E2248 V12 VIETNAM ELECTRICITY TRUNGSON HYDROPOWER MANAGEMENT BOARD Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (SESIA) Trung Son Hydropower Project Ha Noi, January 15, 2011 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 20 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 56 1.1 Project Overview and the SESIA ................................................................................ 56 1.1.1 Key Project Features ........................................................................................... 56 1.1.2 Purpose of the SESIA .......................................................................................... 56 1.1.3 Key SESIA Features ............................................................................................ 57 1.1.4 Previous Environmental Assessment Documentation .......................................... 57 1.2 Impact Assessment Methodology ............................................................................... 60 1.2.1 Impact Criteria ..................................................................................................... 60 1.2.2 Impact Rankings .................................................................................................. 60 1.3 Project Regulatory and Legal Framework ................................................................... 62 1.3.1 Vietnamese Legislation........................................................................................ 62 1.3.2 Other Applicable Environmental Policy and Standards ........................................ 63 1.4 Previous Environmental and Social Plans and Reports .............................................. 66 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................ 69 2.1 General Overview ....................................................................................................... 69 2.2 Project Location .......................................................................................................... 69 2.3 Project Area ................................................................................................................ 70 2.4 Project Scope ............................................................................................................. 73 2.5 Auxiliary Components ................................................................................................. 75 2.5.1 Co Luong to Co Me Access Road ........................................................................ 75 2.5.2 Construction Site Roads ...................................................................................... 76 2.5.3 Construction Camps ............................................................................................ 77 2.5.4 Water Supply System .......................................................................................... 78 2.5.5 Construction Materials ......................................................................................... 78 2.5.6 Transport of Equipment and Materials to the Project Site .................................... 79 2.6 Construction Schedule ................................................................................................ 79 2.7 Manpower Utilization .................................................................................................. 80 2.8 Reservoir Operation.................................................................................................... 81 2.8.1 Flood Control ....................................................................................................... 81 2.8.2 Electricity Production ........................................................................................... 84 3. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...................................................................................... 87 3.1 Without the Project ..................................................................................................... 87 3.2 Technical Alternatives with the Project........................................................................ 87 2 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 3.2.1 Altering the Direction of Construction/Power lines ............................................... 87 3.2.2 Altering the Full Supply Level .............................................................................. 88 3.2.3 Altering the Installed Capacity and Flood Control Procedures ............................. 88 4. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................................... 91 4.1 Air Quality and Noise .................................................................................................. 91 4.1.1 Air Quality ............................................................................................................ 91 4.1.2 Noise ................................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Climate ....................................................................................................................... 92 4.2.1 Temperature ........................................................................................................ 93 4.2.2 Rainfall ................................................................................................................ 93 4.2.3 Wind .................................................................................................................... 94 4.2.4 Humidity .............................................................................................................. 95 4.2.5 Evaporation ......................................................................................................... 95 4.3 Hydrology ................................................................................................................... 95 4.3.1 General Description ............................................................................................. 95 4.3.2 Annual Flow ......................................................................................................... 96 4.3.3 Flood Season ...................................................................................................... 98 4.3.4 Sediment Transport ............................................................................................. 99 4.3.5 Water Quality ..................................................................................................... 100 4.3.6 Aquifers ............................................................................................................. 102 4.4 Geology and Soils..................................................................................................... 103 4.4.1 Bedrock Geology ............................................................................................... 103 4.4.2 Lithology ............................................................................................................ 103 4.4.3 Tectonics ........................................................................................................... 103 4.4.4 Construction materials ....................................................................................... 104 4.4.5 Hydrogeology .................................................................................................... 104 4.4.6 Soil .................................................................................................................... 104 4.4.7 Soil Erosion ....................................................................................................... 105 4.5 Terrestrial Ecology .................................................................................................... 106 4.5.1 Flora .................................................................................................................. 106 4.5.2 Fauna ................................................................................................................ 108 4.5.3 Listed Species ................................................................................................... 109 4.6 Aquatic Ecology ........................................................................................................ 110 4.6.1 River Description and Aquatic Habitat ............................................................... 110 4.6.2 Aquatic Biodiversity ........................................................................................... 112 4.6.3 Listed Aquatic Fauna Species ........................................................................... 112 4.6.4 Other Aquatic Flora and Fauna .......................................................................... 112 3 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 4.6.5 Reproduction and Migration ............................................................................... 114 4.6.6 Aquaculture Production ..................................................................................... 114 4.7 Protected Areas and Biodiversity .............................................................................. 116 4.7.1 Xuan Nha Natural Reserve ................................................................................ 118 4.7.2 Pu Hu Natural Reserve ...................................................................................... 124 4.7.3 Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve ................................................................... 129 4.8 Regional Importance of the Natural Reserves........................................................... 134 4.8.1 Summary ........................................................................................................... 135 4.9 Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Resources .................................................... 137 5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ..................................................................................... 140 5.1 Population ................................................................................................................ 140 5.1.1 Demographics ................................................................................................... 140 5.1.2 Project Affected Communes .............................................................................. 140 5.1.3 Ethnic Minorities ................................................................................................ 141 5.2 Community Structure and Services ........................................................................... 144 5.2.1 Culture ............................................................................................................... 144 5.2.2 Family and Community Structure ....................................................................... 145 5.2.3 Housing ............................................................................................................. 146 5.2.4 Education .......................................................................................................... 146 5.2.5 Community and Health Services ........................................................................ 146 5.2.6 Infrastructure ..................................................................................................... 149 5.3 Economy .................................................................................................................. 150 5.3.1 Income............................................................................................................... 150 5.3.2 Labour ............................................................................................................... 151 5.3.3 Poverty .............................................................................................................. 152 5.4 Land Productivity ...................................................................................................... 152 5.4.1 Land Use ........................................................................................................... 152 5.4.2 Agriculture ......................................................................................................... 154 5.4.3 Forestry ............................................................................................................. 157 5.4.4 Aquaculture ....................................................................................................... 157 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT ........................ 159 6.1 Construction Phase .................................................................................................. 159 6.1.1 Air ...................................................................................................................... 182 6.1.2 Noise and Vibration ........................................................................................... 182 6.1.3 Land .................................................................................................................. 183 6.1.4 Flora in the TSHPP Area ................................................................................... 186 6.1.5 Fauna in the TSHPP Area ................................................................................. 187 4 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 6.1.6 Protected Areas ................................................................................................. 188 6.1.7 Ethnic Minorities ................................................................................................ 195 6.1.8 Economic Impacts ............................................................................................. 195 6.1.9 Worker Camp .................................................................................................... 197 6.1.10 Loss of Biodiversity and Increased Pressure on Protected Areas ...................... 201 6.1.11 Co Luong ­ Co Me Access Road ....................................................................... 201 6.2 Operation Phase ....................................................................................................... 202 6.2.1 Hydroelectric Plant Operation ............................................................................ 202 6.2.2 Road Traffic ....................................................................................................... 213 6.2.3 Reservoir Impoundment .................................................................................... 213 6.2.4 Plant Operation and Power Generation ............................................................. 215 6.2.5 Operational Staff Support .................................................................................. 219 6.2.6 Co Luong - Co Me Road Operation ................................................................... 220 6.3 Cumulative Impacts of theTSHPP............................................................................. 221 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ............................................................. 226 7.1 Consultation Objectives ............................................................................................ 226 7.2 Previousl Completed Consultation Activities ............................................................. 227 7.3 Consultation Methods ............................................................................................... 227 7.4 Impacted Communes and Villages ........................................................................... 229 7.5 Public Consultation Results ...................................................................................... 232 8. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 242 9. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 245 9.1 Appendix 1: EIA of Resettlement Sites ..................................................................... 246 List of Tables Table 1-1: Impact Assessment Criteria ................................................................................................. 61 Table 1-2: Applicable World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards ........................................... 63 Table 2-1: TSHPP Main Technical Parameters .................................................................................... 74 Table 2-2: Bridge Details Co Luong to Co Me Access Road ............................................................... 76 Table 2-3: Road Network ...................................................................................................................... 77 Table 2-4: Construction Camps............................................................................................................. 77 Table 2-5: Water Supply System.......................................................................................................... 79 Table 2-6: Construction Schedule ......................................................................................................... 80 Table 2-7: Construction Workforce per Year ......................................................................................... 81 Table 2-8: Characteristics of TSHPP Reservoir-Bed ............................................................................ 82 Table 2-9: Correlation between Discharge and Downstream Water Level of TSHPP .......................... 82 Table 2-10: TSHPP Reservoir Operation Regulation Curve ................................................................. 86 Table 3-1: Characteristics of Development Options based on Construction and Power Route ........... 88 Table 3-2: Characteristics of the Selected Option................................................................................. 90 Table 4-1: Air Quality in the Project Area .............................................................................................. 91 Table 4-2: Noise Levels in the Project Area .......................................................................................... 92 5 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-3: List of Meteorological Stations and Recorded Parameters.................................................. 93 0 Table 4-4: Average Annual Temperatures ( C) in the Ma River Basin ................................................. 93 Table 4-5: Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in the Ma River Basin.......................................................... 93 Table 4-6: Average Monthly Rainfall in the TSHPP Area (mm) ............................................................ 94 Table 4-7: Average Annual Wind Speed (m/s) in the Ma River Basin .................................................. 95 Table 4-8: Average Annual Humidity (%) in the Ma River Basin .......................................................... 95 Table 4-9: Average Annual Evaporation (mm) in the Ma River Basin .................................................. 95 Table 4-10: Annual Flow to the TSHPP Dam Site on the Ma River ...................................................... 96 Table 4-11: Variation of Average Module of Flow 1957-2006 Arriving at Various Sites on Ma River Next To Trung Son HPP ................................................................................................................ 97 Table 4-12: Characteristics of Mean Annual Flow at Gauging Stations................................................ 97 Table 4-13: Flow distribution at Cam Thuy gauging station .................................................................. 97 Table 4-14: Average Monthly Discharge in Cam Thuy and Trung Son Stations .................................. 98 3 Table 4-15: Calculated Flood Peak (m /s) at the TSHPP Dam Site ..................................................... 98 Table 4-16: Distribution of Seasonal Flow Corresponding to Designed Flood Frequencies ................ 99 3 Table 4-17: Distributions of Monthly Flows (m /s) in TypicalSpecific Years ......................................... 99 Table 4-18: Estimated Sediment Accumulation at Trung Son Reservoir ............................................ 100 Table 4-19: Water Quality Parameters ................................................................................................ 101 Table 4-20: Water Quality of the Sampling Points at the Project Area ............................................... 102 Table 4-21: Types of Soil in the Reservoir Area ................................................................................. 105 Table 4-22: Number of Plant Species Identified.................................................................................. 106 Table 4-23: Species Observed during Survey in the Project Area ...................................................... 109 Table 4-24: Attributes of the Ma River ................................................................................................ 111 Table 4-25: Density of Phytoplankton at Collection Stations .............................................................. 113 Table 4-26: Migration and Breeding Patterns in the Ma River Catchments ........................................ 114 Table 4-27: Aquatic Production in Thanh Hoa Province ..................................................................... 115 Table 4-28: Aquatic Production in Thanh Hoa Province in Tons ........................................................ 116 Table 4-29: Characteristic Features of Three Natural Reserves in TSHPP Basin ............................. 119 Table 4-30: Diversity of Flora in the Xuan Nha Natural Reserve ........................................................ 122 Table 4-31: Threatened Plant Species in Xuan Nha Natural Reserve ............................................... 122 Table 4-32: Diversity of Fauna in the Xuan Nha Natural Reserve ...................................................... 123 Table 4-33: Threatened Animal Species in the Xuan Nha NR ............................................................ 124 Table 4-34: Diversity of Flora in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve .............................................................. 128 Table 4-35: Threatened Plant Species in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve ............................................... 128 Table 4-36: Diversity of Fauna in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve ............................................................ 129 Table 4-37: Threatened Fauna in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve ........................................................... 129 Table 4-38: Diversity of Flora in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve ........................................... 132 Table 4-39: Threatened Plant Species in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve ............................. 132 Table 4-40: Diversity of Fauna in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve ......................................... 133 Table 4-41: Threatened Animal Species in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve .......................... 134 Table 4-42: Diversity of Flora in the Natural Reserves of TSHPP ...................................................... 136 Table 4-43: Endemic and Threatened Species of Flora in the Three Natural Reserves .................... 137 Table 4-44: Diversity of Fauna in the Three Natural Reserves ........................................................... 137 Table 4-45: Archaeological Sites Investigation Results ...................................................................... 137 Table 5-1: Communes within TSHP Project Area ............................................................................... 140 Table 5-2: Households Affected by the TSHPP .................................................................................. 142 Table 5-3: Percent (%) of Ethnic Groups Potentially Impacted by TSHPP ......................................... 143 Table 5-4: Number of Health Facilities and Patient Beds ................................................................... 147 Table 5-5: Average Number of Health Staff per Administrative Unit................................................... 147 Table 5-6: Project Affected Communes' Average Income .................................................................. 151 Table 5-7: Project Area Commune's Land Use................................................................................... 152 Table 5-8: Commune Agricultural Productivity in 2006 ....................................................................... 155 Table 6-1: Construction Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ................................................ 160 Table 6-2: Operation Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ..................................................... 203 6 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 6-3: Summary of Cumulative Project Impacts ........................................................................... 222 Table 7-1: Names of Affected Villages, Communes and Districts ..................................................... 229 Table 7-2: Summary of Village Concerns and Requests .................................................................... 233 List of Maps Map 2-1: Project Area ........................................................................................................................... 71 Map 2-2: Site Plan ................................................................................................................................. 72 Map 2-3: Project Location - Vietnam ..................................................................................................... 73 Map 4-1: Sampling Sites and Catchment Areas in the Ma River Basin .............................................. 110 Map 4-2: Location of Natural Reserves in the Trung Son Hydropower Plant Basin ........................... 117 Map 4-3: Xuan Nha Natural Reserve .................................................................................................. 118 Map 4-4: Pu Hu Natural Reserve ........................................................................................................ 125 Map 4-5: Hang Kia - Pa Co Natural Reserve ...................................................................................... 130 Map 4-6: The Greater Annamites Region ........................................................................................... 136 Map 4-7: Archaeological Sites Discovered in TSHPP (VIA, 2008) ..................................................... 139 7 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment List of Figures Figure 2-1: Schematic of the TSHPP .................................................................................................... 75 List of Photos Photo 2-1: Existing Access Road .......................................................................................................... 76 Photo 2-2: Area Designated for the Worker Construction Camp .......................................................... 78 Photo 4-1: Tropical Evergreen Forest in the Xuan Nha Natural Reserve ........................................... 120 Photo 4-2: Secondary Tropical Evergreen Forest in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve ............................... 126 Photo 4-3: Tropical Dense Evergreen Forest in Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve ......................... 131 Photo 4-4: Huoi Pa Burial Site............................................................................................................. 138 Photo 5-1: Home in the TSHPP Area .................................................................................................. 143 Photo 5-2: Brocade ­ Traditional handcraft of Thai people (DRCC, 2008b) ...................................... 144 Photo 5-3: Nang 1 Khieng San............................................................................................................ 145 Photo 5-4: Communal Meeting (DRCC, 2008b).................................................................................. 145 Photo 5-5: Typical Housing in the TSHPP Area.................................................................................. 146 Photo 5-6: Discarded Syringes............................................................................................................ 148 Photo 5-7: Typical Roads in TSHPP Communes................................................................................ 149 Photo 5-8: Village in the TSHPP Area ................................................................................................ 150 Photo 5-9: Bamboo forests bordering Ma River .................................................................................. 153 Photo 5-10: Eroding Slopes in the TSHPP Area ................................................................................. 154 Photo 5-11: Agriculture Production ..................................................................................................... 155 Photo 5-12: Livestock in the TSHPP Area .......................................................................................... 156 Photo 5-13: Bamboo Products ............................................................................................................ 157 8 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Abbreviations Abbreviation Description B/C Benefit-Cost BP Bank Procedure BOD5 Biological Oxygen Demand CEC Cation Exchange Capacity CLIP Community Livelihood Development Plan COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment DPA District Protected Area DSF Dam Safety Framework DWL Dead Water Level EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMDP Ethnic Minority Development Plan EMP Environment Management Plan EMPF Ethnic Minority Policy Framework EP Ethnic Minority Plan EPC Environmental Protection Commitment ERR Economic Rate of Return ESF Environmental Safeguards Framework ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EVN Electricity of Vietnam FSL Full Supply Level FLMEC Forests of Lower Mekong Eco-region Complex GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases HPP Hydropower Projects ICB International Competitive Bidding IDA International Development Association IEBR Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources IRR Internal Rate of Return IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources 9 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Abbreviation Description MASL Meters Above Sea Level MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MOF Ministry of Finance MoIT Ministry of Industry and Trade MOL Minimum Operating Level MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MOU Memorandum of Understanding NBCA National Biological Conservation Area NGO Non-governmental Organization NOx Nitrogen Oxides NPA National Protected Area NPV Net Present Value NR Natural Reserves OM Operation Manual OP Operational Policy PB Participating Bank PHAP Public Health Action Plan PIB Project Information Brochures PMB Project Management Board PMP Probably Maximum Precipitation PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPC Provincial People Committee QCBS Quality and Cost Based Selection RCC Roller-compacted Concrete RE Renewable Energy REDP Renewable Energy Development Project RLDP Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan ROW Right of Way RP Resettlement Action Plan SA Social Assessment SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SESIA Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SOx Sulphur Oxides SPPA Standard Power Purchase Agreement 10 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Abbreviation Description TA Technical Assistance TSHPP Trung Son Hydropower Project TSHPMB Trung Son Hydropower Project Management Board WWF World Wildlife Fund 11 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Units Unit Symbol Unit Description % Percent 0 C Degrees Celsius cells/l Cells per liter (used for vertical distribution and concentration) dBA Decibel g Grams g/m3 Grams per cubic meters GWh Gigawatt hour ha Hectares kg/s Kilograms per second km Kilometer km/km2 Density (for stream network) km2 Square kilometers kV Kilovolts l/s/km2 Liters per second per kilometer squared or runoff per unit area m Meter m/s Meters per second m3 Cubic meters 3 m /day Cubic meters per day 3 m /ha Cubic meters per hectare m3/s Cubic meters per second m3/year Cubic meters per year meq/100g Milli-equivalents per 100 grams mg/m3milligrams Milligrams per cubic meters mg/mL Milligrams per milliliters mm Millimeters MPN/mL Most probable number of coliform per 100 mL MW Megawatt pH Potential of hydrogen ton/m3 Tons per cubic meter USD U.S. Dollars V Volts VND Vietnam Dong 12 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Glossary Term Definition Alternatives The evaluation of alternatives to project development in EIA (timing, location, technologies etc) including the no go, or no development option. Baseline A description of the biophysical and socio-economic state of the environment at a given time, prior to development of a particular project. Biota All living plants and animals in a given area. Biodiversity The variety of life on earth. Biophysical Pertaining to the natural environment. Catchment Area A geographical area where water from precipitation drains downhill into a body of water. Also known as: drainage basin, catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin, water basin and watershed Contamination Pollution Conservation The preservation of natural resources for use by future generations. Consultation A process of communication with those potentially affected by a project, policy, plan or program. Cumulative Effects Changes to the environment that are caused by an action in combination with other past, present and future actions. Displaced Person A person (or household of people) that will lose their house or (or people) another productive asset due to the TSHPP. These individuals will require relocation. Ecology A branch of science dealing with the interrelationships of organisms and their environment. Ecosystem An interconnected and symbiotic grouping of microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals. Endangered An animal or plant in danger of extinction. Species Environment The combination of elements whose complex interrelationships make up the settings, surroundings and conditions of life of the individual and society as they are or are felt. Environmental A critical evaluation of the likely effects of a project on the environment, including the prescription of mitigation and 13 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Term Definition Impact Assessment management actions. Environmental A comprehensive plan for the implementation of mitigation Management Plan measures prescribed in the environmental impact assessment. Fauna The total animal population in a given area. Flora The total vegetation assemblage in a given area. Groundwater Water found beneath the Earth's surface. Habitat The home of a plant or animal. Impact The consequence of an action or activity on the human or natural environment. Impacts may be positive, negative or neutral. Intact Rivers A management approach to ensure that entire river sequences, from headwaters to sea, are kept free from barriers, allowing for the protection of a full sequence of habitats and migratory routes. Irreversible A result whereby once occurred cannot be changed or reverted to its prior state. Issue A question or concern regarding an environmental impact, consequence or effect. Landfill A disposal area for waste that is eventually covered with soil. Macadam Type of road construction consisting of single sized aggregates coated with a binding agent. Magnitude The size or degree of a predicted impact. Mitigation Prescribed actions taken to prevent, avoid, reduce or minimize the impacts, or potential adverse effects, of a project. Monitoring A combination of observation and measurement to assess the environmental and social performance of a project and its compliance with the EIA/EMP, or other approval and regulatory conditions. Natural Habitats Land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present, and either are legally protected, officially proposed for protection, or unprotected but of known high conservation value. Physical Cultural Important sources of valuable historical and scientific information, Resources assets for economic and social development, and integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. Polyclinic A place where a wide range of health care services (including diagnosis and treatment) can be obtained, without requiring an 14 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Term Definition overnight stay. Proponent The proposer, or applicant, of a project. Protected Area A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Reservoir An artificial water body created and used for water storage for irrigation, flood control, flow regulation or power generation purposes. Resettlement The process of moving people to a different place to live, because they are no longer allowed to stay in the area where they used to live. Residual impact Those impacts that remain after the application of mitigation measures. Risk The likelihood of occurrence of an adverse project effect. Runoff/Natural flow Precipitation falling on the ground that is not absorbed and eventually reaches rivers, lakes or other water bodies. Safeguard Policy A set of ten policies of the World Bank with the objective to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. Scoping A tool to assess, evaluate and prioritize relevant issues or concerns arising from a project. Screening Process to assess which projects require an environmental impact assessment and to what extent. Severely Affected Households affected by the TSHPP which either lose 10% or more Household of their agricultural lands/assets or both; and/or have to relocate. Significance The relative importance of an issue or impact to society. Social Impact A component of EIA that assesses the impacts of a project, policy, assessment plan or program on people and society. Stakeholder Someone who has an interest in the outcome of a project, or a decision affecting them. Strategic A systematic process for evaluating the environmental Environmental consequences of proposed policy, plan or program initiatives in Assessment order to ensure they are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest appropriate stage of decision-making on par with economic and social considerations. 15 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Term Definition Tay Nguyen Term used to describe the Western Highland region in Vietnam. Water Quality A measurement of the purity of water, or drinking water. Watershed The entire region or area where water flows into a lake, river, stream or other water body. Wetland An area of land saturated with water that has high biodiversity importance. 16 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Technical Parameters Parameter Unit Parameter Description/Application Al2O3 Aluminum oxide b Crest width Cs Coefficient of asymmetry Cv Flow Coefficient E Accumulated sediment ratio F Area Fe2O3 Ferric oxide Hmax Maximum water head (m) Hmin Minimum water head (m) Htt Design Head L Discharge canal length Lc Crest length M Average flow per unit area m upstream slope m downstream slope N Capacity NT* Turbine number P Frequency Q Daily flow discharge Q0 Average annual discharge to dam site (m3/s) Qp Peak discharge Qtb Discharge through turbine (m3/s) Ro Suspended sediment volume (kg/s) Vd Total accumulated volume of river bed sediment (m3/year) Vll Total accumulated volume of suspended sediment (m3/year) W Volume Wnl Capacity with FSL Wpl Useful capacity prevention flood X axis Horizontal line Xo Year average rainfall Y axis Vertical axis Z Depth 17 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Parameter Unit Parameter Description/Application Correlation coefficient d Weight of river bed sediment (t/m3) ll Weight of suspended sediment (t/m3) Average muddy level 18 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Acknowledgements The Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (SESIA) of the Trung Son Hydropower project was prepared to address a number of issues required for World Bank financing appraisal, including the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) compliant with World Bank safeguard requirements. As such the document relied on previous EIA drafts prepared by the Power Engineering Consulting Company No. 4 (PECC, 2008a) and Chi and Garcia (2009). The authors acknowledge the contribution of these previous efforts towards compilation of this document and much of the information quoted within is derived from those sources. In addition, the World Bank initiated a number of additional baseline studies to address data concerns arising from the environmental assessment process, particularly in the areas of water quality, hydrology, fish and aquatic ecology, physical cultural resources, protected areas and biodiversity and human health. These results of these studies are summarized in the SESIA and form an important component of impact assessment and environmental management. The SESIA also draws on companion reports of the Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan (RLDP) and the results of ongoing public consultation. The authors would also like to thank staff of the Trung Son Hydropower Project Management Board (TSHPMB) and World Bank for their review and important contribution towards the finalization of the SESIA and EMP documents. 19 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Executive Summary Project Overview The TSHPP is located on the Ma River, approximately 700 m downstream of its confluence with Quanh brook, in the Trung Son commune, Quan Hoa district in the province of Thanh Hoa, Vietnam (See Box 1). The project site is located near three protected areas, the Xuan Nha, Pu Hu and Hang Kia-Pa Co Nature Reserves. When completed the project components will be as follows: · An 84.5 m high dam with a crest length of 513 m. · A total reservoir area of 13.13 km2, with a volume of 348.5 million m3, a full supply level (FSL) at an elevation of 160 m and a minimum operating level (MOL) at 150 m. · A 20.4 km access road from Co Luong (Mai Chau, Hoa Binh province) to Co Me (Trung Son, Thanh Hoa province); the access road will include two major bridges, one at its junction with National Road 15 and the other over the Ma River to access the workers' camp on the right hand side of the river. · A construction work camp for a peak work-force of approximately 4,000 workers. · 65 km of 220 kV double-circuit transmission line to connect the project to the Hoa Binh ­ Nho Quan 220kV line, in Tan Lac District. About 2,327 households or 10,591 people will be resettled from reservoir area, access road, dam construction sites, borrow pits and workers' camps. This includes is a preliminary estimate of 325 households or 1,625 people affected by the transmission line, construction of which is to be started in about two years' time. A framework to address environmental resettlement and ethnic minorities' impacts of the transmission line has been agreed with the government. EVN is the project owner. It has delegated day to day responsibility for the project to the Trung Son Hydropower Project Management Board (TSHPMB), covering preparation, planning and execution of the main dam and ancillary works including construction of the power lines and substations up to 110kV, and the access road and bridges. Construction and operation of the 220kV transmission lines is to be undertaken by the National Power Transmission Company (NPT), a wholly-owned subsidiary of EVN. Major Environmental and Social Impacts of Project Components The major environmental consequences of the project stem from the dam and the reservoir it will create. A considerable resettlement program and livelihood restoration program is required, particularly in the seven communes and one town which bound the reservoir and site for the main construction work. About 98 percent of all people so far identified as affected by the project are from four ethnic minority groups: the Thai, the Muong, the H'mong and the Kho Mu. Thus the project has the potential to disrupt cultural and social structures in the area, create additional pressure on community infrastructure and services, and increase the risk of spreading sexually transmitted diseases. Direct impacts on biodiversity are considered minimal. The project will not flood any critical natural habitat. Fish migration in the Ma River occurs mainly in the lower and middle segments of the river basin up to 100 km from the river mouth while the distance from the dam site to the river mouth is approximately 200 km. Movement of fish upstream Trung Son is not prevalent. Therefore impacts on fish and fisheries are also considered of low magnitude. Although some paleontological sites were identified in the flooded area, which will be excavated before flooding, the area of the reservoir does not have a rich cultural heritage value. Beyond these impacts which could normally be expected from the change in use of the land, the construction of the dam itself poses perhaps the highest environmental and social risk. At its peak, a labor force of around 4,000 workers will be housed in camps for dam construction. Indirect impacts stemming from the inflow of workers and additional immigration of between 400-1,000 people into the zone prompted by the construction of the 20 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment dam and the enhanced access provided by the roads, and the resettlement of the population to new areas in the river basin will exert additional pressures on natural resources (forest, bamboo, wildlife) especially in the Xuan Nha Nature Reserve in the Son La Province, the Pu Hu Nature Reserve in the Thanh Hoa Province, and the Pa Co-Hang Kia Nature reserve in the Hoa Binh Province. Appropriate mitigation measures have been identified to address direct and indirect impacts from the project which are organized in two plans: the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), and the RLDP which includes a Resettlement Plan (RP), a Community Livelihood Improvement Plan (CLIP), and an Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP). Project Regulatory and Legal Framework The New Environmental protection Law of Vietnam was in effect in July 2006. The Law provides an umbrella framework for environmental management and protection in Vietnam, and the prime authority is the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE). At the provincial level, the Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) is the operating unit for overall environmental management in the province. In addition, other national laws are also important for environmental protection and natural resources management. Vietnam has a State Plan on Environmental and Sustainable Development, 1991-2000 (1991), National Biodiversity Action Plan up to 2010 and Orientations towards 2020 (2007) as well as the Tropical Forest Action Program, Cleaner Production Action Plan, Forest Protection and Development Law (1991); the People's Health Protection Law (1989); Land Use Law (1993); Law of Oil and Petrol; Mineral Resources Law (1996), Water Resources Law (1998); Criminal Affair Law (reform, 1999); Dykes Protection Ordinance (1989); Ordinance of Resources Taxes (1989); Ordinance of Aquatic Resource Protection (1989), Ordinance of Radiation Safety and Control (1996), Ordinance of Vegetation Protection and Quarantine (1993). Most recently, a Biodiversity Law came into effect in 2009 and a revised Cultural Heritage Law came into effect in 2010. 21 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Box 1. Project Location and Main Features Because of some incompatibilities between the requirements of Vietnamese law and regulations and the requirements of OP 4.12, Policy Frameworks for Compensation, Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Project Affected Persons (RPF) has been prepared and approved by the Prime Minister for the man project and the power lines. They establish the principles, objectives, and definitions to be used in resettlement planning and 22 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment implementation. They define affected persons and establish eligibility criteria for compensation or other forms of assistance, describe the legal and institutional framework, establishes modes of asset valuation and compensation payment, arrangements for consultation and participation, and procedures for pursuing grievances. In addition to the requirements of national legislation, TSHPP must also comply with applicable environmental policy and standards of the World Bank Group. A full Environmental Assessment (EA) was carried out following terms of reference agreed with the World Bank. The terms of reference were discussed in public meetings. The project triggered the following World Bank policies: Environmental Assessment; Natural Habitats; Pest Management; Indigenous Peoples; Involuntary Resettlement; Physical Cultural Resources; Safety of Dams; and International Waterways. Compliance with these policies is summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Compliance World Bank Safeguards Policies Safeguard Policies Actions Environmental Category A project. Full EIA and EMP have been prepared for the project Assessment Full, stand alone EMP and Resettlement Plan were prepared for the access (OP/BP 4.01) road, to be built ahead of the main works. A Panel of Experts on Environmental and Social issues has actively participated in project preparation. Natural Habitats The project does not have direct impacts on critical natural habitats (OP/BP 4.04) Adequate assessment of induced impacts on natural habitats (illegal hunting and logging) stemming from additional pressures from workers' camps on protected areas was carried out Adequate mitigation and compensation measures (strengthening management of protected areas) were incorporated in EMP Pest Management Mosquito control programs will be implemented in workers' camps and (OP 4.09) resettlement sites. In addition, the project will provide garden plots for resettled families. Specifications for safe handling of pesticides and all hazardous wastes have been included in bidding documents for main contractors. The Resettlement Plan and CLIP includes technical assistance to resettlement families on management of pesticides and chemicals in their garden plots. Physical Cultural Archeological survey conducted along on reservoir areas and all ancillary Resources sites (OP/BP 4.11) Three paleontological sites were recommended to further study and excavation Chance finding procedures during construction have been prepared and will be included in bidding documents and contracts. Involuntary Social Assessment has been conducted Resettlement (OP/BP Since the total majority of people to be resettled belong to ethnic minorities, 4.12) Indigenous the Resettlement Livelihood and Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (RLDP) which includes a Resettlement Plan (RP), a Community Livelihood Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) Improvement Plan (CLIP), and an Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP). Safety of Dams A Dam Safety Panel of Experts was established OP 4.37 The Panel has reviewed all designs and emergency plans A dam safety report has been issued by the Panel confirming the design and plans meet international standards. International Formal notification to Laos was carried out by the Government of Vietnam Waterways OP7.50 A formal response from the Government of Laos, acknowledging and accepting the Trung Son Project was issued Consultation Intensive, culturally sensitive consultation efforts were carried out in all communities in the area of influence of the project on the EIA and RLDP. Governmental and Non-Governmental organizations were also consulted in public meetings. 23 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Environmental and Social Setting The area of the project presents unique ecological and cultural characteristics which make this project particularly challenging: a shared watershed with Lao PDR, vulnerable ethnic communities, and sensitive protected areas. The Ma River Basin The Ma-Chu River system rises in Dien Bien province in Northern Vietnam, it flows through Lai Chau province and enters Lao territory in Houaphan Province, before re-entering Vietnam in Thanh Hoa province, finally discharging into the East Sea. The Ma River has two main tributaries; the Chu and the Buoi Rivers. The Ma River basin is an important international river, with the 5th largest catchments area in Vietnam after Mekong, Red and Thai Binh, Dong Nai and Ca Rivers. The total area of the basin is 28,400 km2 of which 62% (17,600 km2) is in Vietnamese territory and 38% (10,800 km2) in Laos. The main stem of Ma River has a length of 512 km of which 102 km is in Lao PDR. Natural Habitats and Biodiversity In 1992, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre ranked Vietnam as one of the 16 most biologically diverse countries in the world. Its biodiversity is characterized by 295 species of mammals, 828 species of birds, 296 species of reptiles, 162 species of amphibians, and more than 700 species of fresh water fish and 15,000 species of fauna have been identified. New species are discovered every year. Forests in Vietnam have a diverse and abundant endemic flora and fauna, consisting of 100 species and subspecies of birds, 88 species and subspecies of mammals and about 20% of plant species. The TSHPP is located in the transition zone between the Greater Annamites Eco-region and the Northern Highlands. The Greater Annamites Eco-region is one of the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)'s global 200 eco-regions, characterized by the world's most outstanding biodiversity values and hot spot for biodiversity conservation. The Northern Highlands also contain biodiversity centers with a large number of species of high conservation significance. Terrestrial Ecology There are 1,873 species of plants that belong to 152 families in the TSHPP area. Vegetation cover within the TSHPP area contains mixed forest stands, which include broad leaf trees, bamboo, pine and grasslands. Surveys indicate still an abundance of fauna in the project area. The TSHPP area provides habitat for a large number of animals. And the tropical and subtropical forests remaining in the project area are rich in species diversity. The natural forests in the TSHPP area have been significantly exploited for domestic and commercial activities. Vegetation in the reservoir and dam construction site and the Co Luong ­ Co Me road consists mainly of plantations of luong bamboo (Dendrocalamus membranaceus), other bamboo (Melia azedarach) and other planted trees with very low biodiversity value. At its normal water supply level, the reservoir will submerge 1313 ha of land, and from which 1.069 ha is planted forest land, including 1.001 ha of luong bamboo plantations and 68 ha of natural forest. Natural vegetation in the reservoir area has been severely exploited, converting the land into scrubland and grasslands with low biodiversity value. Aquatic Ecology Vietnam as a whole has an extensive diversity of aquatic species. In the vicinity of the Trung Son project, 198 fish species of 141 genera, 57 families and 13 orders have been identified. This represents 19% of the total number of fish species in the country. Ninety-six percent of these species are native to Vietnam while the remaining four percent are classified as 24 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment exotics. In total, there are 95 freshwater (48%) and 103 brackish (52%) water species. The Ma River generally has lower biodiversity levels when compared with other rivers in Vietnam due to heavy flooding. Nine of the 198 fish species are listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book. However, none of the species recorded in the Vietnam Red Book appear in Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2006 because they are all widely distributed in rivers of North and North-Central Vietnam. There is a conspicuous migration of brackish fish species into the upper catchments of the Ma River. Out of the 60 species which migrate upstream, only 44 reach the lower catchment, which is 30 km from the river's mouth. Twelve species reach the middle catchment, which is over 30 km from the river's mouth and the remaining species migrate 100 km upstream to the upper catchment. The dam is approximately 200 km from the river's mouth. There are several economic fish species within the project area. Among these, only four species (Cyprinus carpio, Hemiculter leucisculus, Cranoglanis sinensis and Mastacembelus armatus) currently inhabit the entire area; 12 species are confined to the upper catchment; 17 species inhabit primarily the middle catchment area and 29 species occupy the lower catchment area. Protein from fish plays an important role for local people; it represents 50 to 59% of total daily protein consumed. There are 41 harvestable fish species within the Ma River and approximately 100% of the fish caught are used for food. Because the lower catchment enjoys the highest productivity it also enjoys the highest rates of protein consumption. Within the mountainous districts such as Trung Son, there is little surface water and therefore, the aquaculture sector has not developed as extensively as the agricultural and forestry sectors. Fish ponds are not frequent and are mostly located in the wider valleys of Tam Chung and Tan Xuan communes in the middle and lower reaches of the river. Fishing in the Ma River is an important source of income for communes far downstream of the dam site, especially since the majority of fish have a high market value. Aquaculture is common in coastal communities and freshwater fish breeding has just begun to develop in recent years. Raising fish is common in some households in Tam Chung commune downstream of the dam Though the Ma River is rich in fish species, aquaculture productivity is low. Aquatic resources from the Ma River are rapidly declining due to overexploitation and use of illegal destructive catching methods (explosives, poison), destruction of habitats especially of riparian forests, lack of enforcement of breeding seasons, fishing tools, and catch sizes, and river pollution and degradation by sand and gravel mining activities. It is anticipated that biodiversity levels of freshwater, estuarine and coastal marine fish species will continue to decline even in the absence of the project. Protected Areas There are three Natural Reserves (NR) located in the area of influence of the project: Pu Hu Natural Reserve (Thanh Hoa Province), Xuan Nha Natural Reserve (Son La Province) and Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve (Hoa Binh Province). The second map in Box 1 shows the location of the three NR in the TSHPP area. All of the natural reserves are characterized by tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forests with high biodiversity values. The characteristics of these natural reserves are summarized in Table 2. The biodiversity in the protected areas includes 936 species of vascular plants, 79 species of mammals, 258 species of birds and 30 species of amphibians. A total of 216 species are considered as species at risk by NICS; 41 species of plants and 33 species of animals are considered as internationally endangered; 93 species of plants and five species of animals identified in the natural reserves are endemic to Vietnam. 