °C ± 1 digit Thermoreaktör Sıcaklık sabitliği ± 0.5 K 75 10 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren ‘Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği’ (Sayı: 29797) Ek 5, “Tablo 3: Genel kimyasal ve fizikokimyasal parametreler açısından kıyı suları alıcı ortam kalite kriterleri” Çizelge 7.10’da verilmiştir. Ölçümler değerlendirildiğinde, mevcut alıcı ortam su kalitesi, 7>çözünmüş oksijen(mg/L)>6 aralığında olup ‘İYİ’, 11>fosfor (µg/L)>5 aralığında olup ‘ORTA’, nitrit ve nitrat azotları toplamı(µg/L)>20 olup ‘ZAYIF’ sınıfına girmektedir. Aynı Yönetmeliğin Ek 6, ‘Tablo 7: Ege ve Akdeniz kıyı suları için ötröfikasyon kriterleri’, Çizelge 7.11’de verilmiştir. Ölçümler değerlendirildiğinde, alıcı ortam trofik seviyesi, 11>fosfor (µg/L)>5 aralığında olup ‘ÖTROFİK’, 2>klorofil-a(µg/L)>0,5 aralığında olup ‘ÖTROFİK’, seki disk (m)>14 olup ‘OLİGOTROFİK’, nitrit ve nitrat azotları toplamı(µg/L)>20 olup ‘HİPERTROFİK’ olarak belirlenmektedir. Trofik seviye oligotrofik seviyeden, hipertrofik seviyeye doğru yükselmektedir. Trofik seviyelerden en az iki parametrenin trofik seviyesinin aynı çıkması durumunda, bu trofik seviye geçerlidir. Ancak klorofil-a parametresinin seviyesinin, neticesi aynı olan parametrelerden daha yüksek çıkması durumunda klorofil-a belirleyicidir. Besin elementi ölçümlerinin aralık-şubat, klorofil-a ölçümlerinin ise mart-mayıs, seki disk ölçümlerinin ilkbahar-yaz döneminde yapılması esastır. Ölçüm değerlerine göre Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyı suları “ÖTROFİK” olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Deniz deşarjı kıyı sularında düzenli olarak su kalitesi parametrelerinin izlenmesi önerilmektedir. Çizelge 7.10 Genel kimyasal ve fizikokimyasal parametreler açısından kıyı suları alıcı ortam kalite kriterleri (Tablo 3, Ek-5, Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği,2016) Su Kalite Sınıfları    Parametre  I  II  III  IV  (çok iyi)  (iyi)  (orta)  (zayıf)  Ege‐Akdeniz  Çözünmüş oksijen  ≥7  6  5  <5  (mgO2/L)  TP(µg/L)  <5  5‐7  7,1‐11  >11  NOx(µg/L)  <5  5‐10  10,1‐20  >20  (NO3‐N+NO2‐N)  Yağ‐gres(mg/L)  <0,2  0,3  0,5  >0,5  Yüzer Madde  Yüzer halde sıvı maddeler, çöp ve benzeri katı maddeler ile  köpük bulunamaz  76 Çizelge 7.11. Yerüstü su kütlerinin trofik seviyeleri, Ege ve Akdeniz kıyı suları ötrofikasyon kriterleri (Tablo 7, Ek-6, Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği,2016) Su Kalitesi  NOx(µg/L)  Seki Disk Derinliği  TP(µg/L)  Klorofil‐a(µg/L)  Sınıfı  (NO3‐N+NO2‐N)  (m)  Oligotrofik  <5  <5  <0,5  >14  Mezotrofik  7  10  1  9  Ötrofik  11  20  2  5  Hipertrofik  >11  >20  >2  <5  Yüzme Suyu Kalitesi Yönetmeliği’nin [2006] Ek-1, Yüzme ve Rekreasyon Amacıyla Kullanılan Suların Sağlaması Gereken Kalite Kriterleri Tablosu’nda, koliform bakteriler için kılavuz değer 500 CFU/100ml, zorunlu değer 10.000CFU/100ml’dir. Fekal koliform bakteri değerleri için kılavuz değer 100 CFU/100ml, zorunlu değer 2000 CFU/100 ml’dir. Yüzme Suyu Kalitesi Yönetmeliği’ninde [2006], Escherichia coli için herhangi bir sınır değer tanımlanmamıştır. AB Yüzme suyu direktiflerinde (15 Şubat 2006) ise kıyı ve geçiş sularında Escherichia coli için 500 CFU/100 ml değeri belirlenmiştir. Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği (2016), Ek-5 Tablo 6 “Rekreasyon Maksadıyla Kullanılan Kıyı ve Geçiş Sularının Sağlaması Gereken Standart Değerler” tablosunda ise Escherichia coli için klavuz değer 250 cfu/100 ml, zorunlu değer 500 cfu/100 ml olarak belirlenmiştir. Deniz deşarjı kıyı sularında düzenli olarak mikrobiyolojik parametrelerin izlenmesi önerilmektedir. 77 8 DENİZ DEŞARJI BORU GÜZERGAHININ BELİRLENMESİ, SU KALİTESİ TAŞINIM VE SEYRELME MODELLEME ÇALIŞMALARI Seyrelme çalışmalarında kullanılacak tasarım debileri, “Bodrum İlçesi Turgutreis Mahallesi İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Tesisi Uygulama Proje Raporu (Alter Uluslararası Mühendislik ve Müşavirlik Hizmetleri, 2016)” ndan alınmıştır. Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Tasarıma Esas Atıksu Debileri Çizelge 8.1’de, modelleme çalışmaları sonrasında önerilen difüzör borusu özellikleri Çizelge 8.2’de sunulmaktadır. Çizelge 8.1 Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Tasarıma Esas Atıksu Debileri Yaz Kış 3 Debi (m /s) 1.Kademe 2.Kademe 1.Kademe 2.Kademe (2032) (2047) (2032) (2047) Minimum 0,284 0,351 0,083 0,124 Ortalama 0,428 0,532 0,127 0,185 Maksimum 0,833 1,042 0,236 0,333 Çizelge 8.2 Turgutreis deniz deşarjı difüzör borusu özellikleri Q, Debi (m3/s) 0,1-1,04 d, Difüzör borusu su derinliği -17 (m) N, Delik Sayısı, 15 L, uzunluğu (m) 60 borunun iki yanında şaşırtmalı yerleşim D, Delik Çapı (m) 0,12 Doğrultusu Deşarj borusu ile aynı doğrultuda Modelleme çalışmalarında kullanılan kirletici özellikleri aşağıda özetlenmiştir: - Arıtma sonrasında denize bırakılabilecek en yüksek bakteri konsantrasyonu: Co = 107 TC/100ml - Bakteri ölme katsayısı: Yaz: T90 = 1,5 saat , k =-ln(0,1)/T90=1,54 1/saat Kış: T90 = 3 saat, k =-ln(0,1)/T90= 0,77 1/saat - Kirletici yoğunluğu: ρo = 999 kg/m³, - Kirletici vizkozitesi: νo= 10-6 m²/s Önerilen ana deşarj ve difüzor borusu güzargahı Çizim 8.1’de gösterilmektedir. Difüzör borusunun ana deşarj borusu ile aynı doğrultuda ve en az 60 m uzunluğunda olması, ana deşarj borusunun, saat yönünde kuzeyden(N) 235o açı ile WSW doğrultusunda uzanması uzunluğunun en az 1400 m olması önerilmektedir. Bu durumda, ana deşarj borusu ve difüzör borusu toplamı için önerilen en az 1460 m. olmaktadır. Modelleme çalışmalarında kullanılan kıyısal alan 78 özellikleri Bölüm 4-6’da anlatılan şekilde saha ölçümlemeleri ve hidrodinamik modeleme çalışmalarından alınmıştır. Çizim 8.1 Deniz deşarjı borusu güzergahı 8.1 YAKIN ALAN SEYRELMESİ 8.1.1 Kullanılan modeller Birinci seyrelmeyi tahmin edebilmek için çok sayıda model geliştirilmiştir. Bu modellerden bazıları durgun, üniform ve tabakalaşma durumunun gözlenmediği su ortamları için birinci seyrelmeyi tahmin edebilmektedir. Deniz deşarjı tasarımı için geliştirilmiş oldukça kompleks bilgisayar yazılımları da mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada yakın alan seyrelmeleri için, CORMIX, Visual Plume ve HYDROTAM-3D modelleri kullanılmıştır. CORMIX, deşarj sistemleri tasarımı ve karışım bölgesinin analizlerini yapmak hazırlanmış bilgisayar temelli tasarım programıdır [Doneker ve Jirka, 2007]. Debi ve çevre koşullarının verilerine göre hidrodinamik benzeştirme yapar. Her tab, farklı veri gruplarını temsil eder (Kirletici özellikleri, alıcı ortam özellikleri, debi özellikler vb.). CORMIX Version 10.0, dört temel hidrodinamik benzeştirme modelinden oluşmaktadır: CORMIX1, CORMIX 2, CORMIX3 ve DHYDRO. CORMIX1, batık ve su yüzeyinde tekil delikten çıkan kirletici kaynaklarının analizinde, CORMIX2 batık çoklu delikten çıkan kirleticilerin analizinde, 79 CORMIX3 yüzeysel debilerin analizinde, DHYRO tuzlu ve/veya sediman debilerinin analizinde kullanılmaktadır. CORMIX, farklı debi koşullarında, her çeşit alıcı su ortamları için (nehirler, göller, rezervuarlar, nehir ağzı ve kıyı suları) hidrodinamik karşım prosesini niteliksel (akım sınıflandırması vb.) ve niceliksel (seyrelme oranı, bulut eğrisini vb.) modellemeye yarayan bir programdır. CORMIX, jet integral modeli olup kütlenin ve momentumun korunumu prensibine dayanır ayrıca uzunluk ölçekli sınıflandırma ile integral yaklaşımını birlikte kullanır böylece sınır etkileşimini ve yakın alan için stabil olmayan durumları da gözönüne alabilir. CORMIX modelinde kullanılan eşitlikler literatürde bulunabilir [Jirka,2004;Jirka 2006, Bleninger,2006; Morelissen vd. 2013]. US-EPA tarafından geliştirilen Visual Plumes yazılımı da seyrelme ve karışım bölgesi modellemesi ve analizi yapabilmektedir [Frick vd., 2001]. Visual Plumes Windows bazlı bir bilgisayar uygulamasıdır. Visual Plumes sürüklenme bölgesi projesi (PAE) hipotezi özellikleri olan bir Lagrangian modelidir. Model dağılım bulutu kararlıymış gibi hesap yapar Momentum ve kütlenin korunumu için eşitlikler bulut yörüngelerinin her bir adımı için program içinde çözülür [Frick vd., 2004; Baumgartner, 1994]. Program tahminleri seyrelme, yükselme, çap ve diğer bulut değişkenlerini içerir. Visual Plumes paket modelleme programı, birincil karışım bölgesinin seyrelme karakteristiği ve geometrisini irdeleyerek; alıcı ortama deşarj edilen atık suyun deşarj hattı tasarım, tahmin ve analizlerini yapmaktadır. Visual Plumes programını kullanarak gerekli verilerin girilmesi için üç ayrı girdi grubu vardır: Çevresel ortam verileri, deşarj yapısı ve çıkış karakteristikleri [Frick vd., 2004]. CORMIX’te dinamik taban etkileri hesaplamalara dâhil edilir. Bu etkiler tabanda yüksek kirletici konsantrasyonlarına neden olur. Özellikle bentik bölgelerdeki yasal karışım bölgesindeki analizler için önemlidir. Visual Plumes’de ise dinamik bulut eklentileri ihmal edilir. Yakın alan dağılımında debi çıkışına yakın bölgede yerel bir sınır irdelenmez, sonsuz bir su kütlesi kabul edilir. Visual Plumes’un en önemli kısıtlamalarından biri bu özelliktir. CORMIX, jet integral, uzunluk ölçek, integral ve pasif difüzyon yaklaşımlarını kullanarak 30 bölgesel akım modülü ve yüzlerce akım sınıfı ile çalışmaktadır. Visual Plumes ise jet-integral, uzunluk ölçek ve pasif difüzyon yaklaşımları ile çalışır. Bünyesinde üç jet integral modeli (UM, UDKHG, PDS) ve bir uzunluk ölçek modeli (RSB) barındırır. Bu modeller, dinamik eklentiler olmadan stabil yakın alan dağılımlarında kullanılır. Debi stabilitesi belirlenememektedir. Visual Plumes’de stabil olmayan ve eklentili debi koşulları, yoğunluk akıntıları 80 irdelenmemektedir. CORMIX, zengin akım sınırflandırmasına ve debi stabilitesi analizine sahiptir. Yapay zekâ kullanılarak verilerin uyumları kontrol edilir. Verilerin sağlıklı olması karışım alanı karakteristiklerinin doğru tahmin edilmesini sağlar. Kural tabanlı bir programdır ve 2000 civarında kural içerir. Bu kurallara göre deşarj debisi, alıcı ortam ve model seçimi yapılır. Ayrıca kurallar raporlanır. Visual Plumes’de ise raporlama prosedürü yoktur. Hangi modelin uygulanacağı veya veri-kabul uyumu ile ilgili rehberlik yoktur. Her iki model de benzer jet integral yaklaşımlarını kullanır: Yakın alan bölgesinde, stabil bir ortamda, dinamik eklentilerin olmadığı, yoğunluk akıntılarının karışımının yasal karışım bölgesinde önemli olmadığı durumlarda benzer sonuçlar verir. Visual Plumes’u taban eklentili akımlarda ve yoğunluk akıntılarının söz konusu olduğu karışımlarda kullanmak uygun değildir. Oysa CORMIX her iki durumda da kullanılabilir. CORMIX taban eklentili akım ve yoğunluk akıntı karışım koşullarında uygulanabilen kural tabanlı raporlama yapabilen bir modeldir. Her iki model de derin deniz deşarjları için uygundur, çünkü bu durumda yakın alan dağılımı önceliklidir ve dinamik taban eklentileri yoktur [Cormix,2016]. 8.1.2 Model Uygulamaları Her üç model çalışma alanına uygulanmış ve kirleticinin yakın alan seyrelme davranışı karşılaştırılmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Yakın alan modelleme sonuçları, atıksu debisi, alıcı ortamdaki kıyısal akıntı hızı, akıntı yönlerinin difüzör borusu ile yaptıkları açılar, delik sayısı ve yoğunluk değişimi ile değişim göstermektedirler. Model parametrelerinin hassasiyet çalışmalarında atıksu debisinin, akıntı hızının ve akıntı yönünün yakın alan seyrelmelerine etkileri tartışılmıştır. Boru hattı kıyısal alanında su derinlikleri 20 m’den küçüktür. Modelleme çalışmalarında, deniz suyu yoğunluğu değişken olarak alınmış, su sıcaklığının ve tuzluluğun bir fonksiyonu olarak, hidrodinamik model tarafından hesaplanmıştır. Çizim 8.2 ve Çizim 8.3’de birinci seyrelmedeki (S1), atıksu debi(Q) değişikliğinin, kış ve yaz koşullarındaki etkileri görülmektedir. Debi için yürütülen hassasiyet çalışmalarında, birinci seyrelmeyi etkileyen diğer tüm tasarım parametreleri sabit kalmak koşulu ile, yanlızca değişen debinin, S1 üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Atıksu debisi 0,1≤Q≤1,1 m3/s aralığında değiştirilmiştir. Ölçümleme ve hidrodinamik modelleme sonuçlarına dayanılarak, hassasiyet çalışmalarında alıcı ortam kıyısal akıntı hızının ortalama olarak u=0.1 m/s ve akıntı yönünün difüzöre dik olduğu varsayılmış, kış mevsimi için deniz suyu tuzluluk değeri S=38 ppt, sıcaklık değeri T=160C, yaz mevsimi için ise tuzluluk S=39 ppt, sıcaklık T=27 0C alınmıştır. 81 Çizim 8.2 ve Çizim 8.3’ de görüldüğü gibi debi arttıkça yakın alan seyrelme (S1) miktarının üssel fonksiyona uyumlu olarak düştüğü, 0,7 m3/s’den büyük olan debiler için S1 değerinin çok az değişmekte olduğu gözlenmektedir. Üssel eğilim çizgileri üç modelin sonuçlarının tümünü kapsayacak şekilde için geçirilmiştir. Atıksu debisi 0,1≤Q≤1,1 m3/s aralığında değişirken, birinci seyrelme en düşük modelleme sonuçlarına göre 123≤S1≤966 aralığında değişmektedir. Tüm debiler için yakın alan seyrelmesinin yönetmelik gereği olan S1>40 şartını gerçeklediği görülmektedir. Çizim 8.2Turgutreis kış koşullarında atıksu debisi (Q) hassasiyeti Çizim 8.3 Turgutreis yaz koşullarında atıksu debisi (Q) hassasiyeti 82 Çizim 8.4 ve Çizim 8.5’de, akıntı hızının birinci seyrelmedeki (S1) kış ve yaz koşullarındaki etkisi görülmektedir. Hiç kıyısal akıntı hızının olmadığı (U=0) durum, ya da hiç rüzgâr esmediği durum, en az birinci seyrelme değerini vermektedir. Akıntı hızı arttıkça S1 değeri de artmaktadır. Grafiklerden birinci seyrelmeyi etkileyen diğer tüm tasarım parametreleri sabit kalmak koşulu ile akıntı hızı ile S1 arasındaki ilişkinin doğrusala çok yakın olduğu görülmektedir. Doğrusal eğilim çizgileri üç modelin sonuçlarının tümünü kapsayacak şekilde için geçirilmiştir. Akıntı hızlarının 0≤U≤35 cm/s arasında değişmesi durumunda en düşük model tahminleri ile 46 ≤S1≤353 değerleri arasında değişim göstermektedir. Tüm akıntılar için yakın alan seyrelmesinin yönetmelik gereği olan S1>40 şartını gerçeklediği görülmektedir. Çizim 8.4 Turgutreis kış koşullarında akıntı hızı hassasiyeti 83 Çizim 8.5 Turgutreis yaz koşullarında akıntı hızı hassasiyeti Çizim 8.6 ve Çizim 8.7’da Turgutreis kış ve yaz koşullarında akıntı yönünün yakın alan seyrelmesine etkisi irdelenmiştir. CORMIX modeli kış ve yaz koşullarında akıntı yönü ile difüzör borusu doğrultusu arasındaki açı 30o ve 45o, diğer iki model ise 00 (akıntı boruya parallel) olduğunda birinci seyrelme değerini minimum olarak tahmin etmektedirler. Difüzör borusunun akıntı yönüne dik olması durumu olan 900 açısında ise S1 maksimum değerine ulaşmaktadır. Tüm açılar için S1>100 değerinden fazladır. Çizim 8.6 Turgutreis kış koşullarında akıntı yönünün yakın alan seyrelmesine etkisi 84 Çizim 8.7 Turgutreis yaz koşullarında akıntı yönünün yakın alan seyrelmesine etkisi 8.2 UZAK ALAN SEYRELMESİ Yakın alan seyrelmesi sonucu yüzeye ulaşan kirlilik bulutu, kıyısal akıntılar ile uzak alan seyrelmesine başlamaktadır. Uzak alan seyrelmesinde kirlilik bulutu, ilerlemeli yayılma(adveksiyon), türbülanslı difüzyon ve dispersiyon ile dağılmakta (S2) ve bakteriler ölerek (T90) yok olmaktadırlar (S3). Atık sudaki koliform miktarının başlangıç konsantrasyon değeri 107 TC/100 ml olarak kabul edilmiştir. Yeryüstü Su kalitesi Yönetimi Yönetmeliği (Ağustos,2016), Tablo 6 (Rekreasyonel Maksadıyla Kullanılan Kıyı ve Geçiş Sularının Sağlaması Gereken Standart Değerler) ‘da gereği sahil koruma bandı genişliği 300 m. olarak alınmıştır. Su Kirliliği Kontrölü Yönetmeliği’ne göre, model çalışmalarında bakterilerin %90’nının ölmesi için gerekli süre, T90 değeri, yaz ayında, 1,5 saat (kp=1.54 1/saat), kış ayında 3 saat (kp=0,77 1/saat), alınmış ve koruma bandı içinde, zamanın %90’nında, toplam koliform seviyesinin 1000TC/100ml olması şartı gözetilmiştir. Hidrodinamik model çalışmalarında, Bölüm 4-6 da detaylı olarak sunulan rüzgâr, dalga ve akıntı iklimine kullanılarak kirlilik bulutunun uzak alandaki yayılım ve dağılım senaryoları oluşturulmuş ve Çizelge 8.3’de özetlenmiştir. Uzak alan seyrelmesi için yürütülen modelleme çalışmalarında, kış ve yaz koşulları için hiç rüzgârın esmediği ve en zayıf kıyısal akıntıların 85 oluştuğu durumlar Senaryo 1-2’de; kış ve yaz koşulları için hâkim yönlü akıntı düzeni etkileri Senaryo 3-4’de; kış ve yaz aylarında karaya doğru esen batılı rüzgârlar ve karaya doğru yüzey akıntılarının etkileri Senaryo 5-6’da sunulmuştur. Karadan esen doğulu rüzgârlar ise, yüzey sularını açığa doğru sürükleyen akıntıları oluşturmakta ve kirlilik bulutu açık denize doğru yayılarak koruma bandı içinde sorun oluşturmamaktadır (Senaryo 7-8). Çizelge 8.3. Kirleticinin uzak alan seyrelmesi senaryoları SENARYO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kış Yaz Kış Yaz Kış Yaz Hâkim Hâkim Karaya Karaya Kış Yaz AÇIKLAMA Rüzgâr Rüzgâr akıntı akıntı doğru doğru Diğer Diğer yok yok koşulları koşulları akıntı akıntı Oluşma 6 8 47 71 15 20 28 1 Sıklığı (%)  Yakın alan seyrelmesi sonucu, yüzeye ulaşan kirlilik bulutunun, uzak alandaki yayılım ve dağılımları hiç rüzgârın esmediği ve en zayıf kıyısal akıntıların oluştuğu durumlar için kış koşullarında Çizim 8.8’de, yaz koşullarında ise Çizim 8.9’de sunulmuştur. Her iki durumda da yakın alan ve uzak alan seyrelmeleri sonucu kıyı koruma bandı içinde 10 TC/100 ml değerinin altında kirlilik konsantrasyonu değerlerine ulaşılmakta ve yönetmelik gerekleri sağlanmaktadır. Yakın alan seyrelmesi sonucu, yüzeye ulaşan kirlilik bulutunun, uzak alandaki yayılım ve dağılımları hâkim yönlü akıntı düzenleri etkisinde kış koşulları için Çizim 8.10’da, yaz koşullarında ise Çizim 8.11’da sunulmuştur. Her iki durumda da yakın alan ve uzak alan seyrelmeleri sonucu kıyı koruma bandı içinde 10 TC/100 ml değerinin altında kirlilik konsantrasyonu değerlerine ulaşılmakta ve yönetmelik gerekleri sağlanmaktadır. Yakın alan seyrelmesi sonucu, yüzeye ulaşan kirlilik bulutunun, karaya doğru yüzey akıntıları etkisi ile uzak alandaki yayılım ve dağılımları, kış koşulları için Çizim 8.12’de, yaz koşullarında ise Çizim 8.13’de sunulmuştur. Her iki durumda da yakın alan ve uzak alan seyrelmeleri sonucu kıyı koruma bandı içinde 1000 TC/100 ml değerinin altında kirlilik konsantrasyonu değerlerine ulaşılmakta ve yönetmelik gerekleri sağlanmaktadır. Yakın alan seyrelmesi sonucu, yüzeye ulaşan kirlilik bulutunun, karadan esen doğulu rüzgârlar etkisi ile uzak alandaki yayılım ve dağılımları, kış koşulları için Çizim 8.14’de, yaz koşullarında 86 ise Çizim 8.15’de sunulmuştur. Her iki durumda da yakın alan ve uzak alan seyrelmeleri sonucu kıyı koruma bandı içinde 10 TC/100 ml değerinin altında kirlilik konsantrasyonu değerlerine ulaşılmakta ve yönetmelik gerekleri sağlanmaktadır. 6000 5500 5000 100000 Kirlilik Konsantrasyonu, TC/100ml 4500 50000 4000 10000 3500 5000 y (m) 3000 1000 2500 500 2000 100 1500 50 1000 10 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 x (m) Çizim 8.8 Kış ayı ve rüzgâr esmediği koşullar etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı 87 6000 5500 5000 100000 Kirlilik Konsantrasyonu, TC/100ml 4500 50000 4000 10000 3500 5000 y (m) 3000 1000 2500 500 2000 100 1500 50 1000 10 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 x (m) Çizim 8.9 Yaz ayı ve rüzgâr esmediği koşullar etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı 88 6000 5500 5000 100000 Kirlilik Konsantrasyonu, TC/100ml 4500 50000 4000 10000 3500 5000 y (m) 3000 1000 2500 500 2000 100 1500 50 10 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 x (m) Çizim 8.10 Kış ayı ve hâkim akıntı koşulları etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı 89 6000 5500 5000 100000 Kirlilik Konsantrasyonu, TC/100ml 4500 50000 4000 10000 3500 5000 y (m) 3000 1000 2500 500 2000 100 1500 50 1000 10 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 x (m) Çizim 8.11 Yaz ayı ve hâkim akıntı koşulları etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı 90 6000 5500 5000 100000 Kirlilik Konsantrasyonu, TC/100ml 4500 50000 4000 10000 3500 5000 y (m) 3000 1000 2500 500 2000 100 50 1500 10 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 x (m) Çizim 8.12 Kış ayı ve karaya doğru akıntılar etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı 91 6000 5500 5000 100000 Kirlilik Konsantrasyonu, TC/100ml 4500 50000 4000 10000 3500 5000 y (m) 3000 1000 2500 500 2000 100 1500 50 10 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 x (m) Çizim 8.13 Yaz ayı ve karaya doğru akıntılar etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı 92 6000 5500 5000 100000 Kirlilik Konsantrasyonu, TC/100ml 4500 50000 4000 10000 3500 5000 y (m) 3000 1000 2500 500 2000 100 50 1500 10 1000 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 x (m) Çizim 8.14 Kış ayı açığa doğru akıntı etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı 93 6000 5500 5000 100000 Kirlilik Konsantrasyonu, TC/100ml 4500 50000 4000 10000 3500 5000 y (m) 3000 1000 2500 500 2000 100 1500 50 1000 10 500 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 x (m) Çizim 8.15 Yaz ayı açığa doğru akıntı etkisinde kirlilik bulutunun yayılım ve dağılımı 94 9 SONUÇLAR Turgutreis deniz deşarjı denizel alanında üç boyutlu hidrodinamik, taşınım ve su kalitesi modeli HYDROTAM-3D kullanılarak, rüzgâr iklimi, dalga iklimi, uzun dönem, ekstrem dalga istatistiği çalışmaları, rüzgâr, dalga ve yoğunluk etkenli akıntılar ve bu akıntı düzenleri ile kirlilik bulutunun yakın alan ve uzak alan dağılımları modellenmiştir. Yakın alan seyrelme çalışmalarında HYDROTAM-3D modeli ile karşılaştırmalı olarak Visual Plumes ve CORMIX sayısal programları da uygulanmıştır. Çalışma bölgesinin rüzgâr ikliminin belirlenebilmesi için, Turgutreis Marina Ocak 2012-Mart 2016 yılları arası saatlik ölçümleri, Bodrum Hüseyin Burnu Feneri Ocak 2014-Mart 2016 yılları arası saatlik ölçümleri, Yalıkavak Gemitaşı Feneri (Şubat 2013-Mart 2016), Didim Meteoroloji İstasyonu Ocak 2012-Mart 2016 yılları arası saatlik ölçümleri, Bodrum Meteoroloji İstasyonu Ocak 2012-Mart 2016 yılları arası saatlik ölçümleri; ECMWF 37.0N-27.3E ve 37.0N-27.2E koordinatlarında Ocak 2012-Kasım 2016 yılları arası 6 saatlik rüzgâr tahminleri incelenmiştir. Ölçümlerle olan karşılaştırmalar sonucunda, ECMWF 37.0N-27.2E koordinatına ait, 2000-2016 yılları arası altışar saatlik kesintisiz rüzgâr tahminlerinin, kıyısal alanın rüzgâr ikliminin belirlenmesinde güvenli olarak kullanılabileceğine karar verilmiş, uzun dönem ve en yüksek değer rüzgâr istatistiği çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Yönlere göre, her bir yön için ayrı ayrı rüzgâr oluşum sayıları belirlenmiş ve bölgenin yıllık ve mevsimsel rüzgâr gülleri oluşturulmuştur. Aylık ortalama ve en yüksek değer rüzgâr hızları belirlenmiştir. Rüzgâr iklimi çalışmalarına göre, hâkim rüzgâr yönü birincil olarak saat yönünde KuzeyBatı (NW)- Kuzey (N) yön aralığı, ikincil olarak GüneyDoğu (SE)-GüneyGüneyDoğu (SSE) yön aralığıdır. Dalga iklimi çalışmalarında, etkin dalga kabarma mesafeleri incelenmiştir. Deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında konumu itibarıyla en fazla dalga kabarmasına yol açabilecek dalga kabarma mesafeleri saat yönünde GüneyGüneyDoğu(SSE)–Kuzey(N) yönleri aralığındadır. Uzun dönem ve en yüksek değer dalga istatistiği çalışmaları, ECMWF’in operasyonel arşivinden 37.0N-27.2E koordinatı için elde edilen 2000-2016 dönemine ait altışar saatlik kesintisiz dalga tahminleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Model tahminleri birincil etken dalga yön aralığının saat yönünde KuzeyBatı(NW)-Kuzey(N) arası, ikincil olarak ise GüneyGüneyDoğu(SSE) olduğunu göstermektedir. Kıyısal alanda dalga yüksekliklerinin 0.5 95 m den az olma (sakin) sıklığı %61 dir. Hâkim dalga ilerleme yönünden beklenen sıklık %29 dur. Yılda 1 saat aşılma olasılığı ile Hs=2,6 m belirgin derin deniz dalga yüksekliğine ve Tm=5,3 sn dalga periyoduna sahip dalgaların yaklaşması tahmin edilmektedir. Kıyısal alanında, dalga kırılma bölgesi, yaklaşık olarak, d=-2,5m ile kara sınırı arasıdır, bu bölgede deniz deşarjı boru hattının gömülmesi önerilmektedir. Turgutreis deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanı için kıyı çizgisi doğrultusu yaklaşık olarak KuzeyKuzeyBatı(NNW)–GüneyGüneyDoğu(SSE) yönünde uzanmaktadır. Doğulu kara yönlerinden (NE-SE) esen rüzgârlar, kıyısal alan yüzey sularını karadan açık denize doğru sürüklerken, batılı yönlerden esen rüzgârlar (SW-NW) açık deniz sularını karaya doğru sürüklemektedirler. Kıyısal alanda akıntı düzeninin belirlenmesi için modelleme çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Sahada yürütülen ölçümleme çalışmaları ile model tahminleri karşılaştırılmış ve modelin akıntı düzenini başarılı ile tahmin etmekte olduğu görülmüştür. Rüzgâr ve dalga iklimine dayalı olarak, 2000-2016 yılları arası, 17 yıl boyunca 6 şar saatlik akıntı düzeni zaman serisi elde edilmiş, yıllık ve mevsimsel akıntı gülleri hazırlanmıştır. Akıntı iklimi çalışmalarına göre, yüzey tabakası suları için hâkim akıntı yönü, Güney-GüneyGüneyBatı(S-SSW) yönleri olup, ortalama hızlar 10-30 cm/s arasında değişmektedir. Deniz deşarjı kıyısal alanında su derinlikleri 20 m’den küçüktür. Hidrodinamik çalışmalardan tüm mevsimlerde su kolunu boyunca yoğunluk değişimlerinin az olduğu, en yüksek değişimin yaz aylarında oluştuğu, <0,01 olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Deşarj derinliğinde oluşabilecek bu düşük yoğunluk farklılaşması, kirlilik bulutunun sıklıkla tutsaklanmasına neden olmamaktadır. Tüm mevsimlerde sıklıkla kirlilik bulutu yüzeye ulaşmakta, yani yakın alan karışması su yüzeyinde son bulmaktadır. Modelleme çalışmalarında su kolunu boyunca deniz suyu yoğunluğu su sıcaklığı ve su tuzluluğu değerlerinden değişken olarak hesaplanmıştır. Deniz deşarjı yakın alan seyrelme(S1) çalışmalarında, CORMIX, Visual Plume ve HYDROTAM-3D modelleri kullanılmış ve sonuçlar karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur. Model parametrelerinin hassasiyet çalışmalarında atıksu debisinin, akıntı hızının ve akıntı yönünün yakın alan seyrelmelerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Yakın alan seyrelmesi sonucu yüzeye ulaşan kirlilik bulutu, kıyısal akıntılar ile uzak alan seyrelmesine başlamaktadır. Uzak alan seyrelmesinde kirlilik bulutu, ilerlemeli yayılma(adveksiyon), türbülanslı difüzyon ve dispersiyon ile dağılmakta (S2) ve bakteriler ölerek yok olmaktadırlar (S3). Modelleme çalışmaları sonucunda, ana deşarj borusunun, kuzeyden 235o açı ile WSW doğrultusunda 96 uzanması, uzunluğunun en az 1400 m olması, ana borunun bitiminde aynı doğrultuda ve en az 60 m. uzunluğunda difüzör borusu yer alması önerilmektedir. Difüzör borusu en az -17 m. derinlikte olmalı ve üzerinde borunun iki yanında şaşırtmalı olarak yerleştirilmiş 0,12 m çaplı 15 adet delik yer almalıdır. Bu çalışmada boru sistemi için hidrolik tasarım yapılmamıştır. Ana boru ve difüzör borusu için boru türleri, çapları ve detayları, hidrolik tasarım ile belirlenmelidir. Hidrolik tasarım sırasında farklı bir tasarım zorunluluğu çıkması durumda seyrelme hesaplarının yeniden yapılması gereklidir. Önerilen güzargah için atıksu debisinin 0,1≤Q≤1,1 m3/s aralığında değişmesi ve atık sudaki koliform miktarının başlangıç konsantrasyon değerinin 107 TC/100 ml kabulü ile yapılan modelleme çalışmaları, kış ve yaz mevsimi koşullarında yakın alan seyrelmelerinin her durumda S1>40 değerinden büyük olduğunu göstermektedir. Uzak alan seyrelmesi çalışmalarında, kış ve yaz koşulları için hiç rüzgârın esmediği ve akıntıların olmadığı en kötü durum, hâkim yönlü akıntılar, karaya doğru ve açığa doğru akıntılarının etkileri oluşma sıklıkları ile ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, yakın alan ve uzak alan seyrelme çalışmaları değerlendirildiğinde, uzun dönem rüzgâr, dalga ve akıntı istatistiklerine dayanılarak, önerilen deniz deşarjı sistemi ile kıyı koruma bandı içinde, zamanın %90’nında, toplam koliform seviyesinin 1000TC/100ml olması şartının ve yönetmelik gereklerinin sağlanabileceği görülmüştür. 97 KAYNAKLAR Balas L., İnan A., Genç, A.N., 2013.Modelling of Dilution of Thermal Discharges in Enclosed Coastal Waters, Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 17(10), 82-89. Balas L., Genç, A.N., İnan, A., 2012. Hydrotam-3D Model for Hydrodynamic and Transport Processes in Coastal Waters, Managing Resources of a Limited Planet, IEMSS 2012, 1439-1446. Balas, L., İnan, A., Yilmaz, E. 2011. Modelling of sediment transport of Akyaka Beach. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 64,Sayfa:460-463. Balas, L., İnan, A. 2010. Modeling of Induced Circulation. 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HYDROTAM-3D Üç Boyutlu Hidrodinamik Taşınım Modeli , http://hydrotam.com 98 Jirka, G.H., Integral Model for turbulent buoyant jets in unbounded stratified flows. Part 1: Single round jet, Environmental Fluid Mechanics 4(1), 1-56, 2004. Jirka, G.H., Integral Model for Turbulent Buoyant Jets in Unbounded Stratified Flows, Part 2: Plane Jet Dynamics Resulting from Multiport Diffuser Jets, Environmental Fluid Mechanics 6(1), 43-100, 2006. İnan A., Balas L., 2013. Genişletilmiş Yumuşak Eğim Eşitlikleri için Sonlu Farklar Yaklaşımı, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 28 (2), 401-408 İnan, A., Yılmaz, N., Numanoglu Genç, A., Balas, L.,2012. Modeling of Coastal Erosion in Göksu Coasts, Journal of Coastal Research, Baskıda. İnan, A., Balas, L. 2010. An Application of 2D Oil Spill Model to Mersin Coast. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 6 (5)(345-354). İnan, A., Balas L., 2009. 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Roberts,P.J.W., Henry, J., Salas, H.J., Reiff, F.M.,Libhaber, M., Alejandro Labbe A.,James C. Thomson, J.C., 2010, Marine Wastewater Outfalls and Treatment Systems, IWA Yayınevi, İngiltere. SPM, “Shore Protection Manual”, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Bodrum İlçesi Turgutreis Mahallesi İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Tesisi Uygulama Proje Raporu,2016. Alter Uluslararası Mühendislik ve Müşavirlik Hizmetleri, sayfa:1-154. Yıldız I, İnan A, Balas L., 2005. “Numerical modelling of wave induced circulation”, Advances in Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering, Sayfa:602-612. Yılmaz, N., Balas, L., İnan, A., Coastal Erosion Problem, Modelling and Protection, Ocean Science Journal, Cilt 50, No:3, 589-601, 2015. Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği, 10 Ağustos 2016, Resmi Gazete, sayı: 29797. http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/08/20160810-9.htm, Son erişim tarihi: Haziran 2017. Yüzme Suyu Kalitesi Yönetmeliği (76/160/AB), 2006. TC Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı (Mülga), http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/01/20060109-2.htm, Son erişim tarihi: Haziran 2017. 99 ANNEX-4 BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SEA DISCHARGE LINE BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN ARÜV ÇEVRE MÜH. MÜŞ. HİZ. İNŞ. SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş NOVEMBER 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1 1.1. Brief Project Description 1 1.2. Importance of Conserving Biodiversity 4 1.3. Biodiversity Management Plan Framework 4 2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND REFERENCES 5 2.1. Turkish Legislation 5 2.1.1. National Laws and Regulations 6 2.1.2. National Environmental Plans and Programs 6 2.1.3. National Threat Statuses for Fauna 7 2.2. International Regulatory Framework 8 2.2.1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 9 2.2.2. IFC Performance Standard-6 9 2.2.3. Bern Convention 10 2.2.4. CITES 10 2.2.5. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 10 3. BIODIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE PROJECT AREA 11 3.1. Study Area 11 3.2. Methodology for Baseline Biodiversity Studies 15 3.2.1. Terrestrial Flora and Habitat Studies 15 3.2.2. Terrestrial Fauna 16 3.2.3. Marine Ecosystem Studies 17 3.3. Biodiversity Studies Results of the Project area 22 Internationally Recognised Areas within the Region of the Project 22 3.3.1. Area 3.3.2. Vegetation and Habitat Types of the Terrestrial Ecosystem 24 3.3.3. Terrestrial Fauna 32 3.3.4. Marine Ecosystem 36 3.4. Impacts and Mitigations 47 3.4.1. Impact and Mitigations 47 3.4.2. Impact Assessment Criteria 48 3.4.3. Construction Phase Impacts on Ecology 50 3.4.4. Operation Phase Impacts on Ecology 54 3.4.5. Mitigation Measures 56 4.CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSMENT 58 4.1. The Concept of Critical Habitat 58 4.2. Significance of Critical Habitat Assessment 60 4.3. Approach to Critical Habitat İdentification 60 4.4. Potential Biodiversity Components Triggering Critical Habitat 60 5.MITIGATION PLAN 61 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. i/iii SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUE) 6. IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING PLAN AND REPORTING 65 6.1. Responsible Parties for Implementation 65 6.2. Monitoring Plan 65 6.3. Follow-Up Studies 66 6.4. Training 66 6.5. Reporting 67 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Laws and Regulations on Conservation of Habitats and Species 6 Table 2 National Threat Categories for Bird Species 7 Table 3 CHC resolution appendices 8 Table 4 Annexes to the Bern Convention 10 Table 5 Appendices to CITES 10 Table 6 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria 11 Table 7 KBA Criterias 22 Table 8 Identified Species as Bodrum Peninsula KBA Criteria 24 Table 9 Species of the KBA 28 Table 10 Identified Flora Species within the Study Area 30 Table 11 Identified Mammal Species within the Study Area 32 Table 12 Identified Bird Species within the Study Area 34 Table 13 Identified Amphibian and Reptile Species within the Study Area 35 Table 14 Identified Phytoplankton Organisms with the Study Area 37 Table 15 Identified Zooplanktonic Organisms with the Study Area 37 Table 16 Identified Macroalgeas and Benthic Organisms with the Study Area 38 Table 17 Identified Fish Species with the Study Area 39 Table 18 Estimated Posidonia oceanica population of the Sea Grass Study Areas 44 Table 19 List of species/genus/taxon detected during the surveys and their economic 47 and ecologic (IUCN, BERN) significances Table 20 Severity of Impact of Resource/Receptor 49 Table 21 Potential Critical Habitat Trigger Components 60 Table 22 Mitigation Plan for Biodiversity 62 Table 23 Monitoring Plan 66 TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. ii/iii SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Site Location Map 3 Figure 2 General View in the Project Area 12 Figure 3 Terrestrial Flora-Fauna Study Area 13 Figure 4 Marine Environment Study Area 14 Figure 5 Sampling and Identification of Phytoplanktonic Organisms 19 Figure 6 Scuba Diving Studies 20 Figure 7 P. oceanica seagrasses at A, B, C Work Areas 21 Figure 8 Topography Map of KBA 24 Figure 9 Project Location 26 Figure 10 Distribution of 9677 Endemic Taxa Locations in Turkey Flora According to 26 Region, Sub Region and Grid System Figure 11 Habitat Types of the Land Part of the Project Area and Its Close Vicinity 27 Figure 12 Some Flora species within the Project Area 29 Figure 13 Monachus monachus Breeding and Feeding Area around the Project Area 41 Figure 14 Some Underwater Views about Biodiversity 43 Figure 15 Marine Environment Study Area and First Zone of the Sea Grass Study Area 45 Figure 16 Marine Environment Study Area and Sea Grass Study Area (First and 46 Second Zone) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BERN Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats BMP Biodiversity Management Plan CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCD UN Convention to Combat Desertification CHA Critical Habitat Assessment CHC Central Hunting Commission CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora COP Conference of Parties EMEP Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmissions of Air Pollutants in Europe EUNIS European Nature Information System GPS Global Positioning System IBAs Important Bird Areas IFC International Finance Corporation IPAs Important Plant Areas IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KBAs Key Biodiversity Areas MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships MUSKI Mugla Metropolitan Municipality General Directorate of Water & Sewerage Administration PS Performance Standards RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat RESU Regional Environment Sector Unit TUBIVES Turkey’s Plants Data Service UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change WoRMS World Register of Marine Species WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. iii/iii SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE Biodiversity is the essence of life on earth. The intrinsic value attached to each and every species, habitats they inhabit and ecosystems they flourish is invaluable. The great benefit to humankind, known and unknown, as well as to their fellows, biodiversity components constitute great assets that are in need of protection, in this era of unprecedented development. The biological wastewater treatment plant project is put forward by Mugla Metropolitan Municipality General Directorate of Water & Sewerage Administration (MUSKI) in a south part of Turkey, where Turgutreis neighbourhood is proposed to be utilized for treatment of wastewater through construction of a facility, a new sea discharge line and Turgutreis-Akyarlar-Gümüşlük sewer system. Considering the potential impacts on biota, this Biodiversity Management Plan (BMP) was prepared to develop effective strategies for conservation of terrestrial and marine habitats and wildlife in the area. The BMP gathers all existing data on biodiversity around the Project area. Analyses provided in this report further identify priority habitats and species of conservation importance within an ecologically sensible study area. BMP actions are defined in line with national and international legislation. In that sense, the BMP complies with Operations Manual the World Bank (OP 4.04) and International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards 6 in terms of identifying and assessing biodiversity components, as well as adopting a mitigation hierarchy approach. One of the crucial points in development and implementation of this BMP is that it is intended to be an open-ended document, which can and should be continuously reviewed, updated and improved based on changes in the area due to proceedings of the Project as well as additional data that may become available. The implementation of the BMP will also require cooperation of MUSKI and also dedication of time and effort into adopting an integrated approach tackling complex natural systems of sea and land. 1.1. Brief Project Description Muğla is a city in south-western Turkey and stretches along the Aegean coast. The city centre is located inland at an altitude of 660 m and lies at a distance of about 30 km from the nearest coast. Districts of Muğla are Bodrum, Dalaman, Datça, Fethiye, Kavaklıdere, Köyceğiz, Marmaris, Milas, Menteşe, Ortaca, Seydikemer, Ula and Yatağan. Muğla is surrounded by Aydın Province on north, Denizli Province on east, Burdur Province on east-southeast and Antalya Province on southeast. Major part of Muğla belongs to Aegean Region while the remaining small portion belongs to Mediterranean Region. The Project Area is located in the Turgutreis neighbourhood in Bodrum District and it is the second largest neighborhood on the Bodrum Peninsula. The districts of Muğla and the location of the project area are shown in Figure 1. Air distances to the Project Area are 14.5 km from Bodrum and 99 km from Muğla City Centre. Muğla has been become a Metropolitan Municipality by operation of Law on the Establishment of Fourteen Metropolitan Municipalities and Twenty Seven Districts and Amendment of the Certain Laws and Decree Laws (Law No. 6360). As a result of this in order to execute water and sewerage services throughout the province, Muğla General Directorate of Water and Sewerage Administration (MUSKİ) was established. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 1/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Main target and principle of MUSKİ is to supply a clean, high quality and healthy drinking water to inhabitants of Muğla, to use and preserve the water resources in the most efficient way, to ensure the proper treatment of wastewater and to provide high standard services by adopting a modern management approach in its institutional development. In order to fulfil these targets and principles, MUSKİ has planned this integrated Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant Project (hereinafter referred to as “the Project”) to develop wastewater services in the region. The Project consists of the construction of advanced biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) with the daily capacity of 37,000 m3, new sea discharge line and Turgutreis-Akyarlar-Gümüşlük sewer system. Currently, there is no wastewater treatment plant in Turgutreis, thus; the wastewater generated in Turgutreis is directly discharged to Bodrum Bay without any type of treatment, by sea discharge line. Via the construction of Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP within the context of this Project, the wastewater generated in the region will be treated and the treated effluent will be discharged into the Aegean Sea by a new sea discharge line. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 2/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 1. Site Location Map TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 3/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 1.2. Importance of Conserving Biodiversity The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in its Article 2 defines biological diversity, or biodiversity, as the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part, this includes biodiversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Biological resources around the globe carry not only great intrinsic value but are essential to human development both in social and economic aspects. Biological diversity is considered as an invaluable asset for generations to come by and yet to be conserved with much greater effort today while under unprecedented threat. It is a well-recognized fact that species of various ecosystems are going extinct at such high pace due to continuous anthropogenic impacts. Joint initiatives among different nations of the world resulted in common goals set for countries to adopt based on their own resources and conservation capabilities. Importance attributed to biodiversity conservation can be appraised related to a variety of different reasons, depending on which perspective one is taking in putting it forward as an essence. CBD notes that “at least 40 percent of the world’s economy and 80 percent of the needs of the poor are derived from biological resources”. This alone lays down the significance of biodiversity. Yet, with an attempt to not favour one reason over the other, here is a range of ways how biodiversity improves the health and well-being of ecosystems, and thus human beings:  Ecosystem services  Agricultural productivity  Traditional and modern medicines  Necessities of food, water, shelter, etc.  Protection against natural catastrophes  Job market  Direct economic benefits (eco-tourism)  Aesthetics and recreation  Research and education The list can sure be extended to cover a large array of benefits biodiversity provides through healthy ecosystems all around the globe. Biodiversity is essential for all natural systems to exist and survive. Thus, any intervention with a particular system needs to consider the links between each and every element within, so as not to cause a major malfunction that would put an obstacle to functioning of ecosystems putting biodiversity at stake. Integrating biodiversity conservation into project management is an important step to prevent loss of habitats and species, as well as their genetic resources. It also opens up a path to explore how development can be harmonized with conservation of biodiversity. 1.3. Biodiversity Management Plan Framework Given the objectives and reasons behind preparation of this action plan, this section is an overview of how BMP is structured throughout. Accordingly, contents of each chapter are explained in brief to provide an understanding on the unity of this report. Chapter 2 on Legal and Regulatory Framework and References provides a list of national and international laws and conventions that are binding to Turkey and of relevance to the Project. Standards of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) together with other international and national legislation are explained within the given context. The environmental and social impact assessment process that have been undertaken by MUSKI, in line with Turkish legislation and international requirements, are elucidated. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 4/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Chapter 3 on Project Biodiversity Studies not only provides detailed information on how biodiversity studies within the scope of the Project have been carried out so far, but also identifies information gaps, which would set the basis for further studies to be conducted. Besides baseline studies on components of the Project, monitoring data also allows for an up-to-date evaluation on biodiversity components. Consequently, no additional field studies were undertaken for the preparation of the BMP. Yet, additional studies might be required down the road, throughout the course of implementation of this Management Plan. Chapter 4 on Critical Habitat Assessment, which is based on baseline data on terrestrial and marine biodiversity in the biodiversity study area, this chapter provides the details of the Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA) carried out to establish priority habitats and species for the purpose of this BMP and assess the degree of compliance with IFC Performance Standards (PS) 6. The approach undertaken for identifying critical habitats is outlined first, followed by the critical habitat assessment within ecologically sensible areas that are specific to the biodiversity components in question. For that, existing data, as well as IUCN data, literature and expert’s judgments were utilized. Chapter 5 on Mitigation Plans comprise of the objectives, targets and actions for each of habitats and species of conservation importance. Plans are to include detailed information on species/habitat description, current threat statuses, local objectives and targets including a timeline and proposed actions at local level with key partners. Further studies are recommended in the event that there is an information gap projected to emerge especially during the implementation of the BMP. Chapter 6 on Implementation, Monitoring and Reporting In order for the BMP to be fully implemented, this chapter provides information on responsible parties for implementation of the BMP. The second part of this chapter is on monitoring, which is an essence to ensure the effectiveness and success of the BMP actions, and define additional conservation and mitigation measures based on evaluations made through monitoring. Implementation procedures, as well as results of monitoring and continuous reviews are to be reported on a regular basis, which presents the last step in this BMP study prepared with an effort to present an open-end document that would require updating and improving as the Project proceeds. 2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND REFERENCES 2.1. Turkish Legislation It is the responsibility of former Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry - since 2018) and its affiliated organizations to formulate policies concerning the conservation of biodiversity in Turkey, designate and manage protected areas under various statuses, to develop and implement plans and programs, to carry out activities in this scope and to ensure coordination among different institutions (National CHM to CBD, n.d.). The affiliated organizations of the Ministry are the Special Environmental Protection Agency, the General Directorate of Forestry, the General Directorate of the State Meteorological Service, and the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. The provincial organization of the MoAF consists of the Provincial Directorates of Agriculture and Forestry, as well as the regional directorates of the affiliated organizations. The Ministry’s unit with primary authority and responsibility for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, which is also the CBD focal point. The General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks is the principal unit responsible for the management of protected areas designated under the National Parks Law, for the conservation of wildlife and for the regulation and supervision of terrestrial hunting. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 5/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 2.1.1. National Laws and Regulations The Environment Law, dated August 9, 1983 and numbered 2872, aiming at the protection of the environment, the common asset of all living things, in accordance with the principles of sustainable environment and sustainable development, determines and provides for the basic principles related to protecting and improving the environment and preventing its pollution. Law 5491 of April 26, 2006 amending the Environment Law states the importance of protecting biological diversity in Article 6 and introduces penal sanctions against damage to the environment, including the destruction of biological diversity, when detected through inspection and audits. The regulations issued on the basis of the Environment Law specify rules on the prevention of pollution and on environmental impact assessment. The laws and regulations for conservation of habitats and species in Turkey are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Laws and Regulations on Conservation of Habitats and Species Official Gazette Turkish Law / Regulation Date Number Law on National Parks 09.08.1983 2873 Law for the Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets 23.07.1983 2863 Decree-Law Establishing the Special Environmental Protection Agency 19.10.1989 383 Terrestrial Hunting Law 01.07.2003 4915 Law on Fisheries 04.04.1971 1380 Forestry Law 31.08.1956 6831 Law for the Protection of Animals 24.06.2004 5199 Regulation for the Protection of Wetlands 17.05.2005 25818 Regulation for Implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered 27.12.2001 24623 Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Regulation on the Collection, Production and Exportation of Natural Flower Bulbs 19.07.2012 28358 Regulation on Fisheries 10.03.1995 22223 Regulation on Protection of Wildlife and Wildlife Development Areas 08.11.2004 25637 There are also laws and regulations effective in terms of protecting other environmental components, as well as to minimize pollution and ensure sustainable development and management of natural resources. Legislation on air quality control and management, environmental management and permitting, health and safety, management of chemicals and other dangerous substances, noise control and management, soil quality control, water quality control and management, and waste management, also ensure management of issues that might have secondary impacts on biodiversity components. 2.1.2. National Environmental Plans and Programs In addition to the international conventions Turkey is a party to, national environmental strategies have been set out through preparation of various plans and programs, which can be listed as the following:  National Environmental Action Plan (1998)  National Plan for In-Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity (1998)  National Agenda 21 Programme (2001)  National Wetland Strategy (2003)  Turkish National Forestry Programme (2004)  National Science and Technology Policies 2003-2023 Strategy Document (2004)  Turkish National Action Programme Against Desertification (2005) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 6/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  National Environmental Strategy (2006)  National Rural Development Strategy (2006)  National Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan (2007) Among these plans and programs the National Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan, whose most recent update was completed in 2007, is a response to the obligation to prepare a national strategy for the purpose of guiding the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The aim of this Strategy is to identify and assess Turkey’s biological diversity in brief, to determine a generally agreed strategy for conservation and to propose the actions required for achieving the goals of biological diversity conservation in Turkey. The Strategy is intended “to create a society that lives as part of nature that values biological diversity that does not consume more than what nature is capable of replacing, and that leaves to future generations a nature rich in biological diversity”. The Strategy defines the current legal responsibilities concerning biological diversity, underlines the importance of international cooperation intended for policy-making and the importance of the necessary research conditions to develop ecosystem management, and includes a definition and assessment of Turkey’s biological diversity and the strategies and priority action plans towards the goals (MoAF, 2007). 2.1.3. National Threat Statuses for Fauna The references provided in this section are utilized to provide some form of evaluation, but as presented in the upcoming chapters of this report, they do not provide adequate information to make thorough assessments when it comes to critical and higher priority habitats and species. Kiziroglu, I. (2009). The Pocket Book for Birds of Turkey Birds of the biodiversity study area were also assessed according to national threat categories defined in The Pocket Book of Birds of Turkey (Kiziroglu, 2009) within the categories defined in Table 2. Table 2. National Threat Categories for Bird Species Category A A.1.2 (CR) Critically endangered and breeding species in Turkey A.2 (EN) Endangered and breeding species in Turkey A.3 (VU) Vulnerable and breeding species in Turkey A.3.1 (D) Declining, vulnerable and breeding species in Turkey Near threatened, breeding species do not face to risk now but are likely to qualify for threatened A.4 (NT) category in the near future in Turkey A.5 (LC) Least concern, breeding species that are widespread in Turkey A.6 (DD) Data deficient, breeding species on which there is deficient information in Turkey A.7 (NE) Not evaluated, Breeding species which have not been evaluated in Turkey Category B B.1.2 (CR) Critically endangered and non-breeding species in Turkey B.2 (EN) Endangered and non-breeding species in Turkey B.3 (VU) Vulnerable and non-breeding species in Turkey B.3.1 (D) Declining, vulnerable and non-breeding species in Turkey Near threatened, non-breeding species do not face to risk now but are likely to qualify for threatened B.4 (NT) category in the near future in Turkey B.5 (LC) Least Concern, non-breeding species that are widespread in Turkey B.6 (DD) Data deficient, non-breeding species on which there is deficient information in Turkey B.7 (NE) Not Evaluated, non-breeding species which have not been evaluated in Turkey TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 7/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Central Hunting Commission (CHC) Resolutions for 2018-2019 Hunting Season The hunting statuses of fauna species within the site were determined based on 2018-2019 Resolutions of the Central Hunting Commission (CHC) of the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, Directorate of Hunting and Wildlife. According to the 2018-2019 Resolutions of the CHC, fauna species are evaluated as given in Table 3. Table 3. CHC Resolution Appendices Appendix Central Hunting Commission Resolutions I Includes game animals which are protected by the CHC II Includes game animals which are allowed to be hunted in seasons predefined by CHC 2.2. International Regulatory Framework In conducting biodiversity studies within the Project site and evaluating terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna survey results, both national and international legislation, as well as standards and guidelines were taken into consideration. Turkey is a party to a number of conventions on different aspects of biological diversity, which are listed below are also part of national legislation. Although, not all of the listed conventions are directly within the scope of this Project, it is worth putting forth the binding framework for any project undertaken in Turkey:  UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1997) and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2004)  UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2004)  Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1988) and the Montreal Protocol on Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer (1990)  Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1994)  UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) (1998)  Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR) (1994)  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1996)  Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1983)  International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)(1990)  International Convention on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2006)  Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmissions of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) (1983)  Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (BERN) (1984)  European Landscape Convention (2001)  The Convention for the Protection of Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention) (1981) and its protocols including the Protocol on Special Protected Areas and Biological diversity in the Mediterranean (1988)  Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest) (1994) and its protocols including the Protocol for the Protection of Biological and Landscape Diversity in the Black Sea (2004) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 8/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 2.2.1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Amongst the conventions listed in Section 2.2, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity sets the stage for this document in hand, in terms of not only providing a globally recognizable definition of biological diversity but also defining clear strategies on conservation of biodiversity that are to be addressed within the scope of BMP process. It is therefore worth elucidating on the Convention, more than any other, at this point in time, and Turkey’s response at a national level. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) convened the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity in November 1988 to explore the need for an international convention on biological diversity. Soon after, in May 1989, it established the Ad Hoc Working Group of Technical and Legal Experts to prepare an international legal instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The experts were to take into account "the need to share costs and benefits between developed and developing countries" as well as "ways and means to support innovation by local people". By February 1991, the Ad Hoc Working Group had become known as the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee. Its work culminated on 22 May 1992 with the Nairobi Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Convention was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit"). It remained open for signature until 4 June 1993, by which time it had received 168 signatures. The Convention entered into force on 29 December 1993, which was 90 days after the 30th ratification. The first session of the Conference of the Parties was scheduled for 28 November – 9 December 1994 in the Bahamas (CBD, 2014). Turkey ratified the Convention in 1996, and since then prepared four National Reports on Biological Diversity, the latest of which is dated 2007. In year 2010, the Conference of Parties (COP) of the Convention adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, which also included the Aichi Biodiversity Targets for the period of 2011-2020. The targets provide a framework for action by all stakeholders to save biodiversity and enhance its benefits for people (CBD, 2014):  Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society  Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use  Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity  Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services  Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building 2.2.2. IFC Performance Standard-6 International Finance Corporation (IFC) is the lower arm of World Bank Group and provides financial support to private sector. In the projects, which they are funding, they implement the Performance Standards (PS) in order to manage social and environmental risks and impacts. PS 6 covers areas of biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services and sustainable management of living resources, which are all fundamental to achieve sustainable development. Accordingly, the objectives of PS 6 are outlined as the following (IFC, 2012):  To protect and conserve biodiversity.  To maintain the benefits from ecosystem services.  To promote the sustainable management of living natural resources through the adoption of practices that integrates conservation needs and development priorities. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 9/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 2.2.3. Bern Convention Bern Convention was put forward in 1982 in order to protect the European wildlife and natural habitats. Species to be protected according to the Bern Convention are listed in four appendices, which are presented in Table 4 with their explanations: Table 4. Annexes to the Bern Convention Annex Explanation I Strictly protected flora species II Strictly protected fauna species III Protected fauna species IV Prohibited means and methods of killing, capture and other forms of exploitation The Convention aims at conserving and promoting biodiversity, developing national policies for the conservation of wild flora and fauna and their natural habitats, protection of the wild flora and fauna from the planned development and pollution, developing trainings for protection practices, promoting and coordinating the researches made regarding this subject. It has been signed by 26 member states of the European Council (as well as Turkey) with the aim of conserving the wild life in Europe. Species that are not included within the appendices of the Convention are those that do not require any special protection. Species are not listed individually but instead are protected due to the habitat protection approach of the Bern Convention. All of the nations, which are party to the BERN Convention, have signed the Convention on Biological Diversity as well. Parties of this convention are responsible from ensuring sustainable use of resources in line with their national development trends and conserving the threatened species. 2.2.4. CITES CITES stands for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. It is an international agreement that has been ratified by governments of 164 states (including Turkey), whose aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. The principles of CITES are based on sustainability of the trade in order to safeguard ecological resources (live animals and plants, vast array of wildlife products derived from them, including food products, exotic leather goods, etc.). CITES was signed in 1973 and entered in force on July 1, 1975. Turkey ratified the Convention in 1996. Categories and species included in CITES are listed in three different appendices based on their protection statuses. These appendices and their explanations are given in Table 5. Table 5. Appendices to CITES Appendix Explanation Covers the species, which are under the threat of extinction. Trade in the specimens of these I species is not allowed except extraordinary circumstances includes species, which are not threatened with extinction, but trade in specimens is restricted in II order to prevent utilization incompatible with their survival For which other parties of CITES is applied for assistance in controlling trade and which are III conserved at least in one country. 2.2.5. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) publishes its Red List of Threatened Species, which intends to draw attention to species whose populations are at risk or under threat. The IUCN places a species on the Red List only after studying its population and the reasons for its decline. Some countries pay greater attention to IUCN-listed species than Bern- listed species, since the Red List relies on more research. The 1994 (ver.2.3) and 2001 (ver.3.1) categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List are presented below in Table 6. The Red List TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 10/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Categories and Criteria had been re-formed through evaluating more open and easier to use systems. As a result the IUCN Commission made revisions in February 2000, and the new set of categories and criteria were published in 2001. Table 6. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria 1994 (ver. 2.3) 2012 (ver. 3.1) EX Extinct EX Extinct EW Extinct in the Wild EW Extinct in the Wild CR Critically Endangered CR Critically Endangered EN Endangered EN Endangered VU Vulnerable VU Vulnerable LR Lower Risk cd : conservation dependent NT Near Threatened nt : near threatened LC Least Concern lc : least concern DD Data Deficient DD Data Deficient NE Not Evaluated NE Not Evaluated 3. BIODIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE PROJECT AREA 3.1. Study Area Terrestrial flora and fauna studies were carried out within the Project area and close vicinity. The planned route for the land part of the discharge line was also examined within the scope of the study. It was noted that most of the terrestrial study area is modified areas and land part of the discharge line will be constructed along the roads and artificial areas. According to these different habitats were observed and investigated within the terrestrial study area. The biological study area of the land part of the project area is shown in Figure 3. General view of the project area is given in Figure 2. Within the scope of the marine studies, biodiversity were investigated in a buffer zone where was along the length of the planned discharge line. This buffer zone were include 200 m buffers either side of the discharge line to ensure that a suitable sample of habitat was covered. For marine field studies study area were described as total 200 m buffer zone along the discharge line. Within the study area there were three study points were selected. First point coordinates where located in beginning of the discharge line at coast line was recorded as 370.833N- 2715.260E. From the first point, a straight line was install plumbing towards the sea in Southwest direction and coordinate at second point where was located in the end of the discharge line recorded as 370.477N-2714.469E. Along the line between these two coordinate points (as 50 meters north and 50 meters south), SCUBA diving was carried out. Third point was selected according to P. oceanica situation in the area of influence. Part of the field studies was that P. oceanica observations and the last study point were chosen as the end of the P. oceanica in the sea (370.144N-2713.761E). Study area of the marine biodiversity studies are shown in Figure 4. Definition of Impact Area The impact area of the terrestrial environment in terms of the biological environment covers the same boundary as the study area (see Figure IV.25). The study area of the project in the marine environment was formed in a 200 m buffer zone as mentioned above. It is thought that the effects of the project activities on the biological environment will be at a distance of 25 meters. For this reason, a total of 50 m corridor (25 on the right and 25 on the left) is defined as an impact area to determine the effects of the activities to be carried out in the marine environment. Impact area of the marine biodiversity is given in Figure IV.26. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 11/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 2. General View in the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 12/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 3. Terrestrial Flora-Fauna Study Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 13/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 4. Marine Environment Study Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 14/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 3.2. Methodology for Baseline Biodiversity Studies Investigations of ecology and biodiversity conditions of the study area were conducted for both terrestrial and marine environment. In this scope biological components on terrestrial environment studies which include terrestrial flora and fauna were carried out twice in between 24 March, 29 September, 2016 and marine environment studies conducted between 21-23 September of 2016. All ecological researches were conducted with desk based and field studies to determine the baseline conditions in the study area. These baseline data/information collections were provided an overall picture of the conditions and sensitivities (if any) in the area that should be considered in assessment of potential impacts and development of relevant mitigation measures for design. The overall approach to determine the baseline conditions in the context and objectives provided above were include the following data collection and interpretation means:  Review of pertinent literature and previous works.  Field studies carried out in the Project area.  Satellite image interpretation, as available.  Communication with the inhabitants in the study area during the field studies. Distribution, population, ecology and reproductive biology of the threatened and endemic plant species likely to occur within study area of interest were studied. The literature survey were intended to give information on identification of endemic, endangered, and rare species and species defined under the national and international conservation classes. Accordingly, species that are under the risk of being affected due to the Project and therefore, require special attention and protection measures were determined. The species identified during the field studies were recorded in a systematic way so that a species inventory for the baseline conditions are established as well as description of the habitats. Also, Endemic, restricted-range, CR and EN category flora species were determined as the target species within the scope of the study. The project area covers mostly modified habitats and agricultural lands. Therefore it is unlikely to encounter critical species; natural habitats and critical ecosystem were not encountered in the project area. In the scope of the ESIA report, based on the assessed impacts significance relevant measures for mitigating adverse impacts were developed. The importance/sensitivity of the habitats and species were given special attention in reporting and detailed data such as identified species list, their protection status and the extent of the areas were included. 3.2.1. Terrestrial Flora and Habitat Studies In this section terrestrial flora and habitat features were revealed at project area. Within the scope of the terrestrial flora studies, the flora and vegetation types within the study area were identified and to serve as a basis for determination of the impacts of the project on biological resources and to develop appropriate mitigation measures, where necessary. The aim of the baseline studies for terrestrial flora species and vegetation were to collect data throughout the field surveys in order to explain the environmental conditions of in the study area through selected sensitivity elements. In this context, floristic studies were conducted including both desk based and field studies to determine the baseline conditions in the study area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 15/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The objectives of the desktop study were to review and organize the existing information on terrestrial flora, habitats and ecosystems within the study area. Therefore, species of conservation concern potentially, natural habitats potentially and critical habitats potentially present in the study area were determined before the field study and examined during field visits. Terrestrial flora studies were carried out light on the following key baseline issues:  Determining the species of terrestrial flora present in the Project area, their distribution and conservation status (such as critically endangered species, endangered species, as well as any endemic species),  Defining natural and critical terrestrial habitats and ecosystems present in the project area, Terrestrial habitats within baseline study area are categorized as modified, natural or critical habitats according to IFC (2012). As the definition of critical habitats is dependent on the presence of endemic, threatened, restricted-range species. As a result, distribution of the endemic, threatened, restricted-range species and EUNIS Level 3 habitat distribution within the Project area were obtained and mapped. The habitat classification follows the EUNIS habitat type classification, a comprehensive pan-European system that facilitates the harmonized description and collection of data across Europe, including Turkey, through the use of habitat identification criteria. The preliminary habitat distribution in the study area is determined based on EUNIS Level 3 habitat type classification. A variety of habitat types were determined by analysing appropriate satellite imagery and aerial photos (most of the territory of the Republic of Turkey is covered by satellite imagery available through Google Earth). Since there are different habitat types within the study area, the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) habitat classification is used to determine the number of different habitat types. Terrestrial Flora Field studies and literature search methods were used for the determination of flora species at the project area. Field studies were conducted by walking in the planned plant area. Land part of the discharge line which is usually on the road route were investigated by driven and by walking where necessary. Photographs were taken for diagnosing flora species. The flora lists were prepared in accordance with the phylogenetic order in Turkish flora. Families under each group are also listed according to the phylogenetic order in the Turkish flora. Species are listed with their author names, local Turkish names (if available), phytogeographic regions, endemism, threat categories for endemic and rare species. Terrestrial flora studies carried out by various scientist floras at project site and its close proximity previously were utilized in naming of plants. (Davis 1965-1985, Davis et al. 1988, Güner et al. 2000, Peşmen 1980, Düşen & Sümbül 2001, Göktürk & Sümbül 2002, Alçıtepe 2001, Alçıtepe & Sümbül, 2003). While preparing species lists, “Turkey’s Plants List” (Güner et. al. 2012) that published in 2012 and Turkey’s Plants Data Service (TUBIVES) were used. In determination of endemic flora types, Turkey’s Plants Data Service which is updated and available at http://www.tubives.com address was utilized. Threat categories were revised according to IUCN Red List and Bern Convention. 3.2.2. Terrestrial Fauna The main objective of fauna studies was to identify the fauna elements (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) of the study area, define the habitats these fauna elements inhabit, and make evaluations on faunal and ecological characteristics of the study area. Principles and methods that provided a basis for fauna studies are summarized below: TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 16/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Fauna field studies were conducted on an area including not only the planned project area, but also the surrounding areas in order identify the species composition of the study area.  Presence of habitats suitable for fauna species, nests, nestlings, pellets and tracks of species (especially for the determination of birds and macro mammals), excrete and food wastes (especially for the determination of mammals), skin-horn, shield and bone remains were checked for and evaluated during the faunistic studies.  Within the scope of faunistic field surveys, hunting-collection-killing activities were not conducted for the identification of species.  For the reasons given above, direct and indirect observations, and literature research were made for the identification of species.  Fauna field surveys were performed on foot and/or by driving around with vehicles. The study area was investigated using maps and coordinates and elevations within the study area were determined by means of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers.  Data on endemic species, threatened species and wildlife habitats in the study area were also gathered during the field studies. Conservation statuses of fauna elements have been evaluated according to the international threat statuses of the BERN Convention, CITES and the IUCN Red List. 3.2.3. Marine Ecosystem Studies Some materials and equipment were used in marine ecosystem studies. These are listed as follows; Materials:  Phytoplankton net  Zooplankton net  Underwater photo camera  Underwater video camera  Underwater fishing camera with cable  SCUBA wet suit and equipment  Sechii disk  Diving boat  Quadrate for sea urchin, sea grass and algae  Ethanol  Lugol solution  Formaldehyde solution  Plastic containers for samples Taxonomic categories of determined species were checked and updated with World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) and Algabase (Guiry, 2016). Identification of Phytoplankton Samples: Sechii depth has been measured before sampling. During measurement, sechii disk was settled at the bottom. Measured depth was recorded as 19.5 meters. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 17/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT For sampling of marine phytoplankton, phytoplankton net with 55 μm mesh size was used (see Figure 5). Sampling was made at 3 different points along the line. Sampling was made horizontally and plankton net was pulled along horizontally during 5 minutes. Collected samples were transferred to 50 ml Falcon tubes and 4% formaldehyde solution was added as fixative. Phytoplankton samples carried to the laboratory were kept at room temperature (24°C) and darkness until microscopic observation. 200 μl of samples was taken and placed between lame and cover glass, then studied and photographed under microscope with Olympus brand camera. References such as Koray (2012); Tomas (1997) and Thomas (1996) were looked up to determine species. Identification of Zooplankton Samples: For sampling of marine zooplankton, zooplankton net with 500 μm mesh size was used. Sampling was conducted at 3 stations where phytoplankton sampling was made. Zooplankton net was hanged down up to the bottom and pulled to surface vertically. This action was repeated 5 times. Collected samples were transferred to 150 ml dark colour plastic bottles. 4% formaldehyde solution and Lugol was added as fixative. Samples were kept at room temperature until microscopic observation. Since Lugol solution is a decomposable dye under light, samples were kept in dark colour bottles and at darkness. 200 μl of zooplankton samples was taken and splatted between lame and cover glass. Microscope with Olympus brand camera was used for microscopic study. Microscopic count for each of the 5 plankton net pulling at each station was performed and average density was determined (see Figure 5). Identification of Benthic Organisms Samples: Benthic species were determined by underwater observation and photography Identification of Fish Species: Identification and counting of fish species was done by transect method. A 50 m rope was laid on the pipeline and counting of the fish on right and left sides of transect. Identification of Seagrass Species: Since Posidonia oceanica (see Figure 7), one of the seagrass species is under protection, it cannot be picked and sampling could not be made. Species identification was performed during SCUBA diving (see Figure 6). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 18/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT a-Phytoplankton net and collector b-Preparation of phytoplankton and zooplankton samples c-Microscope with Olympus brand camera used for identification of phytoplankton and zooplankton Figure 5. Sampling and Identification of Phytoplanktonic Organisms TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 19/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 6. Scuba Diving Studies TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 20/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 7. P. oceanica seagrasses at A, B, C Work Areas TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 21/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 3.3. Biodiversity Studies Results of the Project area 3.3.1. Internationally Recognised Areas within the Region of the Project Area This section provides details on the qualifying features for each of the Internationally Recognised Areas located in the vicinity of the Project Area. These include Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), Important Plant Areas (IPAs) and Important Bird Areas (IBAs). The Internationally Recognised Areas described in this section are shown in Figure 8. Turkey’s KBAs have been identified on a national scale by Doga Dernegi (the Nature Society of Turkey) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (former Ministry of Environment and Forestry), Birdlife International and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The criteria and threshold values used in the selection of KBAs are presented in Table 7. Table 7. KBA Criterias Criteria Description Endangered Areas where important number of endangered species, sub-species or sub-populations exist species regularly. A1 Criteria Global scale is used to select areas of importance for endangered species. During the application of A1 criteria, only area selection at species taxa level is possible. Varieties and sub-populations of sub-species or species are outside the scope of this criterion. This criterion is based on two different bases. Global red list: Areas that are threatened on a global scale and regularly have significant numbers provide this criterion. According to the IUCN Red List (www.redlist.org), the categories included in the CR, EN and VU categories. Only one individual from the species in the CR and EN categories is sufficient to make the KBA. For the species in the VU category, 10 pairs or 30 individuals regularly visit the area according to the A1 criteria. Regional and national red lists: It is endemic to a region or country and at the same time provides the A1 criteria for important habitats of species in any of the categories CR, EN or VU in the red list of this region or country. Recently published Turkey Plant Red List for plants used this foundation in Turkey (Ekim et al 2000), mammals, herpetoafa and inland waterway if the domestic fish last made by the IUCN regional Red List assessment was based. This basis has not been applied to all other groups. B1 Criteria Used to select areas of importance for the threatened subspecies or subpopulations at the regional scale. A species or regional (Europe, etc.) and-or national (Turkey) CR in the red list, EN, subspecies or distinct populations showing a broken distribution of the contained and the main distribution areas VI category is providing this criterion. Variants are not considered under this criterion. Rare These areas that regularly contain a significant portion of the global or regional population of one Distributed or more narrowly distributed species or sub-taxa. Species A2 Criteria: Species with an area of spread over the world of 50 thousand square kilometres or less provide this criterion. The distribution area may be concentrated in a single country or a single point, or it may be distributed to more than one country by recording the threshold value. Areas that contain five percent of a total population that meet the definition of "Rare Distributed Species" earn a KBA status under this criterion. B2 Criteria This criterion includes populations isolated from the subspecies and / or main distribution area with a 2 spread of less than 20,000 km in the world. This is a residual population that is either disconnected from the main distribution area or stuck to certain geographical formations. Ensemble A considerable part of the global population is a regularly hosted area at certain times. Although Species some species have a widespread distribution throughout the world, they are concentrated in a narrow geographical region during certain periods of life cycle. Reproduction colonies are areas that are concentrated to spend the night, feed or winter. Inactive organisms such as plants are not considered under this criterion. A3 Criteria Areas that regularly harbor one percent of a global population during certain periods of the year are in line with these criteria. B3 Criteria These are the areas where a prominent population of the world is concentrated. To be able to apply this criterion, the area must be regularly accommodated at a certain period of the year for one percent of the total regional population. Special to In order for an area to meet this criterion, it needs to contain specific biomes or eco-specific Biome Species species within it. Turkey is located in 5 main biome; Euro-Siberian forest biology, Sahara-Chinese side-crop biology, Iran-Turan steppe biology, Mediterranean biology and Alpine-Himalayan alpine biomass. A4 Criteria Areas that contain five or more percent of global populations of one or more endemic biomass species are also KBA according to A4 criteria. This criterion is not applied on B scale. C Criteria The "C" criteria serve to determine areas where the European Union needs to be protected according to the "Bird Directive" and the "Habitat Directive". In practice, almost all areas that meet the criteria "A" or "B" also meet the criteria "C". On the other hand, it may be possible that some areas are important only according to the "C" criteria and none of the other criteria. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 22/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 7. KBA Criterias Criteria Description C1 Criteria Used to select areas of importance for endangered species on the European Union scale. These species are included in the relevant annexes of the European Union Bird and Habitat directives (Bird Directive Annex 1 and Habitat Directive Annex 2). C3 Criteria Areas that regularly contain one percent or more of an intensifying European Union population to meet these criteria. Bodrum Peninsula: Project area has located in Bodrum Peninsula KBA boundaries. The surface of the KBA is 37506 hectare, and the Project area has 37.506 ha. The project area covers only %0.01 of the KBA. Features of the Bodrum Peninsula KBA are described in following: Surface Area: 37506 ha Elevation: 0 m – 670 m Province(s): Mugla District(s): Bodrum National Protection Status: Natural protected site, archaeological protected site Area Definition: KBA is located at Bodrum Peninsula, whose length is 42 km; widths are 6 km and 23.8 km respectively at narrowest and largest point respectively in east and west direction. Area covers all east and west coasts of peninsula and islands there. At west of KBA, there are 14 islands, capes and parallel hills. Also there are small valleys and wetlands between hills. Habitats: While pine forest covers the big part of the peninsula at north and east side, there are Mediterranean maquis in field as well. Wide range of the areas covered by Calabrian pine and cypress forest in the past, today turn to the maquis. There are also brackish coastal lagoons, reeds, one natural group of Datca date palms and peat moors at KBA. Islands which are close to the peninsula are very important nesting areas for variety of marine animals and aquatic birds. Species (see Table 8): Area meets the KBA criteria for five different plant taxons. One type of orchid, Ophrys omegaifera inhabit in peninsula in restricted range and it is very important at regional scale. Hybrid coppice forest of wild date palm (Phoenix dactilifera x Phonenix theophrasti), which is close to Asagi Golkoy (approximate 11.2 km northeast to the Project area) is a significant gene pool. The difference between this date palm taxon and Cretan date palm (Phonenix theophrasti) was proved by genetic testing. Islands of the Bodrum Peninsula’s shore are very important breeding site for European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), Bonelli’s eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), elenorae’s falcon (Falco eleonore), falco naumanni (Falco naumanni) and audouin’s gull (Larus audouinii). KBA is an important life space for Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), which is one of the world’s most endangered species. Seals live at the islands and virgin area. According to research conducted by SAD-AFAG shows that, 3 to 7 seal species live in the area. In addition to those, Vipera xanthina (Montivipera xanthina), which is another one of the world’s endangered snake species, lives at that zone as well. On the other hand, there is a high probability that these species are not in the project area and this situation is very normal. KBA covers a very large area and the project area covers only about %0.01 of this area. Therefore, various habitats distributed by these special species do not provide the project area. Moreover, it is extremely unlikely that the area will support natural life in order to the project will be built in a region that has lost its naturalness completely. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 23/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Project Area Figure 8. Topography Map of KBA Table 8. Identified Species as Bodrum Peninsula KBA Criteria Species IUCN KBA Criteria Plants Matricaria macrotis - B1 Ophrys omegaifera - A2, B1 Papaver argemone ssp. davisii - B1 Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum - B1, B2 Phoenix theophrasti NT A2, B1 Birds Falco eleonorae LC C1 Falco naumanni LC A1, C1 Hieraaetus fasciatus LC B1, C1 Larus audouinii LC C1 Mammals Monachus monachus CR A1, C1 Reptiles Montivipera xanthina LC A1, C1 Testudo graeca VU A1, C1 Insecta Maniola halicarnassus EN A2, A4, C1 3.3.2. Vegetation and Habitat Types of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Project area is located in C1 grid in grid square system of flora of Turkey and phytogeographically speaking, is located in atransition zone of Mediterranean zone. Climate feature of the region has the Mediterranean climate characteristic due to the project area is located in the Aegean region. However, the anthropogenic effect is dominant because the areas within the project area are close to the settlements are close to project area and it was observed that anthropogenic effect is dominant. The grid square system is a method used to understand spatial distributions of species. According to the system, distribution of endemic species of Turkey are shown in Figure 10. When the distribution of the endemics taxa in Turkey is analysed as the grid system (see Figure 9), it was determined that C1 square area where the project is located, below an average of Turkey with 0.9% (Türk Coğrafya Dergisi 69 (2017) 109-120). TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 24/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In addition, project area covers 3.04 ha and the area consists of warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas and warehouse by the Water and Channel Operations Department for MUSKI. Vegetation of close vicinity of the area has poor vegetation too. Agricultural lands and ruderal areas are dominant in the vicinity of the area and ruderal areas. In addition settlements start about 100 m from the project area. There are asphalt roads and summer settlements throughout the discharge line. For this reason, the vegetation along the discharge line is little if any. During the field studies there 6 habitat types were determined in the Project area and its close vicinity. The habitat types within the Project area and close vicinity are shown in Figure 11. These habitat types are described as follow; I1.2: Agricultural areas: This is one of the most common habitats of the project area. Large agricultural areas are available along the route. In some areas fruit gardens are also found. G1.D: Fruit Gardens: Fruit gardens are widely common at the Project. In the fruit gardens largely mandarin grown. E1.6: Mediterranean subnitrophilous grass communities: These habitats which located in field and road sides have mostly annual cheeky plant species. J4.2: Disused road, rail and other constructed hard-surfaced areas: Road surfaces and car parks, together with the immediate highly-disturbed environment adjacent to roads, which may consist of roadside banks or verges. J1.4: Urban and suburban industrial and commercial sites still in active use: Buildings with public access, such as hospitals, schools, churches, cinemas, government buildings, shopping complexes and other places of public resort. J 2.1: Scattered residential buildings: Houses or flats in areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces are at a low density. According the both literature and field studies habitat types of the area had modified features and there were not any natural and/or critical habitat has been determined in the project area and this close vicinity. