THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 15 / NO 3 NOVEMBER 2016 INSIDE Managing water resources real time 1-6 Pathways to Prosperity – Taking a holistic approach World Bank series 7-8 New World Bank Country to water management Director in India 9 Recent Project approvals & signings 10-11 D own the ages, droughts and floods have stalked the vast Indian landmass. Often, these specters go hand in hand, playing out their macabre spectacle in rapid succession. For, many a time, after a long ICR Update: National Vector Borne Disease Control & scorching summer parches the land, dark monsoon clouds roll in from Polio Eradication Support the sea, and the heavens disgorge their largesse with an unrelenting Project 12-14 fury. New additions to the Public Information Center 15-23 Year in year out, droughts and floods take an unforgiving toll. Two-thirds Contact Information 24 of India is prone to droughts and one-eight is susceptible to floods. Surging flood waters afflict some 32 million people each year, robbing the economy of anything between Rs 6000 crore and Rs 12,000 crores. A World Bank photograph Drought affects a further 150 million people. It’s not so much a water crisis as a water management crisis Clearly, India’s complex hydrology calls for a holistic approach. For a start, floods are not caused by heavy rains alone. The situation is often compounded by weak water management systems, faulty urban design, or rivers that have been unduly constrained by bunds and encroachments. Quite often, floods are caused by the sudden release of water from reservoirs. “Take the floods in Bihar in 2016, in Odisha in 2011, Although India as a whole is not a water or the floods in the Krishna river in Andhra scarce country, its water is unevenly Pradesh in 1998 that affected more than 2 distributed across both seasons and regions. million people,” says Gaur. “Most of these Some areas have too much water while occurred in late August or September, when others have too little. And, not all the water is the reservoirs were full. When more rain fell, available when it is needed most. reservoir operators got just a few hours to release the excess water to prevent a breach, Add to this the increasing intensity of or else there would have been even more droughts and floods, as well as a rapidly devastation downstream.” growing population, and the impacts of these twin specters is becoming larger by the day. “With half of India’s annual precipitation falling in just 15 rain-soaked days, droughts Below: Real and floods are likely to remain a fact of life in time water level recorder the country,” explains Anju Gaur, senior water in a river specialist at the World Bank in New Delhi. near Cuttack, “The only way out is to fundamentally change Odisha the way we manage things.” 12 2 The World Bank in India • November 2016 Extreme right: The main issue is that, until now, reservoir “This is especially important when you are Measurement operators did not have the technological dealing with such large volumes of water, of flow in tools to help them take crucial decisions. as even small mistakes can have huge a river in Goa Rather, they were required to abide by strict consequences.” schedules for the release of water that were often laid down in colonial times. If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it Now, for the first time in India, two hydrology projects – Hydrology I (1995-2003) and Hydrology II (2006-2014) – supported by the World Bank, have introduced new systems and technology that give reservoir managers an accurate picture of the water situation unfolding in their region. These systems have also laid the foundation for a comprehensive knowledge base that can improve the overall management of water resources in the country. “Reliable data is a must for making better decisions,” says Gaur. Right: Flow measurement in small rivers (Brahmaputra tributary), Assam Below: Ground Water tank from Karnataka The World Bank in India • November 2016 12 3 form a clear picture of the water situation unfolding in their region. While these systems have been installed across peninsular India, the Bhakra Beas and the Krishna-Bhima systems have gone a step further. They now have a modelling tool that helps them predict water flows into their reservoirs three days in advance. This means that the lead time for planning the release of water from these reservoirs has shot up from just hours to days. “Earlier it took lots of manpower and at least 24 hours to process this information from Above: Making information travel faster the field. Not surprisingly, engineers often Discharge measurement than flood water ended up doing a post-mortem of a flood through a rather than pre-empting one,” recalls Gaur. The first project – Hydrology 1 – focused cableway in Now, whenever it rains heavily, reservoir Maharashtra on the peninsular states, where most rivers managers can start releasing water slowly are straddled by a series of reservoirs (the so that the reservoirs remain full while there Western Ghats in Maharashtra alone are is no risk to dam safety and no damage dotted with more than 1,800 reservoirs and downstream. barrages of both large and medium sizes). The second project extended its reach to Advance information is particularly important cover the two water-rich northern states of for the shorter peninsular rivers where it Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. barely takes a few hours for the water to travel from the catchment to the reservoir. To better manage water flows from these “Sangli town in Maharashtra, for instance, reservoirs, new systems now monitor used to have flash floods whenever there all the important aspects of the hydro- was a sudden release of water from the meteorological cycle. Measurement begins Koyna dam upstream,” Gaur adds. “Now this high up in the catchments of rivers, where no longer happens.” digital gauges measure how much rain or snow has fallen, how rapidly the snow is These reservoir management systems, which melting, the speed with which the water is cost a total of Rs 30 crores, have helped flowing, how much silt has built up, how avert flood damages of over Rs. 238 crores. Below: much water will reach the reservoir, how And, the results are there for all to see. In Automatic soon it will do so, and so on. Sensors in 2010, for instance, Punjab, a highly flood- weather station in Bhakra the field instantly transmit this information prone state, experienced some of the worst catchment (at to data centres through satellite or mobile floods in its history, taking a huge toll on life Madana) phone technology, enabling managers to and property. But, in 2013, when the rivers were in similar spate, no floods took place and there was no damage. This is not to say that floods will no longer happen, explains Gaur. If the rains are unduly heavy, floods may well take place, but advance warning can certainly help save lives. These systems can also help alleviate the harshest impact of droughts. “A full reservoir is the best cushion against a drought in the dry season,” says Gaur. “Thanks to these systems, 2015 was the first time that all the Krishna basin reservoirs in Maharashtra were full by the end of the monsoon.” 