25 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 2: Characteristic Features of Three Natural Reserves in TSHPP Basin Data Xuan Nha Pu Hu Hang Kia-Pa Co Location Moc Chau District, Son Quan Hoa and Muong Mai Chau District, Hoa La Province Lat Districts, Thanh Hoa Binh Province Province Year of 1986 1999 1986 establishment /Management 2002 1999 2000 Board establishment Ownership agency Management Board of Management Board of Pu Management Board Xuan Nha Natural Hu Natural Reserve Hang Kia - Pa Co Reserve Natural Reserve Management FPD of Son La Province FPD of Thanh Hoa FPD of Hoa Binh Authority Province Province IUCN category Category Ib (Wilderness Category Ib (Wilderness Category Ib (Wilderness Area) Area) Area) Core Zone Area 16,316.8 ha 23,149 ha 7,091 ha (ha) Area of buffer zone 87,336 ha. 27,306 ha 8,135 ha Objectives · Conservation of · Conservation of · Conservation of Tropical and Sub- typical forests and limestone forest tropical forest biodiversity of North ecosystems of ecosystems of Central Vietnam Northwest Vietnam Northwest Vietnam · Conservation of · Conservation of · Conservation of precious and precious and precious and endangered species endangered species endangered species · Protection of · Protection of natural Protection of watershed areas of environment and Watershed area of Ma and Luong Supporting socio- Ma and Da rivers; Rivers; environment economic environmental protection and socio- development of local protection, and economic communities supporting socio- development of local economic communities development of local communities Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 Threats to Biodiversity Terrestrial biodiversity has been declining dramatically in the TSHPP area for several decades. This is common over all forested areas of Vietnam. In part, the loss is due to habitat destruction through economic development, but the larger part of the loss is caused by the rapidly increasing wildlife trade, which is driven by a growing urban market for wildlife for consumption and for export. These threats will continue even without the presence of the project. However, the project could exacerbate these threats mainly because of the need for a large workforce. At the same time, the project might well become a vehicle for protecting the valuable resources of the project area. Threatened species in the three reserves include: 26 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Xuan Nha Reserve: 43 nationally threatened species (24 species of mammals, one species of birds, 17 species of reptiles and one species of amphibians) and 32 globally threatened species (19 species of mammals, one species of birds, eight species of reptiles and four species of amphibians). Two endemic species of herpetofauna, Sapa Skink (Mabuya chapaensis) and Granular Spiny Frog (Paa verrucospinosa), were also recorded. In addition, species of national and global conservation importance (primates and testudinates) have been observed. Filed investigations also identified seven primate species, including Bengal Slow Loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), Stump- tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides), Assam Macaque (Macaca assamensis), Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta), Grey Langur (Trachypithecus crepusculus), Delacour's Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi),and Western Black-crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor). Six testudinates (turtle and tortoise) species were recorded in the Xuan Nha natural reserve, five of which are globally threatened, including Big-headed Turtle (Platysternon megacephatum), Indochinese Box Turtle (Cuora galbinifrons), Keeled Box Turtle (Pyxidea mouhoti), Impressed Tortoise (Manouria impressa) and Wattle-necked Softshell Turtle (Palea steindachneri). Pu Hu Reserve: 42 nationally threatened species (25 species of mammals, two species of birds, 13 species of reptiles and two species of amphibians), and 33 globally threatened species (23 species of mammals, nine species of reptiles and one species of amphibians) . Out of 42 species, 26 species are considered as highly threatened. One endemic species known as Granular Spiny Frog (Paa verrucospinosa), is classified as nationally and globally threatened. Hang Kia-Pa Co: 34 nationally threatened species (14 species of mammals, three species of birds, 14 species of reptiles and four species of amphibians) and 21 globally threatened species (12 species of mammals, one species of birds, seven species of reptiles and one species of amphibians). Out of 55 species identified, 17 species are considered highly threatened. Forests and important biodiversity values of the Pu Hu, Xuan Nha and Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Nature Reserves face various threats. Studies show that there are six main threats which can lead to a reduction of forest areas, forest quality, and animal and plant species. These threats are summarized in Box 2. These threats are exacerbated by weak management capacity in all three reserves: limited budget, limited staff and training, unclear demarcation, and weak enforcement. Management boards of the Nature Reserves and other Forest Protection Departments' staff in the area are unable to address the drivers of the fauna trade or deal with trade outlets, which tend to be protected through a network of political connections. Forest protection capacity of local authorities is likely not to be increased significantly in near future while demands for agricultural land, forest products and wildlife continue to increase because of increase of local people population and improvement of transport roads in the area. So it is very likely that the loss and quality degradation of Watershed protection and Production forests in TSHPP area will continue even in the absence of TSHPP development. 27 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Box 2: Existing Threats to Biodiversity in the Protected Areas near TSHPP Hunting and trapping wildlife: Mainly by local residents, following ancient traditions. Wild animals are hunted by bows and many kinds of traps, but also by guns and dogs. Guns are widespread among the buffer zonecommunes, representing the most dangerous method of hunting, even though the Management Board of the NRs -in collaboration with local authorities- have made great effort to reduce the number by confiscating them. Hunting occurs all year round, but mainly from October to March. In the past, animals were used as a supplementary food; nowadays large animals are sold to city restaurants. Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis in Chieng Ve townlet Forest clearance for agriculture: Some ethnic minorities (H'mong) have a long tradition of shifting cultivation, practice which is still commonly used in the three NRs. Steeply sloped land, limited cultivable land, lack of irrigation systems, and poor agriculture technologies, lead to rapid soil erosion and fertility loss. Shifting cultivation is carried out in old fields, scrublands, grasslands, and regenerating young forest areas outside the NRs. Tall-tree forests are also cleared next the NRs and villages for shifting cultivation. Illegal timber extraction: Occurring all year round but on a small scale, nearby the villages and/or the NRs boundaries; mainly for valuable timber species, such as Parashorea Upland grazing fields in buffer zone chinensis, Manglietia fordiana, Michelia spp., Chukrasia tabularis, and Fokenia spp. Local communities use timber for house construction, which has experienced a high demand over the years. Local people are too poor to make brick houses; in addition, some ethnic groups (Thai and Muong) still keep their tradition of wooden houses on stilts. Illegal timber extraction leads to degradation of forest quality, modification of forest structure and species composition, and destruction of forest canopy. Over-harvesting Non Traditional Forest Products (NTFP): Palm civet Pradoxurus hermaphrodites Local people have a long tradition to harvest and use of many NTFP: medicine plants, rattans, bamboos, young bamboo shoots, fuel wood, honey, orchids, palm leaves, and weed plants. Except for palm leaves, which are used locally for house roofs and for fuel, the remaining products are mainly for sale. Overharvesting of the NTFPs has affected some species (such as scent wood Aquilaria sp., rattans, medicine plants Elettaria cardamomum) which have become rare or exhausted. Depending on the product, harvesting may occur seasonally or all year round. Free-range cattle grazing: The lack of specifically devoted cattle areas is the reason of the widespread grazing in the Hunted stump-tailed macaque Macaca three NRs. Buffaloes, cows and goats are left free in the arctoides village NRs, and only taken back to the villages to work or to be sold. Domestic livestock can cause disturbance to forest restoration, compete for food, and transfer diseases to wild animals. 28 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Box 2: Existing Threats to Biodiversity in the Protected Areas near TSHPP Infrastructure development inside NRs: Villages, communes and districts sharing territory within the NRs and the buffer zones have always high demand for infrastructure development (roads, irrigation, hydropower works, etc.). Road development provides easier access to forests for illegal hunting, timber logging and NTFPs collection. Illegal timber exploitation Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Resources Archaeological investigations were undertaken to identify and study potential areas containing relics and artifacts. All areas where artifacts and cultural spots were discovered were at a medium altitude and had some form of water supply year-round. Investigations found 11 sites, seven of which are within the reservoir area. Twenty six Metal Age artifacts (five bronze, 20 stone and one bone-horn objects) and several historical artifacts (one bronze bar and a collection of zinc coins) were also collected from several villages. Artifacts impacted by the TSHPP will be donated to government institutes according to the Law on Cultural Heritage in order to preserve and display national cultural heritage artifacts. Two sites of importance were identified which merit further research: The Paleolithic site of Nàng 1 Village This site plays a special important role in the study of the pre- and proto-historic period in the Western Thanh Hoá. This is a unique Paleolithic site found in the region of Quan Hoá, M ng Lát so far. The site belongs to the type of hill and mound sites of mountainous Sn Vi culture, bearing the common features of Paleolithic site groups discovered in Sn La, Lai Châu, and i n Biên. The finding of this site significantly clarifies the spatial distribution of the prehistoric resident groups in the Northwest area of Vietnam. However, there is a need for further research and excavations in order to come to more exactly scientific conclusions. The burial area of Hu i Pa The burial area plays a significant role in the study of history and ethnic races in the Western Thanh Hoá. The site is dated to the 16th ­ 17th century, lying within the cultural space and activities of Thái people but bearing a few elements of M ng burial areas. The primary working area is in the cultural space of Thái people alternating with small groups of M ng ones. At present, the process of living together has strongly been occurring between two groups. The Huôi Pa burial and the Nàng 1 paleolithic sites will be excavated prior to flooding the reservoir to preserve the artifacts and cultural remains. The area also has some places of significance for the local populations: A Khieng San is a village's sacred place where rituals are performed. Khieng San means the village's votive places in Thai language. It denotes an important holy place from a cultural and religious point of view, where praying practice takes place, particularly for rain and peace. Prayers are done once a year, around the fourth or fifth lunar month, with offerings of buffalos, cows, pigs, chickens and ruou Can (local wine drunk through a bamboo pipe). The official prayer must be led by the head of the village or a prestigious man. Three of these shrines are within the proposed future flooded area of the reservoir. Khiêng sns in Ta Bán and Tài Chánh villages have also been identified as cultural sites within the region. Upon leaving the village, the Khiêng sn will have no functional value and will lose its spiritual value. 29 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The current cemeteries have similar structure and keep close alignment with long traditional burial custom. One or two stones mark the graves. Although some concrete markers are used (as in the case of the cemetery of Ta Ban hamlet), most tombs are marked the traditional way by stones of the prevalent rock formations in the area. The main difference between modern and ancient sites can be seen in the size of the stone markers, with smaller stones being used nowadays rather than the large stone markers in ancient tombs. The location of identified sites in the project area and some samples of artifacts collected are presented in Box 3. Box 3: Physical Cultural Resources in the Trung Son Project Area Archeological Sites in Trung Son Area Huoi Pa Burial Site 30 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment T c-dated coins "Khiêng s n" of Nàng 1 village Socio-Economic Setting Population The TSHPP reservoir and main facilities are located in two provinces and three districts. Quan Hoa and Muong Lat Districts have small populations, with respectively around 42,000 and 29,000 people, while Moc Chau has a larger population of 138,000 people. The project area is sparsely populated with population densities ranging from 36 inhabitants per square kilometer in Muong Lat, 42 in Quan Hoa, to 68 in Moc Chau. A total of 28 communes in five districts are affected by one or more of the reservoir, construction sites, downstream, access road and power lines impacts. Poverty Poverty is extremely high. Muong Lat District is recognized as one of the poorest districts of Vietnam. The other two districts are also considered poor districts within the provinces. Infrastructure and services are underdeveloped and income sources other than from agriculture and forestry are limited. Health Son La, Thanh Hoa and Hoa Binh Provinces have the highest infant mortality rates in Northwest Vietnam (24-32 per thousand). Common health issues in Northwest provinces include tuberculosis (TB), malaria, HIV/AIDS, traffic accidents and mental disorder (schizophrenia and epilepsy). There is high prevalence of malaria in the three provinces. In the affected districts, the most common health problems are flu, food poisoning and diarrhea, and traffic accident consequences. TB, malaria and goiter are frequent. HIV/AIDS is a concern although the reported numbers of affected persons is very limited at present, only six in Muong Lat district town for example. HIV/AIDS incidence in Son La Province is overall 2 per 1000 people, 40 percent more than the national average. It is 0.5 per 1000 in Thanh Hoa Province. There is high under nutrition among children below five years of age and comparatively low uptake of contraceptive methods for family planning. Housing Approximately 90% of inhabitants live in good condition homes, Those of the Thai Muong and Kho Mu are usually built on stilts, those of the H'Mong on the ground. Solid and semi- solid homes are mainly built adjacent to roads or village centers. Education Presently, all of the communes within the Thanh Hoa province are equipped with both primary and secondary schools. Though schools are well maintained, attendance rates are rather low. Illiteracy is very prominent, particularly within the villages with a high percentage of H'Mong people and females tend to have even higher rates of illiteracy. Communications Although word of mouth is the most common medium for spreading information within villages, every commune, with the exception of Muong Ly and Tan Xuan, has a loudspeaker system that broadcasts twice a day. In 2005, the number of telephones in Quan Hoa and Mai 31 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Chau districts was 820 and 1,460, respectively. Communication amongst villages is restricted as telephone services are unavailable in several communes, such as Tan Xuan. Commune to village roads are in very poor condition, sometimes being only paths along the Ma River. Markets None of the project area communes have a community market. In each village, there are some families that sell the necessary goods for subsistence. Since transportation is inconvenient between villages, prices tend to be higher for local goods. There is one market in Muong Lat district, while the majority of shops are a minimum of 45 km (in Moc Chau and Quan Hoa districts) away from the project site. Family Income The majority of households have adjacent hill-side plots for harvesting timber and forest production is usually devoted to growing bamboo or bead-trees. Many households in the Trung Ly, Muong Ly and Trung Son communes have developed bamboo farms, which have provided a stable source of income. Currently, planted trees cover a large part of the potential flooded area of the reservoir. Luong bamboo is by far the main forestry income source. It is generally planted along the banks of the Ma River and Quanh River, mainly in Trung Son and Tan Xuan Communes. Bamboo is inter-planted with cassava during the first three years of cultivation. Ethnic Groups Distribution Fifty percent of people in Son La and Thanh Hoa provinces are from ethnic minority groups. This is considerably higher than the national proportion of 14 percent. The project takes place in districts with a population that is almost fully (for Muong Lat District) or mostly (in other districts) from four ethnic minority groups: the Thai, from the Tay-Thai ethno-linguistic family, the Muong, from the Viet-Muong ethno-linguistic family, the H'Mong, from the Hmong- Dao ethno-linguistic family and the Kho Mu from the Mon-Khmer ethnolinguistic family. The distribution of the population within the project area among these three ethnic groups is: Thai (85%), Muong (13%), and H'Mong (2%) There are about 810 Kho Mu in the project area (less than 0.04%). The Kinh majority accounts for less than 1% percent of population in the direct area of influence of the project, with a higher percentage in downstream communes. Only five of the villages affected by reservoir flooding have some Kinh households, with a maximum of six households in Ta Ban village, one of the two villages that would be fully resettled. The distribution of ethnic minorities in the project area is presented in Figure 2. The H'Mong account for close to two thirds of the population in two communes, and more than one third in two other main communes in the direct area of influence (Muong Lat District). However there is only around five percent of H'Mong among the relocated households (28 households out of 509) since most of the households currently living close to the future reservoir are Thai or Muong. The proportion of H'Mong people with land affected by the reservoir is conversely significant, around 14 percent of those affected on land (41 households out of 292). All of them are in Muong Ly Commune in Muong Lat District. 32 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Figure 1: Ethnic Minority Peoples in the Project Area % 100 90 80 70 HMong 60 Muong 50 Thai 40 Kinh 30 Kho Mu 20 10 0 7 Communes and 3 main districts one town Sources: GSO population census (district population); social assessment (commune population). Extremely high poverty incidence in the project area is correlated to the very high proportion of ethnic minority people. Within the minority ethnic groups, the H'Mong have significantly higher poverty levels than the other two groups as documented in the social assessment. There is a historically settled H'Mong population in the project area. However, a H'Mong population has recently migrated from the Northern provinces, mostly in the 1990s, and is considered as not fully settled yet. The government has initiated a large-scale program specifically for the development of the H'Mong in Muong Lat District. Community Structure and Culture The cultural customs of Thai and Muong are very similar; most of the minor cultural differences are centered on traditional ceremonies. These groups coexist with the ethnic majority, the Kinh, and have similar agricultural production activities. At present, communes of Thai and Muong groups either live separately or share the same village, resulting in numerous multi-ethnic couples. There appears to be no discrimination between families of two ethnic groups; however, each group has their own customs and traditions. The Kho Mu moved from living at high altitude to river valleys in about 1984, and settled among Thai villages in Ten Tan commune of Muong Lat District. They intermarry with Thai people and use Thai as a common language and appear to be well acculturated and can be considered alongside the Thai for most practical purposes. Traditional family structures have changed dramatically amongst all four groups as extended households, consisting of three to four generations, no longer exist due to state control over land. This has had a large impact on maintaining family connections. The practice of extended families has declined so that most houses now comprise a single household. The Thai and the Muong display a relatively small cultural gap with the mainstream Vietnamese society. They generally live in mixed villages and have a good understanding of the Viet language except for elder people. They maintain strong traditions in terms of social organization, roles of traditional leaders, housing preferences, and their animist religion. The H'Mong retain a significant cultural gap both with mainstream Vietnamese society and with the other groups. They live in fully or mostly H'Mong villages and no intermarriages are reported. Most H'Mong women have very limited understanding of the Viet language. The H'Mong maintain strong social networks within their own kin groups. Analysis of Alternatives The main purpose of the project is to help satisfy Vietnam's growing electricity demands. Peak load is forecasted to grow by approximately 15,000 MW between 2015 and 2020. In 33 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment order to help meet this demand, Vietnam is planning to increase its hydropower generation capacity. Economically, when social mitigation costs, the value of forest lost in the reservoir, and GHG emissions from reservoirs are taken into account, its strategy for hydropower generation is justified and TSHPP is one of the best projects in terms of its cost of electricity and capital cost. The current site for TSHPP was chosen because it was likely to cause the least social and environmental impact while meeting the objectives of this project with a potential for high investment revenue. The Master Plan for the Development of the Ma River has considered a range of sites and development options. The subsequent evaluation of alternative Trung Son project configurations was based on a trade-off analysis between optimal hydro production on the one hand, and environmental and risk considerations on the other ­ including minimization of geotechnical risks, minimizing the number of project affected persons, and avoiding reservoir impacts in Laos (which constrained the full reservoir elevation to 164 meters above sea level). Thus, the analysis of alternatives included several dimensions: alternatives to supply side expansion, hydroelectricity in the optimum capacity expansion strategy, alternative hydro projects to Trung Son, and alternative dam sites at the Trung Son project level; and finally, alternative reservoir operating level for the selected site. Alternatives to Supply Side Expansion Given Vietnam's need for economic development, the increasing demand for electricity in general, and peaking supply in particular, simply cannot be accommodated by demand side options alone. EVN has embarked on an ambitious Demand Side Management program (including a Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) program, and a major initiative to improve commercial energy efficiency). The same is true of small renewable energy projects: several recent reforms (such as the introduction of a standardized power purchase agreement, and a published avoided tariff), and the World Bank supported Renewable Energy Development Project, Cr. 4564-VN) are expected to enable the ambitious 6th Power Development Plan for around 1500 MW of small hydro and other renewable energy by 2015. In short, while all of these alternatives to supply side expansion are unquestionably desirable, they are already under implementation, and simply do not represent an alternative to Trung Son: both are needed. Hydroelectricity in the Optimum Capacity Expansion Strategy All power systems require peaking projects, and if hydro projects were not built, the likely alternative is natural gas based combined cycle projects. Not only does this imply additional greenhouse gas emissions, it incurs significantly higher costs, particularly were gas priced at international levels (which means a gas price equivalent to about 90% of the Singapore fuel oil price). Even when gas is priced at the Ca Mau pricing formula, at 45% of the fuel oil price, developing Vietnam's remaining hydro projects bring significant economic benefits. In short, at capital costs of below $2000/kW, hydro projects are win-win, bringing significant avoided GHG emission and economic benefits. In addition, reducing the dependence of imported fossil fuel by developing indigenous renewable energy resources improves energy security through greater supply diversity. A study of the national hydropower development plan by the Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI) confirms these arguments. Based on a series of capacity expansion scenarios with progressively less hydro it finds the costs of not developing the hydro projects presently identified in Vietnam's 6th Power Development Plan as prohibitively expensive. This is true even when all indirect costs are quantified, such as the economic loss of forest products from the inundated area (The economic analysis of Trung Son follows all of the SEI recommendations on internalizing environmental and indirect costs in the benefit-cost assessment). 34 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Alternative Hydro Projects to Trung Son A Hydropower Development Master Plan for the Ma River was first prepared in the 1960s, and updated in 1988, 1998 and 2003. Subsequent minor revisions were made to include several small hydropower projects downstream of the then-named Ban Uon project, which is now known as Trung Son. Based on the 1998 analysis, five hydropower projects were studied in 2003 in eight hydropower cascade alternatives as presented in Table 3. The Trung Son project was included in all alternatives as it was considered to have the best potential. Table 3: Hydropower cascade options for the Ma River (2003) Project Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option VIII I II III IV V VI VII Pa Ma 455 Huoi Tao 380 Trung Son 150 150 150 160 150 160 160 160 Hoi Xuan 80 80 70 80 70 80 Cam Ngoc 50 50 40 40 The selection of the best hydropower cascade was based on (i) reduction of downstream flood water levels; (ii) reduction of downstream salinity; (iii) environmental and social impacts; and (iv) power generation. All of these considerations were monetized and included in the economic and financial indicators. Of the eight considered alternatives, Option I, comprising five projects: Pac Ma, Huoi Tao, Trung Son, Hoi Xuan and Cam Ngoc, was selected for the following reasons: (i) having the best economic indicators; (ii) providing a flood control volume of 700 million m3 meeting the requirement for reducing floodwater levels, maintaining water levels at the level of the 50year flood at Ly Nhan not to exceed 12.7 m; (iii) ability to supplement 71.3 - 80.5 m3/s to the downstream requirement for water supply and reduction of salinity; and (iv) providing the maximum exploitation of hydropower potential of the river with total installed capacity of 772 MW and annual output of 2.2 billion kWh. Among the hydropower projects in Option I, Trung Son was considered the best project. It features good technical conditions, and has a reservoir of sufficient size to provide downstream flow augmentation. It is economically and financially viable and has smaller environmental and social impacts compared with the other projects in the Option. The other projects had higher numbers of affected persons and hence higher compensation and resettlement costs. Trung Son was recommended as the first project for development on the Ma River. The main benefits of the project were identified as follows: · Providing a flood control of 200 million m3. · Maintaining a salinity level at Ham Rong of less than 2.48. · Providing 260 MW of power with annual output of 1.015 billion kWh. Alternatives for Trung Son dam site Three alternative sites along a 19.2 km stretch of the Ma river were considered for the Trung Son project, all in Quan Hoa district: at Phu Thanh and Thanh Son; further upstream of alternative I at Trung Thanh and Thanh Son; and the most upstream alternative, alternative III, at Trung Son. These alternative sites are summarized in Table 4. 35 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4: Site alternatives in the Pre-feasibility Study Parameter Unit Alternative Alternative Alternative I II III 2 Catchment area Km 13430 13296 13175 Annual flow m/s 244 242 239 High water level Meters 150 155 165 2 Reservoir area Km 135 140 157.5 3 Active volume Mil. m 281.1 253.1 97.9 3 Total volume Mil. m 714.0 638.6 399.3 3 Flood control volume Mil. m Installed capacity MW 297 295 290 Annual output GWh 1168.2 1150.9 1166.0 HH/People to be relocated HH/people 1372/6998 1148/5656 416/2114 Land flooded Ha 2286.1 2287 1552 Investment cost VND billion 4587 4471 2876 NPV VND billion 418 405 1011 IRR % 11.2 11.2 13.5 B/C [ ] 1.11 1.11 1.32 Various combinations of high and low reservoir levels and installed capacity were studied at this stage, and the resulting economic evaluations compared against potential project risks, and environmental and social considerations. The study concluded that · Alternative I has the most unfavorable geo-technical conditions, given its close proximity (3km) to an active fault. Alternative II has similar geological conditions, but the third Alternative is the most distant from the fault (15km away). · Alternatives I and II have significantly larger reservoir storage volumes, but a lower generation head, and therefore provide almost the same energy output as Alternative III. · Because there is no large tributary along this stretch of river, the inflows do not differ greatly at the three sites. · Alternatives I and II require higher investment costs due to the need for larger dam structures. Alternatives I and II also have a higher number of project affected persons, and higher costs for relocation and resettlement.Consequently, Alternative III, the site at Trung Son, was selected as the preferred option. Alternatives for reservoir operating level To avoid affecting Lao territory, the high water level (HWL) should not exceed 164m. Two lower HWLs were also examined (162m and 160m). There is relatively little difference between the economic indicators among the three options, and therefore the lowest of these three levels was selected, thereby minimizing the reservoir area at HWL, the related environmental impacts, and the possibility of disturbance to Lao territory. In conclusion, when one compares Trung Son against all of the other potential hydro projects on the basis of the main environmental attributes (loss of forest, persons displaced, power density, cost of energy), the high ranking of Trung Son is confirmed. In short, given that the overall strategy requires the development of Vietnam's remaining economic hydropower resource endowment, Trung Son is one of the most attractive. 36 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Climate Change The impact of climate change on the economic feasibility of the project was carried out. In June 2009 the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment published an assessment of the impact of climate change on Vietnam, which included scenarios for changes in rainfall (as well as temperature and sea level rise). The report notes a number of observed trends that may have potential significance for the Trung Son hydrology: · A higher frequency and intensification of typhoons affecting Vietnam · Annual rainfall has decreased in the northern areas, and increased in the southern areas. On average in the period 1958-2007, rainfall decreased by 2% · Fewer cold fronts, but more intense (such as the prolonged 2008 cold surge in Northern Vietnam) However, over the first 25 years of Trung Son operation (i.e. by 2040) there is little difference across the scenarios: dry season rainfall decreases by between 2.1 and 2.3%. Moreover, given the normal range of hydrological variation, with annual generation varying from 800 to 1,200 GWh, a long term decrease of average dry season inflows of a few percent will have very little impact on the economics In short, even under MoNRE's worst case, it is extremely unlikely that climate change induced rainfall pattern changes will have any significant impact on Trung Son. The net GHG emissions from the Trung Son reservoir itself can be ignored. The power density of Trung Son is high, and calculations suggest that this emission source is less than 1% of the avoided emissions from thermal generation Anticipated Environmental and Social Impacts and Their Mitigation Physical Environment Key impacts on the physical environment are associated with changes in hydrology and its effect on downstream areas and water quality. Impacts during project construction are discussed separately below. Downstream Impacts Changes in the river flows downstream from the dam could have negative impacts on fish biodiversity, erosion and sedimentation patterns. The diminished flows downstream will create unsuitable conditions for fish in the immediate downstream segments of the Ma River. Increased erosion is expected to be significant downstream as a result of flow variations and the lower sedimentation loads of project waters released from the dam. However, no significant river infrastructures exist in the downstream area close to the dam. Sedimentation and erosion phenomena are expected to stabilize once the confluence of major tributaries of Ma River downstream of the dam. Mitigation. Maintain an environmental flow of 15 m3/s at all times. This will guarantee a minimum of aquatic conditions for fish during the dry season. Monitoring programs for embankment erosion will be implemented. Based on the results of this monitoring appropriate measures will be implemented (see adaptive management approach below). The technical and legal feasibility of establishing an intact river policy in one of the branches of the Ma River will be included in the Environmental Management Plan. Water Quality Water quality in the reservoir can be deteriorated by the flooded vegetation and the formation of stratification in the reservoir. Reservoir quality modeling have demonstrated that the low density of flooded biomass (less than 24 ton/ha) and the low retention time of the reservoir (water renewal rate of 16 days) will ensure proper levels of water quality albeit there might be some deterioration in the earliest stages of flooding. The models have also shown a moderate tendency for thermal stratification. 37 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mitigation. A vegetation clearance plan will be implemented. Intensive water quality programs in the reservoir and downstream of the dam will be implemented. Impacts on the Biological Environment The project's main impacts on the biological environment are on aquatic and terrestrial habitats, species biodiversity, protected areas and endangered species. Aquatic Habitats, Fish and Fisheries Aquatic habitats are also likely to be affected by project construction and operation. Erosion and sediment loads will be increased by construction activities and clearing of reservoir area. There is also a potential for pollution from camps and by oils and fuels and other chemicals used during construction. Once construction is completed, the long term impacts on aquatic habitats and fish biodiversity will occur. Impoundment of 39 km of the Ma River and the formation of the reservoir, plus changes in thermal characteristics of the reservoir, will displace many species not able to adapt to the new conditions. The reduced flows immediately downstream from the dam and the variation in water levels will reduce fish populations in the immediate downstream segments of the river. Fish migration in the Ma River is limited up to the lower and middle sections of the watershed up to 100 km from the river's mouth. Few species go all the way up to upper watershed. Therefore the dam is not expected to alter significantly migration patterns in the Ma River. Fish monitoring in similar watersheds in Vietnam have demonstrated the existence of healthy fish populations downstream and upstream of hydroelectric projects located in the middle segments of the river. Mitigation. Strict management and regulation of all contractors' activities during construction will be implemented during construction. These measures will include run-off control programs, management and prevention of oils and fuels and spills, and control of worker's behavior to restrict illegal fishing practices. Support to community fisheries and aquaculture programs will be provided as part of the Livelihood restoration Plan. A minimum environmental flow of 15 m3/s will be maintained at all times downstream of the reservoir. Feasibility study on intact river for the Buoi tributary on the Ma-Chu river system will be carried our during construction phase of the proposed project. It is expected that hydrological conditions will stabilize once the discharge from major tributaries come into the Ma River. Terrestrial Biodiversity and Threatened Species Direct impacts on terrestrial biodiversity are expected to be insignificant. The area to be flooded, the construction and camp sites, borrow pit and other infrastructures will affect long intervened areas, grasslands, disturbed habitats, and degraded forests. However, significant indirect impacts on terrestrial biodiversity are expected to occur as a result of increased population (workers and camp followers) and increased access to the area. The new access road to the dam and the reservoir itself will make the nature reserves more easily accessible particularly for hunting thus increasing the vulnerability of wildlife. The demand for fuel for cooking will increase illegal timbering and logging. Demand for wild meat will increase. Perhaps the most sensitive impact from the project, the presence of a large population will exacerbate current practices of poaching and illegal logging in the nature reserves. This is further exacerbated by the current weak management and protection capacity in the reserves. Threatened species may be negatively impacted as a result of increased human populations and increased access to the natural reserves areas where these species occur. The increased population during construction will engender additional hunting pressures on wildlife. The value of wildlife for communities has been traditionally high. However, in addition to food intake, current hunting takes place to meet demand from restaurants in the area especially in Mai Chau. The reservoir and the new access road will improve accessibility to the nature reserves and with it, the potential for increased hunting pressure and trade of endangered species. 38 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mitigation. A Biodiversity and Protected Areas Management Plan will provide support to Reserves Management to strengthen their in suit protection and control. Furthermore, the workers camp will be required to provide alternate fuels sources for cooking to minimize the demand for firewood. Canteens and restaurants under the control of Contractors will be prohibited to serve wild meat. Strict workers behavior rules regarding poaching, hunting, and illegal logging will be enforced. Impacts on Social Environment Social impacts will be exerted by two factors: (i). the need to acquire land and relocate population for the reservoir, the dam sites, borrow pits, access and construction roads, transmission lines, and disposal sites.; and (ii) the presence of a large workforce in an area with vulnerable ethnic populations. Resettlement Impacts The key impacts will be the resettlement of approximately 2,327 households, of which 1,516 households will be affected by main project. 599 out of 2,327 are impacted on residential land, houses, infrastructure, assets and agricultural land such that they have to be relocated. The remainder has productive land or assets in the project affected area, but do not have to relocate. There are 40 who have no residential land or house in the flooded area but are eligible because their land and house are isolated by the formation of the reservoir. The 357 households affected by the planned resettlement sites in host communities are only losing agricultural land for this purpose. Table 5 presents a summary of the resettlement impacts from the TSHPP. Table 5: Households Affected and Included In the RLDP Area Source of Impact No. Households No. People Reservoir flooded areas 1,059 5,038 · Relocated 533 2,445 · Agricultural land lost (but not relocated) 519 2,570 · Productive assets other than land impacted 7 23 (e.g. shops) but not relocated Within the construction area (borrow pits, roads, 100 439 construction site and construction camp) Households losing land to incoming resettlers 357 1,535 1 Affected by access road 486 1,954 · Relocated 66 274 · Agricultural land lost (but not relocated) 420 1,680 · Productive assets other than land impacted 20 75 (e.g. shops) but not relocated Affected by transmission line (estimates) 325 1,625 Total 2,327 10,591 1 All those losing productive assets also lose agricultural land and therefore total affected is not the sum of the three sub-categories noted The project affects three types of land: (a) land used for crop production (paddy fields, upland fields on slopes), (b) residential land and (c) forest land, and two types of assets other than land: (a) houses and (b) shops or other business assets. No project-affected land currently under community land use right certificates previously allocated to a church, 39 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment pagoda, temple or ethnic minority community has been identified during the inventory of losses. 76% of the land flooded by the reservoir is on steep slopes under bamboo cultivation. Among income sources, Luong bamboo is the most significantly affected because it is mostly planted along river banks. At the reservoir supporting sites such as dam site, borrow pits, disposal sites, all land affected (198 ha) is forestry land with Luong bamboo. Mitigation. The proposed RLDP has been designed to ensure that all affected peoples are significantly better off after relocation. Twelve resettlement sites are planned for five communes: four villages in Trung Son Commune, three in Tan Xuan, two in Trung Ly, two in Muong Ly and onein Tam Chung. The resettlement sites were identified in 2004 and modified in 2008 on the basis of feedback received through local consultation. All planned resettlement sites are within the affected communes so that relocated households will be able to continue to manage their remaining land and other properties outside the project affected areas, and maintain social relationships. Average distance from affected sites to resettlement sites is 2 km (actual distance by village). The current area of agricultural land and forestry land in resettlement sites is preserved. Overall, other land (unused land) decreases to allow the creation of residential land and new paddy fields. A detailed assessment of water resources was completed as part of the master plan. The planned relocation sites can provide water through gravity systems to a total of 540 households. Households requiring resettlement were provided with three options: (i) relocation to resettlement sites as planned; (ii) relocation to a site within the project area instead of resettlement sites as planned; or (iii) Relocation out of the district/province area with little assistance. Resettlement strategies were based on four principles: a) Minimize environmental and social impacts during land acquisition, b) If resettlement is unavoidable, affected people shall receive financial compensation to sustain their livelihood. Compensation shall be provided before or after the acquisition of land from DPs, c) the project provides employment opportunities to the local people and d) participation of local people and communes in planning and implementation. Provisions for livelihood restoration will include: Enhancement and improvement of existing farming systems for most households. The majority of households have a preference for land-based livelihoods. The plan will provide options for households to adjust their farming systems to land and water resources in their new locations; Diversification into non-agricultural occupations through vocational training for some young people, and support to local microenterprises that will create local jobs. The plan also pays attention to retain human resources, i.e. to avoid that the majority of relocated households with higher formal education levels move out of the area. It provides to these households opportunities to stay in the project area. Other Social Impacts The presence of a large workforce in close contact will vulnerable ethnic minorities poses a significant threat to their cultural values and community structures. The spread of alcoholism and STDs is likely to occur if mitigation measures are not implemented. The social assessment, the livelihoods assessment and the supplementary social and environmental impact assessment have identified through consultation with affected people a range of impacts, or risks of impact, within the project area. They are summarized in Table 6. Impact factors in italics are addressed through elements of the environment management plan other than the RLDP. 40 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 6: Summary of Social Impacts Project Element Negative Impact Dam Noise, dust, road safety Waste Safety at flooding Downstream impact: fish resources for livelihoods, sand extraction Disruption of boat transportation Reservoir flooded areas Relocation Loss of agricultural land, especially land for bamboo plantation, need for livelihood restoration Loss of ethnic/cultural identities in resettlement sites Construction worker camp Increased drug use and trade among workers Increased demand for local health services from camp followers Safety and reproductive health, especially among women Access road Resettlement of affected households Power lines A comprehensive strategy to address work force and camp followers issues has been designed for the project. In addition to the provisions included in the RP and CLIP, other actions have been included in the EMP such as: · The construction and workers camps include codes of behavior for and restrictions for camp management. · The Community Relations and Safety Plan that will inform local communities on progress of the project and ensure community safety; this plan will include feedback, complaint and grievance and conflict resolution mechanisms for non-resettlement and/or land acquisition matters. · The Public Health Action Plan. This plan puts in place measures to manage health risks in local communities, workforce and camp flowers. · The EMP outlines the criteria for addressing camp followers issues by TSHPMB and the commitment to implement additional actions if warranted. Environmental and Social Impacts during Construction Construction and Workers Camp Impacts The construction of the dam and its ancillary infrastructure will entail potentially significant negative impacts on communities and surrounding aquatic habitats. The proper management of excavation materials, river and drainage crossings, and the reduction of nuisances such as dust, noise, increased traffic, pedestrian safety concerns, and the presence of a large work force in or near small rural communities, will require careful engineering planning, closed supervision, and a continuous and intense community information program. During the construction period, construction and material carrier vehicles will use existing roads and village roads and partial congestion may occur with some negative impacts upon local traffic. The presence of communities and some schools along some of these roads pose a significant risk for pedestrian and student safety. Traffic management during construction will require strict controls. Unexploded ordnance may present a hazard to construction workers and the public. A workforce that will peak at 4,000 workers is expected during the construction period. Based on experiences for hydropower projects elsewhere in Vietnam, additional people in the area ­ "camp followers" could be expected to be between 400 and 1,000. Potential impacts arising from the workforce and spontaneous development include pressure on land and natural resources (logging, hunting), generation of solid and liquid wastes and increased public health risks, especially of sexually transmitted disease such as HIV/AIDS. The interaction of the workforce with the local population will pose a threat to their family structure and traditional customs. Mitigation. A Construction Impact Management Plan has been designed and will be strictly enforced, primarily as an obligation placed on the main civil works construction contractor. 41 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Appropriate management of construction activities include sediment and erosion control, quarry and disposal sites management, traffic management, nuisances (dust, noise) reduction measures, and waste and wastewater management plans. Environmental specifications will be included in all bidding documents and contracts. Worker behavior rules (a workers' code of conduct) will prevent hunting and illegal trade and reduce disturbance to traditional customs. Wastewater and solid wsste management systems will be implemented in all work sites. The contractors will be required to provide alternative fuels to minimize the need for firewood. The support to the nature reserves (see above) will increase patrolling and control measures. A Health Management Plan has been designed to address health issues at the workers camps and resettlement sites, and health issues at the regional level. Environmental and social awareness programs for workers will be implemented. A community relations and information program will be required of the main contractor. Environmental supervision of all construction activities will be part of the compliance framework. Sites will not be handed over to contractors until it has been cleared of unexploded ordnance. An EMDP will (i) minimize and mitigate project impact on the livelihoods of ethnic minority people in the area affected by the Trung Son hydropower project; and (ii) ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the dignity, human rights and cultural uniqueness of ethnic minorities in the project affected area, and takes into account their development needs and aspirations. Construction/upgrading of Access Roads and Transmission Line 20.4 km of a new access road will be built. In addition, access roads and tracks (some temporary) will be needed for construction. Potential impacts include resettlement, erosion, slope instability, dust, traffic safety risks, increased access to nature reserves. The construction of the transmission line can also exert impacts along the route. Mitigation. Standalone Environmental Management and Resettlement Plans for the access road have been prepared. Environmental specifications for contractors include measures for erosion, dust and traffic control, slope stabilization, road signage and enforcement of maximum speeds. Frameworks for the preparation of resettlement, ethnic minorities and environmental management plans for the transmission line have been prepared. Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources The area for the reservoir and ancillary facilities has been surveyed and all physical cultural resources present have been identified. Mitigation. Procedures and measures for their mitigation and management of physical cultural resources have been prepared. Two sites have been proposed for further study and excavation before impoundment. Chance finding procedures during construction have been prepared and will be included in all bidding documents and contracts. Special procedures, according to traditions and existing laws, and in agreement with local communities, will be followed for all Khieng San (worshipping place) and cemeteries. Cumulative Impacts Cumulative Impact in the Project Area The analysis of cumulative impacts for the TSHPP considered the interaction of the following four project components: · Construction and operation of the dam; · Construction and operation of the construction camp; · Construction and operation of the access road; and · Resettlement of over project affected people. 42 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The immediate cumulative impacts from project activities will be the increased pressure on harvesting of wildlife for food and other consumptive usage in protected areas. Mitigation: Workers' code of conduct prohibiting hunting and fishing; prohibition of consumption of wildlife or bush meat products in camps; control ingress and egress on access roads to minimize poaching; implement park management plans; implement park patrols and wardens; education campaign to workers and local communities; and control of ingress and egress to the TSHPP site Cumulative Impacts in River Basin Hydroelectric development in the Ma river catchment will be intensive in the next decades. At least four hydroelectric projects are planned for the basin, with one (Cua Dat on the Chu river branch) already under construction. This development will have significant impacts on water quantity (flows), water quality, fisheries, and sediment transport. These hydroelectric projects are described in Table 3 above. A set of issues at the watershed level have been identified in the EIA of the Trung Son project and other strategic reports carried out in Vietnam during the last few years (see Annex) has been developed based on preliminary identification of the potential key direct and indirect impacts caused by the proposed project and medium and long term development in the region: hydrology; vulnerability to flooding; fisheries; water quality; navigation; water supply and irrigation; institutional issues; and aquatic biodiversity. Of special concern are the cumulative impacts on aquatic biodiversity. Mitigation. One means of mitigating the effects of the Trung Son dam is to ensure that selected branches of the Ma River system remain unaltered and unaffected. This would need to consist of a complete unaltered sub-basin with no dams or barriers and a high level of protection from other impacts such as mining-related pollution, forestry, wastewater pollution from urban areas, and destructive fishing practices. Having a completely unaltered system would preserve the ecological connectivity within one branch of the system and provide species with inter-habitat migration from one part of the basin to another. Fish biodiversity studies carried out for Trung Son recommended that two complete river sub-basins of the Ma River should be considered to be kept free from barriers and activities that impact fish biodiversity. Keeping these two sub-basins "intact" will ensure that a full sequence of fish habitats and migratory routes is protected in the Ma River. Potential candidate sub- basins are for such an intact rivers scheme are the Buoi River and the Luong River. The EMP includes provisions, budget and terms of reference for a study to review the feasibility of such a an approach. In addition, the EMP also includes the budget and terms of reference for a comprehensive cumulative impacts assessment at the regional level from development programs in all development sectors. Environmental Impacts of Resettlement Each resettlement site will be provided with adequate infrastructure which will be designed and implemented during the resettlement process. The proposed infrastructure includes: · Rural roads, ferry stages and bridges: approximately 43.2 km of Class B rural roads, five ferry stages and two small bridges; · Water Supply: 14 water retaining walls which are about 1 m ­ 1.2 m high, 41.5 km of distribution pipes to convey water from source to households for domestic use, and 26.5 km of channels for irrigation serving 27 ha of rice field, two crops/year; · Power supply: build 13 substations of 31.5 kVA, 75 kVA or 100 kVA. Install 10.7 km of 0.4 kV power line and 30.18 km of 35 kV power lines; 43 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment · Commune buildings including 8 kindergartens, 5 classrooms and 4 accommodations for teachers, 5 cultural houses. All are grade 4 (one storey); Housing: Affected households may have the choice of building their new houses on their own, or having the project to build houses for them based on the model that affected households has chosen among those introduced by the project. In order to address the minor environmental impacts of this resettlement infrastructure, an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been designed and is included as an appendix to the EMP. The framework includes the actions, responsibilities and measures to guarantee that the impacts from all infrastructures built in resettlement sites are minimized. The EMF provides screening criteria, potential impacts and typical mitigation measures, and reporting and monitoring requirements for all project types to be built. Other Safeguard Issues Pest Management (OP 4.09) Mosquito control programs will be implemented in all workers camps and resettlement sites. Resettled families will be provided with garden plots for planting fruits and vegetables. The management of pesticides and other hazardous wastes is included in the environmental specifications for contractors. Mosquito control in resettlement sites will follow government procedures. The CLIP includes training for resettlers on management of the pesticides including Integrated Pest Management. Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) The Trung Son hydropower project is the first to be constructed on the Ma River although plans exist for development along the length of the main stem, including in Dien Bien province upstream of the Lao section of the river, and downstream of Trung Son. Vietnamese dam safety requirements have been reviewed and compared with the requirements of OP 4.37. TSHPMB has established a Dam Safety Review Panel (DSRP) which has undertaken two missions at the feasibility stage and detailed design stage of the project. It has reviewed the quality assurance, O&M, instrumentation and emergency preparedness plans prepared by TSHPMB and found them satisfactory. All the other recommendations of the DSRP have been met. Implementation Arrangements Environmental and Social Management Plans The management of environmental and social impacts and measures to mitigate them are encompassed in a comprehensive set of plans prepared under the project. The two key plans are the EMP (as a separate chapter of the ESIA) and the RLDP. Their scope and objectives are summarized in Table 7. Table 7: Scope and Content of EMP and RLDP Plan Objectives Content Environmental The Environmental Management · Construction Impact Management Plan ­ Management Plan Plan (EMP) for the Trung Son measures to minimize negative impacts of Hydropower Project (TSHPP) construction activities on local communities EMP identifies the principles, approach, and the natural environment, to reduce the induced impacts of camp followers, to procedures and methods that will prevent pollution; be used to control and minimize · Biodiversity and Protected Areas the environmental and social Management Plan ­ measures to ensure impacts of all construction and protection of local and regional biodiversity operational activities associated and minimize project impacts on three adjacent protected areas; · Vegetation Clearing and Salvage Plan ­ 44 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Plan Objectives Content with project development measures to minimize biomass loss as a result of reservoir clearing and to The EMP contains guiding coordinate timing to allow salvage benefits environmental principles and to local communities; procedures for communication, · Environmental Monitoring Plan ­ measures reporting, training, monitoring and to ensure project compliance, and the success of proposed mitigation, continue plan review to which all EVN and baseline monitoring and review TSHPMB staff, contractors and environmental and social performance; subcontractors are required to · Community Relations Plan ­ measures to comply with throughout the inform local communities on progress of preconstruction, construction and the project and ensure community safety; operation phases of the TSHPP · Regional Health Management Plan ­ PMB shall prepare a regional health plan to mitigate project impacts on the health of local populations; · Physical Cultural Resources Management Plan ­ measures to prevent any inadvertent loss of physical and cultural resources during construction and operation; · Environmental Management of Infrastructure in Resettlement Sites - address environmental issues that may arise during the construction and operation of the infrastructure that will be provided to resettlement sites · Additional Studies ­ additional studies are planned to improve information for the project Resettlement Vietnam Electricity (EVN), through The RLDP comprises three inter-related Livelihoods and the RLDP, commits to fully plans: Ethnic Minorities compensate resettlement impacts, · The Resettlement Plan relates to losses of Development to improve or at least restore houses, land and other livelihood assets. The plan makes provisions for full Program (RLDP) livelihoods of local residents and to compensation and relocation of all minimize or mitigate other negative affected residents. social impacts. RLDP identifies the · The Community Livelihoods Improvement principles, measures and Plan is a development plan for all villages procedures that to fulfill this affected by resettlement under the main commitment. The RLDP starts project. Details are available for each during planning, continues during participating village. · The Ethnic Minorities Development Plan construction and operation addresses impacts on ethnic minority communities not covered by other plans. The EMP is complemented by three additional instruments: · A stand-alone Environmental Management Plan and Resettlement Plan for the 20.4 km access road to the dam from Co Luong (Mai Chau, Hoa Binh province) to Co Me (Trung Son, Thanh Hoa province) and two major and five minor bridges along the route. · An Environmental Management Framework to address environmental issues during the construction and operation of resettlement sites; and · A Policy Framework for Resettlement, Compensation and Rehabilitation of Project Affected Persons, an Environmental Planning Framework and an Ethnic Minorities Planning Framework to be applied to the 65 km , 220 kV double-circuit transmission line to connect the project to the Hoa Binh ­ Nho Quan 220kV line in Tan Lac District. 