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 25/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT a. Project Location in the Grid Square System (Davis 1988) b. Phytogeographical Regions Map in Turkey (www.ktü.edu.tr) Figure 9. Project Location Figure 10. Distribution of 9677 Endemic Taxa Locations in Turkey Flora According to Region, Sub Region and Grid System (Türk Coğrafya Dergisi 69 (2017) 109-120) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 26/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 11. Habitat Types of the Land Part of the Project Area and Its Close Vicinity TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 27/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Terrestrial Flora Planned Wastewater Treatment Plant area has used as warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas and warehouse by the Water and Channel Operations Department for MUSKI. All the area currently are used by municipality and lost to naturalness. Therefore, the project area has not included any natural habitat. Vegetation cover of the project area is almost non-existent. However, vegetation cover in close vicinity of the project site consists of agricultural areas, annual herbaceous plants and cosmopolite widespread species. Flora species at project site and its close vicinity specified through field survey and literature search are listed in Table 10. Protection status defined by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and explanation of the scope of Bern Convention Appendix-1 List are presented. Photographs of some of the identified species are presented in Figure 12. Accordingly, the project area and its vicinity do not consist of endemic, endangered flora species. Among the flora list, four species listed under LC (Least Concern) category of the protection classes defined by IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) and one of them is categorized as NT (Near Threaten). None of the flora species within the project area have been evaluated according to the Bern Convention. According to KBA identifications, following 5 flora species (see Table 9) were detected as KBA criterion (see Table 8). However these species were not observed during the field studies because of the project area were not support habitats that suitable for these critical species (except Papaver argemone ssp. davisii and Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum). Papaver argemone ssp. davisii and Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum could spread in ruderal areas (TUBIVES), which are similar habitats to the project area and its vicinity. However, as a result of the field studies, different species of the Papaver genus (Papaver rhoeas) was determined in the study area. These two species are likely to be in need of habitat in and around the project area. However, this species is an annual species and a species with a high reproduction potential. It also produces a lot of seed because of its fruit capsule type. For this reason, these species are not considered to be influenced by project activities. Table 9. Species of the KBA KBA Species Habitat types Matricaria macrotis Limestone rocky, makita volcanic sandy slopes Ophrys omegaifera Frigana, between maquis, calcareous and coniferous forests on schistose soil Papaver argemone ssp. davisii Ruderal grass, open sandy area, calcareous volcanic soil Phoenix theophrasti Pinus brutia forests, freshwaters, valley Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum Ruderal grass, sand dunes, calcareous rocky As a result of the field studies and literature researches there are 62 flora species were determined. Among the species there were not any endemic or endangered species according to IUCN or national sources. The reason for this results, planned project area will established in old warehouse and all of area lost the naturalness. Also the area is under anthropogenic pressure for the settlements and resorts. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 28/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Anthemis tinctoria Anthemis cotula Papaver rhoeas Figure 12. Some Flora species within the Project area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 29/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 10. Identified Flora Species within the Study Area Family Species Turkish Name Local Name Phytogeographical Endemism IUCN Bern Source Region Amaranthacaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Tilki Kuyruğu Hoşkuran - - - - L Anacardiaceae Pistacia atlantica Sakızlak - - - LC - L Pistacia terebinthus Menengiç - - - LC - L Apiaceae Tordylium apulum - Geyikotu Mediterranean - - - L Eryngium creticum Boğa Dikeni Mediterranean - - - L Torilis arvensis subsp. neglecta - - - - - - L Torilis leptophylla - - - - - - L Ferula tingitana Çakşır otu Baston Otu Mediterranean - - - L Asteraceae Centaurea solstitialis subsp. solistialis Peygamber çiçeği Zerdali dikeni - - - L Inula graveolens Andız otu Anduz otu Mediterranean - - - L Inula viscosa Zimbit, Zimerit, Zinebit Mediterranean - - - L Crepis foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia Tüylü kanak Kokar ot Kokar - - - - L otu Anthemis tinctoria Sarı Papatya Papatya - - - - O Anthemis cotula Köpek Papatyası Papatya - - - - O Senecio vernalis Kanarya otu Küllüce otu - - - L Senecio vulgaris Kanarya otu Küllüce otu - - - L Cichorium intybus Hindiba Yabani Hindiba - - - L Calendula arvensis Nergis Altıncık - - - L Scolymus hispanicus Altın dikeni Çetmi dikeni Mediterranean - - - L Carthamus dentatus Aspir - - - - L Chrysanthemum coronarium Dağlama - - - - L Boraginaceae Echium italicum - - Mediterranean - - - L Heliotropium europaeum Siğil otu Boz ot - - - - L Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Çoban çantası - - - - - L Sinapis arvensis - - - - - - L Raphanus raphanistrum Turp otu Hardal - - - L Capparaceae Capparis spinosa var. spinosa Kebere Gebre otu - - - - L Caryophylaceae Silene vulgaris var. vulgaris Gıvışgan otu Cıvrıncık - - - - L Cistaceae Helianthemum salicifolium - - - - - - L Cistus creticus Laden Pamuk otu Mediterranean - - - L Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis Tarla sarmaşığı - - - - - L Canvolvulus galaticus Tarla sarmaşığı - Iran-Turan - - - L Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia characias Sütleğen - Mediterranean - - - O Fabaceae Spartium junceum katırtırnağı Kuş çubuğu Mediterranean - - - L Lathyrus annuus Burçak - Mediterranean - - - L Scorpiurus muricatus var. subvillosus - - - - - - L Ceratonia siliqua keçiboynuzu - Mediterranean - - - L TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 30/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 10. Identified Flora Species within the Study Area Family Species Turkish Name Local Name Phytogeographical Endemism IUCN Bern Source Region Fagaceae Quercus coccifera Kermes meşesi Meşe ağacı Mediterranean - - - L Quercus aucheri JAUB. ET SPACH Pırnal meşesi - Mediterranean - NT L Mentha spicata subsp. spicata Nane - - - - - L Salvia virgata Ada çayı Yılancık Iran-Turan - - - L Teucrium polium Acı yavşan - - - - - L Liliaceae Asphodelus aestivus Çiriş otu - Mediterranean - LC - L Asphodelus fistulosus Çiriş otu Çiriş Mediterranean - LC - L Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Tükürük otu Ak yıldız - - - - L Linaceae Linum nodiflorum Keten - Mediterranean - - - L Malvaceae Malva sylvestris Ebe gümeci - - - - - L Alcea pallida Hatmi - - - - - L Oleaceae Phillyrea latifolia Akça kesme - Mediterranean - - - L Papaver rhoeas Gelincik - - - - - O Glaucium flavum Boynuzlu gelincik - - - - - L Thymelaeaceae Daphne gnidioides Develik, Havaza - Mediterranean - - - L Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis var. lutea Farekulağı - Mediterranean - - - L Ranunculaceae Ranunculus chius Düğün çiçeği - - - - - L Resedaceae Reseda lutea var. lutea Kuzu otu Gerdanlık - - - - L Rhamnacaea Paliurus spina-christi karaçalı - - - - - L Rosaceae Poterium spinosum Abdestbozan otu Çakır dikeni Mediterranean - - - L Rosa canina Kuşburnu Yabani gül Mediterranean - - - L Santalaceae Thesium billardieri - - Iran-Turan - - - L Scrophulariaceae Verbascum blattaria Sığırkuyruğu Labada - - - - L Valerianaceae Valeriana dioscoridis - - Mediterranean - - - L Zygophyllaceae Valeriana dioscoridis Demir dikeni - - - - - O *L: Litrature O: Observation TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 31/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 3.3.3. Terrestrial Fauna The main objective of fauna studies was to identify the fauna elements (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) of the study area, define the habitats these fauna elements inhabit, and make evaluations on faunal and ecological characteristics of the study area. Field studies and literature researches were conducted for determine fauna species within the study area. As a result of the studies there were 27 terrestrial fauna species were identified. List of taxonomy and threatened status of identified species are given in Table 11. The population densities of the fauna species are quite low and there are no breeding populations. As mentioned above, vegetation and habitat features of the project area is modified and artificial areas mostly. Therefore the fauna composition of the area included the cosmopolite fauna species. The fauna species identified in the area are not endemic, rare distribution, endangered species according to nationally and internationally categorize. The area has not any breeding, wintering or feeding features for the species. Identified species were found coincidentally in the area. As presented below, fauna elements specified at study area are investigated under 3 different headings; Mammalia, Aves (Birds) and Amphibia -Reptilians. Fauna elements specified after both field surveys and literature search are given with their taxonomic classification, their names in Latin and Turkish/English names (if any), in the tables. Evaluation was carried out for all fauna elements that possibly inhabit at study area in accordance with threatened categories of IUCN, Bern Convention and categories are specified based on Red Data Book – Red List and measures that need to be taken are indicated. Mammals (Mammalian) As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 7 mammal species were determined within the study area. None of species were categorized by IUCN Red List and there were not endemic and/or rare distribution mammal species. Wild boar and red fox are listed in CHC (Central Hunting Commission) as Appendix-II (Includes game animals which are allowed to be hunted in seasons predefined by CHC). By the way, these two species were not observed in the study area, they determined with literature researches. Identified mammal species are given in Table 11. In addition according to KBA identifications, Monachus monachus was detected vicinity of the Project region as KBA criterion. These species were evaluated under “Marine Ecosystems” topic. Table 11. Identified Mammal Species within the Study Area Relative English BERN Research Family Species IUCN Abundance CHC Source Habitat Name Convention site Degree ARTIODACTYLA Suidae Wild Sus scrofa LC - - App- II L Forest area Whole area Boar FISSIPEDIA Canidae All types of Vulpes vulpes Red fox LC constant - App- II L terrestrial Whole area habitat INSECTIVORA Erinaceidae Erinaceus Southern LC - - - L Orchard, Whole area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 32/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 11. Identified Mammal Species within the Study Area Relative English BERN Research Family Species IUCN Abundance CHC Source Habitat Name Convention site Degree concolor White- Forests breasted Hedgehog Talpidae Agricultural Talpa European LC constant - - L areas, Whole area europaea Mole Steppe RODENTIA Muridae Mus Macedonian LC constant - - L Open area Whole area macedonicus Mouse Agricultural Microtus Guenther’s LC constant - - L areas, Whole area guentheri Vole Steppe All types of Rattus rattus Black Rat LC constant - - L terrestrial Whole area habitat *L: Litrature O: Observation Birds (Aves) As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 12 bird species were determined As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 12 bird species were determined within the study area. 10 of these species were categorized as LC (Least Concern) by IUCN Red List and there were not endemic and/or rare distribution bird species. Columba palumbus, Carduelis carduelis and Athena noctua were listed by Red Data Book of Birds of Turkey (Kiziroglu, 2009). According to Bern Convention and CHC, there were not any birds species were evaluated. Identified bird species are given in Table 12. Evaluated bird species by Red Data Book of Birds of Turkey are described as following: Columba palumbus: A.4= Near Threatened, breeding species not facing risk now, but are likely to qualify for threatened category in the near future in Turkey. Carduelis carduelis: A.4= Near Threatened, breeding species not facing risk now, but are likely to qualify for threatened category in the near future in Turkey. Athena noctua: A.3= Vulnerable and breeding species in Turkey All the three species are widespread species in Turkey. Also, it was thought that these species were found coincidentally in the area and its close vicinity because a habitat that they could breed intensively was not observed. According to KBA identifications, following 4 bird species were detected vicinity of the Project region as KBA criterion. These species were not observed within the study area because of the project area were not support habitats that suitable for these critical species.  Falco eleonorae: Birds usually breed and stop over on small islands and islets, wintering mainly in open woodland on Madagascar (del Hoyo et al. 1994). It feeds on large flying insects and small birds (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Breeding site Birds nest in the holes and ledges of sea cliffs, or on the ground (del Hoyo et al. 1994). The species require very peaceful or uninhabited islands on which to breed (IUCN). They usually nest on rocky islands and steep coastal cliffs of the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts. The project area is not suitable for breeding for these species and it was not determined during the studies. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 33/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Falco naumanni: It is usually a colonial breeder, often in the vicinity of human settlements. It forages in steppe-like habitats, natural and managed grasslands, and non-intensive cultivation (IUCN). In Turkey, the areas of breeding are limited and the project area has not harbor the breeding area for this species.  Hieraaetus fasciatus: The species occupies mountainous, rocky, arid to semi-moist habitat, from sea level to 1,500 m. The nest is composed of sticks, up to 2m in diameter, located on remote cliff ledges or in a large tree (IUCN). The project area is not suitable for this species and it was not determined as a result of the studies.  Larus audouinii: It is a coastal species, rarely occurring inland and generally not travelling far offshore. Colonies are located on exposed rocky cliffs and on offshore islands or islets, normally not more than 50 m above sea level (IUCN). The project area is not suitable for this species and it was not determined as a result of the studies. Table 12. Identified Bird Species within the Study Area Turkish English Relative Family Species RDB IUCN END Bern CHC Source Name Name Abundance Alaudidae Alauda Skylark Tarla kuşu - LC descending - - - O arvensis Hirundinidae Hirundo Kır Barn Swallow - LC -- - - - L rustica Kırlangıcı Ciconidae Ciconia White Stork Leylek - LC ascending - - - L ciconia Corvidae Common Corvus corax Kuzgun - LC ascending - - - L Raven Garrulus Bayağı Eurasian Jay - LC constant - - - L glandarius Alakarga Laridae Larus minutus Little Gull Küçük Martı - LC ascending - - - L Passeridae Passer House Serçe - LC descending - - - O domesticus Sparrow Columbidae Columba Tahtalı Woodpigeon A4 LC ascending - - - L palumbus güvercin Streptopelia Collared Dove Kumru - - - - - - O decaocta Fringillidae Carduelis Goldfinch Saka A4 LC constant - - - L carduelis Carduelis Greenfinch Florya - LC ascending - - - O chloris Strigidae Athena noctua Little Owl Kukumav A3 - - - - - L *L: Litrature O: Observation TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 34/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Amphibian and Reptiles (Amphibian and Reptilian) There was no amphibian species were observed in the study area, but the literature suggests that Bufo viridis (Night Frog) and Pelobates syriacus (Land Frog) could be found in the area. On the other hand, six reptile species were determined. One of five species of reptiles (Ophisops elegans-field lizard) was determined by observations and five other species were identified from the literature. In addition, Anatololacerta danfordi, Eirenis modestus and Dolichophis jugularis are included LC (Least Concern) in the category by IUCN and Testudo graeca which is widespread species in Turkey is evaluated as VU (Vulnerable) by IUCN. Dolichophis jugularis and Elaphe quatuerlineata listed in Appendix-II according to Bern Convention. None of amphibian and reptile was evaluated by CHC. There were not any endemic, rare distribution and endangered amphibian and reptile species. Identified amphibian and reptile species are given in Table 13. In addition according to KBA identifications, Testudo graeca and Montivipera xanthina were detected vicinity of the Project region as KBA criterion. Testudo graeca is probable found in the project area. The population of this species according to international scale is decreasing (IUCN). However, the distribution of Testudo graeca in Turkey is extremely good condition. Montivipera xanthine is a species adapted to the high mountain ecosystem. This species is found in Mediterranean scrubland and mountain steppe habitats (IUCN). The project area was not suitable for this species and it was not determined as a result of the studies. Table 13. Identified Amphibian and Reptile Species within the Study Area English Relative Bern Research Familia Species IUCN CHC End Source Habitat Name Abun. Conve. site AMPHIBIA Bufonidae Humid areas, Bufo viridis Green Toad -- -- -- - - L under Whole area stones and soil caves Pelobatidae Lives Pelobates Eastern buried in -- -- -- - - L Whole area syriacus Spadefoot loose and soft earth REPTILIA Lacertidae Ophisops Snake-eyed Pastoral- -- -- -- - - G Whole area elegans lizard Maquis Woodland, Maquis, Anatololacerta Danford's LC balanced -- - - L rocky and Whole area danfordi Lizard stony areas Colubridae Maquis, Anatolian Eirenis modestus LC balanced -- - - L under Whole area Dwarf Racer forests Stony Dolichophis Large whip streamside, LC balanced App-II - - L Whole area jugularis snake rocky slopes Sparsely distributed Elaphe Blotched forest, -- -- App-II - - L Whole area quatuerlineata snake maquis, stony areas Testudinidae Testudo graeca Mediterranean VU Decreasing App-II - - L In the Whole area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 35/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 13. Identified Amphibian and Reptile Species within the Study Area English Relative Bern Research Familia Species IUCN CHC End Source Habitat Name Abun. Conve. site Spur-thighed forest, Tortoise forest openings, road sides, water sides, Stone- rocky areas, pastures, maquis, steppe *L: Litrature O: Observation 3.3.4. Marine Ecosystem Marine biodiversity studies that covered both desk based and field studies in the Project Area were conducted with the objective to identification of marine species and habitat structures in the project area and the potential impact area and to develop appropriate mitigation where necessary. In this context, general description of the marine habitats adjacent to the project area, assessment of the habitat quality, aquatic organisms existing in the sea environment, diversity levels and dominant taxonomic groups, regional/national/international significance of species and level of legal protection were aim within the scope of the Project. For marine field studies study area were described as total 200 m buffer zone along the discharge line. Within the study area there were three study points were selected. First point coordinates where located in beginning of the discharge line at coast line was recorded as 370.833N-2715.260E. From the first point, a straight line was install plumbing towards the sea in Southwest direction and coordinate at second point where was located in the end of the discharge line recorded as 370.477N-2714.469E. Along the line between these two coordinate points (as 50 meters north and 50 meters south), SCUBA diving was carried out. Third point was selected according to P. oceanica situation in the area of influence. Part of the field studies was that P. oceanica observations and the last study point were chosen as the end of the P. oceanica in the sea (370.144N-2713.761E). Study area of the marine biodiversity studies are shown in Figure 4. Results of the marine ecosystem field and literature studies are described as following topics. Identified Phytoplankton Organisms Phytoplankton organisms that identified as result of the microscopic examination and threatened status by Bern Convention and IUCN are shown in Table 14. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 36/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 14. Identified Phytoplankton Organisms with the Study Area Genus/Species Class Bern IUCN Ceratium tripos (O.F.Müller) Nitzsch, 1817 Dinophyceae - - Ornithocercus quadrutus Schütt Dinophyceae - - Nitzschia Hassal, 1845 Bacillariophyceae (Diyatome) - - Cymbella C. Agardh, 1830 Bacillariophyceae (Diyatome) - - Thalassiothrix mediterranea Pavillard Bacillariophyceae (Diyatome) - - Navicula Bory, 1822 Bacillariophyceae (Diyatome) - - Chaetoceros affinis Lauder Mediophyceae - - Chaetoceros tenuissimus Meunier Mediophyceae - - Chaetoceros danicus Cleve Mediophyceae - - Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve Mediophyceae - - Leptocylindrus mediterraneus (H.Peragallo) Mediophyceae - - Hasle Bacteriastrum delicatulum Cleve Mediophyceae - - Rhizosolenia Brightwell, 1858 Coscinodiscophyceae - - Caulerpa prolifera Caulerpaceae - - Cladophora sp. Küzting Cladophoraceae - - Flabellia petiolata Udoteaceae - - Litophyllum Philippi Lithophylloidea - - Identified Zooplankton Organisms Identified zooplanktonic organisms, threatened status by Bern Convention and IUCN and densities are shown in Table 15. Table 15. Identified Zooplanktonic Organisms with the Study Area Group/Species/ Taxon Density (individual/L) Bern IUCN Tintinnoidea 1,938 - - Medusae 0,062 - - Evadne spinifera 0,008 - - Evadne nordmanni 0,006 - - Nauplius larva 6,628 - - (for all copepod species) Calocalanus sp. 0,319 - - Calanus sp. 0,242 - - Calanoida 0,216 - - Kalanoit kopepodit 1,653 - - Oithona plumifera 0,066 - - Oithona sp. 0,542 - - Corycaeus sp. 0,140 - DD Temora stylifera 0,034 - - Cyclopoida 0,317 - - Siklopoit kopepodit 1,837 - - Microsetella spp.* 0,776 - - Harpacticoida 0,213 - Harpacticoid kopepodit 0,375 - - Zoea larva 0,023 - - Decapoda nauplius larva 0,031 - - Planktonik Tunicata and Tunicata 0,434 - LC larva Polychaeta larva 0,135 - - Gastropoda larva 1,222 - Veliger larva 0,819 - LC Pluteus larva (Echinodermata) 0,238 - - *Microsetalla neorvegica and M. rosea were determined separately but two species were counted together. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 37/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Identified Macroalgeas and Benthic Organisms In the study area, the bottom structure is completely covered with sand and only 2 species (Caulerpa prolifera and Cladophora sp. Küzting) are found due to macroalgae generally prefers rocky habitats. At the end of the discharge line, however, when the sea floor was examined with a fishing camera system at a depth of 22 m, it was observed that the Caulerpa prolifera species was spread widely and decreased to 38 meters depth with the decrease of sea grasses. However, when the discharge line was examined at sea bottom with a fishing camera system at a depth of 22 m, it has been observed that the Caulerpa prolifera species has been widely distributed with the decrease of P. oceanica (sea grasses) and continued to a depth of 38 meters C. prolifera species is a green algea that generally develops on the sandy bottom. Asexual reproduction occurs vegetatively and is quite rapid. It creates dense communities in sandy marine areas Cladophora species are a cosmopolitan type of green algae that is distributed in both freshwater and brackish water. It is a filamentlike algal spread over rocks and other algae species. From the depth of 5 meters in the study area, it is observed only on the rocks in the depths towards the shore. Determined macroalgeas and benthic organisms are given in Table 16. Table 16. Identified Macroalgeas and Benthic Organisms with the Study Area Group/Species/ Taxon Familia Bern IUCN Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 Chondrillidae - - Crambe crambe Crambeidae - - Aplysina aerophoba Nardo, 1843 ( Aplysinidae - - Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) Irciniidae - - Sarcotragus spinosulus Schmidt, 1862 Irciniidae - - Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) Arbaciidae - - Caryophyllia inornata (Duncan, 1878) Caryophylliidae - - Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758 Haliotidae - - Vermetus triquetrus Bivona-Bernardi, 1832 Vermetidae - - Rissoa ventricosa Desmarest, 1814 Rissoidae - - Bolma rugosa (Linaeus, 1767) Turbininae - - Donax sp. Linnaeus, 1758 Donacidae - - Venus verrucosa, Linnaeus, 1758 Veneridae - - Spondylus spinosus Schreibers, 1793 Spondylidae - - Identified Sea Grass Species Sea flowering plants take place more than sea algae in Mediterranean Sea with regard to biomass, although they have less species. They differ from algae since they have rooted, stem and leaf differentiation. Groups they form are named as seagrass and establish living space for a many organisms. They hold solid particles in the water with their long leaves and also they organize ground movements with their horizontal stems, therefore they are one of the most important parts of marine ecosystem (Cirik & Cirik, 2011). There are only 5 species as marine flowering plant at Turkey’s seas. These species are Posidonia oceanica, Zostera marina, Zostera noltii, Cymodocea nodosa and Halophila stipulacea. Only Posidonia oceanica has been encountered as seagrass within the survey area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 38/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The most important species in seagrasses is Posidonia oceanica. Along composing many species as nutrition, reproduction (ovulation) and hiding area, every square meter of P. Oceanica grassbed produces 20 lt of oxygen per day. The one called blue carbon is the most important species that stores carbon dioxide in the seas and oceans. That's why in most of Europe countries this type is accepted as species that must be protected. This type that endemic to the Mediterranean mainly spreads in the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts of Turkey seas. The growth is quite slow. Self-renewal and growth depend on rhizome development and sexual reproduction. Rhizome growth changes approximately 1-6 cm per year. (Marba et al., 1996; Arnaud-Haond et al., 2012).Although listed on the IUCN Red List as LC (Least Concern), it is determined as or 'Decaying Species'. According to the Bern Convention, Annex 1: In the Strictly Protected Flora List (Appendix 1: Strictly Protected Flora Species) are listed. Also, it listed in “List of Endangered or Threatened Species” according to Barcelona Convention. Although P. oceanica is an endemic species for Mediterranean Sea, it is the most common species at Mediterranean Sea. It is a very important species since it creates a habitat for many organisms. They are widespread between 0-40 meters depth and 10 to 28 °C sea water temperatures. They produce daily oxygen as 20 litres per meter square. In last years, P. oceanica populations were decreasing (IUCN) due to some factors such as increase at sea water turbidity, anchoring of boats, pollution increase, eutrophication, coastal constructions. Recent studies showed that area covered by these seagrasses decreased 34% in the last 50 years (Perggent et al., 2016). In IUCN list; Current Population Trend is given as ‘Decreasing’. In the field study that occurs with SCUBA diving, P. oceanica grassbed is observed from 3.5 m to 20 m which the planned discharge line. End of sea grass at 27 m is determined by observations that are made with camera at deeper areas along line. Identified Fish Species A total of 23 species of fish were identified in the study area (see Table 17). 