12 4 The World Bank in India • November 2016 groundwater has been affected by fluorides, nitrates, and other contaminants. Monitoring water quality The second hydrology project also piloted water quality monitoring in surface water sources. Thirteen real-time water quality monitoring stations were set up on the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. These stations proved extremely useful in maintaining water quality during the Kumbh Mela in 2013 when millions of people took the ritual dip in the holy river. Above: Mapping groundwater Real time water level With groundwater levels depleting at an recorder in alarming rate, the second project – Hydrology Khadakwasla 2 – used advanced geophysical techniques dam in with helicopter-borne instruments to pilot Maharashtra the mapping of aquifers in five states – Right: Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka Real time and Tamil Nadu. water level measurement The technology is not only much faster and in a canal to more accurate than other methods, but is monitor water also much cheaper. “Groundwater modeling use in Punjab is an extremely complex subject,” explains Gaur. “Once the mapping is complete, we will get a much clearer picture of the groundwater resources in a region. It will also help in designing the best methods to recharge and manage this precious resource.” Closer magnification can also throw up a host of new issues. “Until now our information was Real time readings from these stations on a scale of 1:250,000. Once it is reduced to helped determine when water needed to 1:50,000 or better, who knows what will come be released upstream on critical bathing to light?” Gaur adds. Below: days, and when it needed treatment. Today, An equipment Since water quality has emerged as another these stations continue to play their role on for measuring critical issue, the second project also both these rivers, especially upstream and discharge helped states identify where the quality of downstream of the capital, Delhi. Given the usefulness of these stations, 111 more such stations are being planned along the main Ganga river. Managing competing demands for water The systems and technology introduced under the two hydrology projects have much broader applications too. “If we are to manage our exceedingly complex web of water resources effectively, we need to know how much water the country has, when it has it, and where it has it,” clarifies The World Bank in India • November 2016 12 5 Gaur. “Without accurate data on the existing “Overall, the real and tangible benefits of water situation in the country, we are really the systems established under the two shooting in the dark.” Hydrology projects include people whose lives, homes, and crops are saved due to Water data can also be a critical input in improved flood forecasting, farmers who making development decisions. In Pune, benefit from improved irrigation supplies, for example, a planned tunnel between two and children who do not fall ill or worse from reservoirs to improve the city’s water supply drinking contaminated water,” said Halla was abandoned for a simpler, better and Maher Qaddumi, senior water economist at cheaper solution. (Change background colour as needed) the World Bank in New Delhi. “Over time, it is Accurate water data also provides a scientific hoped that accurate water data will also help basis on which to manage competing reduce conflict between people and states demands for river water, especially as over shared water resources.” disputes are often sparked by the lack of correct information. “Accurate data can not only guide the sharing of river waters but Leaders in Transparency also be used to better manage the fragile • The Central Water Commission has ecology of a river basin, help with better created a state of the art platform water resources planning and allocation that publicly shares national level during lean periods, design flood protection water data online. works, and so on,” explains Chabungbam • Maharashtra shares real time water Rajagopal Singh, water resources information together with streamflow management specialist at the World Bank in forecasts, and audits water use New Delhi. by various sectors for each major/ medium reservoir. This is published A third Hydrology project, supported by annually on the web. the World Bank, will now expand the water resources monitoring system to cover the • Others states too are devising entire country, including the Indus, Ganga, interim arrangements to display and Brahmaputra-Barak river basins. water information and joining the Under this project, the Ministry of Water central platform on water resources Resources will provide states with a grant to information, while still others are yet collect water data for each river, stream and to follow. reservoir in their territory. • Transparency is equally important for groundwater too. For, unlike The importance of sharing water surface water bodies which are data managed by the government, the management of groundwater lies “Importantly, we need to move beyond mere primarily in the hands of the people. data collection to using it more effectively. Andhra Pradesh has been the first For this, the willingness of organizations to off the block in this, posting monthly open up their data and make it transparent bulletins and real time information will be the key, explains Gaur. In addition, on the groundwater situation on the water resources institutions will need to be Chief Minister’s web portal. brought under one umbrella with one single • Gujarat too is conducting an in- agency to manage both ground and surface depth analysis of the groundwater water. Engineers and scientists will also need situation, particularly around the to evolve into water managers and take a cities, to meet growing urban river basin-wide approach to manage all demand. water resources in an integrated manner. More importantly, riparian states and other • Going forward both the centre and (Change background colour as needed) stakeholders will need to come together to states will need to join hands to plan the allocation of river water during a dry develop a sound national water year, a wet year and a year of normal rainfall, resources information system and while being ready for climate change. agree to make it accessible. 12 6 The World Bank in India • November 2016 Pathways to Prosperity Poverty down, but 1 in 2 hangs by a thread The sharp decline in poverty in India has been accompanied by a strong pattern of upward mobility, leading to an emerging middle class. Education, urban residence, and wage work have contributed to this higher-than-average upward mobility and lower downward mobility. Yet, a vast share of the population remains vulnerable to slipping back into poverty, suggesting that gains against poverty need to be deepened and made more secure. Scheduled Tribes stand out as a group that has fallen further behind, with one-third stuck in chronic poverty, says Peter Lanjouw and Rinku Murgai, Lead Economists, World Bank I ndia’s strides in reducing poverty over the last two decades have received a lot of attention, including in this series. The good news is that upward mobility has been the dominant trend. As one would expect, more people have moved up – out Between 1994 and 2012, the share of India’s of poverty – than the other way around. population living in poverty was halved, falling As the table shows, nearly one-third of all from 45 percent to 22 percent. households changed their poverty status between 2005 and 2012; this includes 27 Let’s now try to look at patterns that show percent who moved out of poverty and 7 how individuals transition into and out of percent who fell into it. poverty. We focus on how households transitioned into and out of poverty between Less reassuringly, we find that many 2005 and 2012 - the years for which the households that escaped poverty after latest set of government data are available.