45 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The EMP also includes specific studies to improve the baseline of the project area and support decision making through adaptive management. These studies include: · A Cumulative Impact assessment at the basin level to analyze the broad impacts of Trung Son and all future hydroelectric projects and other development activities in the Ma River basin; · A study to analyze the technical and legal feasibility of establishing an intact river policy in one of the Ma river branches; · Additional water quality modeling in the reservoir and downstream. Roles and Responsibilities for EMP Implementation TSHPMB will be responsible for the management, implementation, monitoring and compliance of the EMP, SESIA and any approval conditions, including supervision of all TSHPMB staff, contractors and all subcontractors. The organizational structure and responsibilities for implementation of the EMP is presented in Table 8. Table 8: Responsibility for EMP Implementation Organization Responsibility EVN: Overall responsibility for environmental performance of TSHPP Vietnam Decision-maker on applicable policies to the TSHPP Electricity Oversight supervisory role during the construction and operational phase Review reports of the Independent Environmental Monitoring Consultant (IEMC) Approves changes to the EMP, as necessary, as part of an adaptive approach to environmental and social management of the TSHPP Working with stakeholders in developing an approach to Intact Rivers management TSHPMB Establish an environmental unit, headed by the Project Environmental Officer to implement EMP responsibilities Management, implementation, monitoring and compliance of the EMP, SESIA and any approval conditions, including supervision of all TSHPMB staff, contractors and all subcontractors Review of EMP performance and implementation of correction actions, or stop work procedures, in the event of breaches of EMP conditions, that may lead to serious impacts on local communities, or affect the reputation of the project Ensure effective communication and dissemination of the content and requirements of the EMP to contractors and subcontractors Assisting the contractor with implementation of EMP sub-plans Monitoring of EMP and SESIA performance Ensuring compliance to all project social commitments, including RLDP Report environmental performance of the TSHPP directly to EVN Report on environmental performance also to MONRE, World Bank, independent environmental monitoring consultants and other government regulators as required Prepare environmental reports summarizing project activities, as required Representing the project at community meetings Ensuring effective community liaison and fulfilling commitments to facilitate public consultation Monitoring of downstream impacts and any reports downstream of decreased fish yields Supervising Preparation and implementation of the Environmental Supervision Plan during Engineer construction Preparation and implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Plan during construction Supervision of contractor performance on the Construction and Work Camp Management Plan Reporting any incidents or non-compliance with the EMP to the TSHPMB Ensuring adequate training and education of all staff involved in environmental supervision 46 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Organization Responsibility Making recommendations to the TSHPMB regarding EMP performance as part of an overall commitment to continuous improvement Contractor Preparation and implementation of the Construction and Worker Camp Management Plan Prepare and maintain records and all required reporting data as stipulated by the EMP, for submission to the Supervising Engineer Ensure that all construction personnel are informed of the intent of the EMP and are made aware of the required measures for environmental and social compliance and performance During construction, maintain traffic safety along access roads, with special emphasis on high trafficked areas Independent Report to TSHPMB, EVN and the World Bank on project compliance with Monitoring environmental and social commitments in the EMP, EIA and other applicable standards Consultants (IMCs) Local Local authorities, communities and individuals shall be involved in supervision of both Authorities the SESIA and EMP, where applicable EVN is the project owner. It takes responsibility to ensure to entire project is implemented according to both government and World Bank requirements. Included within this is the responsibility to ensure the RLDP is implemented in compliance with the commitments set out in it. EVN approves the RLDP and will ensure that sufficient resources are allocated to implement it. EVN will oversee implementation by TSHPMB of the RLDP and coordinate with provinces and the World Bank on issues related to the RLDP. EVN has entrusted TSHPMB with all aspects in relation to implementation of the project. The PPCs are each responsible for reviewing and endorsing the RLDP in so far as it applies within the territory of the province. They will approve the Resettlement Plan or assign District People's Committees (DPCs) under them to approve it. The PPCs direct the DPCs and other related departments or organizations to coordinate with TSHPMB and provide resources for implementation of the RLDP. The PPCs also monitor the implementation of the RLDP. The District People's Committees (DPC) coordinate with the TSHPMB in design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the RLDP. They will review and endorse the RLDP before it is submitted to the PPC for its review. If authorized by the PPC, DPCs will review and approve the Resettlement Plan. DPCs will direct commune and village authorities and directly assign their own staff to work with TSHPMB and affected communities. Commune People's Committees: villages, ethnic minority representatives and households. a commune workgroup is established to assist implementation and for participatory monitoring of the three plans. Each commune nominates an ethnic minority representative to District Compensation Committee and to its EMDP team. These representatives are village elders or prestigious people among the ethnic minority community. Each village sets up a monitoring group. TSHPMB manages the project in such a way that it complies with RLDP principles. It implements and monitors RLDP, and assists in the resolution of complaints and grievances. Within TSHPMB, a safeguard team is in charge of all social aspects, including but not limited to resettlement (as well as environmental management aspects: refer to environmental management plan). The safeguard team reports directly to the Director of TSHPMB. The safeguard team (a) implements the RP including the inventory of losses, preparation of compensation and allowance plans, contracts for construction of the resettlement sites and associated infrastructure, delivery of compensation and allowances, in particular by preparing detailed schedules and plans, and monitors progress; (b) takes part in the CLIP team under the coordination of the Chief Technical Assistant (CTA), particularly to manage activities in the service center, and (c) is a facilitator for the district ethnic minority development teams which oversee EMDP. It implements communication activities jointly with the TA team. 47 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Consultants and contractors, hired by TSHPMB: (a) support the preparation and implementation of the individual plans within the RLDP, (b) carry out construction of resettlement sites and associated infrastructure; (c) conduct independent monitoring of each of the plans within the RLDP. Institutional responsibilities for RLDP implementation are summarized in Table 9. Table 9: Primary Agency Responsible for Each Element of RLDP Area of Contr- Safeg- TSH respons- PPC actor uard DPC DCC CPC Villages PMB ibility (1) team Overall RLDP Compliance Management Coordination Communication Monitoring 1. Resettlement Plan DCC coordination Compensation Participation Resettlement sites 2. Community Livelihoods Improvement Plan Participation in CLIP team Technical assistance Technical advisory board Service center Participation in activities 3. Ethnic Minorities Development Plan Coordination Participation in activities Specific measures Panel of Experts An environmental and social Panel of Experts (PoE) has been established to provide independent review and guidance on the treatment of environmental and social issues associated with the Trung Son project. Among other duties, the PoE will provide reports to EVN and PMB on the status and compliance with EMP and RLDP requirements. The PoE has already produced two reports on the preparation of the environmental and social documentation for the project. The recommendations from the panel have been incorporated in the final version of these documents. Adaptive Management PMB recognizes that the proposed plans may need future adjustments. An adaptive management approach will therefore be adopted for environmental and social management components. Based on monitoring and evaluation of actual performance, proper adjustments will be made to management plans. 48 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Safeguards will be managed in a flexible manner in order to fully reach the objective of meeting the requirements for management of: fish and fisheries in the reservoir and downstream; water releases and environmental flows; increased erosion downstream; water quality in the reservoir and downstream; health impacts; and resettlement and livelihood development. Adaptive management is expected to be important in at least four areas: Response to updates in the legal framework. Actual circumstances on the ground. If monitoring of any part of the environment or social management indicates that circumstances have been changed, or there have been oversights in preparation (for example if a household not included in the census is eligible for compensation) the application of the principles set out in the SESIA, EMP and RLDP will apply. Budget. The Environment and Social Mitigation component budget of the project is a cost estimate which will be adjusted as needed during implementation. Contingencies have been included to allow budget increases. Schedule. The schedule reflects the sequence of planned operations as of October 2010. It will be revised as frequently as needed during implementation. The mitigation plans are programmed for a five-year period from end-2010 until end-2016 (2015 for the RLDP). The programs will close at the end of 2016 if and only if the objective had been reached. Adaptation will only take place if the outcome of this adaptation is conducive to better achievement of the project objectives and principles. Adaptive management cannot be used to justify actions that would conflict with legal principles or Bank policies. Prohibited changes would include, among others: Altering or reducing environment standards that result in not restoring the project area to its pre-project condition to the greatest extent possible, or failing to mitigate known environment impacts. Ignoring or avoiding dealing with emerging environment or social issues. Restriction or elimination of entitlements and eligibility criteria, or reduction of compensation rates below the replacement cost standard. Lowering the resettlement objective to below the requirement to at least restore incomes or living standards to below pre-project levels (or accepting a substandard outcome as satisfactory). Imposing, activities on ethnic minority communities without free, prior and informed consultation resulting in expression of broad community support. Public Consultation and Disclosure Public consultation is a key component of the TSHPP. So far it has been pivotal in: Finalizing the report on Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (SESIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Trung Son Hydropower Project. Creating the Resettlement Livelihood and Ethnic Minorities Development Program (RLDP) with three main components: the Resettlement Action Plan (RP), Community Livelihood Improvement Development Plan (CLIP), Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) and the communication and management component. Designing an open dialogue between TSHPP authorities, village leaders and affected households. The goal was to ease the transition into resettlement areas, while improving living conditions and quality of life of affected households. The objectives of consultation are: Inform the affected households and communities, local authorities and civil society organizations about potential Project impacts and proposed mitigation measures. Information provided in the RLDP and EIA/EMP was disclosed at the project affected area, Vietnam Development Information Center (VDIC) and the Public Information Center (Infoshop) of World Bank located in Washington, D.C. at least three weeks in advance of the consultation; 49 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Collect opinions/feedback to complete the RLDP and EIA/EMP; and Have initial agreement/commitment to co-operate with the local authorities during the implementation process. Three consultation rounds with local communities and communes were carried out in 2008- 2010 as to: Inform affected households and communities about project impacts; and Collect information and initial feedback be used as input data to prepare for the project, particularly the RLDP and SESIA/EMP. The first consultation round was carried out from July 12 to 26, 2008 in 15 villages and one hamlet that are to be relocated in the reservoir area. The second round was carried out from December 20, 2008 to January 12, 2009 in 34 other villages affected by the project including the villages along the access road, and those that could be affected but not necessarily resettled. The total number of villages affected by the project and consulted is 47. In 2009 and 2010, the third round of consultation at the village, district, provincial and central levels was carried out. At village level, community consultation concluded in all 56 villages of 17 communes affected by the TSHPP, including downstream affected communes. Representatives from Vietnam River Network participated in all village-level consultation meetings as observers. At the district level, consultation was carried out in Muong Lat and Quan Hoa districts of Thanh Hoa Province, Mai Chau District of Hoa Binh Province and Moc Chau District of Son La Province. Participants were from relevant district/communes authorities, at least one representative from each affected village in the respective district and representatives from provincial authorities as appropriate. At provincial level, consultation has been implemented in three provinces including Thanh Hoa, Son La and Hoa Binh with participation of relevant departments such as provincial electricity department, Ethnic Minority Department, Agricultural and Rural Development department, Natural and Environmental Department, Department of Labor, War Invalid and Social Affairs etc). At central level, consultation with civil society was held in Hanoi in March 2010 with participation of representatives from civil society organizations, NGOs, international agencies or any individuals. Consultation Methods Consultation with Affected Communities Consultation was conducted in every affected village/community. Information of appropriate form and in local languages was provided at village and household level at least three weeks before the consultation meeting. A meeting was held in each consulted village with participation of as many villagers as possible and any other interested individual/organizations. Extra efforts were needed to encourage women and others who might otherwise be excluded to attend; consideration was given to having separate meetings with any groups that was reluctant to attend the village meetings. A short oral summary on the project, its impacts and proposed mitigation measures was presented in the meeting. All questions/ feedback and requests were properly recorded and responded as appropriate. Group discussions were held if needed. In addition to Vietnamese, translation of the discussions into local languages was provided as necessary. Photograph and video recording were taken but only if they did not inhibit the consultation process. Minutes were prepared for each consultation and agreed to with participants. A summary report to describe the consultation process and main findings was prepared no later than one week after completion of the consultation. Consultation with Villages and Communes Potentially Affected by Downstream Impact Downstream impacts to those villages/ communes can only be fully assessed when the dam enters operation thus an adaptive approach has been proposed. The consultation materials will be disclosed at each affected villages and a consultation meeting will be held in each commune center with participation of the villages' representatives. Consultation content shall be adjusted as appropriate. 50 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Consultation with Civil Society The consultation was organized by the World Bank in collaboration with the PMB. A facilitator was hired to chair this meeting. Box 4 shows some elements and materials of the community consultation. Public Consultation Results Trung Son HPMB has received many responses from local authorities and households in the project area, and particularly from households affected by the project. The following were general comments from Project-affected households: (i) welcome and support the construction of TSHPP; (ii) believe that quality of life should improve with additional community services and infrastructure; (iii) concerns of local people on compensation rates for land areas required and agricultural production and bamboo affected by the project; (iv) state policies should financially assist impacted villages, especially after construction and resettlement; (v) environmental policies minimize the extent of environmental pollution; (vi) implementation of mitigation measures specified in EMP and programs in RLDP; and (vii) village security and environment shall be sustained. Agricultural land and its productivity are the main concerns of local villagers. Resettlement land and its productivity need to be of equal or greater value to the lost land. Bamboo takes approximately six to seven years before it can be harvested; therefore, adequate financial or "land-for-land" compensation will be vital in supporting villages during and more importantly, after construction. Resettled and affected areas will also receive financial support and health, education and community services and programs. Village security and maintenance of social order were also common concerns. The rapid population increase, particularly the number of males in the Co Me and Chieng Po communes, could dramatically increase the amount of gambling, prostitution, theft, drugs and disease. Several villages have requested state guards during construction. One of the most significant outcomes of consultation with communities during preparation has been the revision, in two out of four communes, of the resettlement sites that had been initially planned. New, smaller sites have been selected with more fertile soils and higher water resources. Through consultation, all Hmong communities have expressed a preference for relocation within their village, so that the resettlement sites are currently planned for a wholly Thai/Muong population, with a few Kinh households. Consultation with local social organizations has led, among other elements, to include prevention of HIV/AIDS and women and child trafficking in impact mitigation measures. Resettlement can only proceed after the affected community has indicated its broad support for resettlement arrangements. Together these assessments have elicited local feedback on the project, the draft compensation and resettlement policy, relocation plans and relocation assistance, livelihood restoration and improvement, and questions relating to ethnic minority cultures and other project impact. 51 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Box 4: Community Consultations in Trung Son Three Rounds of consultations were conducted for affected communities from December 2008 to March 2010. · Round 1: 14 villages which will be inundated by the reservoir · Round 2: 34 villages affected by the construction of the access road · Third round of consultation has been conducted in January/ February 2010 from village to central level (53 villages, four Districts and three provinces. · At central level, consultation with Civil society and the Provinces was conducted early March 2010 Materials · Cassette recorder, batteries and tapes recording project information, key socio- environmental issues, and mitigation programs in 4 languages (in 3 ethnic languages) distributed to village leaders. · Documents and materials for consultation sent to villages/ districts and provinces at least three weeks before consultation takes place · Website for Trung Son project was created to provide information to interested parties. · Posters and wall calendars (a very common fixture in the area) with information on Trung Son were distributed among local households. Consultation details and feedback from local authorities, project affected households, non- government organizations, and individuals were synthesized and presented in a Consultation report included in project documents. Free, Prior and Informed Consultation Has Led to Broad Community Support The principle of free, prior and informed consultation in ethnic minority villages has been pursued during project design and will be continued during implementation. Communities have had and will continue to have opportunities to voice concerns. Based on reports and firsthand experience of the project preparationteam, there is broad community support for the project. 52 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Complaints and Grievances Complaints and grievances relate to issues that cannot be solved immediately and may not be solved locally. In environment matters, it can relate to the impacts of the construction works or the way in which they are carried on, behavior of construction workers, and safety matters In resettlement, the scope of the grievance includes all land issues directly related to project impact including, if appropriate, clarification of boundaries between villages and communes. For ethnic minorities affected by the project, these issues may relate to (a) conflict between communities on access and management of natural resources, (b) any other matter for grievance in relation to ethnic minority cultures. Complaints and grievances will be handled through two channels. First, a legal mediation channel formed by Peoples' committees from commune up to province level, is in place in Vietnam. This channel is distinct from the technical project implementation formed by the DCC and commune workgroup. Second, the project itself sets up an alternative channel, the independent grievance panel Legal Mediation Channel The formal national procedure of the Land law is based on four stages of mediation: First step: if any person is aggrieved by any aspect of the resettlement and rehabilitation program, he/she can lodge an oral or written grievance with commune authorities. The CPC will resolve the issue within fifteen days from the date it receives the complaint. Second step: if any aggrieved person is not satisfied with the decision in the first step, he/she can bring the complaint to the DPC within fifteen days from the date of the receipt of the first step decision. The DPC will reach a decision on the complaint within fifteen days. Third step: if the aggrieved person is still not satisfied with the decision at district level, he/she can appeal to the Provincial People's Committee within 45 days of receiving the decision of the DPC. The Provincial People's Committee will reach a decision on the complaint within the timing regulated by Vietnamese law. Fourth step: If the DP is not satisfied with the decision of the Provincial level, the case may be submitted for consideration by the District Court within 45 days of receiving the decision of the PPC. The District Court will reach a decision on the complaint within the timing regulated by the Vietnam's law. Independent Grievance Mechanism TSHPMB will establish a grievance panel independent of the legally-established grievance mechanism. The safeguard team in TSHPMB will provide a monthly monitoring report to the panel to allow it to monitor all complaints and grievances. Complaints or grievances are received through a variety of sources, including, for example direct from either the individual or a group, or through a representative, such as the village head, a representative of a mass organization or an NGO. (in the Vietnamese language or a local ethnic language) or in written form. They may also be reported through the Commune People's Committee, which informs the safeguard team; or directly to the safeguard team during monthly compliance monitoring. The complainant may be assisted by others throughout the process. Key principles in the informal process are: (a) to deal with the matter at the lowest possible level; and (b) to address complaints as quickly as practicable to avoid minor issues becoming major ones. The first point of contact for a complainant is the project Community Relations Officer (CRO), a member of the Trung Son Safeguards Team. The CRO will take up the matter with relevant members of the Trung Son Safeguards Team to try to reach a solution. If no solution satisfactory to the complainant can be achieved, the complainant meets the head of the Trung Son Safeguards Team, who addresses the issue in conjunction with heads of other departments in TSHPMB, contractors and, as necessary, local authorities. Records of 53 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment meetings between complainants will be maintained and reviewed by the project IEMCs. Meetings are conducted in a language acceptable to the complainant and in a setting appropriate to the needs of the meeting (which may include the site of the complaint, or the offices of TSHPP). If the complainant is not satisfied with the solutions on offer from the head of the Trung Son Safeguards Team, the Independent Grievance Panel (IGP) will hear the case. The IGP is composed of the head of the Trung Son Safeguards Team, and at least one member of the independent PoE. It is chaired by the Director of TSHPMB. It may co-opt additional members as required including, for example, independent social and environment monitoring consultants, a technical expert or an NGO. It may also take independent advice from consultants or other experts at its discretion. Complaints received by the IGP will be publicly disclosed when they are received. The IGP will hear the complaint in a face-to-face meeting, at which the complainant and any advisor or representative may be present. The IGP will publish its findings promptly after it has completed its deliberations and one member of the IGP will be delegated to communicate the findings to the complainant in a suitable form and language. The IGP will convene quarterly to review all complaints dealt with by either the CRO or the head of the Trung Son Safeguards team, and to discuss any ongoing complaints. The IGP can be convened by any individual member to deal with urgent matters which cannot wait until the next scheduled meeting. Project information leaflets provide practical information about grievances to local residents such as contacts and addresses. They mention both the legal mechanism and the IGP, and provide information about how to get in touch with both. Budgets Estimated costs for the implementation of the EMP and RLDP are presented in Tables 10 and 11. Table 10: EMP Component Costs Estimated Cost (US $) 8-12% of total Contractor ­ built into contract construction costs Supervision ­ environment ­ to be built into the contract for Engineering 10-25% of engineering Supervision (includes sampling for environmental quality); built into contract supervision cost plus $250,000 ( separate estimate for environmental quality monitoring) Independent Environmental Monitoring $250,000 (3-5 years) 1 Institutional Strengthening, Training and Capacity Building $250,000 Formation of TSHPMB environmental unit Local authorities, communities and other stakeholders On-site training Offsite training Local capacity building Equipment and logistics 1 Costs of salaries, administration and function of the environmental unit paid by TSHPMB 54 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 10: EMP Component Costs Estimated Cost (US $) Technical Assistance to TSHPMB environmental unit $300,000 (2 years) Provision of outside consultants Manual of functions and procedures Assist in development of environmental database Special issues ­ e.g. water quality EMP protocols and procedures Assist in development of TSHPMB Environmental Unit Assist in implementation of updated management plans Contractor liaison TORs Chance Finds Procedures and Cultural Property Salvage (including $200,000 downstream erosion assessment) Biodiversity and Protected Areas $700,000 Support to Protected Areas Management Plans Provision of wardens Infrastructure and equipment Education Tiger Action Plan Public health action plan $600,000 Additional Studies Intact Rivers Management $150,000 Water Quality Modeling $100,000 Cumulative Effects Assessment $100,000 Total (excluding costs built into other contracts) $2,900,000 Table 11 RLDP Component CostsTable 11 Estimated Cost (US$) 1. Base cost Main project RP 25,958,206 CLIP 2,000,000 EMDP 137,436 Total base cost 28,095,642 2. Management Main project RP (management and design) 2,336,239 CLIP 40,000 EMDP 2,749 Communication 95,175 Capacity-building 51,282 M&E 264,262 Total management 2,789,706 Depreciation 1,404,782 Contingency 2,809,564 Total RLDP 35,099,694 55 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 1. Introduction 1.1 Project Overview and the SESIA 1.1.1 Key Project Features Trung Son Hydropower Plant (TSHPP) is a multipurpose project, providing power generation, flood control and irrigation benefits. At completion, the project is expected to produce an average of 1,019 GWh of electricity a year, help control annual flooding in the river valley downstream, and supplement water supplies for agricultural use during the dry season. The project will address the main sector issue of supplying least cost power to Vietnam's electricity system. It will support improved social, environment and dam safety practices in the hydropower sector by ensuring that the social and environment impacts and safety of the TSHPP follow good international practice. It will foster their further adoption by supporting the preparation of other projects. Key components of the TSHPP include the following: An 84.5 m high dam with a crest length of 513 m, including spillways, intakes, penstocks, power house, discharge channel and emergency spillway. A total reservoir area of 13.13 km2, with a volume of 348.5 million m3, a full supply level (FSL) at an elevation of 160 m and a Dead Water Level (DWL) at 150 m; A 20.4 km long access road from Co Luong (Mai Chau, Hoa Binh province) to Co Me (Trung Son, Thanh Hoa province); A number of borrow pits; A construction work camp for approximately 4000 workers; and Transmission lines The total project cost is estimated at $412 million U.S. dollars (USD), of which $35.1 million USD has been allocated for compensation and resettlement purposes, $2 million USD for livelihood development and approximately $2.9 million USD for implementation of the Environmental Management Plan which including $0.6 million for public health actions. Construction is intended to take place over 5 years and the plant is expected to be operational by 2015. 1.1.2 Purpose of the SESIA The purpose of this Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (SESIA) is to predict potential biophysical and socio-economic effects that may result from the TSHPP and prescribe mitigation measures to ensure sustainable project development. This SESIA is designed based on the incorporation of information collected from previous environmental and social studies conducted on behalf of the TSHPMB and highlight areas that require additional information and project planning. The SESIA also provides the framework for the associated Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which is presented under a separate cover. 56 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 1.1.3 Key SESIA Features This SESIA addresses a number of issues required for World Bank financing appraisal, including the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) compliant with World Bank OP 4.01; identification of mitigation measures to minimize impacts during the construction phase of the project; providing a summary of public consultation results to date, and to provide linkages with the Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan (RLDP). The project's main environmental issues are related to the impacts on water quality, hydrology, health, fish and fisheries ­ both upstream and downstream of the dam; the impact of the construction work camp; the impacts of auxiliary project components including the access road and borrow pits; and indirect impacts on the areas' natural resources and biodiversity, in particular in adjacent nature reserves. The main social issues associated with the project include: resettlement from dam construction; the restoration of livelihoods of project-affected people and minimization of impacts during the construction phase, when a camp of approximately 4,000 workers will be inserted into a remote area that is largely unaffected by infrastructure development. An estimated 2,327 households will be affected by the project, most of who are of Thai or Muong minority. Of these, approximately 486 households will be affected from the development of access roads (Tercia Consultants, 2010). These impacts will be addressed through the implementation of a (RLDP) which encompasses three parts: Resettlement Plan (RP), Community Livelihood Improvement Plan (CLIP), and Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP). The Environmental impact assessment has been prepared and the detail is shown in the annex A of this report for the impact of resettlement. A key component of effective environmental management will be the implementation of an EMP, including measures for construction supervision, monitoring and additional baseline data collection over the life of the project. 1.1.4 Previous Environmental Assessment Documentation This document is considered to be a supplement to previous project environmental assessments including the EIA approved by MONRE in 2008 and other reports prepared as required by Trung Son Hydropower Project Management Board (TSHPMB). In addition to accompanying Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, a number of supporting environmental studies and social initiatives have been prepared. These documents form an important source of information for the EMP. A full list of these documents is presented in the Reference section. A brif descry[ption of the reference documents follows. Feasibility studies were conducted to identify the optimal location to maximize power generation and minimize environmental and social impacts. Several aquatic surveys were conducted to document water quality and aquatic ecology of the Ma River. Impacts to fish biodiversity, aquaculture income, erosion and sedimentation and displacement of affected people were addressed and mitigation measures were proposed. The Trung Son Hydro Project ­ Economic Analysis report describes the hydrology and estimated power generation of the proposed TSHPP and examines the potential effects of climate change on hydrology. The report also reviews the potential benefits from Trung Son's incremental methane and carbon dioxide offsets. The economic analysis was completed 57 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment according to the standard World Bank format and finally, the analysis of alternatives, reviewed the main policy choices underlying the circumstances which combined cycle gas or coal represented a realistic alternative to Trung Son. The Assessment of Impacts Caused by Trung Song Hydropower Project to Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity was completed to illustrate high biodiversity and threats from the project within the three Natural Regions of the Trung Son area. Measures have been incorporated into the EMP to address indirect and direct project-related impacts on regional biodiversity. The Reservoir Clearing Plan studied the vegetation within the proposed reservoir. The report documents the current landscape within the TSHPP area, identifies losses to bamboo and other forests and its impact on local communities. As a result of clearing and inundation, the report also highlights potential problems associated with the build-up of debris and eutrophication. The report on Investigation of Tangible Cultural Resources in the Area of the Trung Son Hydropower Project documents the current archaeological, historical and culturally significant landscapes within the TSHPP area. Several burial sites, holy places and artifacts will be directly affected and potential salvage methods and proposals are outlined. A number of research reports and data analyses on biodiversity of fish and fisheries were completed. Initial fisheries studies identified a variety of important ecological attributes and fisheries species inhabiting the Ma River, to address a lack of basic biological and ecological understanding presented in preliminary assessment reports, the Fisheries Development Plan for the Trung Son Hydropower Project report was written to ensure management decisions would be made with the minimum amount of adverse affects to these biological and ecological features. The report also focuses on methods to enhance fisheries by taking advantage of the newly created reservoir system. However, much more knowledge on fish and fisheries along the Ma River is needed. Impacts on fish and mitigation measures are hard to predict even with extensive knowledge on the river ecosystem. Designing fish and fish programs before the stabilization of the ecosystem after the reservoir starts operation is not recommended by international practice. Initial years after impoundment see a boom in fish populations only to see a decline once the food sources have been depleted in the reservoir. An adaptive management approach is recommended for the Trung Son project. Therefore, the EMP project includes an aquatic biodiversity and fisheries monitoring program that: (i) will increase the knowledge on fish composition, migratory patterns, and fisheries before impoundment; (ii) monitor changes in fish ecosystems intensively after impoundment until the ecosystem has stabilized. Based on this monitoring program, fish and fisheries programs can be designed and implemented. The Impact Assessment report of Trung Son Hydropower Project to Fish-biodiversity and Suggested Migitation Measures was implemented. The report summarized five spatial regions of the Ma River system: upstream of the reservoir; flooded areas; river sections between the dam and power station; river sections between the power station and the confluence of the first major tributary; and downstream of the project. Each area will be indirectly and/or directly influenced by the construction and operation of the dam. The report identifies these major influences and describes their likely effects on various environmental processes. 58 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The Public Health Report of Trung Son Hydropower Project assesses the health of individuals living within the proposed project area, campsite and adjacent areas. The associated Public Health Action Plan (PHAP) describes the Resettlement and Regional Health Programs which are responsible for preventing and mitigating adverse health impacts. The Report on Construction and Worker Camp Reinstatement Study for the Trung Son Hydropower Project report defines, analyzes and estimates the waste quantity, composition and characteristics and details methods to minimize impacts due to waste management. A Construction and Camp Management Report was prepared to assess the impacts of construction-related activities and the operation of approximately 4,000 workers in the construction camp. Mitigation measures were designed to minimize the potential impacts on the surrounding environments and cultures of local villagers. The report on Public Consultation Results on Affected Households of the Trung Son Hydropower Project documents consultation efforts. Since the initiation of the TSHPP, three rounds of public consultation have occurred. The results of this initial consultation have been documented and recorded by the TSHPMB. The Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of the Access Road and Bridges ­ Trung Son Hydropower Project discusses potential impacts associated with the construction of the Co Luong-Co Me access road and bridges. The Plan was based on the Land Law, Decree No 197-ND-CP and World Bank's policy OP 4.12 to mitigate any potential impacts to local villagers and surrounding environment. An Environmental Assessment of Resettlement Sites was also completed to evaluate the impacts of resettlement activities associated with the project (EVN, 2009). The Resettlement Plan, Livelihood, and Ethnic Minority Development Plan encompasses three parts: the RP which identifies those communes and villages that will require relocation and their proposed resettlement communes; the CLIP which addresses land acquisition impacts and support programs for livelihood development which will be implemented; and finally, the EMDP which is designed to maintain people's ethnic cultural identity throughout the resettlement transition period. Each resettlement site will be provided with adequate infrastructure which will be designed and implemented during the resettlement process. The proposed infrastructure includes: o Rural roads, ferry stages and bridges: approximately 43.2 km of Class B rural roads, five ferry stages and two small bridges o Water Supply: 14 water retaining walls which are about 1 m ­ 1.2 m high, 41.5 km of distribution pipes to convey water from source to households for domestic use, and 26.5 km of channels for irrigation serving 27 ha of rice field, two crops/year o Power supply: build 13 substations of 31.5 KVA, 75 KVA or 100 KVA. Install 10.7 km of 0.4 KV power line and 30.18 km of 35 KV power lines o Commune buildings including 8 kindergarten, 5 classrooms and 4 accommodation for teachers, 5 cultural houses. All are grade 4 (one storey) o Housing: Affected households may have the choice of building their new houses one their own, or having the project to build houses for them based on the model that affected households has chosen among those introduced by the project. 59 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment In order to address the minor environmental impacts of this infrastructure, an Environmental Management Framework has been designed and is included as an appendix to this EMP. The framework includes the actions, responsibilities and measures to guarantee that the impacts from all infrastructures built in resettlement sites are minimized. A stand-alone Environmental Management Plan for the Access Road to the Trung Son Dam to the road was prepared to allow early start of the construction of the access to the dam construction site. This EMP addresses all direct impacts from this road and includes all the necessary supervision and monitoring activities to ensure its implementation. The SESIA and the accompanying EMP provide additional information to these previously completed documents as follows: Additional baseline information collected since the aforementioned documents; Analysis of project alternatives; An analysis of project impacts that are linked to specific mitigation measures to be implemented as part of the accompanying EMP; Measures to strengthen the environmental and social management capacity of the TSHPMB; and Supervision, monitoring and follow-up measures to be implemented during the construction phase and over the life of the project. 1.2 Impact Assessment Methodology The project has incorporated a number of environmental design features to minimize adverse impacts of the project on the natural and human environments. Issues were identified from the baseline information collected (Sections 4.0 and 5.0), and the description of the project (Section 2.0) was used to identify potential impact agents. A matrix approach table was then used to assess potential project impacts resulting from the interaction of the issues and the impact agents. 1.2.1 Impact Criteria To assess the significance of each potential impact from the construction and operation phases of the project, the following criteria were used: Likelihood of Occurrence Magnitude Geographic Extent Duration Reversibility 1.2.2 Impact Rankings The assessment of the significance of impacts for the construction and operation phases incorporates recognition of the project environmental and socio-economic design to minimize potential impacts. 60 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The ranking of each impact considers the following criteria: Impact Agent: What aspect of the project is a potential source or potential cause of an impact on the issue? Potential Impact: How could the impact agent affect the issue? Mitigation Objective/Standard: To ensure potential impacts are minimized, what is the ideal outcome? Table 1-1: Impact Assessment Criteria Criteria Low Moderate High Likelihood The impact is unlikely to There is a reasonable The impact is certain to of occur, or may occur rarely likelihood that the impact occur. Occurrence on an accidental basis. will occur. Magnitude Slight negative effects on Negatively affects a minor Negatively affects the the ecosystem component portion of the ecosystem ecosystem component characteristics, component, which leads to characteristics or geographical distribution or a limited change in its significantly changes abundance. characteristics, geographical geographical distribution distribution or For socio-economic or abundance. abundance. components, does not significantly affect For socio-economic For socio-economic component or its use by components, affects use components, the community or a by part of the community significantly limits its regional population. or a regional population use by a community or without threatening the regional population. component or its use. Geographic Within the footprint of the In close proximity to the Regional (Study area of Extent facility. project. Trung Son HPP) Duration Continuous or intermittent Continuous or intermittent Continuous or for less than 3 years. for 3 to 9 years. intermittent for 10 years or more. Reversibility Impact is reversible within Impact is reversible within Impact is irreversible. the construction phase of the lifespan of the project. the project. Note The results of many research studies have been used to reduce the residual impact to a low, or acceptable, level. Mitigation Measure: What features can be included in the design of the project to reduce environmental and social effects? What specific actions will the project take to address impacts? Significance of the Potential Impact: Is this impact rated as high, moderate or low according to project evaluation criteria? Residual Impact Evaluation: After mitigation measures are applied and are successful at reducing and/or eliminating impacts, how significant is the impact, if it persists? 61 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The description of residual impacts above is the summation of each impact criteria after the implementation of project mitigation measures. Additional mitigation or compensatory measures will be required, as noted to reduce the level of residual impact to a low or an acceptable level. Low: These impacts are considered negligible, of short duration, reversible and restricted to the project site. Moderate: These impacts are considered likely to occur, to be minor in nature, occurring during the construction phase, reversible and in close proximity to the project. Additional mitigation will be required to reduce the impact to a low level. High: These impacts are certain to occur, bringing significant changes to natural and human environments, long-term in nature (four years or more), irreversible and regional in extent. 1.3 Project Regulatory and Legal Framework 1.3.1 Vietnamese Legislation The environmental regulatory and legal framework in Vietnam has recently been implemented, but is extensive and includes the following provisions: Law on Environmental Protection, number 52/2005/QH11 approved by the National Assembly XI, meeting 8th on November 29, 2005; became effective July 2, 2006. Land Law of Vietnam in 2003; became effective July 1, 2004. Law on Water Resource approved by the National Assembly X, meeting 3rd on May 20, 1998; became effective January 1, 1999. Law on Forest Protection, number 29/2004/QH11 approved by the National Assembly on December 03 20, 1998; became effective April 01, 2005. Decree number 80/2006/ND-CP dated August 09, 2006 issued by the Government to instruct implementation of clauses of Law on Environmental Protection. Decision number 22/2006/QD-BTNMT dated December 18, 2006 issued by MONRE on mandatory using of Vietnamese standard on environment. Decision number 186/2006/QD-TTg issued by the Government on Forest Management, including issues relating to buffer zones in natural reserves. Decree No.21 dated May 28, 2002 issued by the Government detailing the implementation of the Ordinance on Entry, Exit and Residence of Foreigners in Vietnam. Circular No.05/2008/TT-BTNMT dated December 8, 2008 issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment guiding strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assess and environmental protection commitment. Circular No.04/2008/TT-BTNMT dated September 18, 2008 issue by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment guiding the formulation and approval or certification of environmental protection schemes and the examination and inspection of implementation of environmental protection schemes. 62 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Decision of Minister of Industry approving hydropower development master plan for Ma River; number 1195/QD-NLDK dated March 31, 2005. Instruction of the Prime Minister allowing preparation of investment project for Ban Uon hydropower project, number 865/TTg-CN dated June 28, 2005 on pre-feasibility study of Ban Uon hydropower project, Thanh Hoa province. Decision number 907/QD-EVN-HDQT of Vietnam Electricity Group (EVN) dated November 02, 2007 on establishment of TSHPMB (Source: PECC4, 2008a). Decision No.23/2006/QD-BTNMT dated December 26, 2006 of Ministry of Nature Resources and Environment on issuance of a Hazardous Waste List; Circular No.12/2006/TT- BTNMT dated December 26, 2006 of Ministry of Nature Resources and Environment on providing Guideline to profession practicing conditions and procedures for documentation, application and work permit issuance, hazardous waste management code. 1.3.2 Other Applicable Environmental Policy and Standards In addition to the requirements of national legislation, the TSHPP must also comply with other applicable environmental policy and standards of the World Bank Group. The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its support towards sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These policies provide guidelines to the World Bank and borrowers in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. The World Bank environmental and social safeguards that apply to TSHPP are listed below in Table 1-2. Table 1-2: Applicable World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards World Bank Safeguard Policy Operational Policy (OP)/ Bank Procedures (BP) 4.01 Environmental Assessment (January 1999) OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats (June 2001) OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples (July 2005) OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources (July 2006) OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement (December 2001) OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams (October 2001) OP/BP 7.50 International Waterways (June 2001) World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information (January 2002) World Bank Group Environment Health and Safety Guidelines A summary of the relevance of these safeguards follows in regard to construction and operation of TSHPP. 63 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment: In World Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental Assessment is to improve decision making, to ensure that subproject options under consideration are sound and sustainable, and that potentially affected people are consulted. To meet this objective, the World Bank policy defines procedures to: Identify the level of environmental risk (screening) associated with a project; Assess the potential environmental impacts associated with the risk and how they should be reduced to acceptable levels (environmental assessment and management); Ensure the views of local groups that may be affected by the project are reflected in identifying the environmental risk and managing any impacts (public consultation); Make certain that procedures followed in the environmental assessment process are adequately disclosed and transparent to the general public (disclosure); and Include measures for implementation and supervision of commitments relating to findings and recommendations of the EMP. Public consultation and disclosure are essential elements of World Bank environmental assessment policy and the necessary procedures and documentation for consultation and disclosure are addressed within the context of this SESIA and the accompanying EMP. OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats: The Natural Habitats safeguard seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present). Specifically, the policy prohibits Bank support for projects that would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats, including those that are legally protected, officially proposed for protection or unprotected but of known high conservation value. Natural habitats are defined as land and water areas where the ecosystems' biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions. OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities: This policy contributes to the Bank's mission of poverty reduction and sustainable development by ensuring that the development process fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples. In deciding whether to proceed with the project, the borrower ascertains, on the basis of the social assessment and the free, prior, and informed consultation, whether the affected Indigenous Peoples' communities provide their broad support to the project. Through the policy, project proponents are to identify indigenous peoples, consult with them, ensure that they participate in, and benefit from Bank-funded operations in a culturally appropriate way and that adverse impacts on them are avoided, or where not feasible, minimized, or mitigated. Bank-financed projects are also designed to ensure that the Indigenous Peoples receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate and gender and inter-generationally inclusive. 64 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment In the context of TSHPP, a Resettlement Action Plan (RP), Community Livelihood Improvement Plan (CLIP) and an Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) have been prepared. The EP must be reviewed and approved by the respective provincial authorities (Provincial Peoples Committee (PPC)). OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources: The objective of this policy is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances. Physical cultural resources include: movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have archeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic or other cultural significance. In addition to surveys conducted prior to construction, an "accidental" or "chance find" of artifacts or structures important to Vietnam's cultural heritage may be uncovered. Details of the "chance find" process for physical cultural resources are provided in the accompanying EMP. OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement: The Involuntary Resettlement safeguard will apply in those situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts.It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after displacement. The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that project proponents prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects. OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams: The Safety of Dams Safeguard requires that experienced and competent professionals design and supervise construction, and that the borrower adopts and implements dam safety measures through the project cycle. The policy also applies to existing dams where they influence the performance of a project. In this case, a dam safety assessment should be carried out and necessary additional dam safety measures implemented. OP/BP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways: The objective of this safeguard policy is to ensure that World Bank-financed projects affecting international waterways will not affect relations between the World Bank and its Borrowers and between riparian states. It applies to projects that involve the use and/or involve potential pollution of international waterways. OP/BP 4.36 Forests: The World Bank's Forest policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote reforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. The Forest Strategy suggests three equally important and interdependent pillars which guide future Bank involvement with forests: harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty; integrating forests in sustainable economic development; and protecting vital and global environmental services and forest values. In the context of the TSHPP, the area surrounding the proposed project is largely forested. Local villagers depend highly on bamboo production for their subsistence and many communes' land production will be affected by the TSHPP. 65 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EHS Guidelines: Issued in 2007, the Guidelines include environmental health and safety guidelines for al sectors and industry-specific emissions, effluent, waste management, energy efficiency, occupational and community environmental and safety standards for industriy sectors. 