14 of these have economic proposals. Among these species, Dasyatis pasticum species were listed as DD (Data Deficient = Missing Data) in IUCN Red List, and LC (Least Concern) in other species. S. rivulatus is an invasive species from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. There are no fish species under protection in the study area. Table 17. Identified Fish Species with the Study Area Family Group/Species/ Taxon Bern IUCN Pomacentridae Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) - - Labridae Coris julis (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Labridae Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Synodontidae Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Serranidae Serranus scriba (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Bothidae Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809) - LC Labridae Symphodus cinereus (Bonnaterre, 1788) - LC Labridae Symphodus rostratus (Bloch, 1791 - LC Labridae Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) - LC Sparidae Diplodus annularis (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Monacanthidae Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner, 1940 - - Dasyatidae Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) - DD Signidae Siganus rivulatus Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775 - LC Sparidae Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Sparidae Oblada melanura salpa (Linnaeus, 1758) - - Sparidae Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 39/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 17. Identified Fish Species with the Study Area Family Group/Species/ Taxon Bern IUCN Centracanthidae Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Centracanthidae Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC Mullidae Mullus surmuletus (Linnaeus, 1758) - LC In addition, according to KBA identifications Monachus monachus were detected vicinity of the Project region as KBA criterion. Monachus monachus is classified as EN (Endangered) by IUCN, listed in Appendix-II by Bern Convention and protected in List of Endangered or Threatened Species” according to Barcelona Convention. Monachus monachus prefer quiet and secluded rocky coasts with no restraints and not easily accessible by people or away from human activities, preferably with coastal caves that function as breeding and / or sheltering as their living area and they are directly affected by the deterioration of these types of habitats (Underwater Search Association/ Monk Seal Search Group-SAD-AFAG). According to IUCN current population trend of the monk seal is increasing. Mediterranean monk seals show interrupted distribution ranges along Turkish coasts instead of a continuous distribution range. Monk seal exists in the following coastal segments in Turkey; -In the Sea of Marmara; Armutlu Peninsula, Marmara Islands, Mola Islands and northern coasts of Kapıdağ Peninsula and Karabiga coasts, -In the Aegean coasts; coast between Gelibolu Peninsula (on the Aegean side) and Behramkale as well as the coasts from Yeni Foça up to Datça, -In the Mediterranean; the coasts between Datça and Kemer, the coasts between Gazipaşa and Taşucu (Cilician coasts) as well as the coast between Samandağ and Syrian border. Breeding regularly occurs in the country while monk seal deaths are sometimes observed in some coasts. In the Aegean and Mediterranean coast of Turkey monk seals are using the areas as a breeding, feeding and resting area. It is known that the caves of Cavus Island, which is 5.3 km away from the project area, are used as breeding grounds. The monk seal uses the Catal island where is located in directly opposite the project area as a feeding area (SAD-AFAG). In conclusion, Monachus monachus is critical species and it might trigger critical habitat under certain circumstances according to IFC PS6, OP 4.04. Critical habitat determination is explained in Biodiversity Management Plan. Recorded monk seals around the project area and their distance are shown in Figure 13. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 40/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 13. Monachus monachus Breeding and Feeding Area around the Project Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 41/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Habitats The geomorphological structure of the seabed within the study area was relatively homogenous, with sediments dominated by sand. There were 2 habitat types at the sea bottom within the study area as sandy bottom and sea grass. Sandy area starts from the shore and it reaches up to 3,5 meters where the seagrass habitat starts. This habitat is visible at the study area with Posidonia oceanica. It is known that Posidonia oceanica populations started at 3.5 meters depth from coast and continued to 27 m depth. This species is spread over a large region around the project area. While sea grass spread from the coast in 3.5 meters to 27 meters in segmented groups, more intensive and healthy populations were found as they went deeper. As results of the field studies, sea grass in this region has quite healthy populations. Sea grasses are well supported due to the fact that the nutrient needs with the flow in the region and the sea water is extremely clear, the contact with the sunlight continues to the deep zone. P. oceanica supports vital activity as sheltering, breeding, feeding and hiding for 25% part of the flora and fauna species and sea grass are created important habitat for many marine organisms. It is a very healthy habitat for taxon of every class in the project area. Especially in this region, it forms breeding, feeding and hiding areas for fish species. For this reason, it is evaluated as an essential fish habitat for the regions where sea grasses are concentrated. For example it was known that P. oceanica grassbed are the main breeding grounds of the gastropods and the gastropods larvaes are one of dominant organisim in the study area. During the field studies with SCUBA diving, some fish species were observed and photographed on sea grass habitat (see Figure 14). P. oceanica which is endemic species in Mediterranean is the main source of oxygen in ecosystems. For this reason they are defined as the lungs of the Mediterranean (Buia and Mazzella, 1991). The populations of Turkey, which are found in Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara coasts, are spreading 40-50 meters depth. P. oceanica in the infralittoral zone of the Mediterranean ecosystem are shelters for many marine communities. Establishing a suitable environment for flora and fauna species also reflects on fishing activities (Gillanders, 2006). Dural et al, 2013b specifies that P. oceanica shows a wide distribution all over the Aegean shoreline. In all Mediterranean countries P. oceanica beds collectively occupy 2.5-4.5 million ha. Italy has the most researched coast and an estimated 122 049 ha of P. oceanica beds, which constitute 44.11% of the Mediterranean total (Diaz-Almela and Duarte, 2008). It is also remarkable that this is a high level of oxygen availability and is an indicator species for clean water. Therefore in literature studies, it was determined that Mediterranean sea water quality oligotrophic. However, as a result of daily measurements (according to Turkish regulations), water quality was polluted and thus water quality of the project area determined to be eutrophic characteristic. Consequently, it was being thought that the water quality of the area where the project area is located is contaminated in time. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 42/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 14. Some Underwater Views about Biodiversity Population of the Posidonia oceanica within the Project Area In the line with both desktop and field studies, the impact area of the marine environment studies have been determined for evaluating to project impact on marine environment. Detail information about impact area are explained in Section 3.1. The sea grass study area determined by desktop studies as used Google Earth and two study zone (first and second zones) were selected inferentially. The first zone is the area where seagrass meadows can be observed through Google earth. The surface areas of seagrass meadows (visible through google earth) are drawn individually and the total area of the first zone has been determined. Map of first zone is shown in Figure 15. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 43/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Second zone was estimated to be parallel to the first zone, with the last study point (2,6 km from the shore) where marine meadows were observed during the field studies as the last boundary (see Figure 16). The aim of this study is to compare seagrass populations affected by the project and seagrass populations estimated to be present in vicinity of the project area, and the amount of sea grass population could be affected is calculated numerically (as an estimated). The discharge line of the project will be constructed on the Aegean Sea where dense populations of sea meadows are found. On the shores of the Aegean Sea, there is a wide range of seagrass from north to south. However, the calculation of the estimated amount of the seagrass population of the project impacts area has been determined on the basis of the nearby the project area region. Surface of seagrass within the impact area and study area, the average estimated numbers are calculated from Google Earth (the deepest point of view from the satellite view is used). Quantity of first zone, the second zone and the sea grass within the impact area according to the estimated calculations made through satellite views are explained in following Table 18. Table 18. Estimated Posidonia oceanica population of the Sea Grass Study Areas Estimated Posidonia oceanica Area Surface (ha) population (ha) 1. zone 443.59 186.55 2. zone 540.23 227.18 Study area 51.22 20.93 Impact area 6.59 2.49 Construction area 2.2 0.83 The amount of sea grass in the first zone is visually calculated on Google Earth. The amount of sea grass in the second zone is not distinguishable from Google Earth. However, during the field studies, the seagrass density in the second zone was observed to be quite good. According to this information, the ratio between the surface area of the first zone and the second zone is calculated relatively and this rate was multiplied by the amount of sea grass in the first zone. In this way the amount of sea grass in the second zone was obtained. Same calculation is used for determining sea grass populations between impact area and study area. Given the mentioned above, the number of possible sea grasses in the impact area and the number of sea grasses in the first zone ratio is 1.3%. Total number of seagrass in the first zone- second zone and the number of possible sea grasses in the impact area ratio is 0.6%. It is mean that amount of sea grasses, which is likely to be affected by the project, constitutes just 0.6% of the vicinity of the project area. During the construction activities, all sea grasses present along the line of discharge pipe will be damaged. However, the construction area of sea discharge will be approximately 2.2 ha. This is only 0.2% of the total of the 1st and 2nd zones which represented the total estimated amount of Posidonia oceanica in the immediate vicinity of the project area. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 44/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 15. Marine Environment Study Area and First Zone of the Sea Grass Study Area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 45/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Figure 16. Marine Environment Study Area and Sea Grass Study Area (First and Second Zone) TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 46/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Assessment of Marine Species in Terms of Socioeconomy While the local people earned their livelihoods by fishery, sponge fishing and citrus cultivation prior to tourism, the social life has totally changed upon tourism boom as of 1980s. It is observed that there is a relatively more affluent social life in all parts of the sub-province. The major income sources for the inhabitants of the region are marine tourism, entertainment tourism and yachting because of the remarkable increase in tourism sector. Detail information about socioeconomy is described in Chapter 4.3 of ESIA. Among the marine organisms identified as a result of field and literature studies, fish group have economic value. Sponge species of the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts also have economic value. However, the species of sponges detected in the study area are not in this category. Fish species with economic significance and significance level are shown in Table 19. Table 19. List of species/genus/taxon detected during the surveys and their economic and ecologic (IUCN, BERN) significances Taxon Group IUCN BERN Economic Significance* Boops boops Fish LC ++ Bothus podas Fish LC + Chromis chromis Fish LC Coris julis Fish LC Dasyatis pastinaca Fish DD Diplodus annularis Fish LC ++ Diplodus sargus Fish LC ++ Diplodus vulgaris Fish LC +++ Lithognathus mormyrus Fish LC ++ Mullus surmuletus Fish LC +++ Oblada melanura Fish LC + Sarpa salpa Fish LC + Serranus scriba Fish LC Siganus rivulatus Fish LC + Sparus aurata Fish LC +++ Spicara maena Fish LC + Spicara smaris Fish LC + Stephanolepis diaspros Fish Not listed Symphodus cinereus Fish LC Symphodus rostratus Fish LC Synodus saurus Fish LC ++ Thalassoma pavo Fish LC Xyrichtys novacula Fish LC + Low ++ Moderate +++ High 3.4. Impacts and Mitigations 3.4.1. Impact Assessment Potential impacts of the proposed construction activities for Wastewater Treatment Plant on the biological environment could be thought. These impacts could be in effect during both the construction and operation phases of the project. Potential impacts will affect terrestrial flora-fauna and marine ecosystems directly or indirectly. Therefore, impacts of project activities can be further divided into the target group of biological elements as terrestrial and marine. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 47/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT The following subsections define the potential impacts of the project considering the foreseen project activities during construction and operation. The potential impacts are assessed for terrestrial flora, terrestrial fauna, and marine environment, respectively. Mitigation measures to be taken in order minimize these impacts are also included in the assessments. The impact of project activities on ecological components is related to the size of the impact and the vulnerability of the recipient. For terrestrial and marine flora-fauna species, size and significance of the effects according to the matrices presented below have been determined in accordance with the criteria determined according to the ecological sensitivities of the species. It is known that the features of each step in the systematic classification of species are different from each other and accordingly the shapes and dimensions of the influence from the Project will vary within themselves. Sensitivities of terrestrial flora and fauna species determined within the Project Area are explained in detail in the report. Criteria for significance for ecological components are explained in following topic. 3.4.2. Impact Assessment Criteria The impact assessment criteria for the impacts on ecology and biodiversity were determined, as high, moderate or low, based on the evaluation of magnitude of impact and sensitivity/value of the receptors/resources. IFC and OP 4.04 definitions are used in habitat and species assessments. These definitions are explained step-by-step. According to OP 4.04, Annex A, Natural Habitats, Critical Natural habitats, Significance conversion and Degradation defined as: “Natural habitats are land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems' bio-logical communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological, social, economic, and existence value. Important natural habitats may occur in tropical humid, dry, and cloud forests; temperate and boreal forests; Mediterranean-type shrub lands; natural arid and semi-arid lands; mangrove swamps, coastal marshes, and other wetlands; estuaries; sea grass beds; coral reefs; freshwater lakes and rivers; alpine and sub alpine environments, including herb fields, grasslands, and paramos; and tropical and temperate grasslands.“ “Critical Natural habitats: (i) existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by governments as protected areas (e.g., reserves that meet the criteria of the World Conservation Union [IUCN] classifications), areas initially recognized as protected by traditional local communities (e.g., sacred groves), and sites that maintain conditions vital for the viability of these protected areas (as determined by the environ-mental assessment process); or (ii) sites identified on supplementary lists prepared by the Bank or an authoritative source determined by the Regional environment sector unit (RESU). “ Significance conversion: Such sites may include areas recognized by traditional local communities (e.g., sacred groves); areas with known high suitability for bio-diversity conservation; and sites that are critical for rare, vulnerable, migratory, or endangered species. Listings are based on systematic evaluations of such factors as species richness; the degree of endemism, rarity, and vulnerability of component species; representativeness; and integrity of ecosystem processes. Significant conversion may include, for example, land clearing; replacement of natural vegetation (e.g., by crops or tree plantations); permanent flooding (e.g., by a reservoir); drainage, dredging, filling, or channelization of wetlands; or surface mining. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 48/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, conversion of natural habitats can occur as the result of severe pollution. Conversion can result directly from the action of a project or through an indirect mechanism (e.g., through induced settlement along a road). Degradation is modification of a critical or other natural habitat that substantially reduces the habitat's ability to maintain viable populations of its native species.” The IFC Performance Standard 6 (IFC, 2012), Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Living Revenue Natural Resource Management rules were used to identify Critical Living Area in the study area. Based on these criteria, sensitivity criteria for ecological components within the scope of the project have been determined in Table 20 below. Table 20. Severity of Impact of Resource/Receptor Ecosystem Severity of Impact Component High Medium Low Designed Areas Internationally Recognised Nationally designated areas. N/A Areas (e.g. UNESCO Natural World Heritage Sites, UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserves, Key Biodiversity Areas, and wetlands designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention)). Habitats Habitats is natural or critical Areas of habitat that represent Natural habitats that do not natural habitat under the OP >1% distribution within meet the criteria for either 4.04 definitions and or Turkey or are threatened at a medium or high sensitivity. Habitats that trigger critical national level. Habitats that support species habitat under the following Habitats that support species of Low sensitivity. IFC of Medium sensitivity. PS6 Criteria:  Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/or unique; and/or ecosystems  Criterion 5: Key evolutionary processes Habitats that support species of High sensitivity Species Species populations that Nationally/regionally important Locally important populations trigger critical habitat under concentrations of a of Near Threatened (NT) or the Vulnerable (VU) species, or Vulnerable (VU) species, or following IFC PS6 Criteria: locally important locally important populations  Criterion 1: Critically concentrations of Critically of species listed on Annexes Endangered (CR) and/or Endangered (CR) and/or to the Bern Convention. Endangered (EN) species; Endangered (EN) species.  Criterion 2: Endemic and/or Locally important populations restricted-range of endemic / rangerestricted species;and/or species.  Criterion 3: Migratory Populations of migratory and/or congregatory species. species that represent >1 % of the national (Turkish) population. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 49/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 3.4.3. Construction Phase Impacts on Ecology Within the scope of the construction phase of the project some direct or indirect impacts could be occurred. The loss of habitat and biodiversity are the most important example to direct impacts. However the planned project will be established at modified area already which used as warehouse. Therefore there is not any natural vegetation which harbors wildlife so thus there will not any habitat and vegetation loss during the project construction activities. Another direct impact of construction phase will be the vehicle traffic for construction. The fauna species which have limited mobility will be cause fauna mortality. The risk of crushing will increase as the animals cross the road. Indirect impacts of construction include disturbance in terms of noise and visual nuisance and pollution. Some of the secondary impacts have been identified as changes in the composition of soil and water quality, changes in air quality (dust generation, etc.), wastes to be generated due to project activities and noise pollution that might impact species’ behaviour especially that of fauna elements. It is expected that the effects of the construction phase of the project will be largely in the marine environment. Possible species and habitats to be affected, sensitivity ratings of these and their impact magnitudes are described in the following sections. Internationally Recognised Areas IFC PS6 states that internationally and/or nationally recognised areas of high biodiversity value are likely qualify as critical habitat. Therefore, the Bodrum Peninsula KBA which covers the Project area is considered to be of high sensitivity. However almost none of the species that represent KBA are harbored. This situation is very normal because KBA covers a very large area and the project area covers only about %0.01 of this area. Also it is extremely unlikely that the area will support natural life in order to the project will be built in a region that has lost its naturalness completely. Therefore, the internationally recognised area as assessed as being negligible. Terrestrial Habitats and Flora The most major impacts of this kind of projects on the terrestrial environment are generally habitat and vegetation loss or damage. However planned wastewater treatment plant will be built in warehouse that used by MUSKI and there is not any natural or semi natural habitats. Therefore, such an effect will not be the issue. The effects of the construction activities will include dust. These effects may soon lead to effects on plant species within the vicinity of the project area, but none of these effects will have a lasting effect on species. When necessary measures are taken and after the construction activity is over, it is expected that the composition of the plant species species will return to its original state in time. According to the OP 4.04 “Natural habitat” definition, land part of the project area does not have any natural habitat and wild life. The project area covers 3.04 ha and the area consists of warehouse, workshop, hangar, vehicle maintenance site, excavation areas and warehouse by the Water and Channel Operations Department for MUSKI. Determined terrestrial habitat types are explained in Section 3.3. All of the area was already degraded and the project area generally uses as disused road, and other constructed hard-surfaced areas. Significance of impacts on terrestrial habitats within the project area and magnitude of impacts on habitats are considered to be of negligible. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 50/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT As a result of the both field and literature studies there is not any endemic, restricted range, endangered or critical species. Quercus aucheri is listed in “NT: Near Threatened” by IUCN but the project areas is very poor for vegetation and the species is not observed. Papaver argemone ssp. davisii and Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum is KBA criterion and potentially found in the project area and its close vicinity. Papaver argemone ssp. davisii is listened in B11 and a widespread endemic species. Papaver argemone ssp. davisii spreads in Western Anatolia. Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum which is endangered species in national scale is evaluated as B1-B22 criteria. Papaver argemone ssp. nigrotinctum spreads in Greece and Aegean Islands. None of these species were observed in the study area during the field studies. Also, these two species are likely to be in need of habitat in and around the project area. However, this species is an annual species and a species with a high reproduction potential. It also produces a lot of seed because of its fruit capsule type. For this reason, these species are not considered to be influenced by project activities. Therefore, these flora species are not listed as critical habitat trigger components. Terrestrial Fauna Mammals As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 7 mammal species were determined within the study area. None of the identified mammal species which are not endemic or restricted range have international and national protection status and the project area does not have any significant habitat such as breeding, feeding for these species. In addition, it was thought that these species will escape from the project area when construction activities begin. For this reason, no impact is expected on the construction phase of the project on the mammal species. It is unlikely that any impact will affect on terrestrial mammalian species which were determined within and around the project area. Therefore, mammal species are not listed as critical habitat trigger components. Birds As a result of the both field surveys and literature studies, 12 bird species were determined within the study area. None of the identified bird species which are not endemic or restricted range have international and national protection status and the project area does not have any significant habitat such as wintering, breeding, feeding for these species. Also, there is not any wetland which arouses interest to birds, around the project area. On the other hand, three species (Columba palumbus, Carduelis carduelis, Athena noctua) evaluated in “NT: Near Threatened” category in national scale (see Section 3.3). Although stands as a reference to national threat categories for bird species, evaluations made by Kiziroglu (2009) are not sufficient enough to make a thorough critical habitat assessment. Because, evaluations made by Kiziroglu (2009) on threat statuses of bird species are conservation-oriented and do not include range of distribution for individual species. Based on expert opinion these species are not listed as critical habitat trigger components due to the following reasons:  Kiziroglu (2009) does not provide an official list of threatened bird species. As a matter of fact, unlike flora species, there is no official or widely recognized national list for fauna 1 B1 critation: Used to select areas of importance for the threatened critation according to subspecies or subpopulations at the regional scale. A species or regional (Europe, etc.) and-or national (Turkey) CR in the red list, EN, subspecies or distinct populations showing a broken distribution of the contained and the main distribution areas VI category is providing this criterion. Variants are not considered under this criterion 2 B2 critation This criterion includes populations isolated from the subspecies and / or main distribution area with a spread 2 of less than 20,000 km in the world. This is a residual population that is either disconnected from the main distribution area or stuck to certain geographical formations. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 51/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT species to assess their threat statuses. Being one of the limitations to this study, and to any of its kind, Turkey lacks a nationwide population based assessment of its fauna species.  Evaluations made by Kiziroglu (2009) on threat statuses of bird species are conservation- oriented and do not include range of distribution for individual species.  Although stands as a reference to national threat categories for bird species, evaluations made by Kiziroglu (2009) are not sufficient enough to make a thorough critical habitat assessment. Amphibian –Reptile As result of the field and literature studies, two amphibian and six reptile species were determined. All of the amphibian and reptile species which determined within and around the project area are widespread species in Turkey. However three of them (Dolichophis jugularis, Elaphe quatuerlineata, Testudo graeca) are evaluated in Appendix-II by Bern Convention. In addition, Testudo graeca is listed in “VU: Vulnerable” in IUCN Red List. However, the project area has very poor vegetation for the species and the species are not observed. On the other hand, vicinity of the project area is suitable for the species. These species are not listed as critical habitat trigger components due to the following reasons:  These species were not observed within the project location.  According to the literature these species could be found in Mugla province or region of the project area. The project area is very poor in terms of vegetation value and has not any suitable habitats for these species. Marine Ecosystem Main impact of construction phase of the project will affect to marine environment. Within the context of construction activities, discharge pipes will be placed on the sea bottom. It is likely that many marine species (especially the benthic species) will be influenced by the activities. During discharge pipe construction it was though that turbidity effect will be also one of the important factors that will affect marine life. If the worst-case scenario is considered to impact the bottom structure of the marine environment within the scope of the project, the whole discharge pipeline will be excavated and the pipeline will be placed. Due to the construction works, sediment will spread into water mass that is accumulated in the bottom part in the project area. At the end, this sediment and sediment clusters will settle down to the sea bottom as a footprint. Footprint may be larger than the excavation and therefore has a greater effect on the marine environment. For example, this sedimentary cloud of sediment can reduce light penetration by negative effects on photosynthetic algae and bonded living aquatic organisms. Fine-grained particles for fish can cause irritation by corroding protective mucosal coatings, thus increasing susceptibility to parasites, bacterial and fungal infections can occur. Suspended sediment cloud can also reduce the ability to fish vision, and thus affect nutritional behaviour. It may also reduce respiratory efficiency due to blockage of the gills. Finally, underwater construction activities can produce high sound pressure levels that can be lethal for fish and can disturb marine mammals in the area. In addition, very high sound pressure levels can prevent fish and other sea organisms from reaching breeding grounds, finding food, and acoustically matching their partners. This may cause long-term effects, especially on the breeding and populations of marine mammals. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 52/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT During the construction phase, existing marine communities may be removed from the environment and an appropriate environment for the harmful species may develop. Only for a short time competition may diminish and it can be allowed native species to slowly colonize and increase their populations. Non-indigenous exotic species can cause extreme ecological and economical damage to ecosystems in the water. Monachus monachus The Mediterranean monk seal known to be located in the region and it has been detected at a distance of 1.5 km nearest to the project area. It was thought that this species used the project area as ramble on. However, this species escapes from the regions where human activities are located and prefers virgin regions. It was thought that when project activities begin monk seal will move away from this region In addition, there are no virgin rocks or any breeding grounds in this project area. Therefore, it is unlikely that the activities will lead to a negative effect on this species. Posidonia oceanica In the field study that occurs with SCUBA diving, P. oceanica is observed from 3.5 m to 20 m which the planned discharge line. End of grassbed at 27 m is determined by observations that are made with underwater camera at deeper areas along line. Since the sea water has very good light transmittance, although the depth is increased, the intensity of the seagrass is quite good. During excavation to benthic habitats including seagrass that are located within the pipeline footprint will be removed. In addition the migration of sediment plumes from the point of disturbance have the potential to impact of photosynthesizing species such as seagrass by reducing photosynthetic active radiation due to increases in turbidity from mobilized sediments. During the placement of the discharge pipes on the seabed, some of the seagrass populations which are concentrated in the area and are under protection will remain under the pipes or excavated. This will result in destruction of the sea grasses and many marine species that use the seagrass habitats. As given in the Chapter 3.3.4 the number of possible sea grasses in the impact area and the number of sea grasses in the first zone ratio is 1.3%. Total number of seagrass in the first zone- second zone and the number of possible sea grasses in the impact area ratio is 0.6%. According to these estimated rates, the number of sea grass in the impact area is very low. Therefore, it was thought that the construction activities of the project will not seriously affect the seagrass populations of the region and the species which uses sea grasses habitat. However, the sea grass is considered to be protected as a critical species by the global scale, taking various measures against possible effects from project activities will be beneficial in terms of sustainability. The mitigation measures to be taken are described in “Mitigation Measures” topic. In the light with OP 4.04, Annex A, identified sea grass habitats are the critical natural habitats. Because Posidonia oceanica which is intensely spreaded in Aeagen Sea, is a protected species by the Barcelona Convention (List of Endangered or Threatened Species) and it is endemic in Mediterranean. P. oceanica supports vital activity as sheltering, breeding, feeding and hiding for 25% part of the flora and fauna species and sea grass are created important habitat for many marine organisms. It is a very healthy habitat for taxon of every class in the project area. Especially in this region, it forms ovulation, feeding and hiding areas for fish species. For this reason, it is evaluated as an essential fish habitat for the regions where sea grasses are concentrated In addition, the area where the project area will be constructed is located within the borders of KBA. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 53/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT According to the evaluations of the worst impact of the project construction, the bottom structure will be deformed along the entire line. This represents an excavation area of 2,2 ha. According to OP 4.04 definitions, possible impacts on marine biodiversity in this project will be degradation. The existing Posedonia ocaenica sea bed habitat along the line will be completely removed by excavation operations. However, the excavation area will be 2,2 ha. Only 0.2 %of the close vicinity of the Project area (1st and 2nd zones) will be directly affected by the excavation process. This numbers are represented minimal areas and considering the environmental benefit of the project, it is foreseen that this effect can be minimized by measures to be taken. Production Status of Water Products According to “No.4/1 on the Communique Regarding the Commercial Aquaculture Fishing Squad No. (No: 2016/35)" published in the Official Gazette dated August 13, 2016 and numbered 29800, the fishery catches which are forbidden and the fisheries production status of the region were determined. According to the communique, there is no spatial prohibition for coastal fishermen in the area where the construction is planned. The target species in the coastal fishery consist Boops boops, Bothus podas, Diplodus annularis, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, Lithognathus mormyrus, Mullus surmuletus, Oblada melanura, Sarpa salpa, Siganus rivulatus and Sparus aurata. As a result of assessing the impacts of marine ecosystem, living groups and fisheries on field studies and interviews:  A relatively small portion of the hunting area of small-scale fishermen will be adversely affected during the project construction temporarily;  In terms of resting, feeding, reproduction and waiting behaviours of fishes, small- scale portion of the area used by these species will be adversely affected during construction.  In the case of bottom fishes living and spawning areas, a fairly small-scale portion of fishes will be adversely affected temporarily during the construction of the project. 3.4.4. Operation Phase Impacts on Ecology Terrestrial Biodiversity The project area has completely lost natural characteristics and it has a very weak biodiversity (see Section 3.3).The area is also anthropogenic because of there are many settlements in the immediate vicinity. It is not an important fauna wilderness area by area characteristic. There is not any endangered species by internationally or nationally scale and the area is not used by the species as a feeding, shelter and breeding ground. There is no restricted rate species and / or endemic species. In line with the mentioned issues, it has been evaluated that the operation activities of the project will not be a negative and significant effect on the flora and fauna elements. Marine Biodiversity Within the scope of the Wastewater Treatment Plant which has advanced biological treatment process, nitrogen and phosphorus removal is discussed. For this reason, no important adverse impact on marine ecosystem is expected. However, possible effects on the species determined for the planned project; TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 54/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  The discharge water will be treated and there will be no extra nitrogen and phosphorus input in the marine. If there is a nitrogen or phosphorus input, macroalgae, especially increase of green algae and phytoplankton can be observed.  In case of solid particles and suspended solids in the discharge water, it is expected to increase turbidity of the sea water and as a result, the light permeability is decreased and P. Oceanica species from sea grasses are prevented from photosynthesis. However, it is expected that these substances will not be present in the increased water, so it is considered that there is no negative effect.  It is thought that treated discharge water will not have an effect on fishes.  No major negative impact on biodiversity is expected because the treated discharge water will not carry pollution.  It is planned that the height of the discharge pipe of the planned diffuser is about 1.5 meters above the ground level. For this reason, it is thought that the flow of treated water originating from the diffusers will not have a negative effect on the benthic life forms.  No population changes are expected on pelagic fish and plankton species originating from the current. It is expected that only passively moving plankton species will not slip out of the diffuser line due to the current, and will slip into areas with little current. Because fish are actively moving nektonic creatures, they will not be affected by the current, while non- flowering species will prefer to be in areas where there is no current. In the report of the European environment agency (UNEP, 4/2006) areas under significant environmental threat in Turkey's Mediterranean coast and pollution hot spots and their causes determined, and one of these point 'Bodrum: tourism and aquaculture activities' unless otherwise stated. In the summer season, there is a serious increase in the population especially with the arrival of vacationers, which causes water pollution at significant levels. At the same report noted the presence of rapid coastal pollution due to the construction of recreational facilities on the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean coastal shores and the widespread summer residential construction. The recommendations for increasing water quality in the 'Büyük Menderes Basin - Strategic Environmental Assessment Report' also emphasized the importance of water and wetland quality of advanced wastewater treatment facilities in the National Watershed Management Strategy Action Plan. For this reason, the wastewater to be given to the marine environment in the Turgutreis neighbourhood of Bodrum district, where the summer structure is concentrated, will seriously damage the marine ecosystem. With the Turgutreis Wastewater Treatment Plant Project, the treated water will be discharged to the sea with nitrogen and phosphorus removal through the advanced biological treatment process. Therefore, it is considered that the effect on the species determined in the environment will be at the minimum level. Similarly, in the study of Sabancı & Koray (2007), the effects of Çiğli Wastewater Treatment Plant located in İzmir Gulf’s diatom species composition, the treatment plant indicated that the phytoplankton community structure improved in the following periods. In the sensitivity studies of the model parameters, the effects of wastewater flow, flow velocity and flow field dilution on remote field dilutions were investigated. The pollution cloud reaching the surface as a result of the near field dilution causes coastal currents and remote field dilutions. In the remote field dilution, the pollution cloud is scattered through progressive propagation (advection), turbulent diffusion and dispersion and the bacteria die and disappear. The spread and distribution of the pollution cloud reaching to the surface as a result of near field dilution, when there is no wind and the weakest coastal currents occur for winter conditions and for summer conditions were evaluated. In both cases, the pollution concentration values are TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 55/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT below 10 TC/100 ml within the coastal protection band after the near field and remote field dilutions, which meet the requirements in the regulation. The spread and distribution of the pollution cloud reaching to the surface as a result of near field dilution under the impact of dominant current direction for winter conditions and summer conditions were evaluated. In both cases, the pollution concentration values are below 10 TC/100 ml within the coastal protection band after the near field and remote field dilutions, which meet the requirements in the regulation. The spread and distribution of the pollution cloud reaching to the surface as a result of near field dilution under the impact of the surface current towards the land for winter conditions and for summer conditions were evaluated. In both cases, the pollution concentration values are below 1000 TC/100 ml within the coastal protection band after the near field and remote field dilutions, which meet the requirements in the Regulation on Water Pollution Control. The spread and distribution of the pollution cloud reaching to the surface as a result of near field dilution under the impact of east winds for winter conditions and summer conditions were evaluated. In both cases, the pollution concentration values are below 10 TC/100 ml within the coastal protection band after the near field and remote field dilutions, which meet the requirements in the regulation. As a result of these circumstances, the dilutions of the amount of coliform to be produced during the operation phase meet the criteria specified in the regulation in each case. In this direction, it is thought that the coliform which will appear in the operating period will not have a serious negative effect on natural life. It was noted that the most significant threats on this species are trawling, boat anchoring, turbidity, shoreline artificialization, urban and sand mining as well as euthrophication and pollution on the coastal lines. Wastewater treatment plant will probably have a positive impact on these species as the pollution level will be lowered. 3.4.5. Mitigation Measures The measures to be taken to the effects on the terrestrial and marine biologic environment from the Project activities during the construction phase are given below. Terrestrial Biodiversity Mitigation measures will be implemented during the construction and operation phase to protect terrestrial biodiversity as follow:  Prior to the land preparation phase, definite working areas will be set up where activities (eg vegetation clearing, vegetation removal, leveling and construction) and permanent structures (units and roads) will be established.  Project construction sites and access roads will be separated from other areas with appropriate signboards, signs and fences. Therefore, staff and vehicle access to the area will be limited to the construction site,  Construction waste generated due to project activities will first be stored at designated storage areas and then disposed,  Construction work will be done gradually so that it will have enough time to escape for possible fauna species to be found.  If there is a nest of birds species, the nest should be marked with a safety strip about 3 meters in diameter and an expert ornithologist should be informed.  Measures to reduce noise are provide in Chapter 5 Noise of the ESIA Report for details, TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 56/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT  Measures to reduce dust and air pollution are provide in Chapter 5 Air Quality of the ESIA Report for details,  Project workers will not be allowed to bring any live animals or plants into the construction site to avoid the risk of pest/invasive species establishing in the Project Area,  Construction and operation sites will be fenced in order to prevent fauna species’ entrance into these areas. Marine Biodiversity The most important effect in the marine environment is expected to be seen on Posidonia oceanica. Influence of Posidonia oceanica will indirectly affect marine biodiversity. It is possible that the project has some effects as mentioned above during the construction and operation periods. As the planned treatment plant will discharge treated water to the sea and no major impact is expected during operation phase. The measures to be taken against the effects of the project during both construction and operation are as follows: Construction Phase  To reduce the effect of underwater sounding is air bubble curtains. Air bubbles are the cheapest way to place air curtain around a work piece.  The sea surface will be observed before commencing work to ensure that marine mammals (monk seal) are not in the area.  Smooth start with lower frequency effects should be done to ensure that the animals leave the area before the highest noise levels from the runs reach the top.  The species of fish will move away from the environment in which the blur occurs. For this reason, the impact to fishes from the sediment cloud will be limited. When all of these impacts are evaluated, it is thought that there is no significant impact on the sediment, the fish species and the fishing activities of the region.  In the construction phase, the activities that are not in the scope of the planned construction works will not be allowed to minimize the effects.  The spring period (March, April, May and beginning of June) is known as the breeding season where marine biological activity is its highest level. Construction works should be avoided during these periods. Noise, turbidity and mechanical effects can affect the presence and quantity of eggs, young and mature individuals negatively in this period when the density of marine organisms is beginning to increase. If the construction studies are carried out in autumn and winter months when the biological activity is the lowest, the impact on the marine ecosystem will be minimum. However, the spring and early summer times are important for reproduction for aquatic life, their density is increasing and their ecosystem activity is high. For this reason, care should be taken that construction activities are not carried out during this breeding season.  Construction will not be done under unfavourable wind and wave conditions. Otherwise, the clouds of sediment can spread rapidly to the far sides.  Silt curtains will be used for prevent to spreading sedimentation in project area. Situation and efficiency of silt curtains will be control.  Before the construction activities, a field study will be conducted by specialists in order to determine the density of the Posidonia oceanica in the vicinity of the pipeline to be installed. According to the information obtained in this study, a clear judgment will be made about the replant of sea grass. According to the information obtained from the desktop studies, the density of Posidonia oceanica in the impact area is 0.6% as near the project area. However, this number is an estimate and findings need to be supported with detail field studies. The survey findings will provide numerical values regarding the Posidonia oceanica quantity and the number of Posidonia oceanica to be affected. If the density of Posidonia oceanica, which will be destroyed according to the survey findings, is found to be negligible, the effects can be eliminated by mitigation measures. Replantation is a high- TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 57/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT cost activity and this process should be decided after a comprehensive field study. After the field survey, monitoring plan and mitigation measures can be revised.  In addition, according to the information obtained, a ship haven project is planned for 40 meter south of the marine discharge line. The planned ship haven project will be carried out by the 3rd Regional Directorate of Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. It will have 12.6 ha surface area approximately. This surface area is about decuple larger than the surface area of the discharge pipe to be constructed within the scope of the waste water treatment facility project. Even if the Posidonia oceanica which destroyed by waste water treatment facility project is transplanted in a nearby area, about 6 times larger damage will be recovered within the scope of the ship haven project. Therefore, it is proposed to prepare a joint action plan and to create a transplantation program for the Posidonia oceanica through the Mugla Metropolitan Municipality and the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure considering the cumulative effect. This action plan will be carried out in the coordination of the Mugla Metropolitan Municipality and under the Ministry's responsibility.  After the marine field studies in pre-construction, the future actions will be determined.  During the construction phase monitoring studies at experiment stations will be conducted. Biological alternatives have been considered for the construction of the discharge pipe. A method that can be applied for the minimization of the damage given to the Posidonia oceanica, is to select a route for the discharge pipe where there are no Posidonia oceanica. However, according to the findings of the field survey, Posidonia oceanica distribution in the study area is not appropriate for this purpose. Therefore, this method is not applicable for this Project. The roots of Posidonia oceanica can reach up to 40 cm (Garcia-Martinez et al., 2005). Another method that can be followed to lay the pipeline without damaging the Posidonia oceanica located along the route is the micro tunneling of the pipe from the shore to the sea. However, this option is a costly system. Another disadvantage of this system is, in case of any failure and any maintenance requirement, the pipes should be removed; thereby, necessary technical intervention will cause damage on the Posidonia oceanica. According to the findings of desktop studies, the coverage of Posidonia oceanica within the study area and the ratio to be destroyed due to construction activities will be limited. For this reason, with the meticulous application of mitigation measures, the impacts on Posidonia oceanica will be kept at minimum. Operation Phase Monitoring work will be conducted along the pipeline and in the area where the discharge is being made. After the construction period, biodiversity of the sea will be monitored and reported in the construction activities. In addition, during the operating period, the effects of discharge on the marine environment will be monitored. Therefore experiment stations must be established underwater along discharge line route. In aforementioned stations, monitoring studies of “Poseidon Seagrass Beds” must be conducted. Through monitoring study, the state of biodiversity after the effects of the construction phase and the impacts of operation phase on the biodiversity will be monitored. If necessary, it will be intervened and actions will be taken to biodiversity benefits. 4. CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSMENT 4.1. The Concept of Critical Habitat Conservation of biodiversity requires protection of habitats for survival of species as well as sustenance of ecosystems. Habitats in a given area are classified based on their natural characteristics, as well as land use properties, to provide a better understanding of specific species and habitat requirements and establish meaningful management units to define a mitigation strategy. The ultimate goal is achieving no net loss of biodiversity. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 58/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT For assessment of habitat features, the initial step is to distinguish between modified, natural and critical habitats, each of which requires different conservation efforts and compensatory measures to be protected. Definitions in this section are based on IFC PS6, and as for the critical assessment additional criteria were also used. To start with, IFC PS6 requires that all habitats, whether they are modified, natural or critical, which indicates disturbed or degraded habitats, as well as manmade areas should also be considered in defining conservation strategies and mitigation measures. Modified habitats, in the most general sense, are those that have been subject to some form of alteration, often resulting in agricultural land. Despite the fact that some modified habitats might lose all of their natural characteristics, it is still required to minimize further impacts. Natural habitats are terrestrial and aquatic habitats, where biological composition is made of native flora and fauna elements and the degree of modification by human activity is insignificant. Therefore, natural habitats are of great importance in terms of conservation of species in their natural ranges of distribution. As put forward by IFC PS6, natural habitats should not be degraded or converted to an extent that (i) the ecological integrity and functioning of the ecosystem is compromised or (ii) the habitat is depleted to the extent that it could no longer support viable populations of its native species (IFC, 2012). Critical habitats are defined as the most sensitive biodiversity features, which include at least one of the following (IFC, 2012):  Criterion 1: Habitats important for critical and/or endangered species;  Criterion 2: Habitats of significant importance to endemic and/or restricted species;  Criterion 3: Habitats containing significant intensive species or migrating species and/or indigenous species in the global sense;  Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/or unique ecosystems;  Criterion 5: Key evolutionary processes. Prepared in line with the provisions of IFC PS6, the remainder of chapters in this BMP outline how the conditions listed below set by the IFC for critical habitats will be fulfilled by the Project, following identification of critical habitats within the biodiversity study area. Accordingly, the Project activities will not be implemented unless:  No other viable alternatives within the region exist for development of the project in habitats of lesser biodiversity value;  Stakeholders are consulted in accordance with PS10 (Information Disclosure and Stakeholder Engagement);  The project is permitted under applicable environmental laws, recognizing the priority biodiversity features;  The project does not lead to measurable adverse impacts on those biodiversity features for, which the critical habitat was designated;  The project is designed to deliver net gains for critical habitat impacted by the project;  The project is not anticipated to lead to a net reduction in the population of any endangered or critically endangered species, over a reasonable time period; and  A robust and appropriately designed, long-term biodiversity monitoring and evaluation program aimed at assessing the status of critical habitat is integrated into the client’s adaptive management program. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 59/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 4.2. Significance of Critical Habitat Assessment In order for the project activities to be conducted in line with IFC PS6 in terms of conservation of critical habitats assessments in the BMP aim to lead achievement of the following results:  To ensure no measurable adverse impacts on biodiversity values trigger critical habitats over the long-term at the regional scale There would be some negative impacts due to Project activities (especially in the short term). Yet, these will be avoided, minimized and mitigated. A biodiversity monitoring and evaluation program will be implemented to evaluate status of biodiversity values.  To ensure no significant reduction in populations of critically endangered or endangered species While reduction in population does not imply survival of every single individual of a particular species, existence of species within the area in the long term must be assured. Impacts of the Project on these species will be monitored and evaluated as the Project proceeds.  To mitigate impacts on critical habitats as outlined by IFC PS6 (see Section 5), to avoid, minimize, mitigate and offset if any residual impacts that persist. 4.3. Approach to Critical Habitat İdentification As an essence to critical habitat assessment (CHA) an ecologically sensible unit of analysis should be defined, which would be specific to the biodiversity component in question. Within the scope of the project two main topic of analysis for the project was defined as the terrestrial and marine environment. Besides the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species utilized to determine endangered and critically endangered species, other criteria were also used in critical habitat assessment, wherever applicable. In determining “highly threatened and unique ecosystems”, habitats listed under KBA criteria and OP 4.04. were used as the main criteria. Since international, even European biodiversity assessment do not always cover Turkish habitats and species, experts’ judgments were often consulted to draw conclusions on the current statuses of biodiversity components. Referring to local expert judgment has also been utilized due to the fact that there are no officially established or widely accepted local, regional or national evaluations on threat and conservation statuses of habitats and species. 4.4. Potential Biodiversity Components Triggering Critical Habitat Based on Project Biodiversity Studies, details of which are provided in Chapter 4 of ESIA report, potential biodiversity components that trigger critical habitat are summarized in Table 21 below, followed by each section in this chapter evaluating these identified components in terms of their characteristics and significance. Table 21. Potential Critical Habitat Trigger Components Biodiversity Component Status CH Criteria Posidonia oceanica Protected by Barcelona Convention and Endemic species CH1 Protected by Barcelona Convention and Endangered species Monachus monachus CH1 according to IUCN TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 60/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Criterion 1: Habitats important for critical and/or endangered species; Posidonia oceanica P. oceanica which is endemic species in Mediterranean is the main source of oxygen in ecosystems. For this reason they are defined as the lungs of the Mediterranean (Buia and Mazzella, 1991). The populations of Turkey, which are found in Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara coasts, are spreading 40-50 meters depth. P. oceanica in the infralittoral zone of the Mediterranean ecosystem are shelters for many marine communities. Establishing a suitable environment for flora and fauna species also reflects on fishing activities (Gillanders, 2006). The project is expected to cause an estimated 2.49 ha destruction of Posidonia oceanica within the 6.59 ha of impact area. Yet, populations in the area will be further surveyed within the scope of “Follow-up Studies” (see Section 6.3) and monitored to avoid any damage. Monachus monachus Monachus monachus is classified as EN (Endangered) by IUCN, listed in Appendix-II by Bern Convention and protected in List of Endangered or Threatened Species” according to Barcelona Convention. Monachus monachus prefer quiet and secluded rocky coasts with no restraints and not easily accessible by people or away from human activities, preferably with coastal caves that function as breeding and / or sheltering as their living area In the Aegean and Mediterranean coast of Turkey monk seals are using the areas as a breeding, feeding and resting area. It is known that the caves of Cavus Island, which is 5.3 km away from the project area, are used as breeding grounds. The monk seal uses the Catal island where is located in directly opposite the project area as a feeding area. Planned project activities for the marine discharge line, are not expected to pose adverse impacts on the species’ local population due to fact that Monachus monachus in it is known to inhabit untouched areas where human activities are not visible and the project location where is a lively area in marine tourism is not a suitable area for monk seals. Yet, populations in the area will be further surveyed within the scope of “Monitoring Studies” (see Section 6) and monitored to avoid any damage. 