[1] 2005 still had consumption levels that were dangerously close to the poverty line in 2012. In 2005, 37 percent of individuals in India In other words, large numbers of those who were poor. By 2012, this had fallen to only managed to move out of poverty by 2012 are one in five. In other words, roughly 15 percent still vulnerable to slipping back; in fact they of the population that was poor in 2005 face a high risk of doing so. was no longer poor by 2012. It is, however, plausible that while some individuals escaped A simple approach to defining vulnerability poverty, others fell into it. is by doubling the poverty line: all individuals Movements out of poverty exceed shifts into poverty who are above the regular poverty line 2012 but below this “double” line are defined % of Households Poor Non-poor as vulnerable.[2] By using this approach, Poor 12.2 26.8 we observe that about half of India’s 2005 population was vulnerable in 2012, stuck Non-poor 7.0 54.0 between poverty and the relative stability Source: Authors’ estimates using IHDS panel (2005, 2012) The World Bank in India • November 2016 7 of the middle class. Indeed, the vulnerable However, a worrisome finding is that continued to be the largest population group Scheduled Tribes are harder to reach—they over the period. Their new-found position is are less likely to move out of poverty and precarious. more likely to stay poor or fall into poverty. These differences between social groups Vietnam provides an interesting contrast cannot be fully explained by differences in to India’s experience. It is a middle income household characteristics. Looking forward, country that has been one of the strongest poverty and vulnerability among ethnic performers in poverty reduction. Both minorities will remain a challenge for poverty countries saw similar shares of the population reduction in India. moving out of poverty, and the vulnerable moving into the middle class. But downward References mobility was also much more common Hai-anh Dang and Peter Lanjouw. (2015) in India, reflecting the still high levels of “Poverty Dynamics in India between 2004 vulnerability to slipping back into poverty. and 2012: Insights from Longitudinal Analysis What makes it more likely for some poor using Synthetic Panel Data.” Policy Research families to move out of poverty while others Working Paper 7270, World Bank. are unable to do so? Where people live Carlos Felipe Balcazar Salazar, Sonal seems to matter, as living in urban areas is Desai, Rinku Murgai and Ambar Narayan. more likely to be associated with moving (Change background colour as needed) (2016) “Why did Poverty Decline in India? out of poverty. Characteristics such as A Nonparametric Decomposition Exercise.” educational attainment and engagement in Policy Research Working Paper 7602, World salaried work are both positively correlated Bank. with higher-than-average chances of upward mobility and lower-than-average chances of This blog was originally published in the moving downwards. Indian Express on 25th May, 2016. 8 The World Bank in India • November 2016 Junaid Ahmad takes over as new Country Director for World Bank in India J unaid Ahmad has taken over as the World Bank’s new Country Director for India, replacing Onno Ruhl he steered the Bank’s broader urban development program in India and South Asia. During this period Ahmad worked in who completed his four-year term. the areas of infrastructure finance, dealing with the challenges of urbanization and A Bangladeshi national, Junaid Ahmad, city management, delivering services was formerly the Chief of Staff to World in federal systems, as well as on issues Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim. concerning local government reforms. An economist by training, Ahmad brings Prior to joining the President’s office, with him broad development experience. Ahmad was a Senior Director at the World After joining the World Bank in 1991 Bank, where he led the Bank’s global as a Young Professional, he worked on engagement in the water sector. He was infrastructure development in Africa and one of the first to be selected to this post Eastern Europe. He has since held several through a global competition. Ahmad management positions, leading the Bank’s moved to this position after holding charge program in diverse regions including of sustainable development for the Bank’s Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Middle East and North Africa (MENA) as well as in India and South Asia. Region, where his work covered a broad array of sectors, ranging from agriculture, Based in New Delhi between 2000 and to the environment, to infrastructure. 2005, Ahmad played a leading role across a number of sectors, both in India Ahmad holds a PhD in Applied Economics (Change background colour as needed) and the region. He led the Bank’s Water from Stanford University, a Masters and Sanitation Program for South Asia in Public Administration from Harvard before being appointed to head its social University, and a BA in Economics from development portfolio. Following this, Brown University. The World Bank in India • November 2016 9 Recent Project Approvals Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Program in India T he World Bank Board has approved an additional grant of $22.93 million to further enhance the installed capacity of incentives to the State Bank of India to lend to riskier categories of GRPV customers such as the non-banking financial institutions Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (NBFCs) and small and medium enterprises (GRPV) Program and strengthen the capacity (SMEs) to finance and install GRPV. It will also of relevant institutions for widespread strengthen the investment climate for GRPV installation of GRPV. by building capacity of the main stakeholders involved in the expansion of GRPV. The additional Global Environment Facility (GEF) grant will support the overall US$625 Under the ongoing program, SBI is on- (Change background colour as needed) million GRPV program approved by the lending funds to solar PV developers and World Bank Board earlier this year, and a end-users, who wish to invest in mainly total program investment of US$915 million commercial and industrial rooftop PV in solar rooftop developments. It will provide systems. 