Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program Annual Report 2018 Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program ANNUAL REPORT 2018 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Photos: Cover—© Ollivier Girard/CIFOR; Burkina Faso—© Dominic Chavez/ World Bank; Chad—© Shutterstock; Mali—© Dominic Chavez/World Bank; Mauritania—©  James Martone/World Bank; Niger—© Stephan Gladieu/World Bank; Senegal—© Daniella Van Leggelo-Padilla/World Bank. Cover design, layout, and editing: Nita Congress Contents 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 17 3. Progress in FY18 59 4. Plans for FY19 67 5. The SASPP results framework and targets 73 6. Financial report 7 7 Appendixes A. Results framework and monitoring B. Progress toward intermediate results indicators 85 References iii Abbreviations AFD Agence Française de Développement BMZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development CSA Food Security Commissariat (Commissariat à la sécurité alimentaire) DFID Department for International Development DRFI Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance ECHO European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FY fiscal year IDA International Development Association MDTF multidonor trust fund NGO nongovernmental organization SASPP Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program WASH water, sanitation, and hygiene WFP World Food Programme iv 1 Introduction The Sahel Adaptive Social Protection Program (SASPP) supports the design and implementation of adaptive social protection programs and systems in six Sahel countries: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. The SASPP was launched in 2014 and is funded by a multidonor trust fund (MDTF) managed by the World Bank Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice. The trust fund has major contributions from the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID), Agence Française de Développement (AFD), and a forthcoming contribution from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). This report summarizes progress made by the program during fiscal year 2018 (FY18)—July 1, 2017, to June 30, 2018. Adaptive social protection helps vulnerable households manage the risks from covariate shocks.1 To do so, it incorporates two interrelated and mutually reinforcing approaches: (1) building the resilience of households that are most vulnerable to shocks before they occur, so they are better able to weather impacts when those shocks materialize in the future; and (2) preparing social protection systems and programs to become more responsive to shocks, so they are better able to protect household well-being after a shock has occurred. The SASPP is on the frontline of the emerging global adaptive social protection agenda, with innovations in each of the six Sahelian countries in the design and delivery of both approaches. By the end of FY18, some 1.8 million people in the Sahel countries will have benefited from adaptive social protection programs directly 1 A shock to a household may be either idiosyncratic or covariate in nature. Idiosyncratic shocks include ill health, injury, disease, disability, a death in the family, and job loss. Covariate shocks are larger in scale, affecting multiple households at once, with the negative impacts to household well-being spread across a (typically large) number of households. Typical covariate shocks are natural disasters, economic and financial crises, conflicts and resultant forced displacement, and pandemics. 1 2 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 supported by the SASPP. This number exceeds the year’s target and is close to reaching the program’s end target of around 1.9 million in FY19 (see appendix A). From the baseline of zero persons benefiting from these kinds of programs in FY14, this represents a significant achievement of the program to date—one that has been made possible by the financing and technical expertise made available through the MDTF, as well as the continued and growing commitment of the six Sahelian governments to the development of adaptive social protection in their countries, and the presence of substantial complementary International Development Association (IDA) financing. Most of the SASPP country engagements have transitioned from an initial phase of basic social protection systems to a second phase of designing and implementing adaptive social protection pilots. Since inception, the SASPP focus has been on putting in place social protection programs and systems to create strong foundations upon which adaptive approaches for building resilience and response can be pursued in each country. Four years into implementation, the six countries are now scaling up their social protection programs to cover additional regions and households—and are incorporating elements of adaptive approaches for resilience and response into the design of their programs. Recent donor contributions have been critical in ensuring continued progress toward SASPP objectives. In FY18, the AFD made a €6 million (about $7 million) contribution to the MDTF; a significant contribution from the BMZ of €50 million is forthcoming in FY19, which will extend the duration of the SASPP MDTF and its activities to FY25. Building on the initial DFID contribution, these funds will be crucial in helping to cement the gains made so far. They will also help ensure that interventions initiated in the six Sahel countries can be further strengthened and scaled up to meet the needs of the underserved and vulnerable in those countries. This report is structured as follows. Chapter 2 presents the motivation for and objective of the SASPP, explaining how it is guided by a theory of change, its main modalities for engagement and primary priorities for the next fiscal year and beyond. Chapter 3 summarizes the main achievements undertaken in each country and by the regional program during FY18. Chapter 4 presents the work plans for the country and the regional programs for FY19. Chapter 5 provides a narrative overview of the results framework, explaining progress toward each of the SASPP results indicators during FY18 (detailed in tabular form in appendix A). Chapter 6 closes the report with a financial report for the SASPP through to the beginning of FY19. 2 Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 2.1  Rationale for and objective of the SASPP The Sahel region is home to some of the poorest countries in the world. The poverty headcount ratio in the Sahel, as measured by the international poverty line of $1.90 a day, ranges from 49.7 percent in Niger, to 49.3 percent in Mali, 43.7 percent in Burkina Faso, 38.4 percent in Chad, 38.0 percent in Senegal, and a notably low 6.0 percent in Mauritania (figure 2.1). When applying the international poverty line of $3.20 a day—often used as a proxy for vulnerability to poverty—these rates increase markedly, exceeding 66 percent of the population in all countries except Mauritania. The Sahelian countries all rank low on the Human Development Index; and their indicators for infant mortality, maternal mortality, nutritional levels, and health coverage are among the worst in the world. These factors have combined to yield rising rates of chronic poverty and food insecurity. FIGURE 2.1  Poverty headcount ratios for Sahelian countries, latest year Covariate shocks regularly afflict the 80 region, undermining hard-won development 79.4 76.9 76.4 gains, poverty reduction efforts, and 66.5 67.5 Percent of population 60 the accumulation of human capital. The following statistic is a powerful example of this 49.7 40 44.5 43.7 relationship: between 2006 and 2011, 45 percent 38.4 38.0 of poor households in Senegal escaped poverty, 24.1 20 but 40 percent of nonpoor households fell into it—leaving the poverty rate almost completely 6.0 0 unchanged. Households affected by a natural Mali Niger Burkina Faso Chad Senegal Mauritania (2009) (2014) (2014) (2011) (2011) (2014) disaster were 25 percent more likely to fall into $1.90 $3.20 poverty during the period (Dang, Lanjouw, and Swinkels 2014). Drought is especially prevalent SOURCE: World Development Indicators, https://datacatalog.world- bank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators. in the Sahel. Moreover, the number of people NOTE: Ratios are calculated using 2011 purchasing parity power–ad- affected by drought has been increasing in justed dollars. 3 4 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 FIGURE 2.2  Number of people affected by drought recent decades (figure 2.2). Climate change is in the six Sahel countries, 1988–2018 expected to further exacerbate this trend, with 12 the number of people unable to cope with these impacts expected to rise dramatically by 2030 10 (figure 2.3). Several other nonweather-related 8 covariate shocks also frequently affect the Millions region, with a deleterious impact on household 6 well-being. For example, the number of “persons 4 of concern”—including the internally displaced and refugees, as defined by the UN Refugee 2 Agency—located within the six Sahelian countries 0 has risen dramatically since 2011 (figure 2.4). 1988 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1998 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2017 For the many poor and vulnerable SOURCE: EMDAT database, https://www.emdat.be/. households in the Sahel, high exposure to these shocks translates into a precarious way of life with limited hope of escaping poverty and an existence of heightened and persistent vulnerability. Shocks have a strong tendency to disproportionately affect the poorest and most vulnerable due to their having limited resources upon which to draw (savings, access to finance, etc.) to help manage the impacts. Such households are instead often forced to rely on a range of negative coping mechanisms such as taking out high-interest-rate loans, reducing consumption, selling household and productive assets (sometimes at highly reduced prices), and withdrawing children from school. These coping mechanisms are usually occasioned by short-term and often urgent necessity and distress, but are frequently to the household’s longer-term detriment. FIGURE 2.3  Number of people unable to cope with drought in the six Sahel countries under alternative drought scenarios: 2010 and 2030 projections 90 85.2 80 70 60 Millions 50 46.5 40 32.3 30 20 18.2 10.5 11.8 11.3 10.6 11.6 6 9.2 6.5 10 1.5 2.1 0 2010 2030 2010 2030 2010 2030 2010 2030 2010 2030 2010 2030 2010 2030 Burkina Chad Mali Mauritania Niger Senegal Total Faso Normal year Mild drought Medium drought Severe drought Normal year Mild drought Medium drought Severe drought SOURCE: del Ninno, Coll-Black, and Fallavier 2016. Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 5 In this context, the objective of the SASPP FIGURE 2.4  “Persons of concern” in the six Sahel is to increase access to effective adaptive countries social protection systems for poor and 1,200 vulnerable populations in the Sahel. Through 1,100 increased access to adaptive social protection 1,000 systems, poor and vulnerable households 900 Thousand are expected to become more capable of 800 anticipating, absorbing, and recovering from 700 shocks. 600 But what is adaptive social protection? 500 Adaptive social protection programs and 400 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 systems are explicitly designed to be more effective in helping households manage risks SOURCE: UNHCR, http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/persons_of_concern. from covariate shocks (box 2.1). To that end, NOTE: “Persons of concern” includes the internally displaced and refugees. adaptive social protection promotes two interrelated approaches: BOX 2.1  The SASPP—on the ●● Building the resilience of households that are most frontline of the emerging global adaptive social protection agenda vulnerable to shocks before they occur so that they are better able to weather the impacts The World Bank’s global vision for adaptive social when those shocks materialize in the future protection centers on enabling social protection to become more capable of helping vulnerable households ●● Preparing social protection systems and manage the risks from covariate shocks. This vision is programs to become more responsive to grounded in the strong, demonstrable potential for social shocks, so they are better able to protect protection to fulfill such a risk management function for household well-being after a shock has vulnerable households. Realizing this vision implies new occurred ways of thinking and innovations in design and delivery. The pursuit of both approaches is at the heart The SASPP has been instrumental in conceptualizing of the SASPP’s engagement with the national this wider, global adaptive social protection agenda and governments of the six Sahelian countries that it is on the frontline of implementing adaptive approaches. covers. In all six countries where it is engaged, the program is pioneering innovations in productive inclusion and The objective of the SASPP is directly accompanying measures to help build household resil- aligned to those of the Sahel Alliance, ience and prepare national social protection systems to which focus on promoting stability, be responsive to shocks. Several pilot shock responses development, and poverty reduction in having been undertaken to date, and countries around the region through increased international the world are looking to the Sahel and the lessons cooperation. The Sahel Alliance came into being generated through the SASPP on how to put being following a July 2017 meeting of the build adaptive social protection programs into Franco-German Council of Ministers. France, practice. 6 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Germany, and the European Union—along BOX 2.2  The SASPP, a with the World Bank, the African Development multidonor initiative Bank, and the United Nations Development The SASPP is funded by an MDTF managed by Programme—proposed this international the Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice of the cooperation platform for the Sahel region. World Bank. It also enjoys significant collaboration from Together, the members of the Sahel Alliance aim the World Bank’s Disaster Risk Management, Gender, to achieve more effective aid coordination and Social Development, Disaster Risk Financing, Poverty, enhance support from development partners to and Climate Change Global Practices/Cross-Cutting the region to help stabilize the security situation Solution Areas. DFID provided an initial contribution to and eradicate poverty. the fund of £47 million over four years (2014–18). New donors have since joined the MDTF, adding to this ini- The SASPP can contribute to the realization tial contribution. The AFD contributed about $7 million in of these objectives, increasing both 2018 to support activities in Chad, Mali, and Mauritania, stability and development within the region as well as the regional program; the Wellspring Philan- through the establishment of government- thropic Fund has provided $1.35 million to support the led social protection programs. These evaluation of productive accompanying measures, live- programs can help provide greater opportunity lihoods, and resilience that aim to promote household to the most vulnerable in the region—including adaptation to climate change; it has provided another young people, women, and the displaced. $1.35 million to Burkina Faso. Funding of €50 million from The SASPP is built on a keen awareness of the BMZ is forthcoming and will extend the end date of the necessity for coordinated donor action to SASPP engagement to 2025. Both the AFD and the meet the vast needs of the Sahel. The initiative BMZ—whose governments were founding members of accordingly provides a platform for multidonor the Sahel Alliance—recognize the SASPP’s strong engagement, as outlined in box 2.2. potential for contributing to the Alliance’s objectives. 2.2  From objectives to action: how the SASPP works The SASPP has achieved significant progress toward its objective since its inception. When it was first initiated in 2014, most of the six Sahelian countries had little to no government-led social protection systems in place. The overriding achievement during the past four years of SASPP’s implementation has been support provided to government-led programs and to key building blocks of a systems approach in each of the six countries. Access to adaptive social protection has thus been extended to approximately 1.8 million Sahelian households across the six countries as of end FY18 (see appendix A). Building on this foundation, the SASPP has enabled several pilots testing each of the adaptive approaches. Specifically, to build household resilience, the SASPP has delivered accompanying measures that promote human development and early childhood development–related outcomes and enabled Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 7 the design, implementation, and evaluation of productive inclusion pilots. These initiatives have helped demonstrate to national governments that the value of safety nets goes beyond cash transfers and that additional measures (such as these) can help achieve other resilience-building outcomes and objectives. Several pilot shock-responses have been delivered through national safety net programs, including in Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. The demonstration effect of these pilots has helped promote greater understanding among government counterparts as to the concept and value of adaptive social protection in enabling government-led response to the shocks they regularly face. Accordingly, the governments of Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal are taking actions toward the development of adaptive social protection in their countries. The program’s progress toward achieving its objective of ensuring that poor and vulnerable people have access to adaptive, shock-responsive social protection activities reflects its underlying theory of change. The SASPP theory of change (figure 2.5) identifies three necessary outputs that the SASPP seeks to generate in order to meet its objective: ●● The ability of national governments to design, implement, monitor, and evaluate adaptive social protection programs and systems ●● Evidence and learning from pilots and feasibility studies to inform the development of adaptive social protection programs ●● Strengthened multilateral and regional approaches to building resilience in the Sahel The theory of change delineates three core inputs for this program success. These are (1) direct support to government programs; (2) knowledge activities, technical assistance, and capacity building; (3) regional activities and strategic staff deployments. Taken together, the multifaceted activities help create the necessary evidence, experience, and learning on how adaptive social protection programs can be most effectively designed to enable poor and vulnerable households to anticipate, absorb, and recover from shocks in each of the six countries. Direct support to national governments is central to the SASPP. Program activities directly leverage and complement a large IDA portfolio in each of the six countries that is supporting the development of national social safety net programs and systems. The current total IDA portfolio for social safety net projects across the six SASPP countries is approximately $273 million (table 2.1). The significant investment being made through these IDA projects has been 8 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 FIGURE 2.5  SASPP theory of change 10–15 YEARS POOR AND VULNERABLE PEOPLE IN SIX COUNTRIES IN THE SAHEL ARE IMPACT CAPABLE OF ANTICIPATING, ABSORBING, AND RECOVERING FROM CLIMATIC SHOCKS AND STRESSES Household food security Diversity of household Asset protection nutrition intake income and savings 5–10 YEARS OUTCOME POOR AND VULNERABLE PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS TO ADAPTIVE AND SHOCK-RESPONSIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION Government Flexible and investment in adaptive scalable adaptive social social protection protection delivery National governments are Evidence and learning from Strengthened multilateral YEAR 4 OUTPUT able to design, implement, pilots and feasibility studies and regional approaches to and monitor and evaluate to inform existing social pro- building social resilience in adaptive social protection tection programs the Sahel programs and systems Technical Support to government 1–4 YEARS assistance Knowledge programs (delivered through Regional activities and INPUT and activities direct investment grants and strategic staff deployments capacity grants to complement IDA building CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES: women and girls, climate change, conflict sensitivity, learning, coherence instrumental in creating the foundational social protection systems and programs upon which the SASPP adaptive components are being built. An estimated $227 million in additional IDA financing for these projects is anticipated by FY20. Alongside these IDA investments, the SASPP provides additional resources directly to the national governments with a specific focus on implementation of adaptive social protection pilots. This approach has provided the national governments of the six countries with access to resources that enable them to test innovative adaptive social protection interventions. In turn, these pilots generate evidence and learning on good practices, what works well, and what needs improvement for resilience building and shock response. Each of these recipient-executed engagements is designed and implemented based on careful assessment, analysis, and monitoring. Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 9 TABLE 2.1  SASPP- and IDA-funded projects in the Sahel Resource allocation (millions) Country Project name IDA SASPP (as of FY18) Government Total Burkina Faso Social Safety Net Project 50.0 6.0 0 56.0 Chad Chad Safety Nets Project 5.0 5.0 0 10.0 Mali Emergency Safety Nets Project 70.0 10.0 1.0 81.0 Mauritania Mauritania Social Safety Net System 15.0 4.0 10.0 29.0 Niger Niger Safety Net Project 92.5 8.5 0 101.0 Senegal Senegal Safety Net Operation 40.5 11.05 51.6a 103.2 Total 273.0 44.55 62.6 380.2 NOTE: An additional contribution of €6 million from AFD has been received and is currently being processed, including allocations of €1.4 million to Chad, €1.4 million to Mali, and €2 million to Mauritania. a. Annually. In addition to direct support to national governments, the SASPP funds World Bank–led knowledge activities, technical assistance, and capacity building to support and inform policy dialogue, program design, and implementation. Since the social protection systems and programs in the Sahel are at a relatively early stage of development, a significant amount of World Bank–led assistance has been and continues to be required to complement and inform design and implementation. Moreover, since adaptive social protection is a frontier area, requiring a high degree of innovation and experimentation, intensive engagement between the World Bank country teams and the respective national governments is necessary in pursuit of the SASPP objective. The specific activities in each country are tailored to its own context and specific needs; these are detailed in chapter 3. Activities include, but are not limited to, poverty and vulnerability studies, policy dialogue, targeting assessments, systems and processes analyses, feasibility studies, policy notes, capacity-building initiatives, and impact evaluations. The SASPP also provides a regional platform that supports additional knowledge activities and increased coordination, knowledge sharing, and learning among the six countries. Where knowledge activities are concerned, regional-level support is provided by the SASPP to carry out analysis and research that may either be directly in support of one of the country engagements or regional in nature, with broader applicability across the six countries. The regional program structures its analytic agenda around key thematic areas common to the six countries as detailed in chapter 3, and the regional platform provides a means for increased learning among the SASPP 10 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 countries. Given that these countries are each tackling many of the same issues in the design and implementation of adaptive social protection programs and systems—and that innovations in one country are pertinent to all—the SASPP regional platform fulfills an important function in actively promoting coordination, knowledge sharing, and learning across the SASPP. The platform also helps ensure strong collaboration across sectors and institutions in support of SASPP activities. The regional platform leverages resources from across the World Bank’s Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice, drawing on global expertise and experiences in adaptive social protection design and implementation. The SASPP works collaboratively with colleagues from other sectors across the World Bank, with the regional platform drawing on expertise in disaster risk management, disaster risk finance, poverty, gender, health, climate change, and water from their respective Global Practices. SASPP collaborations extend beyond the Bank to include partnerships with the World Food Programme (WFP), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO) directorate-general of the European Commission, among other developmental and humanitarian organizations. To fuel such collaboration and disseminate information, the regional platform has supported presentations on SASPP-funded activities at numerous international, regional, and national forums and conferences held or attended by these partners. 2.3  Building on strong foundations: priority action areas going forward Four years into SASPP implementation, efforts to achieve the program’s long-term objective need to be accelerated. Access to adaptive social protection systems must be brought to an adequate scale. While notable progress has been achieved to date through the SASPP, household needs remain immense across the six countries. Addressing the sizable poor and vulnerable populations in the region will require ●● Increased coverage and expanded access to social protection in each country; ●● Increased access for this expanding set of core social protection beneficiaries to the already widely piloted resilience-building initiatives, bringing these early stage efforts to a larger scale; ●● Further innovations and investment in shock response so these systems and programs are more capable of meeting temporary post-shock needs, climactic and otherwise. Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 11 Significant resources will be needed to bring these interventions to adequate scale. While government contributions to the financing of adaptive social protection have been increasing since 2014 and are anticipated to increase further in the coming years in some countries, highly constrained fiscal resources across the region limit the amount of government financing available for investment in adaptive social protection—and highlight the continued need for donor support. Increased IDA-related financing and further contributions provided through the SASPP MDTF will be needed for continued progress toward the SASPP objective. Significant amounts of additional social protection–focused IDA financing is in the pipeline for the Sahel countries in the coming years. In Niger, for example, a new forthcoming IDA project for $80 million will support the objective of “improving the capacity of the Niger adaptive safety nets system to respond to shocks and to provide access for poor and vulnerable people to safety nets and accompanying measures” through 2025. Recent and forthcoming donor partner contributions to the SASPP MDTF are critical to ensuring continued progress. As noted, recent and forthcoming donor contributions from the AFD and the BMZ have extended the program’s life to 2025 and will be critical in helping cement the gains made to date through DFID financing. They will further help ensure that these interventions can be brought to a scale that better meets the vast needs of the underserved and vulnerable in the Sahel countries, and that resources are available—in tandem with IDA financing—for continued innovation and piloting of adaptive approaches. Such pilots will continue to be essential in enabling government and donor learning from experiences at the frontier of adaptive social protection implementation. Several priority areas for the MDTF for the coming years have been identified. ●● Continue building and strengthening sustainable national systems. Building and strengthening national social protection systems remains at the heart of the SASPP agenda and is central to realizing the SASPP objective. The program will support policy dialogue in the promotion of continued and expanding government ownership of the adaptive social protection agenda, realized through greater understanding of the need for adaptive social protection across government and growing shares of direct investment from the governments into these initiatives. At the same time, the SASPP will invest in strengthening social protection institutions in each country as the means through which to create stronger coordination and coherence within the sector, creating an institutional environment in which the ambitious adaptive social protection agenda and its interventions can function effectively and efficiently. 12 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 The social registries that have already proven so instrumental in supporting the implementation of adaptive social protection in these countries will remain a central pillar related to national systems. SASPP activities related to social registries will include identifying constraints to their expansion and exploring ways to effectively overcome these constraints. Also, the program will continue to invest in the monitoring capacity of each of the governments to ensure they have the means to lead the social protection sector with full information on all government and nongovernment initiatives related to social protection, to enhance coordination among interventions, and—by extension—to help improve efficiency in implementation. ●● Enhance the capacity of social protection systems to be more responsive to shocks. A central priority for the SASPP is the increased preparedness of country social protection programs and systems so they are able to respond to various types of covariate shocks. Through adequate preparedness, programs should be made sufficiently flexible to accommodate the specific needs of the affected poor and vulnerable populations. To ensure progress in this area, the SASPP will continue to intensively promote and support the development of shock-responsive capability, including through linking social protection systems with disaster risk financing and early warning systems to help improve planning and to trigger evidence-based responses in a timely fashion. ●● Explore options to address the current crises of forced displacement among households with adaptive social protection. The dramatic increase in the number of people affected by nonweather-related covariate shocks—such as the internally displaced people and refugees in the Sahel countries—is a major concern that needs to be addressed. Forced displacements due to security threats are among the shocks that primarily affect the poor and vulnerable in the Sahel. Threats to their lives have forced many households to abandon valuable assets and livelihoods, leaving them to lead a precarious existence—and in some cases to succumb to destitution. In consultation with various parties, the SASPP will seek to explore options to address the issue of forced displacement through adaptive social protection systems in Sahel countries. This will be supported by thorough analytical work and close collaboration with development partners. ●● Refocus, expand, and strengthen the knowledge base to support the SASPP in the coming years. Sustained investment in strengthening the knowledge base for adaptive social protection remains a key priority. Taking stock of four years of implementation, with new resources being contributed to the MDTF and the end date of the program being extended to 2025, the SASPP Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 13 is seizing the opportunity to refocus, strengthen, and expand the program’s knowledge base. Based on consultation with the SASPP country teams and donor partners, the analytic agenda is being refocused around seven core thematic areas to bring greater coherence and emphasis to issues that reflect the most pressing needs of the country teams and their government counterparts. These thematic areas, and the status of their respective undertaking, are shown in figure 2.6 and briefly delineated below. (More detailed descriptions of activities undertaken and planned in the thematic areas are in, respectively, chapter 3 and chapter 4.) 1. Analysis of poverty, vulnerability, and resilience. Resources will continue to be dedicated to analyses that provide policy makers and practitioners with a greater understanding of the drivers of household vulnerability and what makes them resilient in the Sahel. Such analyses are critically important in informing the design of adaptive social protection. The findings from these analyses have cross-cutting implications for the other thematic areas and will therefore support those areas with complementary analyses, as needed. 2. Sustainable national systems for adaptive social protection. This thematic area draws on a sizable body of knowledge generated to date by the country and regional teams related to the many building blocks that constitute sustainable national systems as the basis for adaptive social protection. These building blocks include, but are not limited to, policy dialogue on the benefits of investing in adaptive social protection and the necessity of increased government investment for their sustainability; public expenditure reviews to inform that dialogue; institutional FIGURE 2.6  Themes covered in the SASPP regional analytical program DEVELOPED UNDER WAY EMERGING STATUS A critical mass of research and Newly identified areas that Work has begun, but continued analysis exists from SASPP respond to emerging issues intensive and wide-ranging work carried out to date; and where country teams need analytical support from the ongoing work will fill remaining support from the regional regional platform is needed knowledge gaps platform going forward 1. Analysis of poverty, Shock-responsive safety nets 4. THEMES vulnerability, and resilience 7. Refugees and migration 5. Human capital Sustainable national systems 2. Governance, stability, and 8. 6. Productive inclusion, social cohesion 3. Productive inclusion, livelihoods, and resilience livelihoods, and resilience 14 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 strengthening, coordination, and capacity; increased capacity to monitor and assess program effectiveness; and the development of delivery systems, including social registries and their use in supporting adaptive social protection; beneficiary identification, selection, and registration. 3. Productive inclusion, livelihoods, and resilience. This thematic area will ensure that the ongoing pilots are carried out to a high technical standard and generate robust results, which will be disseminated widely within and outside of the Sahel. This thematic area is categorized as both developed and under way, in recognition of the substantial amount of work conducted so far—but also of the significant support required from the regional platform going forward for the continued evaluation and piloting of these interventions in each of the countries. 4. Shock-responsive safety nets. This thematic area responds to the needs of each of the six countries for sustained analytical support in the design and implementation of shock-responsive safety nets. Shock response is at the heart of adaptive social protection and the SASPP and this newly organized thematic area will bring together several ongoing workstreams that are intended to support the capacity of the national governments in implementing shock-responsive safety nets; this includes work streams related to disaster risk financing, early warning systems, and humanitarian linkages. 5. Human capital. Several of the Sahel countries are seeking to use their national social protection programs to extend provision of nutritional, health, and education support to the poorest families. The analytical work in this area will be aligned with the World Bank’s Human Capital Project, which is a global effort to accelerate more and better investments in people for greater equity and economic growth. More specifically, this area expands the evidence base on the determinants of malnutrition in the Sahel, expands evidence and learning on how to address demand-side constraints to nutrition and early childhood development, and rigorously evaluates the impacts of these measures. It also investigates pressing questions related to the effect of the SASPP on fertility rates in the six countries. Through a wider human development lens, the thematic area investigates the role of service delivery, focusing on supply-side systems in the health and education sectors for building resilience and responding to shocks alongside social protection in the Sahel countries. 6. Refugees and migration. This thematic area will broadly seek to understand how adaptive social protection can be leveraged to assist Chapter 2  Moving toward adaptive social protection in the Sahel 15 refugee populations and host communities. It will also investigate how the provision of adaptive social protection affects migration patterns within and outside of the Sahel. This thematic area will work in close collaboration with associated Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice initiatives on forced displacement and refugees and on strengthened humanitarian and development linkages. 7. Governance, peace building, and social cohesion. This thematic area intends to utilize regional financing through the SASPP to explore the extent to which social protection programs can contribute to social cohesion and mitigate the risk of conflict. It will also seek to understand how the delivery of regular support from governments influences citizens’ trust in or expectations from the state. This structure, together with the contributions of the new donors, ensures that the regional analytical program will be well situated in moving the SASPP toward meeting its objective through 2025. 3 Progress in FY18 In FY18, the SASPP continued to support increased access to adaptive social protection programs, extending to around 1.8 million people in the six Sahel countries. The number of beneficiaries exceeded the target for the year and is close to reaching the program’s original end target of around 1.9 million in FY19. From a baseline of zero persons in FY14, this represents a significant programmatic achievement. SASPP grant allocations and disbursements increased during FY18. Total contributions to the SASPP amount to $73,905,350, based on current exchange rates (another €50 million contribution from the BMZ is forthcoming in FY19). Of this amount, $60,280,420 has been disbursed by the development partners to the multidonor trust fund. Chapter 6 discusses the financial aspects of the SASPP in more detail. The rest of this chapter provides a detailed overview of activities undertaken in FY18. Section 3.1 provides a look at each country’s program activities, including the status of budgets and outputs, a summary of key initiatives (1) executed by the recipient country and (2) managed by the World Bank Bank-managed activities, and coordination with development partners and humanitarian agencies. Regional-level activities are summarized in section 3.2, with the discussion organized in line with the SASPP’s seven themes (see figure 2.6); information on activities in additional research areas and strategic staff deployment is also presented. 3.1  Country program activities During the fourth year of the SASPP, implementation of recipient-executed activities were strengthened, and activities are evolving in all six countries. Bank- executed activities resulted in a wide variety of analytical products and the launch of new ones. This section summarizes progress made in FY18 by each country. 17 18 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 19 BURKINA FASO TABLE 3.1  Burkina Faso SASPP budget and outputs at a glance Over the last decade, Burkina Faso has Name Social Safety Net Project enjoyed sustained economic growth, but $56 million (IDA: $50 million, SASPP the gains are not widely shared. Despite Total budget MDTF: $6 million) a decline in the poverty headcount ratio, the Number of Households: 56,576; recipients: 81,677; country’s absolute number of poor has increased, beneficiaries individuals: 442,416 as extreme poverty remains rampant in rural and Geographic coverage: 4 provinces in the geographic North region; 3 in the East; 2 in the Cen- areas. The nation is facing more frequent targeting ter East; and 1 in the Center West climate-related and other shocks, and food insecurity remains high. Around 40 percent of the Regular cash transfer: CFAF 30,000 ($5) for households with fewer than 5 chil- population live below the poverty line, according Amount and dren; CFAF 40,000 ($69) for households to a 2014 household survey, while the majority of frequency of with 5 or more children; quarterly for 3 payments years the population live near it—making them highly Shock-response pilot: CFAF 20,000 ($34) vulnerable and at risk of falling into the poverty 3 payments per year for 2 years trap in case of adverse events. Burkina Faso Payment Cash delivered through a microcredit is one of the least developed nations globally, modalities agency as well as mobile payments ranked 185 out of 188 countries by the Human Development Index (UNDP 2016), with some of the highest fertility rates in the world. The objectives of the Burkina Faso SASPP are to increase access of poor and vulnerable households to safety nets and to lay the foundation for an adaptive safety net system. SASPP activities involve financing activities that ensure the country’s safety net system can be rapidly scaled up to respond to crises and can foster the resilience of the poorest households. In parallel, the World Bank provides a range of nonlending support to the government through the SASPP; this includes poverty and vulnerability analysis, assessments, and technical assistance for strengthening institutions and systems for managing adaptive social protection programs, as well as studies on strengthening social protection programs for resilience. RECIPIENT-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES The Burkina Faso SASPP supports a total of 442,416 individuals (45,960 households) and 81,588 recipients across the North, East, Center East, and Center West regions in coordination with the Social Safety Net Project. In the North, the project expanded in FY18 to two additional provinces (Louroum and Passoré), with the first cash transfers made in February 2018, covering a total of 47,989 individuals (5,182 households). The SASPP has also supported the provision of accompanying measures to the North, as detailed in box 3.1. The 9th payment was made in February 2018 and the 10th payment in 20 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 May 2018 in the Northern provinces of Yatenga BOX 3.1  The impact of and Zondoma, with the transfers reaching accompanying measures in 85,081 individuals (8,803 households) and 15,015 Burkina Faso recipients. In the East and Center East regions, Accompanying measures on nutrition and early the first transfers were made in May 2018. In childhood development have been implemented in the the East region, the program covered 167,531 North since July 2016. According to program monitoring individuals (20,411 households) and 29,385 data, the majority of children in beneficiary households recipients. In the Center East, the program are following good nutritional age-appropriate practices, covered 107,370 individuals (16,746 households) with highlights following: and 20,095 recipients. ●● 92.4 percent of children younger than 6 months are The SASPP explored providing cash exclusively breastfed through a mobile money company. A noteworthy achievement in FY18 was to pilot ●● 92.1 percent of children 6–8 months old had some sol- this adaptive modality of cash provision in the ids the previous day Center West province of Boulkiemdé. The cash transfers were made in October 2017 and March ●● 92 percent of children 9–23 months old had eaten at 2018 through a mobile money company to least four of seven possible nutritional categories the 34,445 individuals (5,434 households) and 7,612 previous day recipients. A package of productive activities, which is aimed at strengthening the resilience of poor and vulnerable The project is exploring how to identify and households and covers at least 5,000 beneficia- select villages that are highly vulnerable ries, is being tested in 10 provinces throughout to food insecurity through an early warning the country, including 4 in the North. system. Worldwide, climate change and natural disasters are increasingly causing more frequent and severe droughts and intensified environmental degradation, with the poorest at increased risk of food insecurity. In Burkina Faso, these droughts particularly affect pastoral and agropastoral areas. In response, the SASPP established a partnership with the early warning system team of the Ministry of Agriculture so as to develop a methodology to identify and target the country’s most food-insecure areas. The methodology will be tested to identify and select villages in the Boulkiemdé province, which is particularly vulnerable to food insecurity. Currently, the most affected households receive seasonal support through cash transfers. The project pilot-tested the provision of identity cards to 1,200 beneficiaries. The identity card can serve as an important proof of identity that can allow people to own land, get an education, or receive social services. Ensuring that project beneficiaries have identity cards is also a crucial aspect of increasing project efficiency. In this regard, in the region of Boulkiemdé, 1,200 beneficiaries received joint support from the project implementation unit, the Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 21 payment agency, and the civil registration services to obtain an identity card. This is a key pilot experience that needs to be evaluated and then extended to all project beneficiaries. BANK-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES In FY18, the grant supported two main analytical efforts: a social safety nets assessment and a targeting study. The social safety nets assessment aims to: (i) identify social safety nets gaps by assessing whether the programs offered meets the needs; (ii) assess the overall social safety nets performance; and (iii) contribute to a consolidation of expenditure. The targeting study aims to compare the most used targeting methodologies in Burkina Faso, which are proxy means testing, household economic analysis, and self-targeting. Using data collected to evaluate the Safety Net program Burkin-Naong-Sa Ya, this study assesses and compares the effectiveness of the three methods in selecting poor and vulnerable households. These two analytical efforts are still ongoing and are expected to be finalized by December 2018. Their results will be shared with government counterparts as well as partners in a workshop that is planned for the last quarter of 2018. Technical assistance has mainly focused on improving the program’s information system as well as providing support for the establishment of a National Social Registry of Beneficiaries (NSRB). As a first step toward the establishment of the registry, a technical committee has been established to work on the harmonization of questionnaires for data collection. In addition, the Comité National pour la Protection Sociale and the cash transfer program have started discussions to draft a roadmap for development of the social registry. COORDINATION WITH DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS AND HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES Strategic coordination between government agencies and donors improved in Burkina Faso during FY18. As noted, the project implementation unit established a partnership with the early warning system team of the Ministry of Agriculture to develop a methodology to identify and target the most food- insecure areas; established a technical committee to work on the harmonization of questionnaires for data collection as a first step toward the establishment of a social registry; and started discussions with the Comité National pour la Protection Sociale to draft a roadmap for the development of the social registry. 