THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE ENTITIES DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (LODA) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Report For Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – Phase 2 in Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Final Report January, 2020 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CONSULTANCY TEAM The Environmental and Social Impact Study for Rwanda Urban Development Project-Phase 2 was conducted by the following. Name Position on Study Team Consulting Firm Ms. NZAINGA Helen Team Leader ECOLEAD Consultants Ltd Mr. UWIMANA Abias ESIA Lead Expert ECMN Ltd Mr. HATEGEKIMANA Assistant to ESIA Lead Expert ECMN Ltd Sylvere Ms. BAZUBAGIRA Sociologist ECMN Ltd Djalia ii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Consultancy Team greatly appreciates the support and cooperation rendered by Local Administrative Entities Development Agency (LODA) and Rwanda Development Board (RDB) during the course of compiling this Environmental and Social Impact Statement (ESIS). Special mention is made to the officials and people of the six secondary city Districts for their support to this assignment. iii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BOD: Biological Oxidation Demand CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity CO: Carbon Monoxide CO2: Carbon Dioxide CoK: City of Kigali EA: Environmental Assessment EDPRS: Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment EMP: Environmental Management Plan ESIA: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP: Environmental and Social Management Plan ETEKA: Ecole Technique de Kabgayi EUCL: Electricity Utility Corporation Limited GIS: Geographic Information System GOR: Government of Rwanda GPS: Global Positioning System HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection I &AP: Interested and Affected Persons IDA: International Development Agency KOPs: Key Observation Points LODA: Local Government Entities Development Authority MININFRA: Ministry of Infrastructure MOE: Ministry of Environment NOX: Nitrogen Oxides NST1: National Strategy for Transformation OP: Operational Policies RAPs: Resettlement Action Plans RDB: Rwanda Development Board iv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare REMA: Rwanda Environmental Management Authority RHA: Rwanda Housing Authority RLMUA: Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority RTDA: Rwanda Transport Development Agency RUDP: Rwanda Urban Development Project RWFA: Rwanda Water and Forest Authority SOX : Sulphur Oxides TOR: Terms of Reference UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WASAC: Water and Sanitation Corporation v Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES xx LIST OF FIGURES xxii TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS xxvi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Project background 1 1.2 ESIA Aim, Objectives and Scope 3 1.3 Application of Safeguard Polices: Project performance up to date 5 1.4 Project performance and Status of Component 2 (Informal Settlement Upgrading) and Component 3 (TA for urban management) - Brief summary Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process in Rwanda 7 1.4 ESIA Content and Structure 9 CHAPTER II. POLICY LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Institutional Framework 10 2.3 Policy Framework 13 2.4 Legal Framework 17 2.5 International Legislative Framework and World Bank Safeguard Policies 20 2.5.1 International Agreements 20 2.5.2 World Bank Safeguards Policies 21 2.5.3 IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines 24 CHAPTER III: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 25 vi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Data Collection 26 3.2.1 Literature Review 27 3.2.2 Determination of Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions 28 3.2.3 Water Quality Assessment 29 3.2.4 Noise level assessment 34 3.2.5 Air Quality Assessment 34 3.2.6 Biological assessment (Mammals, birds, flora and other fauna) 35 3.2.7 Historical and Cultural heritage assessments 36 3.2.8 Landscape and Visual impacts assessment 36 3.2.9 Socio-economic assessment 37 3.2.10 Identification and Analysis of Key Stakeholders 37 3.2.11 Public Consultation and Public Disclosure 37 3.3 Identification and analysis of Potential Environmental & Social Impacts 38 3.3.1 Impacts Identification 38 3.3.2 Impacts Evaluation/Characterization 39 3.3.3 Assessment of Impact Significance 41 3.3.4 Assessment of Residual Impacts 43 3.3.5 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts 44 CHAPTER IV: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 46 4.1 Road Geometric Design and components 46 4.1.1 Road cross section options 46 4.1.2 Recommendations of the four cross-section options 50 4.1.2.1 Road width 50 4.1.2.2 Cross Slope 51 vii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 4.1.2.3 Curbs 51 4.1.2.4 Greening Space 52 4.1.2.5 Non-Motorized Transports (NMT) Facilities 52 4.1.2.6 Cycle lanes 52 4.1.2.7 Pedestrian Sidewalks 53 4.1.2.8 Pedestrian Crossings 53 4.1.2.9 Drainage System 53 4.1.2.10 Cut/Embankment Slopes - Erosion Control 54 4.1.2.11 Utility Space 54 4.1.2.12 Bus Stops 54 4.1.3 Road Pavement Design 57 4.2 Project sub-projects in six secondary cities 57 4.3. Description of project activities 60 4.3.1 Pre- construction phase 60 4.3.1.1 Land and property acquisition 60 4.3.1.2 Transport of material to sites 60 4.3.1.3 Establishment of construction campsites 61 4.3.2 Construction phase 62 4.3.2.1 Borrow pit establishment 62 4.3.2.2 Sourcing and transportation of building materials 62 4.3.2.3 Storage of construction materials 62 4.3.2.4 Excavation, Foundation works and Earthworks 63 4.3.2.5 Masonry, concrete work and related activities 63 4.3.2.6 Landscaping 63 4.3.2.7 Wastes and Storm water management 63 viii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 4.3.3 Operational phase 63 4.3.4 Decommissioning phase 64 4.3.4.1 Demolition works 64 4.3.4.2 Dismantling of equipment and fixtures 64 4.3.4.3 Site restoration 64 4.3.4.4 Construction materials and Energy used 64 4.3.4.5 Solid waste generated 64 4.4 Project Alternatives 65 4.4.1 Alternative road and drainage location 65 4.4.2 Road width design 65 4.4.3 Design for the drainages 66 4.4.4 Construction technology and materials 67 4.4.5 Zero Scenario 67 4.4.6 Waste management options 68 4.4.6.1 Human excreta 68 4.4.6.2 Solid Waste Management Alternatives 68 4.4.7 Dumpsites, Quarries and borrow pits 70 CHAPTER V: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC BASELINE 71 5.1 Muhanga City 71 5.1.1 Physical environment 71 5.1.1.1 Location 71 5.1.1.2 Climate and Rainfall 72 5.1.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality 73 5.1.1.4 Topography 74 5.1.1.5 Geology and Soils 74 ix Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.1.1.6 Land use and settlements 75 5.1.1.7 Noise Level 75 5.1.1.8 Key Environmental issues around the proposed RUDP phase 2 76 5.1.2 Biological environment 80 5.1.2.1 Flora and fauna 80 5.1.2.2 Sensitive ecosystems 80 5.1.3 Socio- economic Environment 81 5.1.3.1 Population characteristics 81 5.1.3.2 Employment and income generation 81 5.1.3.3 Infrastructure 82 5.1.4 Cultural Heritage and tourism 82 5.2 Huye City 84 5.2.1 Physical Environment 84 5.2.1.1 Location 84 5.2.1.2 Climate and rainfall 85 5.2.1.4 Topography 87 5.2.1.5 Geology and Soils 87 5.2.1.6 Land use and settlement 88 5.2.1.7 Noise Level 88 5.2.1.8 Key project Environmental and Social Issues in Huye City 89 5.2.2 Biological Environment 93 5.2.2.1 Flora and Fauna 93 5.2.2.2 Sensitive ecosystems 94 5.2.3 Socio economic environment 95 5.2.3.1 Population characteristics 95 x Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.2.3.2 Employment and income generation 95 5.2.3.3 Infrastructure 95 5.2.4 Cultural Heritage and tourism 97 5.3 Rusizi City 98 5.3.1 Physical Environment 98 5.3.1.1 Location 98 5.3.1.2 Climate and Rainfall 99 5.3.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality 100 5.3.1.4 Topography 101 5.3.1.5 Geology and Soil 101 5.3.1.6 Land use and settlements 102 5.3.1.7 Noise Level 103 5.3.1.8 Key project Environmental and Social Issues 103 5.3.2 Biological Environment 107 5.3.4.1 Flora and fauna 107 5.3.4.2 Sensitive Ecosystems 107 5.3.3 Socio economic Environment 108 5.3.3.1 Population characteristics 108 5.3.3.2 Employment and income generation 108 5.3.3.3 Infrastructure 108 5.3.4 Cultural Heritage and Tourism 111 5.4 Rubavu City 112 5.4.1 Physical environment 112 5.4.1.1 Location 112 5.4.1.2 Climate and Rainfall 113 xi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.4.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality 114 5.4.1.4 Topography 115 5.4.1.5 Geology and soils 115 5.4.1.6 Land Use and Settlement 115 5.4.1.7 Noise Level 116 5.4.1.8 Key project component issues 116 5.4.2 Biological Environment 118 5.4.2.1 Flora and fauna 118 5.4.2.2 Sensitive Ecosystems 119 5.4.3 Socio economic environment 119 5.4.3.1 Population characteristics 119 5.4.3.2 Employment and income generation 120 5.4.3.3 Infrastructure 120 5.4.4 Cultural Heritage and tourism 121 5.5 Musanze City 122 5.5.1 Physical Environment 122 5.5.1.1 Location 122 5.5.1.2 Climate and rainfall 123 5.5.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality 124 5.5.1.4 Topography 125 5.5.1.5 Geology and Soils 126 5.5.1.6 Land Use and Settlement 126 5.5.1.7 Noise Level 126 5.5.1.8 Key environmental and social issues 127 5.5.2 Biodiversity 130 xii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.5.2.1 Flora and Fauna 130 5.5.2.2 Sensitive Ecosystems 130 5.5.3 Socio- economic Environment 131 5.5.3.1 Population characteristics/demography 131 5.5.3.2 Employment and income generation 132 5.5.3.3 Infrastructure 132 5.5.4 Cultural heritage and Tourism 133 5.6 Nyagatare City 134 5.6.1 Physical Environment 134 5.6.1.1 Location 134 5.6.1.2 Climate and Rainfall 136 5.6.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality 136 5.6.1.5 Geology and soil 137 5.6.1.6 Land Use and Settlement 138 5.2.1.7 Noise Level 138 5.6.1.8 Key Environmental and social issues 139 5.6.2 Biological environment 142 5.6.2.1 Flora and Fauna 142 5.6.2.2 Sensitive Ecosystems 143 5.6.3 Socio- economic Environment 143 5.6.3.1 Population characteristics/demography 143 5.6.3.2 Employment and income generation 143 5.6.3.3 Infrastructure 144 5.6.4 Cultural Heritage and Tourism 144 xiii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER VI: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT 145 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Project impacts 145 6.2.1 Positive impacts during construction 145 6.2.1.1 Socio economic improvement 145 6.2.1.2 Improved roads safety in the project area 146 6.2.1.3 Improved income generation and livelihoods 146 6.2.1.4 Improved well-being and increased business opportunities 147 6.2.1.5 Increase of Tourism 147 6.2.1.6 Promote and Attract New Investments 148 6.2.1.7 Increased Land Value 148 6.2.1.8 Reduced car damages and fuel Consumption 148 6.2.1.10 Access to home and services 149 6.2.1.11 Impact on pedestrian traffic 149 6.2.1.12 Improved drainage and its environmental benefits 149 6.2.2 Negative impacts during construction 150 6.2.2.1 Impact on land use and properties 151 6.2.2.2 Gender aspects 151 6.2.2.3 Impact related dust and particulate emissions 152 6.2.2.4. Impacts in labour camps and influx of workers 153 6.2.2.5 Fire outbreak 154 6.2.2.6 Noise and vibration pollution 155 6.2.2.7 Impacts on mobility and road safety 156 6.2.2.8 Impact on utilities 156 xiv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2.2.9 Extraction and use of materials 157 6.2.2.10 Gas emissions 158 6.2.2.11 Risks of accidents and injuries to workers 158 6.2.2.12 Decline in scenic quality 159 6.2.2.13 Clearance of vegetation 159 6.2.2.14 Increasing soil erosion and sedimentation 160 6.2.2.15 Waste generation 160 6.2.2.16 Social Evils: Slums, Alcoholism and Prostitution 161 6.2.2.18 Sanitation problem at working sites 162 6.2.2.20 Interference with business and daily activities during demolition 162 6.2.2.21 Impacts generated by extraction of materials from quarries and borrow pits and dumping activities. 163 6.2.2.22 Crops damages, trees cutting and properties damages 164 6.2.2.23 Impact on surface water 164 6.2.3 Negative impacts of the roads operation 165 6.2.3.1 Increased accidents and death to human, domestic and wild animals 165 6.2.3.2 Interference with traffic flow 165 6.2.3.3 Increased informal settlement and pressure in the area 166 6.2.4 Negative environmental impacts of decommissioning activities 166 6.2.4.1 Solid waste 166 6.2.4.2 Dust emission 167 6.2.4.3 Interference with road users 167 6.2.4.4 Increased in noise and vibration 167 6.2.4.5 Generation of wastewater 168 xv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2.5 Cumulative impacts 168 6.2.6 Residual Impacts 169 6.2.6.1 Residual impacts related to health and safety 169 6.2.6.2 Residua Impacts on Soils 169 6.2.6.3 Residual impacts on surface and groundwater 169 6.2.6.4 Residual Impacts on Air quality and noise 170 6.2.6.5 Residual impact related to borrow areas exploitation 170 6.2.6.7 Residual Impacts related to community severance 171 6.2.6.8 Residual Impacts across all sectors 171 6.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan 173 6.4 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan 188 6.4.1 Introduction 188 6.4.2 Institutional arrangement and roles 188 6.4.2.1 Local Administrative Entities Development Agency (LODA) 188 6.4.2.2 Rwanda Development Board (RDB) 189 6.3.2.3 Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) 189 6.4.2.4 Contractor 189 6.4.2.5 Districts 190 6.4.2.6 Supervising Firm/Consultant 190 6.4.2.7 Local Community 191 6.4.2.8 Independent External Environmental Auditor 192 6.4.3 Environmental monitoring parameters and permissible standards 192 6.4.3.1 Project Safeguard Management Capacity of RUDP 1 192 6.4.3.2 Water quality 193 6.4.3.3 Noise Levels Monitoring 193 xvi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.4.3.4 Air Quality 193 6.4.3.5 Soil Erosion Monitoring 193 6.4.3.6 Monitoring Rehabilitation of campsites 194 6.4.3.7 Monitoring of Accidents/Health 194 6.4.3.8 Waste Management Monitoring 195 6.4.3.9 Oil Spillage Monitoring 195 6.4.3.10 How to monitor 195 6.4.3.11 Frequency of Monitoring and Reporting 195 6.5 Storm Water Management Plan 196 6.5.1 Importance of a storm water management plan 196 6.5.2 Storm water management measures 196 6.5.3 Storm water monitoring plan 198 6.6 Contingency Plan 200 6.6.1 Spills 200 6.6.1.1 Petroleum/Gasoline spills 200 6.6.1.2 Other Fuels and Oil Products 201 6.6.1.3 Acid Spills 202 6.6.1.4 Concrete 203 6.6.2 Plan Review and Training 203 6.7 Community Health, Safety and Security Management Plan 203 6.8 Traffic Management Plan and Safety Signages 207 6.8.1 Issues and problems related to Traffic Management Plan 207 6.8.2 Road safety signs 209 6.9 Vegetation Restoration Plan 212 6.9.1 Rehabilitation objectives 212 xvii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.9.2 Existing vegetation 212 6.9.3 Types and quantity of vegetation to be planted 213 6.9.4 Weed Control 214 6.9.5 Revegetation Techniques 214 6.9.6 Timing and Staging of Re-vegetation Works 215 6.9.7 Maintenance and Monitoring 215 6.10 Chance find Procedure 216 6.10.1 Purpose of the chance find procedure 216 6.10.2 Responsibility 216 6.10.3 Scope of the chance find procedure 216 6.10.4 Induction/Training 217 6.10.5 Chance find procedure 217 6.10.6 Additional information: Management options for archaeological site 218 6.10.7 Management of replicable and non-replicable heritage 218 6.11 Training and capacity building plan 220 CHAPTER VII: PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 226 7.1 Background 226 7.2 Objectives of the Public Consultations 227 7.3 Stakeholder Analysis 228 7.3.1 Stakeholder Identification 228 7.4 Stakeholder Engagement 231 7.4.1 Approaches 231 7.4.2 Outcomes of the Stakeholder Engagement Program 233 7.4.3 Attitudes of PAPS towards RUDP phase 2 235 xviii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 7.4.4 Enhancement measures for the social issues raised during the public consultation 235 7.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism 237 7.5.1 Process of grievance redress 237 7.5.2 Establishment of Grievance Redress Committee 237 7.6 Public consultation on the draft report and upcoming RUDP components239 CHAPTER IX. CONCLUSION 240 LIST OF REFERENCES 242 ANNEXES i Annex 1: Grievance Redress Mechanism Log Frame Template i Annex 2: Social Survey Tool iii Annex 3: List of Participants in Public Consultation xii Annex 4. ESIA Public consultation on the draft report and introduction to the forthcoming RUDP Components xxvi Annex 4.1 Public consultation on the draft report xxvi Annex 4.2: Introducing people to the forthcoming RUDP Components xxxii Annex 5: Proposed Contractor’s Environmental, Health and Social Safety Policy xlvi Annex 6: Model for Codes of Conduct xlviii xix Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare LIST OF TABLES Table 2- 1: The roles and responsibilities of relevant Institutions .......................... 11 Table 2- 2: National Policies, Plan and Strategies .................................................... 13 Table 2- 3: Relevant National legal framework applicable to RUDP phase 2 ......... 17 Table 2- 4: WB Environmental and Social Policies triggered for the RUDP project during appraisal of the project. .................................................................................. 23 Table 3- 1: Overview of tasks, approaches and deliverables .................................. 25 Table 3- 2: Water sampling sites and schedule for RUDP phase 2 ......................... 33 Table 3- 3: Air Emission limits specified World Health Organization ..................... 35 Table 3- 4: Identification of the Project impacts using a checklist table ................ 39 Table 3- 5: Impact Evaluation Criteria ........................................................................ 40 Table 3- 6: Assessment of the project impacts using the Impact Prediction Matrix ...................................................................................................................................... 43 Table 4- 1: Sub-projects of the RUDP phase 2 in the six secondary cities of Rwanda ......................................................................................................................... 58 Table 4- 2: Land use types of affected properties by city and selected options .. 66 Table 5- 1: Water quality at different places of Muhanga City ................................. 74 Table 5- 2: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Muhanga .................. 77 Table 5- 3: Water quality at different places of Huye City ........................................ 87 Table 5- 4: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Huye ......................... 92 Table 5- 5: Water quality at different places of Rusizi City .................................... 101 Table 5- 6: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Rusizi ...................... 106 Table 5- 7: Water quality at different places of Rubavu City.................................. 115 Table 5- 8: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Rubavu ................... 117 Table 5- 9: Water quality at different places of Musanze City............................. 125 Table 5- 10: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Musanze ............... 128 Table 5- 11: Water quality at different places of Nyagatare City ........................... 137 Table 5- 12: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Nyagatare ............. 140 Table 6- 1: Impacts of RUDP phase 2 Activities...................................................... 172 Table 6- 2: Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMP) for RUDP phase 2 ...................................................................................................... 174 xx Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 6- 3: Storm water management plan during Construction phase ............... 199 Table 6- 4: Storm water management plan during operational phase .................. 199 Table 6- 5: Community Health, Safety and Security Management Plan ................ 204 Table 6- 6: Proposed countermeasures the Traffic issues .................................... 208 Table 6- 7: Road safety signs to be used during the implementation (construction phase) of RUDP phase 2 ........................................................................................... 209 Table 6- 8: Re-vegetation Monitoring Guide............................................................ 216 Table 6- 9: Indicative content of the RUDP phase 2 capacity building training ... 222 Table 7- 1: Stakeholder Analysis for RUDP phase 2 .............................................. 229 Table 7- 2: Place and dates of the Public Consultations in the Six Secondary Cities /Project Districts ............................................................................................. 232 Table 7- 3: Schedule of Door to Door Interviews in the Six Secondary Cities ..... 233 Table 7- 4: Issues raised in meeting and how they were answered ...................... 233 Table 7- 5: Enhancement measures for the project impacts ................................. 236 Table 7- 6: Grievance Redress Process .................................................................. 238 Table 7- 7: Schedule of the ESIA Draft report disclosure ...................................... 239 xxi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1- 1: RUDP phase 2 project area ...................................................................... 5 Figure 1- 2: ESIA Process for RUDP phase 2 .............................................................. 8 Figure 3- 1: Water Quality Sampling in Muhanga City ............................................. 30 Figure 3- 2: Water quality sampling sites in Huye City (Source: Fieldwork, 2019) 30 Figure 3- 3: Water quality sampling sites in Rusizi City .......................................... 31 Figure 3- 4: Water Quality sampling sites in Rubavu City ....................................... 31 Figure 3- 5: Water quality sampling sites in Musanze City ...................................... 32 Figure 3- 6: Water Quality Sampling sites in Nyagatare City ................................... 32 Figure 4- 1: Typical Street Cross Section Option 1 (width 13.60 m) ....................... 47 Figure 4- 2: Typical Street Cross Section Option 2 (width 12.30m) ........................ 48 Figure 4- 3: Typical Street Cross Section Option 3 (width 10.85m) ........................ 48 Figure 4- 4: Typical Street Cross Section Option 4 (width 10.2m). ......................... 49 Figure 4- 5: Typical Street Cross Section Option 5 (width 8 m). ............................. 50 Figure 4- 6: Options for locations of bus stops ........................................................ 56 Figure 4- 7: Solid waste bins with different colour ................................................... 69 Figure 5- 1: Location of Muhanga District in Rwanda .............................................. 71 Figure 5- 2: Confirmed RUDP phase 2 sub-projects for implementation in Muhanga City (Source: Adapted from Google Earth) .............................................. 72 Figure 5- 3: Monthly rainfall at Nyamabuye Station, Muhanga ................................ 73 Figure 5- 4: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Ruvumera road starting point (a), Ruvumera road end point (b), Gahogo road starting point (c) and Cyakabiri-Misizi Road (d). ....................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 5- 5: Education and Religious Institutions in Ruvumera Settlement, Muhanga City ............................................................................................................... 83 Figure 5- 6: Education and Religious Institutions in Ruvumera Settlement, Muhanga City ............................................................................................................... 83 Figure 5- 7: Location of Huye District in Rwanda ..................................................... 84 Figure 5- 8: Confirmed RUDP phase 2 sub-projects for implementation in Huye City) .............................................................................................................................. 85 Figure 5- 9: Monthly rainfall at Huye Station, Huye City .......................................... 86 xxii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 10: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Ngoma Cemetery-New vision school (Rwabayanga) (a), Rwabuye office-Mbazi health center-Bigangara road starting point (b), ADEPR Church-Imberabyombi-Ecole Primaire Butare Catholique end point (c) and Rango-Sahera (Rango-GS Nkubi) (d). ................................................. 89 Figure 5- 11: Rwabayanga Gully and Wetland located downstream the Abisunganye Market- New Visio- Ngoma Cemetery Road ....................................... 91 Figure 5- 12: Infrastructures along ADEPR Church-Imberabyombi Road .............. 96 Figure 5- 13: Key infrastructures along Rango-Sahera Asphalt Road .................... 97 Figure 5- 14: Location of Rusizi District in Rwanda ................................................. 98 Figure 5- 15: Confirmed RUDP Phase 2 investments for implementation in Rusizi City................................................................................................................................ 99 Figure 5- 16: Monthly rainfall at Kamembe Station, Rusizi City ............................ 100 Figure 5- 17: Noise Level in decibels at Gihundwe Hospital (a), Gihundwe Catholic Parish (b), Rusizi Cross border Market (c) and Kanyogo Road (d). ...................... 103 Figure 5- 18: Social economic infrastructures along Cyapa-Badive-Gihundwe Catholique Road ........................................................................................................ 109 Figure 5- 19: Key infrastructures along Rusizi City Centre Road ......................... 110 Figure 5- 20: Key infrastructure along Cross-Border Market Road ...................... 111 Figure 5- 21: Location of Rubavu District in Rwanda ............................................. 112 Figure 5- 22: Confirmed RUDP Phase 2 investments for implementation in Rubavu City.............................................................................................................................. 113 Figure 5- 23: Monthly rainfall at Gisenyi Airport, Rubavu City .............................. 114 Figure 5- 24: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Petite Barrier-Karundo-Buhuru Centre road (a), Buhuru Centre - Rubavu Stadium Road (b), Buhuru Centre - Rugerero road (c) and Rugerero - Rubavu road (d)................................................................. 116 Figure 5- 25: Location of Musanze District in Rwanda ........................................... 122 Figure 5- 26: Confirmed RUDP Phase 2 investments for implementation in Musanze City (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) ................................... 123 Figure 5- 27: Monthy Rainfall at Musanze Station, Musanze City ......................... 124 xxiii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 28: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Groupement - Kabaya road (a), Road Station Kobil- Kiziba-Kibuye APICUR road (b), Kibuye –Nyarubande road (c) and unplanned settlement in Tete a gauche road (d). ................................................... 127 Figure 5- 29: Socio-cultural and economic infrastructurealong Station Kobil- APICUR asphalt road ................................................................................................ 133 Figure 5- 30: Socio-cultural and economic infrastructures along Station Kobil- APICUR asphalt road (Detailed view) ...................................................................... 134 Figure 5- 31: Location of Nyagatare District in Rwanda ....................................... 135 Figure 5- 32: Confirmed RUDP Phase 2 investments for implementation in Nyagatare City ........................................................................................................... 135 Figure 5- 33: Monthy Rainfall at Nyagatare Station, Nyagatare City ..................... 136 Figure 5- 34: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Barija Settlement – Stadium Asphalt Road (a), NR3-EN6-Nyagatare II-UR Playground road (b), Nyagatare City Centre Roads (c) and Barija Settlement – Stadium Asphalt Road (d). .............................. 139 xxiv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare LIST OF PLATES Plate 5- 1: The retaining wall for petrol station that encroaches the road, removing the wall entails also relocation of the two tanks (covered by iron sheets) it sustains. ....................................................................................................................... 80 Plate 5- 2: Rwabayanga gully located below the road Ngoma Cemetery-New Vision Ecole des Sourds Muets-Abisunganye Market with siltation in rice cultivated wetland at its outlet ................................................................................... 90 Plate 5- 3: (a) Water pools in the Ngoma-New Vision Ecole des Sourds Muets- Abisunganye Market Road, (b) Existing deep scouring erosion at Gitwa (Tumba) standalone drain .......................................................................................................... 