45101
    :
                         

       .              1
                                       
:                   
                       " :    . 
                             
                 .         2
                           "

                                                
.                   
                    .
                    50                          
                              
                      .
         .                    
                      
                            
                               
                    .
       (                                        
   (   )              
                                  .
           .)    
                      
                    )(
                             
                          
        .           .
                            
.                     )(
                           (  
                       .)       
                               
.                     
                             .

          .           )2008(                        48 

                                               2008 /

           )(.                                    
                                                    
.                   
                    
"".                          )ATMs(
                  . 



                       "  "   1
                
Mobile   "    .  
                   "                banking
                                     
                                 
       .                 .            2

                                                                     2




                                                               
                                                               
.                                                      
  .                                                           
                                                       
                                
                                              .
                                                        
                                                       .
                                                       (
 .                                                     
.                                                      )
                                                       .
                                                       .
.                                                                
                                                       
                                                       .
                                                        .
 
                                                       
                                                       .
""                                                     
:                                                      .)()(
 :
                                   .                   
                                                       
                                                             .

                                                       
                                               .       
                                                       
                                                              
.                                                             
                                                       .
3                                                      
      )1  (                                            
(                                                      
70                                                     
)                                                              .

                                    .                  
                                                       




  .)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_1101(  .1100                 3

3




                                  .1 

           )%(     
   ) ( 2012      ) ( 2008                 ) ( 2003
     50.13          30.60                       4.75                                           
     60.81         39.08                       13.06                              
    134.72         102.79                      20.50                                     
     90.84         70.40                       19.74                    / 
     98.26         61.91                       17.84                                     
                                          Wireless Intelligence at www.wirelessintelligence.com :

 .                                                                              
 
      .)PIN(                        
                                              
     .                              .
    " Tools"                                  
                       .)MyBanking( .
                                    
                                    .
     .                               Mobile(
                                    )banking
                                                                                         .
  (       
               .1.)                  

 M-PESA:.1




              .3           .2
                                                  "Withdraw Cash
                                                     "  .1




                    .7                  .5
      
   M-PESA  .8                        OK                                      .4
                   
                 M-PESA 
                                   M-PESA                                   PIN  

                              4




                          
   .                   .    
                          
.                        . 
                        
            :    .  ""     
                         
  .   =   .1              
                          .  
:
)(               
      .                OK   
                          .
                 
.                .
      )SIM(             .   
     ) . .(  
       (                   
    )              .      
 .                       
                          
)SIM(                    
              .            
                     .     

.=.1                  :  
                        
.
  :                     
                          
                         
)(                          .
   .    
     .                  =   .1
                            
       
                          
          .      ""
                         
   .   =   .1     )(         
    .     )POS(           . 

5




 .                ""    
                   (      
     .                )
                .)ATM  (    
                      
                         .)POS-as-ATM(  
           
                .    =   .1
               
                  (  : 
               (   )  
                .)       
                       
               .
 .             
                   .    
 .             
                            .   
          
                       
                      
   .                  
               
                         
 .                 70      
 .                  1140   
                          .  
 .
                       =   .2
      .                                 

        =   .3 
                        
 ""                 .  
                       
               
                      .  
                        
               (.
                      . )/   

                                                 6




.)                               
      )Bankinter(          .     
                                  
  .)  (                  .
                         :        
 .                       
                                            .  
        :          
                                  
                               
.                                 .
.                             .   )SIM( 
                                     4
                         ()SIM(:
                         )
    .                    .
:                               .      
         
                          :    )SIM(   
                         
             .                )encryption(  
                                 .
                                  )SIM(
                                   
.""                              
""                              .
                                  )SIM(
                  .       .       
                           )SIM(       
                             .     
                              )SIM(  
  .                             
                                : 
                                             .  
        