1.4 Previous Environmental and Social Plans and Reports Several additional environmental studies and social initiatives have been undertaken in preparation for the construction of the TSHPP. The EIA and supplementary environmental and social reports are interlinked; therefore, the SESIA and accompanying EMP represent a consolidation of potential impacts, proposed mitigation measures and over-arching protective plans. The preparation of the reports has provided a platform for clients to fully understand (a) the environmental and social impacts of hydropower projects (e.g., impacts from access roads); and (b) had provided opportunities to actively engage stakeholders in Vietnam. Feasibility studies identified locations which would maximize the dam's power generation and minimize the potential impacts to the surrounding environments. Due to the nature of the project, several aquatic surveys were conducted to document the Ma River's current water quality levels and aquatic species. Impacts to fish biodiversity, aquaculture income, erosion and sedimentation and displacement of affected people were also addressed and proposed mitigation measures were outlined. The Trung Son Hydro Project ­ Economic Analysis report describes the hydrology and estimated power generation of the proposed TSHP and examines the potential effects of climate change on hydrology. The report also reviewed the potential benefits from Trung Son's incremental methane and carbon dioxide offsets. The economic analysis was completed according to the standard World Bank format and finally, the analysis of alternatives, reviewed the main policy choices underlying the circumstances which combined cycle gas or coal represented a realistic alternative to Trung Son. The Assessment of Impacts Caused by Trung Song Hydropower Project to Protect Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity illustrates the high number of vascular plant species, numerous species of mammals and amphibians and a high diversity of avian species within the three Natural Regions of the Trung Son area. Currently, the project area is facing considerable external pressures (i.e. hunting, trapping, etc.) and conservation efforts sub-standard due to a lack of conservation awareness and management capacity. Mitigation measures have been prescribed to address indirect and direct project-related impacts on the Natural Regions biodiversity. The Reservoir Clearing Plan documents the vegetation within the proposed flooded area of the reservoir. The report describes the current landscape within the TSHPP area, identifies the amount of potential bamboo and forest material lost and associated social and economic impacts for individuals currently inhabiting the area. As a result of clearing and inundation potential impacts associated with the build-up of debris and eutrophication of the river in the reservoir area are also discussed. The Investigation of Tangible Cultural Resources in the Area of the Trung Son Hydropower Project report documents the current archaeological, historical and culturally significant landscapes within the TSHPP area. Several burial sites, holy places and artifacts will be directly impacted by the proposed project and require relocation. Report findings summarize 66 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment potential excavation methods and recommend subsequent research initiatives on selected culturally significant sites. Initial fisheries studies identified a variety of important ecological attributes and fisheries species inhabiting the Ma River. To address a lack of basic biological and ecological understanding presented in preliminary assessment reports, the Fisheries Development Plan for the Trung Son Hydropower Project report ensures management decisions will be made with the minimum amount of adverse affects to these biological and ecological features. The report also focuses on methods to enhance the fisheries industry through taking advantage of the newly created reservoir system. The 2008 Impact Assessment of Trung Son Hydropower Project to Fish-biodiversity and Suggested Mitigation Measures report summarizes the five spatial regions of a river system: upstream of the reservoir; flooded areas; river sections between the dam and power station; river sections between the power station and the confluence of the first major tributary; and downstream of the project. Each area will be indirectly and/or directly influenced by the construction and operation of the dam. This report identifies these major influences and describes their likely effects on various environmental processes. The Survey Results and Data Analysis of Fish Biodiversity and Fisheries Final Report illustrates the rich aquatic species diversity within the TSHPP project area and describes the economic role of fish for the local villagers that are currently living adjacent to the Ma River. The purpose of the report was to evaluate the fish biodiversity value within the project-affect area, both up and downstream, of the dam site and to determine the socio-economic conditions and importance that aquaculture have for local inhabitants. Fish protein does play an important role for the diet of local people; however, the economic return from the fish industry is rather low and is dependent on the location within the Ma River. The Health Impact Assessment and Public Health Action Plan forTrung Son Hydropower Project report assesses the health of individuals living within the proposed project area, campsite and adjacent areas. The associated Public Health Action Plan (PHAP) describes the Resettlement and Regional Health Programs which are responsible for preventing and mitigating the adverse health impacts. The report has two purposes: complete the preparation and construction of the hydro project with high quality and satisfy international health standards; and to combine various approaches into one support project which will ensure the livelihood of project affected people is stable and improved. The Reinstatement Study on Construction Activities and Worker Camps for the Trung Son Hydropower Project report defines, analyzes and estimates the quantity, the composition and characteristics of wastes and the associated impacts of wastes produced. The report also details methods to minimize impacts to the environment and describes a number of programs, plans and implementation arranges to properly manage these components. A Construction and Camp Management report assesses the impacts of construction-related activities and the operation of approximately 4,000 workers within the construction camp. Mitigation measures have been designed to minimize potential impacts on the surrounding environments and livelihoods of local villagers. Since the initiation of the TSHPP, several public consultations have been undertaken. The level of potential project-related impacts varies between an individual household's location, livelihood and income level, family and community networks and ethnicity. Consultation 67 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment allowed affected organizations, individuals and local authorities to voice their concerns and partake in the decision-making process to avoid potential conflicts during the THSPP's implementation. The consultation process is currently ongoing; however, the previous two rounds of consultation are documented in the Public Consultation Results on Affected Households of the Trung Son Hydropower Project report. The Resettlement Action Plan for the Construction of the Access Road and Bridges ­ Trung Son Hydropower Project discusses the potential impacts associated with the construction of the Co Luong-Co Me access road and bridges. The Plan is based on the Land Law, Decree No 197-ND-CP and World Bank's OP 4.12 to mitigate any potential impacts to local villagers and surrounding environment. The Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan encompasses three parts: the RP, which identifies communes and villages requiring relocation; the CLIP, which addresses land acquisition impacts and proposes support programs to be implemented; and finally, the EMDP, which describes methods to maintain people's ethnic cultural identity throughout the resettlement transition period. An Environmental Impact Assessment report for Settlement sites has been prepared (EVN, 2010) and is included in the Appendix A. 68 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 2. Project Description 2.1 General Overview The TSHPP aims to provide inexpensive electricity to support Vietnam's further economic development and to raise living standards through socially responsible and environmentally sustainable development of its hydropower resources. The intention of the TSHPP is for the medium-sized hydropower development to serve as a "good practice" case in its power sector (World Bank, 2007). The TSHPP will be installed with a capacity of 260 MW, generating an average 1.018 GWh annually that will be used to supply energy to the national grid. The project will also control flooding downstream of the reservoir by using 112 million m3 of the reservoir's capacity. The TSHPP will provide a non-carbon based energy supply that may assist in reducing GHG emissions (PECC4, 2008a). The TSHPP will consist of a dam which measures 84.5 m in height, with a crest length of 513 m. The dam will create a reservoir of 348.5 million m3, with the FSL at an elevation of 160 m and the MOL at 150 m. The total area of the reservoir is 13.13 km2 (PECC4, 2008a). The inundated area is primarily on forested lands (World Bank, 2007). In addition to the dam, other civil works of this project include a 20.4 km long access road from Co Luong (Mai Chau, Hoa Binh province) to Co Me (Trung Son, Thanh Hoa province), a construction work camp and a number of borrow pits (PECC4, 2008a). An estimated 2,327 households (about 10,591 people) will be affected by the project components, most of who are of Thai and Muong minorities; Muong people account for 90% of the total affected (DRCC, 2008a). Of these, the Co Luong to Co Me access road will affect approximately 486 households (Tercia Consultants, 2010). A resettlement livelihood development plan (Tercia Consultants, 2010) and an indigenous people's development plan (DRCC, 2008a) will also be completed for this project (World Bank, 2007).2 The project's main environmental issues are related to the impacts on water quality, hydrology, health, fish and fisheries; the impact of the construction work camp; the impacts of auxiliary structures including the access road and borrow pits; and indirect impacts on the areas' natural resources and biodiversity, including within three adjacent nature reserves (World Bank, 2007). The total project cost is estimated at $412 million U.S. dollars (USD), of which $35.1 million USD has been allocated for compensation and resettlement purposes, two million USD for livelihood development and approximately $2.9 million USD for implementation of the Environmental Management Plan which including $0.6 million for public health actions. EVN has requested a total of $330 million USD in financing from the World Bank. 2.2 Project Location The TSHPP is located on the Ma River, approximately 700 m downstream of its confluence with Quanh brook, in the Trung Son commune, Quan Hoa district in the province of Thanh Hoa, Vietnam (See Map 2-1 and Map 2-2). The project's headwork is 95 km southwest of the town of Hoa Binh and 195 km northwest of the city of Thanh Hoa; the reservoir tail is 2 In the context of the TSHPP, an Ethic Minority Development Plan was prepared. 69 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment approximately 9.5 km from the Laos border (Map 2-3). The geographic coordinates of the project headworks are X = 2 279 739.48 and Y = 482 791.16 (VN2000) (PECC4, 2008a). The project site is located near three protected areas, the Xuan Nha, Pu Hu and Hang Kia Pa Co Nature Reserves (World Bank, 2007). 2.3 Project Area The main project area includes four communes in Thanh Hoa Province and two in Son La Province (Map 3-1), as shown on the following page. In Thanh Hoa Province, the reservoir-flooded area on the Ma River will affect Trung Son Commune, where the project's headworks will be built, Muong Ly Commune, Trung Ly Commune and Tam Luong Commune and this flooded area will extend to Muong Lat Town. In Son La Province, the reservoir-flooded area on an auxiliary of the Ma River will affect the communes of Tan Xuan and Xuan Nha in Moc Chau District. The provinces of Thanh Hoa and Hoa Binh will also be affected by the project's access road and transmission line (Tercia Consultants, 2010). 70 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Source: Tercia Consultants, 2010 Map 2-1: Project Area 71 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Source: ITUEC, 2008b Map 2-2: Site Plan 72 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Map 2-3: Project Location - Vietnam 2.4 Project Scope The TSHPP will include the construction of a reservoir, main dam, spillway,emergency spillway, intake gate, powerhouse, and discharge canal (Table 2-1). The project will also include the diversion structure used during construction, the transmission lines, including a 35 kV (kilovolt) transmission line built for the construction of the project which will run along the access road, construction material, or borrow pits (soil, rock and sand/gravel), auxiliary structures (construction camps, operation houses, storages, and disposal fields), the Co Luong to Co Me access road, and resettlement areas (PECC4, 2008a). Figure 2-1 presents a schematic representation of the TSHPP. 73 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 2-1: TSHPP Main Technical Parameters Specification Number Unit Specification Number Unit Basin Main dam Catchment Area of 14660 km2 Crest elevation 162.8 m Reservoir Years average rainfall 1420 mm Crest length (Lc) 513.0 m (X0) Annual average 235 m3/s Maximum height 84.5 m discharge (Q0) Total annual flow (W 0) 7411 million m3 Crest width (b) 8.0 m Reservoir Upstream slope 0.35 Full Supply Level 160 m Downstream slope 0.65 (FSL) Minimum operating 150 m Spillway level (MOL) Pre-flood level 150 m Spillway threshold 145.0 m elevation Checked water level 162.2 m Number of spillway 6 chambers Capacity with FSL 348.5 million m3 Dimension of spillway 14x15 m (W nl) chambers (BxH) Flood control capacity 112 million m3 Dimension of radial 14x15.5 m (W pl) gates (BxH) Water surface area 13.1 km2 Designed flood 9900 m3/s with FSL discharge P=0.5% Flood peak discharge 10400 m3/s Checked Flood 12534.0 m3/s P=0.5% Discharge P=0.1% Flood peak discharge 13400 m3/s Discharge canal P=0.1% Discharge canal length 80.0 m (L) Source: PECC4, 2009 The spillway is designed as part of the main dam and includes six spillway chambers made from reinforced concrete with valves. Its energy dissipation is designed as a flip bucket form (PECC4, 2008a). Four Francis turbines will be installed with a total capacity of 260 MW. There will also be four generators which is equivalent to four units with an initial voltage of 13.8 kV (PECC4, 2008b) as well as control and auxiliary equipment (PECC4, 2008a) and a 220 kV switchyard and evacuation line (PECC4, 2009). The switchyard will be located north of the powerhouse at an elevation of 164 m; its dimensions are 147 m x 66 m. The transmission line will connect to the Hoa Binh ­ Nho Quan 220kV line, using a 220 kV double-circuit line, approximately 70 km from the TSHPP plant distribution system (PECC4, 2009). 74 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Figure 2-1: Schematic of the TSHPP 2.5 Auxiliary Components The TSHPP's auxiliary components consist of the access road, associated construction roads, the construction camp and borrow pits; these will only be used during the construction phase. With the exception of the components that will be used during the operational phase of the project, auxiliary components will be constructed as temporary structures (PECC4, 2008a). There will be three types of houses built at the dam site. Type 1 houses will be made of brick, have a steel frame and tile roof and a cement foundation and will be used for office halls and administrative purposes. Type 2 houses will be made of brick, have a steel frame and tile roof and a cement foundation, and will be used for accommodation of workers, dinning and toilet purposes. Type 3 houses will have a steel frame and title roof and will be used for workshops. Three types of houses shall be used: In-house stores, made of brick, cement foundation and roofed by tile, they will be used to keep valued materials and equipment which may be sensitive to temperature and humidity; Roofing house stores, used for keeping materials or equipment which may be sensitive to humidity and sunlight but not to temperature; and Open stores, have mixed macadam foundation, and will be used for materials which are not sensitive to temperature or humidity (PECC4, 2008a). 2.5.1 Co Luong to Co Me Access Road An access road will be built connecting the village of Co Me (Trung Son Commune, Quan Hoa ­ Thanh Hoa) to National Road No. 15A (NR 15A) at the village of Co Luong (Van Mai 75 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment commune ­ Quan Hoa ­ Thanh Hoa). The road will be approximately 20.4 km in length and 6.5 m wide, of which 5.5 m will be paved. (Photo An existing dirt path currently meanders along the route planned for the access road ( 2-1). Source: ITUEC, 2008a. Photo 2-1: Existing Access Road Seven bridges and 103 culverts will be constructed along the access road (IESE, 2008). Bridge details are presented in Table 2-2. Table 2-2: Bridge Details Co Luong to Co Me Access Road Bridge Span Span Length (m) Total Length (m) Co Luong 4 33 132 Quyen stream 1 33 33 Cai stream 1 33 33 Pu stream 3 24 72 Po stream 1 33 33 Pao stream 1 33 33 Co Me 8 33 264 Source: IESE, 2008 2.5.2 Construction Site Roads Based on the natural conditions, layout of the project components and transportation requirements, the road system for the construction of the project will consist of a total of 13.4 9.0 km of roads that are 6.5 m or 9. m wide, of which 5.5 m will be paved ( (Table 2-3). Three kilometers of these roads will also make up part of the operation ro road network (PECC4, 2010). 76 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 2-3: Road Network Road Name Length Width Cover Purpose (km) (m) Phase 1 ­ 5.5 m of Construction of main dam, macadam Operation Road 1 2.1 6.5 spillway and intake gate Phase 2 ­ 5.5 m of macadam Construction of power 5.5 m of Operation Road 2 0.9 6.5 house macadam Road to quarries, auxiliary infrastructure, dumping 6.5 or 5.5 m of Construction Road 10.4 ground, store ground and 9m macadam other locations Source: PECC4, 2008a 2.5.3 Construction Camps Camps for construction workers, contractors, project management board members and engineering board members will be constructed for the project on site (Table 2-4). Three of the camps will also be used as offices during construction and operation of the project (Photo 2-2) (PECC4, 2009). Table 2-4: Construction Camps Camp Area Type Number of People (approximately) Accommodation for workers Temporary 3400 Accommodation and offices for contractors Permanent 390 Accommodation and offices for Project Permanent 50 Management Board Accommodation and offices for Supervisory Permanent 50 Engineer Source: PECC4, 2009 The most significant camp will be the construction worker camp that will accommodate approximately 4000 workers for the entire construction period. Another camp for TSHPMB and the Supervisory Engineer of approximately 100 persons will be built on the other side of the Ma River. 77 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Source: ITUEC, 2008 : Photo 2-2: Area Designated for the Worker Construction Camp 2.5.4 Water Supply System Surface water will be sourced for domestic purposes at the construction site. Drinking water will come from groundwater sources that will be exploited via drilled wells. Water from these wells will be distributed to worker camps and offices via a pipeline system. The demand for water for domestic purposes is estimated to be approximately 700 m3/day. Water for construction purposes will be taken from nearby streams and/or will be pumped from the river. Demand for water during construction is estimated to be approximately 4,000 m3/day emand (Table 2-5). 2.5.5 Construction Materials the Naturally exploited construction materials for the project will come from a series of quarries and borrow pits. Sand and gravel will be sourced from quarries about 180 km downstream from the dam site. Approximately 24,000 m3 will be needed. There is a rock quarry on the north bank of the river, located 8 km upstream from the project site with a capacity of eight million m3; approximately two million m3 will be needed. The materials are considered to be of good quality. management The management of borrow pit and quarries is included in the Environmental managemen Plan. 78 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 2-5: Water Supply System Demand on provision of domestic water (m3/day) Number Use Construction of coefficients Camp Construction Other Total year people not Total use use use (3-5) harmonized 1,4 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 2011 (3 1230 139 26 16 181 1.4 253 months) 2012 2910 329 60 39 428 1.4 599 2013 3400 384 71 45 500 1.4 700 2014 3250 367 67 43 478 1.4 669 2015 2410 272 50 32 354 1.4 496 2016 (3 880 99 18 12 129 1.4 181 months) Source: PECC4, 2010 2.5.6 Transport of Equipment and Materials to the Project Site The project site is located in a mountainous area, therefore materials and equipment will be transported primarily via existing roads and new access roads. Other construction materials, such as steel and cement, will be transported from Hoa Binh to the project site (PECC4, 2008a). 2.6 Construction Schedule Project activities will be carried out over a period of five years, including one year for preparation and four years for construction of the main civil works (Table 2-6). Initiation of the project will take place in the fourth quarter of 2011, the first unit will be completed in 2015 and project completion is expected in 2016. The resettlement process will be completed in 2013. 79 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 2-6: Construction Schedule Activity Year 1 2 3 4 5 Preparation Construction of access road Water/power supply systems Housing and workers camp Resettlement process3 Excavation of dam foundation Diversion of natural flow Construction Excavation of foundations for powerhouse Intake and penstock Diversion culvert Start river closing Placing RCC on main dam Concrete work at intake Concrete work at spillway and main dam Spillway gates installation Concrete work at tailrace channel Hydro-mechanical equipment installation Culvert plugging to fill reservoir Spillway equipment installation Comprehensive testing Discharge diverted Project in operation Source: PECC4, 2010 2.7 Manpower Utilization The estimated utilization of manpower during the construction phase of the project is presented in Table 2-7. It is important to note that person-days are a rough estimate that does not take into account overtime, holidays, etc. This estimate will be used for environmental impact assessment purposes only. 3 Pending finalization of implementation schedule in Tercia Consultants, 2010 80 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 2-7: Construction Workforce per Year Year Number of people Number of person days/work days 2011 1230 95940 2012 2910 907920 2013 3400 1060800 2014 3250 1014000 2015 2410 751920 2016 880 68640 Source: PECC4, 2010 2.8 Reservoir Operation 2.8.1 Flood Control Reduction of the risk of flood downstream of the Trung Son dam, with a period of return 1000 years, depends on the operation of the reservoir that, in turn, is linked to climatologic conditions of the area. With well-differentiated rainy and dry seasons in the Trung Son area, it is evident that operation of the reservoir must involve storing water during the rainy period and subsequently releasing flow during the dry period (MoIT, 2008). The flow downstream of the project site decreases as the dry season progresses because flows depend largely on the atmospheric water supply (i.e. precipitation as rainfall) (PECC4, 2009). For operation purposes, the following flood periods are considered, taking into account a flood prevention storage volume of 150 million m3, from which nearly 75% are devoted as a permanent storage for flood prevention: Early, from the 1st June to 14th July; Main, from 15th July to 15th September; and Late, from 16th September to 15th November. Regulations on flood routing in reservoirs for flood periods are as follows: i) Early and late flood periods: Prior-flood water level elevation of Trung Son reservoir during early and later flood periods shall not excess Full Supply Level of 160m in accordance with basic Principal: water level shall be remained at Full Supply Level of 160m by discharging through generators and opening/closing spillway gates; After reaching flood peak, reservoir water level shall be reduced back to Full Supply Level 160m. Depending on real conditions at the construction site and flow forecast, gates shall be alternately closed in a reverse order of the opening in both gate and aperture: Those gates which are opened later shall be closed earlier. 81 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment In case of receiving command from Headquarters for Prevention of Flood, Storm and Salvage of Thanh Hoa Province, the reservoir water level shall be restored to 150m to be ready for downstream area flood control according to the limit water supply regulation curve (Table 3-8) (MoIT, 2008). Table 2-8: Characteristics of TSHPP Reservoir-Bed Note: Area (F (km2) ­ blue line) and capacity (W (millionm3) ­ pink line) vs. depth (Z (m)) Source: MoIT, 2008 ii) Main flood period: During the main flood period, prior-flood water level of Trung Son reservoir shall not excess 150m according a basic principal: water level of the reservoir shall be remained at prior-flood level of 150m by discharging through generators and opening/closing spillway gates; After reaching flood peak, reservoir water level shall be restored to prior-flood level of 150m. Depending on real conditions at the construction site and flow forecast, gates shall be alternately closed in a reverse order of the opening in both gate and aperture: Those gates which are opened later shall be closed earlier. In case of receiving command from Headquarters for Prevention of Flood, Storm and Salvage of Thanh Hoa Province, the reservoir water level shall be reduced to Minimum Operation Level of 145m to be ready for downstream area flood control. Reduction of water level have to be carried out following sequence in order to make sure that no damage causing to downstream area. According to reservoir operational procedures, discharge capacity of the spillway and aperture of gates are defined by the design documents. Discharge capacity of spillway, opening sequence and aperture of gates must be adjusted on the basis of the hydraulic model test results and actual operation (Table 3-9) (MoIT, 2008). Model simulations show that by constructing the TSHPP in its proposed location, there will be a higher flow during the dry season and, consequently, a lower flow in the rainy season. Table 2-9: Correlation between Discharge and Downstream Water Level of TSHPP 82 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Source: MoIT, 2008 The procedures for operation of the TSHPP reservoir for flood control indicate that this task requires the coordination of Headquarters for Prevention of Flood, Storm and Salvage of Thanh Hoa Province. In case of unusual circumstances, when operational procedures cannot be properly followed, Director of Trung Son Hydropower Project Management Board shall immediately proceed with suitable coping measures and shall, at the same time, report to Ministry of Industry and Trade, Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee, Headquarter for Prevention of Flood, Storm and Salvage of Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam Electricity and inform to owners of dams downstream and upstream of Trung Son Hydropower Plant for them to cope and take actions as necessary. Before closing, opening discharge gates of Trung Son Hydropower Plant, Director of Trung son Hydropower Project Management Board has to inform Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee, Headquarter for Prevention of Flood, Storms and Salvage of Thanh Hoa province, Hoi Xuan VNECO Investment and Power Engineering J/S Company and people living in downstream area of the project for them to take the initiative in averting. Before emergency flood discharge to ensure safety for headworks is conducted, it should be informed to Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee, Headquarter for Prevention of Flood, Storms and Salvage of Thanh Hoa province to lead the flood control for downstream area. At the same time it should be timely reported to Ministry of Industry and trade, Vietnam Electricity and owners of dams downstream of Trung Son Project to timely cooperate and take action as necessary. iii) Water discharge during operation phase During the operation phase, water shall be discharged downstream through the hydropower plant. During this phase, if the plant has error or stops working due to any reasons the water can still be discharged through spillway to guarantee of environment flow and water demand for downstream area without other discharging work because spillway threshold is at El.145m and Minimum Operation Level is at El.150m (5m higher than spillway threshold) (PECC4, 2009) 83 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment iv) Sediment discharge Through calculation of sediment of Trung Son reservoir: after 100 years, sediment did not aggrade to the intake. The sediment mainly gathers in reservoir tail and centre areas, hence it is not necessary to arrange sediment discharging work. According to the calculation results, after 100 years of operation elevation of sediment at cross section adherent to the dam is 97.0m (PECC4, 2009). v) Reservoir dewatering: According to current standards of Vietnam as well as of many other countries all over the world, it is not compulsory to arrange a discharging work to dewater a reservoir (PECC4, 2009). 2.8.2 Electricity Production The powerhouse will be equipped with four Francis-PO type turbines that have a total maximum discharge of 504 m3/s. The installed capacity of 260 MW will generate a total annual of 1.018 GWh, with an effective storage volume of 112 million m3 between FSL and MOL; this quantity of water represents 1.5% of the mean annual inflow. Water level in the reservoir and total quantity of water used for generating electricity is calculated monthly following the Reservoir operation regulation curve of the TSHPP (Table 2-10). Unlike some of the other hydro projects in the EVN system, Trung Son provides no seasonal carryover storage, and its active storage of 112 million m3 represents only a few days of storage at average inflow. Trung Son operates as a daily peaking project during the dry season, and in effect as a baseload plant for much of the wet season when all four units run 24 hours a day for extended periods. Dry vs. wet season operations During the dry season, the objective is to maintain the reservoir level as high as possible to maximise the hydraulic head. This level should be reached each day at the beginning of the peak hours; the subsequent peak hour discharge is constrained in such a way that the next day's inflow during the off-peak hours should again restore the level to the maximum level. During most of the dry season the inflows are fairly even and predictable, with few if any unexpected storms, so operation fairly close to the theoretical optimum (given the available inflows) is generally achievable. To provide for flood control storage during the wet season, the reservoir is operated at the lower level of 150m. The reservoir must be drawn down from 160m to 150m by July 15, and can be refilled starting September 15. Given the magnitude of monsoon season storms, and the modest flood storage, some spill is inevitable. The flood control storage of 112.13 million m3 is sufficient to absorb an average daily flow of 1299 m3/s ­ yet the maximum daily discharge can be several times this value. Only in ten of the past 50 years is the maximum daily discharge less than this and even in these years, if there are several days of flows between the maximum discharge capacity of all four turbines (504 m3/s) and 1299 m3/sec, spill will result. Only in the very dry year of 2006 do simulations show zero spill. Limitations on peaking power In the dry season, the project is to be operated for daily peaking. The inflow is not sufficient to run all units at full power all day, but by storing the inflow in the off-peak hours, full turbine discharge can be achieved during the evening peak. However, during the hours when 84 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment inflows are being stored, no water would be discharged downstream, causing potential disruption to the downstream environment. Based on an assessment of the natural dry season flows, and the flow contributions from tributaries immediately downstream of Trung Son, the minimum flow requirement to maintain the downstream ecology is determined to be 15m3/s. This is insufficient to run one turbine at its minimum discharge of 63 m3/sec and thus must be released through a low-level conduit. In very lean dry seasons, such as 1999, inflows of less than 63 m3/s can persist for several months, so the turbine could not run at this discharge level for 24 hours a day, and discharge from the low-level outlet is unavoidable. Under such conditions the question is whether it is better to release 15 m3/s from the low level outlet for longer periods (i.e. without running through the turbines), but then run the turbines at full discharge for some (limited) number of the peak hours. While this would reduce the total energy generated, depending upon the relative financial and economic benefits of peak v. off-peak energy this might still be cost- effective. Another constraint concerns the maximum rate of change of downstream flow. A rapid increase from 63 m3/s to the full turbine discharge of 504 m3/s may be technically possible, but would result in sudden increases in the tail water elevation in addition to the sudden increase in the discharge volume. At 63 m3/s, the tail water elevation is 88.9 meters, rising to 92 metres at 504 m3/s. Unexpectedly rapid rises downstream of the dam have safety and environmental implications hence the rate of change in downstream flow should not be greater than that which occurs without the project, which is estimated to be a maximum average rate of change of 40 m3/s per hour. This implies a 11-12 hour period to increase from 63 to 504 m3/s which further limits the proportion of total energy that can be generated during the peak hours. 85 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 2-10: TSHPP Reservoir Operation Regulation Curve Note: HCCN: water level at limitation of water supply; PPH: water level at prevention case; CXT: water level at redundant discharge control. Source: Adapted from Phong, 2008 86 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 3. Analysis of Alternatives Several alternatives were considered during the pre-feasibility and feasibility studies of the TSHPP. The following summarizes the analyses behind these decisions. 3.1 Without the Project The main purpose of the project is to help satisfy Vietnam's growing electricity demands. Peak load is forecasted to grow by approximately 15,000 MW between 2015 and 2020. Vietnam's demand for electricity will continue to increase as a result of its continued economic growth and development. Transmission and distribution losses in Vietnam are already relatively low when compared to many of their South Asian neighbors and increased spending on efficiency is expected to reduce these losses further, from a current level of 11.5% to 8.5% by 2020. However, these improvements to supply-side efficiency will not be enough to meet demand (Meier, 2009). In order to help meet this demand, Vietnam is planning to increase its hydropower generation capacity. TSHPP is part of a national development strategy that includes the development of Vietnam's remaining hydro resources in the short to medium term in order to alleviate pressure on its remaining domestic coal and natural gas reserves (Meier, 2009). In Vietnam, the most probable alternative to hydro projects is natural gas based combined cycle projects. This alternative has been shown to be less cost-effective than hydro projects and would result in significant GHG emissions. Economically, when social mitigation costs, the value of forest lost in the reservoir, and GHG emissions from reservoirs are taken into account, its strategy for hydropower generation is justified (Meier, 2009). The TSHPP is one of a number of hydropower projects that are planned for Vietnam. Among the projects evaluated the results of an analysis by Meier (2009) show that TSHPP is one of the best projects in terms of its cost of electricity and capital cost, as well as, its potential environmental impact which includes the loss of forest and persons displaced. Without this project, Vietnam's ability to satisfy its energy requirements domestically may come at a higher economic, environmental and social cost. In addition to these benefits, the project will also provide a significant means of flood control. The area currently has no means of flood control. Without this project the area will not have a reservoir to secure water for irrigation in dry periods or to mitigate floods in the Ma River basin (PECC4, 2008a). 3.2 Technical Alternatives with the Project The original project site for TSHPP was at Ban Uon, which is located approximately 10 km downstream of the current project site. The original option was dropped for technical, economical, social and environmental reasons. The current site for TSHPP was chosen because it was likely to cause the least social and environmental impact while meeting the objectives of this project with a potential for high investment revenue. 3.2.1 Altering the Direction of Construction/Power lines Several alternative dam sites were studied during the pre-feasibility and feasibility studies for this project, of these, four dam sites were found to be viable options. These sites were 87 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment located very close to one another, with negligible differences in social impacts. PA4A was chosen for its reduction in reservoir and downstream impacts (PECC4, 2008a). Four dam sites were studied, Dam Site I, II, III, and IV, with Dam Site IV selected as the best option (Table 3-1). During the basic design stage, Dam Site IV and the Power Line 4A were developed and studied. Dam Site III, which is located approximately two km from Dam Site IV, was also examined during this stage. Dam Site IV was selected because of its low risk for water leakage through the reservoir and because the arrangement of the project components in alternative 4A requires no tunnel excavation (PECC4, 2008a). Table 3-1: Characteristics of Development Options based on Construction and Power Route Dam Site Power Line Main Dam Site Spillway Energy Line RCC in river bed line 3 on north side of Ma III PA3 River RCC in river bed line 3 on south side of Ma III PA3A River IV PA4 mixed concrete north side north side IV PA4B mixed concrete north site north side IV PA4A RCC in river bed north side Chosen alternative indicated in bold. The detailed investigations indicated that the best option was Dam Site IV, Power Line PA4A, RCC dam, Spillway in the river bed and the Energy Line located on the north side of the river, with an open type hydropower plant located on the north side of the river behind the dam line (PECC4, 2008a). 3.2.2 Altering the Full Supply Level Two additional locations were considered for the TSHPP power station: at the foot of the dam and further downstream. Both alternatives were found to be less economically viable than PA4A, which is mentioned above. This option has a shorter construction time requirement which would lead to reduced environmental impacts (PECC4, 2008a). Five FSL alternatives were considered: FSL 156, 158, 160, 164 and 165 m. When compared to FSL 165m, FSL 160 m has the potential to create better conditions for natural fishery production in the reservoir, while limiting downstream impacts and ensuring safety and ecology at the Viet-Laos border. Four of the five alternatives, FSL 156, 158, 160 and 164, were analyzed from an economic perspective. The loss inventory and calculations show that FSL 160 m has the potential to cause less damage to the land and resettled people and a reduction in biological and environmental impacts (PECC4, 2008a). 3.2.3 Altering the Installed Capacity and Flood Control Procedures Alternatives with no flood control and with flood control capacities of 112,000,000 m3; 150,000,000 m3 and 200,000,000m3 were evaluated. An economic analysis was conducted which used the following indicators: NPV, IRR, and B/C. The results of this analysis indicate that the best option is an installed capacity of 260 MW and a flood control capacity of 112,000,000m3. 88 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Several options were considered with respect to the optimal number of installed turbines. When compared to installation of two, three, or five units, the installation of four turbines has the greatest potential to reach the economic target for this project. The analysis of alternatives for Dead Water Level (DWL) between 156 m and 150 m show that operation of the reservoir at FSL 160 m and MOL 150 m has the potential to have the best economic value and reduced environmental impacts (PECC4, 2008a). Technological characteristics and equipment specifications for the chosen option, with flood prevention of 112,000,000 m3, are presented in the following table (Table 3-2). 89 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 3-2: Characteristics of the Selected Option Parameter/property Value Unit FSL 160 m MOL 150 m Maximum high head (Hmax) 71.1 m Minimum low head (Hmin) 54.2 m Average head (Htb) 62.79 m Design head (Htt) 56.5 m Installed capacity 260 MW Turbine type and number (NT*) 4 Frances, vertical shaft Turbine efficiency corresponding to Htt and 92.67 % Nt* Water delivery through the turbine 125.96 m3/s Total annual power energy 1.05503 GWh NPV (Financial indicators) 515 700 000 000 VND IRR (Financial indicators) 12.7 % B/C ratio (Financial indicators) 1.12 - Cost of electricity produced 614 $/kWh Return time 17 years NT: Number of turbines Source: Adapted from PECC4, 2008a and Meier, 2009 90 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 4. Environmental Baseline The following section describes, in a summary manner, the environmental baseline of the Trung Son area based on the existing project EIA (PECC4, 2008a) and is supplemented by additional baseline studies and other environmental reports prepared for the TSHPMB. 4.1 Air Quality and Noise 4.1.1 Air Quality The project area is located within the mountainous region of Thanh Hoa province. The local population is largely composed of ethnic minorities, whose subsistence depends largely on agriculture and forestry. In order to assess the quality of air in the project area, PECC4 and the Centre for Environmental Research and Community Development conducted surveys and collected air samples in August, 2007. These results were compared with the Vietnamese air quality standard (Vietnamese Standard 5937:2005), and the air quality was found to be within the permissible limit (Table 4-1) (PECC4, 2008a). The absence of industries and transportation facilities are responsible for low emissions in the project area. Sampling was limited in locations and carried out only in late summer (rainy season). However, it has to be noted that the readings taken from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Sensor indicates there is a recurring pattern of aerosol pollutants traveling across southeast China into Northern Vietnam. This pattern is due to burning of secondary forests and croplands during the winter season in China. Table 4-1: Air Quality in the Project Area Particulate Nitrous Carbon Sulphur Dust Matter Lead (Pb) Oxide Monoxide Dioxide Sampling Location (mg/m3) (PM10) (mg/m3) (NO2) (CO) (SO2) 3 (mg/m ) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3) 1 Chieng Nam village 0.097 0.070 0.00068 0.002121 0.298948 0.011156 2 Co Me village 0.088 0.061 0.00062 0.001937 0.363936 0.010527 3 Ban Pao (School) 0.114 0.083 0.00091 0.001895 0.489310 0.010678 4 Near Chieng bridge 0.114 0.083 0.00091 0.001895 0.489310 0.010678 5 Co Luong village 0.138 0.100 0.00091 0.003828 2.598459 0.017143 6 TCVN 5937:2005 0.20 0.15 0.0015 0.20 30 0.35 Source: Center for Environmental Research and Community Development, 2007 4.1.2 Noise Based on previous surveys, noise levels in the project area were within permissible limits compared to Vietnamese Standard (TCVN 5949: 1998) (PECC4, 2008a). A noise survey was conducted in the following locations in the project area: Chieng Nam Village, Co-Me village, Ban Tao (School), Chieng bridge and Co ­Luong village ( Table 4-2). 91 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-2: Noise Levels in the Project Area Noise (dBA) Sampling Location 1 Chieng Nam village 29.8 2 Co Me village 30.4 3 Ban Pao (School 45.9 4 Near Chieng bridge 45.9 5 Co Luong village 59.0 6 TCVN 5949-1998 75 Source: Center for Environmental Research and Community Development, 2007 4.2 Climate Vietnam's climate varies from one region of the country to another due to differences in latitude and a marked variety of topographical relief. During the winter (or dry) season, extending roughly from November to April, monsoon winds usually blow from the northeast along the China coast and across the Gulf of Tonkin, picking up considerable moisture. Consequently, the winter season in most parts of the country is dry, only by comparison with the rainy or summer season. A total of 14 stations were monitored to assess meteorological conditions in the project area (PECC4, 2008a). Table 4-3 provides a list of monitoring stations, parameters recorded and the period of monitoring in the Ma River basin. 92 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-3: List of Meteorological Stations and Recorded Parameters Station Parameters Period 1 Tu n Giáo Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1961-2007 2 i n Biên Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1959-2007 3 Sn La Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1961- 2007 4 Sông Mă Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1962-2007 5 M c Châu Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1961-2007 6 Mai Châu Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1961-2007 7 L c Sn Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1961-2007 8 H i Xuân Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1956-2007 9 Nho Quan Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1961-2007 10 Yên nh Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1965-2007 11 Bái Th ng Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1961-2007 12 Nh Xuân Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1964-2007 13 Tnh Gia Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1964-2007 14 Thanh Hoá Rainfall, evaporation, temperature and wind 1955-2007 Source: PECC4, 2008a. 4.2.1 Temperature The average temperature in the Ma River basin is relatively high throughout the year. Table 4-4 shows average annual temperatures (in degrees Celsius (oC)) recorded at 14 meteorological stations in the Ma River basin. The differences reflect the topographical characteristics and locations in terms of altitude. Table 4-4: Average Annual Temperatures (0C) in the Ma River Basin Tu n i n Sn Sông M c Mai L c H i Nho Yên Bái Nh Tnh Thanh Station Giáo Biên La Mă Châu Châu Sn Xuân Quan nh Th ng Xuân Gia Hoá Temp 20.9 21.9 21 22.3 18.5 23.2 23.2 23.1 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.6 23.6 o C Source: PECC4, 2005 4.2.2 Rainfall Annual rainfall is substantial with dominant winds from south and southeast during May to September months. However, the Ma River catchment, where the TSHPP will be constructed, receives different patterns of rainfall ranging from 1.165 mm in Song Ma to 1.984 mm in Lac Son. Table 4-5 represents annual rainfall pattern in the Ma River basin recorded at 14 hydrological stations (1961-2007). Table 4-5: Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in the Ma River Basin Tu n Meteorological i n Sn Sông M c Mai L c H i Nho Yên Bái Nh Tnh Thanh Giáo Stations Biên La Mă Châu Châu Sn Xuân Quan nh Th ng Xuân Gia Hoá Rainfall (mm) 1,597 1,538 1,443 1,165 1,628 1,760 1,984 1,525 1,253 1,210 1,788 1,914 1,535 1,966 93 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Source: PECC4 2008a Annual rainfall in the project area amounts to 1380 mm, of which 80% of the rainfall occurs during the monsoon (May to September) season. Table 4-6 represents average monthly rainfall in the project area (PECC4, 2008a). Source: Adapted from PECC4, 2008a Table 4-6: Average Monthly Rainfall in the TSHPP Area (mm) 4.2.3 Wind There are two factors that influence the wind characteristics in the Ma River basin: the southeast winds in summer, originating from the Bay of Bengal, which increases the density of water vapor leading to monsoon rains; and the presence of two parallel mountain ranges surrounding the Ma River basin that partially blocks incoming air from the southwest in summer or from the north in winter. Table 4-7 presents average annual wind speed (m/s) in the Ma River basin (PECC4, 2008a). The spatial differences in terms of wind speed do not show a lot of variations: on an average, the lowest value corresponds to Tuan Giao (0.7 m/s) and the highest value to Moc Chau (2 m/s). 94 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-7: Average Annual Wind Speed (m/s) in the Ma River Basin Tu n Meteorological i n Sn Sông M c Mai L c H i Nho Yên Bái Nh Tnh Thanh Giáo Stations Biên La Mă Châu Châu Sn Xuân Quan nh Th ng Xuân Gia Hoá Wind (m/s) 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.8 Source: PECC4, 2005 4.2.4 Humidity Humidity in the Ma River basin is considered high throughout the year. Table 4-8 shows a gradual increase in the humidity towards the lower regions of catchments, and humidity is higher in summer compared to winter. The average annual humidity in the project area is between 84-89 % (PECC4, 2008a). Table 4-8: Average Annual Humidity (%) in the Ma River Basin Meteorological Tu n i n Sn Sông M c Mai L c H i Nho Yên Bái Nh Tnh Thanh Stations Giáo Biên La Mă Châu Châu Sn Xuân Quan nh Th ng Xuân Gia Hoá Humidity (%) 84 84 80 83 86 82 86 86 85 86 86 86 86 85 Source: PECC4, 2005 4.2.5 Evaporation Evaporation shows a reverse trend in time compared to temperature, rain and humidity. Evaporation levels vary in summer (due to monsoon rains, high humidity and high temperatures) compared to winter. Table 4-9 shows average annual evaporation levels recorded in the Ma River basin. Table 4-9: Average Annual Evaporation (mm) in the Ma River Basin Meteorological Tu n i n Sn Sông M c Mai L c H i Nho Yên Bái Nh Tnh Thanh Stations Giáo Biên La Mă Châu Châu Sn Xuân Quan nh Th ng Xuân Gia Hoá Evaporation (mm) 815 892 939 933 874 910 726 645 970 854 770 925 850 832 Source: PECC4, 2005 On the contrary, differences in evaporation levels can be observed from the spatial point of view. For example, Lac Son receives an average of 1,984 mm of rain annually with an annual evaporation level of 726 mm, while places with low rainfall (Yen Dinh receives an average of 1210 mm of rain annually) show annual evaporation levels as high as 854 mm. 4.3 Hydrology 4.3.1 General Description The Ma River is 512 km long, 410 km of which is within Vietnam's borders (Duc, 2008a). From the river's source to the proposed TSHPP, the river runs over 239 km with an average slope of 4.5%. The stream network density is 0.68 km/km2. The TSHPP was designed to create a reservoir confined entirely within Vietnam, approximately 13.1 km2 in size with an average elevation of 160 meters above sea level (MASL). 95 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The Ma River originates within the Pu Huoi Long mountain range of Dien Bien province. The Ma River's catchments are located between two mountain ranges and have an average elevation of 760 MASL. The Ma River originates at an elevation of 2,179 MASL and over its length in Vietnam, it flows northwest to southeast, crossing Son La, Sam Nua (Lao People's Democratic Republic), Hoa Binh, and Thanh Hoa provinces. The river's basin is 28,400 km2. Of this,10,800 km2 or 38% of the basin is located within Laos. The Ma River merges with the Chu River and flows into the Pacific Ocean through the Sung, Lach Truong and Cua Hoi tributaries. 4.3.2 Annual Flow Though the Ma River basin receives low annual levels of rainfall, it contributes approximately 41.2% to the catchment's total volume. The annual flow (Table 4-10) to the dam site is 7.7 billion m3, which equals approximately 1,420 mm of rainfall. Table 4-10: Annual Flow to the TSHPP Dam Site on the Ma River 2 3 Qp m3/s F (km ) N(years) Qo,m /s Cv Cs P=10% P=50% P=90% 14660 47 235 0.21 2 Cv 300 231 174 Source: PECC4, 2008a Hydrological data at the proposed TSHPP site were taken from a gauging station located 500 m downstream between August 2003 and December 2006 (Table 4-11). Prior to its confluence with the Chu River, the annual flow rate of the Ma River is approximately 284 m3/s. At the TSHPP site, the average annual flow arriving at the dam site is 235 m3/s. 96 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-11: Variation of Average Module of Flow 1957-2006 Arriving at Various Sites on Ma River Next To Trung Son HPP F Q0 M Stations (km2) (m3/s) (l/s/km2) Xa La 6430 120 18.7 Hoi Xuan 16850 289 17.2 Cam Thuy 18879 346 18.3 Trung Son 14660 235 16 Source: PECC4, 2009 The Ma River's discharge rate is 18.5 l/s/km2 and has a flow level of 584 mm. Table 4-12 illustrates the historical mean annual flows for three of the Ma River's stations. Low Cv rates reflect discharge differences at the same station. Table 4-12: Characteristics of Mean Annual Flow at Gauging Stations 1957 ­ 2003 1957 - 2006 Gauge Q0 (m3/s) Cv Cs Q0 (m3/s) Cv Cs Xa La 119.6 0.236 2Cv 117.8 0.240 2Cv Hoi Xuan 282 0.226 2Cv 283.8 0.224 2Cv Cam Thuy 330 0.224 2Cv 332.2 0.222 2Cv Source: PECC4 2008a According to the report on Climate and Hydrographical Conditions prepared by PECC4, groundwater flow has a discharge rate of 4.38 l/s/km2 and accounts for 26.7% of the total flow to the reservoir (PECC4, 2008a). Table 4-13: Flow distribution at Cam Thuy gauging station Features Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average 3 Q (m /s) 140 118 104 108 156 365 620 876 821 408 250 328 360 % 3.23 2.72 2.4 2.49 3.62 8.43 14.3 20.3 19 9.43 5.78 7.58 Source: PECC4, 2008a A monthly flow comparison between the Cam Thuy and the Trung Son hydrological (Table 4-14 ) stations during a period of 39 months (October 2004-December 2007) is presented in Table 4-13. 97 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-14: Average Monthly Discharge in Cam Thuy and Trung Son Stations 4.3.3 Flood Season The flood season varies across the Ma River basin. For the TSHPP site in particular, the flood season is from June to October. The TSHPP site's average runoff rate is 34 l/s/km2, accounting for 74% of the total annual flow. Upstream, the largest flows occur during August. During this month, flow rates range between 47 to 52 l/s/km2 and account for 20% of the total annual flow. Downstream, the highest flows occur during November and account for 24-25% of the total annual flow. Flood rates in this month range between 80 to 100 l/s/km2. In the Chu River, the largest flows occur in September with flow accounting for 19.6% of total annual flow (PECC4, 2008a). The TSHPP site has a flood peak of 9,100 m3/s (P =1%), 12% higher than flood rates calculated within Cam Thuy station (Table 4-15). Table 4-15: Calculated Flood Peak (m3/s) at the TSHPP Dam Site P% Calculated line F(km2) 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 Cam Thuy Station 18,879 14,900 11,600 10,200 7,050 5,730 Trung Son dam 14,660 13,400 10,400 9,100 6,200 5,000 site Source: PECC4, 2009 Downstream terrain is less than 10% slope and the Ma River receives waters from the Chu and Buoi Rivers. The combined rivers increase the flood volume, inundating approximately 44,000 hectares (ha) in low lying areas every year. The remaining seven to eight months contribute to the remaining 25% of the total annual flow. The driest period is between February and April, which comprises 8% of the annual flow (yield is approximately 6.291 l/(s/km2). March tends to have the lowest flow rates, contributing only 2.4% of the total. 98 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-16: Distribution of Seasonal Flow Corresponding to Designed Flood Frequencies Flood Season Dry Season Year Jun/Oct Nov/May W Frequency W Q W (1,00 (%) (%) (1,000,000 (m3/s (1,000,000 m3) 0,000 m3) ) m3) P=10% 75 7079 25 2405 300 9502 P=50% 71 5215 29 2089 231 7,304 P=90% 68 3724 32.24 1788 174 5512 Source: PECC4,2008a Flow distributions by seasons in specific years are illustrated in the Table 4-16 and Table 4-17, respectively. It could be concluded that water flow to the TSHPP reservoir is not abundant and unequally distributed across the seasons. Table 4-17: Distributions of Monthly Flows (m3/s) in TypicalSpecific Years Year/ June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Year Month Large Q 1082. 1960-61, 226.6 567.8 633.9 351.1 194.8 148.2 3.4 0.5 8.3 1.5 8.3 294.8 9 p=10% Average Q 1981-82, 291.2 307.4 594.9 515.7 287.3 195.1 136.1 103. 95.3 83.3 9.5 9.3 234.0 p=50% Small Q 1968-69, 168.3 164.9 487.1 361.3 200.6 133.5 90.1 70.6 56.1 48.5 64.6 71.4 159.7 p=90% Q = discharge Source: Modified from Hoa Nguyen Thi., 2007 and PECC4, 2008a 4.3.4 Sediment Transport Reservoir sediments have two main components: river bed and suspended particles. The river bed particles are estimated at about 20% of the suspended particles. The level of sediments in the TSHPP reservoir was calculated based on measurements taken at the Cam Thuy station. It was estimated that the reservoir's mean annual sediment was 1.3 million m3 ( Table 4-18). This would suggest that it would take more than a century to fill the reservoir's storage area. However, due to the reservoir's bottom irregularities, sediment deposition is uneven and the upper part of the reservoir would fill first. A sedimentation pattern is expected due to the length of the reservoir (approximately 38.5 km). Coarser particles (sand) will deposit in areas near the tail of the river, while fine particles (silt and clay) would occupy the area near the dam site. 99 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-18: Estimated Sediment Accumulation at Trung Son Reservoir Feature Value A Average muddy level, (g/m3) 222.00 B Suspended sediment volume, Ro (kg/s) 54.20 C Accumulated sediment ratio, E 0.75 D Weight of suspended sediment, ll (ton/m3) 1.18 3 E Weight of river bed sediment, d (ton/m ) 1.55 3 F Total accumulated volume of suspended sediment, Vll (m /year) 1,084,047.00 G Total accumulated volume of river bed sediment, Vd (m3/year) 216,810.00 H Total annual accumulated sediment (1,000,000 m3/year) 1.30 I Total annual accumulated sediment in 100 years (1,000,000 m3) 130.10 Source: Modified from PECC4, 2008a 4.3.5 Water Quality Numerous surveys were performed to assess the quality of water resources at the TSHPP site. Chemical analysis confirmed low concentrations of dissolved substances, suitable for the RCC gravity dam, which was selected for the TSHPP. Water sampling results are summarized in Table 4-19. 100 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-19: Water Quality Parameters Upper Trung Pre - Unit Flood Parameter Symbol Ma Son flood Plain River Stretch plain Mean Monthly T °C 23.2 23.2 23.2 Temperature pH pH pH 7.32 7.5 8.12 Dissolved Oxygen DO mg/mL 6.43 6.6 6.83 Biological Oxygen BOD5 mg/L 4.9 5.2 5.6 5.6 Demand Total Dissolved TDS mg/L 80 92 95 Solids Alkalinity mg/L 2.13 2.25 Hardness mg/L 84.72 1.98 Bicarbonates mg/L 130 117 Phosphates mg/L 0.285 0.143 0.174 Sulphates mg/L 5.4 5.11 4.91 Nitrates mg/L 2.079 2.487 4.065 5.8 Nitrites mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Ammonia mg/L 0.678 0.823 0.925 Coliform bacteria MPN/mL 290 280 360 Source: PECC4, 2008a Based on water quality results ( Table 4-20) and according to the Vietnamese standard TCVN 5942-1995, all measured parameters, with the exception of suspended solids, were below standard levels. Suspended solids were found to be eight times higher than Level A and twice Level B water levels. Suspended solid (140 mg/l) levels in conjunction with turbidity levels (140 to 196 mg/l) are associated with higher erosion levels during the rainy season. Biological oxygen demand (BOD5) levels are higher than the TCVN5942-1995 Level A, which indicate there are low levels of organic matter contamination within the Ma River. All other monitored parameters were within acceptable ranges of Vietnamese Standard TCVN 5942- 1995 Level B. Nutrient analysis results (nitrogen components and phosphorus compounds) yielded low concentrations (Thanh, 2007). Streams and rivers within the TSHPP area had phosphate (PO4-3) levels ranging between 0.73 to 1.22mg/l. The water was adequately saturated with oxygen and pH was slightly alkaline (8.1) downstream of the dam site at Co Luong. Conductivity values vary from 80 to 177 mg/l, which indicate relatively soft water. 101 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-20: Water Quality of the Sampling Points at the Project Area TCVN5942- Sample Codes 1995 No Item Unit Standards NTS1 NTS2 NTS3 NTS4 NTS5 NTS6 NTS7 NTS8 NTS9 A B 6.0- 5.5- 1 pH - 7.32 7.36 7.35 7.66 7.48 7.50 7.68 7.41 8.12 8.5 9.0 2 BOD5 mg/l 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.5 6.0 5.6 <4 <25 3 Colour (Pt-Co) 76.2 68.5 62.1 62.2 66.5 59.8 43.2 30.8 45.0 - - 4 Odour - None None None None None None None None None - - 5 Taste - None None None None None None None None None - - 6 COD mg/l 8 9 9 8 8 9 10 10 9 <10 <35 7 DO mg/l 6.43 6.51 6.59 6.79 6.73 6.60 6.51 6.44 6.83 <=2 <=6 8 TSS mg/l 197 189 152 180 160 165 178 140 196 20 80 9 Fe2+ mg/l 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.11 1 2 10 Fe3+ mg/l 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 1 2 11 NH3 mg/l 0.68 0.73 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.86 0.79 0.93 0.05 1 12 NO3- mg/l 2.08 3.01 2.25 2.33 2.41 2.49 3.03 3.32 4.07 10 15 13 NO2- mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - - 14 PO43- mg/l 0.29 0.29 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.74 0.17 - - 15 TDS mg/l 80 86 82 86 88 92 98 177 95 - - 16 Coliforms NMP/dl 290 290 230 240 250 280 300 320 360 5000 10000 *Note: TCVN5942-1995: Quality standard for surface water: Level A is applied to water sources which can be used for residential uses (but require to be treated as regulations). Level B is applied to surface water for other purposes. From upstream to downstream, the concentrations of phosphorus (0.126 ­ 0.738mg/l) and nitrogen (in the NH3+ form; 0.68­0.93mg/l) were higher than the Standard TCVN 5942-1995 Level A. Higher nutrient content levels may contribute to eutrophication within the reservoir. However, phosphorus levels fluctuate with turbidity, indicating that phosphorus is being absorbed and precipitated. Ammonia levels were relatively high due to the amount of chemical fertilizers used within the catchment area, as well as livestock and human wastes frequently deposited into the river. Human error could have contributed to fluctuations in observed nutrient levels. In January 2005, BOD5 levels were between 4 and 7mg/l. This is higher than Vietnam Standard TCVN 5942-1995 Level A. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was approximately 102 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 10-17mg/l. Under the Aleskin 1970 classification, water within the reservoir bed was soft and had weak alkali reactions. The contents of some nutritive substances (nitrogen) and organic substances were higher than Vietnam Standard TCVN 5942-1995. 4.3.6 Aquifers Aquifers within the mountain region of the TSHPP are unconfined and are interconnected with the current drainage system. In the upper basin, springs are used frequently as a local water source and water wells are commonly used during the dry season. The majority of water wells are handmade, superficial and located near households. 4.4 Geology and Soils 4.4.1 Bedrock Geology The Ma River is underlain by Pre-Devonian and Lower Paleozoic formations. The area is characterized by ancient Proterozoic sediments, which have formed a wide, gentle syncline, bordered by several faults and structural failures. The Thanh Hoa anticline was formed by the Dong Son Early Paleozoic and Nam Co Proterozoic formations. Generally, the faults within this area are ancient, but stable (PECC4, 2008a). 4.4.2 Lithology The main strata and their subcomponents within the project area can be classified into the following groups: Ma River ophiolite o Schists, scattered from Muong Lat to the Vietnam-Laos border Ma River stratum o Biotite crystal schist, sericit crystal schist, argillite schist, charcoal slate, limestone, marble, and quartzite Nam Pia stratum (D1np) o Quartzite, clotted clay, and charcoal clay slate Ban Pap stratum (D2bp) o Clay limestone, slated lime schist, dolomite, and limestone Suoi Be stratum (J3-k1sb) o Basalt and olivine There are three types of igneous rocks: Moung Lat (Cml) which is comprised of bi-mica, light coloured granite, and pegmatite; Dien Bien (P2-T1b), found adjacent to the Vietnam- Laos border and comprised of hornblende dominates; and Nam Chien (Knc) which includes gabbros diabases. In general, the geological composition of the river valley is stable with a low erosion tendency and good stability against slides. Any induced slides will likely be small and localized (PECC4, 2008a). 