22 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 23 CHAD Chad is a large, sparsely populated country, where, according to World Development Indicators, 38 percent of the population lives beneath the $1.90/day poverty line and all regions are affected by malnutrition. It has some of the lowest human development indicators in the world, and nearly half the population is illiterate. The country is highly vulnerable to climate variations, particularly rainfall variability, increased desertification of arable land, and drought. Chad has a tenuous security situation. Its refugee population, which is equivalent to over 3.5 percent of its total population, is the third largest in the world, according to the UN Refugee Agency. Although relative poverty decreased between 2003 and 2011, the absolute number of people living in various degrees of poverty has increased with population growth. Access to critical social protection programs and services is extremely limited and is mostly delivered in the form of emergency safety nets. Chad ranked 185 out of 188 countries on the 2016 United Nations Human Development Index. The objective of the Chad SASPP is to contribute to the establishment of an effective, sustainable, and long-term safety net system, with the capacity to expand and adjust in response to shocks. Chad’s social protection program was initiated in 2016, based on funding from both the SASPP multidonor trust fund and IDA, contributing $5 million respectively. The institutional and implementation arrangements this finance is supporting will contribute to a more coherent safety net that, when fully established, will be able to adapt and TABLE 3.2  Chad SASPP budget and outputs at a scale up to respond to changing needs. In FY18, glance the AFD contributed an additional $1.16 million Name Projet Pilote de Filets Sociaux through the SASPP to further scale up the cash $10 million (IDA: $5 million, SASPP MDTF: transfer program and to design, implement, and Total budget $5 million) conduct an impact evaluation of its productive Cash transfer beneficiaries accompanying measures. Number of • Logone Occidental region: 4,650 beneficiaries households Building on the SASPP-IDA project in Chad, and • Bahr-el-Gazel: 1,550 households geographic a new IDA project targeting refugees and targeting Cash-for-work beneficiaries the communities that host them is being • N’Djamena: 9,000 individuals (goal) developed. This $60 million project is six • Cash transfer: CFAF 15,000 ($26) per times larger than its parent safety net project, month per beneficiary for 2 years; paid Amount and quarterly in recognition of Chad’s vast needs related to frequency of payments • Cash for work: CFAF 1,200 ($2) per day displacement. The government of Chad, together for 80 days (one cycle) per beneficiary; with the World Bank, has decided to use the paid every 20 days robust delivery systems developed under the Payment Cash through a payment agency for cash safety net project and the SASPP to deliver this modalities transfers and cash-for-work programs 24 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 project and related assistance to targeted households. This forthcoming project provides an excellent opportunity to scale up development of Chad’s registry and reach out to more poor and vulnerable people in various regions of the country. RECIPIENT-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES The Chad SASPP supported around 37,200 individuals (6,200 households) through the cash transfer program and another 5,600 individuals through cash-for-work interventions. The cash transfer program is a pilot initiative in the Bahr-el-Gazel region in the Sahelian zone and the Logone Occidental region in the Sudanian zone. Households supported by the program have children under the age of 12 and/or pregnant women; they receive cash transfers of CFAF 15,000 ($25) every three months, which cover approximately 50 percent of their food needs. Major progress has been made in developing a comprehensive safety nets delivery system, including the establishment of targeting, registration, and payment mechanisms. A Labor Intensive Public Works program aims to provide 9,000 individuals with work opportunities. The beneficiaries mainly live in poor urban and semi-urban areas in N’Djamena; they receive training and supervision so they are able to carry out the various activities while taking social and environmental safeguards into account. To invest in the human capital of this and future generations, a package of accompanying measures has been developed with a focus on early childhood development, including early childhood stimulation, health, nutrition, and education. Important progress was made toward the establishment of a National Social Registry of Beneficiaries. A formalized, harmonized questionnaire was developed and used to collect data, with the participation of government and humanitarian actors. This progress was largely due to strong collaboration between all safety net stakeholders in the country. Through the registry, the SASPP is supporting a transformative public good that can also be used by other programs. The registry improves the effectiveness and impact of the safety net system by providing a mechanism to identify and more accurately target poor and vulnerable households. The collection of socioeconomic information helps avoid duplication. BANK-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES In FY18, the SASPP supported analytical work and technical assistance that contributed to the development of mechanisms to make Chad’s safety net system more responsive to shocks, while promoting resilience building. The analytical work contributed to moving the policy dialogue on the social protection agenda forward, while the technical support contributed to overall project progress. Through technical activities, the Bank also supports the development of existing plans outlined in the government’s National Social Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 25 Protection Strategy, currently being tested under the IDA Safety Nets Pilot Project. The SASPP activities will continue to support the development of critical social protection components and solutions in a very low-capacity environment. The Bank also assisted the government in designing and developing service delivery instruments and operational building blocks that can be used for implementing and coordinating safety net programs. The Bank activities played an overarching role in the monitoring and coordination of overall project implementation, including the recipient- executed activities, and played a key role in project progress. The work included reports, technical assistance, and capacity building. Completed and ongoing activities include the development of an identity management framework in support of social protection, a targeting methodology applicable to the Social Safety Nets Project, an environmental and social management framework, development of a payment landscape assessment, a report on early childhood development accompanying measures, and production of a registry operations manual. Bank-executed activities also focused on shaping adaptive safety nets to address vulnerability; this included mapping all safety nets, a qualitative study on the social dynamics of poverty and vulnerability, and a preliminary note on vulnerability in Chad. COORDINATION WITH DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS AND HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES In FY18, development and humanitarian agency partnerships and coordination were strengthened in Chad. Crucially, the government and all key safety net actors such as ECHO and the WFP participated in building the National Social Registry of Beneficiaries. The country’s achievements and progress to date are largely an outcome of these collaborations. Among other things, these efforts led to the joint development of a harmonized questionnaire—the data collection tool that serves as the first element of the registry-building process—and of a registry manual and procedures. Humanitarian nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), including the Sahel Alliance, harmonized the scoring of their targeting tool (household economic analysis) through a national workshop to enable full use of the questionnaire for data collection in their programs and contribute to registry setup. Knowledge and experience from other countries was capitalized on in many areas. For example, a successful South-South collaboration with the Mauritanian government, financed through the SASPP, contributed to building Chad’s management information system. By adapting the Mauritanian system, the Chadian government is capitalizing on existing experience, thereby saving resources and time. 26 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 27 MALI Mali remains one of the poorest countries in the world, with a highly volatile economy attributable to various political, economic, and natural shocks. While Mali experienced an overall drop in the national poverty rate from 50.9 percent in 2001 to 41.1 percent in 2010, regional differences persist, with 90 percent of all poor living in rural areas concentrated in the south.1 Political instability, fluctuations in world market prices for agricultural products, and erratic rainfall have negatively affected the country’s economy and contributed to poverty. Facing instability and food insecurity, large parts of the Malian population are vulnerable and struggle to survive. Household food stocks have been dwindling continuously for the past four years and are now at low to moderate levels all over the country except in large production areas. The effects of droughts, TABLE 3.3  Mali SASPP budget and outputs at a floods, and pests are worsened by climate change glance with significant impacts on food security in 2016, Emergency Safety Nets Project 2017, and 2018—potentially increasing the number Name (Jigisemejiri) of food-insecure households and malnourished $81 million: IDA ($70 million), government children. Mali ranked 175 out of 188 countries on Total budget ($1.0 million), SASPP funding ($10 million) the United Nations Human Development Index for 2016. Number of • Cash transfers: 1,508 households beneficiaries • Public works and • Income-generating activities: 8,204 ac- The objective of the Mali SASPP is to provide geographic tivity groups predictable social safety nets to poor and targeting • Shock response: 30,000 households food-insecure households. A $10 million SASPP • Cash transfers: quarterly grant complemented the IDA Emergency Safety • Income-generating activities: one pay- Frequency of Nets Project (Jigisemejiri). The grant contributes payments ment to increasing resilience and expanding the • Shock response: one payment; CFAF 1.8 million geographic scope of the project in Mali, where the volatile fiscal and security situation has led to an increase in poverty and overall vulnerability. In FY18, the SASPP grant in Mali contributed to an adaptive social protection system in numerous ways, such as through programs for resilience and by leveraging partnerships with nongovernmental actors. Steady progress in Mali toward SASPP and IDA project objectives contributed to the approval of an additional $52 million IDA grant in July 2018. The project also received an additional $1.4 million SASPP grant from the AFD in FY18. These resources will further protect and promote the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable Malians by scaling up existing activities. Because of Jigisemejiri’s flexibility and 1  Source: World Bank, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mali/overview. 28 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 ability to rapidly address shocks, the project will also address food security emergencies in times of crisis. RECIPIENT-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES The Mali SASPP implemented cash transfers and income-generating activities despite the country’s fragile context. FY18 accomplishments built on those from FY17 amid a fragile situation that at times hampered program implementation. While substantial progress was made in the implementation of cash transfers and income-generating activities in FY18, the labor-intensive public works experienced a slight delay in implementation mainly because of issues involving the procurement of goods. The SASPP targeted potential beneficiary groups for a total of 8,204 income-generating activities. These activities are designed to support groups of poor small and subsistence agriculture households enrolled in the National Social Registry of Beneficiaries in engaging in more productive income-generating activities, thereby helping to build their resilience. The project plans to undertake 10,000 such income-generating activities. NGOs provided training and technical assistance and helped beneficiaries develop basic business plans that accounted for the local context. The beneficiaries select activities, with input from the supporting NGOs; the most frequently selected income-generating activities include small-scale farming and agriculture, small- scale trade, livestock, poultry, and crafts. BOX 3.2  Mapping program activities in Mali Despite the highly volatile situation and security concerns, four rounds of cash The project implementation unit developed a web- transfers have been distributed. These site that maps the program’s overall activities at the transfers have gone to 1,508 beneficiaries in regional, district and communal levels. the Gao region and 1,492 beneficiaries in the Youwarou (Mopti) and Nianfunke (Tombouctou) regions. The SASPP carried out a sensitization campaign, set up targeting committees in communes and villages, collected data, and registered beneficiaries for the cash transfers. Since it proved challenging to find an accredited payment agency to deliver the cash to the beneficiaries, the project is currently exploring working through the Common Framework of NGOs. See http://jigisemejiri.org. The labor-intensive public works/cash-for- work activities undertaken in FY18 included the Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 29 identification and selection of 300 microprojects. The aim is to provide direct income support to poor BOX 3.3  Consolidating local statistics households, while supporting at-risk youth in conflict- affected areas. The identification/selection was A website that consolidates important information conducted in two phases by a team comprised on poverty, vulnerability, climate change, disaster, of representatives from municipalities, NGOs, and human capital was developed with input from the local government, and communal and village planning and statistical units of all Mali’s ministries. The committees. The program is expected to support technical unit of the Social Registry of Beneficiaries then the implementation of 400 microprojects. Eighty updated the site in line with information it had collected. selected microprojects have been validated by The finalized website was presented during the National the project implementation unit targeting 5,000 Social Protection conference in October 2017. Since workers. However, the procurement of goods ministries will be in charge of updating the data, a has delayed implementation until after the two-day training session for them was conducted rainy season. Accompanying measures to raise in August 2018. See www.malidataviz.com. awareness about nutrition, hygiene, and girls’ education are being delivered by NGOs to both beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries (who make up more than a third of the participants) in selected communities. BANK-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES Bank-executed activities have contributed to the development of mechanisms to make Mali’s safety net system more responsive to shocks and have promoted resilience building among the vulnerable. Much was accomplished in FY18, building on FY17 achievements. Accomplishments of Bank-executed activities included both technical assistance and knowledge development, as highlighted below. ●● Produced a report comparing proxy means testing and household economic analysis targeting methods. The report captures the convergence/divergence of the two methods and analyzes their respective performance compared to a reference theoretical targeting method. It was completed in March 2018 and found that, overall, proxy means testing is more robust for identifying poor households. The findings of the report were disseminated at a workshop organized by the Bank and hosted by the National Directorate for Social Protection and Economic Solidarity in November 2017; this was attended by development partners, NGOs, and government agencies. A follow-up was undertaken to analyze the situation in Gao. Given the volatile security context in Mali, the proxy means testing approach was not implemented on the entire population, but only on households initially identified as very poor by the household economic analysis method. 30 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 ●● Assisted in the design of a strategy for scaling up safety nets in response to shocks. After the committee members collected data related to the missions, sources of funds, and types of crises covered by government agencies and development partners, the next step was to produce a diagnostic report and undertake a study tour in a country with a scalable program (Kenya). The aim was to prepare a strategy based on the findings, but the process was delayed: initially due to long discussions between actors stemming from overlaps in their missions, and later because of a two-month- long strike among social workers. The committee members decided to contract with an international consultant to consolidate the collected data into a diagnostic report. This activity will be finalized in FY19. ●● Assisted in the development of the National Social Registry of Beneficiaries and training of the technical unit. The program supported activities carried out by the registry technical committee and its steering committee. The registry contributes to an organized, effective, and coordinated approach to social protection programs. The technical committee drafted a law creating a national agency to manage the social registry and a decree establishing the agency’s organization and functions. Both documents will be reviewed by the social registry steering committee. A training session was held in May 2018 in Koulikoro to explain the functionality of the registry platform to the technical unit. ●● Supported implementation of the new social protection strategy through training and capacity building. Approximately 200 government officials, NGO staff, community members, and municipal staff received training on targeting methods, how to assess income-generating activity proposals, and how to identify and select assets that can support community resilience (labor-intensive public works). The quarterly sessions of the project’s national technical committee provide a channel for government officials to learn about, discuss, and contribute to the development of social protection in Mali. The SASPP supported the government in developing the terms of reference for evaluation of the strategy action plan (2016–18) and for elaboration of a new action plan (2019–21). ●● Supported the development of a harmonized questionnaire. A questionnaire was developed by the technical committee and validated by the steering committee, and is being used in the field by NGOs and the Jigisemejiri project. It is used to collect data on new households that join the program and to update data on already registered beneficiaries. Having commonly shared data on all current beneficiaries of social programs will contribute to improved coordination, reduction in duplication, etc. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 31 ●● Produced the Social Protection Financing Diagnostic. The diagnostic study aims to assess the financing structure of select social protection programs and to provide recommendations on how to improve spending efficiency and the fiscal sustainability of the system as a whole. The study entailed a comprehensive mapping of revenues and expenditures and analyzes the various sources of financing for social protection including domestic resources, external support, and social security contributions. The findings were presented in November 2017 to several government ministries and development partners including UNICEF, the WFP, FAO, ECHO, and Oxfam. ●● Conducted an impact evaluation of cash transfers and accompanying measures. The impact evaluation is still ongoing and aims to test the relative effectiveness of interventions (cash transfers plus nutrition supplementation, cash transfers plus accompanying measures, cash transfers plus accompanying measures plus nutrition supplementation). It is being conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute. The data were collected in FY17 and FY18, and analysis is under way. ●● Supported the preparation and organization of the third National Social Protection Conference. The conference served as a platform for knowledge exchange and for exploring an improved way forward in the social protection sector. The SASPP funds also enabled Mali government representatives to participate in both the Francophone Community of Practice on social protection and the South-South Learning Forum 2018. This involved the participation of government officials in the regional community of practice on safety nets in West and Central Africa in April 2018, and of two officials from the Ministry of Solidarity and Humanitarian Action and the Food Security Commissariat (CSA) in the South-South learning forum on adaptive social protection in February 2018. COORDINATION WITH DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS AND HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES Coordination with development partners and humanitarian agencies was strengthened in Mali in FY18. This includes the development of coordination mechanisms between the SASPP, Jigisemejiri, the WFP, and the CSA for a more coherent shock response. With SASPP support, Jigisemejiri and the WFP initiated a memorandum of understanding that defines how they can coordinate activities to implement the Zero Hunger initiative in Jigisemejiri areas of intervention. The partners will work closely on the development of the social registry and on a plan of institutional capacity strengthening for the government to manage its social 32 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 protection system. The partners will support the BOX 3.4  Coordination in government in establishing a shock-sensitive pursuit of household resilience in social protection system by combining tools and Mali interventions. The Mali SASPP grant has supported two innovative collaborations to strengthen the resilience of poor and Multiple activities are being undertaken jointly, vulnerable Malian households in both the short and lon- including the provision of computer equipment ger terms. to the Ministry of Solidarity and Humanitarian Action as part of registry implementation, ●● Tripartite collaboration between the Jigisemejiri capacity building for officials in charge of project, the WFP, and the CSA to scale up cash solidarity and humanitarian actions, support transfers and food distribution in at-risk zones. of registry data collection in WFP areas of This collaboration resulted in a rapid-response mech- intervention, and support of operational anism combining food distribution and cash trans- articulation of social safety nets and prevention/ fers. Jigisemejiri and the WFP are increasing their crisis response interventions. collaboration beyond emergencies to cross-support their interventions in support of the Zero Hunger Ini- Additionally, in July 2018, a workshop was held tiative in Jigisemejiri areas of intervention and coordi- in Sikasso to discuss how Jigisemejiri, the WFP, nate capacity building for local governments. and the CSA could collaborate to support poor and vulnerable households in need of food ●● Enrollment of the first 563 beneficiary house- assistance in areas identified by the cadre holds in voluntary medical scheme income-gen- harmonisé as at risk. As detailed in box 3.4, erating activities. After three years of cash transfers strong coordination with partners has also been and free health insurance, the program supports crucial to implementing activities related to graduation through participation in income-generat- building household resilience. ing activities to support income. Enrollment in the vol- untary medical scheme contributes to the resilience of beneficiary households and supports their graduation. This is in line with the government’s plan to progressively expand universal health coverage. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 33 34 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 MAURITANIA A gateway between Sub-Saharan and Northern Africa, Mauritania is a desert country that is increasingly subject to the effects of climate change. As little as 0.5 percent of its land is considered arable, yet it is rich in natural resources. Mauritania has experienced sustained economic growth and seen a sharp decline in its poverty headcount—from 44.5 percent of its population in 2008 to 33 percent in 2014.2 Despite this progress, some groups have been left behind, such as youth, women, and low-income workers. Only 55 percent of children age 6–11 are enrolled in primary school, and one-third of households live in precarious housing. The nation’s development remains a challenge: in 2016, Mauritania ranked 157 out of 188 countries on the Human Development Index. The objective of the Mauritania SASPP is to TABLE 3.4  Mauritania SASPP budget and outputs at support the establishment of key building a glance blocks of a shock-responsive national social Name Mauritania Social Safety Net Support safety net system. The SASPP also provides targeted cash transfers to extremely poor and Total: $29 million; IDA: $19 million; SASPP: Total budget $4 million; government: $10 million vulnerable households through productive activities, as well as the scale-up of a national • Cash transfers: 21,000 households Number of social registry of beneficiaries. The grant—which • Cash for work: 1,750 individuals beneficiaries is allocated to adaptive social protection–specific • Shock response: 3,500 households activities—has complemented IDA and government • Cash transfers: UM 1,500 ($43) per counterpart resources within the integrated safety household per quarter over 5 years Amount and net system project. • Cash for work: UM 9,000 ($250) one- frequency of time payment payments • Shock response: UM 2,400 ($68) per In FY18, both World Bank- and recipient- household per month for 4 months executed activities contributed to supporting a systematic adaptive social protection approach. The activities and programs were based on adaptive social protection principles and the strengthening of five mechanisms (figure 3.1. The SASPP grant supported linking of the five key mechanisms—all of which contribute to a more effective and shock- responsive safety net system. RECIPIENT-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES The Mauritania SASPP supported three main instruments: a national social registry and two social safety net programs. All key building blocks of Mauritania’s safety net system are now in place, and project indicators are in 2  Source: World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mauritania/overview. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 35 FIGURE 3.1  Shock-responsive safety net system 1. Early warning system 2. Response plan 3. Targeting mechanism Objectives Objectives Objectives Definition of affected areas Definition of intervention modalities (trig- Timely identification of households to Definition of the vulnerable population gers, activities, areas support ratio Coordination and M&E framework Definition of severity 4. Delivery programs and tools 5. Shock financing strategy Objectives Objectives Implementation of the response to shock Rapid mobilization of funds for beneficiaries line with the SASPP results framework. These three instruments are supported by the IDA project and the SASPP recipient-executed activities and are currently in the scale-up phase. Their implementation status is described below. Through development of a national social registry of beneficiaries, the SASPP is supporting a transformative public good that can also be used by other programs. The registry was further expanded in FY18, and numerous actors, including humanitarians, are now using it. Data on 65,450 households had been collected as of July 2018, with a year-end goal of 100,000. Following an SASPP Bank-executed study, the government decided to increase the quota of households to be registered from 150,000 to 200,000. The registry improves the effectiveness and impact of the social safety net system by providing a mechanism to identify and more accurately target poor and vulnerable households. The collection of socioeconomic information also helps avoid duplication. Thus far, 66 percent of households have a complete set of data. The community targeting phase and household data collection phases have been completed. The National Social Transfer Program (Tekavoul) has begun scaling up its activities, expanding its geographic coverage and increasing the number of beneficiaries to 21,000 households as of the first half of 2018. Tekavoul provides support to the poorest households during a five-year program cycle and promotes investments in the human capital of children and economic inclusion. The program is implemented by the Tadamoun Agency. The first area targeted was M’bout (December 2016). The program then expanded to Kankossa and Ould Yenge (second half of 2017) and Sellibabi, Ghabou, and Barkéol (first half of 2018). The objective is to reach 25,000 households. Data collection for a baseline impact assessment have been completed, with the midline scheduled for the second half of 2019. 36 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 The shock-responsive Safety Net Program Elmaouna analyzes and defines the areas most affected by climate change, while the social registry helps identify the households that are most vulnerable to climate change and shocks. Some 3,500 households benefited from cash transfers during the lean season (June–September 2018). The program is implementing its second phase to support the governmental response to recent devastating drought. The program is implemented by the Food Security Office, using the social protection tool—the Tekavoul payment platform—to provide cash transfers. Several coordination meetings have been held with humanitarian actors (WFP and NGOs) to harmonize modalities and intervention areas. The midterm review, in March 2018, highlighted the government’s strong commitment to achieving the project’s objectives and ensure the sustainability of social protection systems, programs, and tools. The Food Security Office has also developed a management information system (based on the Tekavoul system) to register beneficiaries for the Elmaouna program (including photos) and follow up on payments. BANK-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES Analytical work on SASPP contributed to policy dialogue on adaptive social protection and helped improve understanding of poverty and vulnerability in Mauritania. This work included the analysis of patterns and drivers of vulnerability and poverty map design, a food price formation study, selection criteria to identify households vulnerable to shocks, and the design of a social promotion component to reinforce household resilience to shocks with an emphasis on children. The following activities have contributed to the development of mechanisms to make Mauritania’s safety net system more responsive to shocks, while promoting resilience building among the most vulnerable. ●● Completed work on designing adaptive measures to promote resilience. This technical work included the design of components of regular safety nets that can help households build resilience to shocks while reducing negative coping strategies. An impact evaluation baseline data collection that focused on cash transfers, social promotion, and productive activities was completed during the first quarter of 2018. The experimental impact evaluation will increase understanding of the impact of these interventions including in terms of household resilience building. In March 2018, the Bank—jointly with the European Union program RIMRAP and Save The Children—carried out a study on pastoralism in Mauritania to better understand constraints in access to basic services and registry inclusion among pastoralists. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 37 ●● Identified and strengthened the five mechanisms that contribute to a shock-responsive safety net system in Mauritania. Mauritania country engagement continues to focus intensively on the development of a shock- responsive safety net system. As shown in figure 3.1, five core components of such a system have been defined, around which the Bank-executed activities are structured. In terms of delivery programs and tools, the grant continued to support implementation of the shock-responsive safety net program (Elmaouna) through technical assistance, including in support of the response in FY18 described in the recipient-executed activities. ●● Developed an adaptation of early warning systems to trigger social protection responses to crises. Work on this fundamental pillar of a shock-responsive system was ongoing in FY18; support included technical work to understand whether the early warning system is sufficient for use by social safety nets in order to identify whether improvement was needed. The grant, jointly with the WFP, contributed to the desegregation of outcomes at the district level—which in turn enabled more accurate definition of vulnerable areas affected during the 2018 lean season. This will support the forthcoming analysis of the early warning system methodology. A previously conducted inventory revealed that, despite the existence of numerous early warning systems, systematic data collection was rare. The inventory was complemented by analysis of risk factors and indicators; this was then used to inform the design of the shock-responsive program. The findings will inform policy dialogue and help improve the national early warning system. ●● Continued development of a response plan for increased coordination. Steps have been taken toward better coordination in the establishment of a permanent shock-response system. The institutional and operational mechanism is nascent, and coordination between governmental and nongovernmental actors has been limited to date. In FY18, however, the Food Security Office called for two meetings with humanitarian partner representatives to coordinate and harmonize the Elmaouna intervention to avoid overlap and ensure that the areas in most need of help were covered. The endeavor for better coordination and support to establish a permanent shock-response system will continue to be a priority in the coming year. ●● Continued the promotion and development of use of the registry as a targeting mechanism, with recommendations for registry expansion endorsed by the government. The grant is promoting the National Social Registry of Beneficiaries to be used as an effective and timely tool for selecting and targeting households during shock responses. In June 2018, the WFP and Bank teams launched a study aimed at defining the procedures required to 38 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 enable optimal use and scale-up of the registry. The Bank carried out analytical work on expanding the registry to include more vulnerable households. The analysis recommends including an additional 50,000 households in the registry (appropriately distributed by commune, taking into account hazard vulnerability and exposure indexes). The findings were discussed with the government during the first quarter of 2018, and the decision to include the additional households within the registry was endorsed by the project strategic committee in April 2018. The forthcoming AFD contribution will enable inclusion of these additional households into the social registry (see chapter 4). ●● Completed a shock financing diagnostic study and presented its findings to the government. A shock financing diagnostic study, which highlighted drought impact on household welfare in particular, was finalized and presented to the government. The study helped facilitate a dialogue on the development of a shock financing strategy. Recommendations were shared on the development of a disaster risk financing strategy. The government expressed strong interest, and a formal request is needed from the Ministry of Finance to define a roadmap for a shock financing strategy. In this case, the SASPP grant would support the analytic work to underpin the strategy during FY19. COORDINATION WITH DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS AND HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES Bank-executed activities have supported efforts to enhance coordination and collaboration on adaptive social protection with humanitarian actors in the country. This coordination was strengthened during FY18. The Bank and the WFP decided to continue to carry out analyses jointly, regardless of which agency finances them. Most of those analyses have been carried out through participative processes, including with government and other relevant stakeholders, allowing for a coordinated approach. Early in 2017, the World Bank, the WFP, and Action Contre la Faim initiated a consultative group to reinforce coordination and dialogue on an early warning system and shock-response plan and held regular meetings throughout FY18. The African Development Bank joined the group in early 2018 and will support the upcoming Africa Disaster Risk Financing Program in Mauritania. Furthermore, the WFP has decided to put adaptive social protection at the heart of its Mauritanian strategy and use it as a comprehensive framework for its operations in the country. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 39 40 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 NIGER Niger is one of the poorest and least developed nations in the world. It is prone to chronic food insecurity and suffers from frequent shocks, including natural crises such as droughts, floods, and locust infestations. Security threats at its borders and continuously low commodity prices expose Niger to grave macroeconomic risks. With GDP per capita of $895 (in purchasing power parity, constant 2011 dollars) in 2015, according to World Bank data, Niger was the sixth poorest country in the world. In 2016, it ranked second to last (187 out of 188 countries) on the United Nations Human Development Index. With an estimated population of 21.5 million in 2017, Niger has one of the highest population rates in the world (3.9 percent annually). Moreover, the nation hosts over 300,000 refugees fleeing crises and political instability in their own countries. The economy is exposed to severe climate shocks that hinder its economic performance, undermining the achievement of the World Bank’s twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Between 1984 and 2010, Niger experienced eight years of negative growth rate; drought was largely responsible for six of them. The objective of the Niger SASPP is to establish and support an effective and adaptive safety net system that will increase access of poor and vulnerable people to cash transfer and cash-for-work programs. SASPP activities consisted of building a safety net system, which includes cash transfers and cash for work. The activities also support developing measures to help build the resilience of the poor and most vulnerable and building mechanisms to make the country’s TABLE 3.5  Niger SASPP budget and outputs at a safety net system more responsive to shocks. glance SASPP-financed analytical work has been Name Niger Adaptive Safety Nets Project instrumental in contributing to the overall adaptive Total: $101 million; IDA: $92.5 million; social protection policy dialogue. In addition, it Total budget SASPP: $8.5 million provided support to the National Institution for • Cash transfers: 98,747 the Prevention and Management of Food Crises Number of • Public works: 50,256 households to allow the government to monitor and evaluate beneficiaries • Productive inclusion: 10,000 all safety net interventions within the country, • Shock response: 4,691 manage information on shocks and the impact of shocks, and develop response forecast-based • Cash transfers: $20 per month, paid monthly financing and risk financing tools. • Public works: $2.50 per day, paid bi- Amount and weekly frequency of RECIPIENT-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES payments • Productive inclusion: $150, one-time payment The Niger SASPP supported numerous activities • Shock response: $20 per month, paid that can be categorized into three main themes: monthly Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 41 building a safety net system, cash transfers for resilience, and cash for work. These activities are described below. ●● The grant provided overarching support to the National Framework for the Prevention and Management of Food Crises (Dispositif National de Prévention et de Gestion des Catastrophes et des Crises Alimentaires; here referred to as the Dispositif). A study was produced that focused on (1) strengthening the monitoring and evaluation unit at the head of the Dispositif, and (2) establishing a management and information framework within the Dispositif. A detailed action plan was drafted and validated by the steering committee, led by the government. The preliminary results were discussed with all stakeholders. These results helped in the management of information, and helped the stakeholders better define and coordinate support to the Dispositif. ●● A public good, a National Social Registry of Beneficiaries, is currently being set up, led by the government. Two decrees have been issued to set up both a registry steering committee and a technical working group. In addition, a harmonized questionnaire to be used in establishing the registry was adopted by all stakeholders at a national workshop organized by the Dispositif in May 2018. According to the recommendations from the workshop, the harmonized questionnaire will be tested under government leadership by all stakeholders to evaluate its practicality and estimate potential extra costs. ●● The management information system continued to evolve in FY18 and new modules were added to improve delivery quality. The data collection process greatly improved by moving from paper to digital form, contributing to an even more efficient system. All the main project activities benefited from these improvements. This noteworthy progress allows the safety nets project to play a role as a delivery platform for projects from other Bank Global Practices—including e-vouchers in the agriculture sector, the Climate Smart Agriculture Project (P153420), and the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (P158983). It also helps provide scholarships for adolescent girls within the Health and Population Project (P147638) to prevent early marriage. Project support focused on development of a data collection form as part of the e-voucher program, training of collection agents and supervisors, monitoring of field data collection, and development of the e-voucher platform with consideration of vulnerability criteria and household classification. ●● Cash transfers for resilience. The cash transfer program provides small, regular monthly transfers over a 24-month period to poor households in high-poverty and fragile areas to 50,000 beneficiaries. The program aims to provide consumption support and reduce food insecurity, as well as facilitate 42 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 investments in children’s human capital and in livelihoods among targeted poor households. ●● Support was provided in the design and successful implementation of accompanying measures for behavioral change. This was implemented in partnership with NGOs at the end of June 2018 in the regions of Dosso, Maradi, Tahoua, Tillabéry, and Zinder. Additional financing allowed the project to extend its interventions in the regions of Agadez, Diffa, and Niamey. By the end of FY19, it will target 10,000 households already involved in cash transfer activity. ●● The productive inclusion agenda is being implemented with the support of the regional SASPP team in the Sahel, as well as members of Trickle Up, GERME/ILO, and Innovation for Poverty Action. By the end of July 2018, most of the elements in the support package had been delivered to beneficiaries. Sensitization activities on aspirations and social norms were completed in May 2018, and life skills training is being finalized. Coach training on facilitating access to inputs has been completed in all regions. In addition, capital injection for the villages of the “early” group was completed in July 2018. Capital injection into the “late” villages was planned by September 2018. Coaching of beneficiaries and supervision of productive activities are planned to continue for a few months after the last cash transfer takes place. ●● Emergency cash transfers were successfully distributed to 4,691 households in the Diffa and Agadez regions. The Diffa region is under pressure from refugees, returnees, and an internally displaced population fleeing insecurity due to Boko Haram; the Agadez region is struggling with a pastoral crisis. The tool was designed to allow the project to better respond to shocks. It was first tested in Diffa, reaching 2,456 households; and was then extended to Agadez, where 2,235 households have received 5 payments out of 12 planned. ●● During 2017–18, 250 new cash-for-work microprojects further contributed to improving the living conditions of vulnerable communities (48 percent are women). Some of the FY17 work slipped into FY18, and the specific needs of each site had to be evaluated. As a result, the program began providing village-level accompanying measures to contribute to the sustainability of the microprojects (including community-level sensitization on land and property rights, land degradation, and resilience). For the first phase in 2018, the implementation situation varied from one region to another. In the Tillabéry, Tahoua, Maradi, and Zinder regions, physical work is ongoing; in Dosso, microproject files are being validated by the Subregional Committees for Disaster Prevention, Management, and Food Crisis. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 43 BANK-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES To draw lessons from project interventions, the following activities were conducted in FY18:3 ●● Initiated steps to conduct a public expenditure review on social protection. Data collection for the Social Protection Public Expenditure Review in Niger began in July 2018 with the visit of an international consultant recruited by the Bank. A small team comprising the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Dispositif, and the Bank was set up to support the consultant in collecting information. The team is involved in all stages to ensure ownership and sustainability. A national consultant will be recruited to assist with data collection/analyses. ●● Conducted a process evaluation of accompanying measures to inform the design of the second IDA-funded project. This will enable drawing lessons on implementation of the behavioral accompanying measure within the initial project phase to inform future project design. The process evaluation on accompanying measures to draw lessons for SASPP Project 2 preliminary results are available and have been discussed with counterparts (September 2018). ●● Conducted two studies on cash transfers on their targeting and their impact on prices. As part of the targeting study, a follow-up survey was conducted on a subsample of households interviewed for the baseline survey. The main objective of the follow-up survey was to learn whether and why different targeting methods may result in more (or less) satisfaction by different types of individuals, leaders, and groups. The price study aims to assess the impact of the cash transfers on food item prices and availability at the village level. This price study followed the same protocol set up for the targeting study. It focused on the sample of 162 treatment villages chosen for the targeting study. ●● Undertook an impact evaluation on the cash-for-work component. After three years of cash-for-work interventions by the Safety Nets Unit (Cellule des Filets Sociaux), 386 microprojects were built under this component in 45 communes and 5 regions. Within this context, a Bank cash-for-work impact evaluation team aims to assess the physical state and usage by communities of cash-for-work microprojects one, two, and three years after the intervention; 3 Additional Bank-executed work in FY18 includes the completion of final reports on the monitoring and evaluation unit of he Permanent Secretary of the Dispositif (May 2018) and on the information management unit within the Dispositif (July 2018). 44 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 and the impact of accompanying measures on the maintenance and use of the microprojects as well as on household resilience. ●● Conducted workshops on adaptive social protection. A national workshop to validate the harmonized questionnaire was conducted in May 2018. Another workshop on Adaptive Social Protection—Information for Strengthened Resilience (ASPIRE) was held in July 2018 in Niamey, where an action plan was developed for continuation of ASPIRE activities in Niger. It was hosted by the Direction de la Météorologie Nationale with the objective of bringing social protection and climate stakeholders together to discuss how climate information could inform decision making within adaptive social protection in Niger. COORDINATION WITH DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS AND HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES Coordination in FY18 was mainly geared toward the the National Social Registry of Beneficiaries and supporting the Dispositif. Coordination between the numerous social safety net actors continued to be a key priority in setting up an adaptive social protection system. Regarding the Dispositif, coordination among the humanitarian actors and various stakeholders was further strengthened; the conclusions and recommendations from the related study greatly contributed to this. With regard to registry development, members of the technical working group participated in the process from the beginning and were fully represented in the national workshop on the harmonized questionnaire. Discussions are ongoing with ECHO and ECHO-funded NGOs to coordinate testing of the questionnaire and its use in data collection in safety net settings for both humanitarian and development actors. The data will feed into the registry and will be used by all actors to target future safety net beneficiaries. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 45 46 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 SENEGAL Senegal made steady gains in reducing poverty during the early 2000s, but this progress stalled in the second half of the decade, with 46.7 percent of the population in poverty as of 2011.4 In 2014, the government adopted a development plan to address the country’s low growth and weak poverty reduction, and established a Social Protection Delegation attached to the presidency to ensure leadership in formulating and coordinating social protection policies and interventions. At the heart of the country’s development plan lies a system of social safety TABLE 3.6  Senegal SASPP budget and outputs at a net programs that address chronic poverty and glance support households vulnerable to shocks. Two Name Senegal Adaptive Social Protection instruments form the foundation of this plan: the Total: $51.6 million; IDA: $40.5 million; National Social Registry of Beneficiaries, which Total budget SASPP: $11.05 million includes information on the country’s poorest households; and a conditional cash transfer Number of • Cash transfers: 300,000 beneficiaries • Shock response: 8,200 program that provides regular financial and educational support to the poorest segment of • Cash transfers: CFAF 25,000, quarterly the population over a period of at least five years. Amount and • Productive inclusion: CFAF 80,000, one frequency of off Both instruments are currently implemented payments • Shock response: CFAF 45,000, monthly across all Senegal’s villages and neighborhoods, for 3 months covering 30 percent of households. RECIPIENT-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES The Senegal SASPP has continued to support the National Social Registry of Beneficiaries, a transformative public good that can be used by other programs. Initially targeting 450,000 households across the country, the registry is now updating and expanding its data to include all poor households in the country. The Bank led an evaluation of the reliability of community targeting before this expansion began. The evaluation showed that the targeting had managed to include poor households in the registry (85 percent of households sampled were poor) and that the households were poorer than those outside the registry. However, it also found that a high number of poor households in the targeted communities had not been included in the registry, which could be due to limitations of the quota approach. Community targeting in the 10 remaining regions began in September 2018 as well as a survey in the four regions already covered. Several ministries, including those for agriculture and livestock, expressed an interest in using the tool for their programs during a workshop that was organized to share information about the registry. 4  Source: World Bank, http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/SEN. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 47 An evaluation was conducted of the response to shocks mechanism pilot, and the results were BOX 3.5  The demonstration effect of a more efficient, presented to stakeholders. A special operation coordinated response to food funded through the government budget took place insecurity in Senegal in February 2018 to respond to food insecurity in the Mattam and Podor regions. The response During the summer of 2017 a pilot was initiated aimed used the registry to target beneficiaries and was at demonstrating how the National Social Registry of distributed in the form of cash transfers. Further Beneficiaries, the operational platform of the condi- food-insecurity responses took place in July and tional cash transfer program, and the payment system August 2018. The prime minister’s office directed could be used together to respond more efficiently to use of the registry in targeting and distributing food insecurity. The SASPP supported the food security cash transfer benefits. A pilot for responding to response and implemented a pilot project in two of the bush and other accidental types of fires using six areas targeted by the response. the same mechanism began in July 2018. A lifeline for many. An additional 8,175 households benefited from temporary cash transfers. The targeting Productive safety nets activities began in phase relied heavily on the National Social Registry of FY18. A lottery was held in January 2018, with Beneficiaries database and was validated by community beneficiaries identified in February and March. members. Social workers affiliated with the conditional Initial staff training on savings group creation cash transfer program trained and supervised commu- and management took place in April and May. So nity members throughout this process. far, half of the savings groups have been created and have begun training. Training of master Quick turnaround. The targeting phase took only two trainers on life and business skills has been weeks. Once it was done, cash was transferred through carried out, as have community sensitizations. a mobile money operator and was available to families Some delays were experienced in activity within 24 hours. The pilot was a success. The total oper- implementation partly because of difficulties in ational costs of the response were 6.5 percent of total implementing a rigorous impact evaluation. cash transfers—including the cost of external evaluation. BANK-EXECUTED ACTIVITIES Ripple effect. The results of the external evaluation were positive and broadly disseminated to government, Bank-executed activities aimed to support donors, and NGO stakeholders. As a result of this positive building household resilience and responding to experience, the government decided to use the registry shocks: and operational platform to implement an operation in ●● Prepared a note to better understand the Mattam region in February 2018. Here too, the first vulnerability in Senegal. Most analysis cash transfers were paid within two weeks after the pertaining to an understanding of vulnerability order was given to the Social Protection Del- in Sengal was conducted in FY17, with a egation to implement the response. synthesizing note drafted in FY18 that highlighted the key take-aways from the various analyses and presented some conclusions pertaining to operational implications. 48 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 ●● Strengthened the early warning system to trigger social protection responses. The objective of strengthening the existing early warning systems is to better anticipate shocks that are relevant for social protection responses, estimate their impacts, and anticipate the most precise location that will be affected by shocks so as to inform the response. Substantial progress was made in this regard in FY18, but continued and intensive policy dialogue with stakeholders is critical. ●● Improved program design or adaptability to promote resilience. These activities focused on the operational design of programs that can be used to respond to disasters and to more effectively address the structural causes of vulnerability and promote greater resilience and adaptation for the poorest households. This pillar was implemented satisfactorily in FY18 and all related activities are expected to be completed in FY19. ●● Facilitated sectoral policy dialogue. This pillar supports a broader set of activities to engage the government, support capacity building on the main elements of adaptive social protection among key actors in Senegal, and strengthen the capacity of implementing agencies to design and implement programs. It also supports broader analysis of social protection beyond safety nets, which can help inform revision of the National Social Protection Strategy. COORDINATION WITH DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS AND HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES Coordination with development partners and humanitarian agencies was strengthened in FY18. The Bank has been co-leading the donor coordination group on social protection since July 2018. In this capacity, the Bank organized one meeting on adaptive social protection and presented the approach and results to the other donors. The Bank has since made adaptive social protection a recurring topic of the meetings where donors could exchange information. The Bank worked closely with humanitarian NGOs so they could help improve the grievance mechanism of the National Safety Nets Program. ACTED conducted a diagnostic of the grievance mechanism January–March 2018 and supported the Social Protection Delegation in piloting a helpline. The recipient-executed activities are financing the costs of the pilot. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 49 3.2  Regional programmatic activities The regional analytic agenda is being refocused and consolidated into several core thematic buckets. In previous annual reports, regional activities were tracked along the thematic areas of impact evaluation; beneficiary identification, selection, and registration; gender; vulnerability and resilience; nutrition; public works; water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and productive inclusion. Based on consultation with World Bank country teams, the analytic agenda has been reoriented around seven core thematic areas to bring greater coherence and focus to the most pressing needs of the country teams and their government counterparts. These areas and the respective stage of their development—developed, under way, or emerging—are discussed in chapter 2 and illustrated in figure 2.6. The remainder of this section realigns FY18 regional activities to this new programmatic structure, focusing on those that are either developed or under way; emerging issues are discussed in chapter 4. 1. Analysis of poverty, vulnerability, and resilience Much of the work in this area has focused on providing a better understanding of the drivers of household vulnerability and what makes households resilient in the Sahel. Resilience is here considered the ability to avoid becoming poor or food insecure in the face of adverse shocks as based on factors such as distance from the poverty line, probability of exposure to shocks, and correlations between shocks and poverty or food security. The SASPP work has increased understanding in the region of the frequency of exposure to shocks, correlations between shocks and household livelihoods, and what groups are particularly vulnerable. Work in Niger, for example, has focused on identifying the coping mechanisms households employ to be resilient in the face of shocks, particularly in rural areas reliant on rain-fed agriculture. Analyses of vulnerability have been completed—and published—in Burkina Faso, Chad, and Senegal. By extension, the work conducted under this thematic area is leading to a better understanding of the kinds of interventions that will help build household resilience to shocks, as well as shedding light on core parameters for shock response, including when to respond and with what kinds of assistance. In FY18, work has been initiated to synthesize the findings of these studies into a regional report. This report will summarize lessons learned in terms of the risks faced by households in the Sahel; their sources of vulnerability to these risks; how they report coping with the impacts from these shocks when they materialize, including through social protection; and understanding of household resilience to shocks. The synthesis report will also identify gaps in the 50 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 literature and country-level understanding that need to be addressed under this thematic area going forward. 2. Sustainable national systems for adaptive social protection The studies and analyses mapped to this thematic area support a wide range of activities aimed at the development and strengthening of sustainable national systems as the foundation for adaptive social protection. These building block activities include policy dialogue on the benefits of investing in adaptive social protection; institutional strengthening, coordination, and capacity; the development of delivery systems, which include social registries and their use in support of adaptive social protection; beneficiary identification, selection, and registration; impact evaluation; and program design features, including for public works. Beneficiary identification, selection, and registration. The main objective of activities in this subthematic area is to improve the mechanisms used for identifying potential beneficiaries among poor and vulnerable households, and in so doing contribute to the targeting strategy of the SASPP countries. Work focuses on addressing key data constraints and knowledge gaps to improve geographic- and household-level targeting, and generation and dissemination of knowledge products. Substantial progress has been made in filling key targeting knowledge gaps through the generation of analytic pieces focused on the following: ●● Comparing humanitarian and development approaches to targeting (Niger; see box 3.6) ●● The efficiency, legitimacy, and impacts of different targeting methods as assessed through a randomized study (Niger) ●● Use of the social registry and synergies with humanitarian and development methods (Senegal) ●● Combined approaches to targeting (Mali) ●● Efficiency and acceptability of humanitarian and development methods (Burkina Faso) ●● Effectiveness of a social registry in targeting as assessed through process evaluation (Senegal) ●● Identification of cash transfer recipients within a household (Niger) Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 51 BOX 3.6  Evidence from humanitarian and development approaches in identifying beneficiaries Adaptive social protection systems need to reach different groups of households, including those suffering from persistent poverty as well as those affected by shocks. Which methods are most suitable to identify these subpopulations remains an open question and is subject to frequent policy debates. SASPP activities on beneficiary identification have provided new insights into this question. An empirical study in Niger compared the performance of the targeting methods most commonly used by humanitarian and development actors in the Sahel region: proxy means testing (PMT), household economic analysis (HEA), geographical targeting, and combined methods. PMT and HEA can more effectively identify households suffering from persistent poverty and transient food insecurity, respectively. Specifically, PMT presents 29 percentage point (pp) fewer inclusion errors than HEA based on persistent poverty rates, but 18 pp greater inclusion errors than HEA based on transient food insecurity. Geographical targeting can play a crucial role, especially in dealing with food crises, which are largely covariate in nature. Particularly, assuming perfect information, a pure geographical approach targeting food-insecure areas could substantially reduce inclusion errors (based on transient food inse- curity) relative to a full universal approach or the HEA approach: 30 pp versus 12 pp. Given advances in technology, early warning systems that can identify shock-affected areas in a timely manner have a large potential to improve the effectiveness of beneficiary identification. This study illustrates that there is no single best-performing targeting method in absolute terms. Combi- nations of geographical, PMT, and HEA approaches may be considered in identifying households suffering from persistent poverty and transient food insecurity as part of an efficient and scalable adaptive social protection system. The choice of method should depend on—among other factors—on the program-specific welfare objective, the distribution of welfare (between and within targeted areas), cost, timing constraints (under emergency situations), and the coverage rates achievable under binding budget constraints, lead- ing to optimized program impacts. Rather than focusing on identifying one optimal targeting method, actors trying to develop adaptive social protection systems may emphasize the consolidation of infor- mation across programs through mechanisms such as the social registry. The use of the registry by government, humanitarian, and development actors could facilitate better coordination across programs, while allowing the effective application of alternative targeting methods. Research undertaken within this thematic area is informing important operational decisions and contributing to countries’ policy dialogues. A stock-taking exercise is under way, whose aim is to summarize the evidence on targeting aspects, including but not limited to evidence generated through the SASPP. It will also aim at determining priority research areas to address remaining knowledge gaps. A dissemination plan and event(s) will be prepared for the resulting detailed report and short policy note. 52 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Impact evaluation. The SASPP provides support and advice to country teams on impact evaluations and expanding the portfolio of impact evaluations in strategic areas where additional evidence on elements of adaptive social protection systems is needed. As detailed in section 3.1, impact evaluations are at different stages of development and implementation in the various countries, partly reflecting country program maturity and readiness for evaluation. These SASPP-supported impact evaluations aim to contribute to building the knowledge base in the region on the effectiveness of adaptive social protection program components in improving resilience, risk coping, and risk management. Public works. This subthematic area supports implementation of cash-for- work programs in the Sahel with technical assistance to promote innovations for building successful programs and community-level resilience. Several countries are delivering or designing cash-for-work activities, with the effort in Niger being the most established initiative, with activities carried out over the past five years. 