     .                           
                          .        :
                                 
   .                       :     
      :                          . 
                             24    
             .                   (




   .)GSM(        .)              4
                                              
                    SIM(       )CDMA, iDEN(    

7




 .                                                                                              
          
    )    (                                                                   
          
                                                                         .     
 .                                                                       .       
 .                                                                           
                                                                                
                                                                      
     .)  (                                                                .      )ATM(
                                                                             
                                                      .               :
                                                                              
                                                                              
                                                                                              .  
    .      
                                                                             
                                                                             
                                                                         .    
                                                                           ""    
                                                                      :
    .    ""                                                                .)clicks and mortar(   
                                                                             
         .                                                            itel clicks and(       
                                                                      )mortar
                                                                               
       :                                                              )POS(
                                                                                            5.  
                                       .    
                                                                               
                                                                                
                                                                               
                                                                      :.
        .7                                                              .         6

                                                                               
                                  .                                            . 
                                                                      
                                                                           :    
                                                                         .        




 . ."MasandSiedek)2008("  5                                                             
                                                                     
            ."" 6
 DavidBirch'sDigitalMoneyForumblogathttp://www.digitalmoneyforum.com/     .blog.                 

                                                   8




                        
                .
2   .                   .
.                 .      
                         
                         
         .              
                         
.                                .   
         
.                        
                
                .       
" (                      
     .)"                
                        
  )POS(            .)  (   
  .                    
                       
 )   (             .   
    .                   
                        
  .                    .  
                    .     
        .        8.
                                         
"      (                                        .
(       )"
                                                 
  " "    
    .)"  "  " "   
       
           .           
                      
  .             :
         20      .      
         80            
.                      
                      .
      .         .




    .                 .         8
                         The Economist )2007(     7
                                                
                            
                      .         

9




  .2
              

              
        
                            

                                         
      
                           
                            
                                            
                                        
                                    
                                            
   
                              
                                     /  
                             
                                         
          
                                           
                                         
                )SIM(                      
                                   ""



    :               
          .
               (     
                )  
   .        
                   
  .3              
                
           " (     
                                        .)" 
         
 . .
          
         .    )bottom-line growth(     
              top-(        
           :        .)line growth
                      
                   
             .     
        .        
 .         
                                    .)" " ( 

                                   10




                       .3 
                       
                               
   (
                    
                 (
                )          
    
     
         )
                                 
    
                                
    ) (        
                       
             ) (
                        
                 
                                 
               · 
             :        :       
 · :  
                        ·      
              ·· 
                    (   
     .              )  
    ·                 · 
                         
               ·          ( 
    · 
                          )
    
   (                  24  · 
       )                



                  
     .                            .
         
                          )ABSA(  
      .                  
                         .2002 
                         
                         
)EquityBank()(           :)(
    :             
                      .     
                         
.                 :
                           
                         
    .                            .

(                               
)                         
  .                  .     
                         :  
                
                  .
                  
  .                .       

11




                                    
                                            
               .                    .
                                            
                                           . 
  .                                         
      .                                .       
                                              
                                        .     
         
                    
           .                        
                                    
                                    
                                            
                                    .
                                           
          :                                 
                                    .
                                            
                                              .    
                 9                           
   :       
                                    
       .                            .       
  :        )GSM(                            
   )SMS(                                   :     .
  ()USSD(
         .)                                     · 
                                             
                                               
                                            · 
                          :                   
                                            · 
          ·                         (
   /                                    .)     
                   .




                  ."Krugel )2007( "              9
                                     

                                                             12




                         .  

) (  
  USSD           -    (   
 .                                .)circuit switched
                            .   
   .)             . 
""(    ""  )(   
   )SMS(         .   )bandwidth(
        
        )USSD(        

)USSD(         
.        
)#123*(      .  
.          
     .               
.              )"  "(
      " "          
         .)dropping calls     "  
  .              
 )USSD(       :.
        (/
)(    )USSD(     )(     
  USSD 
. )                      
 
          .         
                                  (
                                       )"IVR"
.)(                                     .)Modem   (   

     .   
"  "    .         )SMS(
         .     160   
 .)www.cgap.org(  )URL(        " "    
.      ""           
       )SMS(      .     
)) :            )""    (
  GPRS( 
  3G( )WCDMA(   )2.75G()EDGE(  ) 2.5G(  .       
                                               )SMS(  
    )WAP(          .
   .             
      )HTML(    
   .       :
 
.)WAP(      .  
         .       
  .      )HTML(        
   (     

   .      )SIM(
    )    
   )( :           . 