103 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 4.4.3 Tectonics There are two major fault systems within the project area: Ma River and Son La. The Ma River fault is 390 km long with general direction tending NW-SE. The Son La fault line is approximately 360 km in length, with general direction tending NW-SE. It commences in Tuan Giao (Lai Chau province) and terminates in the vicinity of Nga Son (Thanh Hoa province). According to the Institute of Geology, the proposed TSHPP site is approximately 19 and 16 km away from the Ma River and Son La faults, respectively. Collectively, these two faults systems can potentially produce seismic tremors of up to 6.1 on the Richter scale with a cross acceleration towards the project site with a force of 0.2404 grams (g). This is equivalent to a level 8 earthquake on the MSK-64 scale. This cross acceleration corresponds to a 950-year cycle of 0.1947 g. No transcendent seismic movements have been recorded within the project site to date. 4.4.4 Construction materials Naturally exploited construction materials for the project will come from a series of quarries and borrow pits. Sand and gravel will be sourced from quarries about 180 km downstream from the dam site. Approximately 24,000 m3 of sand and gravel will be needed for construction activities. There is a rock quarry on the north bank of the river, located 8 km upstream from the project site with a capacity of eight million m3; approximately two million m3 of material will be needed. The materials are considered to be of good quality. 4.4.5 Hydrogeology The aquifers are generally unconfined with rapid drainage due to the area's topographical conditions. Reservoir leakage will be restricted to the abutments and the dam foundation due to the absence of limestone formations in this area. The top of the riverbed is composed of sand and clay with pebbles to a depth of 3.6 m. There are layers of slate with granite underneath. In the riverbed, water pressure tests results illustrate the water loss for zone IIA is 16.7 lugeon, while in zone IIB it is <1 lugeon. 4.4.6 Soil According to the soil maps of Son La, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces there are three main soil categories based on altitude (Chi and Garcia, 2008). Lowlands Soils. Ferralitic soils (or Ferrasols) are largely distributed within Vietnam's lowland catchments. These soils are located below 900 MASL are affected by monsoon climatic conditions and are highly weathered. Main soil components are caolinite and haloizit. Medium, Mountain Soils. Located between 900 and 1,800 MASL, there is a band of red- yellowish and greyish-yellow humus within the boundary of Thanh Hoa- Son La, Thanh Hoa- Hoa Binh provinces and the mountains along the Vietnam- Lao borders. These soils have been developed from clays, weathered rocks and granite. 104 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment In areas where forest cover dominates, organic material content can reach 3.5-5.0%, and the structure is of medium clay. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is less than 15 meq/100 g. Reddish-yellow and greyish-yellow humus has developed on weathered clays. These soils range from having medium to good organic content and fertility and they are usually localized to mountain summits. To maintain the soils high water storage capacity forests in this area should be protected. High Mountain Soils.The Alit layer dominates the soils in Vietnam's highest (1,800 ­ 2,800 MASL) mountain range. Under the influence of cool and humid weather, the area is foggy year-round. Soil layers are very thin and usually less than 0.60 m thick. In the soil profile, layer B is barely visible. The content of Al2O3 is much higher than that of Fe2O3. A higher content of organic matter can be attributed to a thick layer (which can be 20-30 cm) of decomposed matter. The humus layer has a high content of fulvic acid. On gentler slopes, the soil is saturated and very acidic (pH< 4.5). Though these soils are considered to have medium fertility, they are unevenly distributed within the area. Because of this, the forest industry is diversified to produce a number of high quality commodities, such as cinnamon and cinnamon essence, pressed boards, chopsticks, and wooden hand-made products. 4.4.7 Soil Erosion There are four main factors affecting soil erosion in the project area: Soil type: In general, stable soils help reduce the amount of erosion caused by surface water and wind; Slope: Steeper slopes result in higher surface flow, which can cause erosion and landslides; Rain: Floods are frequent during the rainy season, causing erosion and landslides, especially on steep slopes; and Land cover: Vegetation, such as natural and planted forests, can reduce the amount of soil erosion. Erosion data shows that erosion levels in the area are low due to natural and planted forest cover. Table 4-21: Types of Soil in the Reservoir Area Vietnam Classification FAO-UNESCO classification I - Alluvium I- Fluvisols 1. Ma River Alluvium 1. Umbric Fluvisols II- Black soil II- Luvisols 2. Black soil on weathered products of limestone 2. Calcic Luvisols III- Eroded grey soil III- Haplic Acrisols 3. Eroded grey soil on weathered products of axit magma 3. Arenic Acrisols IV- Yellowish red soil (Feralit) III- Ferralsols 4. Brown and red soil on medium magma and base 4. Rhodic Ferralsols 5. Brown and red soil on limestone 5. Rhodic Ferralsols 105 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 6. Brown and red soil on clay and degenerated stones 6. Rhodi-Leptic Acrisols 7. Brown and red soil on granite. 7. Chromic- Leptic Acrisols V -Grayish yellow Humus (Feralit) IV- Humic Acrisols 8. Mountainous Yellowish red humus and grayish yellow 8. Humic Acrisols , humus · Humic Ferralsols VI ­ Mountainous Alit Humus V- Aplitic Humic Acrisols 9. Mountainous Alit Humus 9. Aplitic Humic Acrisols VII- Splitting soil V- Mixed Gleysols 10. Splitting soil 10. Mixed Gleysols 4.5 Terrestrial Ecology This section focuses on baseline information of flora, fauna and listed species in the project area and surrounding areas. 4.5.1 Flora According to the survey carried out by Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) and Institute of Geography, National Centre for Science and Technology in February 1998 and again in January 2005, there are 936 species of plants that belong to 145 families in the TSHPP area. Additional vegetation surveys would be conducted if deemed necessary prior to construction. The species identified through extensive survey belongs to six plant divisions (Table 4-22) (PATB, 2008). Table 4-22: Number of Plant Species Identified Plant Kingdom Families and Species Psilotophyta 1 family, 1 species Lycopodiophyta 2 families, 11 species Equisetophyta 1 family, 2 species Polipodiophyta 17 families, 68 species Pinophyta 6 families, 18 species Magnophyta 118 families, 836 species Total 145 families, 936 species Source: PATB, 2008 Survey results indicate that out of 145 families, 10 have a minimum of 30 or more species compared to the rest of the families within the project area: The families and the number of species observed in the project area are as follows: Euphorbiaceae : 127 species Poaceae : 59 species Fabaceae : 112 species Orchidaceae : 49 species Lauraceae : 83 species Fagaceae : 46 species Rubiaceae : 67 species Scrophulaceae : 33 species Moraceae : 60 species 106 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Botanical Resources: The number of species observed (936 species) within the project area are classified based on their economic and commercial importance (PATB, 2008). Numerous plants species provide: wood (319 species), medicine (592 species), food (239 species), resin, fat and oil (44 species), essential and scent oil (15 species), fiber (25 species), tanning and dyeing material (25 species), and food for cattle (34 species). The remaining species of plants (i.e. 580 species) have no economic value and they are not listed in this section. This list indicates that the TSHPP area contains a high percentage of flowering plants that are of medicinal value. Examples of these species include families of Polypodiaceae, Araliaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Loranthaceae, Menispermaceae, Myrsinaceae, Sargentodoxaceae, Simaroubaceae, Symplocaceae, Thymeleaceae, and Araceae. Some species have creeping characteristics or specialized organs such as twining stems, hooks or tendrils, which are used for attaching themselves to objects. Examples of these families include: Creepers with wooden stem: Celastraceae, Annonaceae (custard apple), Vitaceae (grapes), Gnetaceae, Apocynaceae (species fragnant cynanthe), Myrsinaceae; and Creepers with grass stem: Berberidacea (genus goldthread), Menispermaceae, Stemonaceae (species Stemone tuberosa), Convolvulaceae (sweet potato), Cucurbitaceous (calabash). Vegetation Cover: An abundant amount of vegetation exists throughout Vietnam, except where the landscape has been denuded. Vegetation cover within the TSHPP area contains mixed stands, which include broad leaf trees, bamboo, pines and grasses: A) Forests with broad leaf trees: Vegetation cover consists of bush, grass and wood species. Broad leaf trees range in height from 15-20 m and 20-25 mm in diameter. The most popular species are: Alphonsea sp., Polyalthia sp. (Annonaceae), Alnus nepalensis, Betula alnoides (Betulaceae), Hopea sp. (Diptercarpaceae), and Ficus sp. (Moraceae). B) Forest with broad leaf trees generated from weathered rocks (limestone): This type of forest has high commercial and economic value. The vegetation cover consists of bush, grass and wood species. Some of the species include: Hopea chinensis, Vatica chevalieri, Parashorea chinensis (Dipterocarpaceae), Nageia fleuryi, Podocarpus pilgeri (Podocarpaceae), and Mitrephora calearea (Annonaceae). C) Forest with hybrid trees ­ broad leaf trees and bamboo: Dominant species include Arundiari sp., Bambusa sp., and Dendrocalamus sp. Popular broad leaf trees 107 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment species include Alphonsea sp. (Annonaceae), Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae), Macaranga sp. (Euphorbiaceae), Dillenia sp. (Dilleniaceae), and Michelia sp. (Magnoliaceae). D) Bamboo forest: The most common and popular trees belong to Bambusa and Dendrocalamus sp. E) Forest with coniferous trees and broad leaf trees: This type of forest cover is located at an elevation of 900 MASL. Vegetation cover includes broad leaf trees, bamboo, pines and grasses. The broad leaf trees are taller, ranging from 15-20 m in height and 20-25 m in diameter. The most popular species include: Cephalotaxus sp. (Cephalotaxaceae), Cycas sp. (Cycadaceae), Pinus sp. (Pinaceae), Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Nageia fleuryi (Podocarpaceae), Acer sp. (Aceraceae), Castanopsis sp., Lithocarpus sp., and Quercus sp. (Fagaceae). The bush cover includes herbs and small trees from the Rubiaceae and Magnoliaceae families, whereas the grass cover includes the families of Ericaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Aralliaceae, and Araceae. F) Shrubby vegetation: This category consists of shrubs ranging from 5-6 cm in height. Some of the species include: Desmos chinensis, Desmos cochinchinensis, Fissistigma sp. (Annonaceae), Ilex sp. (Aquifoliaceae), Acalypha sp., Alchornea sp., Mallotus sp., Antidesma sp., and Bridelia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), Rhamnus sp. (Rhamnaceae), Rubus sp. (Rosaceae), Randia sp. (Rubiaceae), Helicteres sp. (Sterculiaceae), and Callicarpa sp. (Verbenaceae). G) Grassy vegetation: Grass species belong to three families: Poacea, Asteracea and Cyperaceae. Plants of Economic Importance: A) Planted trees: The TSHPP area has a limited number of planted trees. Bamboo species account for a large area in comparison to other species. In particular, Dendrocalamus membranaceae is planted extensively because of their economic importance to local villagers. B) Fruit crops: These include pineapple, orange, grapefruit, longan, and lithchi. C) Annual crops: Rice and corn are the main annual crops in the project area. 4.5.2 Fauna Survey results indicate abundant fauna in the project area. The initial surveys not only illustrate their abundance, but also indicate that the TSHPP area provides habitats for a large number of animals. Table 4-23 presents a list of species observed during a completed fauna survey (PATB, 2008). 108 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-23: Species Observed during Survey in the Project Area Class Lineage* Family Species Mammals (Mammalia) 8 22 65 Birds (Aves) 15 41 169 Reptiles (Reptilia) 2 13 25 Amphibians (Amphibia) 1 4 12 Total 26 80 271 * - Single evolving species Source: PATB, 2008 Biodiversity Vietnam is known world-wide for having a rich biodiversity. The tropical and subtropical forests in the project area are rich in species diversity. Clouded Leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa) and Grey Langur (Trachypithecus crepusculus) are just two of the wildlife species observed in the project area. Common species observed in the bamboo forest are Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) and Serow (Naemorrhedus umatraensis) (PATB, 2008). 4.5.3 Listed Species Rare and Precious Species ­ Flora and Fauna The natural forest in the TSHPP area has been significantly exploited for domestic and commercial activities. During past baseline surveys, PECC4 has identified some of the rare and precious species which are listed in the Vietnam's Red Data Book. Species in Vietnam are classified as "Rare and Precious" because of their rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, degree of population and distribution fragmentation. A complete list of rare and precious flora is presented in PECC4 (2008a). Baseline surveys illustrate the presence of rare and precious animal species which are listed in the Vietnam's Red Data Book. For a complete list of rare and precious fauna, refer to PATB (2008). 109 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 4.6 Aquatic Ecology 4.6.1 River Description and Aquatic Habitat Ma River's attributes were analyzed based on the river's three main sections: upper, middle and lower catchments (Map 4-1). Their attributes are summarized in Table 4-24. The estuary and delta represent the final segment of the Ma River prior to merging with the Pacific Ocean. This area is influenced daily by tidal and seashore currents, which distribute sediments forming sand and mud bars at the river's mouth. This area also represents the physiochemical and biological transition from fresh to brackish water, which promotes the precipitation of mud and colloids. Mangrove forests and swamps are the dominant vegetation cover in this area. This ecosystem is the main hatchery for crustaceans (shrimps and crabs) and other important economic marine species. Map 4-1: Sampling Sites and Catchment Areas in the Ma River Basin 110 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-24: Attributes of the Ma River Characteristic Upper Middle Catchment Lower Catchment Catchment Small waterfalls Few waterfalls and Morphology - and rapids rapids Bed width 120-150 300-500 600-800 (m) 5-6 (dry season); 6-7 (dry season); Depth (m) 2-4 9-13 (rainy season) 10-15 (rainy season) River Characteristics Small gravels, Bed Stone and sands, fine silt and Mud and organics material gravel bed mud 33 km upstream (dry season) and Tidal No No 21 km upstream influence (rainy season) Position in Mid-water and Bottom dwellers Bottom dwellers water bottom dwellers dominate (84%) dominate (85%) column dominate (92%) Majority are Majority are river Majority are river Lateral river edge edge species edge species position species (66%) (73%) (61%) Majority prefer Majority prefers Majority prefers Substrate rocky bottoms rocky bottoms muddy bottoms preference Fish (61%) (52%) (35%) Characteristics Majority of species use Majority of species Majority of species tributary use tributary use tributary Location confluences, confluences, rapids confluences, rapids rapids and pools and pools (66%) and pools (75%) (60%) Seasonal During rainy During rainy During rainy exploitation season (18%) season (23%) season (45%) of juveniles 111 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 4.6.2 Aquatic Biodiversity Vietnam has an extensive diversity of aquatic species. The diversity of aquatic species in the project area has been studied and assessed in detail. The results are presented in two reports (i) The Survey Results and Analysis Data of Fish Biodiversity and Fisheries and (ii) Impact the Assessment Report for Trung Son HPP to the diversity of fish and fisheries ­ Proposals for mitigation measures. In the vicinity of the proposed TSHPP, 198 fish species of 141 genera, 57 families and 13 orders have been identified. This represents 19% of the total number of fish species within the country. Ninety-six percent of these species are of local origin and the remaining four percent are classified as exotics. In total, there were 95 freshwater (48%) and 103 brackish (52%) water species. The Ma River generally has lower biodiversity level when compared to other rivers in Vietnam, primarily due to its heavy flooding. There is a mixture of upstream and downstream species that congregate in the middle of the Ma River basin. The lack of physical barriers allows the migration of some fish into the breeding and spawning grounds of other fish species (Duc, 2008a). According to historic aquatic surveys, some species (for example, Barramundi - Lates calcarifer) migrate upstream nearly 100 km from the river mouth, 50 km from the dam site towards downstream; however, none of these brackish species have been found at the Trung Son dam site or further upstream (Duc, 2008a). Bottom dwelling fish are common throughout the upper, middle and lower catchments of the Ma River. In the lower catchment, most fish species prefer mud beds, while in the upper and middle catchments, fish species prefer stony bottoms. 4.6.3 Listed Aquatic Fauna Species Nine of 198 fish species are listed in the Vietnam Red Data Book. One of these species, Bostrichthys sinensisis critically "endangered"; Lupanodon thrissais classified as "endangered" and seven other species have been classified as "vulnerable" (Konosirus punctatus, Tor brevifilis, Sinilabeo lemassoni, Elopichthys bambusa, Bagarius rutilus, Hemibagrus guttatus and Anguilla marmorata). All nine species are likely to be influenced by the construction of the TSHPP; however, none of these species are endemic to the project area. Upstream, four vulnerable species (Elopichhthys bambusa, Sinilabeo lemassoni, Hemibagrus guttatus, and Bagarius rutilus) have been identified. None of the species recorded in Vietnam Red Book appear in the Red List of World Conservation Union / International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 2006 as they are widely distributed in the rivers of North and Northern Central Vietnam. 4.6.4 Other Aquatic Flora and Fauna Phytoplankton: A total of 56 species of phytoplankton have been identified within the Ma River catchments. Phytoplankton quantities vary between ecosystems. The lowest species densities inhabit running water ecosystems (rivers, creeks), while the highest densities are common to more balanced ecosystems (ponds, lakes). In streams, phytoplankton densities (Table 4-25) range from 2,567 cells/l to 18,593 cells/l, with an average of 9,375 cells/l. In rivers, species densities range from 24,944 cells/l to 112 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 77,097 cells/l, with an average of 49,093 cells/l. In ponds, phytoplankton densities vary from 15,873 cells/l to 106.577 cells/l. High densities of floating plants in ponds and streams form brown silica algae (69% and 50%, respectively) and blue and green algae (16 and 36%, respectively). Table 4-25: Density of Phytoplankton at Collection Stations Collecting stations Density of Algae (tb/l) Total Bacillariophyta Cyanophyta Chlorophyta Euglenophyta Streams Phu Thanh Stream 9 750 6 349 1 814 1 587 0 (Nam Quang) Thanh Yen Stream- 18 593 14 512 1 814 2 267 0 Thanh Son Nam Quang Stream 2 675 2 222 0 453 0 Trung Sn Muong Ly Stream 3 650 1 908 1 834 908 0 PoKong Stream 11 207 7 126 2 267 1 814 0 Muong Lat Average 6 423 1 546 1 406 9 375 0 (69%) (16%) (15%) Rivers Ma river- Phu 65 760 18 141 43 084 4 535 0 Thanh Ma river Thanh Son 28 570 6 349 9 070 13 151 0 Mă river- Trung lư 24 944 2 268 18 141 4 535 0 Ma river- Muong 77 097 11 338 24 943 40 816 0 Lat town Average 9 524 23 810 15 759 49 093 0 (19%) (49%) (32%) Ponds Phu Thanh pond 20 181 10 884 3 628 5 442 227 Chieng village- 15 873 15 646 0 0 227 Trung Thanh pond Xuoc village- Trung 86 168 36 282 29 478 20 408 0 Sn pond Muong Ly pond 106 577 49 887 49 887 6 803 0 28 175 20 748 8 165 Average 57 087 0 (50%) (36%) (14%) Zooplankton.Thirty-two planktonic species were identified including copepods (Order Copepoda), cladocerans (Order Cladocera), rotifers (Order Rotatoria), ostracoda (Class Crustacea) and insects (Order Insecta). Of these, cladocerans were the most abundant while ostracoda crustaceans and insect larvae were the least common. Planktoninc densities are low, ranging from 14 to 16 individuals/m3. The density of zooplankton in all three water body types (river, streams, ponds and lakes) was dominated by Copepoda (60%) (Adapted from Duc, 2008b). 113 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Benthos: Ten benthonic species, including snails (Class Gastropoda), oyster (Class Bivalvia), shrimp and crab (Class Crustacea) were identified within the project area. Snails were the most common benthonic animal, with seven different species being identified. Sixteen different aquatic insects frequent mountain river areas. These species include mayfly (Ephemeroptera), stonefly (Plecoptera), rainfly (Tricoptera), dragon flyers (Odonata), Hemiptera and Diptera. Ephemeroptera, and dragonflies (Odonata) comprise the largest number of species and congregate in streams. Most species live in clean water flows. There are no phytoplankton, zooplankton or benthos species from the study area that were identified in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (2000) or the Red List of IUCN (Adapted from Duc, 2008b). 4.6.5 Reproduction and Migration Fish species migration and reproduction rates vary among three catchments of the Ma River (Table 4-26). Table 4-26: Migration and Breeding Patterns in the Ma River Catchments Species Migrating Species Breeding Villages Adjacent to Catchment (%) (%) Spawning Grounds Upper 10 53 Paxay (Uon)* Vinh Ninh, Vinh Hung (Vinh Loc), Ban Cong Middle 17 53 (Ba Thuoc) and Bai Giang (Cam Thuy)* Thua Hop (Thieu Lower 13 32 Hoa)** Source: Adapted from Duc 2008 * - Critical grounds for Cyprinus carpio ** - Critical grounds for Cyprinus carpio and Silurus asotus Migration of brackish fish species occurs into the upper catchments of the Ma River. Out of the 54 species which migrate upstream, only 42 reach the lower catchment, which is 30 km from the river's mouth and the farthest moving species is Lates calcarifer, which is well over 80 km from the river's mouth. This indicates that there are no species migrating upstream of the Trung Son dam site (Duc 2008). 4.6.6 Aquaculture Production Aquatic surveys were conducted in 19 villages of 10 districts of Thanh Hoa province and one district in Son La province. A full list of fish species identified is available in the following two reports (i) the Survey Results and Analysis Data of Fish Biodiversity and Fisheries and (ii) Impact Assessment Report for Trung Son HPP to the diversity of fish and fisheries ­ Proposals for mitigation measures (Duc 2008). Poor aquatic resources indicate that some species are declining and survey reports represent only 80% of the original number of species which were documented over 10 years ago. Nine species which had historically large catches are only observed in lower numbers; one common species appears now to be extinct. Representatives of 927 households were interviewed based on their aquaculture activities. Three hundred interviewees considered themselves fishermen, while the remaining 627 114 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment designated themselves as farmers (Duc, 2008a). Fishermen use a variety of equipment, including the increasingly popular monofilament nylon gill nets. Boats are used to capture fish in the lower (67%), middle (45%) and upper (19%) catchments. In each of these catchments, 92% of fish caught are used for human consumption. There are several economic fish species within the TSHPP area. Among these, only four species (Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Korean sharpbelly (Hemiculter leucisculus), Catfish (Cranoglanis sinensis) and Tire track eel (Mastacembelus armatus) currently inhabit the project area; 11 species are confined to the upper catchment; 17 species inhabit primarily the middle catchment; and 29 species occupy the lower catchment (Duc 2008a). Aquaculture productivity frequently fluctuates throughout Thanh Hoa province (Table 4-27) and has gradually increased from 2001 to 2006. Despite this increase, 96% of fish productivity is from the sea, while only 4% is attributed to the Ma River itself. Collectively, the number of fish cages used is small, with middle catchment areas using more cages than upper catchment areas. Aquatic resources are currently under the pressures of exploitation, pollution and habitat destruction. It is anticipated that biodiversity levels of freshwater, estuarine and coastal marine species will continue to decline. Nutrient levels are likely to continue to increase in downstream areas due to pollution, which will continue the promotion of eutrophic conditions. Table 4-27: Aquatic Production in Thanh Hoa Province The total fishing output for the 927 households is approximately 262.5 tons/year. This averages to 0.28 tons/year/household. Aquatic production has increased in recent years ( Table 4-28) and based on household interviews, it is apparent that total fish output and average fish output varies depending on the Ma River catchment section. The lower catchment has the highest output (117.5 tons/year), followed by the upper (86.5 tons/year) and finally the middle (58.5 tons/year) catchment. 115 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-28: Aquatic Production in Thanh Hoa Province in Tons Production Type 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 River Fishery 438.9 454.9 458.9 595.5 650.5 619.6 Aquaculture 1,501.4 1,793.5 1,992.7 1,945.3 2,231.1 2,278.7 Sea Fishery 8,451.9 9,283.2 9,307.4 10,091.4 10,823.6 12,029.9 Source: Adapted from Duc, 2008a Protein from fish plays an important role for local people and represents 50 to 59% of total daily protein consumed. The rate of protein consumption varies depending on catchment location. Since the lower catchment enjoys the highest productivity, it also enjoys the highest rates of protein consumption. Regardless of the level of productivity, the highest percentage of protein is obtained from sea fish species which dominates the lower catchments and natural fish populations in the upper catchment. The average number of fishing days per person in the project area is 171 days per year. In the upper catchment, it is 110 days, while in the middle and lower catchments it is 203 and 202 days, respectively. A number of factors are affecting fish production and subsequently fishermen income. They include the following: Destruction of riparian forests o Overhanging trees, contributing to shadow and nutritious litter Exploitation of sand and gravel for construction o Increased turbidity changes the flow of the riverbed structure o Some fish species (Acrossocheilus krempfi, Sinilabeo lemassoni, Pseuduhemiculter dispar, Osteochilus salsburyi, Liza carinata, Pisoodonophis boro, Liza seheli, and Lates calcarifer) that historically had high populations are currently declining Water pollution produced by fumigation and waste waters from sugar, tapioca and chopstick factories. 4.7 Protected Areas and Biodiversity In 1992, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre ranked Vietnam as one of the 16 most biologically diverse countries in the world. Its biodiversity is characterized by species diversity ­ 295 species of mammals (Can et al., 2008), 828 species of birds (Quy and Cu, 1995), 296 species of reptiles, 162 species of amphibians (Sang et al., 2005), and more than 700 species of fresh water fish and 15,000 species of fauna have been identified (Thin, 2005). New species are discovered every year. Forests in Vietnam have a diverse and abundance of endemic flora and fauna, consisting of 100 species and subspecies of birds (Quy and Cu, 1995), 88 species and subspecies of mammals (Can et.al., 2008) and about 20% of plant species (Thin, 2005). 116 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The TSHPP is located in the transition zone between Greater Annamites Eco-region and Northern Highlands. The Greater Annamites Eco-region is one of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF)'s global 200 ecoregions, characterized by world's most outstanding biodiversity values and hot spot for biodiversity conservation (Baltzer et al. 2001; Tordoff et al. 2003). The Northern Highlands also contain biodiversity centers with a large number of species of high conservation significance (BAP, 1994). The importance of ecoregions in relation to the protected areas will be discussed in detail in the latter part of this section. There are three Natural Reserves (NR) located in the TSHPP area: Pu Hu natural reserve (Thanh Hoa Province), Xuan Nha natural reserve (Son La Province) and Hang Kia ­ Pa Co natural reserve (Hoa Binh Province). Map 4-2 shows the location of the three NR in the TSHPP area. All of the natural reserves are characterized by tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forests with high biodiversity values (PECC4, 2008a). Map 4-2: Location of Natural Reserves in the Trung Son Hydropower Plant Basin Preliminary studies have identified nine types of vegetation cover in the NR. There are 936 species of vascular plants, 79 species of mammals, 258 species of birds, 30 species of amphibians. According to the National and International Conservation Significance, a total of 216 species are considered species at risk (complete list of species available in PATB, 2008); 41 species of plants and 33 species of animals are considered as internationally endangered; 93 species of plants and five species of animals identified in the NR are endemic to Vietnam (PATB, 2008). Characteristic features of the three NR are presented in Table 4-29. The nature reserves are divided into "core" zones in which human settlement and economic activities are not permitted and "buffer" zones which are not demarcated on the ground or mapped and economic activities may take place in them. Pu Hu natural reserve is the largest natural 117 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment reserve in the TSHPP area, whereas Xuan Nha natural reserve has the largest area of buffer zone. The IUCN have designated the three NRas "wilderness areas". 4.7.1 Xuan Nha Natural Reserve Xuan Nha natural reserve lies in the Moc Chau district in the south-west of Son La province. To the south and east, the natural reserve is bordered by Hoa Bin and Tanh Hoa provinces. To the west, it is bordered by Laos (Map 4-3). The natural reserve is located adjacent to the five communities of Son La province - Xuan Nha, Chieng Xuan, Tan Xuan, Long Sap and Chieng Son. The total area of Xuan Nha natural reserve is 27,084.5 ha. In December, 2007 the natural reserve boundary was revised to exclude areas that were affected by human settlements and agriculture activities. As a result of re-zoning, the area of the natural reserve was reduced to 16,316.8 ha (Decision 2955/UB-QDUB of Son La Provincial People Committee, dated 17 December 2007). Map 4-3: Xuan Nha Natural Reserve 118 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-29: Characteristic Features of Three Natural Reserves in TSHPP Basin Data Xuan Nha Pu Hu Hang Kia-Pa Co Moc Chau District, Son La Quan Hoa and Muong Lat Mai Chau District, Hoa Location Province Districts, Thanh Hoa Province Binh Province o o 0 0 N 20 0'00"-20 22'30" E 0 0 N20 34'45"-20 54'54" o N20 40'30''- 20 45'30" E Coordinates 0 0 104 40'00"- 0 0 E 104 28'42" -104 50'26" o 105 51' 20''- 105 00'35'' 105 05'00" Year of 1986 1999 1986 establishment Year of Management 2002 1999 2000 Board establishment Management Board of Pu Hu Management Board Hang Management Board of Ownership agency Natural Reserve Kia - Pa Co Natural Xuan Nha Natural Reserve Reserve Management FPD of Son La Province FPD of Thanh Hoa Province FPD of Hoa Binh Province Authority Category Ib (Wilderness Category Ib (Wilderness Category Ib (Wilderness IUCN category Area) Area) Area) Area (in hectares (ha)) 16,316.8 ha 23,149.45 ha 7,091ha (core zone) Area of buffer zone 87,336 ha. 27,306 ha 8,135 ha · Conservation of · Conservation of typical · Conservation of Tropical and Sub- forests and biodiversity of limestone forest tropical forest North Central Vietnam ecosystems of ecosystems of · Conservation of precious Northwest Vietnam Northwest Vietnam and endangered species · Conservation of · Conservation of · Protection of watershed precious and precious and areas of Ma and Luong endangered species Objectives endangered species Rivers; environment · Protection of natural · 3) Protection of protection and socio- environment and Watershed area of Ma economic development Supporting socio- and Da rivers; of local communities economic environmental development of local protection, and communities supporting socio- economic development of local communities Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 The natural reserve is divided into 2 functional zones: Strict Protection Zone (10,173.3 ha) and Ecological Restoration Zone (6,143.5 ha). The management board of the natural reserve is located in the Chieng Son commune. The buffer zone of the natural reserve includes eight communes: Xuan Nha, Tan Xuan, Long Sap and Chieng Sonof Son La Province; Tam Chung, Muong Ly, Trung Ly and Trung Son of Thanh Hoa Province and Hang Kia of Hoa Binh Province. The total area of the buffer zone is approximately 87,336 ha. According to 119 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity Report, the buffer zone is not included in the actual area of the natural reserve, which is usually referred as "core zone" (PATB, 2008). The highest point in the natural reserve, Mount Pha Luong (at an elevation of 1.970 MASL), lies on the mountain ridge which forms the international border with Laos. The elevation in the natural reserve ranges from 260 to 1,970 MASL. The topography of the nature reserve is composed of three limestone mountain ranges which run eastward across the Xuan Nha natural reserve from the Laotian border. There are two streams, Con and Quanh, which meet at the southeast foothills of the natural reserve before joining the Ma River at the TSHPP dam site. However, when the reservoir's water level rises to 160 m (MASL), some part of Quanh and Con stream habitats are expected to be submerged (PATB, 200). The distance from the natural reserve to the dam site is approximately four km. The confluence of Quanh stream with Ma River is about two to three km upstream from the dam site; therefore, Quanh stream will be a part of TSHPP reservoir. Biodiversity of Xuan Nha Natural Reserve Vegetation Cover: Three types of forests have been identified in the Xuan Nha natural reserve: tropical evergreen forest, sub-tropical forest, and mixed sub-tropical evergreen forest. The primary forest occupies about 45% of the natural reserve and the remaining area consists of secondary forests, which are regenerated from successive logging and shifting cultivation, scrublands and grasslands (PATB, 2008). A) Tropical Evergreen Forest: Tropical evergreen forests occupy 15 % of the total forest area in the natural reserve. The total volume of timber is approximately 300-400 m3/ha. Tree storey is dominated by following species: Dipterocarpus tonkinensis, Parashorea chinensis, Vatica fleuryana, Aglaia gigantea, Castanopss sp., and Pometia pinnata. Merchantable timber includes species of Markhamia stipulata, Madhuca pasquieri, Vatica fleuryana, and Chukrasia tabularis. In the Limestone Mountains, the forest cover is dominated by following species: Burretiodendron tonkinensis, Garcinia fagracoides, and Dracontomelum duprreanum. (Photo 4-1) (PATB, 2008). Photo 4-1: Tropical Evergreen Forest in the Xuan Nha Natural Reserve B) Sub-tropical Evergreen Forest: 120 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Sub-tropical evergreen forest occupies about 30% of the total forest cover in the natural reserve, mainly in the strict protection zone, at 700 MASL. The total volume of timber is approximately 250-300 m3/ha. Some of the dominant species are Castnopsis indica, Michelia balansae, Michelia mediocris, and Camelia and Machilus species. Coniferous species include: Keteleeria evelyniana, Dacrydium elatum, Cunninghamia knonishii, Nageia fleuryii and Podocarpus pilgeri. In the Limestone Mountains, the forest cover is characterized by the presence of following species: Burretiodendron tonkinensis, Garcinia fagracoides, Dracontomelum duprreanum, Pomertia pinata, and Annamocarya sinensis (PATB, 2008). C) Mixed Sub-tropical Evergreen Forest: Mixed sub-tropical evergreen forest is characterized by the presence of broad-leaf and coniferous trees. Examples of these include: Lithocarpus sp., Bur oak (Fabaceae), Machillus sp., Phoebe sp. (Lauraceae), Ficus and Streblus sp. (Moraceae), Michelia sp., Magnolia sp. (Magnoliaceae), Engelhartia sp. (Juglandaceae), Hydnocarpus sp. (Flacourtiaceae), and Diospyros sp. (Ebenaceae). Examples of coniferous species include Keteleeria evelyniana, Dacrydium elatum, Cunninghamia knonishii, and Nageia fleuryii (PATB, 2008). D) Secondary Forest Regenerated After Logging: Secondary forestsoccupyapproximately10% of the total forest cover in the natural reserve. These forests are distributed at an elevation within 800-900 MASL. The total volume of timber is between 50-80 m3/ha. The species observed at lower elevations include: Saraca dives, Ormosia sp., Castacopsissp sp., and Gironniera subaequalis. Some of the species observed at higher elevations are Castacopsis sp., Castnopsis indica, Ormosia sp., Schima wallichi, Camelia sp., Machilus and Phebe sp. (Lauraceae). Examples of species observed in the Limestone Mountains are Tacxotrophis macrophylla, Streblus macrophyllus, and Garcinia obolongifolia (PATB, 2008). E) Secondary Forest Regenerated in Abandoned Areas: Regenerated forests in abandoned areas constitute approximately 25 % of the total forest cover. The volume of timber is in the range of 50 m3/ha. Examples of regenerated species are: Trema angustifolia, Macranga denticulata, Styax tonkinensis, Mallotus paniculatus, Castanopsis sp., and Engelhardtia roburghiana. F) Scrubland and Grassland Scrublands and grasslands are generally found at lower elevations. Some of the dominant scrubland species include: Cratoxylon polyanthum, Cratoxylon pruńlirium, Aporosa sphaerosperma, Aporosa serrata, Phyllanthus emblica, and Phyllanthus reticulatus. Examples of grasslands include: Saccharum spontaneum, Thysanolaena maxima, Miscanthus japonica, and Imperata cylindrica. Flora Preliminary field investigations from FDP Son La (2003) and IEBR (2006) indicate that there are 851 species of plants belonging to 458 genera, 144 families and six phyla. A complete list of all the species recorded in the natural reserve is presented in Duc (2008b). Taxonomic diversification is presented in the table below (Table 4-30). 121 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-30: Diversity of Flora in the Xuan Nha Natural Reserve Phylum Species Family Genera Psilotophyta 1 1 1 Lycopodiophyta 8 2 3 Equisetophyta 2 1 1 Polypodiophyta 45 17 27 Pinophyta 18 6 11 Magnoliophyta 777 117 415 Total: 851 144 458 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 Field investigations illustrate the presence of threatened species within the natural reserve. Table 4-31 indicates the number of species identified as "threatened" under Vietnam Red Data Book and IUCN Red List. When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: "Critically endangered", "endangered", and "vulnerable" (IUCN, 2006). The inclusion of these species in the Red List is based on the rate of decline; population size; area of geographic distribution; degree of population; and distribution fragmentation. The threatened species in the IUCN Red List and Vietnam Red Data Book are classified as follows: Extinct (EX) - No individuals remaining; Extinct in the Wild (EW) - Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic range; Critically Endangered (CR) - Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild; Endangered (EN) - Very high risk of extinction in the wild; Vulnerable (VU) - High risk of extinction in the wild; Near Threatened (NT) - Likely to become endangered in the near future; Least Concern (LC) - Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category; Data Deficient (DD) - Not enough data to make an assessment of its risk of extinction; and Not Evaluated (NE) - Has not been evaluated against the criteria. Table 4-31: Threatened Plant Species in Xuan Nha Natural Reserve 122 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Threatened Category Vietnam IUCN Red Threatened Species Red Data List (Global& National) Book Critically Hopea chinensis; Hopea mollissimia; - 4 Endangered(CR) Podocarpus pilgeri, Vatica diospyroides, Endangered (EN) 8 4 Amentotaxus yunnanensis, Burretiodendron tonkinensis, Vulnerable (VU) 25 10 Cinnamomum balansae, Parashorea Near threatened (NT) - 2 chinensis, Acanthopanax trifoliatus, Low Risk (LR) - 12 Calocedrus macrolepis, Drynaria fortunei, Fokienia hodginsii, Madhuca Data deficient (DD) - 3 pasquieri, Pauldopia ghorta, and Total: 33 35 Sindora tonkinensis. Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will indicate that a threatened classification is warranted for the Xuan Nha Natural Reserve. Fauna Preliminary faunal investigations from Sang and La (2003) and IEBR (2006) indicate that there are 283 species of vertebrates, including 69 species of mammals, 147 species of birds, 44 species of reptiles, and 23 species of amphibians in the Xuan Nha NR area. A complete list of all the species observed in the Xuan Nha natural reserve is presented in PATB (2008b). Table 4-32 provides a list of the number of species recorded in the Xuan Nha natural reserve. Table 4-32: Diversity of Fauna in the Xuan Nha Natural Reserve Class Species Family Order Mammals 69 25 9 Birds 147 39 14 Reptiles 44 16 2 Amphibians 23 5 1 Total: 283 85 26 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB). 2008 The list presented above is not complete and further studies are required to obtain a complete list of fauna present in the natural reserve (PATB, 2008). However, the list indicates the natural reserve is rich in biodiversity. The table below ( Table 4-33) provides a list of species listed under Vietnamese Red Data Book and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 123 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-33: Threatened Animal Species in the Xuan Nha NR Threatened Category Vietnam IUCN Red Threatened Species Red Data List (Globally & Nationally) Book Critically Endangered Cuora trifasciata, Panthera tigris, Cuon 4 3 alpinus, Nomascus concolor, Platysternon (CR) megacephatum, Pyxidea mouhoti, Palea Endangered (EN) 17 10 steindachneri, Panthera pardus, Python Vulnerable (VU) 20 13 molurus, Ophiophagus hannah, Trachypithecus francoisi, Manis Near threatened (NT) - 6 pentadactyla, Catopuma temminckii, Low Risk (LR) 2 - Helarctos malayanus, Ursus thibetanus, Bos Data deficient (DD) - - frontalis, Capricornis sumatraensis, Petaurista elegans, Varanus salvator, Ptyas Total: korros, Bungarus fasciatus, Naja atra, and 43 32 Cuora galbinifrons. Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 There are 43 nationally threatened species (24 species of mammals, 1 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles and one species of amphibians) and 32 globally threatened species (19 species of mammals, one species of birds, eight species of reptiles and four species of amphibians) in the natural reserve. Two endemic species of herpetofauna, Sapa Skink (Mabuya chapaensis) and Granular Spiny Frog (Paa verrucospinosa), were also recorded. In addition, species of national and global conservation importance (primates and testudinates) were observed. Filed investigations also observed seven primate species, including Bengal Slow Loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Pygmy Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), Stump- tailed Macaque (Macaca arctoides), Assam Macaque (Macaca assamensis), Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta), Grey Langur (Trachypithecus crepusculus), Delacour's Langur (Trachypithecus francoisi),and Western Black-crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor). Six testudinates (turtle and tortoise) species were recorded in Xuan Nha natural reserve, five of which are globally threatened, including Big-headed Turtle (Platysternon megacephatum) (EN), Indochinese Box Turtle (Cuora galbinifrons) (CR), Keeled Box Turtle (Pyxidea mouhoti) (EN), Impressed Tortoise (Manouria impressa) (VU) and Wattle-necked Softshell Turtle (Palea steindachneri)(EN). 4.7.2 Pu Hu Natural Reserve Pu Hu natural reserve lies in the Quan Hoa and Muong Lat districts in the north-west of Thanh Hoa province (Map 4-2). The natural reserve encompasses 11 communities of Quan Hoa and Muong Lat districts; 10 communities of Quan Hoa (Hien Chung, Hien Kiet, Nam Tien, Phu Son, Phu Thanh, Thanh Xuan, Thien Phu, Trung Son and Trung Thanh) district and a community of Muong Lat district (Map 4-4) (PATB, 2008). 124 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Map 4-4: Pu Hu Natural Reserve The protected area covers a total area of 23,149.45 ha and is divided in to three functional zones: Strict protection zone (10,573.72 ha), Ecological restoration zone (12,253.23 ha), and an Administrative and Service zone (322.5 ha). The buffer zone of the Pu Hu natural reserve covers 11 communes (communes from Quan Hoa and Muong Lat districts), and the total area of the buffer zone is approximately 27,306 ha. Pu Hu natural reserve is situated west of a belt of limestone karst, which runs south-east from Pu Luong nature reserve to Cuc Phuong national park, Ninh Binh province. The highest point in Pu Hu natural reserve is Mount Hoc, which is 1, 440 MASL. The terrain is divided into ridges and narrow valleys with steep slopes ranging between 25 ­ 30 degrees. The lowest point in the natural reserve is 50 m. The Pu Hu natural reserve is heavily dissected by streams. Streams from the west, north and east flow into the Ma River. Streams from the south flow into the Luong River, which flows to the south of the reserve and joins the Ma River to the south-east of the TSHPP area. The Ma River runs along the northern and eastern boundaries of Pu Hu natural reserve. The distance from the dam site to the natural reserve boundary is approximately three km. However, the reservoir does not extend into the core of the natural reserve, only to the buffer zone. Biodiversity of Pu Hu Natural Reserve Vegetation Cover: Two types of forests have been identified in the Pu Hu natural reserve: tropical evergreen forests and sub-tropical evergreen forests. The primary forests (old-growth forest) occupy about 40% of the natural reserve. The rest are secondary forests, regenerated from selective logging, shifting cultivation, scrublands and grasslands (Map 4-4) (PATB, 2008). A) Tropical Evergreen Forest: Tropical evergreen forests occupy approximately 1,000 ha of forest cover in the natural reserve, primarilyin the strict protection zone, at an elevation of 700 MASL. The total volume of timber is between 300-400 m3/ha. Trees are dominated by timber species, including: 125 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Vatica fleuryana, Anamocarya sinensis, Parashorea chinensis, Nephelium melliferum, Pometia pinnata, Aglaia dasyclada, Chisocheton thorelli, and Disoxylum tonkinensis. B) Sub-tropical Evergreen Forest: Sub-tropical forests occupy 3,000 to 3,500 ha of forest cover in the natural reserve, mainly in the strict protection zone, at an elevation of 700 MASL. The total volume of timber is in the range of 250-300 m3/ha. Dominant trees species include: Vatica fleuryana, Anamocarya sinensis, Paramichelia baillonii, Michelia mediocris, and Diospyros apiculata. Coniferous species are low in numbers and scattered throughout the forest. Examples include: Nageia fleuryi, Podocarpus neriifolius, and Fokienia hodginsii. C) Secondary Forest Regenerated after Logging and Shifting Cultivation: Secondary forests occupy a large percent (40 %) of the natural reserve. The total volume of timber is between 50-80 m3/ha. The species composition is comprised of diverse group of families such as Lauraceae, Myristicaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Judlandaceae, Theaceae, Ulmaceae, and Euphorbiaceae (Photo 4-2). Photo 4-2: Secondary Tropical Evergreen Forest in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve D) Scrublands and Grasslands The vegetation pattern in this region is different compared to the other areas. The difference can be attributed to shifting cultivation and over logging conditions. Some of the scrubland species are Cratoxylon polyanthum, Cratoxylon prunilirium, and Aporosa sphaerosperma. Grasslands are widely distributed at 1000 MASL. Some of these species include: Saccharum spontaneum, Thysanolaena maxima, Miscanthus japonica, and Imperata cylindrica. Flora Flora surveys, combined with previous studies (Tuoc and Trai 1998), indicate that there are 753 vascular plants species belonging to 368 genera, 130 families, and sixphyla. A complete 126 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment list of all the species recorded in the natural reserve is presented in PATB (2008). Table 4-34 provides a list of number of species recorded in the Pu Hu natural reserve. 127 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-34: Diversity of Flora in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve Phylum Species Family Genera Psilotophyta 1 1 1 Lycopodiophyta 10 2 3 Equisetophyta 2 1 1 Polypodiophyta 29 13 19 Pinophyta 9 5 6 Magnoliophyta 702 108 338 Total: 753 130 368 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 The natural reserve contains 76 endemic species and 49 threatened species (PATB, 2008). Out of 76 endemic species, 40 species of plants are endemic to North Vietnam. Threatened species include 30 nationally endangered and 31 globally threatened species. Table 4-35 provides a list of species listed under Vietnam's Red Data Book and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (PATB, 2008). Table 4-35: Threatened Plant Species in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve Threatened category Vietnam IUCN Red Highly Threatened species Red Data List (Globally: CR, EN & Nationally: CR, Book EN) Critically Endangered Aquilaria crassna sp., Diospyros mun, 1 5 (CR) Hopea chinensis, Hopea mollissimia, Endangered (EN) 9 4 Vatica diospyroides, Burretiodendron tonkinensis, Erythrophleum fordii, Vulnerable (VU) 20 8 Parashoreachinensis Near threatened (NT) - 2 Smilaxpetelotii, Acanthopanax Low Risk (LR) - 8 trifoliatus, Sindora tonkinensis, Drynaria fortunei, Fokienia hodginsii, Madhuca Data deficient (DD) - 4 pasquieri, and Pauldopia ghorta. Total: 30 31 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 Fauna Based on the preliminary survey conducted by Power Engineering Consulting Company No.4, and secondary studies by Tuoc and Trai (1998), a total of 260 species of vertebrates, including 59 species of mammals, 161 species of birds, 27 species of reptiles and 13 species were identified in the Pu Hu natural reserve. A complete list (names) of all the species recorded in the natural reserve is presented in PATB (2008). Table 4-36 provides a list of number of species recorded in the Pu Hu natural reserve. 128 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-36: Diversity of Fauna in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve Class Species Family Order Mammals 59 23 8 Birds 161 37 11 Reptiles 27 14 3 Amphibians 13 4 1 Total: 260 78 23 Source: Modified from PATB, 2008 There are 42 nationally threatened species (25 species of mammals, two species of birds, 13 species of reptiles and two species of amphibians), and 33 globally threatened species (23 species of mammals, nine species of reptiles and one species of amphibians) in the natural reserve. Out of 42 species, 26 species are considered as highly threatened (Table 4-37). One endemic species known as Granular Spiny Frog (Paa verrucospinosa), is classified as nationally and globally threatened. Table 4-37: Threatened Fauna in the Pu Hu Natural Reserve Threatened category Vietnam IUCN Highly threatened species Red Data Red List (Globally: CR, EN & Nationally: Book CR, EN) Critically Cuora trifasciata, Panthera tigris, 6 3 Cuon alpinus, Platysternon Endangered(CR) Endangered (EN) megacephatum, Palea 15 9 steindachneri, Panthera pardus, Vulnerable (VU) 19 14 Belomys pearsonii, Python molurus, Ophiophagus hannah, Near threatened (NT) - 6 Nomascus leucogenys, Low Risk (LR) Trachypithecus francoisi, Manis 2 - pentadactyla, Catopuma Data deficient (DD) - 1 temminckii, and Neofelis nebulosa. Total: 42 33 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 4.7.3 Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve The Hang Kia ­ Pa Co natural reserve lies in the Mai Chau district of Hoa Binh province (Map 4-5). The natural reserve encompasses five communes of the Mai Chau district - Hang Kia, Pa Co, Cun Pheo, Pieng Ve and Bao La. The total area of the natural reserve is approximately 7,091 ha and is divided in to two functional zones: Strict protection zone (2,681 ha) and Ecological restoration zone (4,410 ha). The buffer zone covers four communities (Bang, Cun Pheo, Pieng Ve and Bao La) with a total area of 8,135 ha (Map 4-5) (PATB, 2008). The natural reserve is a located in the extreme west of Hoa Binh province. The natural reserve lies within the limestone range that extends south-east from the Son La plateau to Cu Phuong National Park in Ninh Binh province. The main physical feature within Hang Kia ­ Pa Co natural reserve is a high ridge, 129 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment which reaches 1,536 m in the north-west of the natural reserve and gradually decreases it's altitude to the east (PATB, 2008). Map 4-5: Hang Kia - Pa Co Natural Reserve A large portion of the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co natural reserve is made of Limestone Mountains that contain numerous valleys, caves and the slopes are in the range of 28-32 degrees. The northern part of natural reserve consists of valleys with flat bottoms where local communities are located. The natural reserve contains a few streams and the surface water is quickly absorbed into underground systems. Increased absorption results in shortage of water in the dry season affecting wildlife, and surface water is seasonal in the natural reserve, even in the populated valleys. Hang Kia ­ Pa Co natural reserve represents a watershed of two rivers: Ma River and Da River. The Xia stream runs from Cun Pheo commune through Pieng Ve, Mai Hich and Van Mai communes to join the Ma River in downstream of TSHPP area. The distance from the dam site to the reserve's boundary is 13 km, and the buffer zone shares the border with Trung Son community that belongs to TSHPP area (PATB, 2008). Biodiversity of the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve Vegetation Cover: Three types of forests have been identified in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co natural reserve: tropical evergreen forests, limestone sub-tropical evergreen forests, and mixed sub-tropical evergreen forests. The primary forest occupies about 40% of the natural reserve. The rest are secondary forests going through succession, as a result from regeneration attributed to logging and shifting cultivation, scrublands and grasslands. A) Tropical Evergreen Forest: Tropical evergreen forests occupy about 200 ha of forest cover which belongs to Bao La and Pieng Ve communes and a part of National Highway 6. The total volume of timber is approximately 300-400 m3/ha and is comprised of a three-tiered canopy structure. Trees are dominated by following timber species: Vatica fleuryana, Parashorea chinensis, and Dipterocarpus tonkinensis (Photo 4-3). 130 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Photo 4-3: Tropical Dense Evergreen Forest in Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve B) Limestone Sub-tropical Evergreen Forest: Limestone sub-tropical evergreen forests occupy an area of 2,000 ha, located at 700 m MASL. The total volume of timber is between 250 ­ 300 m3/ha, with a two-tiered canopy structure. Some of the tree species include: Lithocarpus sp., Quercus sp. (Fabaceae), Machillus sp., Phoebe sp., Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae), Ficus Streblus (Moraceae), Michelia sp., and Magnolia sp. (Magnoliaceae). C) Mixed sub-tropical evergreen forest: Mixed sub-tropical evergreen forests are characterized by broad-leaf and coniferous trees, scattered on mountain slopes at 800 MASL. Coniferous trees represent about 15 ­ 20% of the forest, including Nageia fleuryii, Pinus kwangtungensis, Podocarpus neriifolius, and Taxus chinensis. D) Secondary Forest Regenerated after Logging: Secondary forest occupies an area of 1,000 ha. The forest is located at an elevation of 300 ­ 900 MASL. The total volume of timber is in the range of 50 ­ 80 m3/ha with a 2 storey tree structure. E) Scrublands and Grasslands: Scrublands and grasslands occupy 1,800 ha of the natural reserve. Some of the dominant species are: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wendlandia paniculata, Psichotria montana, Aporosa planchonania, and Antidesma sp. Examples of grassland species include Saccharum spontaneum, Thysanolaena maxima, Miscanthus japonica, and Imperata cylindrica. Flora Preliminary investigations indicate that there are 589 species of plants in the Hang Kia natural reserve. These species belong to 339 genera, 125 families and six phyla. Table 4-38 provides a list of number of species recorded in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co natural reserve. 131 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-38: Diversity of Flora in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve Phylum Species Family Genera Psilotophyta 1 1 1 Lycopodiophyta 8 2 3 Equisetophyta 2 1 1 Polypodiophyta 35 12 24 Pinophyta 14 6 12 Magnoliophyta 529 103 298 Total: 589 125 339 Source: Modified from PATB, 2008 There are 45 endemic and 40 threatened species in the Hang Kia ­Pa Co natural reserve (PATB, 2008). Based on the IUCN Red List and Vietnam Red Data Book, there are 27 globally threatened and 21 nationally threatened species. Out of 48 species, 10 species are considered as highly threatened (Table 4-39). Table 4-39: Threatened Plant Species in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve Threatened category Vietnam IUCN Red Highly threatened species Red Data List (Global & National) Book Critical Endangered Podocarpus pilgeri, Vatica - 2 (CR) diospyroides, Amentotaxus Endangered (EN) 5 4 yunnanensis, Burretiodendron Vulnerable (VU) tonkinensis, Melodinus 16 6 annamensis, Parashorea Near threatened (NT) - 2 chinensis, Acanthopanax Low Risk (LR) - 11 trifoliatus, Fokienia hodginsii, Madhuca pasquieri, and Data deficient (DD) - 2 Pauldopia ghort. Total: 21 27 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 Fauna Preliminary investigations indicate that there are 249 species of vertebrates, including 44 species of mammals, 142 species of birds, 40 species of reptiles and 23 species of amphibians in the natural reserve ( Table 4-40). A complete list of all the species recorded in the natural reserve is presented in PATB (2008). 132 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-40: Diversity of Fauna in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve Class Species Family Order Mammals 44 20 8 Birds 142 38 14 Reptiles 40 12 2 Amphibians 23 6 2 Total: 249 76 26 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 There are 34 nationally threatened species (14 species of mammals, three species of birds, 14 species of reptiles and four species of amphibians) and 21 globally threatened species (12 species of mammals, one species of birds, seven species of reptiles and one species of amphibians) in the natural reserve. Out of 55 species identified, 17 species are considered highly threatened. Refer to the table for a list of highly threatened species (Table 4-41). 133 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-41: Threatened Animal Species in the Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve Threatened category Vietnam IUCN Red Very highly threatened species Red Data List (Global & National) Book Critical Endangered Cuora galbinifrons,Cuon alpinus, 3 1 Pyxidea mouhoti, Sacalia (CR) Endangered (EN) quadriocellata, Indotestudo 12 6 elongala, Palea steindachneri, Vulnerable (VU) 16 8 Belomys pearsonii,Python molurus, Ophiophagus hannah, Manis Near threatened (NT) - 5 pentadactyla, Catopuma Low Risk (LR) temminckii,Ursus thibetanus, 3 - Capricornis sumatraensis, Ptyas Data deficient (DD) - 1 korros, Ptyas mucosus, Bungarus fasciatus, and Naja atra. Total: 34 21 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 Four endemic species of herpetofauna were recorded in the natural reserve: Many-spotted Cat Snake (Boiga multomaculata),Tonkin Asian Frog (Chaparana delacouri), Mo-son frog (Rana maosonensis) and Granular spiny frog (Paa verrucospinosa).The biodiversity value of natural reserves in relation to ecoregions and areas affected by TSHPP is discussed in the next section. 