90 Plate 5- 4: Peri-urban landscape dominated by Sorghum, trees and bananas (as existing flora) along Rango-Sahera road................................................................... 94 Plate 5- 5: Makeshift protection against storm water around Gihundwe-Cyapa Badive Road ............................................................................................................... 104 Plate 5- 6: Makeshift Access Bridge, water supply pipe and church around the proposed standalone drain....................................................................................... 105 Plate 5- 7: Inefficient drainage system along the cross border road in Rusizi .... 106 Plate 5- 8: Existing cemetery at Mbugangari........................................................... 121 Plate 5- 9: Kigombe stream in Musanze .................................................................. 128 Plate 5- 10: Poor and exposed dumping site in Nyagatare (left side) and Soil erosion due to lack of drainage system in Nyagatare (right side) ........................ 140 Plate 7- 1: Training of locals on Public Consultation Process and the Survey Methods ...................................................................................................................... 227 Plate 7- 2: Project Affected Persons attending a meeting in Rusizi City .............. 231 xxv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS Term Explanation Alternative A possible course of action, in place of another, that would meet the same purpose and need but which would avoid or minimize negative impacts or enhance project benefits. These can include alternative locations/sites, layouts, processes, designs, schedules and/or inputs. The “no-project” alternative constitutes the „without project‟ option and provides a benchmark against which to evaluate changes; development should result in net benefit to society and should avoid undesirable negative impacts Assessment The process of collecting, organizing, analysing, interpreting and communicating information relevant to decision making Cumulative In relation to an activity, means the impact of an activity that in itself may Impacts not be significant but may become significant when added to the existing and potential impacts eventuating from similar or diverse activities or undertakings in the area Effect/Impact Any change in the physical, natural or cultural environment brought about by a development Project. Effect and Impact are used interchangeably Environment As defined in the Law on Environment, Environment is a diversity of things made up of natural and artificial environment. It includes chemical substances, biodiversity as well as socio-economic activities, cultural, aesthetic, and scientific factors likely to have direct or indirect, immediate or long-term effects on the development of an area, biodiversity and on human activities. Environmental The information provided by a Developer to a Competent Authority on Information inter alia the Project and its environmental effects Environmental A working document on environmental and socio-economic mitigation and Social measures, which must be implemented by several responsible parties Management during all the phases of the proposed project. Plan (ESMP) Environmental It is a document that describes standards, procedures, processes and tools xxvi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare and Social that are considered as the basis of the Environmental and Social Framework Management system of a programme. Environmental The Environmental and Social Standards are tools that are designed to and Social help Borrowers to manage the risks and impacts of a project, and improve Standards their environmental and social performance, through a risk and outcomes based approach ESIA Team The team which carries out the Environmental Studies and prepares the Environmental information for submission to a Competent Authority Evaluation The process of ascertaining the relative importance or significance of information, the light of people‟s values, preference and judgments in order to make a decision Hazard Anything that has the potential to cause damage to life, property and/or the environment. The hazard of a particular material or installation is constant; that is, it would present the same hazard wherever it was present Mitigate The implementation of practical measures to reduce adverse impacts Project The execution of construction works or of other installations or schemes and other interventions in the natural surroundings and landscape including those involving the extraction of mineral resources Public Citizens who have diverse cultural, educational, political and socio- economic characteristics. The public is not a homogeneous and unified group of people with a set of agreed common interests and aims. There is no single public. There are a number of publics, some of whom may emerge at any time during the process depending on their particular concerns and the issues involved. Review The process of establishing whether an Environmental Assessment is adequate for the Competent Authority to use it to inform the decision on Development Consent. It is important to note that the decision will usually involve consideration of other information in addition to the environmental information, but the aim of review is to check that the environmental information is adequate. xxvii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Risk A situation involving exposure to danger, harm or loss Scoping Process of identifying key issues that will be relevant for consideration of Process the application; the potential environmental impacts of the proposed activity; and alternatives to the proposed activity that are feasible and reasonable. Screening The process by which a decision is taken on whether or not EIA is required for a particular Project Significant An impact that by its magnitude, duration, intensity or probability of Effect / Impact occurrence may have a notable effect on one or more aspects of the environment Stakeholders A sub-group of the public whose interests may be positively or negatively affected by a proposal or activity and/or who are concerned with a proposal or activity and its consequences. The term therefore includes the proponent, authorities (both the lead authority and other authorities) and all interested and affected parties (I&APs). The principle that environmental consultants and stakeholder engagement practitioners should be independent and unbiased excludes these groups from being considered stakeholders xxviii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of Rwanda is implementing the Urban Development Project (P15084) with financial support of the World Bank. The civil works agreed for this project has been divided in two Phases. The civil works of Phase I were completed in 2018. This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is been prepared for the civil works planned for the Phase 2 which is following the requirements of the Article 30 of Rwanda Environmental Law No. 48/2018, the Ministerial Order No 001/ 2019 of 15/04/2019 and the World Bank„s Safeguard Policy OP/BP 4.01. The beneficiary cities of the infrastructure to be built under the Phase 2 of the project are also the same six secondary cities benefited from Phase I: Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Rubavu, Musanze and Nyagatare. Therefore the local governments of these cities (districts) are familiar with the World Bank Safeguards policies and requirements. In this ESIA the civil works assess will be referred as RUDP Phase 2. This ESIA defines the responsibilities of the project implementer (Local Administrative Entities Development Agency (LODA) and the district staff of Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Rubavu, Musanze and Nyagatare districts) and those of the agencies in charge of ESIA approval and monitoring of ESIA in RWANDA: Rwanda Development Board (RDB) and Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA)). It also describes the standards and rules that contractors, supervisor and local communities must follow to ensure prevention, mitigation and compensation measures to be taken during design, construction and operation of the proposed project to reduce and prevent environmental and social impacts. This ESIA was guided by the terms of reference (ToR) provided by LODA and ToR approved by RDB and the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) approved by the World Bank for the implementation and the environmental management of the RUDP project. The methodology was based on scientific qualitative and quantitative procedures required to conduct an ESIA with assurance to strict adherence to the relevant legislative framework and regulations governing the transport sector, construction, land, water, health and safety, cultural i Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare resources, pollution, mining (extraction of construction materials), labor and environment in Rwanda. The study methods included stakeholder consultations, questionnaire administering, site visits/physical inspections, baseline surveys, integration and assessment of this information. The ESIA also considers different alternatives for the works in the six cities. The project had initially had 4 options, and option 5 that was later considered, all based on the road cross section:  Option 1: Two-way Roadway Street with cycle lane, greening and walkway and on both sides, complete with drain, street lighting and provisions for utility survives; right-of- way width 13.75m;  Option 2: Two-way Roadway Street with cycle lane and greening on both sides and walkway on one side, complete with drain, street lighting and provisions for utility survives; right-of-way width 12.30m;  Option 3: Two-way Roadway Street with walkway and greening on both sides, complete with drain, street lighting and provisions for utility survives; right-of-way width 10.85m;  Option 4 (Figure 4-4): Two-way Roadway Street with walkway on both sides and greening on one side, complete with drain, street lighting and provisions for utility survives; right-of-way width 10.10m.  Option 5: This is a two-way Roadway Street with walkway on both sides, with right- of- way width 8m (6 m of carriage way, 1 m of walkway and 1 m of drainage). The option will be implemented in most congested settlements (Figure 4-5) Considering safety and comfort of drivers, AASTHO recommends lane width of between 2.7 to 3.6m. Based on consultations with the Client, RTDA and the World Bank, the desirable standard roadway width in Rwanda is 7.0m (lane widths 3.5m), however, the standard roadway width was reduced to 6.0m (lane widths 3.0m) where available right-of way was inadequate and the cost and environmental and social impacts of expropriations for additional right-of- way were high. It was further recommended to adopt even one-way roads or option 5 (the ii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare narrowest), particularly in the high-density informal settlements where standard roadway widths were not feasible with the available or achievable right-of-way. The study has shown the project will have both positive and negative impacts to the natural and social environment. The positive project impacts include the employment opportunities, income generating opportunities, ease of transportation of goods and persons and safe storm water evacuation and reduced risk of uncontrolled runoff hazards. The project tends to achieve the objectives of the Vision 2020, 7 Years Government Programme (National Strategy for Transformation 2017–2024, Rwanda vision 2035 and 2050 related to developing infrastructure in urban and rural areas. RUDP Phase 2 will be implemented in urban area of the SIX secondary cities where natural vegetation is limited, the environmental impacts is expected to be reduced, but drainage works and placement of dumping areas can affect riparian areas and wetlands. Some of the key project negative impacts are related to: - loss/subdivision of land and properties during land acquisition. -destruction of physical environment through quarrying, clearing of vegetation cover, excavation and levelling of soil, construction of road related infrastructures such as drainage systems, among others;  air pollution due to dust emission, noise and vibration pollution by machinery and heavy trucks during the construction phase;  erosion and sedimentation of downstream wetlands and rivers from cleared land during construction;  increased incidences of construction and road accidents;  contamination of soil, water, and the environment by human excreta and solid wastes;  Conflicts over jobs;  risks of increased HIV/AIDS, other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and other Transmitted Diseases; iii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Prevention, Mitigation and compensation measures minimize the project negative impacts have been proposed in Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan, Storm Water Management Plan, Contingency Plan, Road Traffic Plan, Road safety signing plan and Vegetation-restoration plan. As part of a mitigation measures, LODA and the districts will:  Ensure fair compensation at full replacement cost of properties and lands to be based on the WB policy and National Expropriation Law and districts expropriation procedures;  Ensure participation of owners and local administration in all compensation process; The contractor will:  Follow this ESIA and all measures described here in fully  Avoid disturbance of areas not being used for the project development;  Watering while earth removal and transportation;  Use of machines with minimum noise, restrict working services with high level of noise in day hours; and avoidance of blasting near human settlements;  Use of vehicles and machines with acceptable levels of exhausts as recommended by the Prime Minister„s Instructions n°005/03 of 27/12/2013 preventing air pollution;  Avoid gunning of vehicle engines or hooting especially when passing through sensitive areas such as schools, residential areas, hospital, and switch off engines not being used;  Ensure drainage systems are covered with concrete blocks  Ensure drains are extended to the receiving wetlands or waters  Construct sediments, silt and litter trapping infrastructure at the exit of the drain to avoid sediments spreading to the receiving waters;  Site excavation works to be planned such that a section is completed before another begins;  Dispose the earth material in approved dumpsites  Avail bins for collecting and storing solid wastes according classes (plastics, metals, glasses, paper/wood and biodegradable wastes) and transport them to the appropriate sites for reuse, recycling or disposal;  Prioritize local residents during workforce selection; iv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Avail protecting equipment such as helmets, dust masks, gloves, safety glasses and boots to workers; and fence off the excavated areas;  Organize sensitization sessions on safety measures and national programs such community health insurance ―mutuelle de santé‖ and SACCOs schemes;  Sensitize the staff on HIV/AIDS and other STD; and avail condoms at little or no cost;  Implement all the proposed management plans (storm water management plan, Contingency Plan, Road Traffic Plan, Road safety signing plan and Vegetation- restoration plan) To ensure successful implementation of mitigation measures, parameter monitoring and subsequent audits, an environmental management and monitoring plan has been proposed in different management plans. The plans include measures to be taken, implementing and responsible organizations, parameters to be monitored, the cost and the expected output. v Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project background Roads infrastructure development is one of the prerequisites for socio-economic development all over the world. In fact, the efficient road transport infrastructure facilitates trade, tourism, agriculture, health, education, and other sectors of the economy. The benefits from efficient road transport are felt at all levels of the society, directly or indirectly through easy access of people to road network, basic services such as schools, health centres, cultural and recreational sites administrative offices, as well as improved delivery of merchandise and commodities to market. The Government of Rwanda is implementing the Urban Development Project (P15084) with financial support of the World Bank. The civil works agreed for this project has been divided in two Phases. The civil works of Phase I were completed in 2018. This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is been prepared for the civil works planned for the Phase 2 which is following the requirements of the Article 30 of Rwanda Environmental Law No. 48/2018, the Ministerial Order No 001/ 2019 of 15/04/2019 and the World Bank„s Safeguard Policy OP/BP 4.01. The beneficiary cities of the infrastructure to be built under the Phase 2 of the project are also the same six secondary cities benefited from Phase I: Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Rubavu, Musanze and Nyagatare. Therefore the local governments of these cities (districts) are familiar with the World Bank Safeguards policies and requirements. In this ESIA the civil works assess will be referred as RUDP Phase 2. Accordingly, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) through LODA has initiated a project entitled Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) to support urban management for the delivery of basic infrastructure and services and to promote Local Economic Development (LED) in selected urban centres. There project has four main components: 1 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Component 1. This component will support provision of basic infrastructure in the six secondary cities to enhance living conditions for residents. Eligible investments are those that are directly under the mandate of the district governments such as roads, and drainage. Component 2. The second component is the upgrading of unplanned settlements in the City of Kigali (CoK). This component will support the upgrading of an 86 ha unplanned settlement in Nyarugenge District, comprising four cells (Rwampara, Kiyovu, Biryogo, and Agatare), located in the CoK„s oldest neighborhood, close to the Central Business District (CBD). Component 3. The third component is the technical assistance for sustainable urban management. This component provides technical assistance (TA) to the six districts to strengthen their capacity for urban management by focusing on four key priorities for achieving sustainable urban development: (a) building competitive cities by creating the enabling environment; (b) support for managing urban infrastructure; (c) improving urban planning and strategic decision making through the use of Geographic Information System (GIS); and (d) capacity building for scaling up urban upgrading. In addition to advisory services, the component will finance the provision of equipment, software, and related goods as necessary. Component 4. The fourth component is the support for project management. The Phase 2 of the RUDP project intends to expand its activities in roads, drainage, waste management and sanitation, unplanned settlement upgrading and urban management through technical assistance in 6 secondary cities (Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Rubavu, Musanze and Nyagatare). These activities will be implemented to improve basic infrastructure, public safety, social and environmental management. 2 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Following the approved ESMF for the RUDP project by the World Bank, as per the requirements of Bank„s Operational Policy that requires the preparation of an environmental assessment (OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment), the project has developed an Environment and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the civil works to be financed under the Phase 2 and this ESIA describes the baseline conditions in the districts where the project will be implemented, assess the impacts, propose mitigation measures and develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan in order to allow the project to comply with local EIA standards and regulations and the World Bank Safeguards Policies. The preparation of this ESIA will ensure effective environmental and social management, including involuntary resettlement, are in place and working for the planned investments under the RUDP-Phase 2. Moreover, this setting up a proper monitoring and recording of impacts during project construction and will ensure that the government of Rwanda is prepared for avoiding and preventing unnecessary impacts of the project. In carrying out this assignment, the Consultant took into consideration the nature of the proposed project development as well as the Environmental, health and safety and waste management regulations of Rwanda that determines the modalities of protection, conservation and promotion of the environment and protection of people and communities in Rwanda. In addition, the project has followed the application of the World Bank safeguard policies and Standards as agreed in the legal agreement with the government of Rwanda 1.2 ESIA Aim, Objectives and Scope The aim of this ESIA is to provide decision making information on environmental and social consequences of the proposed roads, standalone drains and other associated accessories including footpaths, cycle lanes and street lighting in RUDP Phase 2 and to contribute to sustainable urban development through the identification of enhancement measures to positive impacts and mitigation measures to adverse impacts. Specifically, the main objective is to develop a complete Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for RUDP Phase 2 proposed activities civil works: construction of roads, standalone drains and street lighting in six secondary cities. 3 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare The objectives of the proposed ESIA study are:  To describe the existing environment and activities in the area of the project;  To identify both positive and negative impacts of the project on the neighbouring environment (people, water bodies, soil, air, infrastructure, fauna and flora);  To evaluate and select the best project alternatives from the available options and improve the environmental design of the project;  To propose appropriate prevention, mitigation and compensation measures where adverse effects may occur during the construction and operation phases of the project in order to minimize or compensate negative effects of the project;  To set up an Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring plan that will govern all activities of the project for the better protection of the environment, local communities, urban users;  To transform the ESMP in clear Environmental and Social clauses for the bidding and contract documents and supervision protocols for the government teams and its consultants that will support the supervision, This ESIA was conducted based on Terms of Reference by the client (LODA) and Rwanda Development Board (RDB), REMA guidelines for EIA and views and concerns from the key stakeholders (District and potential affected people). Special attention was paid to ensure the EIA comply with World Bank safeguard policies. The Figure 1-2 shows steps involved in the preparation of the EIA for the RUDP Phase 2. The project scope in terms of sub-projects (roads, drains, footpaths, cycle lanes and streetlight) and size are shown in Table 5-1. The project will build the capacity of districts for urban management under component 3 of the project, and spur local economic development. The Phase 2 of the RUDP intends to expand its activities to address the problems identified at institutional, economic, social and environmental level and any additional problem arising in six secondary cities (Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Rubavu, Musanze and Nyagatare (Figure 1-1)) or justification of its selection. 4 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 1- 1: Project area for the civil works to be financed under the RUDP phase 2. 1.3 Application of Safeguard Polices: Project performance up to date LODA Team. The main implementing agency of the project has a dedicated team of three people (an environmental specialist, a social specialist and a civil engineer) to provide support to the local government of the 6 districts. Local Districts. All local districts have an environmental officer and civil engineer officer whose responsibilities includes to supervise all civil works that have been developed in the district and only for RUDP project. However, this task has been challenged with the multiple duties the staff have at the district. Also, the districts do not have a dedicated social specialist. 5 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Phase 1 works. Main environmental and social issues.  Limited staff at the central and district level for proper supervision  Communities need to be informed daily on the status of the works and potential impacts  District officials need to be more involved in the supervision of the works  Hired supervisor in the different cities provide limited attention to social and environmental issues  Contractors  Resettlement issues have delayed works and compensation to affected people  Works have been carried out with people still living in the area which have been exposed to dust, accidents  Basic services like water, electricity, have been interrupted for periods longer than expected and created more impacts to local inhabitants.  Vegetation cut must be replaced with native species and the district must water these plants to ensure their survival  Slopes cutting need to improve to avoid leaving very high slopes in front of vulnerable houses  Access to houses have been a major impact of the project and putting provisional and safe access should be a priority in the Phase II and the new project.  Dumping of construction debris or soil have been an issue with some contractors  Restoration of borrow pits and camp areas need to be improved  Drainage works need to avoid affecting the natural flow to wetlands  Contractors must provide a safe place to workers for eating, resting and washing; potable water to drink to the workers and for washing hands; first aid kits and training to treat minor cuts or burns.  Contractors, district officials and supervisors must ensure emergency plans are in place specially when working in high density house area, high slope areas, and deep excavations and in presence of electrical voltage, gas stations, bus stops, schools, churches, among others to prevent accidents and casualties. 6 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare For the Phase -2 works assessed in this ESIA, LODA has comprised to avoid these issues for Phase 2 and to increase the supervision and support to Local District to avoid the environmental and social issues that occurred during the Phase 1 and improved environmental and social performance according to the World Bank Safeguard policies and national regulations. LODA will also apply new protocol for reporting between the district and them and with the Bank. In this ESIA, several new reporting and monitoring tools have added. For the new project under preparation RUDP – II (Kigali Environmental Management and Climate Compatible Development Program (P165017)), the project will finance the hiring of one professional at each district to provide full time environmental and social support to the project and improve environmental and social management. Also, LODA will be responsible to include in all ESIAs the Environmental and Social technical clauses for the bidding documents and contracts. Also an institutional capacity assessment is been carried out as part of the preparation of the project. Bidding documents and contracting. Since the project had deadlines to meet, LODA went ahead and procured the works before the ESIA was completed for the works of Phase 2, contractors have been selected by the districts and these are awaiting for this ESIA completion to issue the service order with clauses to ensure that the contractor has a mandatory duty to apply all environmental, health and safety and social prevention, mitigation and compensation measures included in the ESIA. 1.3 The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process in Rwanda The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is a planning tool that permits the integration of environmental concerns into the project planning process at the earliest possible planning and design stages and helps provide management of the project with practical advice on the mitigation of any potentially adverse environmental impacts of the project. In Rwanda, the 7 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ESIA is regulated by Law on environment N°48/2018 of 13/08/2018 and Ministerial Order No 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 establishing the list of projects that must undergo environmental impact assessment, instructions, requirements and procedures to conduct environmental impact assessment. The Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment have been prepared to contribute to improvement of EIA practice in Rwanda and they aim to serve agencies and individuals taking part in the EIA process. The target groups include developers, EIA experts, staff of REMA, environmental committees at all local government levels (province, district sector and cell), lead agencies, experts from research institutions and universities, NGOs and the general public. The guidelines are designed to ensure that participants in the EIA process understand their roles and that laws and regulations are interpreted correctly and consistently (Figure 1-2). Figure 1- 2: ESIA Process for RUDP phase 2 8 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 1.4 ESIA Content and Structure The ESIA report integrates the project impact, mitigation measures, management and monitoring plans. It tackles the environmental and social concerns and provides the practical advice on the mitigation of any potentially adverse social and environmental impacts of the project. The report highly considered comments, issues, views and concerns from the different project stakeholders. This report has /or is arranged in the following Chapters:  Chapter 1: Introduction  Chapter 2: Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework  Chapter 3: Approach and Methodology  Chapter 4: Project Area Environmental and Socio-economic Baseline  Chapter 5: Description of the Project  Chapter 6: Public Consultation  Chapter 7: Analysis of Alternatives  Chapter 8: Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures  Chapter 9: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan  Chapter 10: Conclusion and Recommendation 9 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER II. POLICY LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction The Republic of Rwanda has developed policy and strategies; legal instruments and institutional framework for environmental protection and conservation. The environmental policies are prepared by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), and regulated and enforced by the Rwanda Environmental Development Authority (REMA), while the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is reviewed and cleared by Rwanda Development Board (RDB). The Law on Environment No. 48/2018 in its Article 30 guides on the projects that must undergo an environmental impact assessment before they obtain authorization for their implementation. The Law also specifies the main points that an Environmental Impact Assessment must include. All institutions, policies and laws that have bearing with this project are discussed in this chapter. 