        
              
      )(                                    .        
(                      
    .)    .)USSD                                    )USSD(  
                                 ) (   GSM(        
                                                 )SMS(     

           »  1G « (    . .   )  2G( .   )G(  )(
                                          . .        .) 

13




                           . 

                  GSM   .    
           )SIM( )(    .     
         .               
                          
                    .)SIM(     
       .   )GPRS(
        )(       .
                         
                 .         
    )SIM(   .       
                         .
       .         .              
                                   )(
   .
    .                 .    
                 (
   .                    
                 .      )(
            
   )SMS(                
   :                  .      :
        .                          )( 
            
                          
   .               )SIM(   .   )SIM( 
         (       
    .   )          )SIM(      
                             
                            .)SIM(



  )(                     · 
  .                        
                          .    
                          · 
  )(                      
       .                            .
      ""           . ) (       · 
   .   )   (   
                  
  )(       
                      .   
                  
      .  )(       .       
  
          . )(           
                      (   
           :               .)
                          

                                                    14




                                . 
    .   
)  ( "SIM"   
 STK                     .       

.                                 
.                          )(      
                              .    
                          :
                          )1(

                          .     
                             )2(       
.   )(     
        

 "                                       
      "look and feel
                          ( "SIM"      
                                     
.""                           )"SIM"    
""                        (        
   )USSD(  )SMS(                   .)
                                " My Bank "  
)WAP(
   .)GPRS/EDGE/WCDMA(     Java(         
                                          
                                           .)applet
      .  / 
                         
                                  
..                              
                               .  
                            .    
                                    

               )STK   ( "SIM"   
      .  )STK(            .    )GSM(
                                                   


         
                  BREW    ./ .
                         GSM  CDMA        
                                                  

                                              



                                  · 
                                     
                                   · 
                  .              (  )Refresh( 
                                   )       
 · 
/                                  
     .                              

                                   · 
                                   
                                         
         
                                  
                                   
         .                     )SMS(     
                           .

15




       .                        .)     (  
                                 )USSD(  )SMS(    
  .                               .)GSM(      
       )USSD(                       )SIM(     )STK(
  .                             )SIM(
     Oxigen                     
                                )SIM(
  )mobilewallet(                .
  .                             .
                                  .        
  .                                  )SIM(    
                                         
      Java  WAP                                    . 
    .        
                                  WAP     
    .)  (                                 
       STK  WAP  Java                 .   
        .                         (       
  .                              (        )WAP 
                                      )  
                                      .   
                .                (     
                                      )   
  USSDSMS                       
           .                    
                                                     .
       
                                
            .                     .)      (
                                         
    USSD   .                              
                                        
                                              .    
  
                                 )SIM(     )STK(  
         .                              
       )SMS(                             
                                    .          10

          .                              )USSD(  )SMS(
                                         




       .         )My Applications (              10
             
   )(           /.                                 
                                                   

                                                              16




                                                 .2 

              (               )
                               


                           
                            
       
                                             
                           
                                            

                                         Eko       

                                     (SMS)   
      "(SIM"                        Obopay G-Cash 
                                                  SMS  
                                                   

       SmartMoney 
        STK   )


          M-PESACelpay
            MTNBanking  USSD         (USSD)   
                          WIZZIT            
                                           Eko    USSD 
      Java)                 
         (applet                                     

                         : WAP                    /GPRS)  
      )Obopay                                     (EDGE/WCDMA 




STK                                       
.                                  
                                   Java     .  
                                  USSDWAP
                                  STK
.)SIM(
Smart(                                               .
)Money                                            
)MTNBanking()M-PESA(              2
.Celpay                           
SMS                               (
USSD                              )
                    .             .        
                                  
       USSD                        
 )SIM(                                    
WIZZIT.                           .
                                  
. USSD                                     .