4.8 Regional Importance of the Natural Reserves In 1998, WWF identified 238 ecoregions that were considered as high priority areas for conservation of biodiversity worldwide. The global ecoregion is a science based global ranking of the most biologically outstanding and diverse terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. Five ecoregions were identified in the Indochina region: · The Annamite Range Moist Forests · The Indochina Dry Forests · The Cardamom Mountain Moist Forests · The Northern Indochina Sub-tropical Moist Forests · The Mekong River (entire catchments). The Forests of the Lower Mekong Eco-region Complex (FLMEC), which the WWF selected to initiate ecoregion based conservation programs for the Indochina region, contains three ecoregions. They are the Greater Annamites, the Central Indochina Dry Forests, and the Cardamom Mountains (Baltzer et al. 2001). The Greater Annamites ecoregion (also called as Trung Son in Vietnam and Sayphou Louang in Laos) is a long chain of mountains which support a diverse range of precious plants and animals. The ecoregion is comprised of unique and diverse habitats within the FLMEC (Tordoff et al. 2003). The discovery of Sao la (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) by WWF and Vietnamese scientists in 1992, in the Vu Quang natural reserve, drew the world's attention and promoted the world-wide recognition of the region's biological importance. Since then, many other species have been discovered, including large mammals such as the Giant muntjak (Muntiacus vuquangensis) and the Annamite striped rabbit (Nesolagus 134 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment timminsi). These discoveries strengthen the Greater Annamites as one of the world's most remarkable and unique ecoregions. In addition to these species, a number of highly threatened species like the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), tiger (Panthera tigris) and the world's most endangered mammal, one horned rhinocerous (Rhinocerous sondacius), are found in this ecoregion. The TSHPP, along with three natural reserves, is located in the northern transition zone between Greater Annamites and Northern Highlands ecoregions (Map 4-6). The transition zone between Greater Annamite flora and fauna and that of Northern Highlands has been the focus of surveys to date. There is reason to believe that this transition zone may contain species requiring significant conservation, which would suggest that this zone should be recognized as a critical conservation priority landscape (Balter et al. 2001). Furthermore, the three natural reserves act a corridor to other protected areas in Vietnam and Laos (with Pu Luong NR and Cuc Phuong NR to the East; with Xuan Lien NR and Pu Hoat NR to the South and with Nam Yet and Nam Xam protected areas in Laos to the West). The most common threat to biodiversity in this region is forest fragmentation as corridors play an important role in conserving biodiversity in the region (PATB, 2008). 4.8.1 Summary The natural reserves (Map 4-6) in the TSHPP are dominated by tropical evergreens and sub- tropical evergreen forests. These forest types are typical to the Northwest region of Vietnam. At present, 40-45 % of the three natural reserves remain in primary status (forest), the rest are converted to secondary forest due to various human activities in recent decades. Nine vegetation types have been identified in the three natural reserves (Table 4-42). 135 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Location Of three NRs Map 4-6: The Greater Annamites Region Table 4-42: Diversity of Flora in the Natural Reserves of TSHPP Phylum Species Family Genera Psilotophyta 1 1 1 Lycopodiophyta 11 2 3 Equisetophyta 2 1 1 Polypodiophyta 68 17 36 Pinophyta 18 6 13 Magnoliophyta 836 118 451 Total 936 145 505 Source: Modified from PATB, 2008 The flora of three natural reserves is characterized largely by a number of endemic and threatened species. Out of the 936 species recorded, 93 species are endemic to Vietnam (mainly in the northern region), and 39 species are considered as nationally threatened and 30 species considered internationally threatened (Table 4-43). 136 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 4-43: Endemic and Threatened Species of Flora in the Three Natural Reserves Threatened category Vietnam IUCN Species Red Data Red List Endemic to Book Vietnam Critical Endangered (CR) 1 6 Endangered (EN) 10 6 40 Vulnerable (VU) 28 11 Near threatened (NT) - 2 Low Risk (LR) - 1 53 Data deficient (DD) - 4 Total: 39 30 93 Source: Modified from PATB, 2008 The fauna of three natural reserves is also characterized largely by the number of endemic and threatened species. Four hundred and twenty-five species of animals, including 79 species of mammals, 258 species of birds, 58 species of reptiles and 30 species of amphibians were recorded in the three natural reserves (Table 4-44). Table 4-44: Diversity of Fauna in the Three Natural Reserves Class Species Family Order Mammals 79 26 9 Birds 258 44 14 Reptiles 58 16 2 Amphibians 30 6 2 Total: 425 92 27 Source: Protected Areas and Terrestrial Biodiversity (PATB), 2008 4.9 Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Resources Archaeological investigations were undertaken to identify and study potential areas containing relics and artifacts. All identified areas were at a medium altitude and had some form of water supply year-round. Investigations found 11 sites (Table 4-45; Map 4-7), seven of which are within the TSHPP reservoir site (VIA, 2008). Table 4-45: Archaeological Sites Investigation Results District Commune Village Artifact/Cultural Description Impacted? Site Name Quan Nang Canh Rock Rockshelter No Trung Son Ta Ban Hoa Roof 137 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Huoi Pa (Photo 4- Burial area* Yes 4) Khieng San Village holy site Yes Muong Muong Ly Nang 1 Village - Paleolithic site* Yes Lat Khiêng sn Village holy site Yes Tai Chanh Khiêng sn Village holy site Yes Chieng Nua Tiên Tang Burial site No Trung Ly Chieng Nua - Burial site No Tam Chung Ko oc - Stones carved No with characters Muong Lat Cu Cave Neolithic Bronze No Age site Quan Hoa, Muong Ta Ban, Tai Collections of 26 Metal Age and Yes Lat Chanh, Nang 1 several historical artifacts Village and Ban Lin *Site requires further investigation prior to reservoir flooding Source: Modified from VIA, 2008 Twenty-six Metal Age artifacts (five bronze, 20 stone and one bone-horn objects) and several historical artifacts (one bronze bar and a collection of zinc coins) were also collected from several villages. Artifacts impacted by the TSHPP will be donated to the Law on Culture Heritage in order to preserve and display national cultural heritage artifacts. It is recommended that the Huôi Pa (Photo 4-4) burial and Nàng 1 paleolithic sites be excavated prior to flooding the reservoir to preserve the artifacts and cultural remains (VIA, 2008). Photo 4-4: Huoi Pa Burial Site A Khieng San is a village's sacred place where rituals are performed. Three of these shrines are within the proposed submerged area of the reservoir. Khiêng sns in Ta Bán and Tài Chánh villages have also been identified as cultural sites within the region. Upon leaving the village, the Khiêng sn will have no functional value and will lose its holiness (VIA, 2008). 138 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Map 4-7: Archaeological Sites Discovered in TSHPP (VIA, 2008) 139 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 5. Socio-Economic Baseline 5.1 Population In 2006, the population in the Ma River Basin was approximately 4,386,600 people, which accounted for 5.21% of Vietnam's total population. The TSHPP, reservoir and main facilities are situated in two provinces and three districts. The Muo Lat district of Thanh Hoa province has a population of 29,408 people. Quan Hoa district, also located in Thanh Hoa province, has a population of 42,474 people. Moc Chau district has the largest population in Son La province, with approximately 139, 805 people (DRCC, 2008b). Though population ranges between communes, the project area is sparsely populated. Tan Xuan and Xuan Nha communes, of the Moc Chau district, are the most remote communes within the project area (HESDI, 2008). 5.1.1 Demographics Table 5-1 highlights the six directly impacted communes. Table 5-1: Communes within TSHP Project Area Thanh Hoa Province Son La Province Quan Hoa Muong Lat District Moc Chau District District Trung Tam Muong Ly Trung Ly Xuan Tan Son Chung Nha Xuan* Land Area (ha) 7,680.66 12,127.56 8,508.39 19,290.32 9,336 15,819 No. of Villages 7 8 21 18 19 9 Households 574 602 796 894 1515 672 Population 2,642 3,266 4,556 5,349 9895 3,722 Males 1,286 1,542 2,151 2,498 1,680 1,824 Females 1,316 1,724 2,103 2,706 1,637 1,799 Population 0.6 3.6 2.5 3.6 0.3 Growth Rate (%) Average Income 420,000 191,600 150,000 187,500 375,000 160,000 (VND/month) Agriculture (%) 100 - 60 99.5 99 100 Forestry (%) - - Other (%) 40 - - 1 - - Poor 50 91.7 91 65 61 - Households (%) *Community established in 2007 ­ limited information Source: Modified from Ly and Kaul, 2009 and DRCC, 2008b 5.1.2 Project Affected Communes The development of the TSHPP will affect approximately 2,327 households and 10,591 people within the TSHPP area ( 140 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 5-2) (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Land acquisition surveys and two rounds of public consultation have illustrated that a number of villages will either be positively and/or negatively affected by the project through one or more of the following ways (Tercia Consultants, 2010): Village(s) require relocation; Village(s) affected from the creation and development of access roads; Village(s) affected due to their downstream location Village(s) affected due to their location adjacent to transmission lines or the electricity bringing power to the site; Village(s) affected due to loss of land, agricultural productivity; and Village(s) affected due to influx of construction workers. A detailed description of individual villages affected is presented in Section 7.0. Some of the villages contain severely affected households. These are homes that potentially will lose 10% or more of their agricultural lands/assets or both; and/or have to be relocated. In addition to households and individuals being affected by the project, the public works in four communes (Trung Son, Trung Ly, Muong Ly and Tan Xuan) will be impacted. These sites include four schools, one health station, roads, water diversion pipes and power generators and 632 graves (Tercia Consultants, 2010). 5.1.3 Ethnic Minorities Approximately, 48.5 % percent of population of Son La and Thanh Hoa province is comprised of ethnic minority groups. This is considerably higher than the ethnic minority national percentage, which is approximately 14% (DRCC, 2008b). The population within the project area is comprised of three main ethnic groups: Thai, Muong, and Mong. These ethnic groups are scattered among three districts (Quan Hoa, Muong Lat and Moc Chau) as follows: Quan Hoa district: Thai group account for 65.4% of the population; Muong group make up for 24.3% of the population; and Mong people account for 1% of the population. Muong Lat district: Thai ethnic group constitutes 45% of the population; Muong group account for 17.3% of the population, and Mong group account for 40% of the population. Moc Chau disctrict: Thai group constitutes 33% of the population; Muong group accounts for 15.5% of the population; and Mong group makes up for 13.5% of the population. (DRCC, 2008). 141 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 5-2: Households Affected by the TSHPP Impact Source Number of Number of Households People Affected Affected Reservoir flooded areas Relocated households 533 2,445 Productive land affected, but not relocated 519 2,570 Productive assets (e.g. shops) affected, but not relocated 7 23 Subtotal 1159 5,477 Within Construction Site Subtotal 100 439 Households losing land to resettlement 2 Subtotal 357 1535 Access Road Relocated households 66 274 Productive land affected, but not relocated 420 1680 Subtotal 486 1954 Transmission Lines Relocated households 0 0 Productive land affected, but not relocated 10 43 Productive assets (e.g. shops) affected, but not relocated 315 1,582 Subtotal 325 1,625 Total Number of People Affected Total number of people being relocated 599 2,719 Total number of people losing productive land, but not being 1,406 6,267 relocated Total number of people losing productive assets (e.g. shops), 322 1.605 but not being relocated Total Number Affected 2,327 10,591 142 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Note: Table 6-2 does not account for people affected by downstream impacts which can only be assessed fully when the dam enters operation 2 ­ Part of the 357 households are losing land to the project and have been accounted from in the above 292 households Source: Modified from Tercia Consultants, 2010 Approximately 75% of these ethnic minority groups live within the Northern Mountain Area and a part of Tay Nguyen (the Western Highlands of Vietnam), while the remaining percent occupy the Southern Provinces and other urban areas ( Table 5-3) (DRCC, 2008b). As a whole, ethnic minority groups primarily inhabit rural, deep lying or remote areas (Photo 5-1). Photo 5-1: Home in the TSHPP Area Almost all of the Thai individuals within the Trung Ly, Muong Ly and Trung Son communes can be traced back to the same ancestors which emigrated from Xuan Nha (in Moc Chau district) (DRCC, 2008b). Migration is common amongst provinces and, unlike the ethnic majority (Kinh); ethnic groups often migrate collectively as a family or groups of families (DRCC, 2008b). Thai and Muong people have customs whereby blood relatives either occupy the same household or commune. After the process of living together for years, it has become hard to distinguish between Muong and Thai individuals (DRCC, 2008b). When Thai people relocate, there is an offering ceremony to the village and earth spirits for leaving an area and entering into a new one (CPRD, 2008). The TSHPP area has a long history of Thai people, reaching back 400 to 500 years ago. Thai people speak the languages that originally belonged to the Thai-Kadai system (DRCC, 2008b). Thai groups tend to settle in lowland areas which are near water sources and suitable for paddy rice cultivation and fishing (PECC4, 2008a). Paddy (especially sticky) rice is their primary food source. Though paddy rice is their main agricultural crop, these ethnic groups depend heavily on forestry products, largely bamboo, for subsistence. For example, houses are often built on stilts, designed to maximize agricultural production (DRCC, 2008b). Table 5-3: Percent (%) of Ethnic Groups Potentially Impacted by TSHPP 143 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Ethnic Group Trung Tam Muong Trung Xuan Tan Son Chung Ly Ly Nha Xuan Thai 59.15 52.99 22.73 29.09 6060.1 54,23 Muong 40 9.80 15.06 4.10 2121.4 10.25 Mong - 36.87 62.19 65.02 18.3 36.55 Kinh 0.84 0.33 - 1.49 0.2 0.29 Source: Modified from DRCC, 2008b Every family raises their own cattle and often their own produces ceramics. The textile industry and family traditional crafts of brightly colored brocades (Photo 5-2) developed by Thai and Muong people are rapidly disappearing within communes. With no major market to produce brocades, these weaved products are generally used within families and traditionally prepared for the daughter who is to be wed (DRCC, 2008b). Photo 5-2: Brocade ­ Traditional handcraft of Thai people (DRCC, 2008b) Mong people migrated to Vietnam in two distinct waves within the last 300 and 100 years. Ethnological and linguistic studies have indicated that Mong people have subdivided into various "Mong" subgroups. Mong people are well known to inhabit a region only while their capsicum plants are productive (DRCC, 2008b). According to some village leaders, several households intend to move to Laos to escape the region's poverty. The Government is currently working on projects to stabilize the Mong people in Muong Ly district by providing them with more reliable living services (DRCC, 2008b). Mong people have a significant cultural gap between both the mainstream Vietnamese society and the two other ethnic groups. They live predominantly in Mong villages and there is virtually no intermarriages (Tercia Consultants, 2010). 5.2 Community Structure and Services 5.2.1 Culture Cultural customs of Thai and Muong communes are very similar, with minor differences between the female costumes. Thai and Muong groups coexist with the Kinh and have similar agricultural production activities. There are minor cultural differences between the groups, most of which are centered on traditional ceremonies (CPRD, 2008). 144 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Worship tends to last for two days and involves households sharing pigs, chickens, wine and sticky rice. People pray for good rain and wind and healthy crops for prosperity (DRCC, 2008b). A holy place or Khiêng s (Photo 5-3) is where prayers takes place. Prayers are conducted by the local prestigious man or village head during the fourth and fifth lunar month. In villages where Thai and Muong live together, spirit offerings are often more complicated and require two representatives (one from each minority group) to lead prayers (CPRD, 2008). Photo 5-3: Nang 1 Khieng San 5.2.2 Family and Community Structure Traditional family structures have dramatically changed amongst Thai, Muong and Mong people as nuclear households, consisting of three to four generations, no longer exists. Since land is under state control and subdivided amongst households, it is more economical for families to live separately from one another as this allows for more land to be collectively owned by a group. The subsequent division of land amongst former extended families has had a large impact on maintaining family connections, especially between Thai and Mong people (DRCC, 2008b). Most villages are physically separated by the Ma River and people tend to disperse after marriage. Though some communes do not have immigrants, people of the same ethnic descent often join other villages for meetings (Photo 5-4) or to help family members (DRCC, 2008b). At present, communes of Thai and Muong groups either live separately or share the same village, resulting in numerous multi-ethnic couples. There appears to be no discrimination between families of two ethnic groups; however, each group has their own customs and traditions (CPRD, 2008). 145 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Photo 5-4: Communal Meeting (DRCC, 2008b) Resources for women are considerably fewer than those available to men. The majority of landowners are male and homes owned by women tend to have limited agricultural production and are highly dependent on other people in the village. There is a lack of funding available for women to help them develop their own agricultural cultivation or livestock breeding practices. 5.2.3 Housing Approximately 90% of inhabitants live in good condition homes, which are usually situated on stilts (Photo 5-5). Of these stilt homes, 56.5% are made from wood, while 32.5% are bamboo. Solid and semi-solid homes are mainly built adjacent to roads or village centers. Approximately 10% of homes are one to two-floors (Ly and Kaul, 2009) and only 60% of homes have a simple toilet constructed from bamboo (CPRD, 2008). 5.2.4 Education Presently, all of the communes within the Thanh Hoa province are equipped with both primary and secondary schools. Though schools are well maintained, attendance rates are rather low (PECC4, 2008a). Classrooms generally lack proper teaching equipment and have minimal furniture for their students. The majority of teachers are male and of Kinh descent. Minority ethnic teachers are not as common; however, approximately 50% of teachers in Muong Ly village are of ethnic minorities (DDRC, 2008b). Illiteracy is very prominent, particularly within the villages with a high percentage of Mong people. Females tend to have higher rates of illiteracy because most of their spare time is devoted to rearing children, thus limiting their time for study. It has been speculated that the lack of education amongst females directly affects the quality of education of their children (DRCC, 2008b). 146 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Photo 5-5: Typical Housing in the TSHPP Area 5.2.5 Community and Health Services Although word of mouth is the most common medium for spreading information within villages, every commune, with the exception of Muong Ly and Tan Xuan, has a loudspeaker system that broadcasts twice a day, but the speakers only serve several villages around the commune centers (DRCC, 2008b). In 2005, the number of telephones in Quan Hoa and Mai Chau districts was 820 and 1,460, respectively. Communication amongst villages is restricted as telephone services are unavailable in several communes, such as Tan Xuan (PECC4, 2008a; DRCC, 2008b). The percentages of households with television are: 81.3% in Trung Son, 14.9% in Muong Ly, 30% in Trung Ly, 40.9% in Tam Chung and 80% in Xuan Nha (DRCC, 2008b). None of the project area communes have a community market. In each village, there are some families that sell the necessary goods for subsistence. Since transportation is inconvenient between villages, prices tend to be higher for local goods (DRCC, 2008b). There is one market in Muong Lat district, while the majority of shops are a minimum of 45 km (in Moc Chau and Quan Hoa districts) away from the project site. There is a sizable market for maize; however, wholesale operators tend to provide seed on credit while purchasing the product a lower price (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Five of the communes have stable or semi-stable medical centers. Medical centers normally have one physician and one to two nurses on staff. Tan Xuan does not have a medical centre (DRCC, 2008b). Table 5-4 represents the quality of health facilities in the three provinces. Table 5-5 illustrates the number of health staff per administrative unit in the project affected provinces in comparison to the Northwest region and country. The average number of health workers in the project affected area is four; this is lower than the national average, which is five. There are some private health facilities; however data could not be collected, but it is believed there are at least 100 private beds in Thanh Hoa province (Ly and Kaul, 2009). Table 5-4: Number of Health Facilities and Patient Beds Provincial Inter Commune Communal Health District Hospital Province Hospital Polyclinic Center Facilities Beds Facilities Beds Facilities Beds Facilities Beds 147 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Son La 4 620 11 850 19 270 201 1005 Hoa Binh 4 420 11 805 23 115 209 836 Thanh 7 1660 26 2760 29 491 627 3600 Hoa Source: Ly and Kaul, 2009 Regional polyclinics mainly provide health services within certain communes or wards within districts. Their purpose is to ease the burden on public hospitals, which tend to have a shortage of patient beds. These clinics have also helped facilitate early diagnosis and treatment without visiting a regional hospital. Communal health centers are the primary units for public health care treatment. These stations are responsible for implementing health services and for managing the health of a village (Ly and Kaul, 2009). Table 5-5: Average Number of Health Staff per Administrative Unit Administrative Unit Vietnam Northwest Son La Hoa Binh Than Hoa Commune 5 5 5 5 4 District 100 92 101 64 112 Province 1308 636 936 517 2072 Source: Ly and Kaul, 2009 Public health care and family planning programs have been implemented to reduce the spread of diseases such as malaria (PECC4, 2008a). The rate of inoculation amongst children is 100% (DRCC, 2008b). At the provincial level, Hoa Bihn and Son La each have four hospitals while, Thanh Hoa has seven (HESDI, 2008). Clinics tend to be poorly equipped and more serious health cases are usually directed to district hospitals (PECC4, 2008a). In Moc Chau district, the most common diseases are flu, diarrhea, pneumonia, neuralgia and tonsillitis, while in the Quan Hoa and Muong Lat districts, the most prevalent diseases are sore throat, tonsillitis, bronchitis, diarrhea, tuberculosis and arthritis. Most of the project area communes are covered by health insurance due to their poverty status and Government subsidies (HESDI, 2008). Marsh fever, petechial fever, liver and renal cancer, drug addiction, HIV and AIDs are widespread. According to the Ministry of Health, there is a high prevalence of malaria in the three provinces. The disease patterns of communes within Moc Chau district focus primarily on flu, diarrhea, pneumonia, neuralgia and tonsillitis. In Quan Hoa and Muong Lat districts, the most common diseases are sore throat, tonsillitis, bronchitis, diarrhea, tuberculosis and arthritis (Ly and Kaul, 2009). HIV testing cannot be performed at local commune medical centers. Within the project area, the most common health issues are flu, food poisoning and diarrhea and medical issues relating to traffic incidences (Tercia Consultants, 2010). From the health perspective, drug addiction and associated diseases receive the most attention within the project area communes (Photo 5-6) (DRCC, 2008b). The project area Districts are considered to be "hot spots" for illicit drugs (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Muong Lat also has a rehabilitation center that is controlled by border guards. Both Trung Ly and Muong Ly communes, which are situated directly within the construction area, are arterial venues of drug transportation organized primarily by Mong people (HESDI, 2008). 148 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Infant mortality rates (IMR) are often used as a country's health indicator since IMR reflect the living standards, conditions, education and quality of health services provided, especially for mothers and children (Ly and Kaul, 2009). Son La, Thanh Hoa and Hoa Binh Provinces have the highest infant mortality rates in Northwest Vietnam (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Almost all women within the communes perform home births due to their ethnic minority status, remote location with restricted access and an overall lack of health services. The husband usually assists in child delivery, unless there are complications during labor (DRCC, 2008b). Photo 5-6: Discarded Syringes 5.2.6 Infrastructure Transportation Transportation throughout the Ma River Basin is generally poor as roads are mainly soil- based and the terrain is full of obstacles and steep hills (Photo 5-7). Currently, Trung Ly, Trung Son, Xuan Nha and Tan Xuan have roads that reach their communes (DRCC, 2008b). The main roads linking Quan Hoa and Muong Lat districts to Thanh Hoa and Hoa Binh provinces are asphalted. In the Quan Hoa district, the road is in relatively good condition until Muong Lat district (Tercia Consultants, 2010). The existing inter-village roads are challenging pathways, filled with mountain passes and stream crossings, which pose difficulties particularly during the flood season (CAHAEE, 2008). It is often difficult to access communes as the road networks are mainly unpaved, restricting transportation and trade, especially during the rainy season (DRCC, 2008b). In the dry season, cars may access Trung Song, Trung Ly and Xuan Nha communes (CAHAEE, 2008). Due to the natural rugged terrain, roads within the project area are often too small and difficult to use a car or truck. Tam Chung and Muong communes can only be accessed by motorcycle (DRCC, 2008b). 149 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Photo 5-7: Typical Roads in TSHPP Communes Electricity Less than 10% of households within the project area are connected to the national grid or use micro-hydropower turbines (56%) (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Approximately 404 households in the project area communes are connected to receive some form of network electricity (DRCC, 2008b). The majority of these households are located within Muong Lat District (Tercia Consultants, 2010). The remaining households use other methods for lighting such as candles and oil lamps (DRCC, 2008b). Water Mountain water, or mó water, is the main source of water for the region's communes (DRCC, 2008b). A smaller number of homes dig their own water wells (HESDI, 2008). Fresh water from streams supplies about 97% of households (CPRD, 2008). The majority of water used for daily activities is supplied directly from ponds, rivers, lakes and streams (41%), while 36.2% of people channel water from springs to their home using bamboo semi-circular pipes (Máng lan water) (HESDI, 2008). 5.3 Economy The socio-economic status in Moc Chau district is lower than other Son La and Thanh Hoa provinces due to high mountains, traffic problems and deficiencies in infrastructure (DRCC, 2008b). Thanh Hoa province's gross domestic product (GDP) contributes 2.83% to the national GDP and within the last five years, the average GDP growth rate was 10.1%. In Thanh Hoa province, agriculture (35%), industry (32%) and services (33%) are the three main economic drivers. Rice production is the most common agricultural practice, accounting for 65% of activities, while livestock only contributes 25%. Though 75% of the Ma River Basin is devoted to forest production, the production value is quite low. Industry in the region is developing slowly, concentrating primarily on sugar cane and building material production (DRCC, 2008b). 150 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 5.3.1 Income Surveys illustrate that average income within project area communes is very low and often below poverty standards. The average income per person per month also varies amongst project affected communes (Table 5-6) (DRCC, 2008b). The ethnic minorities within the project area exist in a traditional economic system, depending primarily on upland cultivation and utilization of natural resources (Photo 5-8) (DRCC, 2008b). Photo 5-8: Village in the TSHPP Area Income is derived from four main sources (Tercia Consultants, 2010): Crop production (70-80%), upland rice being the primary source of income within the project affected communes; Livestock (10%), which is mostly from cattle raising; Luong bamboo and other forestry activities (5-20%); and Collection of non-traditional forestry products, which provides income during slower agricultural seasons. Additional income can be obtained by selling garden vegetables and fruit tree products. The average household income for the region is between six and 15 million Vietnam Dong (VND) per year, of which 3-15 million comes from agriculture, while 3-10 million comes from the forestry industry (Ly and Kaul, 2009). Table 5-6: Project Affected Communes' Average Income Per person per year Per household per year Commune (VND) (VND) Trung Son 5,040,000 22,227,254 Muong Ly 1,800,000 10,489,315 Trung Ly 2,250,000 12,619,881 Tam Chung 2,299,200 12,473,732 Xuan Nha 4,500,000 20,906,462 Tan Xuan 1,920,000 10,336,047, 151 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Trung 3,600,000 17,750,093 Thanh Thanh Son 4,680,000 26,945,454 Source: Modified from DRCC, 2008b In most villages, there are bamboo and grain collectors which contribute to annual incomes. Transportation on the Ma River is a profitable activity, ranging between VND 15-20 million per year, for those families or households which own a boat (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Regional topography and vegetation characteristics limit the development of the industrial sector. Within the project area communes, industrial and small-industrial production only meets local demands and the labor force has limited productivity. Poor transportation infrastructure and limited access have further restricted trade within the local area (PECC4, 2008a). Processing industries in the Moc Chau, Quan Hoa and Muong Lat districts are mainly small private organizations. These districts produce materials (stone, sand, brick, tile, etc), processed products (food, beverages, weaving products, clothes, wood products and paper) and mechanical products (machines, motored vehicles) (PECC4, 2008a). Textile labour was once a prominent activity amongst Thai and Muong people, though it is less common today (DRCC, 2008b). Some families weave brocade to meet family needs and for traditional ceremonies, but there is no external market for these products (DRCC, 2008b). 5.3.2 Labour The low labor supply in the Ma River Basin is primarily due to a lack of trained and qualified laborers. Traditional knowledge is the main source of information transfer for both the agriculture and forestry sectors (DRCC, 2008b). Currently, there are approximately 11,394 people in the Trung Son, Muong Ly, Trung Ly, Tam Chung and Xuan Nha communes' labour force. Of this group, 98% of individuals work within the agricultural sector (PECC4, 2008a). This accounts for approximately 51% of the area's total population (PECC4, 2008a). Heavier manual labor is carried out by the males in a village, while the females perform lighter works for longer periods of time. Other activities in agriculture-forest production, such as clearing land, sowing seeds, cutting grass, harvesting, are chores shared by both the men and the women of a household, but the amount of time devoted to chores varies between the sexes. A woman's time for harvest production ranges between 9-11 hours/day, while men contribute between 7-8 hours/day. In the family structure, the woman has the main role of rearing children. Due to ethnic customs, men rarely perform household chores (preparing food, cleaning, washing, etc.).Very few men share household chores with women, especially within Mong ethnic communes, and women, will often carry their children on their backs while performing household chores. The burden of household work has strongly influenced a woman's ability to go to school or participate in social events. A lack of education and training has limited females' knowledge base, directly affecting the quality of care devoted to children. This is believed to be the main reason why females in remote areas are often poverty-stricken (DRCC, 2008b). 5.3.3 Poverty Poverty is clearly characterized by regions and there is a clear link between the number of poverty-stricken households and the occupation structure of the commune (DRCC, 2008b). 152 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment High poverty rates are more common within communes residing in remote, mountainous areas or areas where ethnic minority groups reside. Isolated regions, restricted access, poorly developed infrastructure and adverse weather conditions all contribute to difficult and challenging living conditions (DRCC, 2008b). These villages have limited services and underdeveloped infrastructure (DRCC, 2008b). The Muong Lat district is one of the poorest districts in Vietnam and 91% of the households in Trung Ly commune are categorized as poor. Thirty-five percent of these homes suffer from hunger year-round (HESDI, 2008). Tam Chung, which has the highest poverty rate (91.7%), and Muong Ly (90.7%) communes are dominated by Mong people (DRCC, 2008b). A large number of people have emigrated to Tay Nguyen for better "economic prospects" (DRCC, 2008b). Rural households with an average income of 200,000 (or less) VND per person per month are considered to be poor, while urban households with average incomes of 260,000 (or less) VND per person per month are considered poor (DRCC, 2008b). The economic livelihoods of ethnic minorities in Vietnam are not as robust as those of the Kinh. As such, the government has implemented programs in the areas of healthcare, education, society and economy to encourage the economic development of ethnic minority groups and reduce the prosperity gap between ethnic groups and regions (DRCC, 2008b). Despite government efforts, the rate of poverty reduction within ethnic minorities is still slower than that of the Kinh, even when individuals occupy the same area or commune (DRCC, 2008b.). 5.4 Land Productivity 5.4.1 Land Use The natural area surrounding the project area communes is approximately 73,000 ha. The total land devoted to agriculture is rather small as the majority is used for forestry (Table 5-7; Photo 5-9) (DRCC, 2008b). Despite this imbalance, 75-95% of the households within the project area communes are devoted to agriculture - forestry production (DRCC, 2008b). Land use right certificates have been allocated to each household; however, demarcations are unclear, particularly within the upland areas. The amount of land allocated per household is often skewed, as some have 1.5 ha, while others have 50 ha (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Table 5-7: Project Area Commune's Land Use Agriculture Growing Forestry Area (ha) Project Area Communes Area (ha) Wet-rice Hill-side Natural Production Trung Son 54.14 350.6 2,774.3 2,818.0 Muong Ly 10 450 1,768 2,100.39 Trung Ly 33 879 7,526 6,500 Tam Chung 62.6 270 2361.8 2,571.8 Xuan Nha 6.73 142.25 Tan Xuan 71.81 397 Source: Modified from DRCC, 2008b Four communes in the Thanh Hoa province have approximately 36,000 ha of forestry, which comprises 73.64% of the total natural land area. Approximately 42.3% (15,243.58 ha) of land 153 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment is currently used for forestry production, while 23.7% (8,515 ha) and 33.86% (12,165 ha) are designated as protected forests, respectively. In Xuan Nha commune, 16,121 ha is forestry land, 25 ha of which has been previously replanted. Specific and basin protected forestry accounts for 16,096 ha (PECC4, 2008a). Photo 5-9: Bamboo forests bordering Ma River Farmland is severely degraded during each rainy season as a result of cultivation on 15-30% slopes (Photo 5-10). Erosion is the biggest challenge for agriculture production as land fertility declines rapidly after two to three years (DRCC, 2008b). Due to the steep slopes, fragile and infertile soils, and extended dry seasons, the project area is more suitable for upland rice cultivation (DRCC, 2008b). Photo 5-10: Eroding Slopes in the TSHPP Area 5.4.2 Agriculture Crop Production Agriculture is the primary activity within the project area. Approximately 70-80% of total household income depends on cultivation activities (Photo 5-11) (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Paddy and dry rice, corn, and cassava are the primary crops grown (PECC4, 2008a), though production focuses on rice (DRCC, 2008b). Agriculture communes, especially remote areas in Muong Lat, belong to the Vietnam 135 program, which encourages the building of small 154 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment infrastructure for poor communes and develops activities to encourage agricultural and forestry expansion through application of advanced technology and skill development (DRCC, 2008b). Traditional cultivation methods are water farm and fields of rice, corn and manioc (DRCC, 2008b). Farms located near streams can be harvested twice a year, though productivity remains low due to a lack of water, absence of fertilizers, and minimal investment in intensive cultivation practices (PECC4, 2008a). The topography of Thanh Hoa province is not suitable for paddy rice cultivation with the exception of Xuan Nha commune, which is relatively flat and has abundant water resources (PECC4, 2008a). Three villages along the Ma River in Tam Chung and Tan Xuan communes account for almost all of the paddy rice fields within the project area. Paddy fields account for approximately 14% of the rice production in Trung Son and only 2% in both Muong Ly and Trung Ly communes (Tercia Consultants, 2010). There are no large-scale irrigation systems, with the exception of some small weirs constructed by the locals to help irrigate paddy rice fields. Photo 5-11: Agriculture Production In the mountain regions, dry land cultivation or terrace cultivation is a popular activity and the average household has between two to three hectares of dry land. A rice-maize-cassava rotation is currently practiced, followed by a three to four year fallow period. Home-grown gardens are often limited and usually confined to growing fruit trees (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Local households cultivate peanuts, beans and a variety of fruit trees. Tree productivity is generally low due to a lack of investment and modern cultivation techniques (PECC4, 2008a). Table 5-8 describes commune agricultural productivity. There are limited agricultural and livestock extension services, which are normally provided by the District Economic Section through the Farmer's Union and District Ethnic Unit. Locals have shown interest in improving cultivation techniques with participation from the Farmer's Union and the Women's Union (DRCC, 2008b). Table 5-8: Commune Agricultural Productivity in 2006 Commune Paddy Rice Dry Corn Cassava Peanut Vegetables Beans 155 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Winter Summer Rice Trung Son Area1 19.7 1.2 58.5 135.0 264.0 19.5 74.7 2 Productivity 30 28 8 30 70 120 20 3 Yield 59.6 3.4 46.8 405.0 1848 0 234 149.4 Trung Ly Area 37 5.0 323.7 475.0 29.70 3.0 7.0 1.0 Productivity 30 27 8 30 70 7 120 20 Yield 111.0 13.5 258.9 1425.0 207.7 2.0 84.0 2.0 Tam Chung Area 88.7 28.6 108.7 246.0 45 1.5 0.5 Productivity 27 24 8 30 70 20 20 Yield 241.3 68.6 86.9 738.0 315.0 0 3.0 1.0 Muong Ly Area 8.5 7.5 380.0 220.0 44.7 0 0.5 0.5 Productivity 30 26 8 30 70 0 120 20 Yield 25.5 19.5 304.0 660.0 312.7 0 6.0 0 Xuan Nha Area 151 85 200 400 110 4 6 170 Productivity 32 29 10 31 75 120 20 51 Yield 483.2 246.5 200 1240 825 48 12 868 1 Area Units = ha 2 Productivity Units = quintal/ha 3 Yield Units = ton Source: Modified from PECC4, 2008a Livestock Livestock is not considered as a main source of income for the area, although the Thai and Mong people traditionally breed cattle and raise poultry. Limited technology, smaller local breeds and growth, and unprotected livestock all contribute to the region's low economic efficiency rates within the livestock sector (PECC4, 2008a). Breeding animals are used as family offerings during ceremonies such as weddings, funerals, and the construction of new homes (DRCC, 2008b). In 2007, the blue-ear pig epidemic spread across Thanh Hoa province, preventing locals from slaughtering their livestock and exporting products to other villages (DRCC, 2008b). The average household has between one to two cows and/or buffalo; however, there are some households with three to four cows/buffalos, one to two pigs and 10 to 15 chickens. Livestock rearing is performed without any planning (PECC4, 2008a) and farmers permit their livestock to wander for breeding (Photo 5-12) (DRCC, 2008b).No fodder grass or crops are grown and manure is generally not used as an organic fertilizer (Tercia Consultants, 2010). 156 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Photo 5-12: Livestock in the TSHPP Area 5.4.3 Forestry Forests occupy a large percentage of the natural lands within the project area (DRCC, 2008b), products from forestry industry (luong bamboo) is an important part of communes' livelihoods (CAHAEE, 2008). The soils bordering the Ma River are classified as fertile and contribute to the forestry sector's production (CPRD, 2008). Those forests which border villages are typically allocated to individual households, while the adjacent protected forests are managed by the Government (DRCC, 2008b). Wood and non-wood products, such as bamboo shoots and mushrooms, are collected from April to July each year. The majority of households have plots for growing bamboo or bead-trees (DRCC, 2008b). Many households in the Trung Ly, Muong Ly and Trung Son communes have developed bamboo farms, which have provided a stable source of income. Currently, planted trees cover a large part of the potential flood area within the project area. Of these, bamboo trees produce the highest quality. According to previous surveys, bamboo trees occupy a large portion of the Muong Lat district and are currently too young to harvest (CAHAEE). Forestry productivity ranges from 20-40 kg dry bamboo shoot/household/year. Other products, such as honey and wild animals, are also obtained during these months, but productivity levels are low (DRCC, 2008b). Households dependent on the forestry sector mainly sell native bamboo species (Photo 5-13). Giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.) is the primary forestry income source and is planted along the banks of the Ma River and the Quanh stream in Trung Son and Tan Xuan communes. During the recent two years of planting, local people combined to plant bamboo with cassava to sell their products in the market. In higher slope regions with scarce water supplies, people have developed planted forests to help combat hunger and decrease poverty (DRCC, 2008). 157 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Photo 5-13: Bamboo Products 5.4.4 Aquaculture Within the mountainous districts, there is little surface water and therefore, the aquaculture sector has not developed as extensively as the agricultural and forestry sectors. Fish ponds are not frequent and are mostly located in the wider valleys of Tam Chung and Tan Xuan communes. Fishing in the Ma River is an important source of income for communes in the low land areas downstream of the dam site, especially since the majority of fish have a high market value (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Aquaculture is common in coastal communities and freshwater fish breeding has just begun to develop in recent years (PECC4, 2008a). Raising fish is common in some households in Tam Chung commune (Tercia Consultants, 2010). Very little fihging and aquacultre can bee seen in the immediate ares of the dam There are 41 harvestable fish species within the Ma River and approximately 100% of the fish caught are used for food. Though the Ma River is rich in fish species, aquaculture productivity is low. Fishermen in the area have commented that aquatic products from the Ma River are rapidly declining due to (Duc, 2008b): Number of fishermen has been increasing due to population increase; Many fishermen use unproductive fishing equipment; Use of destructive catching methods (toxic chemicals, explosives, etc) is spreading ; Fish are being harvested during the breeding season and fishermen concentrate on spawning grounds; Widespread loss of river headwaters and alteration of flood frequencies (longer durations with greater intensities); and Water in the Ma River is regularly polluted. 158 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 6. Environmental and Socio-economic Impact Assessment The purpose of any impact assessment, whether it is environmental or socio-economic, is to anticipate and prevent the consequences of a potential action. For the TSHPP, it is critical to identify potential construction and operation impacts to minimize or eliminate their effects within the project area and region. Therefore, the following tables (Table 6-1 and Table 6-2) have five key functions: · Identify potential construction and operation impact agents and their associated impacts within the project area; · Highlight mitigation measure standards or ideal criteria for each project-related impact; · Describe mitigation measures which would minimize and/or eliminate potential construction or operation impacts (see details presented in the EMP); · Rank the residual impact or the significance of the potential impact after mitigation measures have been applied; and · Identify areas where additional information is required to properly assess project- related issues. Residual impacts are the potential impacts of an issue after mitigation measures have been applied. The ranking of residual impacts illustrates the summation of each impact criterion considering the implementation of project mitigation measures. The Note column indicates that additional research or clarification is required to reduce the residual impact to a low or acceptable level. Cumulative project impacts, or the impacts associated from the TSHPP project components interacting, are discussed in Section 7.3. These tables follow the impact methodology and rankings which were introduced in Section 2. 6.1 Construction Phase Generally, there are many impacts (Table 6-1) which occur during the construction of a hydroelectric project. Most construction activities impact water and air. Other construction specific impacts are associated with the excavation of quarries and borrow pits; creation of worker camps; high demand for work areas and labor force; development of the head race tunnel, power stations, construction of access roads, transmission lines, resettlement sites; alteration to the downstream channel; and finally, those impacts associated with the biophysical, socio-economic and cultural resources within the project area. The impact of construction resettlement sites were prepared by the TSHPMB as a separate document (EVN, 2010), and is presented in Annex A of this report. 159 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 6-1: Construction Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Reservoir Noise creation Disturbance to Noise levels should not · Construction L L L L L L Preparation local villagers, affect local households, activities shall be (Clearing, livestock livestock breeding or confined to daylight grading, breeding and wildlife species hours excavation, wildlife leveling, truck · If activities occur hauling, etc.) outside of daylight hours, inform local villagers and authorities. Dust creation Decreased air Dust created must not · Water work area L L M M L L quality for become a health hazard and associated construction or nuisance to affected roads. workers, local groups · Transportation villagers and vehicles shall follow surrounding the designated area environment and road. · Use exposed stockpiles and material as soon as possible · Cover any exposed materials during transportation Alteration of Loss of Construction activities · RLDP will allow M M M L M M Clarification in 160 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration forest cover productive land are confined to affected villagers to (Reservoir designated areas to remove trees of Clearing Plan minimize loss of forest economic value needed for cover before construction disposal of clearing areas debris · Avoid excess clearing for project requirements · Vegetation debris shall be either disposed and/or burned at designated sites Alteration of No long term impacts to · Organizations and M M M L L M potential those households individuals affected income dependent on forestry shall be production compensated · Resettlement households shall be provided with land for cultivating bamboo · RLDP will have training programs to diversify incomes 161 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Impact to No impact to listed · Avoid clearing in L L M L L L Assistance biodiversity and species, biodiversity and restricted and needed for habitat habitat protected areas. wardens to · Awareness program develop and education for protected area contractors and management construction workers plans to protect biodiversity. Strengthen/improve activities and capacity for protection force. Road Traffic Dust Creation Refer to above section on "Dust creation" Increased road Mininize impacts to local · Minimize traffic in L L L L L L Traffic traffic villagers villages and other management populated areas plan needed · Install traffic signage boards · Roads shall be kept free from mud, debris and other obstacles · community traffic 162 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration awareness shall be implemented Deterioration of Integrity of roads shall · Repair and maintain L L L L L L roads not be compromised roads, as necessary required, particularly those which are damaged by construction vehicles Noise and Minimize noise and · Road traffic shall be L L M L L M vibration vibration levels affecting confined to daylight local households, hours livestock or wildlife species · If road traffic occurs outside of daylight hours, inform local villagers · Machines should be periodically examined to make sure of technical specifications Accidents and Increased risk Minimize risks to local · Contractors shall be L L L L L L unplanned to personal villagers or construction involved in training events health and workers' personal health and orientation of safety during and safety construction workers construction · activities 163 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration · Protective equipment and tools shall be provided to construction workers by the contractor · Implement regular inspections for equipment and machinery Vehicle and Gas emissions Air quality standards are · Maintain vehicles in L L L L L L equipment and particulate maintained throughout accordance with maintenance matter construction manufacture and storage decrease air specifications quality · Repair vehicles and equipment, as necessary Storage and No hazardous materials · Provision and L L L L L L Hazardous discharge of shall be released into maintenance of materials oils, lubricants the environment. designated storage management and other and fuelling areas plan needed hazardous materials during operation and maintenance Domestic waste Impact to Waste production shall · Domestic waste is L L L L L L (garbage, litter, ecosystems not impact surrounding properly collected 164 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration human waste, (water, soils, ecosystems and disposed of at etc.) vegetation, approved locations etc.) · Implement recycling program where possible. Natural debris Impact to Waste production shall · Natural debris shall L L L L L L (unsalvageable ecosystems not impact surrounding be either disposed wood, (water, soil, ecosystems and/or burned at vegetation, etc.) vegetation, designated sites etc.) Loss or Damage or Minimize damage during · Additional studies L L L L H L Additional alteration of destruction of excavation activities and excavation in studies for cultural / site contents two identified sites burial sites archaeological / prior to reservoir needed historical sites foirmation. · Follow "Chance Find Procedures" and "Reservoir Clearing Plan" · Coordinate with local authorities for cemetery sites planning 165 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Damage or Minimize impact to · Discovery of new L L L L H L destruction of newly discovered sites sites shall follow newly "Chance Find discovered Procedures" sites Resettlement of Loss of homes Villagers shall be either · Provision of new L L L L L L Impact communes and resettled or homes in designated analysis and villagers as a compensated resettlement areas mitigation result of according to addressed in reservoir expectations RLDP creation · Financial compensation shall be provided for self- relocation · Initiation of community livelihood development plan to diversify household income. · Communication activities and social programs to assist resettled households and those currently living in the 166 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration resettlement areas. Disturbance to Resettled villagers shall · Communication H H M M M M Detail is family re-establish their current activities and social presented in networks, way of life in new programs to assist RLDP community communes resettled structure and households and cultural and those currently ethnic identities living in the resettlement areas. Expansion of Alteration to Villagers in affected · Communication H M L M M M Detail is households in community communes shall activities and social presented in host communes culture and maintain current way of programs to assist RLDP ethnic heritage life resettled households and those currently living in the resettlement areas. Increase No over-exploitation of · Coordination with L M M M L M Impact demand for natural resources local authorities and analysis and shared natural protected areas mitigation resources management board addressed in to promote RLDP awareness on natural resource management 167 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Increased Adequate services shall · Capacity L L L L L L demand on be provided development and community & training facilities health services shall provided to improve and maintain public service Increased No increase in disease · Initiation of regional M M M L L M disease transmission rates health plan transmission · Expansion or creation of new sanitation facilities · Disturbance to Existing villagers shall H L L M M M Impact family maintain their current · Community analysis and networks, way of life livelihood plan mitigation community (CLIP) to addressed in structure and diversify RLDP cultural and household ethnic identities income. · Communication activities and social programs to assist resettled households and those currently 168 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration living in the resettlement areas. Dam Site Noise and Disturbance to Noise and vibration · Construction L M M H L M Construction vibration creation local levels should not activities should (Clearing, grading, households, interfere with daily occur only during livestock and activities daylight hours excavation, wildlife species leveling, blasting, · If construction is truck hauling, required outside of stockpiling, borrow working hours, pits, quarries, communes and waste disposal, households shall be road development, informed. transport vehicles, river diversion, · Blasting activities transport vehicles, shall be carried out camp site within the construction, labor designated time and force and camp local people shall be followers). informed prior to blasting. Alteration of Refer to above section on "Alteration of forest cover" L L L M M L forest cover Soil erosion Increased Minimize soil erosion · Implement soil L L L L L L sedimentation and sedimentation erosion and sedimentation control measures at 169 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration susceptible locations (i.e. Steep slopes, sandy soils, etc.) · Construction activities shall avoid working in wet conditions Slope instability Slope integrity shall be · Installation of rock or L L L L L L maintained throughout stabilization construction structures · Proper grading practices and water diversion structures Loss of Maintain topsoil · Implement the L L L L L L productive stockpiles for future use Construction and topsoil Worker Camp Management Plan Dust creation Refer to above section on "Dust creation" Domestic waste Refer to above sections "Domestic Wastes" and "Natural Debris" for further details and Natural Debris Borrow pit and Removal of Land gradient and · Excavated rock or L L L L L L quarry creation subsurface and drainages are gravel shall not surface maintained compromise river materials bed and banks, 170 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration impede flows · Confine activities to approved locations Dust and Minimize the creation of · Implement L L L L L L Further details debris created dust and debris during protective needed in during transportation measures during construction transportation transportation impact of materials (i.e.covering loads, management reduced travel plan speeds, etc.) Abandonment All disturbed areas are Implement L L L L Further details L L of borrow pits properly reclaimed after Construction and on and quarries construction Worker Camp reclamation Management Plan needed in for reinstatement construction studies impact management plan Construction Site clearing Refer to above sections in "Dam Site and Reservoir Preparation" for additional details on clearing impacts Camp Creation (site clearing, Construction of Increased Exploitation of Natural · Use excavation L L L L L L Further camp site new camp demand for resources shall site and reservoir details construction, buildings building confined for clearing materials required in labour force and materials construction purposes for construction Construction camp followers) activities Camp Management Installation Adequate provision of · Provide adequate L L L L L L Plan 171 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration requirement for sanitation and disposal and compliant sanitation services sanitation services services · Designate discharge points to monitor compliance Noise and dust Refer to previous "Noise" and "Dust" section for further details creation Domestic Refer to above section on "Domestic waste" for further details waste Construction Job Potential Equal employment · Standard pay M L M L L L creation exploitation of opportunities regulations and local workforce work structure shall as inexpensive be defined in labour consultation with local workers to provide equal employment opportunities · Implement the community livelihood development plan for job creation Change in Standard of living shall Providing services M L M L L L livelihood and be improved and for both local and traditional traditional activities shall outside 172 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration activities be supported construction workers · Provide financial support to maintain traditional activities Distortion of Females/elderly/young · RLDP shall M H M L L M Impact household and shall not be implement financial analysis and manual labour overburdened in support programs mitigation (agricultural, maintaining homes to assist females in addressed in forestry, etc.) household Construction activities (such as Management cooking, cleaning, Plan raising children, agricultural activities, etc.). · Encourage unemployed males to share household responsibilities "Boom-town" Regional Minimal inflationduring Encourage outside M M M L L M effect from rapid inflation of local rapid expansion of sourcing of materials population and resources due communes and food stuff resource to increased demand population and increase resource demands Increased Increased Construction activities Ensure construction M M M L L M demand for demand for shall not effect existing camp resources do infrastructure building natural resources not conflict with local and utilities materials may commune supplies 173 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration cause social Increase security conflicts around protected areas in partnership with PMB and Protected Area Management board. Increased Construction workers · Coordinate with M M L L L L Impact demand for and local villagers shall local authorities to analysis community receive adequate establishement addressed in services staff services community services Regional (medical, Financial assistance Health Plan emergency, to support services safety, etc.) and maintain operations Increased Construction workers · Provision of M L M L L L demand for and local villagers shall domestic water to domestic water receive clean, reliable construction workers (drinking, food water supplies · Ensure domestic preparation, water resources do bathing, etc.) not conflict with local commune supplies Domestic Construction workers L L L L L L The wastewater shall be provided with contractor and sanitation proper facilities for · Wastewater in shall services may sanitation and waste construction sites Implement the cause social disposal shall be collected camp and conflicts and disposed off in construction designated areas in management agreement with the plan local government. 