2.2 Institutional Framework In the juridical system of the Republic of Rwanda, the Environmental Impact Assessment procedure is regulated by the Ministerial Order No 001/ 2019 of 15/04/2019 establishing the list of projects that must undergo environmental impact assessment, instructions, requirements and procedures to conduct environmental impact assessment. This list includes physical infrastructure projects such as roads, water pipelines, etc. Table 2-1, highlights all relevant institutions related to the RUDP Phase 2 projects. It shows each institution, its objectives and is roles and responsibilities. 10 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 2- 1: The roles and responsibilities of relevant Institutions Institution Objectives Roles and responsibility MININFRA The Mission of MININFRA is MININFRA is responsible for: to ensure the sustainable  Ensuring that RUDP Phase 2 comply with the development of infrastructure master plan related to road infrastructure and and contribute to economic urbanism in the 6 secondary cities. growth with a view to  Supervising the road and drainage development as enhancing the quality of life of per the District Development Plans in each the population secondary city.  Coordinating Ministry for RUDP phase 2 and representing the Government of Rwanda MINECOFIN MINECOFIN has the mission MINECOFIN is responsible for of raising sustainable growth,  Mobilizing necessary funds to fund Government economic opportunities, and projects including RUDP phase 2. living standards of all  Disbursing the funds according to priorities and Rwandans and develop Rwanda into a country free of importance of projects. poverty. RTDA The main objective of RTDA Under this project RTDA is responsible for; is to implement Government  Ensuring and checking that roads and drainage policy on roads, railways, construction under RUDP phase 2 comply with its cable cars as well as road and established standards and norms and road building waterways transport code. infrastructures;  Managing and controlling the roads network and drainage construction with a view of achieving road safety and maintenance in the secondary cities at construction and operation and maintenance phases of the project. REMA REMA has the objective to REMA is responsible for: promote and ensure the  Monitoring and supervising the implementation of protection of the environment the ESIAs, environmental audit at all phases of and sustainable management RUDP phase 2. of natural resources through  Monitoring and assessing RUDP compliance with decentralized structures of the laws on environment during its preparation and governance and seek national implementation phases. position to emerging global issues with a view to enhancing the well-being of the Rwandan people. RDB The main objective of RDB is RDB is responsible for: to transform Rwanda into a  Providing the Terms of References for the ESIA for dynamic global hub for RUDP Phase 2. business, investment, and  Reviewing and approving the submitted ESIA innovation. It aims at fast  Issuing the ESIA certificate for the RUDP Phase 2 11 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Institution Objectives Roles and responsibility tracking economic road and drainage construction in the 6 secondary development in Rwanda by cities. enabling private sector growth and infrastructure development promotion to enhance Rwanda to be a better touristic hub. LODA The Local Administrative LODA is responsible for: Entities Development Agency  An oversight role over the implementing agencies (LODA) mission is to which include the Districts of the six secondary contribute to the capacity cities. building of the population and  Coordinating and monitoring of performance of decentralized entities by  implementation of the respective subprojects, risk outsourcing funding to finance management, monitoring &evaluation the socio-economic  Disclosing information, developing and putting in development of decentralized place performance agreements, entities and reduction of  and developing and implementing the extreme poverty in Rwanda. communication strategy for Urban Development Project. RWFA Its role is to advise RWFA is responsible for: Government, monitor and  Issuing permission for the use of water resources coordinate the implementation needed during implementation of RUDP phase of strategies related to the  Establishing programmes and strategies for management of forests and production of tree seeds to be used in the project. natural water resources and  Assisting to prepare programmes of reforestation, assist in the establishment of forest promotion and appropriate management and standards and regulations support the 6 secondary cities relating to the management of forests and natural water resources; RNP The Traffic Police Department The Traffic Police Department is responsible for is dedicated to ensure that road ensuring road safety and protecting the road way and its accidents are prevented or users and educating the citizens about the traffic laws. maximally minimized. Contractors will work closely with Traffic Police during construction on issues related to traffic management. Districts The district has the objective The districts are responsible for: of implementing infrastructure  Selecting and contracting contractors for projects especially roads and implementation of the project t the district level drainage facilities to facilitate  Ensuring the implementation of RUDP phase 2 in transport for businesses and their respective cities by making sure the services. contractors comply with laws, policies, related to environment, social, health and safety requirements and programmes relating to protection, conservation and promotion of the environment. 12 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Institution Objectives Roles and responsibility  Reporting any case of noncompliance related to environmental laws and policies Communities Communities have to be Communities are responsible for: involved in project  Providing information during census and surveys identification, planning and  Participating in the grievance redress committees operation, as a matter of  Reporting violence policy.  Participating in the construction during implementation as labour and protection of the infrastructure after completion  maintaining the roads and drainages during community works „UMUGANDA‟. 2.3 Policy Framework The National Policies, Plan and Strategies relevant to RUDP Phase 2 are summarized in Table 2- 2. Table 2- 2: National Policies, Plan and Strategies Policy, Plan, Objective Relevance Strategy Rwanda Vision To build a nation in which pressure During implementation of RUDP phase 2 2020, revised on natural resources, particularly on the contractor and local communities will 2012 land, water, biomass and be sensitized to efficiently manage natural biodiversity, has significantly been resources and environment as stipulated in reduced and the process of the Rwanda Vision 2020. environmental pollution and degradation has been reversed Secondary The Districts plans have the RUPD Phase 2 project fits in the 6 Cities / District objective of supporting urban secondary cities District Development Development management for the delivery of basic plans. The roads and drainage under this Master Plans infrastructure and services and project will support the achievement of the informal settlement upgrading. 6 secondary cities development plans. National The main objective of the National RUDP phase 2 will comply with this policy Environment Environment and Climate Change by ensuring health and safety standard on and Climate Policy is to make Rwanda a nation environment and climate change; only Change Policy, that has a clean and healthy approved quarries and borrow pits by the 2019. environment, resilient to climate secondary cities will be used and ensure variability and change that supports a restoration plan are implemented at the end high quality of life for its society. of the project implementation. National Land The overall objective of the national Basing on this land policy, the RUDP Policy, 2004 land policy is to establish a land phase 2 will respect mechanisms which 13 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Policy, Plan, Objective Relevance Strategy tenure system that guarantees tenure guarantee land tenure security. Where not security for all Rwandans and give possible, fair compensation will be guidance to the necessary land provided. reforms with a view to good management and rational use of national land resources. Public transport The policy includes all public RUDP phase 2 will contribute to this policy policy and interventions within the framework by upgrading of unplanned settlements with strategy, 2012 of the urbanization process of the provision of adequate social Rwanda in order to constitute the infrastructure facilities such as roads and urban structures at national and drainage in the 6 secondary cities. provincial level, to improve urban The project will contribute to the management, control development, improvement of transport safety for all and the spatial expansion of cities, modes ensure reduction of both number particularly urban centers using and severity of accidents by providing effective planning tools safety to road users as provided in this policy. National Health One of the objectives of Rwanda By providing good roads, RUDP phase 2 Policy, 2016 Heath Sector Policy is to improve the will contribute to ease transport of patients quality of life and demand for to hospitals and health centers hence services in the control of disease. contribute to the improvement of the The policy identifies the most quality of life and improved health common illnesses as a result of services. unhealthy living or working The project will comply with this policy by environment. ensuring health safety and the good working conditions and implement awareness programme on HIV Aids, STD, Malaria and Ebola to workers. National The policy provides for As part of the project, the construction of sanitation decentralization in line with the drainage in the 6 secondary cities will bring policy, 2016 national decentralization policy, an answer to storm water management institutional aspects, integrated problems where the storm water and run off watershed management, monitoring will be collected and directed to existing and assessment and participatory water collections. approach to water and sanitation among other sectoral reforms in Rwanda 14 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Policy, Plan, Objective Relevance Strategy National Policy The water policy aims at fair and RUDP phase 2 activities will comply with for water sustainable access to water, this policy by installing storm water drains resources improvement of the management of hence improving the management of water management, water resources, etc. through resources through water catchment. 2011 reforestation , water catchments areas and water collection National This strategy defines the objectives RUDP phase 2 falls under the objectives of Biodiversity and priorities for the conservation this policy for the conservation and Strategy and and sustainable management of sustainable management of biodiversity by Action Plan, biodiversity. The plan includes avoiding the use of wetlands and other 2016 hillsides and wetlands and protected protected areas. areas as some of the areas that need to be conserved. Urbanization The Urbanization and Rural The project is in line with the action plan as and Rural Settlement Sector encompasses the management of ongoing urbanization Settlement social, economic and environmental requires the establishment of Sector Strategy activities. It has relevance to both, infrastructures for development planning, 2013-2018 urban and rural areas. According to zoning and urban renewal, with the policies of Rwanda, access to a provision of adequate infrastructure decent housing and favorable living facilities. conditions is a fundamental right for all citizens. Rwanda The goal of this Policy is therefore: RUDP phase 2 will comply with this policy Biodiversity To conserve Rwanda‟s biological by avoiding destruction of natural and Policy, 2011 diversity, to sustain the integrity, resources through avoidance of vegetation health and productivity of its clearance (habitat destruction) in secondary ecosystems and ecological processes, cities. whilst providing lasting development benefits to the nation through the ecologically sustainable, socially equitable, and economically efficient use of biological resources. National The National Poverty Reduction This project is in line with the stated policy Poverty Strategy identifies the transformation as it will transform the human development Reduction of priority areas including human by improving living conditions of the poor Strategy, 2013- development which covers the and economic infrastructure such as roads 2018 actions of improving living and drainages. 15 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Policy, Plan, Objective Relevance Strategy conditions of the poor, economic infrastructure, governance, development of the private sector and the institutional reinforcement. National One of its objective is: Improvement The project will improve the living Urbanization of the living conditions of the conditions of the population by providing Policy, 2006 population in existing precarious basic infrastructure which are roads and neighborhoods, and restructuration drainages. and equipment of those neighborhoods with basic infrastructure, and secure land tenure status. National It aims at providing a framework for This policy will govern RUDP phase 2 Occupational coordination of OSH activities implementation by establishing safety and Safety and among public, private, employees health standards at workplace and ensure Health Strategy, organizations and civil society compliance with occupational safety and 2019 institutions health standards. Environmental The overall objective of the RUDP phase 2 will comply with this policy Health Policy, Environmental Health Policy is by providing good environmental, social, 2008 provision of adequate environmental health and safety working conditions to health services to all Rwandans with workers and neighboring residents. their active participation. National This Strategy is the first attempt at This project will contribute to the Strategy for plotting a climate resilient and low achievement of the goals by achieving Climate Change carbon development pathway `for socio-economic development (roads and and Low Rwanda. It is the start of a drainages in this project) that is resilient to Carbon continuous process which is economic, social and environmental shocks Development, described in the Enabling Pillars and related to population growth and climate 2011 it will be implemented through the change. Programmes of Action 16 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 2.4 Legal Framework A summary of the national legal framework applicable to RUDP 2 is presented in Table 2-3. Table 2- 3: Relevant National legal framework applicable to RUDP phase 2 Law/Regulation/Or Objective Relevance der The Constitution of The Constitution of make clear the RUDP phase 2 will comply with the the Republic of right to property, that it will not be Constitution by implementation of Rwanda, 2003 as encroached upon except in public applicable laws (Law in expropriation, revised in 2015 interest and in accordance with the labor, Environment) and will ensure social provisions of the law. The economic development and comply with constitution specifies that everyone environmental laws. has the right to live in a clean and healthy environment and everyone has the duty to protect, safeguard and promote the environment. Law on This Law determines modalities for Given the nature of this project and basing Environment, 2018 protecting, conserving and on this law RUDP phase 2 activities are promoting the environment. classified under project that must undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment before obtaining authorization for its implementation. This report serves as proof of compliance to the requirements of this law. Law Governing The purpose of this Law is to The project will comply by following Roads in Rwanda, regulate the road network in regulations related to roads construction and 2011. Rwanda and determines its follow the road building code. reserves, classification and management. National Land This Law determines modalities of Since the project will affect lands and Law, 2013 allocating, acquisition, transfer, use therefore resettlement and compensation, and management of land in this law is relevant to the project. Rwanda Rwanda. It also establishes the lands are allocated or leased to individual principles applicable to rights evidenced by a certificate of land recognized over all lands situated registration. RUDP phase 2 will ensure on Rwanda‟s national territory and rights on lands are considered. all rights united or incorporated with land, whether naturally or artificially. 17 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Law/Regulation/Or Objective Relevance der Law n° 13/2014 of This Law determines mining and Quarries and borrow pits will be required to 20/05/2014 on quarry exploitation in Rwanda and construct the roads and drainage. This law Mining and Quarry caters for activities relating to will be enforced during project Operations quarry licence application, transfer implementation by ensuring quarries are of quarry licences, rights and approved by the Districts and restoration responsibilities of the holder of a plans are provided and implemented at the quarry licence, relinquishment of a end of the project. quarry licence area and Cancellation of a quarry licence. Law relating to This Law determines procedures Since the project is in the public interest, expropriation in relating to expropriation in the this law will be applied during expropriation the public interests, public interest. exercise of the people affected by RUDP 2015 phase 2. Law Regulating This law applies employment RUDP phase 2 will abide in good conducive Labor in Rwanda, relations based on employment working conditions during the 2009 contract, apprentices, interns, self- implementation of the project. Labor law employed person, informal sector, will be used to ensure good working occupational health and safety and conditions and wellness. All forms of the right to form trade unions and discrimination will be avoided during employers‟ associations. recruitment of workers. Law governing the This Law determines modalities for As per this law, the project will implement preservation of air preservation of air quality and measures aimed at the preservation of air quality and prevention of air pollution in quality as well as all elements or activities prevention of air Rwanda. likely to affect air quality or pollute the pollution in atmosphere in the project areas by watering Rwanda, 2016 road in rainy season and ensure the use of equipment with low gas emissions. Law governing This Law determines modalities for The management and conservation of biodiversity in management and conservation of biological diversity in the project areas will Rwanda, 2013 biological diversity within Rwanda. be considered during the project implementation where necessary by implementing the ESMP if this report. Law governing This Law governs the urban RUDP phase 2 will comply with this law urban planning planning and building in Rwanda. during implementation by ensuring the and building in roads are constructed to the standards and Rwanda, 2012 norms stated in this law. 18 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Law/Regulation/Or Objective Relevance der Ministerial Order This Order determines the list of RUDP phase 2 willl comply with this determining the list plains on which construction is ministerial order by not approving any of prohibited prohibited and stipulated that construction on the areas provided on the plains to whenever appropriate studies list of prohibited plains to construction. The constructions, 2005 establish the need for other plains ESIA did not find any plain in proposed not on this list to be protected from areas in all the 6 secondary cities. construction, the Minister in charge of Environment may order that construction be prohibited on those plains. Ministerial Order The order specifies the works, Basing on this ministerial order RUDP establishing the list activities and projects that have to phase 2 activities are classified under of projects that undertake an environmental impact project that must undergo an Environmental must undergo assessment. The list of works, Impact Assessment before obtaining environmental activities and projects that must authorization for its implementation. This impact assessment, undergo a full environmental report serves to comply with ministerial instructions, impact assessment before being order. requirements and granted authorization for their procedures to implementation conduct environmental impact assessment, 2019. Ministerial order The order defines the In this report, RUDP phase 2 has considered relating to the Environmental Impact study as a identifying environmental, social and requirements and systematic way of identifying economic impacts of all activities in the 6 procedure for environmental, social and economic secondary cities before taking decision to environmental impacts of a project before a comply with this ministerial order. impact Assessment decision of its acceptance is made. (EIA), 2018 The order specifies the application and review procedure and schedule. Ministerial Order This Order determines modalities of As a good practice, health and safety will be determining establishing and functioning of given a priority by ensure regular toolbox modalities of occupational health and safety meetings on health and safety during establishing and committees. construction. Health and safety committees functioning of will be established and governed by this occupational health ministerial order during project and safety implementation. 19 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Law/Regulation/Or Objective Relevance der committees, 2012 Ministerial Order This Order determine the general As a good practice, health and safety will be determining and specific rules and regulations given a priority by ensure regular toolbox conditions for relating to health and safety at meetings on health and safety during occupational health workplace in order to secure the construction. Health and safety committees and safety, 2012 safety, health and welfare of will be established and governed by this persons at work and protect them ministerial order during project against risks to safety and health implementation. arising from work Rwanda building The Building Control Regulations is The project is classified as a building control regulation, a nationally recognized document, project hence will be in compliance with the 2012 which will serve as a standard Rwanda building control regulation reference for the regulation of building design and construction. Sector guidelines These guidelines help in ensuring This ESIA has considered these sector for EIA for Roads that the lessons learned from these guidelines as compliance during development experiences are integrated into implementation of RUDP phase 2 in the 6 projects in future best practice in relation to secondary cities. Rwanda, 2009 EIA for road projects. National road projects, by their nature, tend to be large, high profile projects extending over a substantial geographical area, and involving huge funding 2.5 International Legislative Framework and World Bank Safeguard Policies 2.5.1 International Agreements Rwanda has signed and ratified various international conventions relevant to general environmental protection and the following conventions and protocols are relevant to the present study: 20 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare i. The international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its habitat signed in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil on 5 June 1992, as approved by Presidential Order No 017/01 of 18 March 1995; ii. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, signed in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil on 5 June 1992, as approved by Presidential Order No 021/01 of 30 May 1995 iii. The Kyoto Protocol to the framework on climate change adopted at Kyoto on March 6, 1998 as authorized to be ratified by Law No 36/2003 of December 2003; iv. The Ramsar International Convention of February 2, 1971 on Wetlands of International importance, especially as water flows habitats as authorized to be ratified by Law No 37/2003 of 29 December 2003; v. Paris Agreement/Paris Climate Agreement or COP21 of December 2015 on reduction of the emission of gases that contribute to global warming. This agreement was signed by Rwanda on 22/04/2016 and ratified on 06/10/2016; RUDP phase 2 will comply with the above international agreements by ensuring vegetation clearance is limited as much as possible and by avoiding destruction of habitats for endangered species if any. This project will also ensure low emissions from the project cars, trucks and machineries. 2.5.2 World Bank Safeguards Policies The project RUDP is financed by the World Bank and the Government of Rwanda agreed to follow the World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies for the implementation the 4 components. The objective of the 10 World Bank's Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies is to prevent any harm and mitigate or compensate any impact caused by the project to the people and their environment during the construction and operation of the financed activities1. There are 10 Safeguards polices which defines the procedures and expected management by the Bank and the Borrower in the identification, preparation, construction, operation and 1 https://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/environmental-and-social-policies 21 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare implementation of financed programs and projects. The Safeguard Policies defines the mechanism for addressing environmental and social issues since the project design, implementation and operation, and they require actions for consultation with affected communities and public disclosure of the ESIA, ESMP and monitoring reporting. Safeguard Policies triggered for RUDP project. During the appraisal of the RUDP project, the World Bank triggered four Safeguard Policies mandatory for all activities and phases of the RUDP project. These Policies are OP 4.01- Environmental Assessment; OP 4.04 Natural Habitats; OP 4.11 Cultural Resources and OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement (Figure 2-4). Classification. The RUDP project was classified by the World Bank according to OP 4.01 category as Category B project. This information can be confirmed in the ISDS of the project prepared by appraisal by the World Bank. 2 b) Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of 2 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/317501468058787292/Integrated-Safeguards-Data-Sheet- Appraisal-Stage-RW-Urban-Development-Project-P150844 22 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Category B EA are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document) (OP 4.01). Table 2- 4: WB Environmental and Social Policies triggered for the RUDP project during appraisal of the project.3 Environmental and Relevance to the project Social policy Environmental This Environmental and Social Impact Assessment respond the OP 4.01 by Assessment addressing the potential environmental and social impacts that the Phase 2 civil (OP/BP 4.01) works will generate and preparing an Environmental and Social Management Plan to prevent, mitigate and compensate negative impacts to people and the environmental in both the construction and operational phases of all civil works. The ESIA also follows the national regulations in environment, health, safety, labor, land and social participation. Natural Habitats RUDP Phase 2 civil works will affect terrestrial habitats and generate potential (OP/BP 4.04) impact to aquatic ecosystems and wetlands this will mainly occur as a result of vegetation clearing for both upgrading roads and drainage systems, although the project will try to reduce all impacts. Physical Cultural The project will perform excavations for the civil works and the works can affect Resources graves which are of social and cultural significance. A chance finding procedure (OP/BP 4.11) has been included in this ESIA. Involuntary Road and drainage infrastructure will affect people living in the areas and as well Resettlement their houses, fences, access and road businesses, Some households will be resettled (OP/BP 4.12) to other places. 