17




  /)STK()SIM( 
                                                 . USSD
                                                          .USSD
   
   )SMS(
                                              12
                                               :                             .
  )SmartMoney(- 
                                                          )Eko(
  )STK(                                                   
                                                  "SIM"   
       )G-Cash(   ­                                              USSD  
    )  (                                                  11.
                )SMS(                                     Eko

  )STK(
        )M-PESA(    
                                                          
                                           "SIM"  
        )WIZZIT(                                           Obopay    G-Cash   .

   )USSD(                                                 

                                                                 .)SMS( 
                                                          
                                                                 .)SMS(  
          
                                                          .
     
                                                                 .
        .  
   "SIM" )STK( 
             )Java()WAP(
  :)ATM( .
           )Obopay(
                            . .)SMS(
                                                                   
             
     .)SIM(      "IVR"
                                                                   .
  .
      )WAP(     
  : .
  .  MTN  
  )WAP( USSD
   
  .




    333     222   USSD    *111   *111*222*333*444#       11
                                      
       GSM      USSD  Eko   .    USSD
             *           .      444                                         /
    
                                                        .)USSD     ( CDMA     
    .InfoDev )2006( and Porteous )2006(                     12
        Bezuidenhoudt and Porteous )2008( :   /           13
                                            

                                         18




·                    
    Java  WAP  SMS             13
                                .
 
 .                   
                                    
       )STK(  
                     
.                             
                             :
.
                     )STK(· 
                     "SIM"
                     )(
 .                     )SIM(     
                          .   
                     )SIM(
                             
                     .  )SIM(     
.                    
     .               ()SIM(
                             )"SIM swap"
     (                   .
)                    · 
   .                       )USSD(  
                     .)USSD(
                             
                     )USSD()(
                            ./
         


                           .3 
                     ·

                    



      ·         ·             ·
                                 ·
                          
                       ·
          ··                       ·

19




                                       
           .                           3.
                                       
  .)white-labelservice(                      .
  Smart)BancodeOro(
   Communications                      
             .                         .
                                       
  /                                     
  .                                    SMS (       
                                      .)USSDGPRS
                                            .
  .
                                                 
                                      )(
                                                  .
    .
                                       
                                       :
  .                                    )SIM(
                                       .
      .                                       .  
                                       .
  .                                    )STK(
                                         .
  
                                       
                                    .   
                                               
                                        )(        )SIM(
  )BancodeOro(                         .
  .)SmartMoney(                                
  StandardBankMTN                      
  :                                    
           MTN                            ..
                      ."StandardBank"
                                       
                                       
                                              .
                                               
  .                                    .       
  ""                                   )(

                                          20




            .
    .       Tavrichesky
              Beeline     
            )PayCash(
        .          . 
            )Tameer(
:           )SIM(       
                      .)STK(
.
            :
.           .
            
            G-Cash.
      .             M-PESA
            .      Safaricom  Globe
            
                        .
 .       
            
 )(         ""
            
       .    
              .     
            
.           (
             Bankinter.)white-labelservice
.           SIM
            
                       .
     .
                      
            :
                     .
                    .
.
                    
                   
.           ""
            14.
:           SIM
            .




                        14
                           .)SMPP (

21




  .                      
                               .
  
                             
  
  .                             
                         
                         .       
                                    :
               .
                             : / .1
         : .4           
                                 .
  .                             
                                
                               
  .M-PESAG-Cash               .  
                            (     
  
                        ) (     
     .                           
                          )    
                                     .   
  
  (                         :" "  .2
     MTN     SmartMoney " "      
                 .)           
                                
  : .5                        .
         .                " "     
                         " "       
  2006.                 
                              
    .                       .   
                               
                            .     
           
                        :)E-banking( .3
                               
                               
                        /

                                         22




                  .4 

                          
                                  
                                 

  STK     ·                 
                        :           
  USSD  · 
         STK                     /
                                   
                                     .SIM
      ·     
     
                             /    
              )EFTPOS(        .    