174 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Increased Power/fuel shall be · Enforce regulations L L L L L M power/fuel supplied without to prevent demands may compromising existing exploitation of cause social resources or exploiting natural resources conflicts natural areas (i.e. (firewood) firewood) · Provide additional fuel supplies to prevent conflict with local villagers · Increase security around protected areas, especially along roads Health Impacts Increased Decreased disease M M M L L M Implement on Construction disease transmission rates Contractors to provide Public Health Workers/Camps transmission health care services to Plan, rates construction workers Construction and Camp and local workers Management according to the Plan Vietnamese standard · Camp clinics shall be established. · Educate and 175 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration promote awareness on personal hygiene and sexually transmitted disease Increased drug Recreational drug use · Construction M M M M L M use and trade shall be prohibited workers and local workers shall have regular check-ups. · Increase security around construction camps, especially on roads and waterways · Drug education and awareness programs for local villagers and construction workers Health Impacts Increased Minimize the risk of Ensure local medical M M M L L M to local villagers disease exposure to local centers are adequately and communes transmission villagers staffed and have rates ample treatment supplies · Educate and promote awareness on personal hygiene and transmission of diseases 176 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Increased Resettled individuals · Educate and L M M L L L demand for have access to potable promote awareness sanitation and water and sanitation on personal hygiene health services services and transmission of in resettlement disease. areas · Provide health services to resettled households · Provision of access to clean and safe water supplies · Provision of household bathroom facilities in new homes · Ensure resettlement areas have educated and trained medical staff 177 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Loss of Loss of forest cover · Implement worker L M M L L L Impact biodiversity and and integrity of code of conduct analysis and increased protected areas prohibiting hunting mitigation pressure on and consumption of addressed in protected areas bushmeat products RLDP in camp · Strengthen protection and management measures for the protected area in the vicinity of the access road · Construction activities should occur during day light hours 178 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Loss of ethnic · Loss of Preserve cultural · Establish programs L L L L H L and cultural cultural and customs and identifies and activities in identities ethnic preserving ethnic customs and cultural heritage · · Education and awareness program on ethnic identifies for local people, especially younger generations · Increased village security · Separate living areas for construction workers · Implement mitigation measures of the RLDP Access Road Loss of · Loss of Minimize disturbances · Strengthen L M M L L L Construction (Co- biodiversity and forest cover to the protected area, protection and Luong to Co Me increased · Increased livestock and wildlife management road) pressure on road traffic measures for the protected area · Noise and protected area in the vibration vicinity of the access disturbing road local 179 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration villagers, · Construction livestock and activities shall occur wildlife during day light species hours · Install road signs and minimize traffic in local villages and around the protected areas Auxiliary Project Dust creation Refer to above section on "Dust creation" Transmission Line Construction Noise and Refer to above section on "Noise and vibration creation" (transmission vibration creation lines, operation roads etc.) Loss of forest Refer to above section on "Loss of forest cover" cover Alteration of Refer to above section on "Alteration of cultural / archaeological / historical sites" cultural / archaeological / historical sites Soil Erosion Refer to above section on "Soil erosion" Increased road Refer to above section on "Increased road traffic" Traffic Accidents and Refer to above section on "Accidents and unplanned events" unplanned 180 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Notes Geographic Extent Residual Impact Mitigation Objective / Project Mitigation Impact Agent Issue Impact Standard Measures Likelihood of Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration events Vehicle and Refer to above section on "Vehicle and equipment maintenance and storage" equipment maintenance and storage Resettlement of Refer to above section on "Resettlement of affected communes and villagers" local people and affected households Loss of cultural Refer to above section on "Loss of cultural and ethnic identities" and ethnic identities 181 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 6.1.1 Air Air Quality Impact Agent Air quality can be affected through clearing, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, and transport vehicles. Potential Impact Reservoir and dam site preparation, road development and transport vehicles may affect the air quality in the project area. Dust is a potential impact during construction and operation activities. The dust generated during construction activities may decrease air quality for construction workers, local villagers and the surrounding environment. Additionally, quarry site activities including operation of crushers, concrete batch mixing, blasting and road traffic on unpaved roads, combined with idling of vehicles, can generate air born dust (suspended particulate matter) and gaseous emissions such as NOx, SOx and carbon monoxide. The dust generated during road construction activities may also affect the health of the construction workers, and the communities living in the vicinity of the project area. Mitigation Measures To mitigate impacts in the construction area, dust control measures shall be implemented on all unpaved roads and construction surfaces, particularly during dry and windy conditions. Dust watering operations shall occur only during designated hours (to be confirmed by contractor in consultation with villagers). Air quality standards shall be maintained throughout the construction process. Villages close to construction sites shall be notified in advance to help them prepare and/or adapt to the new environment. All unpaved roads and construction sites shall be sprayed with water as needed in order to adequately control dust. The dust generated from stockpiles shall be controlled by compaction and the stockpiles shall not be allowed to expose for extended periods. The main access road (Co Luong to Co Me) to dam site and to the power station shall be paved. All trucks carrying construction materials shall be covered. Regular maintenance of vehicles (daily/weekly) shall be performed at designated areas. The traffic on access and service roads shall be regulated in order to minimize air pollution. In addition, all processes shall follow the code of practice during construction and operation phase that meets the requirements of Vietnamese standard (TCVN 5939-2005). All water abstraction locations for watering shall be identified and volumes of water withdrawn shall be recorded so as not to create conflicts with local communities. The duration and magnitude of the impact is anticipated to be low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied during the construction phase. The geographic extent of impact should be moderate as road construction activity is expected to affect construction workers, households and communities living in the vicinity of the area. The likelihood of occurrence should be moderate due to vehicular traffic and construction activities which generate airborne dust and gaseous emissions. The residual impact is anticipated to be low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied during construction. 6.1.2 Noise and Vibration Impact Agent 182 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Clearing, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, and transport vehicles. Potential Impact Reservoir and dam site preparation, road development and transport vehicles may cause disturbance to local households, livestock and wildlife species. During the construction phase, equipment and vehicle operation used for excavation, drilling, leveling and concrete batch mixing are the key sources of noise. These activities may interfere with daily activities of local communities and lead to displacement of wildlife species. The other source of noise and vibration may be caused from the use of explosives for blasting and quarrying and crushing activities. Noise levels from equipment and vehicles in the construction area are estimated to be approximately 80-95 dBA (PECC4, 2008a). The dam site is located in the Trung Son area and the commune (Trung Son) may be affected from construction activities. Also, Xuan Nha natural reserve is about 7 km from the dam site; therefore, wildlife species might be affected from the blasting noise. The noise created during the construction of Co-Luong to Co Me access road may impact worker camps and communes living near the construction site. Mitigation Measures Construction and blasting activities and road traffic shall occur only during daylight hours. If the construction and road traffic is required outside of working hours, communities and households shall be notified and consulted. Blasting activities shall take place within the designated hours and local people shall be informed prior to blasting. Construction machinery and vehicles shall be maintained in good condition and mufflers shall be installed on all the machines to reduce noise levels. Equipment such as the concrete batch mixing plant shall be located as far as possible from nearby communities. The contractor shall maintain a complaint register to any address noise issues as they arise. The duration of impact is anticipated to be low as appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during the construction phase. The magnitude of the impact should be moderate as some of the activities like blasting, drilling, excavation, road development, and transport vehicles, are going to affect local households, livestock and wildlife species. The geographic extent of the impact should be moderate as the noise and vibration could be heard several kilometers from the dam site. The likelihood of occurrence might be high due to the noise from construction activities and road traffic affecting communities and wildlife species. Reversibility should be low as appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during the construction phase. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate as additional mitigation or compensatory measures will be required, to reduce the level of residual impact to a low, or acceptable level. 6.1.3 Land Borrow Pit and Quarry creation Impact agent 183 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Clearing, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, and transport vehicles. Potential Impact Discharges from quarries, borrow pits, concrete plants and dust and debris created during transportation of materials can significantly impact surface and subsurface waters because of the sediment in water and runoff from material storage and handling areas. Also, abandoned borrow pits and quarries might spread vector-born diseases, especially when stagnant water accumulates. Mitigation Measures To mitigate impacts in the construction area, land gradients and drainages shall be maintained for proper discharge of wastes. Sand extraction shall not compromise river bed or banks nor impede flows. Measures shall be taken to confine activities to designated locations and to minimize the creation of dust and debris during transportation. Protective measures shall be implemented during transportation (i.e. covering loads, reduced travel speeds etc.). All disturbed areas shall be properly reclaimed after construction and, slopes shall be re- contoured and proper drainage facilities will be maintained. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent and reversibility of the impact has been assessed as low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction activities. The residual impact has also been assessed to be low as impacts are considered negligible subject to application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. Tunnel Dewatering and Tunnel Portal Construction Impact agent Clearing, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, and transport vehicles. Potential Impact Discharge of contaminants from tunnel leading to pollution of water sources. Mitigation Measures To mitigate impacts in the construction area, direct discharge of tunnel water shall not be allowed into any water course or water body and water will be treated, where feasible, to reduce suspended solids. Measures shall be taken to implement monitoring stations up and downstream to monitor water quality. Discharge shall occur during high flow and within close proximity of the outfall. Spill kits and emergency procedures shall be prepared when dealing with oils and fuels. Staff shall be trained for proper handling of contaminants. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent and reversibility of the impact has been assessed to be low as appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction activities. The residual impact has been assessed to be low as impacts are considered negligible subject to application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. 184 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment In-stream Construction Activities Impact agent Clearing, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development and transport vehicles. Potential Impact In stream construction activities like installation of coffer dams, river diversion, machinery and/ or equipment, roads and bridges will disturb water quality and aquatic ecosystems and increases sediment load affecting freshwater fishes. Mitigation Measures To mitigate impacts during in-stream impacts, construction shall occur during low water levels and river diversion structures shall be maintained throughout the construction process. Culverts shall be constructed to maintain water flow and in-stream activities will be minimized. Measures shall be taken to maintain vehicles and equipment and roads and bridges shall be stabilized to avoid washing of construction materials in the stream. Clean-up activities and restoration of side channels shall be implemented during construction process. The duration, magnitude and reversibility of the impact have been assessed to be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction activities. The geographic extent and likelihood of occurrence of the impact will be moderate as in-stream activities will lead to some limited changes in the aquatic environment. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. 185 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Other In-stream Activities Impact agent Clearing, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, and transport vehicles. Potential Impact Other in-stream impacts during construction activities include use of explosives to remove fish and other aquatic species. Mitigation Measures Explosives shall not be used in water bodies. Barriers shall be minimized along the streams. A high level protection from other impacts such as mining-related pollution, wastewater pollution and destructive fishing practices shall be implemented. Aquaculture measures will be implemented as a means of offsetting fish losses. The duration, magnitude and reversibility of the impact have been assessed as low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied prior to construction. The geographic extent and likelihood of occurrence of the impact shall be moderate given the extent of the area and the number of species affected. The residual impact has been assessed as low as impacts are considered negligible subject to application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. 6.1.4 Flora in the TSHPP Area Impact Agent Clearing, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, and transport vehicles. Potential Impact Approximately 1,300 ha of vegetation will be cleared for construction of reservoir at the TSHPP site. The clearing of the reservoir and the construction of Co Luong ­ Co Me access road is expected to alter plant species composition, structure and abundance and modify their habitats. Clearing of vegetation will lead to loss of biodiversity and habitat. The project area is rich in rare and precious species (PECC4, 2008a). The impact to the threatened species is considered minimal due to their distribution pattern. Another issue from clearing will be the debris resulting from unsalvageable wood, vegetation and weeds. The waste produced may lead to disruption of local ecosystems (water, soil, and vegetation). Species with special status may be affected by site preparation activities, including Acanthopanax trifoliatus, Acanthopanax gracilistylus., Aquilaria crassna , Amentotaxus argotaenia, Illicium ternstroenioides and Leparis petelotii. Mitigation Measures Construction activities shall be confined to designated areas to prevent additional land clearing. The Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan (RLDP) will allow affected villagers to remove trees that have economical and practical values. The Contractor, who will be 186 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment selected for the reservoir clearing, shall prepare Vegetation Clearing and Salvage Plan to coordinate this activity and avoid timing conflicts. Construction activities shall be minimized during sensitive breeding and nesting periods. Apart from trees removed in reservoir clearance, trees in other areas shall be re-established after construction or compensated for at some other location. The duration of impact is anticipated as moderate as the construction process is expected to last for four to five years. The magnitude and geographic impact is ranked as moderate as the construction activity affects minor portions of the ecosystem and has limited changes in plant species composition, characteristics and geographical distribution. Clearing of vegetation requires relocation and resettlement of communities. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility are anticipated as low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied during the construction phase. The residual impact has been assessed as moderate and additional mitigation or rehabilitation measures will be required to reduce the level of residual impact to a low or acceptable level. Notes: The Construction Contractor shall prepare and implement a detailed Reservoir Clearing and Salvage Plan. 6.1.5 Fauna in the TSHPP Area Impact Agent Clearing, stripping, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal and transport vehicles. Potential Impact The Trung Son forest is an important habitat for a wide range of animals, particularly vertebrates (mammals, birds, and reptiles). The clearing of large areas of land for the reservoir's (approximately 1,300 ha) construction and Co Luong ­ Co Me access road is expected to alter species composition, structure and abundance and species habitats in the Ma River basin. This may result in the loss of endemic species, contributing to biodiversity degradation. Another significant impact is the presence of worker camps. Construction workers may exploit forest products and wildlife for their food. Some of the species that could be affected due to construction activities include: Pardofelis nebulosa, Trachypithecus crepusculus, Ursus thibetanus, Manis pentadactyla and Naemorrhedus umatraensis (PECC4, 2008a). Noise in the construction area (blasting and transport vehicles) and increased human activity may also lead to displacement of animals and affect behavioral patterns. Mitigation Measures Construction activities shall be confined to designated areas to prevent loss of biodiversity and wildlife habitat. Access into/near sensitive areas shall be restricted. Minimizing facility and infrastructure footprints by stabilizing and rehabilitating or restoring disturbed areas. A worker code of conduct, prohibiting the hunting, fishing, capture or trade in wildlife and fish, shall be strictly enforced. An environmental awareness and education program shall be 187 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment implemented for increasing contractors and construction workers awareness on the need for protecting adjacent areas and biodiversity conservation. . There is no practical mitigation measure available for blasting except for organizing the activity during daylight hours. The duration of impact has been assessed as low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied during the construction phase. The magnitude of the impact should be moderate as it will lead to limited changes in habitat characteristics or geographic distribution and abundance of species. The geographic extent of the impact is assessed as moderate given the relatively large surface area affected. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility should be low if the appropriate mitigation measures are applied during construction activities. The residual impact ranked as low as impacts are considered negligible and subject to the application of appropriate mitigation measures. Notes: The Construction Contractor shall prepare and implement a detailed Reservoir Clearing and Salvage Plan. 6.1.6 Protected Areas Xuan Nha Natural Reserve Impact Agent Clearing, stripping, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, and transport vehicles. Potential Impacts The loss of forest cover dramatically affects species and reduces a protected area's integrity. Xuan Nha natural reserve supports 16,316 ha of natural forest and is a significant habitat for numerous flora and fauna species.The new reservoir will inundate a part of the buffer zone since it is adjacent to the construction site. Approximately 367.26 ha of the buffer zone will be submerged during reservoir impoundment (PATB, 2008). It is also expected that when the water level in the reservoir rises to 160 m (ASL), habitats along Quanh and Con streams will also be submerged .The distance from the natural reserve to the dam site is approximately four km. When the water level in the reservoir is increased, it could inundate some parts (less than 1 hectare) of the natural reserve thereby impacting vegetation and wildlife habitats. The natural reserve supports some endangered species (otters, sambar, turtles, snakes, and amphibians). Indirect impacts include clearing of forest cover for agriculture, illegal logging of timber and non timber forest products, hunting and trapping and forest fires from local communities and worker camps. Mitigation Measures Measures shall be implemented to maintain and enhance the protected area in the vicinity of the TSHPP area. This would involve assisting and funding protected area wardens in developing protected area management plans and coordinating activities in the buffer zone around the area to be affected. 188 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Hunting shall be prohibited and penalties shall be imposed on any illegal activities under a joint management program involving provincial forest department and natural reserve management board. A worker code of conduct shall be introduced to ban consumption of bushmeat in construction camps. Facility and infrastructure footprints shall be minimized by stabilizing and restoring disturbed areas and construction activities shall be minimized during sensitive breeding and nesting periods. The duration of impact will be low as appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during the construction process. The magnitude and geographic extent of the impact will be moderate as approximately 900 ha of buffer zone of the natural reserve will be flooded. There may be some limited changes in ecosystem components (characteristics and geographical distribution) of flora and fauna species. The likelihood of occurrence will be low as appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during the construction process. Reversibility will be high, considering the extent of surface area affected. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate as additional mitigation measures shall be required, to reduce the level of residual impact to a low, or acceptable level. The project will support the strengthening of the protection and management of this reserve through a Biodiversity and Protected Area Management Plan included in the Environmental management Plan. Pu Hu Natural Reserve Impact Agent Clearing, stripping, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, transport vehicles, etc. Potential Impact The Pu Hu natural reserve covers a total area of 23,149 ha and it is the most impacted natural reserve in the Trung Son project area (SEA, 2009). The distance from the dam site to the natural reserve boundary is approximately three km. However, the reservoir does not flow into the core of the natural reserve, but into the buffer zone. A part of the natural reserve in the buffer zone will be occupied for construction activities, such as the clearing of forest cover (131 ha), storage ground for construction materials (20 ha), construction wastes (21 ha), worker camps (2 ha), and fixed resettlement and fixed cultivation area (1050 ha) (Chi and Garcia, 2008).The headwork of the dam will be located close to the natural reserve and there will be some significant environmental impacts to wildlife and vegetation. According to the Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Hydropower Master Plan VI report, 40% (12,533 ha) of the total area of the natural reserve is considered to be a Key Biodiversity Area (SEA, 2009). The natural reserve contains important and threatened species, including a wide range of indigenous birds, plants, mammals and other species. Some of these species are of international biodiversity significance. Indirect impacts include clearing of forest cover for agriculture, illegal logging of timber and non timber forest products, hunting and trapping, forest fires from local communities and worker camps. Mitigation Measures 189 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Measures shall be implemented to maintain and enhance the protected area in the vicinity of the TSHPP area. This would involve assisting and funding protected area wardens in developing protected area management plans and coordinating activities in the buffer zone around the area to be affected. Hunting shall be prohibited and penalties shall be imposed on any illegal activities under a joint management program involving provincial forest department and natural reserve management board. A worker code of conduct shall be introduced to ban consumption of bushmeat in construction camps. Facility and infrastructure footprints shall be minimized by stabilizing and restoring disturbed areas and construction activities shall be minimized during sensitive breeding and nesting periods. The duration of impact should be low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied during the construction process. The magnitude and geographic extent of the impact should be moderate as approximately 131 ha of buffer zone of the natural reserve will be flooded. There may also be some limited changes in ecosystem components (characteristics and geographical distribution) of the flora and fauna species in the natural reserve. The likelihood of occurrence will be low as appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during the construction process. Reversibility will be moderate considering the extent of surface area affected. The residual impact has been assessed as moderate as additional mitigation or compensatory measures are required, to reduce the level of residual impact to a low, or acceptable level as necessary. The project will support the strengthening of the protection and management of this reserve through a Biodiversity and Protected Area Management Plan included in the Environmental management Plan. Hang Kia ­ Pa Co Natural Reserve Impact Agent Clearing, stripping, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, and transport vehicles. Potential Impacts Loss of forest cover, impacts on species and reduction in protected area integrity. The total area of the natural reserve is 7,091 ha. The distance from the dam site to the natural reserve boundary is 13 km. The natural reserve's buffer zone is shared the border with Trung Son commune. The construction of roads will impact wildlife species and the communities along the buffer zone. The natural reserve is home for threatened and endemic species. However, the dam site is located far from the core zone and the impact on wildlife and vegetation is considerably low. Other possible impacts include clearing of forest cover for agriculture, illegal logging of timber and non timber forest products, hunting and trapping, and forest fires from local communities and worker camps. Mitigation Measures 190 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Measures shall be implemented to maintain and enhance the protected area in the vicinity of the TSHPP area. This would involve assisting and funding protected area wardens in developing protected area management plans and coordinating activities in the buffer zone around the area to be affected. Hunting shall be prohibited and penalties shall be imposed on any illegal activities under a joint management program involving provincial forest department and natural reserve management board. A worker code of conduct shall be introduced to ban consumption of bushmeat in construction camps. Facility and infrastructure footprints shall be minimized by stabilizing and restoring disturbed areas and construction activities shall be minimized during sensitive breeding and nesting periods. The duration of impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during the construction process. The magnitude and geographic extent of the impact will be moderate as some parts of the buffer zone will be cleared for the construction of Co Luong ­ Co Me access road. This will lead to some limited changes in ecosystem components (characteristics and geographical distribution) of flora and fauna species. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during the construction process. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. The project will support the strengthening of the protection and management of this reserve through a Biodiversity and Protected Area Management Plan included in the Environmental management Plan. Social Impacts The creation of the TSHPP and inundation of the newly created reservoir will impact approximately 7,500 people and several communes in the region. Construction impacts are summarized below. Impact Agent Clearing, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, transport vehicles, river diversion, transport vehicles, camp site construction, labor force and camp followers. Potential impacts Potential impacts include: Displacement/resettlement of households Change in family networks and community structures Loss/alteration of culturally significant areas Increased levels of noise, dust and traffic Creation of resettlement sites 191 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Displacement/Resettlement of Households Resettlement of communes and villagers as a result of reservoir creation and Co Luong to Co Me access road. Approximately 509 households will require relocation to either a designated resettlement site or an area of their choosing. Affected households will lose their homes, the lands that they cultivate for subsistence and their ancestor's grave sites, which are often located underneath their individual homes. Due to their location within the reservoir, Muong Ly, Trung Ly, Trung Son, Tan Xuan and Xuan-Nha are the most heavily impacted communes. The resettled sites may also pollute (domestic waste and natural debris) the environment due to a lack of adequate waste disposal facilities. Mitigation Measures Displaced households shall be provided new homes in designated resettlement areas. The households shall receive assistance during relocation. This may include physical support during relocation, provision of trucks and other vehicles to transport personal belongings and transport their livestock. Financial compensation and food caches shall also be provided to adequately support families during the transition period. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent, likelihood of occurrence and reversibility of the impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction activities. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. Notes Impact analysis and mitigation further addressed in the Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan. Change in Family Networks, Community Structures and Income Disturbance to family networks, community structure and cultural and ethnic identities. Project area communes are dominated by ethnic minority groups. Numerous family members tend to occupy the same village and in rare cases, the same household. There are also several households which are occupied by either the elderly, the disabled or are female. These households will be more severely impacted than others due to their physical limitations and dependency on others. Relocation of households will disrupt families and community networks as households appear to be interrelated in their daily activities and traditional practices. Mitigation Measures Training and support programs shall be implemented to aid diversification of income and educate locals on methods to improve agricultural techniques. Restoration and development programs, provision of communication networks and social programs will also be implemented to aid both resettled households and those that are currently in the resettlement areas. These programs shall focus on enhancing traditional agricultural practices, integration of minority groups and education. The duration of impact will be high if the communes have to be relocated, and may never return once the construction process is completed. Affected households will be deprived of their existing social environment and may not experience the same family network and community structures. The magnitude of the impact will be high as it will be difficult for 192 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment households to resettle and occupy the same village or the same household. The geographic extent of the impact will be moderate if the communes have to be resettled in close proximity to the project area. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be moderate as relocation will affect families and community networks disrupting their daily activities and traditional practices. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate as minority groups may lose their cultural and ethnic identities due to relocation. Additional mitigation measures will be required to reduce the impact to a low category. Notes: Impact analysis and mitigation is addressed in the Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan (RLDP). Loss/Alteration of Culturally Significant Areas: Damage or destruction of site contents and newly discovered sites could result. In order to prepare for the TSHPP, reservoir and Co Luong to Co me road construction, seven archaeological and cultural sites were found in the project area, in which two spiritual sites will require excavation - one located in Nang 1 village (Muong Ly, Muong Lat district) and the other one is Huoi Ba burial site burial site (Ta Ban, Trung Son, Quan Hoa). To date, none of these ethnic minority groups are accustomed to the excavation of the remains of their ancestors and this will require special mitigation measures in order to address local cultural beliefs. During clearing activities, there is also the potential of discovering unknown archaeological, historical or cultural site as well. Mitigation Measures To mitigate impacts during construction activities, steps shall be taken to minimize damage during excavation activities, and no site shall be disturbed until properly investigated. Excavation of known archaeological, historical and cultural sites shall require proper ceremonies before their decommissioning. Offerings, such as rice and livestock, shall be provided. Additional research studies may also be required prior to excavation and possible excavation will be required.. If additional sites are discovered during clearing activities, the Contractor shall consult the "Chance Find Procedures" identified in the EMP in order to preserve artifacts. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent and likelihood of occurrence will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction. The reversibility will be high if the resettled people can never reestablish the original social and cultural environment. The residual impact is anticipated to be low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied during construction. Notes: It will be necessary to coordinate the planning and removal of burial sites in conjunction with local authorities, in accordance with local culture and the land use plan. Increased Levels of Noise, Dust and Traffic Clearing activities will increase the amount of traffic on local roads. This will impede local villager's transportation methods and increase the potential of road-related accidents. Clearing will also increase the level of dust and particulate matter, decreasing the air quality 193 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for local residents and construction workers. The noise created during construction may disrupt local villagers daily activities, impede cultural customs and disturb livestock. Mitigation Measures To mitigate increased road traffic and subsequent dust and noise levels, additional traffic shall be confined to designated areas. Roads shall be routinely water and equipped with appropriate signage and road traffic shall be confined to daylight hours. Construction activities shall be confined to daylight hours and villagers shall be informed prior to blasting activities. Also, efforts shall be taken to minimize traffic in villages and other populated areas and roads shall be kept free from mud, debris and other obstacles. The duration and magnitude of the impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction activities. The geographic extent of the impact will be moderate if resettled communes are located close to Co Luong ­ Co Me access road, and road traffic will impede local villager's transportation methods. The likelihood of occurrence will be high as noise, dust and traffic is expected to impact certain sections of the local households and villagers. The reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction activities. The residual impact has been assessed to be low, subject to application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. Notes: A traffic management plan will be prepared to create awareness among local people and construction workers. Creation of Resettlement Communities Approximately 357 households will be impacted from the acquisition of land for creation of resettlement areas and an increasing number of people within communes. This may lead to: increased competition over natural resources, increased demand for adequate health and community services, increased transmission of diseases, disturbance to family networks and community structure, and alteration to existing ethnic minority groups and traditional practices. Mitigation Measures Prior to resettlement, designated resettlement communes shall be assessed for their ability to support additional households and accommodate the influx of people. This would include ensuring that sufficient natural resources (i.e. water, firewood, fuel, etc.), food sources (i.e. livestock, rice, etc.), and community services (medical services, education centers, etc.) will be able to sustain the total population. Additional efforts shall be taken to limit the over- exploitation of natural resources in the project area. Information dissemination, communication networks and social programs shall be deployed to assist for both resettled households and those that are currently in the resettlement areas. Coordination of local authorities with protected area management board shall be implemented to educate and create awareness on management of natural resources; income diversification sanitation practices and disease vectors will be managed through the Community Livelihood Development Plan and the Regional Health Plan. The duration of impact will be high if resettled communities are impacted throughout the construction process. The magnitude of the impact will be moderate if the creation of resettlement areas will exert pressure on the existing/designated resettlement communes. 194 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The geographic impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be moderate if the resettled communes are going to experience additional pressure from the influx of people, which will create increased demand for natural resources, food sources and community services. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate as additional compensatory measures will be required to reduce the level of residual impact to a low, or acceptable level. 6.1.7 Ethnic Minorities Approximately, 48.5 % percent of population of Son La and Thanh Hoa province is comprised of ethnic minority groups. This is considerably higher than the ethnic minority national percentage, which is approximately 14% (DRCC, 2008b). The population within the project area is comprised of three main ethnic groups: Thai, Muong, and Mong. These ethnic groups are scattered among three districts (Quan Hoa, Muong Lat and Moc Chau). The details are presented in the following paragraph. Quan Hoa district: Thai group account for 65.4% of the population; Muong group make up for 24.3% of the population; and Mong people account for 1% of the population. Muong Lat district: Thai ethnic group constitutes 45% of the population; Muong group account for 17.3% of the population, and Mong group account for 40% of the population. Moc Chau district: Thai group constitutes 33% of the population; Muong group accounts for 15.5% of the population; and Mong group makes up for 13.5% of the population. (DRCC, 2008). 6.1.8 Economic Impacts Impact Agent Clearing, stripping, grading, excavation, leveling, blasting, truck hauling, stockpiling, waste disposal, road development, river diversion, transport vehicles, camp site construction, labor force and camp followers. Potential Impacts Loss of productive land, employment and income Increased demand for natural resources Loss of Forest and Productive Land, Employment and Income Approximately 357 households will be affected by the loss/alteration of their land. Several affected households will lose bamboo timber prior to its harvestable age and therefore, will not be able to sell or distribute the product. These households and communes rely on natural resources for their subsistence. Families with no additional sources of income will be the most severely impacted resulting in poverty. This may result in households having to self- relocate to more productive areas or alter their traditional practices to financially support themselves. Mitigation Measures 195 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Construction activities shall be confined to designated areas to prevent additional land clearing or disruption to adjacent households. During initial clearing, the implementation of the RLDP shall allow project-affected household to collect natural resources that have economic value prior to disposal to financially assist household during the relocation process. The RLDP shall organize training and support programs to diversify incomes, and create awareness programs on natural resource management to the displaced people. Resettlement areas shall have suitable productive land to support communes as rely on forest resources for food and income. The duration of the impact has been assessed to be moderate if construction activities are going to affect communes throughout the construction process. The magnitude of the impact will be moderate if clearing of forest cover leads to loss of productive land and income for households. The geographic extent of the impact will be moderate if the area to be cleared includes communes and other households. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility has been assessed to be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate as approximately 357 households will be affected by construction activities resulting in loss of productive land, income and employment. Additional mitigation measures will be required to reduce the impact to a low category. Loss of Forest Land for Livelihood Forestry is also one of the main sources of income for the project-affected communes. However, it also takes between six to seven years before bamboo can be harvested. Designated resettlement areas must be able to support existing residents and resettled households that depend on forestry production. Resettled households will also have to sustain themselves until next harvest or receive additional financial compensation during the bamboo growth period. For households that are relocating within their existing village and those relocating into a designated resettlement area, there will be increased demand for finite resources. In both cases, land will be divided amongst numerous households. This will decrease the amount of productive land for each individual home to use. Decreased levels of available resources will escalate competition amongst users resulting in decrease household income. Mitigation Measures Relocated households shall be provided with harvestable lands to support the continuation of bamboo and agriculture production. Measures shall be taken to provide livelihood development and support for a sufficient time to allow communes to return to bamboo harvesting as well as ways to change their livelihoods. Training programs to create awareness on natural resource management and facilitation of co -management of existing natural resources between communes. In resettlement areas, seed mixtures shall be provided to encourage harvesting. Project-affected households have also requested low- interest loans to help them purchase additional livestock and other resources. The duration, magnitude, and geographic extent of the impact have been assessed to be moderate if residents and resettled households will be affected throughout the construction process. Designated resettlement areas may not be able to support the influx of the people. The outcome may be decreased levels of available resources resulting in increased completion among users and decreased income. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility of the impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied 196 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment during construction. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate if existing residents and resettled households are likely to be affected due to increase in demand for finite resources. Additional mitigation measures will be required to reduce the impact to a low category. 6.1.9 Worker Camp Impact Agent Construction camp creation (site clearing, camp site construction, labor force and camp followers). Potential Impacts Introduction of approximately 4000 construction workers in the project area at peak Division of household labor Transition away from agricultural cultivation and forestry production Increased demand for infrastructure and services from the creation of a "boom-town" effect Impacts on health and quality of life through increased levels of disease transmission, prostitution, gambling, drugs, theft and trespass Local Job Creation and Transition Away From Local Livelihoods Introduction of Approximately 4000 Construction Workers The creation of the TSHPP will introduce approximately 4000 construction workers to the project area (at the peak). The addition of male workers will distort the current demographics in the area. The majority of the project-affected communes have equal amounts of females and males. The influx of males could potentially lead to social conflict between local villagers and construction workers. Construction workers may also bring their families with them to relocate in a nearby village. This would also alter community dynamics and strain limited resources. There will be an increase in demand for improved sanitary facilities and adequate disposal services for construction workers. However, these services will benefit local villagers and people inhabiting adjacent communes when the construction process in completed. Mitigation Measures Measures shall be taken to create temporary and reasonable living conditions for construction workers and camp followers, and to control the scale of impacts by minimizing population influx. The Contractor shall ensure there is no conflict between construction workers and local villagers. A construction camp worker management plan shall be implemented by the contractor to deal with issues such as resource conflicts, drugs, disease etc. Also, efforts shall be taken to maintain community dynamics and equal sharing of resources. Construction workers shall be provided with adequate and compliant sanitation and disposal facilities. Waste disposal points shall be indentified and monitored i.e. no discharge under non-compliant conditions to maintain the integrity of the local ecosystem. 197 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The duration, magnitude, geographic extent, likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction. The residual impact is anticipated to be low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied during construction. Division or Transfer of Household Labor The majority of agricultural and household labor (including, household chores and child rearing) are the responsibility of the females of the house. Males are responsible for assisting with the agricultural activities, but generally do not perform household chores. With the prospect of new jobs and income, there may be an increase in female household/agriculture workload (if the male of the household becomes a construction worker) or there may be the transition of household/agricultural chores to the elderly or young (if both the male and female of the household become construction workers). The subsequent division or transition of household labor could lead to: reduced food production; poor education levels in both children and females as they would devote more time working the land; and heightened levels of poverty due to low production levels. Regional inflation will be high due to over dependence on local food, water supplies and materials required for daily activities. However, employment of local workers could assist household income and create access to health care facilities, increase the rate of children going to school and help decrease poverty levels within communes. Mitigation Measures The RLDP shall implement support programs to assist females, elderly and/or young in household activities and encourage unemployed males to share household responsibilities. Efforts shall be taken to encourage outside sourcing of materials, food and water supplies. Price monitoring of essential goods shall be maintained since inflation is certain to occur with demand exceeding supply during construction. The duration of impact will be moderate if local villagers will be impacted throughout the construction process. The magnitude of the impact will be high if females, elderly and/or young have to bear the burden of manual labor, household chores and child rearing resulting in division of labor. Also, increased demand for local resources will result in high inflation during construction. The geographic extent of the impact will be moderate if resettled communes, households, and camps will be located close to the construction site. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate as additional mitigation measures will be required, to reduce the level of impact to a low, or acceptable level. Notes: Impact analysis and mitigation addressed in Construction Camp Management Plan. Increased Demand for Infrastructure and Services from the Creation of "Boom Town" Effects The construction camp could dramatically affect the existing infrastructure and community services. The dramatic increase in population levels, or "boom-town" effect, will increase the demand for additional services such as community services and staff (medical, emergency, safety, etc.), markets, education centre, waste water production and sanitation services, power/fuel and potable water (drinking, food preparation etc.). These services may cause 198 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment social conflicts with local villagers as the demand increases. However, the services will also benefit local villagers and people inhabiting adjacent communes. Mitigation Measures Camp managers shall ensure that camp resources do not conflict with local commune supplies. Security measures shall be strengthened to maintain the integrity of protected areas. Contractors shall be responsible for educating and training staff and providing financial assistance to maintain the quality of community services and operations. Efforts shall be taken to ensure the availability of potable water, especially during dry season and regulations shall be enforced to prevent exploitation of natural resources (firewood). Camp managers shall ensure that camps are properly equipped with sanitation services that comply with Vietnamese standards. The duration and magnitude of the impact has been assessed to be moderate if construction camp will affect the existing infrastructure and community services due to continuous fluctuations of camp workers and camp followers. The geographic extent of the impact will be moderate if resettled communes, households, and camps will depend on limited resources available in the project area. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate and application of additional mitigation measures shall reduce the level of impact to a low, or acceptable level, as necessary. Notes: Impact analysis and mitigation addressed in Regional Work Health Program and Construction Worker Health Program Plan. Impacts on Health and Quality of Life The majority and the most immediate adverse health impacts are expected to occur where construction workers and camp followers concentrate. These impacts would consist of communicable diseases (food- and water-borne, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS), road traffic and construction-related accidents. Social impacts have the potential to cause social, psychological, physiological stress among affected people, particularly those who need to be relocated. Local communities face the risk of losing their cultural and ethnic identities due to increased fluctuation of construction workers and camp followers. Higher concentrations of people may result in prostitution, drugs, gambling, trespassing, theft and other social disturbances, altering community dynamics and straining relationships among ethnic minority groups. Mitigation Measures Construction workers (include local villagers who are employed) shall receive proper health care services. Camp clinics shall have trained medical staff and medical supplies. Health services shall promote awareness and educate communes and camp workers on personal hygiene, sexually transmitted diseases and drugs related activities. Contractors shall ensure that publicly shared areas shall be clean and sanitized. Security levels shall be increased. Construction workers and those local villagers who are employed shall be routinely tested for drugs and diseases. Village security shall be increased to prevent trespassing and theft. Cultural and ethnic heritage shall be maintained through support programs and activities through implementation of the RLDP. 199 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The duration of the impact has been assessed to be moderate if continuous monitoring of camp workers and camp followers is required throughout the construction process. The magnitude of the impact will be moderate since a large number of households and construction workers will be affected and communes may never be able to retain their identities. The geographic extent and likelihood of occurrence of the impact will be moderate if communicable diseases are transmitted to the nearby communes and households. Reversibility of the impact will be low if appropriate compensatory mitigation measures shall be applied during construction. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate as application of additional mitigation measures shall reduce the level of impact to a low, or acceptable level, as necessary. Notes: Impact analysis and mitigation further addressed in the Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan. Local Job Creation and Transition Away From Local Livelihood The TSHPP may also hire local villagers, leading to the possible exploitation of locals as a cheap source of labor. Construction employment could detract from traditional agricultural practices. Since the project will take approximately four years, people may not be able to maintain their traditional agricultural or forestry activities, which would impact these communities income and subsistence levels post-construction. Although jobs will benefit local villagers and people inhabiting adjacent communes during the interim, people will require new employment or return to traditional activities once construction has completed. People will have to maintain their agricultural/forestry activities throughout construction to maintain their levels of productivity. Mitigation Measures Standard pay regulations and hiring practices shall be in agreement with contractors and local workers to create equal employment opportunities. Traditional activities, such as crop cultivation and bamboo harvesting shall be maintained to avert people from switching to non- agricultural jobs. Through the RLDP, assistance shall be provided to affected communities to improve their livelihoods. The duration and geographic extent of the impact have been assessed to be moderate if construction contractors hire more villagers, leading to possible exploitation of locals as a cheap labor. Construction employment paves way for migrants and illegal immigrants from bordering countries, which will create competition among the local population. Also, males in the communes and households may never be able to practice traditional activities once construction is completed. The magnitude, likelihood of occurrence, and reversibility of the impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction. The residual impact has been assessed to be low as impacts are considered negligible subject to the application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. Notes: Impact analysis and mitigation shall be addressed in the construction camp management plan. 200 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 6.1.10 Loss of Biodiversity and Increased Pressure on Protected Areas The construction camp sites will require significant resources to sustain workers for approximately four years. Increased demand in food sources, water, fuel, firewood, building materials will directly compete with those currently used by the local villagers. Increase demand may result in exploitation of natural resources in protected areas leading to loss of forest cover, impacts on species and reduction in protected area integrity. Also, camp workers may pollute the environment due to lack of proper waste disposal facilities, resulting in degradation of local ecosystems (water, soils, vegetation etc). Mitigation Measures Training and education programs shall be implemented to increase awareness about the importance of protected areas in coordination with contractors, local authorites and theprotected area management boards. Contractors shall strengthen protection and management measures for protected areas.Security shall be increased to avoid illegal logging, hunting and poaching activities. A workers code of conduct banning consumption of bushmeat in construction camps shall be enforced by the Contractor. Wastes produced by construction camps and local villagers shall be properly collected and disposed of at approved locations to maintain the integrity of environment. The duration of the impact is considered low as it will occur largely during construction. The magnitude of the impact is moderate as human activities may affect the integrity of protected areas, which could lead to changes to wildlife and vegetation distribution. The geographic extent and likelihood of occurrence of the impact will be low but could affect the entire protected area. The reversibility of the impact will be high if resources lost due to human activities can never be replaced. The residual impact has been assessed to be low, if application of mitigation measures are ensured. 