10 The World Bank in India • November 2016 Recent Project Signings Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a US$650 million agreement towards the third loan for the The loan and guarantee agreement for the Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project was signed by Raj Kumar, Joint Secretary, Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (a Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry freight-only rail line) that will help faster and of Finance, on behalf of the Government of more efficient movement of raw materials India; M.K. Mittal, Director, Finance, Dedicated (Change background colour as needed) and finished goods between the north and Freight Corridor Corporation(DFCCIL) and eastern parts of India. The project was Hisham Abdo, Operations Manager and Acting approved by the World Bank Board on June Country Director, World Bank India, on behalf 30, 2015. of the World Bank. Book Launch A new World Bank report, South Asia’s Turn: Policies to Boost Competitiveness and Create the Next Export Powerhouse, global value chains (GVC), and firms’ abilities to innovate and efficiently use resources, including technology. was launched in Delhi recently. The region’s great potential to boost its The report says South Asia could become competitiveness is evidenced through a the fastest growing exporting region of the number of examples in the report, ranging world if India and its South Asian neighbors from the highly successful apparel industries enhance the productivity of their firms by at in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to India’s auto least two percentage points each year. parts, agribusiness, software and Business Processing Offshoring (BPO) sectors. India in To do that, the report suggests a set of policy particular has made substantial progress in (Change background colour as needed) actions not only aimed at improving the developing top of the value chain capabilities, business environment, but more importantly such as becoming a global research and draws attention to less-well-researched development (R&D) hub for major auto-parts areas such as the role of cities and clusters, and electronics producers. The World Bank in India • November 2016 11 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. National Vector Borne Disease Control & Polio Eradication Support Project Context National Vector Borne Disease Control In the early 2000, Vector-borne diseases & Polio Eradication Support Project (VBD) posed immense public health concerns Approval Date: 31 July, 2008 and was a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality in India. At the time Closing Date: 31 December, 2013 of project preparation, over 90 percent of the reported two million Malaria cases Total Project Cost US$ 263 million was predominately from 11 states in India, Bank Financing: US$ 234 million while nearly all 40,000 new Kala Azar cases reported every year were from the states Implementing Ministry of Health and of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The Agency: Family welfare government had developed new policies for vector borne disease control focusing on Outcome: Moderately Unsatisfactory new prevention, diagnostic and treatment approaches for Malaria and Kala Azar. It was Risk to Development Low/Negligible also in need of financial support for multi- Outcome: year purchase of the polio vaccine. The Bank Overall Bank Moderately agreed to support India in these efforts. Performance: Unsatisfactory Project Development Objectives Overall Borrower Unsatisfactory Performance: The Project was to enhance the effectiveness 12 The World Bank in India • November 2016 of government response to control Malaria, and use of Malaria prevention and control eliminate Kala Azar and eradicate polio. services. In phase I project states (Andhra This was to be achieved by Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya (a) increasing the number of people benefiting Pradesh and Orissa) nearly 77 percent of from effective prevention, diagnosis and fever cases (against a target of 70 percent) treatment services for Malaria and Kala were tested and results declared within 24 Azar; hrs of contracting fever. Close to 57 percent of individuals in project areas used LLIN (b) strengthening central and state capacities (against a target of 50 percent). for evidence-based policy development, strategic planning, and program The JMM also found reliable enough trends management for effective control of to concur that the objective of a 40 percent vector-borne diseases; and reduction in Malaria morbidity between 2006 (c) securing the timely supply of polio and 2012 was achieved, although the actual vaccines. number of Malaria cases is estimated to be six times higher than the number reported Main Beneficiaries as many people with fever do not seek care The project was meant to benefit the poorest, from public facilities. With respect to Malaria most remote and disenfranchised populations mortality, the goal of reducing deaths by 50 in India who were affected by Malaria and percent by 2010 (compared to 2002) was Kala Azar. achieved by 2013. Unfortunately, monitoring of mortality is weak and the number of actual Achievements deaths due to Malaria may be between 15 Malaria: Overall, the Joint Monitoring Mission to 50 times the actual numbers reported. estimated that the project provided Long- Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) protection Kala Azar: Kala Azar was and remains a to approximately 16.6 million people significant public health problem primarily (assuming 2.5 persons protected by each in three states – Bihar, Jharkhand and West LLIN purchased); 24.1 million rapid diagnostic Bengal. The project facilitated major reforms tests for Malaria and 2.81 million courses in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of Artemisinim-based combination therapy of Kala Azar. New diagnostic techniques for (ACT) for the treatment of P. Falciparum Kala Azar accelerated progress towards the Malaria. There was improved access to control of the disease. About 59 percent of The World Bank in India • November 2016 13 blocks in the affected states achieved the external technical support within the project goal of less than 1 case per 10,000 of Kala budget. Azar and more than 97 percent of Kala Azar Operational research can have a very endemic areas were covered with insecticide positive impact on policy and practice. By spray. incorporating routine monitoring, testing and Polio: The World Bank contribution to the impact evaluation into the M&E framework for polio elimination program in India was in the the project provided opportunity to use newly form of financing for commodities. While introduced diagnostic technologies and the polio elimination program was well treatment regimens. monitored and supervised, adequate buffer Substantive alterations to projects late in stocks of vaccines were not available. The the preparation process should be avoided. project financed the procurement of the oral Although the polio component of the project polio vaccine (OPV) worth approximately contributed to the elimination of polio in US$167 million. After three years with no new India, there was not adequate opportunity polio infections and the maintenance of an for appraisal of the component which may incredibly high rate of vaccination coverage have led to an overestimation of the required even in the most remote areas (99 percent), budget. India was declared and certified polio free on March 29, 2014. Monitoring and evaluation needs to be given highest priority. Delays and in some cases Lessons Learnt lack of data due to surveys not conducted Community-based service delivery models during the term of the project resulted in can work – community-based health not being able to calculate the impact and workers with limited training can effectively (Change background colour as needed) outcome of the project and the way forward. manage and monitor health interventions to Projects need controls in place to ensure that populations with poor social, geographic or key monitoring and evaluation activities are economic access to publicly provided health conducted in a timely manner. services. The introduction of innovations requires a high level of capacity building for the implementing agency and financing for 14 The World Bank in India • November 2016 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Pathways to Reducing Poverty and Sharing The World Bank PIC Prosperity in India: Lessons from the Last Two The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Decades 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg By Urmila Chatterjee, Rinku New Delhi – 110 001, India Murgai, Ambar Narayan and Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Martin Ram Website: www.worldbank.org Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia India is uniquely placed to Email: indiapic@worldbank.org help reduce global poverty and boost prosperity. The PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR country has the largest Viva Books Pvt Ltd number of poor people in the world, as well as 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj the largest number of New Delhi – 110 002 people who have recently escaped poverty. There is an Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 emerging middle class but the majority of people are Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 still vulnerable to falling back into poverty. What lessons Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net do the past two decades offer for what it will take for the country to sustain progress and bring about deeper Other Preferred Stockist in India changes? This synthesis brings together the key insights Anand Associates from extensive and in-depth research conducted by the 1219 Stock Exchange Tower World Bank on India’s experience in reducing poverty 12th Floor, Dalal Street and sharing prosperity over the last two decades. Mumbai – 400 023 Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 Email: thrupti@vsnl.com India: Policy Research Working Papers Website: www.myown.org Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) WPS 7829 Can the culture of honor lead to inefficient Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd conventions? Experimental evidence from India Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 By Benjamin A. Brooks, Karla Hoff and Priyanka Pandey Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com The paper reports the results of a field experiment in Website: www.alliedpublishers.com India in which pairs of men from high and low castes repeatedly played a coordination game of common Bookwell interest. Low-caste pairs overwhelmingly coordinated 24/4800 Ansari Road, Daryaganj on the efficient equilibrium, consistent with earlier New Delhi – 110 002 findings. In contrast, high-caste pairs coordinated on the Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 efficient equilibrium at a much lower rate, with only 47 Email: bookwell@vsnl.net percent in efficient coordination in the final period of the experiment. The study traces the divergence in outcomes to how an individual responds to the low payoff he obtains The World Bank in India • November 2016 15 when he attempts efficient coordination but his This report suggests a set of policy actions not only partner does not. After this event, high-caste men are aimed at improving the business environment, but more significantly less likely than low-caste men to continue importantly draws attention to less-well-researched trying for efficiency. areas such as the role of cities and clusters, global value chains (GVC), and firms’ abilities to innovate and efficiently use resources, including technology. WPS 7820 Are labor supply decisions consistent with neoclassical preferences? Evidence from Indian boat Attracting Investment in Bangladesh—Sectoral owners Analyses: A Diagnostic Trade Integration Study By Xavier Gine, Monica Martinez-Bravo and Marian By Sanjay Kathuria and Vidal-Fernandez Mariem Mezghenni This paper studies the labor supply of South Indian boat Malouche owners using daily labor participation decisions of 249 Available On-line boat owners during seven years. It tests the standard Published: October 2016, neoclassical model of labor supply, which predicts that Pages: 329 individuals should be more likely to work when earnings ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- are temporarily high and recent accumulated earnings 0924-8 should play no role in the participation decision. It finds ISBN (electronic): 978-1- that boat owners’ labor participation depends positively 4648-0925-5 on expected earnings but also on recent accumulated This is volume 3 of a three- earnings, albeit weakly. volume publication on Bangladesh’s trade prospects. It provides in-depth analysis of eight different manufacturing and services sectors of the Bangladeshi economy, WPS 7814 which help to illustrate the thematic analysis of volume Will market competition trump gender discrimination 2 and ground it in sector experiences. Besides pointing in India? to cross-cutting themes, the analysis also highlights By Syed Ejaz Ghani, Arti Grover, Sari Kerr and William some specific issues and actions that could help relieve Robert Kerr constraints to faster export growth in these sectors. This paper studies the pattern of female activity and gender segmentation in the Indian manufacturing and services sectors. Although the share of women Apparel in South Asia: Based on the “Stitches to entrepreneurs and employees is larger in manufacturing Riches” report than in services, segmentation based on gender is By Gladys Lopez-Acevedo pervasive in both sectors. In spite of competition- and Raymond Robertson inducing reforms such as investment in Golden Available On-line Quadrilateral (GQ) highways, trade liberalization and Published: October 2016 domestic reforms that India undertook since the turn of Pages: 34 the century, this pattern of gender based segmentation has not subsided over the years. Apparel is the largest labor- intensive manufacturing industry in South Asia, South Asia Publications and is a major employer of women. Although South South Asia’s Turn: Policies to Boost Competitiveness Asia’s apparel sector and Create the Next Export Powerhouse benefits from many of the same favorable conditions as East Asia’s, performance in South Asian apparel remains By Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, well below that of East Asia. Denis Medvedev and Vincent Palmade The objective of this study is to identify the policy Available On-line changes necessary for South Asia to capitalize on this Published: October 2016 opportunity. The authors review the apparel sectors in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and South Asia has a huge compare them with Vietnam and China. The report uses need to create more and quantitative data (analysis based on a gravity model, better jobs for a growing enterprise and buyer surveys) and qualitative information population – especially in (interviews with leading firms) to identify changes in the manufacturing industries policies that would enable South Asia to meet the where it is underperforming as compared to East Asia. requirements of global buyers. 