5. MITIGATION PLAN One of the objectives of the BMP is “formulating specific mitigation plans to be implemented for biodiversity conservation”, after all priorities are identified. Each mitigation plan developed within the scope of this chapter put forward a set of action specifying exactly what needs to be done during which time frame. Further research will be implemented within the scope of the management plan. All necessary measures of avoidance, minimization and mitigation will be taken. When necessary, offsets in addition to the ones put forward within the scope of this document will also be considered throughout the life-cycle of the Project. Mitigation plan for biodiversity is presented in Table 22. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 61/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 22. Mitigation Plan for Biodiversity Biodiversity Responsibility/ Target Mitigation Measures Timeline Indicator Component Partnership Prior to the land preparation phase, definite working areas will be set up where activities (eg vegetation clearing, vegetation removal, leveling and construction) and permanent structures (units and roads) will be established. No accidental Prevent entrance of fauna species into working Before construction MUSKI mortality of fauna places Project construction sites and access species roads will be separated from other areas with appropriate signboards, signs and fences. Therefore, staff and vehicle access to the area will be limited to the construction site, If there is a nest of birds species, the nest should be marked with a safety Nests are preserved Protect of bird species within the working places During construction MUSKI strip about 3 meters in diameter and an and used expert ornithologist should be informed. Terrestrial Avoid and/or minimize dust emissions Environment by lightly watering the immediate surroundings of construction sites, and wetting the stored material Construction waste generated due to Conservation of project activities will first be stored at species populations Minimize to disturbance on fauna species designated storage areas and then During construction MUSKI and their feeding disposed, habitats Construction work will be done gradually so that it will have enough time to escape for possible fauna species to be found. Project workers will not be allowed to bring any live animals or plants into the No alien species are introduced construction site to avoid the risk of During construction MUSKI Any alien species pest/invasive species establishing in the Project Area, To reduce the effect of underwater Conservation of sounding is air bubble curtains. Air species populations Marine Environment Minimize to disturbance on marine species bubbles are the cheapest way to place During construction MUSKI and their feeding and air curtain around a work piece. breeding habitats Unnecessary interventions will not be TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 62/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 22. Mitigation Plan for Biodiversity Biodiversity Responsibility/ Target Mitigation Measures Timeline Indicator Component Partnership allowed. The spring period (March, April, May and beginning of June) is known as the breeding season where marine biological activity is its highest level. Construction works should be avoided during these periods. Noise, turbidity and mechanical effects can affect the presence and quantity of eggs, young and mature individuals negatively in this period when the density of marine Conservation of organisms is beginning to increase. If species populations Protect of fish species within the working places the construction studies are carried out Before construction MUSKI and their breeding in autumn and winter months when the habitats biological activity is the lowest, the impact on the marine ecosystem will be minimum. However, the spring and early summer times are important for reproduction for aquatic life, their density is increasing and their ecosystem activity is high. For this reason, care should be taken that construction activities are not carried out during this breeding season. Construction will not be done under unfavourable wind and wave conditions. Otherwise, the clouds of sediment can Conservation of spread rapidly to the far sides. species populations Minimize to turbidity on marine species During construction MUSKI and their feeding, Silt curtains will be used for prevent to breeding and resting spreading sedimentation in project area. habitats Situation and efficiency of silt curtains will be control. Conservation of species populations Monitoring to status of general situation During construction and Implement monitoring and their feeding, of the marine ecosystem and reporting operation breeding and resting habitats Examination of the Posidonia oceanica Further studies on Posidonia oceanica MUSKI / Expert Marine BMP actions are Posidonia oceanica Before construction population situation in the project area and reveal sea beds Biologist updated based on TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 63/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Table 22. Mitigation Plan for Biodiversity Biodiversity Responsibility/ Target Mitigation Measures Timeline Indicator Component Partnership the population situation quantitative survey results A ship haven project is planned for 40 meter south of the marine discharge line. The planned ship haven project will be carried out by the 3rd Regional Directorate of Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. It will have 12.6 ha surface area approximately. This surface area is about decuple larger than the surface area of the discharge pipe to be constructed within the scope of the waste water treatment facility project. Even if the Posidonia oceanica No net loss or to avoid degradation of the which destroyed by waste water Area of Posidonia Posidonia oceanica sea bed habitat and treatment facility project is transplanted MUSKI / Expert Marine Before construction oceanica sea bed individuals within the biodiversity study area in a nearby area, about 6 times larger Biologist habitat impacted damage will be recovered within the scope of the ship haven project. Therefore, it is proposed to prepare a joint action plan and to create a transplantation program for the Posidonia oceanica through the Mugla Metropolitan Municipality and the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure considering the cumulative effect. This action plan will be carried out in the coordination of the Mugla Metropolitan Municipality and under the Ministry's responsibility. Monitoring and reporting on Posidonia During construction and MUSKI / Expert Marine Conservation of Implement monitoring oceanica sea beds situation operation Biologist habitat Prevent growth and spread of alien Any alien species No alien species are introduced During construction MUSKI species observed Conservation of Monitoring status of populations and MUSKI / Expert Marine Implement monitoring During construction species populations reporting Biologist and their habitats Monachus monachus The sea surface will be observed before commencing work to ensure that marine Conservation of No net loss of species populations During construction MUSKI mammals ( monk seal) are not in the species populations area TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 64/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 6. IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING PLAN AND REPORTING 6.1. Responsible Parties for Implementation Chapter 6 presents what actions will be implemented within the scope of the BMP, and how they will be implemented. This chapter details in what capacity the BMP will be implemented and how the actions will be monitored. In order for successful implementation of the action plans, MUSKI will appoint the following qualified personnel, who will be responsible for addressing and managing biodiversity issues within their operational control:  Project Manager: To review the BMP and to ensure successful implementation of the BMP.  Local Environmental Manager: Must identify locations and activities where we could adversely affect vulnerable ecosystems and protected areas and species, coordinate biodiversity conservation activities and implementation of BMP.  Expert Consultants: Must conduct additional surveys, assess the results and integrate them into the BMP whenever necessary, apply monitoring strategies and inform MUSKI any additional measure that would be required within the scope of the BMP. 6.2. Monitoring Plan The main objective of the Biodiversity Monitoring Program (BMP) is to monitor the status of biodiversity components and the extent of implementation of BMP actions, with respect to project activities and human interference. Continuous monitoring of BMP is crucial in reaching success of defined mitigations and meeting conservation objectives. Monitoring activities must be undertaken during and after construction to assess the status of biodiversity components so as to adopt additional measures whenever unanticipated impacts arise. The Project BMP will reflect changes in the following factors to assess the effectiveness of BMP:  Status and trends of the nation’s use of terrestrial and marine resources, habitats, species, populations, genes, biodiversity.  Shifts in certain social, political and economic factors.  Changes on in the legal framework for biodiversity conservation,  Changes in the use of biological resources and their sustainability at local or national levels  Impacts of implementing the BMP on biodiversity components Defining indicators for biodiversity monitoring is another complex issue which needs to address changes in relation to project progress, human impacts and implementation of BMP. Monitoring will be conducted at habitat and species/population levels so as to achieve the most meaningful results considering the strategies put forward within the scope of the action plans. Change in natural habitats within the biodiversity study area is an important indicator not only of the health of the ecosystem but also of associated species. Therefore, by monitoring the status of Posedonia oceanica see beds habitat within the study area, it would be possible to assess the degree of impact on other biodiversity components and also the larger ecosystem, and take more stringent measures whenever necessary. During construction and operation phase, experiment stations must be established underwater along discharge line route. In aforementioned stations, monitoring studies of “Poseidon Seagrass Beds” must be conducted. Through monitoring study, development and regression levels of seagrass beds will be determined. On the other hand, at species/population level, monitoring can only be undertaken for Monachus monachus species whose populations have been or will be studied through species surveys. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 65/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT Monitoring of Posedonia oceanica sea bed habitats will be conducted one-off before the construction, twice a year during the construction phase. Monachus monachus will be monitored ha on an annual basis during construction. During the operation phase of the Project, monitoring will be undertaken as the first year will be monitored twice a year and the following studies will be conducted annually for Posedonia oceanica and marine environment. Monitoring plan is presented in Table 23. Table 23. Monitoring Plan Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring No Monitoring Parameter Responsibility Station/Location Method Frequency Before Construction -Site Marine 1 Posidonia oceanica Impact Area One-off survey biologist Land Preparation and Construction 1 Posidonia oceanica Impact Area -Site Twice a year Marine survey biologist 2 Monachus monachus Impact Area -Site One off Marine survey biologist 3 Marine Ecosystem Impact Area -Site Twice a year Marine survey biologist Operation 1 Posidonia oceanica Impact Area -Site Twice a year Marine survey and the biologist following periods will be conducted annually 2 Marine Ecosystem Impact Area Site survey Twice a year Marine and the biologist following periods will be conducted annually 6.3. Follow-Up Studies Due to the project activities, some of the Posidonia oceanica spreading within the project area will be destroyed. The project is expected to cause an estimated 2.49 ha destruction of Posidonia oceanica within the 6.59 ha of impact area. However, in order to make a quantitative assessment and better elucidate on the discussion on Posidonia oceanica seabeds being representing critical habitats, additional population data will be further incorporated into the BMP following the next surveys before construction phase. The net loss of this species can be quantitatively determined and as a result of the surveys, a transplantation study can be recommended to net gain for this loss. However, transplantation is an extremely costly process and posed a risk that Posidonia oceanica will not produce healthy populations by re-planting. Before the construction activities a field study will be conducted by an expert marine biologist within the impact area to obtain detail information about Posidonia oceanica habitats. After the field survey monitoring plan and mitigation measure can be revised (if necessary). 6.4. Training All the employees will be provided with informational training on "Natural Life and Protecting the Natural Life" according to their individual needs, so that determination, protection and sustainable use of biological diversity can be determined. Quality Department will ensure that all personnel are trained about and aware of their responsibilities. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 66/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT 6.5. Reporting The BMP was prepared with the best available data on the Project. This report requires continuous reviewing and updating through different phases of the Project, as conditions at the biodiversity study area change and more data become available, mitigation measures defined in this BMP will also be restructured in case there is a need to take more stringent measures in terms of biodiversity conservation and some actions will be determined when necessary (example: Posedonia oceanica transplantation). Internal reporting requirements will be specified by MUSKI, depending on how the site will be managed, and consultants will report to MUSKI as the BMP is implemented. Monitoring reports and updates on the BMP will also be made available to other related interested parties. TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Pg. 67/67 SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT REFERENCES  The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2014). Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011- 2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Hedefs. Retrieved from: http://www.cbd.int/sp/default.shtml  Demirsoy, A., Yaşamin Temel Kurallari-Omurgalilar/Amniyota Sürüngenler, Amfibiler, Memeliler)  Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Vural, M., Duman, H., Aytaç, Z., Adıgüzel, N., 2000, Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı- Eğrelti ve Tohumlu Bitkiler (Red Data Book of Turkish Plants-Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta), Türkiye Tabiatını Koruma Dernegi Yayın, Ankara.  http://turkherb.ibu.edu.tr/ web sitesi Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi  International Finance Corporation (IFC). (2012). Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability. World Bank Group: Washington DC.  Operational Manuel 4.04, World Bank Group: Washington DC., June 2001.  International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2012. Red List of Threated Tür. Version 2012.2. Retrieved from: http://www.iucnredlist.org  Baran, İ., Ilgaz, Ç., Avcı, A., Kumlutaş, Y., Olgun, K., 2005, Türkiye Amfibi ve Sürüngenleri Kitabı, TÜBİTAK Popular Bilim Kitapları 207  Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks. (2014). 2014-2015 Av Donemi Merkez Av Komisyonu Kararı (2018- 2019 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Resolutions): Ankara.  İlarslan, R. 1996. Türkiye’ nin Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) cinsinin revizyonu, Tr. J. of Botany, 20: 133 – 159. IPNI: International Plant Name Index, http://www.ipni.org, 2007  Kiziroğlu İ. (2008) Türkiye Kusları Kırmızı Listesi Red Data Book for Birds of Türkiye. Desen Matbaası, Ankara  Deniz Ve Su Bilimleri Uygulama Ve Araştırma Merkezi (Denam) Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turgutreis Deniz Deşarjı Rüzgâr, Dalga İklimi, Akıntı Düzeni Ve Su Kalitesi Ölçümleme Ve Modelleme Çalışmaları, Temmuz 2017  http://www.dogadernegi.org  http://sadafag.org/ TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND Biodiversity Management Plan - Ref. i/i SEA DISCHARGE LINE ESIA REPORT ANNEX-5 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLAN T.C. MUĞLA BÜYÜKŞEHİR BELEDİYESİ MUĞLA SU VE KANALİZASYON İDARESİ GENEL MÜDÜLÜĞÜ TURGUTREIS ADVANCED BILOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN 2018 İÇİNDEKİLER 1. PURPOSE 2 2. SCOPE 2 3. RESPONSIBILITIES 2 4. DEFINITIONS 3 4.1. Abbreviations 3 4.2. Management Definitions 3 4.3. Possible Emergencies 4 4. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 4 5. PROJECT STANDARDS 4 6. IMPLEMENTATION 5 7. MONITORING 5 8. TRAINING 5 9. INSPECTION AND REPORTING 6 1 1. PURPOSE The purpose of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (EPRP) is to mitigate the impacts of unpredictable emergencies that may occur during the construction and operation phase of Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and Sea Discharge Line, which is owned by Muğla Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (MUSKİ) on the plant itself and local settlements, such as natural disasters (fire, earthquake, lightning etc.), closure of roads, communication interruption, and incidents occur due to the inappropriate operation and maintenance. In order to implement this Plan successfully, MUSKİ will constitute the Emergency Preparedness and Response Coordinator (EPRC) and Team (EPRT). Also, MUSKİ will distribute the duties by providing that these personnel get necessary training. 2. SCOPE This Plan summarizes the emergency planning activities of the MUSKI. MUSKI emergency plans cover all activities of the MUSKI together with contractor activities. MUSKİ requests from the Contractors to prepare an Emergency Response Plan in line with the scope of the field of activity and thus takes the necessary actions by determining the site- specific risks. 3. RESPONSIBILITIES Plant Manager: All activities and actions carried out in Turgutreis WWTP are the responsibility of the Plant Manager. Other duties and responsibilities of the Plant Manager within the scope of this Plan are defined as follows:  Determination of EPRC and establishment of EPRT together with EPRC,  Participation in annually arranged EPRP review meetings and approval of the ultimate EPRP,  Approval of the convenience of the activities to be carried out in the emergency event which is not handled in the scope of this EPRP,  Examination of reports to be prepared after an emergency. Emergency Preparedness and Response Coordinator (EPRC): EPRC is responsible for the implementation of actions developed in accordance with this Plan and development of this Plan. Other duties and responsibilities of EPRC are summarized as following:  Establishment of EPRT,  Arrangement of necessary trainings for the personnel who will response in the emergency,  Assigning duties of the EPRT members,  Participation in the annual EPRP review meetings, making the necessary arrangements and providing that the updated copy is accessible to all participants,  Organizing drills periodically to control the functionality and suitability of this Plan,  Identification of people to be called according to the type of emergency and putting information of this people up as written in a way that information will be available to everyone,  Updating the list of people to be called, in case of a change in the contact information of EPRT members, 2  Ensuring that EPRT works in compliance with this Plan during an emergency,  If this Plan is found to be insufficient during an emergency, taking necessary additional actions by getting permission from the Plant Manager, and updating this Plan by adding these actions after emergency ends.  Preparing a monitoring report together with the members of EPRT and presenting it to the Plant Manager after the emergency ends. Emergency Preparedness and Response Teams (EPRT): EPRT is the general name given to the teams consisting of personnel working under EPRC and having different abilities. EPRT consist of the following teams:  Search, Rescue, Evacuation Team  Fire Fighting Team  First Aid Team The duties and responsibilities of EPRT are as follows:  Participating to trainings and drills organized for the implementation of this Plan,  Revision of this Plan annually with EPRC,  Informing EPRC during emergency,  Taking necessary actions according to this Plan, by relevant team according to the type of emergency,  Informing people during an emergency,  Revision of the situation with EPRC after emergency ends and contribution to the preparation of an observation report. 4. DEFINITIONS 4.1. Abbreviations EPRC: Emergency Preparedness and Response Coordinator EPRP: Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan EPRT: Emergency Preparedness and Response Teams MUSKİ: Muğla Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü WWTP: Wastewater Treatment Plant 4.2. Management Definitions Incident: A situation that may lead to business interruption, loss, emergency or crisis. Emergency: Unforeseen crisis situation which emerged suddenly and requires emergency action. Disaster: It is an event that may cause long-term interruption in activities or systems and caused by human, nature or other factors. Abnormal Situation: Situations that interrupts the main activity of the Menzelet Kılavuzlu. Department: Common name used to define Unit, Region and Branch. 3 4.3. Possible Emergencies Possible emergency situations for Turgutreis Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant and Sea Discharge Line are defined as follows:  Incidents  Fire  Bomb Call Emergency  Workplace Violence Emergency  Armed Robbery Emergency  Seizure/Hostage-Taking Emergency  Earthquake Emergency  Flood Emergency  Storm and Hurricane Emergency  Building Collapse/ Landslide Emergency  Severe Weather Emergency  Strike Emergency  Explosion Emergency  Suicide Emergency  Leakage/Spill Emergency  Drowning Emergency  Poisoning Emergency  Vector-borne, Water Borne and Infectious Diseases Emergency  Community Health and Safety Emergency  Bypass Emergency Emergency Response Plans that will be prepared by Contractors will cover at least all of the above-mentioned emergencies. The Contractors’ Emergency Response Plans will be given as an Annex to this document. 4. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS  Number of nonconformities to emergency prevention and preparedness action  Number of emergencies which trigger this Plan 5. PROJECT STANDARDS All activities conducted by MUSKİ shall be carried out in accordance with the applicable standards. These standards are listed as follows:  Applicable Turkish Standards o Communique on Major Accident Prevention Policy Paper (Official Gazette No:29435, Date: 04.08.2015) o Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents and Regulation on Reducing Effects (Official Gazette No: 28867, Date: 30.12.2013) o Occupational Health and Safety Law No:6331 (Official Gazette No: 28339, Date: 30.06.2012) o Regulation on Emergency Situations at Workplace (Official Gazette No: 28681, Date: 18.06.2013)  Turkish EIA requirements  Other commitments to Turkish State Institutions  Applicable international standards and guidelines  Applicable MUSKİ standards If there is a difference between Turkish national legislations and related international standards, MUSKİ shall comply with the stricter ones. 4 6. IMPLEMENTATION This Plan and its annexes shall be reviewed annually during the construction and operation periods to reflect the changing conditions or operational needs of Menzelet Kılavuzlu and necessary revisions shall be done. This Plan shall be updated without waiting for the annual updating period in case of an increase in the service area of the plant and adding new units to plant’s process. This Plan shall be reviewed after each incident and drill, and improvement opportunities shall be identified. Plant Manager is responsible for the coordination of examination and revision of this Plan. This revision will focus on accuracy of the actual information such as information about people to be notified in case of an emergency and information about personnel who are appointed as the members of EPRC and EPRT. All reviews and revisions which will be done in this Plan and its annexes shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of the Turkish legislation and Project Standards (see Chapter 5). 7. MONITORING The fundamental monitoring activities, which are proposed under this Plan, are summarized in the table below. Monitoring Activities Monitoring Tools Time Interval Post  Scope and sufficiency of the EPRP Incident/emergency reports incident/emergency  Training sufficiency of the EPRT Training records Annual  Review and update of EPRP (in routine operation without any EPRP review and update Biennial incident/emergency) records  EPRP awareness and preparation of employees, contractors and Training records Annual visitors Meeting records with local authorities and emergency  Emergency services services, signed Annual memorandum of understanding, if any 8. TRAINING Turgutreis Advanced Biological WWTP management provides basic training on health, safety, and security to all of its employees, contractors, and visitors. There shall be a section related to emergency preparedness and response in workplace orientation trainings and the section shall outline the contents of this plan. In addition to this, training shall be organized for all employees in order to adopt this emergency and response plan. This training shall be renewed once a year. Moreover, special trainings shall be organized for the operators and members of EPRT. In these special trainings, operators shall be trained about emergency preparedness and response related to their work, while members of the EPRT shall get trainings about practical firefighting, search-rescue and communication with local organizations and emergency services. All these trainings shall be recorded. 5 In addition to theory, tabletop drills shall be arranged at least once a year and full-fledged drills shall be arranged biennially. 9. INSPECTION AND REPORTING Monthly inspections, which shall be performed within the scope of this plan, shall be carried out by a person who is authorized by EPRC. In addition to plant related topics, off-site and community health and safety issues shall also be considered during these inspections. When the authorized person detects any nonconformity or incident, he/she shall inform the EPRC and shall keep the nonconformity report. The identified nonconformities shall be recorded with its recommended corrective actions and corrective actions shall be monitored. All incidents and identified nonconformities shall be reported and recorded according to the requirements of MUSKİ. The functionality and suitability of this plan shall be assessed periodically with internal inspections. 6 ANNEX-6 OFFICIAL LETTERS T.C. ORMAN ve SU İŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI DOĞA KORUMA VE MİLLİ PARKLAR GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ DOĞA KORUMA DAİRE BAŞKANLIĞI Tarih : 25.7.2016 Faaliyetin Adı : Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi Faaliyet Sahibi : Muğla Büyükşehir Belediyesi Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (Muski) Faaliyetin Yeri : Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi, 421 Ada, 11 Parsel Mevkii ÇED Süreci : ÇED Başvuru dosyası görüşü Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü Görüşü Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesine ilişkin hazırlanacak olan ÇED Raporunda yer alması gereken hususlar maddeler halinde belirtilmiştir. Belirtilen bu hususlar ÇED raporunun ilgili başlıkları altına eklenecektir. 1. Faaliyet yeri ve etki bölgesindeki ekosistem çeşitliliği ve özellikleri; habitat tipleri, hassaslık, nadirlik ve koruma önceliği durumları, ekosistemin ve habitatların etkilenme durumları tespit edilerek faaliyet öncesi ve sonrasına bağlı olarak yorum yapılacaktır. 2. Faaliyet ve etki alanını içine alan literatür çalışması yapılması yeterlidir, yapılan literatür çalışmaları ile elde edilen bilgiler neticesinde korunması gerekli hassas, nadir, endemik ve nesli tehdit altında yer alan bitki ve hayvan türlerinin listesi hazırlanacak ve sistematik kurallarına göre sunulacaktır, Hazırlanacak tabloda aşağıdaki bilgiler yer alacaktır;  Türkçe ve bilimsel adları,  Fitocoğrafik bölgeleri,  Endemizm durumu  IUCN ve Bern Sözleşmesi kapsamındaki statüleri 3. Proje alanı floristik ve habitat tipleri açısından değerlendirilerek alanda bulunan çok lokal endemik, Vu (hassas/zarar görebilir), En (tehlike altında), Cr (kritik derecede tehlike altında) olan türler ile hassas habitat tipleri tespit edilerek faaliyetten etkilenme durumlarına göre gerekli tedbirler belirlenecektir. 4. Faaliyetin yapılacağı alan ve etkileşim bölgesinde bulunan hayvan türlerinin yeni yerleşebileceği habitatların yerleri raporda belirtilecek ve bu habitatlara türlerin adaptasyon durumları yorumlanacaktır. 1/3 Tel: 0 312 207 60 49 E – mail : uruno@ormansu.gov.tr 5. Öngörülen proje alanında veya yakın çevresinde Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü mevzuatı kapsamında bulunan koruma alanları, önemli kuş ve bitki alanı, sulak alan ve hassas alan varsa faaliyetin bu alanlara olan mesafeleri raporda belirtilir ve 1/25.000 ölçekli harita üzerinde gösterilir. Faaliyetin bu alanlara olası etkileri değerlendirilecektir. 6. Faaliyet için öngörülen alanların ve yakın etkileşim çevresinin yüzey suyu-yeraltı suyu, beslenim-boşalım ilişkileri, genel su bütçesi ve bölgesel hidrojeolojik işleyişini içeren hidrolojik- hidrojeolojik yapısının değerlendirilmesi raporlanması gerekmektedir. Mevcut meteorolojik ve iklimsel değerlendirmelerin yapılarak hidrolojik-hidrojeolojik sistemle ilişkisinin ortaya konması gerekmektedir 7. Karasal flora ve fauna için türler, endemik özellikle lokal endemik bitki türleri, havzada doğal olarak yaşayan hayvan türleri, alandaki dağılımları, su kaynaklarından yararlandıkları noktalar, ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuatla koruma altına alınan türler, nadir ve nesli tehlike altındaki türler ve bunların havzadaki dağılımları literatür bilgileri esas alınarak; av hayvanlarının adları, popülasyonları ve bunlar için alınan güncel Merkez Av Komisyonu Kararlarının belirlenmesi ve listelenmesi 8. Alanda yapılacak faaliyetin gerektirdiği çalışmalar sırasında mevcut ekolojik sistemde meydana gelmesi muhtemel değişiklikler ortaya konacak, alınması öngörülen mühendislik tedbirleri açıklanacaktır. 