6.1.11 Co Luong ­ Co Me Access Road Impact Agent Construction of Co Luong - Co Me access road. Potential Impact Loss of forest cover and productive land as the construction of Co Luong ­ Co Me road is expected to alter species composition and modify habitats. The construction activities might interfere with the daily activities of local villagers and disturb livestock breeding. The noise created during construction may impact worker camps near the construction site. Mitigation Measures To mitigate impacts during construction of Co Luong ­ Co Me access road, efforts shall be taken to strengthen protection and management measures in order to maintain the integrity of the protected area. The traffic on access road shall be regulated in order to minimize air pollution and construction activities shall be restricted to day light hours to minimize disturbance to local villagers, worker camp and wildlife species. The duration of the impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during construction phase. The magnitude of the impact will be moderate if construction activities will affect local villagers and wildlife species. The geographic extent of the impact will be morderate considering the length of the Co Luong Co - Me access road which is 20.4 201 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment km. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measure shall be taken prior to construction. The residual impact has been assessed to be low as impacts are considered negligible subject to the application of appropriate mitigation measures during construction activities. Separate Environmental Imapact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan reports were prepared for theis access road. 6.2 Operation Phase Operation impacts may potentially occur upon completion of the dam's construction (see Table 7.2). This includes the inundation of the newly created reservoir, operation of the hydropower plant itself, housing and support for operation staff and road operation of the Co- Luong to Co-Me road. 6.2.1 Hydroelectric Plant Operation Noise Impact Agent Stockpiles, powerhouse, truck hauling, transport vehicles, etc. Potential Impacts Continuous, low noise, affecting local communities. During operation, the generator in the power house and transport vehicles will be the key sources of noise occurring at the operation site. The impacts are considerably low compared to construction. The noise generated during the operation of Co Luong ­ Co Me road has the potential to affect local villager's daily activities, disturb livestock and impede cultural customs. 202 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 6-2: Operation Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Hydroelectric Noise Continous, low level Noise levels should · Proper design and L L L L L L Plant Operation noise affecting local be confined to the operation of vehicles (Stockpiles, communes worksite and not and equipment as per powerhouse, interfere with daily the procedure truck hauling) activities of local · Proper mantainnace people of equipment and vehicals · Sound barriers shall be installed on the machines to reduce noise levels, as necessary. Road Traffic Increased noise, Operation vehicles · Installation of speed L L L L L L dust, and vehicles shall not interfere or limits and road affecting local affect local villagers signage villagers · Proper maintenance of road and repair, as required Increased levels Interference to Debris shall not · Follow prescribed L L L L L L See Reservoir of floating debris, turbines obstruct water measures in the Clearing and waste intake devices Reservoir Clearing Salvage Plan and Salvage Plan · Screening of intake devices as required 203 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Decomposition Reduction of oxygen Maintain oxygen · Regular monitoring of L L L L L L and decay of levels levels for aquatic life water quality vegetation parameters on biomass nutrition and oxygen levels. · Continuous monitoring, sampling and investigation of water quality as required in the reservoir clearing plan. · Propose additional measures as necessary. · Follow prescribed measures in the Reservoir Clearing and Salvage Plan Increased odours No generation of · Follow prescribed L L L L L L noxious odours measures in the Reservoir Clearing and Salvage Plan to avoid toxic odours Eutrophication Nutrient levels and · Implement measures L L L L L L Water Quality water quality in specified in the Model required reservoir shall be Reservoir Clearing both for maintained and Salvage Plan reservoir and · Regular monitoring of downstream water quality 204 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration parameters · Propose additional measures as necessary. Sedimentation in Increased Maximize useful life · Management of H H M H L H Sedimentation reservoir sedimentation of reservoir catchment areas to model for behind minimize erosion and reservoir impoundment sedimentation needed · Maximize useful life of reservoir by continous mornitoring and sedimentation modeling. · Minimize sedimentation in entire catchment area through implementation of an Intact River approach to catchment area management Changes to Increased peak Maintain flows and · Maintain downstream L L L L L L hydrological flow flows and flood flood duration levels flows as per reservoir duration lead to to ensure integrity of operation procedures erosion and downstream degradation of habitats and · Minimize fluctuations ecosystems communities in the water level to manage hydrological 205 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration changes · Implement procedures to promote maintenance of daily discharge levels · Construction of culverts to maintain water flow Downstream Changes to local No net loss of fish · Promotion of M M L M M M impacts to species breeding and aquatic species aquaculture aquatic species and spawning · Encourage breeding habitats due to flow for the first five years and water quality of operation imbalances · Training programs to improve harvesting methods and techniques · Promote sustainable tourism and recreation to minimize impacts to aquatic habitats. Decline in Spawning areas in Restoroation of Promote fish stocking L M M L L L fisheries of upstream and fisheries of to restore population economic value midstream will be economic value · Encourage breeding affected due to downstream in the change in flow first five years of 206 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration operation · Promote fish breeding and stocking to enhance produtivity Alteration of Changes to local No net loss of fish · Promote regional H L L L L L existing fish species breeding species aquaculture program species and spawning · Educate people to grounds improve their harvesting methods and techniques Alteration of fish Changes to fisheries Fisheries production · Promote regional H M L M M M production sector production is maximized aquaculture program without compromising · Educate people on species proper harvesting methods and techniques Increased levels of Encourage · Promote sustainable M M L M M M recreational and sustainable recreation and tourism recreational and tourism activities to opportunities tourism activities minimize impacts on aquatic habitats and fish species Plant operation Change in Impact on Maintenance of · Maintenance of L L L L L L (turbines, environmental ecosystem and downstream downstream flows downstream flows and downstream environmental flows based on the volume outflow, downstream habitants approved reservoir etc.) impacts operation procedure. Flood control Reduction of flood Prevention of · Follow the reservoir L L L L L L 207 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration benefits damages damaging floods operation procedure downstream to maintain environmental flows while maximizing flood control benefits. · Consider intact river approach to catchment area management Decreased Loss of important Ensure integrity of · Monitor water quality L L H L L L sediment habitats downstream to evaluate sediment transport downstream e.g. habitats downstream as per downstream agricultural areas EMP (erosion) · Implement water quality modeling program downstream as per EMP · Monitor changes in downstream habitats Impacts on Impeded water Maintain water · Follow requirements L L H L L L downstream quality downstream quality in specified in the water quality accordance with approved Vietnamese Environmental Impact standards Assesment · Implement monitoring procedures as per the EMP 208 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration Loss of historical Erosion of No damage and/or · Identified sites M L M L L L / culturally downstream loss of downstream subject to potential significant historical/cultural historical/cultural erosion should be artifacts artifacts sites monitored during dam operation · Studies and surveys shall follow the Cultural Heritage Law · Steps will be taken to preserve and/or relocate historical/cultural artifacts (i.e. additional surveys, consultation with Law on Cultural Heritage etc.) Change in salinity Decreased Maintain agricultural · Implement flood L L M L L `L Consider levels in tidal agricultural productivity modeling to monitor downstream zones productivity, salinity levels impacts in especially rice · Water quality shall be cumulative maintained in effects accordance with assessment Vietnamese standards - this will help in maintaining species composition and improving agriculture productivity Impeded river Impediment of River transportation · Interconnect roads to L L M L L L 209 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration transportation transportation of shall be maintained maintain traffic over goods, forestry catchment area materials and · Construct wharf or people landing area at dam site location to connect with access road Alteration of Alteration of food No net loss of · Implement mitigation L L M L L L aquaculture and source and income aquaculture and fish measures specified in fisheries sector species the Impact Assesment Report on Fish and Fisheries. Operational Addition of 130 IOver exploitation of Sustainability of · Education and L L L L L L Staff permanent resources natural resources awareness programs residents ­ shall be maintained on natural resource increased management demand on natural resources · Co-management of existing natural resources between communes and operational staff · Use existing camp L L L L L L Increased demand Services shall facilities and services for community and adequately support health services operational staff and local villagers Impact to existing Cultural and ethnic · Provision of L L L L L L cultural and ethnic minority groups shall communication 210 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration minority groups not be permanently networks and social affected programs to assist minority groups, if necessary Co Luong ­ Co Dust Decreased air Dust created must · Continuous L L L L L L Me Road quality for affected not be a health maintenance of roads operation commune and hazard to affected households groups · Pave roads Noise and Refer to "Noise and vibration creation" sections under "Construction Impacts" for further details vibration creation Improved Access Easy access into Natural resources Enhance security H L M L H M more remote and/or and protected areas along roads protected areas shall not be · Restrict access into exploited for natural and protected personal areas consumption Improved Roads shall be · Road maintenance H L M L M M transportation maintained to and repair facilitate local transportation Increased trespass Local roads shall not M L M L L L and drug trade be used for illegal activities · Protected Area management board and local authorities should enhance security along roads · Access shall be restricted into natural and protected areas. 211 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Mitigation Geographic Extent Project Mitigation Residual Impact Impact Agent Issue Impact Objective / Notes Measure Likelihood of Standard Reversibility Occurrence Magnitude Duration · Security shall be increased along roads to monitor roadside communes and their and illegal activities. 212 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mitigation Measures Proper design and operation and maintenance of equipment will help reduce the amount of noise generated during the operation phase. Regular maintenance of equipment and vehicles shall be be implemented, and appropriate sound barriers shall be installed on the machines to reduce noise impacts, as necessary. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent, likelihood of occurrence, and reversibility are to be considered low. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if subject to the application of mitigation measures. Notes: Confirm noise abatement measures, if required. 6.2.2 Road Traffic Impact Agent Stockpiles, powerhouse, truck hauling, transport vehicles, etc. Potential Impacts Increased dust and vehicles on community roads will affect local villagers and households. Increased traffic on local roads could impede local villager's transportation capabilities and increase the potential of road-related accidents. Transport vehicles will also increase the levels of dust and particulate matter, decreasing the air quality for local residents. Mitigation Measures To mitigate increased road traffic and subsequent dust levels, additional traffic shall be confined to populated areas. Roads and transport vehicles shall be properly maintained and repaired, as required. Installation of speed limits and road signage will minimize traffic and reduce road-related accidents. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent, likelihood of occurrence, and reversibility will be low. The residual impact has been assessed to be low subject to the application of mitigation measures. 6.2.3 Reservoir Impoundment Increased levels of floating debris Decomposition of vegetation biomass Sedimentation in the reservoir Alteration of existing fish species Increased levels of Floating Debris Impact Agent Flooding Potential Impacts 213 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Flooding of land and vegetation would release nutrients and vegetation debris into the water. The floating debris will obstruct water intake devices, reducing the water flow to the turbine, resulting in reduced and less efficient power generation. Mitigation Measures Follow prescribed measures in the Reservoir Clearing and Salvage Plan. Notes: The Construction Contractor shall prepare and implement a detailed Reservoir Clearing and Salvage Plan. Decomposition of Vegetation Biomass Impact Agent Flooding Potential Impacts Decomposition of biomass leads to reduced oxygen levels, increased odors, and eutrophication in the reservoir. Increased nutrient levels will affect water quality resulting in low oxygen levels and noxious odours. These activities could affect aquatic life resulting in net loss of fish species. Mitigation Measures The Construction Contractor shall prepare and implement a detailed Reservoir Clearing and Salvage Plan. Oxygen levels shall be maintained to sustain aquatic life in the reservoir area. The Contractor shall ensure periodic clearing of biomass to avoid generation of noxious odours. Nutrient levels and water quality in the reservoir shall be maintained to sustain aquatic life. Follow prescribed measures in the Reservoir Clearing and Salvage Plan. Notes: Water Quality shall be monitored in accordance with the EMP. Sedimentation in the Reservoir Impact Agent Flooding of the reservoir and build up of sediment. Potential Impacts Increased sedimentation behind impoundment will lead to downstream impacts. As the sediment load increases, fish habitats will be modified (e.g., rocky river bed to mud cover), destroy spawning areas, and reduce primary production and fish food. Mitigation Measures Measures will be implemented to protect forests of the Ma watershed to reduce erosion leading to sedimentation of the reservoir. Continuous monitoring and modeling of sedimentation shall also be carried out. 214 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment The duration and magnitude of the impact will be high as sediment load is expected to increase throughout the operation phase resulting in loss of fish species and poor water quality. The geographic extent of the impact will be moderate as there will be direct impacts on downstream users and aquatic life. The likelihood of occurrence of the impact will be high if sediments will decrease the quality of water and destroy breeding and spawning areas. The reversibility is considered low. The residual impact has been assessed to be high as impacts will occur throughout operations. It will bring significant changes to aquatic and human environments. Note: Sedimentation model for reservoir needed. Alteration of Existing Fish Species Impact Agent Flooding Potential Impacts Changes to local species breeding and spawning grounds due to increased sedimentation and improper harvesting methods. The impoundment of the reservoir and changes to water quality will displace many fish species and introduce new species. Initially, fish populations will likely increase due to exploitation of reservoir resources, followed by a decline in populations. Key factors affecting the long term stability of fish populations will be determined primarily by water quality and the degree of fluctuation in annual flow. The dam will block possible migration routes between the reservoir and downstream areas affecting fisheries sector production. Increased levels of recreational and tourism opportunities will alter fish habitats leading to net loss of fish species. Mitigation Measures Fisheries production shall be maximized without compromising species composition. A Regional Aquaculture program shall be promoted to enhance fisheries sector. Training programs to educate people on proper harvesting methods and techniques shall be implemented. In order to ensure the growth of fisheries, sustainable recreational and tourism activities shall also be encouraged. The duration and magnitude of impact will be moderate if impoundment of the reservoir will alter existing fish species throughout the operation phase. The geographic extent of the impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied to the affected sectors of the reservoir. The likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be moderate if increased tourism and recreation activities will affect fisheries sectors. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate if additional mitigation measures or compensatory measures will be required, to reduce the impact level to a low, or acceptable level. 6.2.4 Plant Operation and Power Generation The following impacts are anticipated: Reduction in environmental flows Flood control benefits 215 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Decreased sediment transport downstream Damage or loss of historical/culturally significant artifacts Impeded river transportation Alteration of aquaculture and fisheries sector Change in Environmental Flows and Downstream Impacts Impact Agent Turbines, volume outflow, etc. Potential Impact Alteration of river flows will increase impacts on downstream river ecosystems and affect the livelihoods of people living alongside them. Fluctuations in flow will alter river form and function, leading to a loss or increase in the abundance of riverine animals and plants. The fisheries sector could be impacted, resulting in a reduction of indigenous species. Mitigation Measures Downstream environmental flows shall be maintained to reduce downstream impacts to the people and environment. Policies and procedures shall be implemented and operation procedures shall be developed to maintain environmental flows. An Intact River Approach shall be considered to manage land uses throughout the Ma River catchment area. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent, likelihood of occurrence, and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during operation. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to the application of mitigation measures during operation activities. Notes: Further assessment of downstream impacts and impacts on downstream flows will be undertaken. Flood Control Benefits Impact Agent Volume outflow to downstream area. Potential Impact Creation of a physical barrier will control flood levels and reduce the potential of flood damages downstream. This is perceived as a positive impact as communities downstream will benefit from a reduction in damaged crops and river-side households. Mitigation Measures Downstream environmental flows shall be maintained to reduce downstream impacts. Policies and procedures shall be implemented and operation procedures shall be developed 216 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment to maintain environmental flows. Intact river approach shall be considered to catchment area management. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent, likelihood of occurrence, and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during operation. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to the application of mitigation measures during operation activities. Decreased Sediment Transport Downstream Impact Agent Volume outflow to downstream area. Potential Impact Alteration of environmental flows will result in loss of important habitats and agricultural areas. Reduced sediment transport will affect downstream aquaculture production resulting in loss of fish biodiversity and habitat. Mitigation Measures Implement water quality modeling program to reduce downstream impacts. The integrity of downstream habitats shall be maintained and monitored continuously for any changes in riverine ecosystem. The duration, magnitude, likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during operation. The geographic extent of the impact will be high if downstream impacts are certain to occur due to lack of sediment transport. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to the application of mitigation measures during operation phase. Notes: Monitoring to be undertaken as per the EMP. Impacts on Downstream Water Quality Impact Agent Volume outflow to downstream area. Potential Impact Low oxygen levels will impact water quality affecting downstream users and fish habitats. Salinity levels could be affected in tidal zones affecting agriculture production, especially rice fields downstream. Mitigation Measures Water quality shall be maintained in accordance with Vietnamese standards. This will help in maintaining species composition and productivity of the river. The duration, magnitude, likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during operation. The geographic extent of the impact will be high if the impact will not be confined to the project site and potentially affect 217 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment associated downstream tributaries. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to the application of mitigation measures during operation phase. Notes: Monitoring to be undertaken as per the EMP. Damage or Loss of Historical/Culturally Significant Artifacts Impact Agent Volume outflow to downstream area. Potential Impact The fluctuating volume outflows to downstreams areas in conjunction with the unstable river bank, and the lack of transported sediments may potentially lead to erosion and/or loss of historical/culturally significant artifacts. Mitigation Measures Keeping historical/cultural relics in good condition is considered a priority and requires mitigation measures individually designed for each historical/cultural site discovered during the operation. Historical/culturally significant sites located outside of the project area (that are not removed or excavated) also have the potential to be influenced by the project's operation; and therefore, require monitoring throughtout the lifespan of the project and, proper recognition under the Law on Cultural Heritage. Detailed mitigation measures are described in the project's Physical Cultural Resources Plan. The magnitude, likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures are applied during operation. The duration is expected to be moderate because the impacts are expected to occur within the lifespan of the project. The geographic extent of the impact is expected to be moderate because the impacts are expected to occur downstream, or outside of the immediate project area. The residual impact is considered to be low if mitigation measures are properly implemented. 7.2.4.6 Impeded River Transportation Impact Agent Dam creation, volume outflow to downstream area. Potential Impacts Construction of dam will restrict use of land or transport routes and will impede transportation of goods, forestry, materials and affect downstream use of waterways. Mitigation Measures Roads shall be interconnected to maintain traffic over catchment areas. A landing area shall be constructed upstream of the dam site to connect with the project access road to allow for transport of goods to downstream markets and vice-versa. The duration, magnitude, likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during operation. The geographic extent of the impact 218 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment will be moderate if the amount and frequency of river users is not confined to the project site. The river is the main source of transporting goods downstream; therefore, those incomes dependent on using the river to ship and/or receive material shall be impacted on a larger scale. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to the application of mitigation measures during operation. Alteration of Aquaculture and Fisheries sector Impact Agent Volume outflow to downstream area. Potential Impacts Aquaculture and fisheries sector will be altered due to change in salinity. Mitigation Measures Implement mitigation measures proposed in the Impact Assesment Report by Trung Son Hydropower Project on the diversity of fish and fisheries. The duration, magnitude, likelihood of occurrence and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during operation. The geographic extent of the impact is expected to be moderate as food source and income will be altered. The residual impact has been assessed to be low subject to the application of mitigation measures during operation. Decline in Fisheries of Economic Value Impact Agents Stockpiles, powerhouse, truck hauling, volume outflow to downstream area, etc. Potential Impact Spawning areas in upstream and midstream will be affected due to change in flow, reducing the productivity of fish species that are of economic value. Mitigation Measures Fish habitats shall be altered to lake-type habitats to facilitate spawning and fish stocking shall be promoted to restore population of important species. Support shall be provided to promote fish culture and stocking projects in order to enhance productivity of declining population. The duration, likelihood of occurrence and reversibility of impact will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied prior to construction. The magnitude and geographic extent of the impact has been assessed to be moderate if spawning areas in upstream and midstream will be affected due to change in flow, and it will have direct impact on aquatic life, downstream users and fisheries economy. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts subject to application of appropriate mitigation measures. 6.2.5 Operational Staff Support Impact Agent Addition of approximately 130 operational staff 219 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Potential Impacts The addition of 130 residents will lead to over exploitation of resources in the project area. There will be an increase in demand for natural resources and community and health services. The operational staff may share the services with communes and local villagers which could result in social conflicts. Local communities face the risk of losing cultural and ethnic identities, due to the long term presence of operational staff. Mitigation Measures Sustainability of natural resources management shall be maintained through education and awareness programs. Co-management of existing natural resources between communes and operational staff shall be encouraged in order to maintain the integrity of natural resources in the project area. Camp facilities and services shall be fully equipped to minimize overdependence on outside resources. Communication networks and social programs shall be introduced to assist minority groups, if necessary. The duration, magnitude, geographic extent, likelihood of occurrence, and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during operation. The residual impact has been assessed to be low if impacts are considered negligible subject to application of mitigation measures during operation activities. 6.2.6 Co Luong - Co Me Road Operation Air Quality Impact Agent Truck hauling and road traffic. Potential Impacts The operation of Co-Luong ­ Co Me road will have a limited affect on air quality in the project area as it will be paved. However, road traffic on unpaved connecting roads will generate air borne dust (SPM). Mitigation Measures To mitigate impacts during the operation of Co Luong- Co Me access road, dust control measures shall be implemented at the junctions of unpaved connecting roads in dry and windy conditions. Air quality standards shall be maintained according to the Vietnamese standards throughout operation and all unpaved roads shall be either paved or sprayed with water (if necessary). The duration, magnitude, geographic extent, likelihood of occurrence, and reversibility will be low if appropriate mitigation measures shall be applied during operation. The residual impact has been assessed to be low as impacts are considered negligible subject to the application of mitigation measures during operation activities. Noise and Vibration Refer to "Noise and vibration creation" sections under "Construction impacts for further details. 220 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Improved Access Impact Agent Truck hauling and road traffic. Potential Impact The construction of Co-Luong ­ Co Me road will lead to increased activities in the project area. Operation workers, local villagers and communes will have easy access into more remote and or/ protected areas. As the demand for food and natural resources increase, affected people tend to rely on natural and protected areas for personal consumption, and the Co-Luong-Co Me road will help them gain access to these areas. It will also increase illegal activities such as trespassing and drug exportation, altering community dynamics and straining relationships among the local population. However, communes and local villagers can benefit from improved transportation to facilitate their daily activities. Mitigation Measures To mitigate impacts in the operation phase, the Protected Area management board and local authorities shall improve security along roads and access shall be restricted into natural and protected areas. Security shall be increased along roads to monitor roadside communes and their exportation and other illegal activities. Roads shall be maintained and repaired. If necessary, an access management plan shall be implemented. The duration of impact will be high if local villagers and operation workers will rely on natural resources throughout the life of the project. The magnitude and likelihood of occurrence of the impact will be low if appropriate measures shall be taken during operation. The geographic extent of the impact will be moderate if Co-Luong and Co Me road is located close to natural and protected areas. The reversibility will be moderate considering the extent of impact on protected areas. The residual impact has been assessed to be moderate as additional compensatory measures will be required to reduce the level of residual impact to a low, or acceptable level. 6.3 Cumulative Impacts of theTSHPP The analysis of cumulative impacts for the TSHPP considered the interaction of the following four project components: · Construction and operation of the reservoir ; · Construction and operation of the construction camp; · Construction and operation of the access road; and · Resettlement of over 509 people. In order to evaluate and assess potential cumulative impacts, an analysis was made of the interaction between these three project components on key environmental and social components identified in the baseline. Mitigation and management measures were also proposed. A summary of the anticipated cumulative project impacts is presented in Table 7-3. 221 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 6-3: Summary of Cumulative Project Impacts Impact Significance Likelihood of Occurrence Geographic Extent Environmental and Anticipated Cumulative Impact Mitigation or Management Measure Residual Impact Social Component Reversibility Magnitude Duration Air Quality and Increased noise and dust levels during · Implementation of dust suppression L L L L L L Noise construction measures Water Quality Impacts on regional water quality from · Sewage treatment in accordance to L L L L L L increased sewage Vietnamese standards Water Quantity Impacts on regional water supply · Complete groundwater sustainability study L L L L L L as part of new well installation Soils Impacts due to changes to land use · Application of the CLIP M M M L L M Terrestrial Increased pressure on harvesting of · Worker code of conduct prohibiting hunting H H M L L M Biodiversity wildlife for food and other consumptive and fishing usage. · Prohibition of consumption of wildlife or bushmeat products in camps · Control ingress and egress on access roads to minimize poaching Aquatic Cumulative effects on fish not · Implementation of an intact rivers approach H M M L M M Biodiversity expected by project components, but the TSHPP will have an effect on fish populations in the Trung Son catchment area in combination with other proposed hydroelectric projects 222 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Likelihood of Occurrence Geographic Extent Environmental and Anticipated Cumulative Impact Mitigation or Management Measure Residual Impact Social Component Reversibility Magnitude Duration Protected Areas The Protected Area Management Board shall: M M M L L M Increased pressure on harvesting of · Implement a protected area wildlife for food and other consumptive management plans usage. · Implement Protected Area patrols and wardens Increased pressure for logging in · Educate local villagers on increasing protected areas their awareness and responsibility towards protection of reserves The Contractor shall: · Follow regulations to prohibit illegal migrants and camp followers, consumption of bushmeat; exploitation of natural resources, etc in the protected areas. The PMB shall: · Coordinate with forest protection agencies to establish forest protection management centers in order to control illegal activities Cultural Resources Regional impact on cultural resources · Implementation of physical cultural resource L L L L L L management plan · Implementation of chance find procedures Livelihood and Increased drug trafficking and · Local security shall be enhanced to minimize H L M M L M Economic Well- transport transportation of illegal drugs Being 223 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Impact Significance Likelihood of Occurrence Geographic Extent Environmental and Anticipated Cumulative Impact Mitigation or Management Measure Residual Impact Social Component Reversibility Magnitude Duration Demand on Natural See above (parks and protected areas · See above H H M L L M Resources and terrestrial biodiversity) Demand on Increased regional demand for · RLDP will continue infrastructure demands H L M M L M Infrastructure and services Services Dam will cause a transportation · Loading docks will be constructed at the dam bottleneck on the access road site and tied into the access road to allow for unimpeded transportation Health Impacts on regional health including · Implement camp worker health management H L M M L M increased disease transmission plan Impacts on health service capacity · Implement regional health plan 224 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Regional Issues of Concern Hydroelectric development in the Ma river watershed will be intensive in the next decades. Over 4 hydroelectric projects are planned for the basin, with one (Cua Dat) already under construction. This development will have significant impacts on water quantity (flows), water quality, fisheries, and sediment transport. The spatial distribution of these hydroelectric projects is shown in the following schematic and figure. MA RIVER ~120 km VIETNAM Pama LAO 90 km Trung Son 25 km VIETNAM Hoi Xuan 170km Cam Ngoi 200 km Cua Dat BASIN SCHEMATIC Pacific Ocean Most projects are just on a site identification stage and very little is still known about their characteristics. A set of issues at the watershed level have been identified in the EIA and other strategic reports carried out in Vietnam during the last few years4 has been developed based on 4 - World Bank, MONRE, MOI & EVN, (2007) Pilot Strategic Environmental Assessment in the Hydropower Sub-sector, Vietnam. Final Report: Biodiversity Impacts of the hydropower components of th the 6 Power Development Plan. Hanoi, Vietnam -Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Hydropower Master Plan in the Context of the Power Development Plan VI, Asian Development Bank, 2008. 225 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment preliminary identification of the potential key direct and indirect impacts caused by the proposed project and medium and long term development in the region. 1. Hydrology; 2. Vulnerability to flooding; 3. Fisheries; 4. Water quality; 5. Navigation; 6. Water supply and irrigation; 7. Institutional issues; and 8. Aquatic biodiversity. Selection of Regional Issues for CEA Analysis The following regional issues and indicators are proposed for the Cumularive Effect Assessment of the Ma river Basin to be developed prior to project completion. The terms of reference for this study are included in the Environmental management Plan. · Water Quantity: environmental flows · Water Quality: modifications to water quality · Fish and Fisheries: blocking migrations · Irrigation: availability of water and sediments for irrigation and productivity in flood plain An intact river approach will aso be supported by the prohject in order to address cumulativce impacts on fish. Terms of reference for this study are included in the Environmental Management Plan. 7. Public Consultation and Disclosure Public consultation was a key component of the TSHPP and it was pivotal in: Finalizing the report on Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assesment (SESIA) and Environmetal Management Plan (EMP) for Trung Son Hydropower Project. Creating the Resettlement Livelihood Development Plan (RLDP) with three main components: the Resettlement Action Plan (RP), Community Livelihood Improvement Development Plan (CLIP), Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMDP) and thecommunication and information management component. Designing an open dialogue between TSHPP authorities, village leaders and affected households. The goal was to ease the transition into resettlement areas, while improving living conditions and quality of life of affected households (CPRD, 2009). 7.1 Consultation Objectives The objectives of consultation are as follows: - Vietnam Environment Monitor. Water quality in the Cau, Nhue-Day, and Dong Nai River Basisn, 2006. 226 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Inform the affected households and communities, local authorities and civil society organizations about potential Project impacts and proposed mitigation measures. Information provided in the RLDP and EIA/EMP was disclosed at the project affected area, Vietnam Development Information Center (VDIC) and the Public Information Center (Infoshop) of World Bank located in Washington, D.C. at least 3 weeks in advance of the consultation; Collect opinions/feedbacks to complete the RLDP and EIA/EMP; and Have initial agreement/commitment to co-operate with the local authorities during the implementation process. 7.2 Previousl Completed Consultation Activities Two consultation rounds with local communities and communes were carried out in 2008 as to: Inform affected households and communities about project impacts; and Collect information and initial feedback that will be used as input data to prepare for the project, particularly the RLDP and EIA/EMP reports. The first consultation round was carried out from July 12 to 26, 2008 in 13 those villages and one hamlet that are to be relocated in the reservoir area. The second round was carried out from December 20, 2008 to January 12, 2009 in 34 other villages affected by the project including the villages along the access road, and those that could be affected but not necessarily resettled. The total number of villages affected by the project and consulted is 47. Consultation at the provincial level was carried out after community consultation concluded in 53 provinces of 17 communes affected by the TSHPP, including downstream affected communes. The consultation was also carried out in 4 project affected districts, namely Muong Lat and Quan Hoa districts of Thanh Hoa Province, Mai Chau District of Hoa Binh Province and Moc Chau District of Son La Province. The province consultation was carried out in Thanh Hoa and Son La provinces. Consultation in Hoa Binh Province will be carried out after consultation on the impacts caused by the project's transmission line concludes. Consultation and information disclosures with research institutes and civil society organizations was held in Hanoi on March 3, 2010. 7.3 Consultation Methods Consultation with affected communities: Consultation was conducted in every affected village/community. A meeting was held in each consulted villages with participation of as many villagers as possible and any other interested individual/organizations. Extra efforts were needed to encourage women and others who might otherwise be excluded to attend; consideration was given to having separate meetings with any groups that are reluctant to attend the village meetings. A short oral summary on the project, its impacts and proposed mitigation measures was presented in the meeting. All 227 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment questions/feedback and requests were properly recorded and responded as appropriate. Group discussions were held if needed. In addition to Vietnamese, translation of the discussions into local languages was provided as necessary. Photograph and video recording were taken but only if they did not inhibit the consultation process. Minutes were prepared for each consultation and agreed to with participants. A summary report to describe the consultation process and main findings was prepared no later than one week after completion of the consultation. Consultation with villages/communes potentially affected by downstream impact Downstream impacts to those villages/ communes can only be fully assessed when the dam enters operation thus an adaptive approach has been proposed. The consultation materials will be disclosed at each affected villages and a consultation meeting will be held in each commune center with participation of the villages' representatives. Consultation content shall be adjusted as appropriate. Consultation with local authorities Consultation with local authorities at the provincial level will be implemented in three provinces in the project scope: Thanh Hoa province, Son La province and Hoa Binh province with participation of local departments (such as provincial electricity department, Minority Department, Provincial agricultural and rural development department, Natural and Environmental Department, DOLISA, etc). Consultation with local authorities was or will be conducted in four affected districts: Quan Hoa and Muong Lat of Thanh Hoa province; Moc Chau of Son La province and Mai Chau of Hoa Binh province. A consultation meeting was held in the district town of each of those districts with participants from relevant district/communes authorities, at least one representative from each affected village in the respective district and representatives from provincial authorities as appropriate. Information provided in the meeting included (i) general information of the project; (ii) potential impacts to the local communities in the district and mitigation measures; (iii) summary and main findings from communities consultation; (iv) proposed mitigation measures and compensation/resettlement and livelihood restoration implementation plan; and (v) responsibility of the PMB and local authorities and proposed collaboration between the two sides. It is suggested that the consultation include group discussion to enable participation of all attendances. In addition to providing information and receiving feedback/comments, it is expected that the local authorities will be helped to understand their role and responsibility, and an in-principle agreement/commitment between the PMB and local authorities is developed associated with a follow up plan. A summary report on the consultation process and main findings was prepared no later than one week after completion of the consultation. Consultation with Civil Society The consultation with civil society was held in Hanoi with participation of representatives from civil society organizations, NGOs, international agencies or any individuals. The consultation was organized by the World Bank in collaboration with the PMB. A facilitator was hired to chair this meeting. 228 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 7.4 Impacted Communes and Villages Impacted villages were subsequently segregated and classified as shown below in Table 7-1. Table 7-1: Names of Affected Villages, Communes and Districts No Places Impacts Notes . Names Reloca Loss of ted productive land A Thanh Hoa province I Quan Hoa District 1 Trung Sn commune 1 Xuoc village - Co Me X village 2 Tà Bán village X 3 T Quán Nh c ­ X TàBán village 4 P o village Affected by construction and X operation road 5 Pó village Affected by construction and X operation road 2 Phú Thanh commune 6 Uôn village Affected by construction and X operation road 3 Thành Sn commune 7 Sn Thành village Affected by construction and X operation road 8 Nam Thành village Affected by construction and X operation road 9 Chi ng Yên village Affected by construction and X operation road 229 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 10 Thành Tân village Affected by construction and X operation road 11 Tân Hng village Affected by construction and X operation road II Muong Lat District 4 Muong Ly commune 12 Nàng 1 village X 13 Tài Chánh village X 14 Kít village X 15 Mau village X 16 Chà Lan village X 17 Chi ng Na village X 18 Mu ng 2 village X 5 Trung Ly commune 19 T Chi ng - Co Cài X village 20 Ĺn village X 21 Ba Púa village X 22 Cà Giáng village X 23 Chi ng Lư village X 24 U (Cánh C ng) X village 25 Tà Cóm village X 26 H c village X 27 Xa Lao village X 28 Tung village X 6 Tam Chung commune 29 Poom Khuông village X 30 Lát village X 230 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 31 Cân village X 32 Kha Ni X 33 Tân Hng village X 7 M ng Lát downtown 34 Bom Buôi ( Group 3) X village B Sn La province M c Châu District 8 Tân Xuân commune 35 Tây Tà Lào village X 36 ông Tà Lào village X 9 Xuân Nha commune 37 Pù L u village X C Hoà B́nh province Mai Châu District 10 V n Mai commune 38 Nam i n village Affected by construction and X operation road 39 Thanh Mai village Affected by construction and X operation road 40 D n village Affected by construction and X operation road 11 Mai H ch commune 41 Chói village Affected by construction and X operation road Tot 41 12 14 15 al Source: DRCC 2010 231 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 7.5 Public Consultation Results General comments Trung Son HPMB has received many responses from local authorities and households in the project area, and particularly from households affected by the project. The following were general comments from Project-affected households: Welcome and support the construction of TSHPP; Believe that quality of life should improve with additional community services and infrastructure; Concerns of local people on compensation rates for land areas required and agricultural production and bamboo affected by the project; State policies should financially assist impacted villages, especially after construction and resettlement; Environmental policies minimize the extent of environmental pollution; Implementation of mitigation measures specified in EMP and programs in RLDP; and Village security and environment shall be sustained. Agricultural land and its productivity are the main concerns of local villagers. Resettlement land and its productivity need to be of equal or greater value to the lost land. Bamboo takes approximately six to seven years before it can be harvested; therefore, adequate financial or "land-for-land" compensation will be vital in supporting villages during and more importantly, after construction. Resettled and affected areas will also receive financial support and health, education and community services and programs. Village security and maintenance of social order were also common concerns. The rapid population increase, particularly the number of males in the Co Me and Chieng Po communes, could dramatically increase the amount of gambling, prostitution, theft, drugs and disease. Several villages have requested state guards during construction activities. Table 7-2 summarizes issues and requests raised by village leaders and household residents. Consultation details and feedback from local authorities, project affected households, non- government organizations, and individuals were synthesized and presented in the consultation report by the TSHPMB.Resettlement Consultant. Households requiring resettlement were provided with three options: Relocation to resettlement sites as planned. Relocation to a site within the project area instead of resettlement sites as planned. Relocation out of the district/province area with little assistance. Resettlement strategies were based on four principles: a) Minimize environmental and social impacts during land acquisition, b) If resettlement is unavoidable, affected people shall receive financial compensation to sustain their livelihood. Compensation shall be provided before or after the acquisition of land from DPs, c) the project provides employment opportunities to the local people and d) participation of local people and communes in planning and implementation. 232 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Table 7-2: Summary of Village Concerns and Requests Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority Muong Ly Mau Muong · Rice, maize, · Loss of agricultural land and · Low interest loans for purchase of cassava productivity cattle production · Pollution of Ma River and tributaries Kit Thai · Rice, maize, · Adequate and fair "land-for-land" · Training assistance and program cassava compensation development for income production diversification · Livestock · Compensation for grave excavation breeding · Low interest loans Cheing Thai · Rice, maize, · Loss of income · Training assistance and program Na cassava development for income production · Adequate and fair "land-for-land" diversification · Livestock compensation breeding · Low interest loans for purchase of cattle · Youth education and job creation Chan Mong · Rice, maize, · Adequate and fair "land-for-land" · Low interest loans for purchase of Lan cassava compensation cattle and goats production · Youth education and job creation Trung Ly Ta Mong · Rice, maize, · River transportation blocked · Support policies and programs for Com cassava the poor production · Adequate and fair "land-for-land" compensation · Provision of agricultural and forestry · Forestry training courses · Water pollution policies 233 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority Ca Mong · Rice and · Village security and protection · State guards Rang cassava production · Loans with incentives · Forestry · Livestock breeding Canh Mong · Rice and · Village security and protection · Loans with incentives Cong cassava production · State guards · Livestock breeding Hoc Mong · Rice and · Village security and protection · State guards cassava production · Loans with incentives · Forestry · Raising poultry Xa Lao Mong · Rice and · Increased gambling, alcohol · Adequate compensation rates cassava consumption and prostitution production · Support loans with preferential rates · Village security and protection · Forestry · Enhanced village security · Raising poultry Tung Mong · Rice and · Village security and protection · Construction workers are properly cassava managed 234 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority production · Adequate compensation rates · Forestry · Low interest loans · Raising poultry Tam Lat Thai · Forestry · Adequate and fair "land-for-land" · Youth education programs Chung compensation · Maize and · Training assistance and program cassava · Temporary residence of construction development for income production workers are approved by village diversification · Livestock · Social order, cultural style and environment remain intact · Small-scale businesses Can Muong · Maize and · Increased competition for resources · Low interest loans cassava production · Village security and protection · Youth education programs · Livestock · Conflict between locals and · Separate residential area for construction workers workers · High concentration of males · Financial assistance for village security · Gambling and drug addiction · Ensure Ma River transportation · Pollution of the Ma River · Notification prior to blasting Tan Thai · Maize · Compensation rates too low · Youth education programs Huong production · Training assistance and program 235 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority · Cattle breeding development for income diversification · Low interest loans Muong Lat Bom Thai · Maize, cassava, · Compensation rates too low · Low interest loans Buoi bamboo, fruit tree production · Youth education programs · Livestock · Training assistance and programs for income diversification Trung Son Co Me Thai · Maize and · High food demands and prices · Security for village and cemetery bamboo production · Conflict between locals and workers · Increase health support (staff, medication and equipment) · Livestock · Drugs, gambling, disease transmission and HIV · Training assistance and program development for income · Traffic accidents diversification · Pollution of water supply Pao Thai · Bamboo, maize · Village security and protection · Low interest loans to further develop and cassava cattle breeding production · Gambling, drugs, smoking, prostitution and theft · Policies for youth recruitment · Livestock · Pollution of water supply · Dust Vo Muong · Bamboo, maize, · Conflict between locals and workers · Notification prior to blasting 236 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority cassava and rice production · Smoking, drugs and gambling · Single payment for financial compensation · Livestock · Pollution of Ma River and water · Training assistance and programs supply for income diversification · Youth education programs · Low interest loans Chieng Thai · Bamboo, maize, · Village security and protection · Harvest part of preserved forest for (Pao) cassava and income rice production · Conflict between locals and workers · Single payment for financial · Cattle breeding · Pollution of water supply compensation · Dust · Low interest loans Thanh Son Tan Thai · Bamboo, maize, · Large number of construction · Separate residential area for Huong cassava and workers workers rice production · Increased competition for resources · Village security · Cattle breeding · High concentration of males · Single payment for financial · Gambling and drugs compensation Son Thai · Bamboo · Large number of construction · Increase compensation rates Thanh production workers · Training for livestock breeding, · High number of male workers cultivation and livestock disease prevention · Gambling and prostitution 237 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority Nam Thai · Bamboo · Village security and protection · Youth education programs Thanh production · High concentration of males · Separate residential area for · Livestock workers · Increased competition for resources · Some · Increase health support (staff, aquaculture medication and equipment) · Ensure Ma River transportation · Training assistance and programs for income diversification Chieng Muong · Maize, cassava · Increased competition for resources · Youth education programs Yen and bamboo production · Conflict between locals and workers · Separate residential area for workers · Livestock · Gambling and drug addiction · Village security · Pollution of water supply · Dust · Increase health support (staff, medication and equipment) · Ensure Ma River transportation · Training assistance and programs for income diversification Thanh Muong · Maize, cassava · Increased competition for resources · Separate residential area for Tan and bamboo workers production · Conflict between locals and workers · Village security · Livestock · Pollution of water supply · Low interest loans · Soil erosion damage · Youth education and training programs 238 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority · Training assistance and programs for income diversification Trung Phai Thai · Rice, cassava, · Increased competition for resources · Village security Thanh maize production · Village security and protection · Separate residential area for workers · Livestock · Gambling and drug addiction · Increase health support (staff, · Forestry · Pollution of water supply medication and equipment) · Dust Chieng Thai · Rice and · Gambling, booze, prostitution, theft, · Separate residential area for bamboo drug addiction and HIV workers production · Dust and noise · Village security · Cattle · Pollution of water supply · Strengthen healthcare and disease control · Increased competition for resources · Training assistance and programs · Conflict between locals and workers for income diversification · High number of male workers Tang Muong · Rice, cassava · Increased competition for resources · Village security and bamboo production · High number of male workers · Training assistance and programs for income diversification · Cattle · Conflict between locals and workers 239 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority · Pollution of water supply Say Muong · Rice and · Increased competition for resources · Separate residential area for bamboo workers production · Conflict between locals and workers · Pollution of water supply · Strengthen healthcare and disease · Cattle control · Ensure Ma River transportation · Low interest loans Phu Thanh Pang Thai · Maize, rice, · Increased competition for resources · Village security cassava, bamboo · Conflict between locals and workers · Separate residential area for production workers · High concentration of males · Livestock · Gambling and drug addiction · Pollution of water supply En Thai · Rice, cassava, · Loss of homes, gardens, land · Village security maize production · Conflict between locals and workers · Separate residential area for workers · Livestock · Increased competition for resources · Strengthen healthcare and disease · Forestry · Drug addiction and gambling control · Pollution of water supply · Ensure Ma River transportation Uon Thai · Agriculture · High concentration of males · Separate residential area for workers 240 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Commune Village Ethnic Income Sources Main Concerns Village Requests Majority · Forestry · Increased competition for resources · Low interest loans · Pollution of water supply · Youth training courses Van Mai Thahn Kinh · Agriculture · Pollution of water supply · Village security Mai · Dust · Training courses · Low interest loans Nam Kinh · Forestry · Pollution of water supply · Village safety Dien · High concentration of males · Short construction period · Increased competition for resources · Road-side homes affected by landslides Don Kinh · Agriculture · Impacts to transportation · Allocate portion of younger forests for harvesting · Livestock · Road-side homes affected by landslides · Increased compensation rates · Increased competition for resources · Training on cultivation and breeding · Conflict between locals and workers tactics · Pollution of water supply · Village security Mai Hich Choi Kinh · Agriculture · Increased competition for resources · Separate residential area for workers · Bamboo · High concentration of males production · Low interest loans · Pollution of water supply 241 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 8. 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Due to the length of the SESIA report, and in an attempt to keep the document as succinct as possible, additional appendices have not been included. Readers interested in further background information and additional appendices should contact the TSHPMB directly. 245 Supplementary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 9.1 Appendix 1: EIA of Resettlement Sites 246