3. Productive inclusion, livelihoods, and resilience Several countries are testing how to build household assets and skills so they may move out of poverty and become more resilient to shocks. This includes designing the package of support to be provided to households, establishing robust impact evaluations to monitor the benefits of this approach, and providing continuing support to governments pursuing this approach. The aim of this set of activities is to ensure that pilots are carried out to a high technical standard and generate robust results, which will be disseminated widely. In the regional analytical program snapshot (figure 2.6), this thematic area is categorized as both developed and under way, in recognition of the substantial amount of work conducted so far—but also of the significant support required from the regional platform going forward for the continued evaluation and piloting of these interventions in each of the countries (box 3.7). In FY18, SASPP-supported social safety net programs continued to provide for productive accompanying measures adapted to the needs and constraints of social safety net beneficiaries. This work builds on efforts begun in FY17 when a diagnosis and consultation phase was conducted to inform the design of the accompanying measures, based on a series of surveys and exchanges that took place across the SASPP countries. At that point, six constraints were identified as both cross-cutting and actionable: access to capital, technical and business skills, access to markets (inputs and outputs), social norms, psychosocial and aspirational constraints, and capacity to manage risk. Based on the most promising interventions gleaned from the Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 53 international literature, local experiences, and the practical knowledge of the various stakeholders who took part in the collaborative reflections, a package of accompanying measures was set up. This package addresses all household constraints while building on local synergies for implementation. Work on implementation of the package has progressed during FY18 at both the regional and country levels. The regional activity is providing operational support for the development BOX 3.7  Productive of core materials for the package. Technical leads accompanying activities in the have been identified and partnerships put in Sahel place to develop implementation manuals Policy makers in the Sahel are looking for solutions for each of the measures in the package. A on how best to complement cash transfer programs partnership with Trickle-Up was established with productive accompanying measures to further max- in the previous fiscal year for coaching and imize impacts on household earnings and resilience. Pro- facilitating savings groups; this was supported grams that complement cash transfers with productive by a contribution from the Wellspring interventions that promote livelihood diversification can Philanthropic Fund to Trickle-Up, complementing raise household earnings, and facilitate income smooth- its direct contribution to the SASPP. A ing and resilience. To this end, the SASPP is looking to partnership with CESAM was established facilitate investment in the income-generating activities for microentrepreneurship and behavioral carried out by social safety net beneficiary households. skills training. Experienced international The focus is to increase the productivity and income consultants are supporting the development generated by these activities, as well as support income of materials for community sensitization on smoothing and diversification—all to help households aspirations and social norms and facilitation cope with risks and shocks, including climate shocks. of market access. The first training on the Periodic cash transfer programs targeted to poor house- package, focusing on savings facilitation, took holds are one of the core interventions in social pro- place in Niger in FY17; implementation is now tection systems in the Sahel. Traditional cash transfer under way is approximately 240 villages. In programs are scaling up fast in each of the six countries. FY18, implementation began in Burkina Faso, While regular cash transfer programs can have a range Mauritania, and Senegal after completion of a of productive impacts, international evidence suggests baseline survey. Local constraints compelled the that additional interventions addressing a wider range Mali team to take a slightly different approach; it of constraints can be combined with cash transfer pro- is implementing a variation of the package. grams to further improve impacts on household produc- Progress has been made in FY18 in tivity and resilience. For instance, recent international the implementation of an ambitious, evidence on graduation programs points to the need to multicountry impact evaluation. Supported unlock multiple constraints simultaneously to improve by the Wellspring Philanthropic Fund, the productive capacity and lift households out of poverty. research aims to assess the effectiveness of Programs can only maximize impact if they tackle the productive accompanying measures delivered constraints that bind households and prevent them to cash transfer beneficiaries to improve their from engaging in more productive activities. earnings and resilience. It is being conducted 54 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 through a large-scale, multicountry randomized control trial, and the final output will consist of a publishable report and research paper. The activity will also produce operational learning on how to design graduation packages tailored to safety nets beneficiaries and implement them through large-scale government-led programs. 4. Shock-responsive safety nets This thematic area responds to the needs of each of the six countries for sustained analytical support in the design and implementation of shock-responsive safety nets. As noted in chapter 2, shock response is at the heart of adaptive social protection and the SASPP. This thematic area brings together a set of workstreams that are intended to support the capacity of national governments to implement shock-responsive safety nets. This area draws on expertise from disaster risk management, disaster risk finance, and climate change teams from within the World Bank. Their expertise is applied to developing workstreams on forecast-based action, including through the use of early warning systems as triggers for safety net responses, and the use of disaster risk finance to ensure that adequate resources are available for timely dispersal to beneficiaries once a response has been triggered. Forecast-based financing. This subthematic area supports integration of climate risk management into social protection programs in the Sahel, with a focus on innovations on forecast-based action. Many climate-related hazards such as storms, floods, and droughts can be predicted, often including estimates of their location, intensity, probability, and duration. When combined with information on the relative exposure and vulnerability of people and assets, it is possible to identify at-risk populations, making early action possible. Forecast- based action for shock-responsive safety nets seeks to generate information on hazard, vulnerability, and exposure with nutritional data, market prices, and other indicators of food security to help social protection practitioners understand better when to act to limit the impacts of a crisis, thus reducing suffering and the costs of recovery. The World Bank has partnered with the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre. To date, the team has undertaken rapid regional and country (Mali and Niger) scoping studies, which provide an overview of key actors, opportunities, challenges, and recommendations for implementing forecast-based action strategies within social protection. ●● Mali. The concept of forecast-based action was introduced through national-level dialogues. While this generated strong interest among national Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 55 stakeholders, the scoping study identified limited absorption capacity of country programs to incorporate new activities; therefore, subsequent efforts in Mali have been postponed. ●● Niger. Following a positive scoping study, an in-depth analysis was conducted to identify key actors and assess indicators related to food security as well as vulnerability and exposure to natural hazards. A June 2017 workshop supported the national government in its efforts to build a more effective, comprehensive system for climate and disaster risk management. Subsequently, the government requested World Bank support in convening ministers and key decision makers to raise awareness of the importance of cross-sectoral interventions for climate risk management, including social protection. In 2018, a rapid institutional mapping and analysis on early warning systems in Niger was undertaken (including who produces, stores, or analyzes exposure or vulnerability data) as well as on the humanitarian, social protection, climate information, resilience, and disaster risk financing sectors. The World Bank team conducted a review of existing studies relevant to the project’s areas of work, and a review of options for a user-producer engagement interface. Looking ahead, work in Niger will include technical assistance, awareness- raising, and stakeholder engagement activities. The work will have a particular focus on technical assistance to scale up early action through social protection, and to understand drought risks to enhance early action through social protection. The work will improve awareness of adaptive social protection through high-level events or panel discussions as well as regional (or cross-regional) meetings of experts on linkages between early warning systems and social protection systems. Lastly, the work will provide support for forecast-based early action for agropastoralists—a clear gap in the social protection response architecture. Disaster risk financing. In FY18, the SASPP leveraged technical contributions from the World Bank’s Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) Program to support the development of shock-responsive safety nets. The DRFI team is deployed through the SASPP to assist in developing understanding of financial costs of shock responses, as well as strategies for ensuring adequate resources are available to fund those responses through a variety of financial instruments. The DRFI team has begun work to adapt systems developed in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda that use insurance-like principles for shock-responsive social protection financing to the Sahelian context, with pilots in Niger and Senegal. 56 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 ●● Niger. With support from the DRFI team, the SASPP is supporting the development of a disaster risk financing component of the $80 million IDA Niger Adaptive Safety Nets 2 project, which is currently under preparation. This component will test an innovative mechanism to scale up the cash transfer system in response to a shock. It will deliver emergency support for a period of up to 12 months to vulnerable households in areas identified as affected by a shock based on predefined rules and triggers. The ability to rapidly scale up cash transfers is expected to prevent household consumption from dropping after disaster shocks and to protect their livelihoods and assets, reducing both short- and long-term humanitarian impacts, and facilitating more rapid postcrisis recovery. Complementary technical assistance will aim at extensive capacity building to ensure the sustainability of the scalability system, including organizational capacity building and the development of a collaboration mechanism between government and other stakeholders; training for key government stakeholders on topics related to risk financing including data analysis, index definition, and designing the rules governing the scale-up process; and analysis to explore system expansion to other types of shocks. ●● Senegal. With support from the DRFI team, the SASPP has developed a policy note summarizing the findings of the early warning system review and a costing analysis conducted over the past fiscal year. This note will be presented to the government to further policy dialogue. Going forward, the team will focus on developing a financing plan for the shock-responsive safety net, providing a review of possible financing instruments to support scale-up of the safety net in the event of a disaster. 5. Human capital Several of the SASPP countries are seeking to use their national social protection programs to extend provision of nutritional, health, and education support to the poorest families. This thematic area expands the evidence base on the determinants of malnutrition in the Sahel; expands evidence and learning on how to address demand-side constraints to nutrition and early childhood development; and rigorously evaluates the impacts of these measures, with a view to support investments in human capital. Initially conceived as a thematic area that would focus on nutrition and early childhood development, this area will broaden its orientation going forward to cover other key aspects of human capital. In particular, its activities will be aligned to the World Bank’s Human Capital Project, which is a global effort to accelerate more and better investments in people for greater equity and economic growth. Chapter 3  Progress in FY18 57 The SASPP is continuing work to make its demand-side interventions nutrition sensitive, as well as building linkages with supply-side interventions. The SASPP seeks to expand the evidence base on determinants of malnutrition in the Sahel, including how these relate to consumption and food-security patterns—revealing key constraints to improved nutrition that demand-side interventions could address. The SASPP is promoting learning and generating evidence on how best to design and implement nutrition-sensitive demand-side interventions, in particular behavioral accompanying measures. Evidence is currently generated through a mix of process and impact evaluations in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Senegal. The SASPP is also encouraging stronger coordination with supply-side interventions in health and nutrition, as well as WASH. Additional areas of research supported by the regional platform in FY18 Besides the areas of thematic focus discussed above, the regional platform provides sufficient flexibility to pursue additional research agendas based on country demands and needs. In FY18, continued support was provided for activities related to gender and WASH (boxes 3.8 and 3.9, respectively). In addition to generating knowledge and analysis in support of the SASPP, a key element of the BOX 3.8  Gender regional program is to nurture cross-country The SASPP has designed and implemented learning both within the World Bank task several activities that seek to account for gen- teams and among the governments of the der-specific vulnerabilities and responses to shocks, six countries. The program supported the and to improve opportunities for women to access and attendance of government representatives benefit from safety net programs. This work is embed- from the SASPP countries at the South-South ded in country programs, Bank-executed activities, and Learning Forum in February 2018, which selected programmatic activities with support from the focused on Building Resilience through Adaptive World Bank’s Africa Gender Innovation Lab (GIL). Social Protection. The event was co-hosted by the government of Senegal, which led the Another important aspect of gender that will be explored proceedings and described its progress in in SASPP analytical work is gender-based violence. Over implementing adaptive social protection in the the last few years, the World Bank has increased its country. A representative from Niger provided a efforts to address gender-based violence more effec- plenary presentation on implementing productive tively in its operations. The Bank is now conducting ana- inclusion as a means to building household lytic work to generate lessons on effective prevention resilience to shocks. and response interventions at the community and national levels. The SASPP is connecting this The SASPP country delegates in attendance ongoing work to the Sahel countries. were able to draw on the expertise of over 58 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 200 social protection policy makers and BOX 3.9  WASH practitioners from around the world who have The Enhancing Household Resilience to Cli- been implementing adaptive social protection mate Vulnerability through Integrated Social Pro- in their own countries. Moreover, they were able tection–WASH Community-Led Interventions pilot to impart their path-breaking work on adaptive project features the distribution of chlorine-based social protection to these other countries, water treatment tablets and behavioral interventions. highlighting how far they have come in the It builds on the existing behavioral change component development of adaptive social protection of the Niger Adaptive Safety Nets Project. Behavioral relative to many of their peers. The work of the nudges around water treatment and quality are being SASPP was instrumental in framing the concept implemented to increase compliance and systematic of adaptive social protection that was presented use of water treatment as well as demand for sanitation. at the forum and that the World Bank now The initiative involved 125 randomly selected villages and uses globally in its adaptive social protection 30 control villages and ran from September–October engagements. 2017 through May 2018. Substantial progress was made in implementation of this activity: the Swiss Tropical and The SASPP supports strategic staff Public Health Institute and its national subcontractor, deployments to coordinate, support, and Réseau International Schistosomiases Environnement work closely with national, multilateral, Aménagements et Lutte (RISEAL)-Niger, have finalized and regional institutions. The aim of these the survey instrument and sampling. An implement- deployments is to build adaptive components into ing partner (Nigerien NGO Animas Sutura) was programs and systems. Improved coordination and identified in FY17, and modalities of behavioral support—and enhanced knowledge on what works interventions were discussed. for different partners—will strengthen multilateral and regional approaches in building social resilience in the Sahel. To ensure adequate country dialogue and engagement, local specialists have been recruited and act as focal points for the SASPP in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. In addition, a senior-level international regional coordinator was recruited in FY17 and is based in Senegal. 4 Plans for FY19 This chapter summarizes the SASPP’s work plan for the coming fiscal year (FY19), building on experience to date and lessons learned. Section 4.1 outlines planned country program activities, covering both those managed by the governments (recipient executed) and those managed by the World Bank (Bank executed); section 4.2 discusses forthcoming regional programmatic activities. 