9. Faaliyetinin herhangi bir aşamasında yeraltı suyu alımı öngörülüyorsa, arıtma havuzlarının, ve kurulacak diğer tesislerin, mevcut hidrolojik sistemi, ekolojik işleyişi ve peyzaj bütünlüğünü olumsuz etkilemeyecek şekilde gerçekleştirilmesi için tedbir önerileri geliştirilecektir. 10. ÇED raporu hazırlanırken güncel literatür kullanılması, raporu hazırlayan guruba biyolog, deniz ortamı için de hidrobiyolog eklenmesi kullanılan literatür listesinin ekte verilmesi, 11. Faaliyet yapılacak sahanın fotoğraflarının, görüntü vb. görsel materyallerin rapora eklenmesi gerekmektedir. 12. Endemik flora türlerinin güncel olan Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi veya başka veri tabanlarının kullanılması, 13. Deniz ekosisteminin mevcut durumunu belirlemeye yönelik olarak detaylı çalışma yapılmalı, (çalışmayı yapan uzmanın adı ve ne zaman yaptığına dair bilgilerin verilmesi) denizel flora ve faunaya ilişkin araştırmalar ile deniz ortamına ilişkin mevcut durum ortaya konmalıdır. 14. Deşarj boru hattının uzunluğunun Su Kirliliği Kontrol Yönetmeliği Tablo.24 gereği evsel atıksu debilerine göre minimum deşarjı boru boyu için uygulanacak kriterler’e göre belirlenmesi, 15. Derin Deniz Deşarj noktası noktasında, arıtma tesisinden derin deniz deşarj noktasına kadar geçen alanda özellikle boru alanında kalan sucul flora ve faunanın araştırılması, deniz 2/3 Tel: 0 312 207 60 49 E – mail : uruno@ormansu.gov.tr bioçeşitliliğinin tespiti, etkilerinin ortaya konulması ve nasıl bertaraf edileceğinin belirtilmesi. (alınacak önlemlerin belirtilmesi) gerekmektedir. Okan ÜRÜN Biyolog (Doğa Koruma Dairesi Başkanlığı) 3/3 Tel: 0 312 207 60 49 E – mail : uruno@ormansu.gov.tr T.C. ORMAN VE SU İŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI DSİ Etüt, Planlama ve Tahsisler Dairesi Başkanlığı Sayı : 22549675-611.02-496386 26.07.2016 Konu : Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞINA (Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi İzin ve Denetim Genel Müdürlüğü ) İlgi : 17.06.2016 tarihli ve 10134 sayılı yazı. İlgi yazınız ile, Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi Turgutreis Mahallesi Mevkii'nde Muğla Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (MUSKİ) tarafından yapılması planlanan "Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi" hakkında hazırlanan ÇED Başvuru Dosyası incelenerek görüşümüzün bildirilmesi istenmektedir. ÇED raporunda yer alması gereken hususlar aşağıda belirtilmektedir. -Hidrojeolojik özellikler ve yerlatı su kaynaklarının mevcut ve planlanan kullanımı, faaliyet alanına mesafeleri ve debileri açıklanmalıdır. -Hidrojeolojik özellikler ve yerüstü su kaynaklarının mevcut ve planlanan kullanımı, faaliyet alanına mesafeleri ve debileri açıklanmalıdır. -Arazinin hazırlanması ve yapılacak işler kapsamında nerelerde ne miktarda ve ne kadar alanda hafriyat yapılacağı, hafriyat atığı malzemenin nerelere taşınacakları, nerelerde depolanacakları ve hangi amaçlar için kullanılacakları açıklanmalıdır. -Proje kapsamında (inşaat ve işletme aşamalarında) su temini sistemi planı, suyun nereden temin edileceği, suyun temin edileceği kaynaklardan alınacak su miktarı ve kullanım amaçlarına göre miktarları, oluşacak atıksuların cins ve miktarları, bertaraf yöntemleri ve deşarj edileceği ortamlar tablo halinde verilerek ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmalıdır. (Burada gerekli izinler alınArak ÇED Raporuna eklenmelidir.) -Atıksu isale hatlarında meydana gelebilecek olan kaçaklar, arıtılmış ya da arıtılmamış atık suyun kolayca yeraltı sularına karışmasına ve yeraltı sularında kirlenmeye neden olabilecektir. Bu konu ile ilgili önlemler muhakkak alınmalıdır. Atık su arıtma tesisinde inşa edilecek havuzların/tankların geçirimsizliğinin sağlanma şekli ayrıntılı olarak ÇED Raporunda verilmelidir. -Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinden çıkacak olan arıtılmış atıksuların derin deniz deşarjı yapılacağı ifade edilmekte olup, deşarj güzergahının belirlenmesi ve belirlendikten sonra DSİ 21. Bölge Müdürlüğünden görüş alınması gerekmektedir. -Proje kapsamında (inşaat ve işletme aşamalarında) meydana gelecek katı atıkların cins ve miktarları, bu atıkların bertaraf şekilleri açıklanmalıdır. -Dere Yatakları ve Taşkın konulu 2006/27 no'lu Başbakanlık Genelgesine uyulacağının taahhüdü verilmeli ve diğer ilgili mevzuatların ilişkili hükümlerine uyulacağı taahhüt edilmelidir. Bilgilerinizi ve gereğini arz ederim. Bu belge, 5070 sayılı Elektronik İmza Kanununun 5. Maddesi gereğince güvenli elektronik imza ile imzalanmıştır. Orjinal elektronik belge adresi: 'https://evrakdogrula.dsi.gov.tr' Doğrulama Kodu: TNGT-GXG9-ON36-1751 Bilgi İçin: Adres : Devlet Mahallesi İnönü Bulvarı NO:16 06100 Çankaya/ANKARA Zeynep Kübra DÖNMEZ Mühendis Telefon : (312) 454 52 00 Belgegeçer (Fax) : (312) 454 52 05 Elektronik Ağ: Telefon : 03124545288 www.dsi.gov.tr e-posta : donmezk@dsi.gov.tr Yakup BAŞOĞLU Genel Müdür a. Genel Müdür Yardımcısı Bu belge, 5070 sayılı Elektronik İmza Kanununun 5. Maddesi gereğince güvenli elektronik imza ile imzalanmıştır. Orjinal elektronik belge adresi: 'https://evrakdogrula.dsi.gov.tr' Doğrulama Kodu: TNGT-GXG9-ON36-1751 Bilgi İçin: Adres : Devlet Mahallesi İnönü Bulvarı NO:16 06100 Çankaya/ANKARA Zeynep Kübra DÖNMEZ Mühendis Telefon : (312) 454 52 00 Belgegeçer (Fax) : (312) 454 52 05 Elektronik Ağ: Telefon : 03124545288 www.dsi.gov.tr e-posta : donmezk@dsi.gov.tr 2/2 T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı MEKÂNSAL PLANLAMA GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ - İç Anadolu, Doğu Anadolu, Güneydoğu Anadolu, Ve Ege Havzaları Planlama Şube Müdürlüğü T.C. 01/07/2016 08:01 - 65842636-305.02-E.11025 ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞI *07573884* Mekansal Planlama Genel Müdürlüğü 07573884 Sayı : 65842636-305.02 Konu : Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi Toplantı Tarihleri ÇEVRESEL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ İZİN VE DENETİM GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE İlgi : 17.06.2016 tarihli ve E.10134 sayılı yazınız. İlgide kayıtlı yazı ile Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi’nde Muğla Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (MUSKİ) tarafından yapılması planlanan “Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi” için Çevrimiçi ÇED Yönetim Sisteminde sunulan ÇED Başvuru Dosyası hakkında Genel Müdürlüğümüz görüşü talep edilmektedir. İlgi yazı ekinde yer alan ÇED Başvuru Dosyasının incelenmesi sonucunda söz konusu projenin Aydın-Muğla-Denizli Planlama Bölgesi 1/100.000 Ölçekli Çevre Düzeni Planı’nda (ÇDP) “konut dışı kentsel çalışma alanı” olarak tanımlı alanda ve “önemli doğa alanı” sınırları içerisinde kaldığı belirlenmiştir. ÇDP’nin “8.23. Arıtma Tesisi Alanları” plan hükmü uyarınca Arıtma tesisi alanlarının yer seçimi ve uygulaması, ÇDP’nin genel kullanım, koruma ve gelişme ilke ve hedefleri çerçevesinde, ilgili kurum ve kuruluşların uygun görüşleri alınarak, belediyeler ile kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından oluşturulan veya oluşturacak birlikler vasıtasıyla yapılabilmekte olup her türlü sıvı atıkların ilgili mevzuatta belirtilen standartları sağlayacak şekilde arıtılması veya bertaraf edilmesi zorunludur. Bu çerçevede Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi’ne konu alanın içerisinde yer aldığı Aydın-Muğla-Denizli Planlama Bölgesi 1/100.000 Ölçekli Çevre Düzeni Planı ilgili paftası, lejand ve plan hükümlerinin onaylı “aslının aynı” ibareli ıslak imzalı ve orijinal boyuttaki kopyalarının ÇED Raporunda da sunulması sonrasında Genel Müdürlüğümüz görüşünün oluşturulacağı hususunda bilgilerinizi ve gereğini arz ederim. Y. Erdal KAYAPINAR Genel Müdür Adres: Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi, Eskişehir Devlet Yolu Ayrıntılı bilgi için irtibat: Merve YAZAR YILDIZTEKİN, Y. Şehir Plancısı (Dumlupınar Bulvarı) 9. km. No: 278 Çankaya/ANKARA Tel: 0 (312) 410 10 00 (2439) Elektronik ağ: www.csb.gov.tr e-posta: merve.yazar@csb.gov.tr Bu belge 5070 sayılı elektronik imza kanununa göre güvenli elektronik imza ile imzalanmıştır. Evrak teyidine http://evrakdogrulama.csb.gov.tr adresinden Belge Num.:65842636-305.02-E.11025 ve Barkod Num.:7573884 bilgileriyle erişebilirsiniz. - T.L. qEVRE vE $EHiRCit-iK earaNI-rct Qevre Yonetimi Genel Miidiirliifii Su ve Toprak Yonetimi Dairesi Baqkanh$r Mufla ili, Bodrum ilgesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi Mevkii'nde Mufla Su ve Kanalizasyon idaresi Cenet Mtidiirliigi (MUSKI) tarafindan yaprlmasr planlanan Turgutreis Atrksu Arrtma Tesisi Projesi hakktr.rda, QED Baqvuru Dosyast Soz konusu projenin QED Baqvuru Dosyasma goriiq verilmeyecek olup, goriiqlerimiz inceleme ve Degerlendirme Komisyonu Toplantrsr siirecinde verilecektir. ivY DUML Qev. ve $eh. CLrlHdlnSAYGILI Daire Bagkan V. T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı TABİAT VARLIKLARINI KORUMA GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ - YÖNETİM PLANLARI ŞUBE MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ 23/06/2016 15:30 - 31900309 -611.02-E.6847 *07484064* 07484064 T.C. ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞI Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Genel Müdürlüğü Sayı : 31900309 -611.02- Konu : Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi ÇEVRESEL ETKİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ İZİN VE DENETİM GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE İlgi : 17/06/2016 tarihli ve 000045-220.01-E.10134 sayılı yazı. İlgi yazı ile; Muğla İli Bodrum İlçesi Turgutreis Mahallesi Mevkii'nde Muğla Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü ( Muski) tarafından yapılması planlanan Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi projesi hakkında Bakanlığımıza sunulan ÇED Başvuru Dosyası ile ilgili görüşümüzün bildirilmesi talep edilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, projeye ilişkin ilgi yazı ekindeki ÇED Başvuru Dosyasının incelenmesi sonucunda; - Söz konusu proje alanının herhangi bir Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi sınırları içerisinde yer almadığı belirlenmiştir. - Ancak; proje alanı içerisinde tabiat varlığı ve doğal sit bulunup bulunmadığına ilişkin Muğla Valiliğinden (Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü) alınacak resmi yazıya ÇED Raporunda yer verilmelidir. - Tabiat varlığı ve doğal sit statüsü bulunması halinde, yürürlükte bulunan mevzuat uyarınca değerlendirilmek üzere, ilgili Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Komisyonuna intikalinin sağlanarak alınacak komisyon kararına göre değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bilgilerinizi ve gereğini arz ederim. Ahmet YAKUT Genel Müdür a. Genel Müdür Yardımcısı V. Bilgi için:Yakup Özbal Telefon No: Faks: Mühendis E-Posta: yakup.ozbal@csb.gov.tr İnternet Adresi: www.csb.gov.tr Bu belge 5070 sayılı elektronik imza kanununa göre güvenli elektronik imza ile imzalanmıştır. Sayfa 1 / 1 Evrak teyidine http://evrakdogrulama.csb.gov.tr adresinden Belge Num.:31900309 -611.02-E.6847 ve Barkod Num.:7484064 bilgileriyle erişebilirsiniz. T.C. GIDA TARIM VE HAYVANCILIK BAKANLIĞI Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü Sayı :68656427-249-E.129878 20.01.2017 Konu :Tarım Dışı Amaçla Arazi Kullanım İzinleri MUĞLA İL GIDA, TARIM VE HAYVANCILIK MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE İlgi : Bila tarih ve 46656313-200[230.04.02]-6043538 sayılı yazınız. Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesinde kayıtlı 421 ada 11 nolu parsel üzerine yapılması planlanan "Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi" ile ilgili müracaat 5403 sayılı Kanun kapsamında Valilikçe olumsuz değerlendirilmiştir. Müracaat sahibi Muğla Büyükşehir Belediyesi verilen olumsuz görüşe itiraz ederek konunun yeniden değerlendirilmesini istemektedir. 5403 sayılı Toprak Koruma ve Arazi Kullanımı Kanununun 13 üncü maddesi gereğince, bahse konu arazinin Bakanlığımız teknik elemanları tarafından yerinde incelenmesi ve eklerin yeniden değerlendirilmesi sonucu; tarım dışı amaçla kullanımı talep edilen 421 ada, 11 nolu parselin ( 3,0436 hektar ) kuru marjinal tarım arazisi olması nedeniyle, Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi olarak kullanılması uygun görülmüştür. Ayrıca arazinin doğal yapısı bozulan kısımları ile ilgili Bakanlığımızın 10/10/2013 tarih ve 3638 sayılı talimatın 10 uncu maddesi kapsamında işlem yapılması gerekmektedir. Gereğini rica ederim. Abdullah Burak KESER Bakan a. Genel Müdür V. Ek : Etüt Raporu. Not: 5070 sayılı Elektronik İmza Kanunu gereği bu belge elektronik imza ile imzalanmıştır. Eskişehir Yolu 9. Km. Lodumlu Mevkii 06800 Çankaya/ Ankara Bilgi için:Ahmet Bülent BEŞPARMAK Tel: (0312) 287 33 60 Faks: Mühendis T.C. MUĞLA VALİLİĞİ İl Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Müdürlüğü Sayı :46656313-249-E.6028398 24.11.2016 Konu :Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi ÇED Görüşü ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞINA (Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi, İzin ve Denetim Genel Müdürlüğü ) İlgi : 17.06.2016 tarih ve 000045-220.01-E.10134 sayılı yazınız. İlgi yazınızda Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesinde 421 ada 11 parsel üzerinde "Turgutreis Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesine" ilişkin ÇED Başvuru Dosyası hakkında kurum görüşümüz talep edilmektedir. Turgutreis Mahallesi 421 ada 11 parsel; 4342 Sayılı Mera Kanunu, 3573 Sayılı Zeytinciliğin ve Yabanilerin Aşılattırılması Hakkında Kanunu ve İlgili mevzuatları kapsamında yapılacak bir işlem bulunmamaktadır. Ancak Müdürlüğümüz Turgutreis İmar Planı çalışması kapsamında yapılan arazi etüt çalışmaları sonucu 28.07.2016 tarih ve 6459 sayılı yazı ve ekinde ilgili parsel "Kuru Mutlak Tarım Arazisi" olarak tespiti yapılmış ve tarım dışı kullanılması uygun görülmemiştir. Talep edilmesi halinde tarım dışı kullanımı için Toprak Koruma Kurulu gündemine alınabilecek olup ÇED sürecinin tamamlanmasında sakınca yoktur. Gereğini bilgilerinize arz ederim. Kamil KÖTEN Vali a. Vali Yardımcısı Not: 5070 sayılı Elektronik İmza Kanunu gereği bu belge elektronik imza ile imzalanmıştır. Muslihittin Mahallesi Hasat Sokak No:1 48050 Menteşe / MUĞLA Bilgi için:Ali ŞİMŞEK Tel: (0252) 214 12 50 Faks: (0252) 214 12 42 Mühendis E-Posta: mugla@tarim.gov.tr Kep: mugla@gthb.hs01.kep.tr EXPO2016 A T ,\ ı. Y A T.C. KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM BAKANLIĞI Muğla Kültür Variıklarım Koruma Bölge Kurulu Müdürlüğü SAYI : B.16.0.KVM.4.48.00,02.200.03.0I/48.01.5515/ _ ^ ^^-Ot-ffl.17 KONU :Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi, Antma Tesisi. MUĞLA BÜYÜKŞEHİRBELEDİYE BAŞKANLİĞİ ( Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü) (Elektrik Makine ve Malzeme İkmal Dairesi Başkanlığı) İLGİ: 06.09.2016 tarih ve 13874 sayılı yazınız. Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi, 421 ada, 7, 8, 9 ve 10 parseller üzerinde yapılması düşünülen İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Antma Tesisi alanı görüşünün istendiği ilgi yazı ve ekleri incelenmiştir. Söz konusu taşınmazlar Müdürlüğümüz uzmanlarınca yerinde incelenmiş ve Kurulumuzun 27.10.2016 gün ve 4814 sayılı karanyla 421 ada 8 parsel ve 421 ada, 10 parsel üzerinde bulunan kuyuların Korunması Gerekli Kültür Varlığı tescili yapılmıştır. Adı geçen taşınmazlar üzerinde yapılması düşünülen İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Antma Tesisi projesinin Kurulumuza iletilmesi durumunda ilgi başvurunuz değerlendirilebilecektir. Gereğini bilgilerinize arz ederim. \FjkretG R.BÜZER BcHşe Ktın i^üdürü EK; 1) Kurulumuzun 27.10.2016 tarih ve 4814 sayılı karan. 2) 27.10.2016 tarih ve 4814 sayılı karar eki 2 adet harita. MUGLA BÜYÜ.-\'"?-Hİrî BELED1YL5 SUV£ 1 G'-'.B -: KV:"" li-- • 4=h< 1 z ui O —i -' 13 Ocak 2017 LU CQ K\;':T sa İİİİL- mîl'rr:. . m- TgRi:- •."-^ v;ın"jv/' • J aİ Oas^ İVİehnıni Yezı 's' Kar.Şb.Md- T.C. KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM BAKANLIĞI MUĞLA KÜLTÜR VARLIKLARINI KORUMA BÖLGE KURULU KARAR Toplantı Tarihi ve No : 27/10/2016-220 Toplantı Yeri Karar Tarihi ve No : 27/10/2016-4814 MUĞLA Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi, Akkavaklı Mevkii, 421 ada 7,8,9 ve 10 parseller üzerinde yapılması düşünülen İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Antma Tesisi yapılması isteğine ilişkin, Büyükşehir Belediyesi Su ve Kanalizasyon idaresi Genel Müdürlüğü Elektrik Makine ve Malzeme İkmal Dairesi Başkanlığmın 06.09.2016 tarih ve 13874 sayılı yazısı ile Müdürlüğümüz uzmanının 24.10.2016 tarihli raporu okundu, ekleri ve işlem dosyası incelendi, yapılan görüşmeler sonunda; Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi, özel mülkiyete ait, Akkavaklı Mevkii, 421 ada, 8 ve 10 parseller üzerinde bulunan kuyuların 2863 sayılı Yasada tanımlanan özelliklere sahip olması nedeniyle korunması gerekli kültür varlığı olarak tescil edilmesine, ekli tescil fişinde ve haritada gösterildiği şekliyle korunma alanı sınırmm uygun bulunduğuna. Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Yüksek Kurulu'nun 05.11.1999 tarih ve 660 sayılı ilke kararı doğrultusunda grubunun I. grup olarak belirlenmesine, korunma alanında Kurulumuzdan izin alınmadan herhangi bir fiziki uygulamaya gidilmemesine karar verildi. -w- BAŞKAN BAŞKAN YARDIMCISI Yrd. Doç. Dr. Abuzer KIZIL pitfı^t •\ Ayşegül DlNÇER (İMZA) ^} (İMZA) ÜYE ÜYE Pakize ÜNALDI S. S^ih EREN Saime KÖKÇÜ (İMZA) İMZA) (İMZA) r .. ÜYE ■İMSILCIUVE ' t*.- :msîlcİ üye Hüseyin KESİMOĞLU Büyükşehir Beledi^Tçriq^iV-;JBod Belediye Temsilcisi (İMZA) Esin O. GÜMifeç^Ğ"; \ 'idem T. ÖZERAL (İMZA)A^jgî^ (İMZA) ÜZER lu Mâdflrfi TEMSİLCİ ÜYE Bodrum Sualtı Arkeoloji Müzesi Müdürü Tayfun SELÇUK (İMZA) Dosya No: 48.01.5515 MUÖLA İLİ, BODRUM İLÇESİ, TURGUTREİS MAHALLESİ AKKAVAKLI MEVKİSİ, 421 ADA, 7-6-10 PARSELLER (ESKİ 907-908-910) TESCİL HARİTASI GÖSTERİM TESCİLLİ ANITSAL YAPI (KUYU) KORUNMA AUU4I SINIRI 4 097 O K ÖLÇEK:1/1000 KORUNMA ALANI KOORDİNATLARI (UTM-EOSO-S) Nokta No 524177.94 4096985.03 524178.07 4096963.03 524156.07 4096962.90 524155.94 4096984.90 4 096 900 >•»' ;f ^ :cj| {8 Jm V.ıllîif.- ,rî^îr*'«-^^'.->£!**^ MUÖLA İLİ, BODRUM İLÇESİ, TURGUTRCİS MAHALLESİ ANKAVAKLI MEVKİSİ, 421 ADA, 10 PARSEL (ESKİ 910) TESCİL HARİTASI GÖSTERİM TESCİLLİ ANITSAL YAPI (KUYU) KORUNMA ALANİ SINIRI 4 097 ÖLÇEK;1/1000 «uru MMk KOORDİNATI (UTM.EBS,,, NoktaNo KUYU 524147.00 4096945.00 a" 4 096 900 » i - - • «. • ««* EXP020t6 T.C. KÜLTÜR VE TURİZM BAKANLIĞI Muğla Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu Müdürlüğü SAYI :B.I6.0.KVM.4.48.00.02.200.03.0i/48.01.5515/ - yf ^I Oİ '7 d, 22 -03- 2017 KONU :Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgulreis Mahallesi, Antma Tesisi. MUĞLA BÜYÜKŞEHİRBELEDİYE BAŞKANLIĞI ( Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü) (Elektrik Makine ve Malzeme İkmal Dairesi Başkanlığı) İLGİ: 06.03.2017 tarih ve 817/4173 sayılı yazınız. Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi, 421 ada, 7, 8, 9,10 ve 11 parseller üzerinde yapılması düşünülen İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi alanı görüşünün istendiği ilgi yazı ve ekleri incelenmiştir. Söz konusu 421 ada, 11 parsel numaralı taşınmaz yerinde incelenmiş ve yapılan incelemede alanın yüzeyinde korunması gerekli herhangi bir taşınmaz kültür varlığına rastlanmadığı belirtilmiş olup, yapılacak çalışmalar sırasında 2863 sayılı Yasa kapsamında kalan kültür varlığına rastlanılması halinde çalışmalann durdurularak Müze Müdürlüğüne veya Müdürlüğümüze bildirilmesi koşulu ile ilgi yazı doğrultusunda işlem yapılmasında sakınca bulunmamaktadır. Ancak Kurulumuzun 27.10.2016 gün ve 4814 sayılı karanyla 421 ada 8 parsel ve 421 ada, 10 parsel üzerinde bulunan kuyuların Korunması Gerekli Kültür Varlığı tescili bulunduğundan söz konusu kuyular ve korunma alanları üzerinde herhangi bir inşai ve fiziki müdahalede bulunulmadan önce Müdürlüğümüzden izin alınması gerekmektedir. Gereğini bilgilerinize arz ederim. et GURBUZER Kurulu Müdürü jGLAiüaSİİH'r,| ut Ü İl 21^7 aı O) IJ'.O? 1 İ'.UL ES "Zr '•''A'' •I,; ; ^ Mehmet SAİ^^I ^a? ışt ve Kar.Şb-Md.V. ANNEX-7 TITLE DEED REGISTER ANNEX-8 IMPLEMENTATION MASTER DEVELOPMENT PLAN ANNEX-9 1/25,000 SCALE SENSITIVE ZONES MAP ANNEX-10 BACKGROUND NOISE LEVEL ASSESSMENT REPORT ANNEX-11 EMISSION MEASUREMENT REPORT (PM10) ANNEX-12 EMISSION MEASUREMENT REPORT (PM2.5) Öveçler Huzur Mahallesi 1139. Sokak Çınar Apt. No:6/1-2 06460 Çankaya/ANKARA/TÜRKİYE Tel: 0 312 472 77 97 Fax: 0 312 472 54 53 Ofis GSM: 0 530 326 40 06 web: www.cinarlab.com.tr e-mail: lab@cinarlab.com.tr ARÜV ÇEVRE MÜH. MÜŞ. HİZ. İNŞ. SAN. ve TİC. A.Ş. TURGUTREİS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ PROJESİ PM2,5 ÖLÇÜM RAPORU Turgutreis / MUĞLA Nisan – 2018 AB-0038-T 1457/18 13.04.2018 DENEY RAPORU / TEST REPORT Müşterinin Adı / Adresi: ARÜV ÇEVRE MÜH. MÜŞ. HİZ. İNŞ. SAN. ve TİC. A.Ş. – Çağlayan Customer Name / Address Mah. 2051 Sk. No:44 Barınaklar / Muratpaşa / ANTALYA Proje Adı ve No: TURGUTREİS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ PROJESİ – Project Name And Number P6572 Ölçüm Tarihi: 04.04.2018 Measurement Date Numune Kabul Tarihi: 06.04.2018 Date Sample Received Analiz Tarih: 11.04.2018 Analysis Date Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi, Kum Mevkii adresinde 421 ada, 11 parsel adresinde 30.436 m2 lik alanda, Açıklamalar: 37.000 m3/gün kapasiteli kurulması planlanan “Turgutreis İleri Remarks Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi” kapsamında 4 noktada 24 saatlik PM2,5 ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Raporun Toplam Sayfa Sayısı: 5 Sayfa + Ekler Total Pages Türk Akreditasyon Kurumu (TÜRKAK) deney raporlarının tanınması konusunda Avrupa Akreditasyon Birliği (EA) ve Uluslararası Laboratuvar Akreditasyon Birliği (ILAC) ile karşılıklı tanınma antlaşmasını imzalamıştır. The Turkish Accreditation Agency (TURKAK) is signatory to the multilateral agreements of the European co- operation for the Accreditation (EA) and the International Laboratory Accreditation (ILAC) for the Mutual recognition of test reports. Deney ve / veya ölçüm sonuçları, genişletilmiş ölçüm belirsizlikleri (olması halinde) ve deney metotları bu raporun tamamlayıcı kısmı olan takip eden sayfalarda verilmiştir. The testing and / or measurement results, the uncertainties (if applicable) with confidence probability and test methods are given on the following pages which are part of this report. Dağıtım: Bu rapor 1 (bir) adet hazırlanmıştır; 1 adet “ARÜV ÇEVRE MÜH. MÜŞ. HİZ. İNŞ. SAN. ve TİC. A.Ş..” Delivery: This report has been prepared as 1 (one) copies; 1 copies “ARÜV ÇEVRE MÜH. MÜŞ. HİZ. İNŞ. SAN. ve TİC. A.Ş. Raporu Hazırlayan Raporu Onaylayan Prepared by Approved by Efecan İz Egemen ÖZMEN Hava Kalitesi Laboratuvar Laboratuvar Teknik Sorumlusu Müdürü ARÜV ÇEVRE MÜH. MÜŞ. HİZ. İNŞ. SAN. ve TİC. Rapor No: 1457/18 A.Ş. TURGUTREİS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ PROJESİ PM2,5 RAPORU Rapor Tarihi: 13.04.2018 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ...............................................................................................................................................................3 1 GİRİŞ.................................................................................................................................................................4 2 ÖLÇÜM SONUÇLARI ..........................................................................................................................................4 2.1 PM 2,5 ÖLÇÜM SONUÇLARI ................................................................................................................................4 3 KULLANILAN ÖLÇÜM YÖNTEMLERİ, STANDARTLAR VE CİHAZLARIN KALİBRASYON BELGELERİ ........................4 3.1 PM 2,5 ÖLÇÜM CİHAZI: .....................................................................................................................................4 4 ÖLÇÜM YAPAN KURUM KURULUŞLARIN AKREDİTASYON BELGESİ VEYA BAKANLIKÇA ÖLÇÜM YAPMAYA YETKİLİ OLDUĞUNA DAİR BELGELER: .........................................................................................................................5 5 EKLER................................................................................................................................................................5 AB-0038-T RP.272 / Rev.03 -17.08.16/04.04.17 Y-06/031/2012 Bu rapor yalnızca “TURGUTREİS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ PROJESİ” kapsamında 04.04.2018 tarihinde yapılan ölçümler için geçerli olup ÇINAR ÇEVRE LABORATUVARI A.Ş.’ nin yazılı onayı olmadan kısmen kopyalanıp çoğaltılamaz. İmzasız, mühürsüz raporlar geçersizdir. Ölçümlemeler sadece ölçüm sırasındaki proses koşullarıyla ilgilidir. 3/5 ARÜV ÇEVRE MÜH. MÜŞ. HİZ. İNŞ. SAN. ve TİC. Rapor No: 1457/18 A.Ş. TURGUTREİS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ PROJESİ PM2,5 RAPORU Rapor Tarihi: 13.04.2018 1 GİRİŞ Muğla İli, Bodrum İlçesi, Turgutreis Mahallesi, Kum Mevkii adresinde 421 ada, 11 parsel adresinde 30.436 m2 lik alanda, 37.000 m3/gün kapasiteli kurulması planlanan “Turgutreis İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Projesi” kapsamında 4 noktada 24 saatlik PM2,5 ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. 2 ÖLÇÜM SONUÇLARI 2.1 PM 2,5 Ölçüm Sonuçları Örnekleme Koordinat* Örnekleme Ölçüm Süresi µg/Nm3 Noktası Doğu Kuzey Tarihi T-1 35 S 523893 4096665 04.04.2018 24 Saat 15,33 T-2 35 S 523883 4096740 04.04.2018 24 Saat 15,96 T-3 35 S 523933 4096768 04.04.2018 24 Saat 16,80 T-4 35 S 523958 4096705 04.04.2018 24 Saat 16,59 * Datum ve Sistem: WGS84-UTM Zone 35 3 KULLANILAN ÖLÇÜM YÖNTEMLERİ, STANDARTLAR VE CİHAZLARIN KALİBRASYON BELGELERİ İşletmede, emisyon ölçüm yerleri, Bakanlık tarafından onaylanmış standartlara göre, teknik yönden hatasız ve ölçüm için gerekli bağlantıları yapmaya imkan verecek şekilde seçilmiştir. Analiz ve ölçümlerde kullanılan cihazlara ait bilgiler aşağıda verilmiştir. 3.1 PM 2,5 Ölçüm Cihazı: PM 2,5 örneklemesi ve hesaplanması TS EN 12341 standardına uygun olarak gerçekleştirilir. PM 2,5 örneklemesi TECORA SKYPOST ve ya MCZ LVS 1 örnekleme cihazı ile gerçekleştirilir. Çapları 2,5 mikrondan küçük parçacıklar filtre kâğıdı üzerinde TS EN 12341 standardına uygun olarak tutulur. TECORA SKYPOST ve MCZ LVS 1 örnekleme cihazları ise pompa kontrollü, zaman ve hacim ayarlı, elektrik ile çalışan ortamd a toz örneklemesinde kullanılan cihazdır. TECORA SKYPOST ve MCZ LVS 1 örnekleme cihazları kullanırken, örnekleme yapılacak filtre kâğıtları, araziye gitmeden önce laboratuvarın 20 oC (±1oC) sıcaklığa ve 50% (±%5) bağıl neme sahip olduğu koşullarda özel iklimlendirme kabini yardımıyla 48 saat boyunca şartlandırılır. Şartlandırılma sonunda filtre kâğıtları hassas terazide tartılarak ilk tartım sonuçları kaydedilir, filtre kâğıtları araziye gönderilecekleri temiz petri kaplarına yerleştirilir ve örnekleme noktasına götürülür. Örnekleme cihazları, her türlü hava koşullarında kolayca ulaşılabilecek bir yer olarak seçilen örnekleme noktasına taşınır. Cihaz hava akımını engelleyebilecek herhangi bir engelden en az 30 cm uzaklıkta düzgün bir alana yerleştirilir ve cihaz kullanma talimatında belirtilen şekilde örnekleme yapılır. TECORA SKYPOST ve MCZ LVS 1 ile örneklemesi yapılan filtre kâğıdı laboratuvarda 20 oC (±1oC) sıcaklığa ve 50% (±%5) bağıl neme sahip olduğu koşullarda özel iklimlendirme kabini yardımıyla 48 s aat boyunca şartlandırılıp, hassas terazide tartılarak son tartım sonuçları kaydedilir. AB-0038-T RP.272 / Rev.03 -17.08.16/04.04.17 Y-06/031/2012 Bu rapor yalnızca “TURGUTREİS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ PROJESİ” kapsamında 04.04.2018 tarihinde yapılan ölçümler için geçerli olup ÇINAR ÇEVRE LABORATUVARI A.Ş.’ nin yazılı onayı olmadan kısmen kopyalanıp çoğaltılamaz. İmzasız, mühürsüz raporlar geçersizdir. Ölçümlemeler sadece ölçüm sırasındaki proses koşullarıyla ilgilidir. 4/5 ARÜV ÇEVRE MÜH. MÜŞ. HİZ. İNŞ. SAN. ve TİC. Rapor No: 1457/18 A.Ş. TURGUTREİS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ PROJESİ PM2,5 RAPORU Rapor Tarihi: 13.04.2018 PM 2,5 konsantrasyonu (C) µg/m3 olarak aşağıdaki formül ile hesaplanır: C = 1000 (M2-M1)/ (V) M2=Süzgeç kâğıdının deneyden sonraki ağırlığı, (mg) M1= Süzgeç kâğıdının deneyden önceki ağırlığı, (mg) V= Çekilen gaz hacmi, (m3) V = 60 * Qact * t / 1000 t = Zaman, saat Ölçüm işlemi, ilgili standart metot gereği minimum 24 saat olup ölçümler bu standart çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. PM 2,5 ölçümü için çekiş debisi 2,3 m3/h’dır. Kullanılan cihazların kalibrasyon belgeleri Ek-2’de verilmiştir. 4 ÖLÇÜM YAPAN KURUM KURULUŞLARIN AKREDİTASYON BELGESİ VEYA BAKANLIKÇA ÖLÇÜM YAPMAYA YETKİLİ OLDUĞUNA DAİR BELGELER: Laboratuvara ait yeterlilik belgesi ve TÜRKAK akreditasyon sertifikası Ek-1’ de verilmiştir. 5 EKLER 1. Laboratuvar Yeterlilik Belgesi 2. Cihaz Bakım ve Kalibrasyon Belgeleri 3. Ölçüm Sonuçları Hesaplama Tablosu ve Kullanılan Formüller AB-0038-T RP.272 / Rev.03 -17.08.16/04.04.17 Y-06/031/2012 Bu rapor yalnızca “TURGUTREİS İLERİ BİYOLOJİK ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSİ PROJESİ” kapsamında 04.04.2018 tarihinde yapılan ölçümler için geçerli olup ÇINAR ÇEVRE LABORATUVARI A.Ş.’ nin yazılı onayı olmadan kısmen kopyalanıp çoğaltılamaz. İmzasız, mühürsüz raporlar geçersizdir. Ölçümlemeler sadece ölçüm sırasındaki proses koşullarıyla ilgilidir. 5/5 EK -1 LABORATUVAR YETERLİLİK BELGESİ EK -2 CİHAZ BAKIM VE KALİBRASYON BELGELERİ EK -3 ÖLÇÜM SONUÇLARI HESAPLAMA TABLOSU VE KULLANILAN FORMÜLLER PM 2,5 ÖRNEKLEME CİHAZI FORMUL TABLOSU FORMÜLLER: Qact= (mvolQind+bvol) x ((Pstd/Pact)(Tact/Tstd))1/2 Vact= 60 x Qact x thr/1000 Vstd= Vact x (Pact/Pstd) x(Tstd/Tact) PMact= MPM/ Vact PMstd= MPM/ Vstd Qact Gerçek Akış Qind Akış Okuması Pstd Standard Basınç (760 mmHg) mvol 1,0011 bvol 0,0826 Pact Gerçek Basınç (mmHg) Tact Gerçek Sıcaklık (Kelvin) Tstd Standard Sıcaklık (298 Kelvin) Vact Gerçek Hacim thr Ölçüm Süresi (saat) Vstd Standard Hacim PMactGerçek PM 10 Konsantrasyonu PMstd Standard PM 10 Konsantrasyonu MPM Filtrede toplanan partikül madde ağırlığı ANNEX-13 GRIEVANCE FORM ŞİKAYET FORMU ŞİKAYET SAHİBİ ADI SOYADI TELEFON E-POSTA ŞİKAYET UNSURU ADRES İl/İlçe/Mahalle Lütfen sizinle nasıl iletişime geçilmesini istediğinizi belirtiniz (posta, telefon, e-posta). TARİH ŞİKAYET KATEGORİSİ 1. Terk (yaşam alanı) 2. Projeden etkilenen varlıklar/mülkler 3. Altyapı 4. Gelir kaynaklarının azalması veya tamamen kaybolması 5. Çevresel sorunlar (örn. Kirlilik) 6. Sosyal Sorunlar (örn. Toplumsal etki) 7. İstihdam 8. Trafik, ulaşım ve diğer riskler 9- Diğer (lütfen belirtiniz): ŞİKAYETİN AÇIKLAMASI (Ne oldu? Ne zaman oldu? Nerede oldu? Sorunun sonuçları neler?) Sorunun çözülmesi için ne yapılmasını istersiniz?