16 The World Bank in India • November 2016 The World Bank Annual Report 2016 Other Publications By World Bank Available On-line Monitoring Global Poverty: Report of the Published September 2016 Commission on Global Poverty The Annual Report is prepared By World Bank by the Executive Directors Available On-line of the International Bank Published: October 2016, for Reconstruction and Pages: 263 Development (IBRD) and the ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- International Development 0961-3 Association (IDA)—collectively ISBN (electronic): 978-1- known as the World Bank—in 4648-0962-0 accordance with the by-laws of the two institutions. The DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648- President of the IBRD and IDA and the Chairman of the 0961-3 Board of Executive Directors submits the Report, together This report advises the Bank with the accompanying administrative budgets and on the measurement and monitoring of global poverty audited financial statements, to the Board of Governors. on two areas: What should be the interpretation of the definition of extreme poverty, set in 2015 in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)-adjusted dollars a day per person? State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2016 What choices should the World Bank make regarding By World Bank complementary monetary and non-monetary poverty Available On-line measures to be tracked and made available to policy- Published: October 2016, makers? How we answer the above questions can, Pages: 136 therefore, have a major influence on the global economy. ISBN (electronic): 978-1- 4648-1001-5 Health Labor Market Analyses in Low- and Middle- This report gives an overview Income Countries: An Evidence-Based Approach of existing and emerging carbon pricing instruments By Richard M. Scheffler, around the world, including Christopher H. Herbst, national and subnational initiatives. Furthermore, it Christophe Lemiere and gives an overview of current corporate carbon pricing Jim Campbell initiatives. Another key focus of the report is on the Available On-line importance of aligning carbon pricing with the broader Published: October 2016, policy landscape. Pages: 289 ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- The analysis provides lessons for policymakers on how 0931-6 to maximize synergies between climate mitigation and ISBN (electronic): 978-1- other related policies, while managing potential tensions 4648-0932-3 and tradeoffs. It also provides new modelling analysis to demonstrate the crucial benefits that an international This book, produced jointly by the World Bank, the carbon market established under Article 6 of the Paris University of California, Berkeley, and the WHO, aims Agreement could provide. to provide decision-makers at sub-national, national, regional and global levels with additional insights into how to address their workforce challenges rather than A Guide to Warehouse Receipt Financing Reform: describe them. Legislative Reform It highlights the need to understand the determinants By World Bank of both the supply (numbers of health workers willing Available On-line to work in the health sector) and the demand for health Published September 2016 workers (resources available to hire health workers), how these interact, and how this interaction varies in different The recommendations contexts. presented in this guide are based on the World Bank This interaction will determine the availability of health Group’s experience in the personnel, their distribution as well as their performance warehousing sector, and levels, thus ensuring stronger health systems capable to particularly in the context deliver universal health coverage. The World Bank in India • November 2016 17 of agricultural commodities, the contributions of a This Guide does not cover all aspects of warehouse number of experts in this field, existing literature, reform law reform, which will vary depending on the form and experience in a number of emerging market countries substance of the existing legal system, but it aims at and the existing best practices in jurisdictions with covering at least the minimum and most important efficient and generally accepted warehousing systems. elements of such a reform. India Project Documents Andhra Pradesh Rural Inclusive Growth Project Sustainable Urban Transport Project Date 03 October 2016 Date 29 September 2016 Project ID P152210 Project ID P110371 Report No. STEP 325 (Procurement Plan) Report No. SFG 1653 (Resettlement Plan) Uttar Pradesh Sodic Land Reclamation Project National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project Date 02 October 2016 Date 26 September 2016 Project ID P112033 Project ID P144726 Report No. STEP 322 (Procurement Plan) Report No. STEP 300, 260 (Procurement Plan) Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation 24x7 Power for all in Andhra Pradesh Project Project Date 23 September 2016 Date 30 September 2016 Project ID P155038 Project ID P155617 Report No. PIDA87443 (Project Information Report No. STEP 319 (Procurement Plan) Document-Appraisal Stage) ISDSA19791 (Integrated Safeguards Andhra Pradesh Disaster Recovery Project Data Sheet-Appraisal Stage) Date 29 September 2016 Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project Project ID P154847 Date 22 September 2016 Report No. STEP 317,298, 226, 220-221 (Procurement Plan) Project ID P146653 Report No. STEP 295, 257, 236 (Procurement Plan) Second Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project Date 29 September 2016 Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor-3 Project ID P143751 Date 22 September 2016 Report No. STEP 316 (Procurement Plan) Project ID P150158 Report No. STEP 293, 285 (Procurement Plan) National Ganga River Basin Project Date 28 September 2016 Second Kerala State Transport Project Project ID P119085 Date 22 September 2016 Report No. STEP 311,303, 281 Project ID P150158 (Procurement Plan) Report No. STEP 293, 285, 223 (Procurement Plan) Bihar Kosi Basin Development Project Date 27 September 2016 Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor -3 Project ID P127725 Date 21 September 2016 Report No. STEP 306, 256. 