3 ISDS – Appraisal stage. RUDP project. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/317501468058787292/pdf/AppraisalISDS-Print-P150844-01- 22-2016-1453472438522.pdf 23 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 2.5.3 IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines 4 The World Bank Group has prepared the Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines to ensure the borrowers apply accepted standards for the Bank in the construction and operation of the financed infrastructure. In cases where government do not have regulations (air quality, water discharge standards), the borrowers will use the standards describe in this guideline. Under these guidelines, LODA and district contractors are obliged to implement all reasonable precautions to protect the health and safety of workers and local inhabitants. They provide guidance and examples of reasonable precautions to implement in managing principal risks to occupational health and safety. These measures must be followed for the construction, operation and decommissioning activities. Contractors should have the technical capability to manage the occupational health and safety issues of their employees, extending the application of the hazard management activities through formal procurement agreements. For RUDP Phase 2, contractors will follow these preventive and protective measures:  Eliminating the hazard by removing the activity from the work process. Examples include substitution with less hazardous chemicals, using different manufacturing processes.  Controlling the hazard at its source through use of engineering controls. Examples include local exhaust ventilation, isolation rooms, machine guarding, acoustic insulating.  Minimizing the hazard through design of safe work systems and administrative or institutional control measures. Examples include job rotation, training safe work procedures, lock-out and tag-out, workplace monitoring, limiting exposure or work duration.  Providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in conjunction with training, use, and maintenance of the PPE. The application of prevention and control measures to occupational hazards should be based on comprehensive job safety or job hazard analyses. The results of these analyses should be prioritized as part of an action plan based on the likelihood and severity of the consequence of exposure to the identified hazards. 4 https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/Sustainability- At-IFC/Policies-Standards/EHS-Guidelines/ 24 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER III: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Different techniques were used to collect data required for this ESIA study and these include a comprehensive literature review, field visits, investigation and direct observations, field surveys and interview with key concerned respondents. Prior to undertake a detailed ESIA study, the team undertook an ESIA Scoping which is a precursor and an important part of the initial phases of the ESIA process. After gathering enough data and information from both field and document review and having applied various data collection tools, the team of consultants as a group consolidated the findings into this comprehensive ESIA report. This final report is one of the reports to be produced in the EIA process (the other being the Scoping and Terms of Reference Report). This ESIA has been produced in accordance with the article 30 of the Environmental Law No. 48/2018, and the Ministerial Order No 001/ 2019 of 15/04/2019 establishing the list of projects that must undergo environmental impact assessment, instructions, requirements and procedures to conduct environmental impact assessment (Figure 1-2). The table 3-1 describes tasks, approaches and deliverables as carried during the study. Table 3- 1: Overview of tasks, approaches and deliverables Task & Activities Approach Deliverables Task 1: Project site Field work, observation and mapping Project overview reconnaissance Task 2 ESIA Application to Desk work Project brief RDB Task 3:Preparation and Desk work to review of methods Inception Report presentation of an inception applicable to the project (RUDP-2) report Task 4: ESIA Scoping Desk work, field surveys, interviews to Terms of Reference (preparation and approval of identify key issues for the ESIA TOR) Task 5: Review of policies, Desk work to review national and Legal, policy and regulatory framework international policy, laws, treaties and institutional applicable to ESIA and agreements related to environment in framework Rwanda six secondary cities general and RUDP-2 ESIA in particular Task 6: Analysis of the Field surveys, mapping, interviews and Project components project components and questionnaires to LODA, districts and and activities activities local people 25 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Task & Activities Approach Deliverables Task 7: Collection of the Physical, chemical, biological and social Project Baseline biophysical and social economic investigations (field surveys, information economic baseline observations, mapping, interview, information questionnaires, literature review) to identify the background environment Task 8: Impact identification, Desk work, mapping and stakeholder's Project impacts impact analysis and impact consultation to analyse the project significance and occupational impacts Safety & Health concerns Task 9: Analysis of mitigation Desk work and stakeholder's consultation Project mitigation measures to identify the project mitigation measures measures Task 10: Analysis of Desk work, field surveys, mapping and Project alternative alternatives (alignments, stakeholder's consultation to analyse the material, construction project impacts technology, waste management techniques) Task 11: Environmental and Desk work ESMP Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan Task 12: Development of Desk work Management plan Storm Water Management for storm water, top Plan, Top soil, dumping site soil, dumping site management plan, waste and other wastes management plan Task 13: Preparation and Desk work Draft Report Presentation of the Draft Report Task 14: Preparation and Desk work Final Report presentation of final report Task 15: Submission of final Desk work RUDP-Phase 2 - report and issuance of ESIA Compliance certificate of approval by the Certificate Rwanda Development Board 3.2 Data Collection Data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data collection involved site assessment surveys with appropriate survey tools such as camera, observation, questionnaires (Annex 2) to quantify perceived impacts of project on: (1) road and surrounding infrastructure; 26 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare (2) land conflicts, (3) vegetation cover of the area; and (4) existing sensitive environmental receptors including surface and ground waters; animal breeding sites, feeding grounds. The evaluation of different road stretches and drains was carried out with specific focus on (1) physical environment (topography and soil, climate and rainfall, water quality and noise level); (2) biological environment (flora and fauna); (3) socio-economic and cultural environment (population, land use, sources of income, employment, goods and services, cultural/ historical sites). Secondary data collection involved review of relevant policies, strategies and regulations related to buildings, infrastructures, national socio-economic surveys and environmental impact assessment. The RUDP phase 2 Engineering feasibility studies and district development plans (Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Rubavu, Musanze and Nyagatare) were also reviewed. 3.2.1 Literature Review Literature relating to Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design Report Phase 2 of Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) in Six Secondary Cities was reviewed. Other documents reviewed include: ● World Bank Safeguard Policies and Procedures. The consultant reviewed the Bank's Environmental Assessment policy and procedures (Operational Policy/Bank Procedures- OP/BP 4.01, Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), (OP 4.36), Natural Habitats (4.04) and Disclosure Policy (BP 17.50). ● The instruments prepared for the project the ISDS (appraisal), the ESMF, the ESIA for first phase ● The RUDP webpage in the World Bank website ● The supervision reports of the of RUDP Phase 1 ● The bidding documents of the of RUDP Phase 1 ● Environmental supervision reports form District, LODA and Contractors ● Rwanda vision 2020, 2015 and 2050 and 7-Years Government Programme: National Strategy for Transformation (NST1)2017 –2024 ● The Environmental New Law (No. 48/2018 of 13/08/2018) determining the modalities for protecting, conserving and promoting the environment; 27 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ● Ministerial Order No 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 Establishing the List of Projects that Must Undergo Environmental Impact Assessment, Instructions, Requirements and Procedures to Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment; Topographic and geological maps of the various project areas, and other documents that were deemed as being of fundamental importance to the assignment were also reviewed. A list of all references used is provided under the Reference section of this report. 3.2.2 Determination of Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions Environmental and social baseline surveys were conducted within the project area to establish prevailing biophysical and socio-economic conditions that served as basis for impacts assessment and future monitoring. Baseline conditions were established based on literature review and field biophysical and social surveys as well as consultations with relevant stakeholders. a) Field visits and detailed studies were conducted along the proposed sub-projects (roads and drains), key ecosystems, water bodies and their adjacent territories. The site visits took place throughout the months of May 2019. During the site visits, the different biodiversity features, habitat, vegetation, climatic parameters and landscape units‟ present were identified and recorded. Walk-through-surveys were conducted across all the proposed RUDP phase 2 sites and all observed plant and animal species were recorded. Active searches for protected species (fauna and flora) were also conducted within habitats likely to harbour or be important for such species. The presence of sensitive ecosystems like water bodies (Lake Kivu, Rusizi River, wetlands and some streams) and fragile steep slopes were given due attention. b) Review of existing information and data on environmental parameters like rainfall and temperature; c) Review and reference to the existing laws, regulations, policies and working documents relating to biodiversity features to verify how the proposed RUDP phase 2 conforms to them; and 28 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare d) Consultations with the relevant stakeholders (LODA, REMA, RDB, Secondary city Districts, local communities) on the key issues that need special attention and Expert judgment. 3.2.3 Water Quality Assessment To capture the project impacts to the water quality analysis (pH, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nitrate, phosphate, lead, total coliforms and E.coli), water samples were collected in the period of 07-17 October 2019 in springs, streams, rivers and Lake Kivu identified nearby RUDP sub-projects. Figure 3-1 to Figure 3-6 show the sampling sites in the six secondary cities. All sampling details are shown in Table 3-2. In general, in each secondary city, sampling sites located upstream and downstream the sub- projects. Due to the absence of wetlands and water courses in Rubavu city, only one sample was collected in Lake Kivu at the exit of the drain from the sub-project area (Figure 3-4). Sample collection followed the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2005). pH was measured on-site using EPA 150.1, Editorial Revision 1978, 1982. Samples for other water quality analyses were preserved using cooler box with ice packs whose temperature was maintained at 4oC and transported to the Laboratory of Water and Sanitation Corporation (WASAC) and analyzed the following day as follows:  Total dissolved solids were measured using HACH 8160, 1st Edition 2005  Total suspended solids were measured using HACH 8006, 1st Edition 2005  Total coliforms and E.coli were measured EPA SM 9223B, 2nd Edition September 2002,  Nitrates were measured HACH 8039, 1st Edition 2005  Phosphate were measured using HACH 8048, 1st Edition 2005  Lead was measured using ISO 8288. The results for the measured water quality and applicable standards are reported in the chapter of baseline information (Chapter 5). 29 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare It is worth to note that it was planned to also analyze other water quality parameters like cadmium, oil/grease, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and Chemical oxygen demand (COD), but the services were not available at WASAC. Figure 3- 1: Water Quality Sampling in Muhanga City (Source: Fieldwork, 2019) Figure 3- 2: Water quality sampling sites in Huye City (Source: Fieldwork, 2019) 30 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 3- 3: Water quality sampling sites in Rusizi City Figure 3- 4: Water Quality sampling sites in Rubavu City (Source: Fieldwork, 2019) 31 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 3- 5: Water quality sampling sites in Musanze City (Source: Field Work, 2019) Figure 3- 6: Water Quality Sampling sites in Nyagatare City (Source: Field Work, 2019) 32 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 3- 2: Water sampling sites and schedule for RUDP phase 2 Date City Places Number and Type of Geographic coordinates Samples X Y Z 07 Muhanga Ruvumera 1. Ruvumera Spring October River wetland, (upstream) E00472491 N04770472 1837 2019 2. Ruvumera Stream (downstream) E00471714 N04769099 1807 Gahogo 1. Gahogo Spring wetland (upstream) E00472532 N04769472 1832 2. Gahogo stream (downstream) E00473232 N04769612 1818 Huye Rwabayanga- 1. Rwabayanga MukuraWetland stream (upstream) E00470529 N04712280 1677 2. Mukura River (downstream) E00471258 N04707370 1614 Rwasave- 1. Rwasave stream Migina Wetland (upstream) E00472754 N04712532 1644 2. Migina River (downstream) E00474102 N04705016 1591 MbaziWetland 1. Mbazi Spring (upstream) E00472216 N04717543 1672 2. Mbazi stream (downstream) E00473204 N04716010 1661 09 Rubavu Lake Kivu 1. Lake Kivu at the October drain exit to the 2019 Lake E00416851 N04812265 1464 Musanze Mpenge 1. Mpenge river Wetland (upstream) E00461580 N04833568 1786 2. Mpenge river (downstream) E00461768 N04832694 1774 Kigombe 1. Kigombe stream (upstream) E00459502 N04832696 1797 2. Kigombe stream (downstream) E00459484 N04832464 1768 14 Rusizi Kanyogo 1. Kanyogo spring October Wetland (upstream) E00378700 N04726734 1550 2019 2. Kanyogo stream (downstream) E00378755 N04727289 1538 Rusizi River 1. Rusizi River (downstream) E00376715 N04724015 1460 07 Nyagatare Muvumba 1. Nyagatare River October wetland (upstream) E00534954 N04855261 1329 2019 2. Nyagatare River (downstream) E00537660 N04861385 1327 33 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 3.2.4 Noise level assessment Noise level was measured at different social infrastructure (hospitals, schools and residential areas) using decibel meter application installed in a smart phone (Techno Pouvoir 3). Decible levels and applicable standards are reported in Chapter 5 of Baseline information. The results for the measured noise level and applicable standards are reported in the chapter of baseline information (Chapter 5). 3.2.5 Air Quality Assessment Air quality was assessed based on the existing information (REMA 2018). Based on the project activities the most important air quality parameters to be affected are:  Nitrogen oxides (including oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) from vehicles, trucks and machinery emissions  Sulphur dioxide (SO2) from vehicles, trucks and machinery emissions  Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) from vehicles, trucks and machinery emissions  Ozone (O3) from the combination of different emissions resulting from photochemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic contents, and other atmospheric constituents  Particulate matter (including particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 microns (PM10) and 2.5 microns (PM2.5)), from smoke and dust emissions. Air emissions limits are shown in Table 3-3 34 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 3- 3: Air Emission limits specified World Health Organization Parameters Averaging period Emission Limits (μg/m3) Sulphur oxides (SOx) 10 minutes 500 24 hour 125 Nitrogen 1 hour 200 Dioxides Annual 40 PM10 24 hours 50 Annual 20 PM2.5 24 hour 25 Annual 10 Ozone 8-hour daily maximum 100 Carbon monoxide 15 minutes 100,000 Cadmium Annual 0.005 Lead Annual 0.5 Manganese Annual 0.15 Mercury Annual 1 Source: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2nd Edition, WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91, 2000. WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Global update 2005, WHO 2006 3.2.6 Biological assessment (Mammals, birds, flora and other fauna) A botany, terrestrial ecological and avifaunal study was undertaken. As part of this study, a desktop study was carried out of publicly available scientific publications to investigate the ecology and biodiversity of the affected project area (ACNR, 2011). Walk-through-surveys were conducted across the proposed RUDP phase 2, and all plant and animal species observed were recorded. A special attention was paid to trees, wetlands, and water bodies with sensitive ecosystems that can be directly impacted by the proposed project. A Non-Random Sampling Procedure “Convenience sample” was therefore used for flora and fauna data collection all around the RUDP phase 2 sub-projects. Ideally, a random sampling design could have been done for data collection, but it was constrained by the time, cost and accessibility to some sites (e.g. flooded wetland) along/within the surveyed area. Efforts were also made to find the existence of protected species known to be threatened, endemic, endangered and rare, based on national conservation importance and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation status. Searches for listed and protected plant species at the various sites were 35 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare conducted and the location of all listed species was recorded. The presence of sensitive habitats such as wetlands and unique edaphic environments were noted. This aimed at the determination of the nature of likely impacts of RUDP phase 2 and recommendations on mitigation. 3.2.7 Historical and Cultural heritage assessments A desktop study (ACHO 2009; GoR, Minispoc 2015), field surveys (observations and public consultations) were carried out of publicly available scientific publications to determine the archaeological, paleontological, heritage history and location including tombs, burial sites and genocide memorials of the affected project area. The focus was to illustrate and determine the nature of likely impacts and mitigation recommendations of the proposed development. 3.2.8 Landscape and Visual impacts assessment A landscape and visual impact assessment study was undertaken. Site visits were undertaken where visual features and the landscape setting of the proposed RUDP phase 2 sites were recorded. An assessment was also made on the degree of usage of these locations (e.g. by people from nearby homes, centres and institutions) that would be (in their views) sensitive to change(s), due to the proposed project. These receptors were then identified, as well as Key Observation Points (KOPs) (those sensitive receptors who had views of the Project) particularly those relating to intersections of major roads, arterial and scenic routes, as well as urban areas, settlements and farmsteads. The landscape character was then surveyed in terms of scenic quality (landscape significance) and receptor sensitivity to landscape change (of the site) in order to define the visual objective for the project sites. Photomontages using panoramic photographs were used to determine the degree of visibility of the Project and change in views of the surrounding landscape. The impact assessment phase involved the determination of the nature of likely impacts of the development and recommendations on mitigation. 36 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 3.2.9 Socio-economic assessment The socio-economic survey started with the compilation of a baseline description. The baseline description was derived from a range of secondary data (including but not limited to census data, existing reports, development plans and other strategic planning documents) and primary data collection. The primary data used for the baseline was based on information provided by the directly-affected landowners, other project affected persons (PAPs) and issues raised through the public consultation process. The impact assessment phase incorporated the identification and assessment of socio-economic impacts (direct, indirect and cumulative) that may result from the construction to operation phases of RUDP phase 2 project. Mitigation measures that address the local context and needs were recommended as the final phase of the study. 3.2.10 Identification and Analysis of Key Stakeholders The identification of key stakeholders (individual, a group of people, or an organization who can affect or be affected positively or negatively the proposed project) was undertaken by means of literature review of the institutional setup and consultative interactions with the public. The analysis of stakeholders involved placing them in categories (Central Government, Local Government, NGOs, PAPs and local communities) and assessing the impacts of each group of stakeholders on the project (SWOT Analysis). 3.2.11 Public Consultation and Public Disclosure Pursuant to WB Environmental and Social OP 4.01 on the Policy on Information Disclosure and access of information, it is very important hold public hearings on the RUDP 2 to seek the views of the people in the communities which may be affected by the project. Public involvement is necessary to collect views and concerns of: a) Local communities b) Project affect local people; c) Local authorities including district officials; d) Central government institutions (LODA, RTDA, REMA, WASAC, REG) 37 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Methodologies for involving the public were designed and implemented in a flexible manner adapting and responding to the local communities and conditions. They were chosen with the concept of cost-effectiveness so as not to cripple the environmental assessment budget. Public involvement activities were carried out in an open and transparent manner. Public involvement consisted of three stages: information dissemination; consultation; and stakeholder participation. A summary of the consultations performed and their outcomes in this ESIA is provided in chapter 10. The list of people who participated has been attached to this ESIA annexes. 3.2.12 Environmental Standards Environmental standards are maximum or acceptable concentrations of particular parameters recommended to support or maintain healthy the ecosystem functions. The most important environmental parameters considered in RUDP phase 2 include water quality (pH, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nitrate, phosphate, total coliforms and E.coli), noise level and air quality (sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen dioxides, particulate emissions (PM10 PM2.5), ozone, carbon monoxide, cadmium, lead, manganese and mercury. The water quality and noise level results and applicable maximum allowable levels are reported in this chapter (Table 3-3) and baseline information (e.g. Table 5-1, 5-3, 5.5, 5-7, 5-9, 5-11). It is important to mention that the World Bank accepts the standards in the country, in this Health and Safety guideline 5or those of international agencies like the World Health Organization. 3.3 Identification and analysis of Potential Environmental & Social Impacts 3.3.1 Impacts Identification The project impacts were first identified using the checklist shown in Table 3-3. 5 Health and safety guidelines. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at- ifc/policies-standards/ehs-guidelines 38 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 3- 4: Identification of the Project impacts using a checklist table Local employment Local population Flora and Fauna Receptor infrastructures Surface water Groundwater Archaeology Atmosphere Community Economics Landscape Transport Land use Geology Utilities Soil Activities Planning and design phase Resettlement Private land acquisition Construction phase Workforce mobilization Ground clearing, earth moving and grading and cutting Modification of existing services Excavation of drainage systems (side exit and standalone drains Construction of sites (campsite, and work site) facilities, utilities, etc. Operation and maintenance phase Life condition improvement Reduction of erosion rate Improved road facility 3.3.2 Impacts Evaluation/Characterization The potential environmental and social impacts (adverse and positive) of the RUDP phase 2 activities during the Design, Construction and Operational Phases were identified by means of a significance Matrix (Table 3-3; 3-4), where the interactions between relevant project activities and the natural/physical environmental components and the social components were considered to determine whether or not the interaction may create a potential impact. The potential impacts on the baseline conditions were then evaluated according to the following criteria: 39 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 3- 5: Impact Evaluation Criteria Criteria Indicative Assessment Thresholds used for each Rating Criteria: Threshold Typical Descriptions Characterizat Positive Impact is an improvement on the current situation or is ion of Impact desirable Negative Impact is a worsening over the current situation or is not desirable Type of Direct Project results in a direct impact upon Impact aspect/receptor/resource (i.e. generally within the Project footprint with a relevant buffer). Indirect Indirect effect upon aspect/receptor/resource. Cumulative Cumulative effect upon receptor. Reversibility Reversible The effect is reversible. Irreversible The effect is potentially permanent and not reversible. Geographic Localized Impact is limited to specific individuals or communities or Extent environmental receptors at or close to the RUDP phase 2 Regional Impact extends across the whole Rwanda National or Impact extends to neighboring countries like in our case Trans boundary DRC, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, etc. Time when Immediate Effect occurs immediately following the RUDP phase 2 the impact project activities. occurs Delayed Effect delayed and occurs sometime after project activity/action. Duration Very short term Impact is expected to last in the short term (0-1 year) (e.g. less than two years). Short Impact is expected to last in the short term (1-5 years) Medium term Impact is expected to last in the medium term (5 – 10 years) (e.g. between two and ten years). Long term Impact extends throughout the project operation phase and beyond (e.g. beyond 10 years) Permanent Impacts that cannot be remedied Probability Unlikely The impact can be considered to be unlikely to occur (<20% chance of occurring) Probable The impact can be considered to have likelihood of occurring (40% - 70% chance of occurring) Certain The impact can be considered to have a high likelihood of occurring (>90% chance of occurring) 40 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Criteria Indicative Assessment Thresholds used for each Rating Criteria: Threshold Typical Descriptions Magnitude Negligible Does not have a measurable impact. Low Has a distinguishable low level impact on environment or communities For Negative Impacts: Some measurable change in resource or its quality or vulnerability; minor loss of, or alteration to, one (maybe more) key characteristics, features or elements. For Positive impacts: Minor benefits to, or addition of, one (maybe more) key characteristics, features or elements; some beneficial impact on resource or reduced risk of negative impact occurring. Moderate Impacts are both distinguishable and measurable and affect the majority of the local population/social aspects or environment. For Negative Impacts: Loss of resource, but not adversely affecting the integrity; partial loss of/damage to key characteristics, features or elements. For Positive Impacts: Benefit to, or addition of, key characteristics, features or elements; improvement of receptor/resource quality. High Has a measurable and sustained positive or negative impact on social or environmental aspects. For Negative Impacts: Loss of resource and/or quality and integrity of resource; severe damage to key characteristics, features or elements. For Positive Impacts: Large scale or high improvement of resource quality; extensive restoration or enhancement; major improvement in receptor/resource quality. Furthermore, for certain topics quantitative thresholds/limit values (e.g. air quality, water quality, noise levels etc.) have been considered in determining the Magnitude of Impact. 