                          /        
                                   
                         )   (
                                  .  
      ·                   
                                    
                                   

     
    /  · 
        )EFTPOS( 
                               .    
                                    
       
     ·        




                          .
                          
                                    .
         .)4(
                          
                
                          
                          .
)(                        
   .                      
 ""                              .
     .   
                          :
                          .         
                             ( "  "  
     .                     .)"
           
                                   
      .                   .
                          

23




              
        .     :
                      
                       
   .
              
           .  (
              .)
                      STK  
          .   
  SIM                .
  .
              
                       
              .      SIM 
   .          
                       
              
   .          
              
    )  / (    .
        
          .             
              
  .             .""
            
     .      
  .           .
                       
  .                   
        .            
                  .   
           
                    
                      
        .     (
              .)
  .                  
                     
                     
                  .    
  .                  

                                                                               24




                                                               
                                                               
                                                                          .
Bezuidenhoudt, Johann, and David Porteous. 2008. "Managing
the risk of mobile banking technologies." Johannesburg, South  
Africa: FinMark Trust. http:// www.finmark.org.za/documents/   
                                  .MBTechnologies_risks.pdf              
                                                               .
                                                               
InfoDev.2006."Micro-paymentsSystemsandtheirApplicationto                .
MobileNetworks."Washington,D.C.:InfoDev.http://www.infodev.
                                   .org/en/Publication.43.html 
                                                               
                                                               .
Ivatury,Gautam,andIgnacioMas.2008."TheEarlyExperience                    
with Branchless Banking." Focus Note 46. Washington, D.C.:       :       
                                                       .CGAP       " "   
                                                                  WAP   HTML   
                                                                      
Krugel, G. 2007. "Mobile Banking Technology Options."                    .
Johannesburg, South Africa: FinMark Trust. http://21 6.239.21
                .3.7/mmt/downloads/finmark_mbt_aug_07.pdf              
                                                               (
                                                                  )      
Mas, Ignacio, and Hannah Siedek. 2008. "Banking through        .
Networks of Retail Agents." Focus Note 47. Washington, D.C.:   
                                                       .CGAP   SIM
                                                                  )ATM(     
                                                               .)SIM       ( 
                                                                       
Porteous, David. 2006. "The Enabling Environment for Mobile            
Banking in Africa." Boston: Bankable Frontiers. http://www.            .
 .bankablefrontier.com/assets/ee.mobil.banking.report.v3.1.pdf

                                               
The Economist.2007."TheFutureofMoney." The Economist, 15
                                               .February2007

25




                                                 .

                                             -                   -                          
                                                                                                                     
                               USSD       )  ) STK(   (  SMS                                                       
                                            SMS(                     )        STK         )  ) STK( 
                                                                                            SMS(   

                  2005  /                  2007  2006/             2004  /                  2003  /                   


            6.8 =                           64 =                       42 =                    42 =       
                                                                                                                    
      ( WIZZIT                               
    ) Oiko Credit  Africap   M-PESA   
                                                                 Globe   GXchange   )GXI( Smart Communications      
                                                                                                    Smart Money      
                                                                       Telecom  
                                                                              GCash 
                                     ( Safaricom                                  Globe               Smart         
                                                                  Touch Mobile                                        
                                           )                               Globe Telecom

                        17                                                                         
        )South African Bank of                                                GCash                                 
                         Athens( ­ )SABA(        )M-PESA(                                          Banco de Oro
                                           )Vodafone(                                          Smart   
                                                                                                   

                                                                                                                      
                                                                                                                     
         17                                                         
                                                                                                 .)Bancode Oro(      
                                                                    
                                         )  ( 
                                              (                            16  ))GXI

      )BankServ(                                                                            Smart                    
                          Bank  of Athens            )Safaricom( GXI)(   
                                                                 )                                             
                                                                       Utiba(                                        
        )WIZZIT(  )Mastercard(                                                               GFG 
                                                                                            
                                                                                                           
            )(                     USSD
              
                                                                                                                    
                                                                                            
       )WIZZkids(                          M-PESA(              ) REG(  
                                              )                                            )Smart(  
                           )Dunn's(                                           )PIN(                   
                                                                                                                    