248-251 Project ID P130339 (Procurement Plan) Report No. STEP 290 (Procurement Plan) 18 The World Bank in India • November 2016 Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project Report No. STEP 274 (Procurement Plan) Date 21 September 2016 Additional Financing for Financing Energy Efficiency Project ID P124614 at MSMEs Project Report No. STEP 280 (Procurement Plan) Date 14 September 2016 Project ID P158033 Scaling Up Sustainable and Responsible Microfinance Report No. STEP 266, 267 (Procurement Plan) Date 21 September 2016 Technical Engineering Educational Quality Project ID P119043 Improvement Project Report No. ICRR0020215 (Implementation Date 12 September 2016 Completion Report Review) Project ID P102549 Jharkhand Municipal Development Project Report No. STEP 259 (Procurement Plan) Date 21 September 2016 Additional Financing for Rooftop Solar Program Project ID P158502 Date 07 September 2016 Report No. STEP 291 (Procurement Plan) Project ID P127974 Capacity Augmentation of the National Waterway -1 Report No. PIDA90443 (Project Information Document-Appraisal Stage) Date 20 September 2016 Project ID P148775 Madhya Pradesh Rural Connectivity Project Report No. STEP 283 (Procurement Plan) Date 06 September 2016 Project ID P157054 National Hydrology Project Report No. STEP 237 (Procurement Plan) Date 19 September 2016 Project ID P158502 Shared Infrastructure for Solar Parks Project Report No. PIDA19001 (Project Information Date 01 September 2016 Document-Appraisal Stage) Project ID P154283 North Eastern Region Power System Project Report No. SFG2423 (Environmental Assessment) Date 19 September 2016 Project ID P127974 The World Bank in India • November 2016 19 From the Blogworld Forging Partnerships for Green Growth By Jie-Ae Sohn devise green and sustainable policies for its key revenue earning sectors. These include hydropower, tourism, and industry, and also cover rural development as the vast majority of the state’s people live in rural areas and depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. The experts’ recent trip was an extension of the Bank’ long-term commitment to the state’s green growth efforts. Green growth and development are two sides of the same coin Following the walkabout in the city, the global experts sat down with state officials in a packed auditorium to hash out some sustainable and green ways forward for the state. It was a clear Saturday morning and, from the start, the state’s high-level interest was evident. Sudhir O n the streets of Shimla, residents stare at a strange group of visitors. The group looks and acts different from other tourists to this hilly capital Sharma, HP’s Minister of Urban Development emphasized that this knowledge sharing exercise will not only help implant programs, but also give shape of India’s mountain state of Himachal Pradesh. Not to a better tomorrow. Indian, and definitely not the usual European retirees. Oh, and even stranger, the group starts taking photos Dr. Shrikant Baldi pointed out that in Korea, green of parking lots, trash cans, and the tiny alleys that growth and development are not two different things, snake up and down the city. That was how a group but are integrated. In HP too, the state’s green growth of global experts in a gamut of urban matters policies are already bringing economic benefits. appeared to the citizens of Shimla. It was the group’s HP officials showcased the advances they had made first day in a town they had never seen, nor ever in natural capital accounting and the management of imagined they would visit. But here they were – catchment areas. The Korean urban planning expert, experts at solid waste management, urban parking, on his part, explained how his country had integrated public transportation, IT and city planning – at the green policies into the building of smart cities. request of the government of Himachal Pradesh (HP). The state, named after the soaring Himalayas, is The ubiquitous challenges of waste management seeking to protect its natural heritage by growing in and transport a green and sustainable manner. Officials also discussed various green solutions to the HP is renowned for its pleasant climes, verdant ubiquitous challenges of urban growth such as waste forests and snow-clad peaks that not only act as a management. HP is already the first state in India to carbon sink for India’s burgeoning economy but also completely ban plastic bags, and is now seeking to serve as a source of five perennial rivers that sustain take this initiative to the next level. Not surprisingly, the lives of million in the teeming plains below. The the Korean example provided them with much to inspiration for the experts’ visit came from the highest learn from. It showed how landfills can be levels of the state government. Dr. Shrikant Baldi, the transformed from being unsightly and hazardous state’s additional chief secretary, had visited Korea to mounds of waste to becoming a source of clean attend a global green growth conference sponsored energy, and having beautiful apartment complexes, by the World Bank. There he saw the real-life parks and even golf courses built over them. application of strategies that his government needed The final exchange focused on one of HP’s biggest to take their own green growth agenda forward. challenges, its transport system. Especially in the Strange bedfellows you might think, Korea and mountainous capital Shimla, which faces a severe Himachal Pradesh? Not in the least! Himachal lack of roads and parking facilities, officials are Pradesh has in recent years successfully used three seeking long-term and sustainable solutions to the World Bank Development Policy Loans (DPLs) to transport problem. 20 The World Bank in India • November 2016 From the Blogworld Seoul, like most modern cities, has also faced such the day, both sides, that had seemed so far apart just (Change background colour as needed) issues. Its experience of transforming the public days ago, agreed to take forward a holistic and multi- transport system to address these needs therefore sectoral approach to the urban challenges of today, provided new insights to HP officials. especially in the beautiful mountain state of Himachal Pradesh. The day was rounded off by the global experts sharing some further views and ideas. At the end of Read more » http://tinyurl.com/jlupr3u It’s possible to end poverty in South Asia By Annette Dixon people have escaped extreme poverty. Between 2012 and 2013 alone, around 100 million people moved out of extreme poverty. That’s around a quarter of a million people every day. This is cause for optimism. But extreme poverty and the wrenching circumstances that accompany it persist. Half the world’s extreme poor now live in sub-Saharan Africa, and another third live in South Asia. Worldwide nearly 800 million people were still living on less than $1.90 a day in 2013, the latest year for which we have global numbers. Half of these are children. Most have nearly no (Change background colour as needed) education. Many of the world’s poor are living in fragile and conflict afflicted countries. In a world in O ctober 17 is the international day to end poverty. There has been much progress toward this important milestone: the World Bank Group’s latest which so many have so much, it is unacceptable that so many have so little. numbers show that since 1990 nearly 1.1 billion Read more » http://tinyurl.com/jpcavsu How geospatial technology can help cities plan for a sustainable future By Xueman Wang M any urban residents these days will find it hard to imagine a life without mobile apps that help us locate a restaurant, hail a cab, or find a subway station—usually in a matter of seconds. If geospatial technology and data already make our everyday lives this easier, imagine what they can do for our cities: for example, geospatial data on land-use change and built-up land expansion can provide for more responsive urban planning, while information on traffic conditions, road networks, and solid waste sites can help optimize management and enhance the quality (Change background colour as needed) of urban living. However, information and data that provide the latest big picture on urban land and services often fail to keep up with rapid population growth and land urban and vulnerable populations. expansion. This is especially the case for cities in Read more » http://tinyurl.com/zpl9rad developing countries—home to the fastest growing The World Bank in India • November 2016 21 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 7848 WPS 7836 The long-term impact of international migration on Constructing robust poverty trends in the Islamic economic decision-making: Evidence from a migration Republic of Iran: 2008-14 lottery and lab-in-the-field experiments By Aziz Atamanov, Mohammad-Hadi Mostafavi, Djavad By John Gibson, David J. Mckenzie, Halahingano Salehi Isfahani and Tara Vishwanath Rohorua and Steven Stillman WPS 7835 WPS 7847 Deepening without broadening? Jobs in Ghana’s Economic integration across Latin America: Evidence private sector from labor markets, 1990-2013 By David C. Francis and Maddalena Honorati By Daniel Lederman and Raymond Robertson WPS 7834 WPS 7846 Training teachers on the job: What works and how to The more stringent, the better? Rationing car use in measure it Bogota with moderate and drastic restrictions By Anna Popova, David Evans and Violeta Arancibia By Jorge A. Bonilla WPS 7833 WPS 7845 Gender gaps in cognitive and non-cognitive skills in New estimates of extreme poverty for children early primary grades: Evidence from rural Indonesia By David Locke Newhouse, Pablo Suarez Becerra and By Nozomi Nakajima, Haeil Jung, Menno Prasad Martin C. Evans Pradhan, Amer Hasan, Angela Kinnell and Sally Ann Brinkman WPS 7844 Who are the poor in the developing world? WPS 7832 By Andes Castaneda, Dung Thi Thuy Doan, David Locke Investing in school readiness: An analysis of the cost- Newhouse and et.al. effectiveness of early childhood education pathways in rural Indonesia WPS 7843 By Nozomi Nakajima, Amer Hasan, Haeil Jung, Sally Intergenerational education mobility in Africa: Has Ann Brinkman and et.al. progress been inclusive? By Theophile T. Azomahou and Eleni Abraham Yitbarek WPS 7831 Nonrenewable resources, income inequality and per WPS 7842 capita GDP: An empirical analysis Dynamic relationship between corruption and youth By Antonio Scognamillo, Gianluca Mele and Luca Sensini unemployment: Empirical evidences from a system GMM approach WPS 7830 By Bechir Naier Bouzid Trends and drivers of poverty reduction in Nepal: A historical perspective WPS 7841 By Hiroki Uematsu, Akhmad Rizal Shidiq and Sailesh Is predicted data a viable alternative to real data? Tiwari By Tomoki Fujii and Roy Van Der Weide WPS 7829 WPS 7840 Can the culture of honor lead to inefficient Citizen Engagement in rulemaking – evidence on conventions? Experimental evidence from India regulatory practices in 185 countries By Benjamin A. Brooks, Karla Hoff and Priyanka Pandey By Melissa Marie Johns and Valentina Saltane WPS 7828 WPS 7839 Faraway or nearby? Domestic and international Poor households’ productive investments of cash spillovers in patenting and product innovation transfers: Quasi-experimental evidence from Niger By Claudio Bravo-Ortega, Ana Paula Cusolito and Daniel By Quentin Stoeffler, Bradford F. Mills and Patrick Lederman Premand WPS 7827 WPS 7838 Russian Federation: How services contribute to When the cat’s away: The effects of spousal migration competitiveness on investments on children By Juan Sebastian Saez and Erik Leendert Van Der By Rizzica Lucia Marel WPS 7837 WPS 7826 Economic premise – managing (fiscally) resource Minimizing ecological damage from road improvement windfalls: Exploring policy options for the Democratic in tropical forests Republic of Congo By Susmita Dasgupta and David R. Wheeler By Emmanuel Pinto Moreira 22 The World Bank in India • November 2016 WPS 7825 in India? Does improved local supply of schooling enhance By Syed Ejaz Ghani, Arti Grover, Sari Kerr and William intergenerational mobility in education? Evidence from Robert Kerr Jordan WPS 7813 By Ragui A. Assaad and Mohamed Farid Mohamed On the ground or in the air? A methodological Saleh experiment on crop residue cover measurement in WPS 7824 Ethiopia Mobility and pathways to the middle class in Nepal By Frederic Kosmowski, James Stevenson, Jeff By Sailesh Tiwari, Akhmad Rizal Shidiq and Carlos Felipe Campbell and et.al. Balcazar Salazar WPS 7812 WPS 7823 Varietal identification in household surveys: Results From commodity discovery to production from an experiment using DNA fingerprinting of sweet By Tehmina Shaukat Khan, Trang Thi Thuy Nguyen, potato leaves in southern Ethiopia Franziska Lieselotte Ohnsorge and Richard Schodde By Frederic Kosmowski, Abiyot Aragaw, Andrzej Kilian and et.al. WPS 7822 Shoeing the Children: The impact of the TOMS Shoe WPS 7811 donation program in rural El Salvador Sustainability of a residential CFL distribution program: By Bruce W. Wydick, Elizabeth G. Katz, Flor Calvo,Felipe Evidence from Ethiopia Gutierrez and Brendan Janet By Issa Diaw, Raihan Elahi and Atsushi Iimi WPS 7821 WPS 7810 Export competitiveness and FDI performance across How many years have refugees been in exile? the regions of the Russian Federation By Xavier Devictor and Quy-Toan Do By Karlygash Dairabayeva, Michael Joseph Ferrantino, WPS 7808 Alberto Portugal-Perez and Gabriela Schmidt Are minimum wages and payroll taxes a constraint to WPS 7820 the creation of formal jobs in Morocco? Are labor supply decisions consistent with neoclassical By Diego Angel-Urdinola, Abdoul Gadiry Barry and Jamal preferences? Evidence from Indian boat owners Guennouni By Xavier Gine, Monica Martinez-Bravo and Marian WPS 7807 Vidal-Fernandez Savings defaults and payment delays for cash WPS 7819 transfers: Field experimental evidence from Malawi The globe and the circle: Geometry and economic By Lasse Florian Brune, Xavier Gine, Jessica Ann geography as tribute to Thales and Nash Goldberg and Dean Yang By Kaushik Basu WPS 7806 WPS 7818 Uncertainty as a factor in investment decisions: The Preferential resource spending under an employment case of the Russian Federation’s regions guarantee: The political economy of MGNREGS in By Irina Levina, Gregory Kisunko, Israel I. Marques and Andhra Pradesh Andrei Yakovlev By Megan Britney Sheahan, Yanyan Liu, Christopher B. WPS 7805 Barrett and Sudha Narayanan On the impact of demographic change on growth, WPS 7817 savings, and poverty Combining preschool teacher training with parenting By S. Amer Ahmed and Marcio Jose Vargas Da Cruz education: A cluster-randomized controlled trial WPS 7804 By Berk Ozler, Lia C. H. Fernald, Patricia Karol Kariger The capabilities driving participation in global value and et.al. chains WPS 7816 By Vilas G. Pathikonda and Thomas Farole The state of economics, the state of the world WPS 7803 By Kaushik Basu Unequal before the law: Measuring legal gender WPS 7815 disparities across the world How long is the maturity of corporate borrowing? By Sarah Iqbal, Asif Mohammed Islam, Rita Ramalho and Evidence from bond and loan issuances across Alena Sakhonchik markets WPS 7802 By Juan Jose Cortina Lorente, Tatiana Didier Brandao Prevalence, economic contribution, and determinants and Sergio L. Schmukler of trees on farms across Sub-Saharan Africa WPS 7814 By Daniel Charles Miller, Juan Carlos Munoz Mora and Will market competition trump gender discrimination Luc Christiaensen The World Bank in India • November 2016 23 The World Bank in India VOL 15 / NO 3 • November 2016 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. 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