3.3.3 Assessment of Impact Significance The significance of the project impacts were quantified Using the Impact Prediction Matrix (Table 3-5), whereby the impact risk is proportional to its extent, duration, magnitude and probability (Risk = (Extent + Duration + Magnitude) x Probability). 41 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 42 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 3- 6: Assessment of the project impacts using the Impact Prediction Matrix Risk = (Extent + Duration + Magnitude) x Probability Low (<30) : This impact would not have a direct influence on the decision to develop in the area Medium (30-60) : This impact could influence the decision to develop in the area unless it is effectively mitigated High (>60) : This impact must have an influence on the decision process to develop in the area 3.3.4 Assessment of Residual Impacts Residual impacts are those effects of a project that remain after mitigation measures are implemented. Accidental events can also occur, potentially causing damage to the biophysical environment, as well as to effects on human health and safety. The predicted residual effects were considered for each Project phase (Construction, Operation, Decommissioning/post- decommissioning, and Unplanned Events). In this study efforts were made to predict the project residual impacts based on relevant literature reviews and experience on similar projects / environments (road projects in urban areas). The Project phases to which the identified effect applies have been listed, followed by the type of impact (adverse or positive) and the significance of residual effects. For the prediction of residual adverse environmental effects, it is acknowledged that, while the likelihoods can be low, the result can be significant. It is worth acknowledging that such residual impacts are, by their nature difficult to accurately predict. Therefore, the alternative approach was to apply environmental management practice to prevention and preparedness training so as to reduce the likelihood of such events, but to be well 43 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare prepared to implement an effective emergency response should an event occur. Emergency Preparedness Planning is to include the development and maintenance of a high degree of readiness through equipment purchase and maintenance, training exercises, and simulations. Emergency Preparedness Planning has, therefore, been integrated into all phases of Project design, planning, and execution. 3.3.5 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts Cumulative impacts are changes to the environment caused by an action (project or project activity) in combination with other past, present, and future human actions. In practice, assessment of cumulative impacts requires consideration of other assessment concepts, which are different from the conventional approaches used in EIA. Cumulative impacts occur as interactions--between actions, between actions and the environment, and between components of the environment. These pathways between a source and an effect are often the focus of an assessment of indirect or cumulative impacts. The magnitude of the combined effects along a pathway can be equal to the sum of the individual effects (additive effect) or can be an increased effect (synergistic effect. In many cases, individual sub-projects produce environmental effects that are not significant. However, when combined with the effects of other project components or other projects and activities, these small effects may become a concern, as they may cause a cumulative effect. They are usually neither measured nor accounted for before they cause significant damage through accumulation. In this study efforts were made to predict the cumulative impacts based on our experience on similar projects in similar environment (road projects in urban areas). Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) VECs are the main objects of the cumulative impact assessment process. VECs are defined as any part of the environment that is considered important by the proponent, public, scientists, and government involved in the assessment process. In RUDP phase 2, the main VECs to be affected include:  Closest residential areas (noise and air pollution); 44 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Downstream Ecosystem (Water quality in wetland and water bodies); Strict adherence to environmental and social management and monitoring plan with special focus on noise, air and water quality as proposed in ESMP will help minimize these impacts. 45 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER IV: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT The main objective of the Rwanda Urban Development Programme (RUDP) is to provide basic infrastructure through strategic identification, selection, and implementation of the identified investments in the six secondary cities of Muhanga, Huye, Nyagatare, Musanze, Rubavu and Rusizi in consultation with the District Administration. This also aims at promoting inclusive cities through effective approaches to upgrading of unplanned settlements in addition to supporting districts to create enabling environments for local economic and social development The Government of Rwanda is implementing the RUDP with financing from the World Bank through the Local Administrative Development Entities Authority (LODA) under the Ministry of Infrastructure. A number of investments programmes were identified in the six secondary cities through a study conducted in 2016 namely the Feasibility Study and Preliminary Engineering Design (RUDP Phase1) and some selected projects were already under way in the project cities. The District officials in the project cities have since implemented the phase 1 projects and proceeded to identify current investment priorities for implementation under RUDP Phase 2. 4.1 Road Geometric Design and components The components in RUDP phase 2 include roads, road side drains, footpaths and street lights and stand-alone exit drains, informal settlement upgrading and urban management. The major road cross-section elements include the roadway, bus bays / bus-stops, curbs, greening space, street lighting, non-motorized transport (NMT) facilities (sidewalks and cycle lanes), drainage facilities, cut/embankment slopes, and space for utility services, depending on available right-of- way. 4.1.1 Road cross section options The following typical street cross sections options have been considered based on available right-of way and associated expropriation costs: ● Option 1 (Figure 4-1): Two-way Roadway Street with cycle lane, greening and walkway on both sides, complete with drain, street lighting and provisions for utility services; right-of-way width 13.75m. 46 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 4- 1: Typical Street Cross Section Option 1 (width 13.60 m) ● Option 2 (Figure 4-2): Two-way Roadway Street with cycle lane and greening on both sides and walkway on one side, complete with drain, street lighting and provisions for utility survives; right-of-way width 12.30m. 47 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 4- 2: Typical Street Cross Section Option 2 (width 12.30m) ● Option 3 (Figure 4-3): Two-way Roadway Street with walkway and greening on both sides, complete with drain, street lighting and provisions for utility survives; right-of-way width 10.85m. Figure 4- 3: Typical Street Cross Section Option 3 (width 10.85m) ● Option 4 (Figure 4-4): Two-way Roadway Street with walkway on both sides and greening on one side, complete with drain, street lighting and provisions for utility services; right-of-way width 10.10m. 48 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 4- 4: Typical Street Cross Section Option 4 (width 10.2m). Further street cross section options were considered, especially, in the informal settlements, where it was not feasible to achieve the required right of way for the above options. The evaluation and recommendations of the four cross-section options for the various projects are summarized in the following sections. Option 5: This is a two-way Roadway Street with walkway on both sides, with right-of-way width 8m (6 m of carriage way, 1 m of walkway and 1 m of drainage). The option will be implemented in most congested settlements (Figure 4-5). 49 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 4- 5: Typical Street Cross Section Option 5 (width 8 m). 4.1.2 Recommendations of the four cross-section options 4.1.2.1 Road width Considering safety and comfort of drivers, AASTHO recommends lane width of between 2.7 to 3.6m. Based on consultations with the Client, RTDA and the World Bank, the desirable standard roadway width in Rwanda is 7.0m (lane widths 3.5m), however, the standard roadway width was reduced to 6.0m (lane widths 3.0m) where available right-of way was inadequate and the cost and environmental and social impacts of expropriations for additional right-of-way were high. It was further recommended to adopt even one-way roads and option 5 (8 m road width) , particularly in the high density informal settlements where standard roadway widths were not feasible with the available or achievable right-of-way. This is regrettable because it is within the dense informal settlements that wider roads are needed due to the diverse roles that they play which are far above the renowned function of accessibility. Roads and their reserves within dense informal settlements are used for:  Accessibility, and especially for service vehicles such as ambulances and fire extinguishers; 50 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Opening up the settlements for greater investments;  Early morning and evening open air market informal businesses;  Social meeting places, especially, where there no open spaces;  Collection points for garbage/ refuse;  Petty light industrial activities;  Temporary commercial cooking and eating spaces;  Playgrounds or open spaces for children;  Courtship, especially, at night; amongst many others. In future, therefore, such roads need to wider and could be implemented in phases and on an incremental approach, funds allowing. 4.1.2.2 Cross Slope Based on AASTHO guidelines and considering the high rainfall intensities in the project area, a typical unidirectional cross slope of 2.5% was provided across the entire standard width of the roadway to facilitate drainage from the pavement surface to the side drains. A typical cross slope of 1.5% was adopted for one-way local urban access roads in the informal settlements. Higher rates of cross slopes were avoided as intermittent impacts of cross winds prevalent in the hilly terrain of the project area on vehicles moving along the roads may affect the steering of the vehicles. 4.1.2.3 Curbs Curbs are provided for purpose of optimizing utilization of available right-of-way width, delineation of the roadway, walkways and cycle lanes, aesthetics, control of drainage, and reduction of maintenance operations. Three types of curbs will be applied as follows:  Barrier curbs / vertical curbs shall be provided at limits of roadways and cycle lanes to provide barrier preventing encroachment of vehicles or cycles into pedestrian walkways. ● Mountable curbs / sloping curbs, with sloping faces and reduced heights that allow vehicles to encroach on them without discomfort or damage to tires and wheels, shall be placed at depressed portions on driveway locations. 51 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ● Combined curb and gutter consisting of barrier curb with an apron or gutter section attached provided to facilitate drainage. The curbs shall be made of precast concrete units manufactured locally. The curbs adjacent to the travelled way shall be offset by 0.3m with road marking. Reflectorized paints shall be applied to curbs along roadway to enhance their visibility and improve road safety. Periodic maintenance by cleaning or repainting will be required to keep the reflectorized curbs effective. 4.1.2.4 Greening Space Green spaces on the road reserve help to beautify the streets, contribute to a clean, greener local environment and helps to address issues relating to climate change. As is the present practice with most streets in Rwandan cities, a combination of turf and palm trees shall be established on the green spaces, with due regard to required sight distances. 4.1.2.5 Non-Motorized Transports (NMT) Facilities The none-motorized transport (NMT) facilities include sidewalks and crosswalks for pedestrian access and cycle lanes, provided along the roadway, either on both sides or only on one side of the roadway depending on available width of right-of-way. The NMT facilities are separated from the roadway with curbs and raised greening spaces of width of 0.6m, to allow for maintenance activities. 4.1.2.6 Cycle lanes Bicycles and motorcycles have become important means of transportation in Rwanda and are therefore important elements for consideration in the street design process. Cycle lanes, of asphalted surfaces, were provided on both sides of the roadway for Option 1 and Option 2, and one side only for Option 3. Based on the cycle traffic surveys and projections, cycle lane width of 1.3m was considered adequate for all project roads, as per AASTHO guidelines. 52 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 4.1.2.7 Pedestrian Sidewalks The sidewalks cover restricted border widths of the right-of-way, typically 1.3m, and were provided along adjoining commercial developments, multiple-residential complexes, schools and other pedestrian generators, where there are potential vehicle- pedestrian conflicts. The Sidewalks are to be paved with all-weather surfaces comprising of concrete paving blocks to ensure their intended use. Without all-weather surfaces, pedestrians may choose to use the roadway and increase vehicle-pedestrian conflicts. Sidewalk curb ramps of width 1.5 m are to be provided at strategic locations to accommodate persons with disabilities. 4.1.2.8 Pedestrian Crossings Pedestrian crossings were provided at strategic regular locations across the streets. Formal crossings include: ● Zebra crossings ● Light controlled crossings. Majority of pedestrians crossing the road do so near intersections and three out of four use formal crossings point where they are available (O„Flaherty 2005). Factors considered in provision of pedestrian crosswalks included safety, conflicts and policy objectives. The conflict approach is based on the PV2 where P=pedestrian flow (ped/hr) centered at the crossing location while V=number of vehicles on the road in both directions. A formal crossing was justified if the PV2 > 108 (O„Flaherty, 2005). For pedestrian crossing at junctions controlled by traffic-lights, the design should provide enough vehicle-holding time (red light time) to enable the pedestrian to cross the road before a vehicle enters the vicinity of the crossing point. In this context, an average walking speed at free flow was assumed at 1.6m/sec for normal pedestrians and at 0.5m/sec for pedestrians with disabilities. 4.1.2.9 Drainage System Drainage in built up urban areas is important because of rapid rates and large volumes of runoff and costly potential damage to adjacent property by flooding. Surface flow from adjacent tributary areas will be intercepted by the roads, collected within the roadway by curbs, gutters, 53 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare culverts and channels, and conveyed through exit/outfall drains to the natural drainage system. Careful attention to needs for adequate drainage and protection of the roadway from floods in all phases of location and design reduces costs in both construction and maintenance. 4.1.2.10 Cut/Embankment Slopes - Erosion Control The design of road will include considerations for preservation of natural ground cover and desirable growth of shrubs and trees within the road corridor, seeding mulching, sodding, or other acceptable measures of covering slopes and other erodible areas will be incorporated in the road design. 4.1.2.11 Utility Space Street improvements, whether upgraded within the existing right-of-way or entirely on new right-of-way, generally entail adjustment of utility facilities. The utilities involved included: (1) WASAC„s water supply lines; (2) overhead power cables; (3) underground communications lines including fibre optic cables for various communication companies; and (4) underground service ducts for building connections. In designing utility provisions, full consideration was given to measures needed to preserve and protect the integrity and visual quality of the streets, its maintenance efficiency, and the safety of traffic. The desirable locations selected for the underground utilities, and appurtenances to the underground installations, such as vents, drains, markers, manholes, and shutoffs, were near the right-of-way line, behind the sidewalk, cycle lane or side drain, so as not to interfere with the safety or maintenance of the streets. However, existing development and limited right of- way widths in some streets precluded location of some or all utility facilities as desired outside the roadway of the streets. The greening spaces separating the roadway and the NMT facilities were reserved for overhead power lines / communication lines. 4.1.2.12 Bus Stops Bus stops are a critical component of the transit system. On a single round trip a bus rider will typically use at least four different bus stops for boarding and alighting, and being able to get to a bus stop easily and wait for the bus in a comfortable environment are significant aspects of every transit customer „s experience. The main considerations made in design of the bus stops included: 54 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ● Space availability. ● Convenient locations including concentrations of residences or jobs and major destinations such as social services (schools, health facilities, stadiums, etc.) or shopping destinations. ● Safety and comfort of people boarding, alighting, and waiting for the bus. Far-side stops (after the intersection) were preferred since this would encourage pedestrians to cross behind the bus and not in front of it. The bus stop design included provision of necessary amenities including shelters with benches for waiting riders to sit away from other pedestrian flow and street traffic, adequate lighting, motorcycle parking facilities and trash cans. ● Visible and easily identifiable locations for both bus riders to easily find them and drivers to clearly see whether there are waiting passengers. ● Good pedestrian access to the surrounding area, especially to the other side of the street, including well-defined and contiguous pathways to and from the stop, as well as crosswalks. ● Accessibility and facilities for persons with disability. ● Integration with other road design elements. Location of Bus stops The decision on locations of bust stops involved consultations with district stakeholders, the transit users (the public) and bus service provider groups for their local knowledge, input and feedback on recommendations made by the Consultant, which were incorporated into the designs. The outreach included transit users and service providers whose experience would be directly affected and also the surrounding communities which will be impacted. Typical concerns from public included walking distance to stops and the impact on direct abutters. While universal consensus on exact locations was rare, the Consultant attempted to balance the conflicting interests, resulting to general acceptance of the final designs by all the stakeholders and the community. Determining the proper location of bus stops involved choosing between near-side, far-side and mid-block stops, defined as follows and as illustrated in Figure 4-6. 55 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 4- 6: Options for locations of bus stops Near-side bus stops are located before an intersection, allowing passengers to load and unload while the vehicle is stopped at a red light or stop sign. Far-side bus stops are located after an intersection, allowing the bus to travel through the intersection before stopping to load and unload passengers. Mid-block bus stops are located between intersections, 300 feet (90m) or more beyond or before an intersection. The decision of bus stop location involved the following sequence: ● Step 1: Stops at major generators: the first consideration for possible locations for stops were those adjacent major trip generators including high density residential units, public institutions (schools, hospitals, etc.), office buildings, commercial centres, etc. ● Step 2: Stops at transfer points: the next consideration for possible locations for stops was at intersections to facilitate transfers for riders connecting to different routes. Hassle- free transfers are an important element of a successful transit system. The maximum walking distance between two bus stops serving connecting routes should be no more than 300 feet (90 m) ● Step 3: stops at signalized intersections: the next set of stops was stops at signalized intersections. The far-side bus stops would be convenient for buses to use the gaps in the stream of traffic created by the signal to pick up and discharge passengers and to reenter traffic. ● Step 4: intermediate stops: Once possible stops were identified at transfer points, major generators and signalized intersections, additional stops were added to complete the set of stops for the route or street. The additional stops for areas of low to moderate passenger demand in the project areas were established by applying standard bus stop spacing criteria. A standard in the transit industry suggests that most riders would not want to walk farther than one quarter-mile (400m) to a bus stop. 56 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Generally, bus stops were located after (far-side of) intersections to facilitate bus and traffic operations. Where far-side stops were impractical due to factors such as land use (e.g. conflict with commercial developments), bus routing, and other factors, the use of near-side bus stop was considered. Streets with long distances between intersecting streets required mid-block stops. 4.1.3 Road Pavement Design A pavement design of 20 years for new construction works was adopted. Pavement structure design was based on the traffic loading from the traffic survey analysis and existing site conditions established from geotechnical investigations. Based on the geotechnical investigation of the alignment soils, the CBR values indicated that the existing subgrade was predominantly class S1 with slight elements of class S2. The following factors were adopted in pavement design; ● Traffic class adopted in the design is T4 ● Subgrade class designed is S3, Improved subgrade ● With regard to the above classifications and availability of material the recommended road ● pavement structure comprises of: ● A wearing Surface-50mm of AC type 1 ● A base-150mm of Graded Crushed Stone (GCS) ● A subbase-200mm of Neat Gravel ● A subgrade-300mm Improved subgrade 4.2 Project sub-projects in six secondary cities The RUDP phase 2 sub-projects (roads, drains, footpaths, and streetlight) and size are shown in Table 4-1). 57 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 4- 1: Sub-projects of the RUDP phase 2 in the six secondary cities of Rwanda Districts Sub-Projects Length (Km) Musanze 1. Road Station Kobil- Kiziba-Kibuye APICUR; Road Station Kobil - Cyanika – 2.324 Kiziba 2. Upgrading of unplanned settlement in Tete a Gauche (asphalt roads and street 1.082 lighting) 3. Construction of Road Kibuye –Nyarubande Asphalt Road 1.000 4. Construction of asphalt road from Ibereshi 6 to Giramahoro 0.895 5. Construction of Groupement - Kabaya Asphalt Road + Cross Drain Culvert 1.127 6. Construction of Groupement - Kabaya asphalt road 1.100 7. Upgrading of unplanned settlement in tete a gauche (footpaths and street lighting) 6.700 8. Provision of non-motorized transport (NMT) for roads constructed under RUDP 4.600 phase 1 9. Urban management through technical assistance Rubavu 1. Petite Barrier-Karundo-Buhuru Centre Asphalt Road 3.650 2. Buhuru Centre-Umuganda Stadium Asphalt Road 2.005 3. Primary outfall drain No. 6 from Rugerero Junction, through RHS of Rugurero - 2.550 Buhuru Centre - Rubavu Stadium Road (not designed) 4. Primary outfall drain No.7 from Rugurero Junction, through LHS of Rugurero - 1.500 Buhuru Centre - Rubavu Stadium Road, District Road (not designed) 5. Buhuru Centre - Rugerero asphalt road 2.600 6. Rugerero - Rubavu asphalt road 3.200 7. Urban management through technical assistance Rusizi 1. Rusizi I-Cross Border Asphalt Road 2. Batero Settlement Standalone drain 0.200 3. Kanyogo Settlement Standalone drain 0.440 4. Rusizi City Centre Asphalt Roads, associated drains and Street lighting 2.500 5. Cyapa-Badive-Gihundwe Catholic Church Asphalt Road 3.631 6. Construction of asphalt road Kadasomwa –Kamembe Sector office-ADPR- 5.600 Gihundwe 7. Urban management through technical assistance Huye 1. Informal settlement upgrading (footpath and improving the storm water drainage system of Matyazo/Rurenda. 2. Asphalt road Ngoma Cemetry-New vision school-Ecole de sourds muets de 2.100 freres saint Gabriel-Abisunganye market tarmac road. 3. Asphalt road ADEPR Church-Imberabyombi-Ecole Primaire Butare Catholique 1.050 4. Rango-Sahera tarmac road ( Rango-GS Nkubi) section, (exit drains, roadside 1.500 drains, street lighting, NMT lanes, greening) 5. Construction of tarmac road: Rwabuye office-Mbazi health center-Bigangara 5.355 road on (consider Bigangara-Mbazi Health Centre Section 3.5km only). 58 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Districts Sub-Projects Length (Km) 6. Upgrading of Gitwa unplanned settlement (Tarmac road, stand lone drainage, 0.900 footpath and Street lighting) in Tumba Sector. 7. Provision of non-motorized transport (NMT) for roads constructed under RUDP Phase 1, specifically, a roundabout at intersection between RUDP Phase 1 road and National Road R43 to minimize conflicts observed between motorists, cyclists and pedestrians which results in accidents at the intersection. 8. Informal settlement upgrading of Matyazo/Reranda – standalone drain 1 of 1.535 1.500 m 9. Informal settlement upgrading of Matyazo/Reranda - Footpath, Drainage and 1.500 Street Light 10. Informal settlement upgrading Matyazo- Roads, Drainage and Street Light 1.200 11. Construction of tarmac road: Rwabuye office-Mbazi health center-Bigangara 1.900 road (Rwabuye-Bigangara Section) 12. Urban management through technical assistance Muhanga 1. Cyakabiri-Misizi Asphalt Road 2.466 2. Gahogo Settlement-Asphalt Roads, ICK standalone drainage (0.3km), street 4.824 lighting and footpath 3. Ruvumera Settlement-Asphalt Roads, Standalone drainages, street lighting and 3.701 footpath 4. New standalone drains identified by the district during the validation workshop including Kibirigi drain (0.07km), Merry Rene drain (0.14km), Plateau Gahogo Cell drain (0.1km), RRA exit drain (0.22km), total length 0.530km. 5. Urban management through technical assistance Nyagatare 1. NR3-EN6-Nyagatare II-UR Playground road and associated Link Roads to 2.415 RUDP Phase 1 Road 2. EN19-District District Headquarter and associated Link Roads to EN6 3.299 3. UR-Nyagatare Asphalt Road 1.778 4. Barija Cemetery – Nyagatare Market Asphalt Road 2.689 5. Barija Settlement – Stadium Asphalt Road 0.981 6. Nyagatare Market – UR Playground 0.642 7. Nyagatare City Centre Roads 1.457 8. EN18-UR-NR13 Asphalt Roads 0.818 9. Ngoga – NR2 Roads 0.553 10. Standalone exit drain from Nyagatare Hospital, crossing National Road RII to 1.36 River Muvumba 11. Standalone drain from Agakiriro, crossing National Road RII to River 1.500 Muvumba 12. Construction of 6 bus stops on phase I projects (near district hospital, district office, police station, East African University, BPR, GS Nyagatare and St. Ronald Schools) 13. EN18-UR-NR13 asphalt road 0.800 59 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Districts Sub-Projects Length (Km) 14. Ngoga – NR2 asphalt road 0.600 15. Standalone drain from flooded area near Agakiriro, crossing National Road RII 1.500 to River Muvumba 16. Construction of 6 bus stops on phase I roads #6 17. Asphalt roads in Kinihira 4.460 18. Urban management through technical assistance NB: Some of these sub-projects are likely to be implemented in RUDP phase 3 due to funding and the text will be amended in the final report. 