4.1  Country program activities Burkina Faso Recipient-executed activities. Recipient-executed activities will focus on continuing cash transfers—both regular and adaptive—as well as implementing productive inclusion activities as a means to building the resilience of the most vulnerable. Regular cash transfers will continue to be implemented in the North, East, and Center East regions. The second wave of adaptive cash transfers, to be implemented in the province of Boulkiemdé in the Center West region, is planned to start in May 2019. Implementation start of the productive activities is planned for FY19. Bank-executed activities. Bank-executed activities will focus on finalizing two ongoing activities and initiating two new ones. The ongoing activities are a study on targeting comparing proxy means testing and household economic analysis, which is expected to be finalized by December 2018; and a safety nets assessment, which will be presented in a dissemination workshop in December 2018. Descriptions of the two new activities follow: ●● Improvement of the early warning system, which will include a review of Burkina Faso’s current system to respond to catastrophic shocks and disasters; and an assessment of the system—with respect to partnerships, requisite building 59 60 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 blocks, constraints, and potential for improvement—that will directly inform the Social Safety Net Project’s adaptive component ●● Supervising detailed implementation of the randomized controlled trial of the accompanying measures package and preparation of the trial’s implementation supervision guide Chad Recipient-executed activities. Recipient-executed activities will utilize the AFD additional financing grant of $1.16 million. This additional financing will support (1) design and implementation of accompanying measures/productive inclusion for building household resilience, (2) an impact evaluation to assess the impact these measures are having on household-level outcomes, and (3) scale-up of the cash transfer program to additional households within existing project regions. Several ongoing activities will also continue, including the provision of intensive technical assistance to government implementation entities and the development and establishment of critical social protection systems, including the expansion of the Unified Social Registry. Bank-executed activities. Bank-executed activities will focus on supporting utilization of the AFD additional financing, as well as on full integration of the refugee and host communities agenda in the SASPP approach, in view of possible new inflows of refugees. Activities will also support the provision of technical assistance to the government, particularly on systems development and establishment—including countrywide expansion of the Unified Social Registry. Mali Recipient-executed activities. Cash transfers will continue to be provided to 3,000 beneficiaries, along with the provision of accompanying measures for at least 18,000 people as direct beneficiaries of cash transfers. The forthcoming cash-for-work program will extend 400 microprojects to benefit 20,000 adults registered in the social registry in selected communes. Lastly, cash payments will be made to 1,796 beneficiaries to launch their income-generating activities. Bank-executed activities. Bank-executed activities will support analysis, technical assistance, and knowledge sharing. Analytical activities will focus on finalizing the strategy report for scaling up safety nets. Technical assistance activities will include developing and launching the social registry, operationalizing the Mali data visualization website (www.malidataviz.com), and collaborating Chapter 4  Plans for FY19 61 with the CSA and the WFP to coordinate shock response. This latter initiative is expected to lead to a mapping of CSA, Jigisemejiri, and WFP intervention zones. Mauritania Recipient-executed activities. In FY19, Mauritania will support the Food Security Office’s implementation of the Elmaouna shock-responsive safety net program. During its first phase, the program provided 1,000 vulnerable households with cash transfers during the 2017 lean season; a second phase is under implementation to support households affected by drought during the 2018 lean season. Additional financing of approximately $2.3 million provided the AFD will enable program continuation and strengthening by implementing a third phase during the 2019 lean season through seasonal cash transfers for an additional 4,000 households. Additionally, the Social Registry will be expanded to include another 50,000 vulnerable households, increasing the number of households financed by the project to 150,000 (out of a revised target of 200,000). A concerted effort will be made to strengthen government expertise on the SASPP integrated approach through analytical work, staff training, a study trip to another participating country, and policy dialogue. Lastly, recipient-executed activities will support continuation of the ongoing productive activities package, which includes life skills training, community savings groups, one-time asset grants, and basic management training. Bank-executed activities. New and ongoing Bank-executed activities for FY19 in Mauritania are aimed at strengthening five mechanisms: ●● Early warning system, for which technical support will be provided, and a decision-support tool based on pluviometry and biomass anomaly will be designed and integrated ●● Response plan and coordination, with support jointly provided by the Bank, the African Development Bank, and the WFP to establish common standard operating procedures to design annual response plans to shocks; also, an analytical study to define relevant trigger thresholds to define intervention areas will be conducted ●● Targeting mechanism, with a joint WFP–World Bank study to be carried out on the use of the social registry as a targeting tool for drought shock response ●● Shock financing strategy, for which preliminary analyses will be conducted and a roadmap prepared for implementation of a government strategy for financing climate shocks 62 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 ●● Delivery programs and tools, for which technical assistance will be provided to design and supervise the Elmaouna program and the social registry; additionally, an assessment of lessons learned and best practices to improve the shock-responsive program will be carried out Niger Recipient-executed activities. Niger will continue to prepare the second phase of its Adaptive Safety Net Project, which will allow the government to continue providing social protection services for the country’s poor and vulnerable. This second phase will build on lessons learned through implementation and the several grant-financed evaluations conducted to date. Other recipient-executed activities will include (1) continuing to support the National Institution for the Prevention and Management of Food Crises so as to further enhance government coordination and leadership on safety net interventions; (2) continuing implementation of the Unified Social Registry by setting up a technical team and constructing a common database building on Safety Nets Unit modules and systems; (3) enhancing the management information system to allow for timely selection and payment of safety net beneficiaries; (4) increasing coverage of both regular and emergency cash transfers; and (5) continuing the ongoing cash- for-work intervention with the accompanying measures, with a view to making the work sites more productive and sustainable and to build resilience at the community level. Bank-executed activities. Bank-executed activities will mainly include finalization of the public expenditure review report, continuation of policy dialogue to define the trigger for scaling up safety net interventions in response to shocks, and implementation of an information management system framework. Senegal Recipient-executed activities. Recipient-executed activities will focus on completing the implementation of the Senegal Safety Net operation by June 2019. This will include recertifying existing beneficiaries of the National Safety Nets Program and enrolling new ones by June 2019; updating and expanding the National Registry; and supporting institutionalization of both the National Safety Nets Program and the National Registry. Implementation of a fire-responsive pilot is expected to be completed and evaluated by June 2019; support will be provided for the development and adoption of trigger mechanisms as well of a financing strategy. Assistance will be provided to reform the country’s food security response by shifting implementation responsibility to the General Delegation for Social Protection. Training on social protection will be provided Chapter 4  Plans for FY19 63 to the technical committee supporting the interministerial committee on social protection. Bank-executed activities. A wide range of Bank-executed activities are planned. Poverty and vulnerability maps will be superimposed on hazard maps to improve spatial understanding of household risks and vulnerability. The note on retrospective assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of targeting mechanisms will be disseminated. If new data become available, a proxy means test for selecting households vulnerable to food insecurity will be developed. Additional financing will support improvement of Senegal’s early warning system data collection. A proposal for a mechanism to trigger adaptive social protection responses will be designed, and the results of a simulation of annual costs of response disseminated and a draft financing strategy for responding to shocks prepared. Rules for temporary/emergency features for the National Safety Nets Program will be drafted, including a manual of operations for responding to food insecurity, a technical note on the appropriate amount for cash transfers in a food insecurity response, and a proposal on decision-making mechanisms to speed up the decision on launching the response to shocks. Measures to promote resilience will be identified, including reviewing a new strategy and set of operational processes for the National Safety Nets Program to increase the impact of communication activities aimed at behavior change. Interventions will be evaluated, including drafting of an impact evaluation of the recent fire response pilot using the cash transfer program. Also, support will be provided for drafting legislation on the National Registry and on the National Safety Nets Program. 4.2  Regional programmatic activities As detailed in chapters 2 and 3, the regional analytical program has been reorganized. Building on the analytical work conducted during the first four years of implementation, regional programmatic activities will continue to focus on five main thematic areas: analysis of poverty, vulnerability, and resilience; sustainable national systems for adaptive social protection; productive inclusion, livelihoods, and resilience; shock-responsive safety nets; and human capital. A priority will be to consolidate existing knowledge and ensure that it is disseminated appropriately within the SASPP to country engagements, and outside the SASPP to inform the wider global knowledge base on adaptive social protection. Going forward, the regional program will support continued analytical work to fill remaining knowledge gaps and remain responsive to country team needs in each of the critical thematic areas. 64 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Investment in these regional thematic areas will continue—and will be intensified in light of new donor contributions and extension of the SASPP end date. To this end, the program will either synthesize lessons learned so far—publishing them and disseminating them across the Sahel countries and beyond—or consolidate and further ongoing regional analytical work aligned to each thematic area. Thematic leads are being assigned to these areas and are defining work programs for the remainder of FY19 and beyond, with a focus on activities related to knowledge generation and dissemination around key research questions. New needs are emerging that will assume more relevance for the research agenda and engagement plans for FY19 and beyond. In particular, two thematic areas have emerged from consultation with country teams on issue areas they are increasingly called on to address through their SASPP engagements by their national government counterparts:1 ●● Refugees and migration. As outlined in earlier chapters, the number of forcibly displaced people in the Sahel has been growing. Country teams are increasingly being asked to respond to these household needs with the systems and programs they are developing through the SASPP and aligned IDA projects. Moreover, there is growing demand from country teams for support from the regional program in addressing forced displacement through adaptive social protection. While still nascent, this thematic area will broadly seek to understand how adaptive social protection can be leveraged to respond to refugee populations and host communities. It will also investigate how the provision of social protection support affects migration patterns within the Sahel. Groundwork has already been accomplished done through the ongoing coordination with development partners and humanitarian agencies in each country. Within the World Bank, there have been efforts to support low-income countries hosting large numbers of refugees and to help governments embark on ambitious reforms to adopt more inclusive approaches to refugees and host communities. Several IDA projects dedicated to supporting refugees and host communities with social protection—including the recently approved Chad Refugees and Host Communities Support Project—are forthcoming. SASPP analytical work on refugees and migration will enhance the synergies between the program and other Bank-related activities. 1 The precise titles of thematic buckets and content will be determined in FY19 as the thematic areas are further developed. Chapter 4  Plans for FY19 65 ●● Governance, peace building, and social cohesion. This area—while at a similarly early stage of development—broadly intends to utilize regional financing through the SASPP to explore the extent to which social protection programs can contribute to social cohesion and mitigate the risk of conflict. It will also seek to understand how the delivery of regular support from governments can influence citizen trust in, or expectations from, the state. Further conceptualization and initiation of both thematic areas will occur during FY19, and work plans will be developed. In tandem with the analytical agenda and outputs, emphasis in FY19 will be given to disseminating SASPP cross-country evidence and lessons as follows: ●● Communications. In FY19, the program is investing in the development of a multipronged communications strategy to fulfill three communication goals: (1) improving knowledge flow across the six countries of the SASPP; (2) improving knowledge flow between the regional program and the country programs; and (3) increasing program visibility to audiences outside the Sahel, sharing the wealth of innovative lessons pertaining to the design and implementation of adaptive social protection that the program is generating. This communications strategy will be defined, and its resultant activities initiated, during FY19. ●● Learning events. The regional program will continue to support South-South learning among the six Sahelian countries during FY19. These activities may involve government officials, World Bank staff, representatives from NGOs, etc. Concretely, this may include regional support to country-to-country learning missions to facilitate the flow of technical, innovative knowledge among the Sahel countries; within-country field trips to promote exchange of ideas and learning around program implementation; and national and international events such as panel discussions or conferences. The regional program will also leverage its global reach within the Bank to bring in country and technical experience from outside the region to support learning and implementation of the Sahel countries, as appropriate. During FY19 and beyond, the regional program will support a collaborative agenda between the SASPP and the WFP. Both institutions find significant potential in the alignment of their work related to adaptive social protection at the global level. As highlighted in section 3.1, there exists strong collaboration between SASPP and the WFP in the design and implementation of adaptive social protection in several Sahel countries. In coordination with 66 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 the BMZ—and enabled by the BMZ’s contribution to the SASPP—a joint work program with WFP is being developed, centered on further strengthening the collaboration in the Sahel. The joint program will produce, among other activities being explored, a series of case studies and a regional synthesis piece aimed at yielding recommendations for strengthening the partnership in the Sahel as well as humanitarian linkages with social protection. This work will commence in FY19. Lastly, the SASPP will support strategic staff deployments to coordinate, support, and work closely with national, multilateral, and regional institutions. In light of the BMZ contribution to the program and increasing demands for coordination with and support of local actors, the SASPP is exploring options for increasing the number of local staff dedicated to supporting program implementation on the ground, as well as of those dedicated to supporting delivery of the ambitious regional analytical program. 5 The SASPP results framework and targets This chapter details progress made in FY18 in achieving the targets set out in the SASPP results framework (see appendix A). The following analysis is based on overall targets—and revisions to these targets—as agreed to at the beginning of the current calendar year. It specifies whether the FY18 target was achieved for each indicator, providing a brief description where necessary to explain targets that were exceeded or not met. Overall achievement in FY18 was as follows: ●● For the targets of the 11 output indicators, 5 were exceeded, 5 were met, and 1 was not met. ●● For the targets of the four outcome indicators, one was exceeded and three were met. ●● For the targets of the two impact indicators, one was exceeded and one was not met. Following is a by-indicator analysis. Spending on social protection, including government and donor spending: Met. Governments of the six countries have respected their commitments to invest in social protection. World Bank Project Development Objective Indicator 1; DFID Outcome Indicator 2. Target: 0.6 percent; achievement: 0.6 percent. Capacity of countries’ social protection systems to implement adaptive social protection programs: Met. Important progress has been realized in all countries toward strengthening the capacity of their social protection systems to implement adaptive social protection programs, as the following examples illustrate: 67 68 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 ●● In Burkina Faso, the World Bank has supported consensus building around adaptive social protection. The building blocks of a national adaptive social protection system are being established in coordination with all stakeholders. ●● In Chad, government capacity has significantly improved due to its participation in multiple learning and exchange events and continued World Bank technical assistance in different areas. The government has established the building blocks of adaptive social protection, and some significant progress has been achieved in the development of a social registry. ●● Mauritania continued building consensus with all stakeholders, including humanitarian actors, on its national shock-responsive cash transfer program using the social registry to target beneficiaries and the cash transfer platform for the payments. At least 3,500 households are expected to benefit from the shock-response program by the end of 2018. ●● In Senegal, analytical work has contributed to the design and implementation of the shock-response pilot implemented July–September 2017. Targeting and cash transfers were based on the social registry. A policy note was developed to guide shock response based on the concept of adaptive social protection. World Bank Project Development Objective Indicator 2; DFID Output Indicator 1.1. Target: 3.5; achievement: 3.5. People benefiting from adaptive social protection programs supported by the trust fund: Exceeded. In Burkina Faso, the shock-response program in chronically food-insecure provinces reached more than 7,000 households during the fiscal year. In Chad, the program was implemented faster in the Logone occidental region, reaching more than 4,000 households; and the cash-for-work program was successfully implemented in the capital city. In Mauritania, the program was able to incorporate new regions during the first part of 2018. Niger and Mali nearly met their targets. World Bank Project Development Objective Indicator 3; DFID Outcome Indicator 1. Target: 1,792,534; achievement: 1,806,337. Government staff trained on social protection policy, delivery and M&E through the trust fund: Exceeded. Countries exceeding their targets included Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal. In Mali, around 200 government staff were trained during this year; in Senegal, 93 government staff participated in various capacity- building activities including in learning tours to Mauritania and Pakistan. Taken together, trainings have involved a wide range of topics including adaptive social Chapter 5  The SASPP results framework and targets 69 protection systems, building resilience, beneficiary identification methods, unified social registry, management information systems, electronic data, and public works. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 3; DFID Outcome Output 1.5. Target: 656; achievement: 879. Assessments of poverty, climate change risk and other vulnerabilities commissioned by the trust fund: Exceeded. Mauritania generated three such assessments during the past fiscal year, one of which is particularly innovative, as it addresses vulnerability among pastoralist households. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 4; DFID Output Indicator 2.1. Target: 18; achievement: 21. Evaluations, assessments and studies creating lessons from adaptive social protection programs supported by the trust fund – commissioned: Exceeded; published: Exceeded. Commissioned assessment targets were exceeded in Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and Senegal; but were not met in Mali. Published assessment targets were exceeded in Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal; but not met in Mali. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 5; DFID Output Indicator 2.2. Commissioned – target: 42; achievements: 49. Published – target: 43; achievement: 54. Knowledge exchange and dissemination activities supported by the trust fund – national: Exceeded; regional: Met. Target numbers were exceeded in Senegal. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 6; DFID Output Indicator 2.4. National – target: 40; achievement: 45; regional – target: 4; achievement: 4. Number of households receiving cash through cash-based interventions (transfers and public works) supported by the trust fund: Exceeded. Targets for cash transfer were exceeded in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Mauritania. They were not met in Niger and Senegal due to recipient implementation delays. Targets for public works were exceeded in Chad. They were not met in Mali, where the choice was made to implement the public works after the rainy season. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 8; DFID Output Indicator 1.3. Target: 68,614; achievement: 76,280. 70 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Adaptation-related community assets created/rehabilitated through support by the trust fund: Not met. Mali and Niger did not meet their targets. Progress in Mali on this indicator was hindered by the recipient’s decision to implement public works after the rainy season. It is hoped that a large part of the target will be achieved by the end of December 2018. Niger nearly met its target and expects full achievement by the end of December 2018. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 10; DFID Output Indicator 1.4. Target: 795; achievement: 319. Government-led social protection programs that incorporate adaptation and risk reduction: Met. All countries have met their targets. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 11; DFID Output Indicator 1.2. Target: 11; achievement: 11. Percentage of children under 5 who are underweight: Exceeded. The share of underweight children remained relatively stable over the year with a slight decrease in Burkina Faso and Mali. World Bank Impact Indicator 1; DFID Impact Indicator 1. Target: 24.3; achievement: 23.6. Number of food-insecure people: Not met. While the share of food-insecure people had diminished in Burkina Faso and Senegal, it had increased in Mali largely because of poor rainfall and insecurity in the central and northern parts of the country. World Bank Impact Indicator 2; DFID Impact Indicator 3. Target: 13.3 million; achievement: 14.4 million. The extent to which planned interventions are likely to have transformational impact: Met. All countries met their targets. Behavioral change activities on early childhood care, water and sanitation, and nutrition are being implemented in all countries. Implementation of the regionally designed set of productive accompanying measures is in good shape in all countries, along with policy dialogue and work around shock-responsive safety nets programs. All of these initiatives combined are expected to enhance the transformational impacts of cash transfer projects and fill in knowledge gaps. World Bank Outcome Indicator 1; DFID Outcome Indicator 4. Target: 3.8; achievement: 3.8. Chapter 5  The SASPP results framework and targets 71 Effectiveness of national social protection systems to address climate adaptation and disaster risk management: Met. All countries have met their targets, and important progress has been realized on several fronts. For example, all six countries have developed (or are currently developing) social registries allowing partners to better coordinate and more quickly respond to needs arising from shocks with social protection systems. World Bank Outcome Indicator 2; DFID Outcome Indicator 3. Target: 3.2; achievement: 3.2. Government-led projects supported by this trust fund whose design and/or implementation approaches are informed by recent research and evidence: Met. All countries have met their targets. Studies commissioned under the SASPP have informed a range of program design features in all countries, ensuring evidence-based design. World Bank Output Indicator 1; DFID Output Indicator 2.3. Target: 9; achievement: 9. Strategic deployments to key multilateral/regional institutions: Met. Six in-country staff, one in each program country, are operational; and a regional coordinator based in Dakar has been recruited. World Bank Output Indicator 2; DFID Output Indicator 3.1. Target: 7; achievement: 7. Evidence of strategic coordination between key donors and multilateral/ regional institutions: Met. All countries have met their targets. The World Bank has used its convening power to bring country stakeholders together around such thematic considerations as social registries, the shock responsiveness of social safety nets, targeting, and social safety nets in general. Analytic work and technical expertise have supported this agenda. In almost all countries, coordination frameworks around these topics exist or are being finalized. World Bank Output Indicator 3; DFID Output Indicator 3.2. Target: 4; achievement: 4. 6 Financial report 6.1  Status of donor contributions and grant implementation As of October 11, 2018, development partner contributions to the SASPP totaled about $73.9 million. Table 6.1 shows the breakdown of the SASPP multidonor trust fund by development partner: £47.60 million (about $65.52 million) from DFID, €6.0 million (about $7.0 million) from AFD, and $1.35 million from Wellspring Philanthropic Fund (WPF). 6.2  Status of type of grant TABLE 6.1  Status of development partner contributions as of October 11, 2018 Contribution Contribution Total contri- Contribution amount Contribution unpaid Contribution bution paid Donor currency (donor currency) paid ($) (donor currency) unpaid ($) and unpaid ($) DFID £ 47,000,000 51,948,444 9,700,000 12,810,790 64,759,234 DFID £ 600,000 505,976 200,000 264,140 770,116 WPF $ 1,350,000 800,000 550,000 550,000 1,350,000 AFD € 6,000,000 7,026,000 0 0 7,026,000 Total 60,280,420 13,624,930 73,905,350 NOTE: Installments paid in currencies of contributions are valued at the exchange rates in effect at the time the funds are received and the date they are converted to U.S. dollars. As of October 11, 2018, the SASPP team had approved a total amount of about $66.5 million, covering both Bank- and recipient-executed activities. Table 6.2 shows the status of allocations, disbursements, and commitments by grant type and country. The total disbursement amount recorded was $36.7 million, compared to $16.0 million in 2016, covering both recipient- and Bank-executed trust fund activities. The increase in the actual disbursement amount is 73 74 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 TABLE 6.2  SASPP financial status by type of grant Grant amount Disbursement to Country Fund ($) date ($) Bank executed SASPP Regional Coordination Management and Ad- 699,023 365,509 ministration Livelihoods Experiment 536,000 356,289 Managing Social Protection Activities in the Sahel 1,700,000 1,653,072 Strengthening Social Protection Systems through 500,000 192,289 Regional Forecast-based Financing in the Sahel Supporting Knowledge and TA for Adaptive Social Pro- 3,000,000 1,925,521 tection in the Sahel WFP—Research on Productive Components, Liveli- 1,350,000 442,326 hoods and Resilience Total 7,785,023 4,935,006 Adaptive Social Protection in the Sahel: Burkina Faso 1,775,000 1,193,054 Country Program Burkina Faso Adaptive Social Protection in the Sahel: Burkina Faso 225,000 117,431 Country Program – Supervision Total 2,000,000 1,310,485 Chad: Support to Government in Establishing an Adap- 1,345,000 1,241,622 tive, Efficient, and Responsive National Social Safety Net Chad Social Safety Nets Assessment—Cofinancing of 262,928 262,928 Chad P151966 activities Supervision of Chad Safety Nets Project 200,000 71,265 TA in Support of the Chad Safety Nets Project (AFD) 250,000 — Total 2,057,928 1,575,815 Adaptive Social Protection for Resilience in Mali 1,050,000 790,092 Mali Total 1,050,000 790,092 Adaptive Social Protection for Mauritania 800,000 776,528 Adaptive Social Protection for Mauritania—Supervision 464,000 382,261 Adaptive Social Protection NLTA in Mauritania 250,000 18,641 Mauritania Knowledge Creation and Technical Assistance for 200,000 38,780 Adaptive Social Protection in Mauritania Total 1,714,000 1,216,210 (continued ) Chapter 6  Financial report 75 Grant amount Disbursement to Country Fund ($) date ($) Adaptive Social Protection for Resilience in Niger 2,100,000 1,887,965 Bank Supervision for Adaptive Social Safety Nets Proj- 400,000 315,189 ect Niger Enhancing Household Resilience through CCT/WASH 500,000 381,095 Integrated Community-Led Interventions in Niger Total 3,000,000 2,584,250 Senegal Adaptive Social Protection—NLTA 1,500,000 1,055,360 Senegal Senegal Adaptive Social Protection—Supervision 450,000 307,703 Total 1,950,000 1,363,064 Total 19,556,951 13,774,921 Recipient executed Burkina Faso Adaptive Safety Net – Burkina Faso Additional Financ- 6,000,000 2,202,468 ing Chad Chad Safety Nets Trust Fund 5,000,000 2,051,652 Mali Safety Nets Project (Jigisemejiri) 2,400,000 Safety Nets Project (Jigisemejiri) Additional Financing 10,000,000 4,933,614 Mauritania Adaptive Social Protection Support to Mauritania 4,000,000 2,190,738 Niger Adaptive Social Safety Nets Project 8,500,000 6,978,198 Senegal Senegal Adaptive Social Protection – Support to Sen- 11,050,000 4,603,258 egal Total 46,950,000 22,959,928 Grand total 66,506,951 36,734,849 NOTE: Disbursements represent the cash payment to a recipient or vendor based on a commitment by the Bank. The Bank provides oversight and supervision over implementation. Commitments are the obligations of the trust fund at the grant level to provide funds. They are recorded in full amounts in the system, pending disbursement against the allocated goods and services. The commitments also include funds allocated against recipient-exe- cuted activities. In accordance with the Administrative Agreement, the Bank shall furnish to the Donor current financial information relating to receipts, disbursements and fund balance with respect to the Contributions received via the World Bank’s Development Partner Center (DPC) se- cure website. The Bank shall provide the donors an annual single audit reporting, within 6 months following the end of each Bank fiscal year, which starts on July 1 and ends on June 30 of each year. 76 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 significant, considering that all Bank- and recipient-executed trust funds are activated, and implementation of activities is in full swing. In 2018, the size of the SASPP increased as a result of France joining the MDTF; accordingly, new allocations were approved for Chad, Mali, and Mauritania, covering both Bank- and recipient-executed activities. The country teams are expanding the scope of work of their existing projects to allocate funds received from the AFD, which will be handled based on the agreed-upon allocation plan between France and the SASPP management team. The SASPP management team is preparing an amendment to the administrative agreement to extend the life of the MDTF to December 31, 2025, to enable the team to accept additional contributions from the BMZ in the amount of €50 million. Table 6.3 presents the financial summary of the status of U.K. contributions, the amounts received, and total disbursements up to August 28, 2018. TABLE 6.3  Summary program allocation, as of August 28, 2018 Item $ £ Grant amounta 64,458,049 47,000,000 Total planned project expenditures (Dec. 19, 2013–Dec. 31, 2019)b 62,623,089 Amount received 51,948,444 37,300,000 Transfers in – funds allocated to individual grants 44,777,248 34,711,045 Actual expenditures (cumulative disbursement as of August 28, 2018, including Bank fees 33,581,113 26,031,870 Expected expenditures August 2018–June 2019 including Bank fees 23,404,066 18,142,687 NOTE: The currency conversion rate used in this table is the average for the period. a. Amount is subject to the market currency exchange rate at the time the funds are received and the date they are converted to U.S. dollars. b. Amount does include the 5% customized fees (3% program management and 2% Bank fees). APPENDIX A Results framework and monitoring TABLE A.1  World Bank results indicators—project development objective level and intermediate results Base- Actual Planned Updated Actual Planned End Indicator name Category line FY17 FY18 FY18 FY18 FY19+ target Project development objective indicators Indicator 1: Spending on % point n.a. 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 social protection, including increase government and donor spending [DFID Outcome % 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Indicator 2] Indicator 2: Capacity of countries’ social protec- tion systems to implement 1.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 adaptive social protection programs [Output 1.1] Indicator 3: People bene- Total 0 1,484,530 1,800,396 1,792,534 1,806,337 1,887,496 1,887,496 fiting from adaptive social Total (f) 0 742,265 896,638 892,371 905,617 940,368 940,368 protection programs sup- ported by the trust fund Direct 0 336,335 413,674 414,364 405,479 434,291 434,291 [DFID Outcome Indicator 1] Direct (f) 0 168,274 212,363 209,892 207,903 225,671 225,671 Indirect 0 1,148,195 1,386,722 1,378,170 1,400,858 1,453,205 1,453,205 Intermediate results indicators Indicator 1. Just-in-time technical assistance activi- 0 25 29 29 33 32 32 ties supported by the trust fund Indicator 2. Improved early warning systems and seasonal forecasts (to 0 0 5 5 3 5 5 anticipate and prepare for climate-related and other shocks) Indicator 3. Government staff trained on social pro- tection policy, delivery and 0 607 655 656 879 750 750 M&E through the trust fund. [DFID Output Indicator 1.5] (continued ) 77 78 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Base- Actual Planned Updated Actual Planned End Indicator name Category line FY17 FY18 FY18 FY18 FY19+ target Indicator 4. Assessments of poverty, climate change risk and other vulnerabili- 0 17 18 18 21 15 15 ties commissioned by the trust fund. [DFID Output Indicator 2.1] Indicator 5. Evaluations, Commis- 0 29 42 42 49 31 31 assessments and stud- sioned ies creating lessons from adaptive social protection programs supported by the Published 0 27 41 43 54 27 27 trust fund. [DFID Output Indicator 2.2] Indicator 6. Knowledge National 0 32 25 40 47 22 22 exchange and dissemina- tion activities supported by the trust fund [DFID Output Regional 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 Indicator 2.4] Indicator 7. Programs sup- 0 10 9 9 10 9 9 ported by the trust fund Indicator 8. Number of CT 0 7,208 43,524 43,214 50,280 52,441 52,441 households receiving cash PW 0 18,700 31,400 28,400 26,000 32,900 32,900 through cash based inter- ventions (Transfers and PW) Total (hh) 0 31,035 71,924 68,614 76,280 82,341 82,341 supported by the trust fund Total (ppl) 0 268,630 458,546 438,684 534,876 515,046 515,046 (DFID Output Indicator 1.3) Total (f) 0 134,315 229,713 219,446 270,740 258,143 258,143 Indicator 9. People ben- efiting from productive measures or trained on ba- sic skills (such as sanitary 0 327,990 387,784 391,784 565,721 400,484 400,484 health practices and nutri- tion awareness programs) supported by the trust fund Indicator 10. Adaptation re- lated community assets cre- ated/rehabilitated through 0 135 795 795 319 810 810 support by the trust fund [DFID Output 1.4] Indicator 11: Government led social protection pro- grams that incorporate ad- 0 10 11 11 11 11 11 aptation and risk reduction. [DFID Output 1.2] NOTE: n.a. = not applicable; CT = cash transfer; PW = public works; f = female; hh = household. FY19+ runs from July 2018–December 2019; end target is December 2019. Numbers provided are based on the latest available data, which vary for each country. It is important to highlight and acknowledge that the quality of these data is poor. Expenditure monitoring systems in the Sahel are weak, and one of the aims of the program is to improve these systems in order to obtain accurate expenditure data on social protection. Once these im- proved systems are in place, numbers may be revised. Appendix A  Results framework and monitoring 79 TABLE A.2  DFID results indicators—impact, outcome, and output Cumulative target values Actual Planned Updated Actual End Indicator name Baseline FY17 FY18 FY18 FY18 FY19+ target Impact indicators Indicator 1: Percentage of children under 5 who are underweight (mod- 24.0 25.8 24.3 24.3 23.6 24.3 24.3 erate and severe malnutrition) [DFID Impact Indicator 1] Indicator 2: Number of food inse- cure people [DFID Impact Indicator 14.5 13.0 12.9 13.3 14.4 12.9 12.9 3] (in millions) Indicator 3: Percentage of house- holds using negative coping strategies as a response to shocks [DFID Impact Indicator 2] Outcome indicators Indicator 1: Extent to which planned interventions are likely to 1.8 3.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.2 4.2 have transformational impact [DFID Outcome Indicator 4] Indicator 2: Effectiveness of na- tional SP systems to address CA 1.0 2.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.5 and DRM [DFID Outcome Indicator 3] Output indicators Indicator 1: Government-led proj- ects supported by this Trust Fund whose design and/or implementa- 0 8 9 9 9 9 9 tion approaches are informed by recent research and evidence [DFID Output Indicator 2.3] Indicator 2: Strategic deployments to key multilateral/regional institu- 0 7 7 7 7 7 7 tions [DFID Output Indicator 3.1] Indicator 3: Evidence of strategic coordination between key donors 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 and multilateral/regional institutions [DFID Output Indicator 3.2] NOTE: FY19+ runs from July 2018–December 2019. Targets for FY19+ correspond to end targets. Numbers provided are based on the lat- est available data, which vary for each country. APPENDIX B Progress toward intermediate results indicators This appendix details progress on select indicators of the results framework by country since the program was launched. World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 4 (DFID Output Indicator 2.1). Assessments of poverty, climate change risk, and other vulnerabilities commissioned by the trust fund (FY18). ●● Mauritania —— Analysis of the determinants of pastoral system vulnerability and their implication for pastoral households and child labor in Assaba, Guidimakha, Hodh El Chargui, and Hodh El Gharbi —— Disaster risk financing: diagnostic review —— Country poverty maps World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 5 (DFID Output Indicator 2.2). Evaluations, assessments, and studies creating lessons from adaptive social protection programs supported by the trust fund (see table B.1). World Bank Intermediate Results Indicator 6 (DFID Output Indicator 2.4). Knowledge exchange and dissemination activities supported by the trust fund. ●● Burkina Faso: Participation in Community of Practice on cash transfers meeting in Senegal, April 2018 ●● Chad —— Technical support mission for adapting Mauritanian geographic information system (GIS), October 1–7, 2017 —— Technical support mission for adapting Mauritanian social registry’s GIS, November 17–25, 2017 80 Appendix B  Progress toward intermediate results indicators 81 ●● Mali —— Participation in Community of Practice on cash transfers meeting in Senegal, April 2018 —— National conference on social protection —— Meeting on use of the Mali data visualization information management system ●● Mauritania: Participation in Community of Practice on cash transfers meeting in Senegal, April 2018 ●● Niger —— Participation in Community of Practice on cash transfers meeting in Senegal, April 2018 —— Participation in South-South Learning Forum in Germany —— Disaster risk financing workshop, March 2017 —— DFID Adaptive Social Protection: Information for Enhanced Resilience (ASPIRE) workshop, July 2018 ●● Senegal —— Study tour in Pakistan —— Study tour in Mauritania —— Dissemination of public expenditure review on social protection —— Participation in Community of Practice on cash transfers meeting, April 2018 —— Participation in South-South Learning Forum in Germany 82 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 TABLE B.1  Evaluations, assessments, and studies creating lessons from adaptive social protection programs Commissioned (C) Country Title or published (P) Qualitative study on constraints to productive employment C Quantitative study on constraints to productive employment C Social Safety Nets assessments P Making safety nets respond better to shocks C Targeting efficiency comparison of proxy means testing and household economy P Burkina analysis Faso Building resilience and productive activities C Analysis of ASP spending C Study on welfare measures and identification of poor households in Burkina Faso C Burkina Faso Poverty and Vulnerability Analysis P Qualitative study on risk and resource-sharing in polygamous households in the P North region of Burkina Faso Évaluation préliminaire pour la conception des mesures d’accompagnement dans P le cadre du Projet Pilote des Filets Sociaux au Tchad Manuel du Registre Social Unifié (RSU) P Safety nets mapping P Developing an Identity Management Framework in Support of Social Protection P in Chad Identification of the poor for the Social Safety Nets pilot project P Chad Vulnerability in Chad P Social dynamics of poverty and vulnerability: a qualitative analysis P The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of the safety nets P project Study summarizing lessons on poverty dynamics from a quantitative and qualita- P tive perspective, and the state of social safety nets A payment landscape assessment P Évaluation Fonctionnelle et Organisationnelle des Programmes a Haute intensité P de Main d’œuvre au Mali Étude pour la création d’un répertoire de travaux HIMO pour informer le projet P Jigisemejiri Mali Étude qualitative sur les contraintes à l’emploi productif au Mali Programme de P protection sociale adaptative au Sahel Étude comparative des différentes méthodes de ciblage utilisées dans le cercle P de Gao Public expenditure review P (continued ) Appendix B  Progress toward intermediate results indicators 83 Commissioned (C) Country Title or published (P) Analyse des déterminants de la vulnérabilité des systèmes pastoraux et leur P implication sur les ménages pastoraux et le travail des enfants dans l’Assaba, le Guidimakha, le Hodh El Chargui et le Hodh El Gharbi Financement du risque des catastrophes: Examen diagnostic P Mauritania Cartes de la pauvreté P Early Warning System in Mauritania and links with Social Protection P Bridging Humanitarian Assistance and Social Protection Systems: Mauritania P case study Diagnostics of Structure and Fiscal Sustainability of Social Protection and Labor C Expenditure in Niger Évaluation de processus de mise en œuvre du volet comportemental du projet C filets sociaux adaptatifs Étude sur la gestion de l'information par le DNPGCA: diagnostic du dispositif de P suivi-évaluation Évaluation du processus de mise en œuvre des activités d’accompagnement C productif Étude sur la gestion de l'information par le DNPGCA: état des lieux pour l’amélio- P ration des outils de gestion de l’information sur les crises et les programmes de filets sociaux. Strengthening Social Protection Systems through Forecast-Based Early Action in P the Adaptive Social Protection in the Sahel (ASPP). Prospective Evaluation of targeting methodologies C Niger Price study C Impact evaluation on accompanying measures C Evaluation of CFW microproject C Impact evaluation of Pilot program P Retrospective Evaluation of targeting methodologies P Qualitative study on constraints to productive employment P Vulnerability to shocks and resilience C WASH and poverty P Risk financing tools C Forecast based financing C Evaluation of CFS microprojects C (continued ) 84 SAHEL ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION PROGRAM  Annual Report 2018 Commissioned (C) Country Title or published (P) Institutionnalisation des registres sociaux et programmes de transferts moné- P taires en Amérique latine: Recommandations pour le Sénégal Proposition d’Indicateurs et de Seuils de déclenchement pour la réponse à l’insé- P curité alimentaire au Sénégal Policy note: indicative financial cost of expanding shock-responsive safety nets P in Senegal Sénégal: comment utiliser la protection sociale adaptative pour répondre effica- P cement aux chocs – le cas pratique de la réponse à l’insécurité alimentaire? Évaluation quantitative du processus de mise à jour et d’extension du registre P social unique Profile of households vulnerable to shocks based on a macro economic analysis C Comparative of two targeting methodology: the Unique Registry and the house- P hold economy analysis Senegal Comparative analysis of social assistance beneficiary profiles C Review of Public Work Programs in Senegal P Stock-take of resilience projects in Senegal to inform the ASP P Analysis of targeting methodology of the Unique Registry P Process evaluation of the PNBSF project (2017) P Review of public works and productive project experience in Senegal P PER Senegal P Concluding /summary note of the 3 studies on PNBSF, Public Works, and produc- C tive project experience 2 qualitative evaluation of pilot project 2017 (2018) P and C Evaluation of 2018 food response (2019) C Vulnerability to Shocks in Senegal: A Multidimensional Analysis C References Dang, Hai-Anh, Peter F. Lanjouw, and Rob Swinkels. 2014. “Who Remained in Poverty, Who Moved Up, and Who Fell Down? An Investigation of Poverty Dynamics in Senegal in the Late 2000s.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7141. World Bank, Washington, DC. del Ninno, Carlo, Sarah Coll-Black, and Pierre Fallavier. 2016. Social Protection Programs for Africa’s Drylands. Washington, DC: World Bank. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2016. Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone. New York: UNDP. 85