                                                                     
                                                                                          . )OTA(                    
       )WIZZkids(                                                    
    :                                                                            (         )Smart(  
                            ( :                                                          
                     .  5 :      . 
                                                                           
                                    25                                     )                                    "    
                                                                                                                    "
                                                                                             
           (   40                                                                                                   
                              )                                                            220
                                                                                                          
                                                                                                                     
                                          )SIM(                                           )64K SIM(   
                                         (                         (     (                                           
   ) USSD   (                                )  STK                         )SMS                    )  STK         
                                            
                                                                                             
                                                                                             STK       


                                                                                                     
                                                       
                                                                        SIM                                         

                                                                                             26




                             -                  -                  
                                                                                             
                                                                                            

                       25                             40              50
                                50                                                      
                                                                                         
                                                                                             

              
        )SABA(                                                                          
   )WIZZIT(                   )(
                                )GXI(                                                     
                                                                     )   (   

                                                    100
          17                                          10  
     25                                              40                                  
                    5           35                 100                  100              
                                                                   
                                )STK(                                )STK(  
                                                                   
  (      )USSD(                                                            
                                          (        (               
                     )        )     )SMS(                          ) 
                                                                    
        )USSD(   )                                                                           
                                    SMS(           +2882 10 :    )  
                                                                         SMS( 
                                                   

                                )SMS              (                 
                                                                                        
      USSD(        )                                                                        
                            )   
                               SMS(                              )   
                                                                    SMS(  
          )SABA(    WIZZIT            Safaricom              GXI              Smart     
                                                     
                                                                                         
.)SMS(                               )SMS(      ) 
                                                 SMS(                    )SMS(           
              .                                                     .                   
                                                                                    /)SIM(   
                  )SABA(                                                                     
                             ( Safaricom
     )SABA(  WIZZIT 
                                                                              Smart      
                                                             GXI                         
    +(WIZZIT         2.99
         4.99   (   30
             )SMS                   )SMS        )(     
                                                 SMS    (                   2.5         
                                                             / 

                                           
                                
                                                                                        
                                 )SMS(                                                  
                                                                ) Padala (      
                                                                  10                    
                                                                               
                                                                    
                                                                                        
                                                      )BPI(      
                                                                    15                   
                                                                                        
                                                                                      ) (

27




                                 -          -                
                                                                                
                                                                       
                                                                  
                                                              
                                                            
                                (                           Smart
                               )                       GXI                       

                                                       
                                              SMS 
                               .) (                                 
                                                                                 
                                             + ( SMS       SMS  
                                               )                                
                                                              
                                                             
        (                                                                       
    Postbank, ABSA,                                                            
                         )SABA             SMS                    SMS           
                                  
                                 
                               
                                  " " 
                                     STK      
                                   
       (                                       
                                                              
    Postbank, ABSA,                                                             
                         )SABA                     SMS                          
    )  4.99( 
                     1%                      1%             1%  
                                                            (  
              4.99                         10         )                         
         4.99
      100    0.99                            1%              
           1.99      170  25                               (  11  3 
                        ) (                           10   )                   
                                                                         
                                                                              (  
        5     ()   SMS            
                                                                              
                                    SMS                                         )

                                           )( 10%      
                                                                                
                                                                    30          
                                                                                 
                                                           Smart  ( 
                                                                    )Padala     
                                             
                                               
                                                            47   
                                          11/7   19                             

48 
2008 /




                  
   
     
     
.  
  
  
.  

  
  
   
:  
 www.cgap.org.

CGAP
1818 H Street, NW
MSN P3-300
Washington, DC
20433 USA

202-473-9594 :
 202-522-3744 :

: 
cgap@worldbank.org
  ©
2008        




                              :                                              
                              
                                                                                                                
                          .                                         .      
                                                                             

                        :      .          
                              Mas, Ignacio, and Kabir Kumar. 2008. "Banking on Mobiles: Why, How, for Whom?" Focus Note 48. Washington, D.C.: CGAP, June.