4.3. Description of project activities The project work is scheduled to complete in four phases comprising design, construction, operation, and decommissioning phases. In these project phases, the main activities will include detailed road designs, construction, operation /maintenance of roads and decommissioning. During the detailed designs, a number of studies were carried out including the geo-technical surveys, RAP/ARAP and the EIA to inform/ improve the design process. Construction of the proposed sub-project roads will involve various activities including site clearing, transport of construction materials, earth works, pavement, shoulders and lateral drainage works, construction of culverts, development of quarries, borrow pits, stockpiles and disposal sites. Once project activities come to an end, there is needed to systematically decommission the civil works by implementing a comprehensive rehabilitation program. 4.3.1 Pre- construction phase 4.3.1.1 Land and property acquisition Land and property acquisition will be also acquired to accommodate the project works (e.g. road widening and creation of diversion roads and campsite). 4.3.1.2 Transport of material to sites Construction materials sourced outside of the study area will be transported to the sites by road. The existing roads, secondary and farm roads will be utilized as a means of delivering these materials. 60 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 4.3.1.3 Establishment of construction campsites The roads project will require campsites for its workers and for storage of machinery and equipments, processing and storage of materials. This will involve clearing of the vegetation, fencing of camps and the construction of houses, workshops, store-rooms and vehicle parking areas. Camps should be provided with water supply, sanitary facilities and electricity. Additional construction sites such as separate construction sites may be established for the larger concrete structures required, i.e. culverts. These sites might have a stockpiling area for sand, stone, reinforcing steel and cement as well as a batching plant to mix concrete. The following parameters will be considered prior to establishment of camps sites:  The contractor will provide a plan detailing the layout of site facilities such as temporal pit latrines, portable toilets, and areas for stockpiling of materials, storage of hazardous materials and provision of containers;  Stockpiles for concrete materials will comprise side-restrained triangular bin-type structures. Bund walls (oil-tank casing) will be constructed. High quality materials with low dust generating characteristics will be used;  Fuel and gas will be stored in a secure area in a steel tank supplied and maintained by the fuel suppliers. Fuel storage will generally occur in the workshop areas of site camps, which is generally fenced and paved. A mobile tanker will be used to refuel vehicles on- site;  Workshops will be equipped with grease traps in the drainage collection system. Used oil will be collected in drums from these traps and disposed of in approved sites;  Camps domestic wastes will be collected in drums and removed to the nearest waste site for disposal;  Suitable washing facilities and sanitary arrangements at site offices, workshops and construction sites will be provided. Sanitary facilities for the site camps will comprise of temporal pit latrines or portable latrines;  Water for human consumption will be available at the campsite and site offices and at other convenient locations; 61 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 4.3.2 Construction phase The construction works will involve the various activities including site clearing, deployment of heavy machinery, transport of construction materials, earth works like cutting and embankments, pavement, shoulders and lateral drainage works, construction of culverts and drains. Other major activities include: development of quarries and borrow pits, operation of earth works like stockpiles and spoil sites and disposal areas. 4.3.2.1 Borrow pit establishment Existing borrow pits along the route will be used if any. New borrow pits (e.g stone, gravel exploitation) may have to be established where existing borrow pit material is not suitable or enough. The establishment of new borrow pits will require consultation and approval by the district. 4.3.2.2 Sourcing and transportation of building materials The project will require various building materials for the construction of the sub-projects. Those materials include a large quantity of stones, gravel, sand, water, cement, quarry stone aggregates and lateritic soil , bricks, wood, steel-enforcements and plastics. Other materials and equipments that may be needed include paints, solvents, electronic gadgets, wire and ropes, diesel, petrol, oils and food items, vehicles, biological materials, gases, energy, soldering equipment and other minor inputs. Building materials should be sourced as near as possible project area to reduce negative impacts of transportation of the materials to the project site through reduced distance of travel by the materials transport vehicles. 4.3.2.3 Storage of construction materials Construction materials will be stored on site. Bulky materials such stones, sand and steel should be carefully stored at contractor‟s yard and protected from elements of weather to avoid wastage due to weather conditions like wind and rain. Petroleum products will also be stored at site. 62 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 4.3.2.4 Excavation, Foundation works and Earthworks The roads project will involve excavation of the existing road foundation so as to compact way for new development and excavation will also be done at material sites. Road construction will require earthworks involving earth cuttings using bulldozers and back actors to remove the softer material, and drilling and blasting of rocks. 4.3.2.5 Masonry, concrete work and related activities The project activities will involve a lot of masonry work and related activities including: stone and crushing, mixing by use of both manual and mechanical means. These activities are known to be labour intensive and a source of air pollutants. 4.3.2.6 Landscaping To improve the aesthetic value or visual quality of the site once rehabilitation/construction ceases, the contractor will be required to carry out landscaping. This will include establishment of roadside tree planting, backfilling and vegetating of disused quarry sites. 4.3.2.7 Wastes and Storm water management Wastes to be generated by the project include excavated earth materials, construction debris, a diversity of solid wastes and human excreta. Excavated earth materials and construction debris will be reused or recycled by the project as much as possible. The remaining will be used to fill local earthen roads potholes or disposed in a very well designated site. Human excreta to be generated by workers at campsites or other working places will be handled using temporal or portable pit latrines. 4.3.3 Operational phase During the operational phase the main project activities involve proper use and maintaining road and drain infrastructures, with routine maintenance staff and budget. Waste bins and well operated and maintained latrines shall be placed at strategic points like centres to keep sanitary the road side all along its length. 63 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 4.3.4 Decommissioning phase 4.3.4.1 Demolition works After the usefulness life of the road and drains, they will be decommissioned. The roads project components including the roads, culverts, pavements, drainage systems, and parking areas will be demolished. 4.3.4.2 Dismantling of equipment and fixtures All road materials and equipment including electrical installations, furniture partitions and pipe- work among others will be dismantled and removed from the site on decommissioning of the camp site, the roads and other project components. Priority will be given to the reuse of these materials in other projects. This will be achieved through their resale to other contractors or donation of this equipment to schools, churches and charitable institutions, rehabilitation of feeder roads etc. 4.3.4.3 Site restoration Once all the wastes resulting from demolition and dismantling works are removed from the site, the site will be restored through replenishment of the topsoil and re-vegetation using indigenous plant species or developed according to the development trend of the time. 4.3.4.4 Construction materials and Energy used The main sources of energy that will be required for decommissioning of the project will include electricity and fossil fuels (especially diesel). Electricity will be used for welding, metal cutting/grinding and provision of light. Diesel will run heavy trucks, machinery such as bulldozers and concrete mixers. The proponent should intend to promote efficient use of materials and energy through proper planning to reduce economic and environmental costs of excavating new materials. 4.3.4.5 Solid waste generated Large amounts of solid waste will be generated during decommissioning of the project. These will include construction material debris, metal cuttings, rejected materials, surplus spoil, excavated materials, paper bags, empty cartons, empty paint and solvent containers among 64 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare others. The developer is advised to take steps to minimize the generation of such waste and to ensure proper disposal procedures or recycling of generated wastes. 4.4 Project Alternatives The feasibility study and the ESIA considered the analysis of alternatives to ensure that the best among all possible options is selected. The long list contained mainly existing roads and drainages that needed upgrading and rehabilitation. The process of selecting the potential projects involved consultation with community and various stakeholders where different suggestions and solutions were proposed for upgrading the roads and the drainage projects. The analysis entailed identifying alternative forms of development and considering the environmental and social implications of these alternatives to demonstrate that the proposed scheme is environmentally preferable. Alternatives for this study included the zero scenario (no project). 4.4.1 Alternative road and drainage location There were various alternatives for roads and drainage in all the six secondary cities. The Districts applied a number of criteria to come up with the roads and drainage basing on the objective of improving the living conditions of the people, the roads and drainages to serve a wide coverage of the study area and was ranked highly by the community, the project to provide an important safety benefit (e.g. drains), the project to have positive economic development impacts or is supported by the community as a priority for economic reasons, the project to provide a link between various public facilities that are within and outside the study area and the project to consider the cultural aspects of the community and its cost implication is justifiable in nature. 4.4.2 Road width design The proposed roads width in the six secondary cities took into consideration whether or not the planned roads will fall within the existing road boundaries, including the road reserves and will thus not require considerable expropriation cost or will not involve the destruction of natural 65 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare habitats, including existing vegetation, trees and cultural resources. The proposed roads also considered the carriage way, green space, cycle lane, pedestrian walk-ways and street lights. Therefore, there will be people's land and properties that will be affected by the widening of the road (Table 4-2). Among properties to be affected will include residential, commercial, churches, schools, crop damage, tree cutting and clearing of vegetation. The RUDP phase 2 sub-projects in the six secondary cities are detailed in Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design Report City (LODA, 2019). The social surveys and displacement impacts are detailed in Resettlement Action Plan/ Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP/RAP, 2019). Among the five options, option 5 (right-of-way width 8m) is the narrowest and has the lowest social displacement impacts and low expropriation cost. This option is the most favourable in very congested informal resettlement, as it minimizes land take, displacement of people and impacts on the environment and cultural sites. Other options will be implemented in other places where land acquisition is minimal. Table 4-2 shows where different road width options (Op1, Op4, Op5) will be implemented in the six secondary cities. Numbers represent the number of affected properties while the NA (non applicable) indicates that the considered option is not applicable there. Table 4- 2: Land use types of affected properties by city according the selected options City and Residential Commercial Public and Total Options Educational purpose Op1 Op4 Op5 Op1 Op4 Op5 Op1 Op4 Op5 Op1, 4 and 5 Huye NA NA 16 NA 2 NA NA 1 19 Muhanga NA 12 26 NA 7 21 NA 1 1 68 Rubavu NA NA 33 NA NA 8 NA NA 0 41 Musanze NA 30 78 NA 11 31 NA 0 1 151 Nyagatare 18 4 NA 8 0 NA 6 0 NA 36 Rusizi NA NA 24 NA NA 5 NA NA 2 31 Total 18 46 177 8 18 67 6 1 5 346 4.4.3 Design for the drainages The key considered alternative in the design of the drainage was whether to have open or covered drains. On most drains that are running along the road sides the covered design option 66 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare was preferred and this was based on the need to have the drainage systems double as pedestrian walk ways without reducing the road width to create separate drainage and walk ways. 4.4.4 Construction technology and materials There were different alternative materials such as lateritic, sand, grave, stone or asphalt that shall be used while upgrading the project roads and drainages. While earthen roads are cheaper, they are less durable. The use of stone is increasingly being opposed due to damages incurred to vehicles. We selected the option of using asphaltic material that provides a spacious surface, adequately stable due to its adequate strength structure and durability. It is worth noting that construction using durable material like asphalt is the priority of the government of Rwanda. The roads will be constructed using national and internationally accredited materials (e.g. stones, gravels, sand, cement, steel and bitumen) to comply with technical/security, public health/safety and environmental aesthetic requirements. Equipment and technologies that save resources and energy will be given first priority without compromising on cost or availability factors. This project will also use water. Rainwater should be harvested and be used in construction activities and supply to labour camps for flushing toilets and other non-domestic activities. Heavy use of timber shall be discouraged to minimize destruction of natural resources. The exotic tree species should be preferred to indigenous species in the rehabilitation where need will arise as they can be replanted with ease. Crushers and other construction equipment and machineries shall be incorporated with pollution control devices like dust arrestors/precipitators, emission control, noise abatement devices and desulfurization devices. The equipment and vehicles with the highest levels of combustion efficiency and with capability to use cleaner fuels like bio-diesel shall be used for enhanced safety features and regularly inspected. 4.4.5 Zero Scenario The option of doing nothing was considered, i.e.: no construction of the roads and drainage against the upgrade of existing roads and construction of drainages. A number of profitable services would be missed if this option is taken. Profitable services include job opportunities, increased incomes as well as provision of easy access to road networks, easy transportation of 67 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare persons and goods. The “do nothing option” would seem an irresponsible move towards sustainable development and was therefore rejected. The “do nothing option” is the least preferred from the socio-economic, cultural, and partly environmental perspective due to the following factors: o The socio-economic status of the beneficiaries and the residents in the project area of the six secondary cities would remain unchanged; o The local skills would remain under-utilized as no employment opportunities will be created for some Rwandese who would have otherwise worked at the project areas; o Reduced local interaction and business development due to lack of road infrastructure; o Soil erosion and environmental deterioration due to lack of proper drainages. From the analysis above, it becomes apparent that the “do nothing option” is the worst option to the local people, the government of Rwanda and region as a whole. 4.4.6 Waste management options 4.4.6.1 Human excreta There were a wide range of sanitation systems to be considered for handling and treating wastes to be generated by the project workers during the construction phase. Sanitation systems to handle human excreta include pit latrines, VIP Latrines, ECOSAN Latrines and flushing toilets. Based on local context (temporal activities), temporal pit latrines or portable latrines are considered the best sanitary systems to be installed at campsites and other temporarily working sites. During the operational phase, pit or portable latrines should be located at strategic points like centres or bus stops to serve the road users. However, special attention should be paid to not locate them nearby water bodies (Lake, rivers/streams), wetlands, or in areas with shallow groundwater table. Otherwise portable toilets will be considered. 4.4.6.2 Solid Waste Management Alternatives A lot of solid wastes will be generated by the proposed project. During construction, wastes to be generated include excavated material and construction debris. We recommend reducing waste production as much as possible and by reusing/recycling generated wastes. The remaining will be disposed in approved and recognized dumpsites. The dumpsites should be located in low value land with low lying landscape, away from water bodies or wetlands. 68 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare During the operational phase, a wide range of wastes are expected to be produced by road users all along the road length. Those wastes include biodegradable, less biodegradable, plastics, metals, glasses, ceramics, chemicals (oil, grease, drugs, etc) and e-wastes. The district should avail solid waste bins at different road centres and the producer should be educated on placing garbage in waste bins with clear labels (biodegradable, less biodegradable, plastics, metals, glasses, ceramics, chemicals (drugs) and e-wastes (Figure 6-1). Each class of wastes shall be appropriately managed using The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) approach. This approach takes an overall approach to creating sustainable systems that are economically affordable, socially acceptable and environmentally effective. To be effective, the district should conduct campaigns on ISWM. Figure 4- 7: Solid waste bins with different colour The approach is summarized in Figure 6-2. The first priority will be given to waste reduction from the source. Recycling, reuse and composting of the waste will be the second alternative in priority. This will call for a source separation program to be put in place. The waste will be sold to waste buyers within the project area or be collected by a private waste management company. The third priority in the hierarchy of options is combustion with energy recovering and low emissions. Finally, sanitary land filling will be the last option for the proponent in areas provided with the facilities. Prevention techniques shall be applied by the contractors as the 4Rs: reduction, reuse, recycling and recovery. Special attention will be paid to e-wastes 69 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare (telephone, computer, etc), pharmaceutical and chemical products. These will be collected separately and kept aside for advanced processing to be ordered by REMA or other competent institutions. 4.4.7 Dumpsites, Quarries and borrow pits A number of dumpsites across the six secondary cities were considered to be used as disposal sites for cut and excavated earth material. These include the existing dumpsite in Byimana (Muhanga city), Mwurire (Huye city), Nyamagana (Rusizi city), Nengo (Rubavu city), Mpenge (Musanze city) and Nyagatare (Nyagatare city). The contractors shall conduct site investigations all around the sub-projects to ensure these sites have the required capacity to handle all earth material. Otherwise, the contractor will look for new dumpsites. Dumpsites will not be located near Lake Kivu, rivers or wetlands. Preferably they will be located in areas of depression and of low land use value, where they cannot be washed into downstream ecosystems. Wherever possible, spoiled materials can be placed in low-lying parts of the topography or be used for filling exaction holes or road potholes and should be appropriately compacted. Existing borrow pits along the route will be used if any. New borrow pits (e.g stone, gravel exploitation) may have to be established where existing borrow pit material is not suitable or enough. Prior to commencement of use of the borrow pits, dumping sites and quarries an environmental and social management plan shall be prepared and approved by the district LODA and a rehabilitation plan shall also be prepared and implemented after completion of construction works. As good environmental practices, it is proposed that existing borrow pits, quarries and dumping sites are given priority. 70 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER V: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC BASELINE 5.1 Muhanga City 5.1.1 Physical environment 5.1.1.1 Location Muhanga City is located in Muhanga district in Southern Province, Rwanda (Figure 5-1). The district is bordered by Gakenke District to the north, Kamonyi District to the east, Ruhango District to the south, Karongi District to the southwest and Ngororero District to the west. Its capital, Muhanga, lies approximately 45 kilometres, by road, southwest of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. Figure 5- 1: Location of Muhanga District in Rwanda The district lies in the geographic centre of Rwanda, and contains three major radial roads leading to Kigali, to the East, Huye to the South and Karongi on the shores of Lake Kivu to the West. A fourth road leads north to Rubavu, also on the eastern shores of Lake Kivu and to 71 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Musanze in the foothills of the Virunga Mountains. The sub-projects of RUDP phase 2 in Musanze district are shown in Figure 5-2. Figure 5- 2: Confirmed RUDP phase 2 sub-projects for implementation in Muhanga City (Source: Adapted from Google Earth) 5.1.1.2 Climate and Rainfall One part of Muhanga District is located in the "central plateau" of the country with a hill –type topography. This region enjoys a climate of four seasons of which two rainy seasons and two dry seasons: a short rainy season, which extends from October to December, a short dry season that runs from January to February, and a long rainy season from March to June and a long dry season from June to August or early September. The annual rainfall varies between 1100 mm and 1200 mm. The temperature varies in the range of 12-28oC (Figure 5-3). 72 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 3: Monthly rainfall at Nyamabuye Station, Muhanga Source: Rwanda Meteorological Agency, 2019 5.1.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality In the city of Muhanga there are no important water bodies (only some small wetlands, streams, and Rugeramigozi water reservoir) (fig 5-2). The results for water quality at different sampling sites in Muhanga City (Figure 3-1) are shown in Table 5-1. The main issue of water quality in Muhanga was related to high levels of pathogens (Total coli-forms and E-coli) and suspended solids. Other variables were far below, even the drinking water standards. Note that Ruvumera 1 and ICK samples were collected from the springs used for domestic uses. The monitoring of water quality during and after the project implementation (construction, operation and decommissioning) should be done to ensure no significant changes occurred which are attributed to the project activities. 73 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 5- 1: Water quality at different places of Muhanga City Parameters /site Drinking Unit Ruvumera 1 Ruvumera 2 ICK Gahogo water Standards Total coli-forms >2419.6 >2419.6 70.1 >2419.6 Not MPN/100 ml detectable E. coli >2419.6 >2419.6 7.0 >2419.6 Not MPN/100 ml detectable Total Suspended 14 12 4 58 Not mg/l Solids detectable Phosphate mg/l 0.72 0.73 0.40 0.94 2.2 Nitrates (NO3- 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7 mg/l 45 N) pH 5.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 5.5 - 9.5 Total dissolved mg/l 101.17 101.17 174 125.4 1500 solids Lead mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 5.1.1.4 Topography One part of Muhanga District is located in the "central plateau" of the country with a hill-type topography. Muhanga City is characterized with high and low peaks and constitutes one of the best landscapes of the central "plateau" of the country. The other part of the Muhanga District is on the high mountains of the Nil-Congo; it has peaks prancing beyond 2000 meters. 5.1.1.5 Geology and Soils The geology in Muhanga is made of granitic rocks. The soil is black and very deep. This increases the risk for scouring and destruction of unprotected drain beds. The drain deep beds are usually vulnerable to mass fall after terracing cuts. To protect infrastructure (buildings, roads and drains), it is very important to stabilize them with the retaining walls. This is the case for Gahogo-ETEKA road which passes through a densely and unplanned constructed populated area where water erosion threatens buildings. Muhanga soils are generally constituted by humic Kaoli soils derived from granitic rocks. However, the soil characteristics vary from one ecological type to another, which is observed from a variety of soils depending on the altitude (high and low hills or lower slopes). In addition, the district has lateritic and granite soils spread over most of the area of the District. Swamps and 74 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare lowlands are characterized by clay soils rich in silt and covered in places by alluvium and colluviums. 5.1.1.6 Land use and settlements In Muhanga District 5.6% of households are living in grouped settlement (Imidugudu) while 11.2% are living in unplanned clustered rural housing, 76.7% are living in isolated rural housing, 2% are living in agglomeration and 4.5% living in unplanned urban housing. In general, all project roads pass through unplanned settlements. These settlements are used for businesses, church services and residence. 5.1.1.7 Noise Level The measured noise levels at all sites in Muhanga were averaged in the range of 38-57 dB (Figure 5-4). Lower levels were recorded at Cyakabiri-Misizi Road (38 dB on average), a rood with low traffic flows. Higher levels (57 dB on average) were observed at the starting point of Ruvumera road with high traffic flows. At any case the maximum noise level reached 90 dB. That means noise level is acceptable and below the intolerable levels of 90 dB. Future noise level should ensure the noise level does not exceed 90 dB. 75 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare a) b) MIN: 30 AVG: 52 MAX: 77 TIME: 00:03:00 MIN: 49 AVG: 57 MAX: 81 TIME: 00:03:00 c) MIN: 27 d) AVG: 49 MAX: 78 MIN: 22 TIME: 00:03:00 AVG: 38 MAX: 79 TIME: 00:03:02 Figure 5- 4: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Ruvumera road starting point (a), Ruvumera road end point (b), Gahogo road starting point (c) and Cyakabiri-Misizi Road (d). 5.1.1.8 Key Environmental issues around the proposed RUDP phase 2 The project key environmental and social issues according different sub-projects in Muhanga City are shown in Table 5-2. The topography in Muhanga is dominated by hills with flat summit such as Gahogo (Plateau), Murambi and ICK. On the Nyabisindu CAF Isonga proposed asphalt road, the topography is steep up to the end of the road. This causes the storm water in existing poorly designed and maintained drains to create erosion problems and scouring of the bed base and banks. Most of the soil erosion debris in drains ends in wetlands, some of which is used for crop production. The soil in Muhanga is loose and has high erosion and mass fall risk. Any land terracing and cuts is likely to make it more fragile, hence, as earlier stated, retaining walls will be needed to protect the infrastructures. The field surveys showed that soil erosion, due to a road passing through a 76 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare densely and unplanned constructed populated area, such as the proposed Gahogo-ETEKA road; is likely to threaten many nearby buildings, if precautionary measures are not taken. For Cyakabiri-Misizi Road, the topography is very flat. However, if poorly designed, the exit drain will threaten the training centre and local residential buildings. The Cyakabiri-Misizi road passes shortly in densely urbanised area. This area is used for commercial and residential purposes. It was also noted that the presence of utilities inside the road (for both planned option 1 and 4) that will need relocation during road construction. The constructions have heavily encroached on road lines and utilities like electrical lines, public lights and water supply. Table 5- 2: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Muhanga RUDP phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues Sub-projects Standalone  ICK standalone gully runs from NR1 to ICK new building to NR1and threatens drains the stability of NR1 road (holes of 2-meter-deep on the left side are common)  Kibiligi drain exit threatens the NR1 road on the left side (deepens to 3 meters)  Kibiligi drain threatens the residential houses of Marie Reine staff. At the time of the field survey, the storm water had destroyed the NR1 road to Gahogo academy road and degraded the water quality in downstream wetland that is supports urban agriculture, tree nurseries and brick making livelihood activities;  It was also noted that soil excavated from RUPD phase 1 projects had been dumped in this wetland, and construction and excavation debris were left on top of slopes; practices which should be discouraged in RUDP phase 2 project and any others in future phases. Some drainage areas were clogged with rubbish or blocked with materials of different origins. Some palms that were planted along the road were almost dead.  LODA has indicated that the soil dumped in wetland or left on top of slopes in RUDP phase 1 was removed and dumped at approved dumping site. Drainages that were clogged or blocked have been appropriately maintained. Palm trees that were almost dead soon after planting have now gained pace and are now growing fast. The local district has provided the following photos as evidence that this environmental liability was resolved in Muhanga.  LODA environmental team will work closely with District environmental officer to ensure the Supervisor hired by the Project applies penalties to the contractor in case the dumping of soil and construction debris occurs again in the river banks, wetlands and any other no authorized site by the project. LODA and district environmental team shall also ensure native vegetation species are planted along the roads (see section 6.9.3). 77 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare RUDP phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues Sub-projects Well maintained drainage Well maintained drainage Tree plantations gaining pace (greening) along the road Areas where excavation debris were removed to appropriate dumpsites Areas where excavation debris were removed to appropriate Areas where excavation dumpsites debris were removed to appropriate dumpsites Gahogo  The road is too narrow (3 to 5 meters at some points). The road has no masonry Settlement side drains (eroded by rills); asphalt road  It„s largely encroached by public utilities, private properties and other users.  The encroachment of the Pentecostal Church has forced the road to form a dangerous turn for motorists and other road users.  Electrical high voltage pylons are located inside the existing road alignment  A petrol station has encroached the road boundary with its tanks located within its road reserve whereas the opposite site is occupied by a 2 storied house  The land use here is dominated by mixed developments of unplanned urban residential houses, churches, small shops and bars. 78 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare RUDP phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues Sub-projects Ruvumera  The road has seriously been encroached by commercial buildings and public Asphalt roads utilities and street  The roads are in very poor condition: slippery at many points, with broken lighting and bridges (some of the bridges have rendered some sections inaccessible for footpath motorists)  Part of the road serve of this road is also used as a dumping site for construction waste Cyakabiri Misizi  The road starts in urban area and connects from the NR1 and extends to peri- road urban area.  Public light and electrical poles are located inside the road alignment at some points  The road is slippery in Misizi area  The land use in Misizi is peri urban with rural agricultural land use dominated by crops such as beans, cassava, bananas, coffee and sun flowers  The side drains are non-existent  Erosion has created its rills drains which exit in Misize wetland, ahead Rugeramigozi dam Plate 5- 1: The retaining wall for petrol station that encroaches the road, removing the wall entails also relocation of the two tanks (covered by iron sheets) it sustains. 79 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Plate 5- 1: The retaining wall for petrol station that encroaches the road, removing the wall entails also relocation of the two tanks (covered by iron sheets) it sustains. 5.1.2 Biological environment 5.1.2.1 Flora and fauna Most of the Muhanga district natural/indigenous plants or ecosystems have disappeared, leaving room for crops and exotic forests. The crops consist of large banana plantations with the combination of avocado trees, sweet potatoes, cassava, etc. A majority of the current afforested areas consists of Eucalyptus and Pine tree species. Seasonal crops s such as beans and cassava; and perennial crops such as bananas and coffee are found in peri-urban areas. Wildlife no longer exists in the district except for some birds, small mammals and reptiles encountered in less frequented places. Thus from the wildlife point of view, only domestic animals, i.e. cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, rabbits, chickens and cats are dominant in the District. 5.1.2.2 Sensitive ecosystems Sensitive ecosystems in Muhanga include networks of wetlands that converge toward the Rugeramigozi Wetland, draining to Nyabarongo River. This wetland no longer exists in its natural state because most of it is being used for agriculture and brick making. The water resources potential for these wetlands are very important as they support a rice irrigation scheme in Rugeramigozi where an earth fill dam has been built. The water from this dam is also a major source of urban water supply for Muhanga City. Apart from eucalyptus woodlots which are 80 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare owned by the State and Church, there are no natural forests in Muhanga City. The most important woodlot is the one located in Kabgayi locality and it is owned by the Catholic Church. 5.1.3 Socio- economic Environment 5.1.3.1 Population characteristics The total population of Muhanga district is 319,965. Males are less (49%) than female (51%). The Sectors of Nyamabuye (14%), Shyogwe (14%) and Cyeza (9%) located in southern part of the District and constituting the city of Muhanga are more populated; while the less populated are Rugendabari (5%) and Nyabinoni (5%). The population of Muhanga City is 60,957. The youth represent 38.4% of the population of Muhanga District; this is almost the same at national level (38.6%). About 56.7% of the youth, aged between 14 to 35 years did not complete their primary school and young male (79.9%) and female (86.5%) aged between 14-35 years are literate. At the national level it is 54.7% who don‟t complete primary school and respect ively 80.6% of male and 79.8% of female are literate. Among youth, male (70.1%) and female (71.2%) are economically active; this is almost the same with the national average of respectively 70.0% of male and 72.4% of female who are economically active. 5.1.3.2 Employment and income generation In Rwanda 44.9% of the population is below the poverty line against 53.6% in Muhanga District whereas 24.1% is in extreme poverty against 26.2% in Muhanga District. According to the results of EICV3, household income shares in Muhanga District is driven by agriculture (55%) which is more than half of the total economic income, followed by wage income (20%), while rents, business income, and private transfers account for 9%, 8% and 7%, respectively. The smallest contributor to household income in Muhanga district is public transfers with about 1%. The active population of Muhanga District is 86.4% against 13.4% of inactive population and 0.3% of unemployed. The majority of the population of Muhanga District (78.5%) are in agriculture coupled with farmer‟s livestock (76.9% of households). The main crops include beans (grown by 83.4% households), sweet potatoes (94.0%), cassava (70.7%), maize (62.2%), banana (67, 9%), soybeans (58.2%), rice (11.7%) and potatoes (34.6%). 81 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Considering that the main activity is agriculture (76%), it is also the main source of income though 90% of the total production is used for consumption. A good proportion of the population derives income from the wage (20.0%) or their own businesses (8.0%). Public workers account for 7.1% while private account for 8.6%. 5.1.3.3 Infrastructure The infrastructure in Muhanga is dominated by roads, social infrastructure (churches, schools, health centres, stadium, etc) and private buildings (Figure 5-5, 5-6). Only 7.4% of Muhanga District possesses bicycles, 0.5% have motorcycle and 0.7% have cars. This is far below the national level which is 13.4%, 0.7% and 0.8% respectively for bicycle, motorcycle and cars. 67.5% of the district HHs is not satisfied with their nearest roads compared to 66.1% of household‟s national wide. Likewise, 87.1% of the HHs can access roads in 19 minutes and 11.9% in 20-59 minutes. This explains the need for RUDP phase 2. 5.1.4 Cultural Heritage and tourism Although Muhanga city has many cultural sites (Kabgayi, the traditional centre of the Catholic Church in Rwanda, Shyogwe, a big Anglican centre, genocide memorial and burial sites). A part from these major sites, Pentecostal churches such as ADEPR, Methodist, and Goshen Holy Churches exist. However, they will not negatively be impacted by displacement. 82 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 5: Education and Religious Institutions in Ruvumera Settlement, Muhanga City Figure 5- 6: Education and Religious Institutions in Ruvumera Settlement, Muhanga City 83 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.2 Huye City 5.2.1 Physical Environment 5.2.1.1 Location Huye District is one of the eight Districts comprising the Southern Province (Figure 5-7, Figure 5-8). It borders Nyanza District in the North, Gisagara in the east and south, Nyaruguru in the South West and Nyamagabe in the North West. The hilly landscape protrudes from East to West but develops into a steep hilly and mountainous area as one moves towards the West and North West. Figure 5- 7: Location of Huye District in Rwanda 84 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 8: Confirmed RUDP phase 2 sub-projects for implementation in Huye City) (Source: Adapted from Google Earth) 5.2.1.2 Climate and rainfall Huye District is characterised by sub-equatorial temperate climate with an average temperature fluctuating around 20oC. The annual rainfall in Huye is 1160 mm. Huye as many parts of Rwanda has 4 climatic seasons: long period of rainfall (mid- February –May); long dry period (June-mid September), short rainy period (mid-September-December) and a short dry season (January-mid February). The rainy season is characterised by an average heavy rainfall of about 1400mm par year. Figure 5-9 presents the monthly variation of rainfall in Huye City. 85 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 9: Monthly rainfall at Huye Station, Huye City (Source: Rwanda Meteorological Agency, 2019) 5.2.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality The water network in Huye city comprises two steams: Kadahokwa which flows from North to South to Mukura, Rwamamba, and Rwasave draining into Cyihene, then to Migina River, which is an affuent of river Akanyaru. There are marshlands surrounding these streams and rivers which have potential for water supply and agricultural development (Figure 5-6). The results for water quality at different sampling sites in Huye City (Figure 3-2) are shown in Table 5-3. The main issue of water quality in Huye was related to high levels of pathogens (Total coli-forms and E-coli), suspended solids and very low pH observed in the spring of Mbazi 1. Other variables were far below the even drinking water standards. Note that Mbazi 1 sample was collected from the springs used for domestic uses. The monitoring of water quality during and after the project implementation (construction, operation and decommissioning) should be done to ensure no significant changes occurred which are attributed to the project activities. 86 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 5- 3: Water quality at different places of Huye City Parameters Unit Mbazi 1 Mbazi 2 Rwasave Migina Rwabayanga Mukura Drinking /site water Standards Total coli- MPN/100 >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 forms ml E. coli MPN/100 23.3 >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 207.7 Not ml detectable Total mg/l 18 24 20 42 164 16 Not Suspended detectable Solids Phosphate mg/l 0.15 0.99 0.84 0.65 0.76 1.12 2.2 Nitrates mg/l 0.6 0.7 0.3 1.9 0.6 1.3 45 (NO3-N) pH 4.5 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.8 5.5 - 9.5 Total mg/l 60.2 54.9 71.3 46.3 135.2 48.2 1500 dissolved solids Lead mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 5.2.1.4 Topography Huye District is situated in the central plateau. The landscape is mountainous with small valleys containing wetlands, streams or rivers. There are hills with an average altitude of 1700 metres which descend up to 1450 metres towards Songa. In its Western part it raises as one moves towards the West and culminates to more than 2000 metres of Huye mountain summit. On the average, the elevation in Huye city is 1730 m above the sea level. The proposed roads and drains are of varying slope, depending on whether they sit on the top or hillside of hills. For example, Rango-Sahera and Mbazi Road are flat (they sit on the flat summit of hills). Ngoma-Ecole des Sourds Muet- Rwabayanga road has a diverse topography profile. The road has high slope in Ngoma as it descends to read the curvature near the electrical pylon. From the electrical pylon to Rwabuye the road passage is flat as it cuts in the hillside slope. 5.2.1.5 Geology and Soils The geology in Huye is dominated by granitic, schistose and metamorphic rocks. The soil is mainly ferralitic and histosols. Soil depth differs from one site to another depending on topography, erosion factor and soil development. For instance, on Rango-Sahera section, the soil is deep whereas on Tumba Sector head quarter-Bayehova road section, the soil is shallow. In 87 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare valley bottom wetlands, the soil is more fertile with organic material (humus). Soils on the dorsal granite are the not fertile as they are poor in humous content. 5.2.1.6 Land use and settlement Many sub-projects are found in densely urbanised area. The Tumba Bayehova Road passes through a very dense area with buildings serving as administrative (Tumba Sector) and religious (Jehovah witnesses church), residential and small businesses (bar, shops, boutiques, rental) purposes. The Rango Sahera Road starts from urbanised area, occupied by a Catholic Church Parish, and school), motorcycle park and maintenance garage, informal vegetable market) continues into semi urbanised to end in peri-urban area. The Mbazi Road passes through a rural area, dominated by seasonal crops (bean, banana, and cassava), Eucalyptus wood lots and avocadoes. The storm water from all these roads exits in downstream wetland which are used for agriculture (rice cultivation and other crops). 5.2.1.7 Noise Level The measured noise levels at all sites in Huye city were averaged in the range of 47-66 dB (Figure 5-10). Lower noise levels were recorded at Rwabuye office-Mbazi health center-Bigangara road starting point (47 dB on average), a rood with low traffic flows. Higher levels (66 dB on average) were observed at the road ADEPR Church-Imberabyombi-Ecole Primaire Butare Catholique with high traffic flows. At any case the maximum noise level reached 90 dB. That means noise level is acceptable and below the intolerable levels of 90 dB. Future noise level should ensure the noise level does not exceed 90 dB. 88 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare (a) (b) MIN: 26 AVG: 52 MIN: 26 MAX: 85 AVG: 47 TIME: 00:03:02 MAX: 81 TIME: 00:03:02 (d) (c) MIN: 55 AVG: 66 MAX: 83 MIN: 33 TIME: 00:03:02 AVG: 51 MAX: 78 TIME: 00:03:01 Figure 5- 10: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Ngoma Cemetery-New vision school (Rwabayanga) (a), Rwabuye office-Mbazi health center-Bigangara road starting point (b), ADEPR Church-Imberabyombi-Ecole Primaire Butare Catholique end point (c) and Rango-Sahera (Rango-GS Nkubi) (d). 5.2.1.8 Key project Environmental and Social Issues in Huye City The project key environmental and social issues in Huye City are presented in Table 5-4. The storm water from different project activities ends in wetlands which are used for agricultural production (rice and other crops). Drains from Ngoma, Rwabayanga and Matyazo convey storm water to Mukura River where it causes flooding, landslide and siltation of the wetlands (Plate 5- 2). 89 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Plate 5- 2: Rwabayanga gully located below the road Ngoma Cemetery-New Vision Ecole des Sourds Muets-Abisunganye Market with siltation in rice cultivated wetland at its outlet In Tumba-Bayohova (Gitwa Unplanned settlement) road, the existing drains from asphalt road to Mukoni, has created a deep gully that threatens lives of people and animals (Plate 5-3). On Rango Sahera Road, the exit drain will run on a very steep topography and could cause erosion, accidents and flooding of crops in wetlands. (a) (b) Plate 5- 3: (a) Water pools in the Ngoma-New Vision Ecole des Sourds Muets- Abisunganye Market Road, (b) Existing deep scouring erosion at Gitwa (Tumba) standalone drain 90 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare There are many utilities such as water supply and electricity in the road alignment of Gitwa unplanned settlement. For example, for Ngoma-Rwabayanga road, the construction will need to relocate a high voltage transmission pole and a transformer or destruction of many residential buildings. In addition, Rwabayanga gully heavily encroaches the Ngoma-Rwabayanga road, making its construction and widening very challenging (Figure 5-11). Special attention should be paid to the management of Rwabayanga gully, as the gully also receives both storm water and wastewater. Figure 5- 11: Rwabayanga Gully and Wetland located downstream the Abisunganye Market- New Visio- Ngoma Cemetery Road 91 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 5- 4: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Huye RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments Rango-  Mix of residential buildings and social and economic infrastructures along the road Sahera (catholic parish, 3 primary schools, Mukura Sector Office, 1 branch of TVET) Tarmac road  Very slippery road especially after rain, too many water ponds, rills and mud inside the road. The road is impracticable after rain by motorbike, bikes and car  Incident of crimes during the night  Prices hikes by the moto-taxi drivers to the passengers (prices can double)  The road has an earth drain that cannot effectively convey all water Gitwa road  Unplanned residential settlement with Tumba Sector Office, Regina Pacis Twelve (Bayohova- Year Basic Education School, Jehovah Witness Shrine, 2 telephone masts, a stand of Tumba sector) vendors bars, and small shops;  The road is impracticable after heavy rains as it is slippery  Rills have been formed inside the road  Umuganda has put stones to fill the potholes and rills Tumba  Unplanned residential area standalone  Wetlands receiving storm water is used for growing crops such as beans and cassava drain  Make shift protection against erosion using the sand bags are common  Makeshift wood bridges are commonly found in the area  The storm water overtops the bridges and spreads to cause erosion in agricultural field and cause damage to house are common  The gully/drain deepened to 3 meters and has caused a lot of soil and crop losses, and accidents (falls) to humans and animals  The drain has deepened and reached the water table, whose water is used for bathing and washing clothes. Contaminated with water from the gully, the use of this water may cause the spreading of waterborne disease Butare  The road is located in the area dominated by Hotel and churches (Mere du Verbe, Ibis Catholoque- Backyard, 1 Motel, and the backyard of imberabyombi ADEPR road  The road is in bad state (slippery, dipped by rills, filled with mud and ponds)  The road has no drainage systems  For the length of 0.16 km the land is owned by the state and the catholic church Asphalt road  The road links the city centre to Ngoma Cemetery, Ngoma residential settlement Ngoma  The road is in bad state (slippery and many potholes) Cemetery, New Vision  The road has been destroyed by the Rwabayanga ravine High School,  Mixed land use (farming, schools and forest) Ecole des  Exis drains from the city centre threatens the road safety Sourds Muets  The road is used as dumping site for construction waste material Abisunganye Market  The ravines serve as discharge areas for household waste water  The road is crossed by City Centre- Airport-Ngoma exit drain that is covered  The road presents some land use incompatibility due the existence of high voltage 92 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments pylon and a transformer in opposite of residential house Matyazo  The drain is source of many safety hazards and has caused many accidents by children Rurenda falling in and adult people resulting in broken bones standalone  There are many wood makeshift bridges which are sources of danger drain, public light and  The drains are characterized by side scouring and soil fall which threaten properties footpath  Many point of erosion are present along the drain  The depth of drains at some spot is higher than 5 metres Rwabuye  The road connects NR1 to Mbazi Health Centre, Sector, Fransiscan Monastery and Office-Mbazi Mbazi Secondary school and SACCO Health Centre  The road is in bad state (slippery and has many erosion rills) and Bigangara road  The road does not have a masonry drain  These drains are clogged and cause water to flow inside the road  The public light line stops halfway to Mbazi Centre  The road passes from urban area to peri-urban area  The land use is occupied by crops and wood lots  The V turn in Rwabuye around near the Jehovah Witnesses Hall is very dangerous and causes many accidents  Two water tanks are located in the road boundaries 5.2.2 Biological Environment 5.2.2.1 Flora and Fauna The Natural vegetation in Huye City has disappeared due to urbanization and has been replaced by man-made vegetation dominated by decorative plants and crops (bananas, beans, sorghum, Irish potatoes and cassava) (Plate 5-4). Generally, Huye District lacks forest cover and a few forests which already exist require harvesting and reforestation. However, there are certain patches of forested land dominated in large part by Eucalyptus (UR Arboretum and Ibisi bya Huye, RAB Songa Station). 93 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Plate 5- 4: Peri-urban landscape dominated by Sorghum, trees and bananas (as existing flora) along Rango-Sahera road Few species of wild animals are found in few forests found in Huye. They include jackals, gazelles, rabbits and hares. During the field surveys some birds, small mammals, reptiles and domestic animals (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, rabbits, chickens and cats) were observed in some places. 5.2.2.2 Sensitive ecosystems Sensitive ecosystems in Huye City are mostly represented by series of wetland and stream networks which constitute the Migina River. In the North the city there is Rwasave and Gahenerezo Wetland which are used for rice cultivation i.e there no longer in natural state. The Rwasave Wetland is also used for fish husbandry. The Rwasave fish farm comprise 50 fish ponds which produce considerable fish harvest for the local market and possesses high importance in term of research and fish farming demonstration. Wetlands in Huye are threatened by overuse and siltation from the catchment erosion. There is not natural forest in Huye City. However, the Ruhande Aboretum represents a considerable green space for the city and area for agro forestry research and demonstration. 94 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare There are other woodlots owned by the Catholic Church in Kabutare and those owned by NIRDA and the district in Rwabayanga. 5.2.3 Socio economic environment 5.2.3.1 Population characteristics Huye district has a total surface area of 581.5 square kilometers. The district population is estimated at 319,000 inhabitants with an average of 548 inhabitants per square kilometer. This population is composed by male and female in the proportion of 54% and 46% respectively. People aged 65 years and above make up 4% of the population. About 54% of the population is constituted by female individuals and the majority of the population is young, with about 80% still under 40 years of age. Huye district is among the districts with a high percentage of extreme-poor and poor2 population categories. This category represents 47% of the total population of Huye. About 53% of the population in Huye district is identified as non-poor, 21.4% as poor (excluding extreme-poor) and a further 25.2% as extreme-poor. Huye ranks sixteen among all districts, with a high percentage of extreme poverty. 5.2.3.2 Employment and income generation The majority of the youth in Huye District are unemployed. They have no easy access to education, financial means to carry out gain full self-employment and do not engage in any income generating activities as they lack any form of professional training. In Huye district, 69.5% of adults aged 16 years and above worked 35 hours or fewer in all their jobs in the seven days prior to the survey data collection and are classified as underemployed. household income is driven by agriculture income (48%), followed by wage income (28%), rents (9%), business income (8%) and private transfers (6%). The smallest contributor to household income in Huye district is public transfer income (1%). 5.2.3.3 Infrastructure The infrastructure in Huye is dominated by roads, social infrastructure (churches, schools, health centres, stadium, etc) and private buildings (Figure 5-12). There are 4 distinct categories of roads in Huye District: (1) Roads of international importance; (2) Inter-District roads; (3) Inter-Sector 95 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare roads; and 4. Urban roads. The asphalt roads comprise urban and international roads traversing the District (Kigali-Bujumbura) and Huye-Nyamagabe-Rusizi-Bukavu. Other asphalt roads include those in the commercial quarter and the University Hospital. Many lateritic roads are in a very bad state, due to heavy rainfall on steep road gradient. Other infrastructures include hotels, church buildings, motels, schools, offices, etc (Figure 5-12, 5-13). The implementation of RUDP phase 2 will increase connection to those infrastructures. Figure 5- 12: Infrastructures along ADEPR Church-Imberabyombi Road (Source: Adapted from Google Earth) Most of roads are not regularly maintained and the road top layer is progressively lost and the foundation eroded. Huye City has many social and economic infrastructures including hotels, motels, high learning institutions (University of Rwanda, IPRC South, primary and secondary schools ), hospital, stadium, museums, industries, and markets. 96 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 13: Key infrastructures along Rango-Sahera Asphalt Road (Source: Adapted from Google Earth) 5.2.4 Cultural Heritage and tourism The Huye city has for long time recognized as the hub of Rwanda culture and education. Huye City, former Butare or Astrida served as the colonial capital of Rwanda. It also hosted the first and most important University (National University of Rwanda). The National Museum which is home to Rwanda's cultural and historic heritage is also located in Huye City. The museum houses some of the remains of last known Rwandan kings surrounded by some of the most ancient tools and traditional hardware. Other cultural sites are the University Genocide Mbazi Memorial and Ngoma burial site. Attention shall be paid when acquiring land and during construction to not distub the Mbazi Genocide memorial site which located along the road Rwabuye Office-Mbazi Health Centre. 97 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.3 Rusizi City 5.3.1 Physical Environment 5.3.1.1 Location Rusizi is one of the districts in Western Province of Rwanda (Figure 5-14). The district lies at the southern end of Lake Kivu, where it empties into the Rusizi River (after which the district is named). Ruzizi‟s City, is one of the three major Rwandan lake ports of Lake Kivu (along with Karongi and Rubavu) and it contiguous with the much larger Congolese city of Bukavu. The district also contains the western half of Nyungwe Forest, a popular tourist destination, being one of the last remaining forest areas of Rwanda and home to chimpanzees and many other species of primate. Figure 5- 14: Location of Rusizi District in Rwanda Rusizi district lies at the southern end of Lake Kivu, where it empties into the Rusizi River (after which the district is named). The district is bordered by DRC in West, Burundi in South, Nyamasheke in North, Nyamasheke and Nyaruguru in East. The sub-projects of RUDP phase 2 in Huye are shown in Figure 5-15. 98 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 15: Confirmed RUDP Phase 2 investments for implementation in Rusizi City (Source:Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) 5.3.1.2 Climate and Rainfall Rusizi District is characterized by a tropical climate. The average temperature varies between 20 ° and 23°C and the annual rainfall ranges from 1000 mm to 1800 mm with monthly variation ranging 0 to more than 200 mm (Figure 5-16). The temperature gradually decreases from West (Lake Kivu) to East (Nyungwe forest), while rainfall gradually increases from West (Lake Kivu) to East (Nyungwe forest). As many parts of Rwanda, Huye has 4 climatic seasons: long period of rainfall (mid- February –May) ; long dry period (June-mid September) ; short rainy period (mid- September-December) and a short dry season (January-mid February). 99 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 16: Monthly rainfall at Kamembe Station, Rusizi City Source: Rwanda Meteorological Agency 5.3.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality Rusizi city is located on the shore of Lake Kivu, and Rusizi River that overflows the Lake. There are also some small wetlands and streams (Kanyogo and Gihundwe) which receive storm water from the city and drain it to the Lake Kivu. The results for water quality at different sampling sites in Rusizi City (Figure 3-3) are shown in Table 5-5. The main issue of water quality in Rusizi was related to high levels of pathogens (Total coli-forms and E-coli), total suspended solids and pH (= 9.5 in Rusizi River). Other variables were below the even drinking water standards. Note that Kanyogo upstream sample were collected from the springs used for domestic uses. The monitoring of water quality during and after the project implementation (construction, operation and decommissioning) should be done to ensure no significant changes occurred which are attributed to the project activities. 100 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 5- 5: Water quality at different places of Rusizi City Parameters /site Unit Rusizi Kanyogo Kanyogo Drinking upstream downstream water Standards Total coli-forms MPN/100 ml Not >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 detectable E. coli MPN/100 ml >2419.6 >2419.6 Not >2419.6 detectable Total Suspended mg/l 6 0 103 Not Solids detectable Phosphate mg/l 0.07 0.28 0.39 2.2 Nitrates (NO3-N) mg/l 0.6 0.8 0.2 45 pH 9.5 4.0 6.8 5.5 - 9.5 Total dissolved mg/l 542 23.2 44.3 1500 solids Lead mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 5.3.1.4 Topography Rusizi District is characterized by three topographic features namely the great plain of Bugarama, with an altitude varying between 800 m and 900 m, a chain of plateaus with an average altitude is 1600m and the Congo Nile Ridge (more than 1600m), home to the Nyungwe forest. The morphology of the mountains shows that they are washed out due to erosion. This situation prevails in sectors Rwimbogo, Nzahaha, Butare and Gitambi. The Rusizi land form is dominated by steep topography on the hillslope and small flat hills summit. All drainages whether natural or artificial end into the Lake Kivu or Rusizi River. The project will have its activities passing nearby or draining to Lake Kivu which is within the town boundaries. Appropriate measures should be taken to reduce the adverse impacts to the Lake. 5.3.1.5 Geology and Soil The predominant type of soil is basalt, generally permeable and rich in iron. The soil is deep and developed from early-formed volcanic rocks. The soil is less acidic, with average clay (Karyokineses). The soils are generally permeable and rich in iron. This makes Rusizi District very productive in terms of food and industrial crops, which are spread almost throughout the District, especially in Bugarama. At some points on the shores of the Lake Kivu, some phyllodes derived soils, clay, and sand with quartz crystals as well as other easily erodible type of soils exists. In general, the soil of Rusizi 101 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Secondary city is fertile. Various types of crops can be grown and give good produce with good agricultural practices in place. The soil was developed on deferent geologic formations and varies following the altitude. ● Basaltic rock with clayey soil at altitude from 900 m (Bugarama, Muganza) up to 1500 m (Gikundamvura, Nyakabuye, Gitambi, Rwimbogo, Nzahaha, Butare, Nkanka, Gihundwe, Giheke, Kamembe, Mururu, Nyakarenzo, Gashonga, Rwimbogo et Nkungu sectors). The project site fits in this geological characteristic. ● Schist rock and clayey-silt soil at altitude between1500 and 1800 m (Nkungu, Gashonga, Rwimbogo, Nzahaha, Nyakabuye, Gitambi, Bweyeye et Butare Sectors); ● Mica schist, granito-gneiss, quartzites complex and clayey and permeable soil at altitude beyond 1800 m (Butare and Bweyeye sectors). On the cross-border road, the storm water drain ends in Rusizi River. Due to soft soil, there are high erosion risks in case the road involve the terracing and cut. On Cyapa-Badive Gihundwe road, the strom water empties into wetlands which are used for agriculture (vegetable, bean, and maize). Due to deep soil, the storm drain erode their existing bed by bend and bank scouring thus threatening properties such as churches and residential houses. 5.3.1.6 Land use and settlements The land use and settlement patterns in the proposed project site are mixed (urban and semi urban). The cross-border road passes through highly urbanised area which is occupied by many businesses such as the new constructed 4 storey cross border market, warehouse, food store, floor mill houses and store and hotels. This road crossed by many water supply pipes, electrical line and has public light and electrical on its sides. The Gihundwe Cyapa-Badive road starts in highly urbanised area where the constructions have not respected road lines. The road is currently a stone-paved road. The urban roads networks start in urban area and ends in rural area. There are many businesses in the urban parts where the rural area is residential. Rusizi city comprises the built area, farming landscapes, scattered tree plantation, wetlands, water bodies and natural forest. Lake Kivu (within 50 m at some points) and Rusizi rivers (at 50 m) were the most sensitive ecosystems found nearby the project area. 102 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.3.1.7 Noise Level The measured noise levels at all sites in Rusizi were averaged in the range of 45-56 dB (Figure 5-17). At any case the maximum noise level reached 90 dB. That means noise level is acceptable and below the intolerable levels of 90 dB. Future noise level should ensure the noise level does not exceed 90 dB. (a) (b) MIN: 32 AVG: 56 MIN: 34 MAX: 87 AVG: 54 TIME: 00:03:00 MAX: 81 TIME: 00:03:01 (c) MIN: 32 AVG: 45 (d) MIN: 30 MAX: 64 AVG: 48 TIME: 00:03:00 MAX: 82 TIME: 00:03:03 Figure 5- 17: Noise Level in decibels at Gihundwe Hospital (a), Gihundwe Catholic Parish (b), Rusizi Cross border Market (c) and Kanyogo Road (d). 5.3.1.8 Key project Environmental and Social Issues All drainages whether natural or artificial drain into the Lake Kivu or Rusizi River. On the cross- border road, the storm water empties in Rusizi River. Due to soft soil, there high erosion risks in case the road involve the terracing and cut. On Cyapa-Badive-Gihundwe road, the storm water empties into wetlands which are used for agriculture (vegetables, beans, and maize). Due to deep 103 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare soil, storm drains erode their existing beds and banks scouring thus threatening people and properties such as churches and residential houses (Plate 5-5, 5-6). Plate 5- 5: Makeshift protection against storm water around Gihundwe-Cyapa Badive Road 104 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Plate 5- 6: Makeshift Access Bridge, water supply pipe and church around the proposed standalone drain In Rusizi, many road projects pass through many infrastructures (cross border market, stores, hotels, shops and residential, electrical and water supply infrastructures). The poor drainage along roads threatens the life of people especially the bank erosion that can cause house and properties destruction. The creation of ponds in poorly developed drains is the sources of mosquitoes spawning which and multiplication which the cause of malaria. Poor waste solid management threatens the capacity of drains to convey water. Water in standalone drains is concomitantly used as dumping sites for human waste and as sources for washing pigs. More details about key issues associated with the sub-projects are presented in Table 5-6. 105 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Plate 5- 7: Inefficient drainage system along the cross border road in Rusizi Table 5- 6: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Rusizi RUDP phase 2 sub-projects Key environmental issues Rusizi Cross Boarder Road The road lengthens along the Rusizi river for about 400 m Rusizi Cross Boarder Standalone Measures for sand and trash traps should be considered Drain Batero Standalone Drain  Many cases of falls to the gully pits  One house destroyed by storm water  One house under high risk of sliding to the gully  Encroached toilets and pigsty  Should be covered to avoid accidents  Should be extended right to the wetland  Makeshift bridge & protection using old tires and sand bags Kanyogo Settlement Standalone  Deep erosion led to ravine Drain  Drinking water downstream  Makeshift bridge with old wood  Makeshift protection using old tires and sand bags  Wastewater from a car wash and garage is being discharged to the drain Rusizi City Centre Asphalt  Very narrow, steep and slippery landscape, at some point Roads, associated drains and becoming a footpath with potholes with water ponds street lighting  Makeshift wood bridge, no side drains Cyapa-Badive-Gihundwe  The road is currently paved with stones Catholic Church Asphalt road  Need for the proper reuse or disposal demolished stones  Residential buildings, many social infrastructures along the road sides like hospital, schools, sector office, churches (2 catholic, Adventist, ADEPR), small markets, motorbike taxi parking, electrical lighting poles)  A cemetery owned the catholic church was identified  Very slippery road during rainfall  Side drains deteriorated at some points  Serving a forthcoming medium to high standing residential area Asphalt road Kadasomwa –  High erosion potential Kamembe Sector office-ADPR- Gihundwe 106 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.3.2 Biological Environment The main ecosystems in the project surrounding consist of built area, farming landscapes and natural ecosystems (Lake Kivu and Rusizi River). 5.3.4.1 Flora and fauna Flora, in the project site is dominated by agro-ecological zone dominated by herbs, crops and trees. Trees are dominated by Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), and Cypressus (Cypressus lusitanica). Fruit trees are dominated by Persa americana (Avocado) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Herbs are dominated by Digitaria sp. (Urwiri). Crops are dominated by sweet potatoes, maize, beans, cassava and Banana. Wildlife at the project site is subdivided into two ecosystems: agro-ecological ecosystem and natural ecosystem. In agro-ecological ecosystem fauna is represented by rat rodents (e.g. Mus musculus), carnivorous such as mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon); bird species such as the wagtail (Motacilla aguimp, Inyamanza) and weaverbird (Ploceus aurantius, Isandi), Red-eyed Dove (Streptopelia semitorquata, Inuma). The observed insects were Apis mellifera scutellata (Uruyuki), Formica sps (Ikimonyo) and mosquitoes (Culex and Anopheles sps). 31 fish species live in Lake Kivu and the most abundant species is Isambaza (Limnithrissa miodon). 5.3.4.2 Sensitive Ecosystems Sensitive ecosystems in Rusizi are represented by Lake Kivu and its hydrological networks. Some components of this hydrological network are wetlands that supply water to this Lake. Some of these wetlands such as Kanyogo and Gihundwe receive storm water from Rusizi City. These wetlands, though not in their natural state contribute to the improvement of water quality of the Lake Kivu by removing or retaining nutrients, organic wastes and sediments waste from the urbanised upper catchment area. Another sensitive ecosystem is the Rusizi River which the outlet of Lake Kivu. This river is of transboundary ecological and economic importance. Economically, for instance, the river supplies water to 2 regional hydro-electric stations (Mururu and Rusizi II). Ecologically the River is the main tributary to the Lake Tanganyika which is a regional and international freshwater body. At its delta, there is located Rusizi National Park which is a sanctuary for bird and crocodile. 107 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.3.3 Socio economic Environment 5.3.3.1 Population characteristics The District of Rusizi is one of the seven Districts of Western Province of Rwanda. It is borders Nyamasheke District in the North, Nyamagabe and Nyaruguru Districts in the East, Burundi in the South and the Democratic Republic of Congo in the West. Its area is 940.95km2 and is populated by 404,714 inhabitants, with a population density of 399 inhabitants/Km2. 5.3.3.2 Employment and income generation About 55% of the population in Rusizi district are identified as non-poor, 20.5% as poor and 24.5% as extreme-poor. In Rusizi district, 13.5% of the households use electricity as their main source of lighting. The main crops produced are: rice, maize, tea, coffee, beans, cassava, bananas and a variety of fruits. Besides the agricultural production in the District, there is a booming business market due to Rusizi city‟s strategic location and nearness to two neighbouring countries of Burundi and DRC. People from Cibitoke and Bukavu towns, for example, can easily do business with Rusizi district and Vis versa. The strategic location of Rusizi secondary city and other factors continue to attract the construction of modern high-rise buildings for commercial and tourism purposes. The growth being witnessed is largely a partnership of the local community with the private sector and government initiatives. 5.3.3.3 Infrastructure The infrastructure in Rusizi is dominated by roads, social infrastructure (churches, schools, health centres, stadium, etc) and private buildings (Figure 5-18, 5-19, 5-20). Rusizi City has historically developed due to its potential in commerce. Its strategic and geographical location largely contribute to this economic business potential. The city, for instance borders Bukavu in DRC and the good road communication between the towns of Uvira and Bujumbura (Burundi), makes it easy for the movement of people and goods. In addition, there is good linkage through Lake Kivu, accessing Karongi and Rubavu towns in the North West of the country, and to Goma (DRC). Kamembe commercial centre, the most important in the city and one of the oldest in the country, attracts many foreign traders from DR Congo and other provinces of Rwanda. Rusizi city accommodates many commercial centres with intensive commercial activities such as hair salons, stationery shops, binding services, secretarial services and photo studios, schools, 108 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare hospitals, etc (Figure 5-18, 5-19, 5-20). The implementation of RUDP phase 2 will increase connection to those infrastructures. Figure 5- 18: Social economic infrastructures along Cyapa-Badive-Gihundwe Catholique Road (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) 109 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Rusizi city has all type of roads (earthen, paved, unpaved and asphalt). The roads connect local trading centres, public and private institutions such as offices, schools, churches and dispensaries. Earth roads are, however, in poor conditions due to inadequate drainage systems. A number of the earth roads are not passable in wet seasons. With regard to the prospective business trends in the area, there is a possibility of broad occurrence of minibuses to ensure efficient public transportation within the district. However, the situation is also attracting the presence of service delivery vehicles (Pickups and Lorries), and heavy motorized traffic systems (e.g. Trailers) on the National roads that enter Rwanda mainly through the borders of DRC and Burundi. The district currently possesses a Bus park facility which has addressed a serious safety and security challenge for the pedestrians and other urban road users. Figure 5- 19: Key infrastructures along Rusizi City Centre Road (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) The District also has plans of extending this Bus Park in future. Movements in Rusizi secondary city and its neighbourhoods are done primarily on foot, bicycle or motor bike. The sloping nature of the most parts of the town favours the use of the motor bikes. Public transport services in the city centre and its neighbourhoods are especially done by tax bicycles, motor bikes, and 110 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare private minibuses serve and connect it with other urban centres such as Ntendezi, Nyamasheke and Huye as well as City of Kigali. Figure 5- 20: Key infrastructure along Cross-Border Market Road (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) 5.3.4 Cultural Heritage and Tourism In Rusizi city there are limited historical sites. Only one site (King Yuhi Musinga‟s palace), was identified behind the Kamembe Airstrip. Though not developed and completely preserved with residential boom encroaching it, this is a site that could be preserved for future touristic attraction. We identified a cemetery along the road Cyapa-Badive-Gihundwe Catholic Church Asphalt road. Attention shall be paid to avoid site landtake and disturbance of the cemetery during the project construction activities. 111 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.4 Rubavu City 5.4.1 Physical environment 5.4.1.1 Location Rubavu District is one of the seven districts comprising the Western Province of Rwanda (Figure 5-19). The District has a population of 422,348 inhabitants with an average density of 1,041 per sq.km. The City of Rubavu lies in the western part of the District, at approximately 145km from the City of Kigali. This secondary city represents the point of entry to DRC in Northern Rwanda. Rubavu District is one of the seven districts comprising the Western Province and covers an area of 388 Km2 (Figure 5-21). It is located in the Western Province at 152 Km from Kigali. It is bordered on the east by the Nyabihu District, the West and North by DR Congo and south by the District Rutsiro. Figure 5- 21: Location of Rubavu District in Rwanda The RUDP phase 2 sub-projects for this city are shown in Figure 5-22. 112 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 22: Confirmed RUDP Phase 2 investments for implementation in Rubavu City (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) 5.4.1.2 Climate and Rainfall Rubavu City has an equatorial climate. The average temperatures range from 20 ° C at the edge of Lake Kivu, at 15 ° C on the vertices, where night time temperatures can drop to 6 ° C. This area offers an alternative of two wet seasons and two dry seasons. Rainfall in Rubavu District varies between 1200 mm and 1500 mm per year; and is fairly well distributed throughout the year except for the period of long dry season which extends from June to mid-September (Figure 5-23). 113 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 23: Monthly rainfall at Gisenyi Airport, Rubavu City Source: Rwanda Meteorological Agency, 2019 5.4.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality The hydrography in Rubavu city is dominated by the Lake Kivu. Sitting on volcanic soil, there are not streams or wetlands in the project area. All sub-projects will drain to the Lake Kivu. Care should be taken to appropriately drain storm water from the flood-prone areas of Amahoro, Byahi, Cyanika, Gisenyi Airport, Stadium, Gisenyi Umuganda, Kabuye, Karunda Road, Nengo, UTB Gisenyi Campus and Rukoko. The results for water quality at different sampling sites in Rubavu City (Figure 3-4) are shown in Table 5-7. The main issue of water quality in Rubavu city was related to high levels of pathogens (Total coli-forms and E-coli). Other variables were below the even drinking water standards. The monitoring of water quality during and after the project implementation (construction, operation and decommissioning) should be done to ensure no significant changes occurred which are attributed to the project activities. 114 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 5- 7: Water quality at different places of Rubavu City Parameters /site Unit Lake Kivu Drinking water Standards Total coli-forms MPN/100 ml >2419.6 Not detectable E. coli MPN/100 ml >2419.6 Not detectable Total Suspended Solids mg/l <2 Not detectable Phosphate mg/l 0.64 2.2 Nitrates (NO3-N) mg/l 0.2 45 pH 9.5 5.5 - 9.5 Total dissolved solids mg/l 616 1500 Lead mg/l <0.01 0.01 5.4.1.4 Topography Rubavu city is generally flat (the project site), surrounded by Rubavu Mountain in East, Lake Kivu in South and City of Goma in West. The northern part of Rubavu city features lava formations from the eruptions of nearby Nyiragonga Volcano. In contrast to Goma, Rubavu escaped the lava flows of both the 1977 and 2002 eruptions, which destroyed between 15 and 40% of the former. 5.4.1.5 Geology and soils As discussed above, Rubavu city is found in volcanic region created by both tectonic and volcanic activities. The soil is very shallow because it has developed from volcanic rocks (from recent volcanic activity former eruption of Nyiragongo Volcano. This shallow soil hampers infiltration and causes the storm water to create ponds, especially, in areas where there is no sufficient slope to convey it. 5.4.1.6 Land Use and Settlement Planned roads in Rubavu will pass through urbanised areas. The urban land uses in this secondary city are dominated by residential housing and small commercial businesses. The RUDP phase 2 project will connect this residential area to key social infrastructure such as the stadium, border post, Catholic Church, and bus park. 115 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.4.1.7 Noise Level The measured noise levels at all sites in Rubavu city were averaged in the range of 44-52 dB (Figure 5-24). Lower levels were recorded at Rugerero - Rubavu road (47 dB on average). Higher levels (52 dB on average) were observed at the road at Petite Barrier-Karundo-Buhuru Centre road. At any case the maximum noise level reached 90 dB. That means noise level is acceptable and below the intolerable levels of 90 dB. Future noise level should ensure the noise level does not exceed 90 dB. (a) (b) MIN: 29 AVG: 52 MIN: 30 MAX: 77 AVG: 49 TIME: 00:03:02 MAX: 70 TIME: 00:03:03 (c) (d) MIN: 24 AVG: 44 MAX: 82 TIME: 00:03:02 MIN: 30 AVG: 50 MAX: 74 TIME: 00:03:02 Figure 5- 24: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Petite Barrier-Karundo-Buhuru Centre road (a), Buhuru Centre - Rubavu Stadium Road (b), Buhuru Centre - Rugerero road (c) and Rugerero - Rubavu road (d). 5.4.1.8 Key project component issues The key project component issues in Rubavu city are presented in Table 5-8. There is land use incompatibility between the sub-projects and its surrounding. For example, the road nearby the 116 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare airport drains the storm water to Rubavu Airport. The overtopping of the airport drains on the both sides may read to the flooding of the airport. In addition, the road construction will disrupt water supply infrastructure, electrical lines and public light poles. Due to lack of drainages in Mbugangari, there is stagnant water which may allow mosquitoes breeding causing malaria spread and other hygiene problems. Table 5- 8: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Rubavu RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments Buhuru Centre-Rubavu  Mixed and very close residential houses, commercial buildings, Stadium social economic infrastructures such as catholic and other churches, bars and restaurants, cark park, cross border with DRC, 2 primary schools and cell office;  Rough road with volcanic stones with some stagnant runoff water;  Very congested area with commercial bicycles for people living with disabilities with transboundary business between Rwanda and DRC;  Unplanned big number of houses, fences and business kiosks in the right of way of the road;  Some utilities (electrical towers, water pipelines and fibre optic) cross or are installed alongside the road or the right of way;  Risk of accident since some exits of the houses and fences fall directly in road;  Most of the roads do not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion; Petite-Barriere-  There is a cemetery in one of the turning point in Inkurunziza Village Karundo-Buhuru of Mbugangari Cell, Centre  Due to lack of drainage system, there are floods that affected neighboring residents of a stagnant pond in Mbugangari;  Mixed and very close residential houses, commercial buildings, social economic infrastructures such as catholic and other churches, bars and restaurants primary schools and cell office;  Rough road with volcanic stones with some stagnant run off water due to poor drainage system;  Unplanned big number of houses, fences and business kiosks in the right of way of the road;  A number of expropriation required;  Most of the roads do not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion;  Some utilities (electrical towers, water pipelines and fibre optic) 117 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments cross or are installed alongside the road or the right of way; Rugerero - Rubavu  Soil erosion asphalt road  Lack of proper waste collection  Some potential public utilities to be relocated  Demolition of fixed assets such as fences and houses  Unplanned houses Buhuru Centre -  Soil erosion Rugerero asphalt road  Lack of proper waste collection  Some potential public utilities to be relocated  Demolition of fixed assets such as fences and houses  Unplanned houses Primary outfall drain  Soil erosion No.7 from Rugurero  Lack of proper waste collection Junction, through LHS of Rugurero - Buhuru  Some potential public utilities to be relocated Centre - Rubavu  Demolition of fixed assets such as fences and houses Stadium Road, District  Unplanned houses Road (not designed) Primary outfall drain  Soil erosion No. 6 from Rugerero  Lack of proper waste collection Junction, through RHS of Rugurero - Buhuru  Some potential public utilities to be relocated Centre - Rubavu  Demolition of fixed assets such as fences and houses Stadium Road (not designed) 5.4.2 Biological Environment 5.4.2.1 Flora and fauna The most dominant families identified along the roads are flowers, grasses, crops, grasses, trees like Grevillea, Eucalyptus and Pinus, Mango and avocado and banana species. Very few animals were identified along the roads as a result of natural ecosystem/forests degradation and disappearance of animal habitats. Lake Kivu hosts at least 43 fish species. 118 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.4.2.2 Sensitive Ecosystems The most visible sensitive ecosystems in Rubavu is Lake Kivu. Due to volcanic hydrological network , this lake does not have a dense hydrological network of tributaries a part from Sebeya River. Lake Kivu plays very important economic and ecological role. In terms of economy the lakes constitute a tourist attraction for the city due to its beach and scenery, water sport such as swimming, kayaking and motor boat sport. This lake also provides electricity to national grid through the use of methane gas. In terms of biodiversity the lake provide habitat to fish (Ndagara species) which are of nutritional importance. The Sebeya River which is the sole lake Kivu tributary nearby the project area is another sensitive ecosystem. This river is threatened by siltation and flow and level fluctuation which pose danger to human safety due to flood. This river used for urban water supply (Gihira water supply) and hydropower production; two hydropower station are installed along the course of this river. There are no natural forest in Rubavu City. However, the revegetation of Mount Rubavu by native species has provided a good scenery and refuge for birds and reptile. Special attention shall be paid during construction to avoid soil piling and inappropriate disposal of excavated soil material that could be washed to the Lake during rain periods. 5.4.3 Socio economic environment 5.4.3.1 Population characteristics . The estimated total population of Rubavu district as provided by EICV3 survey results for 2010 – 2011 is 423,000; this represents 16% of the total population of Western Province and 4% of the total population of Rwanda. Females comprise 54% of the population of Rubavu district, which has the biggest population of all. The 4th Rwanda Population and Housing Census (PHC4) have enumerated 403,662 residents in Rubavu District, which represent 16.3% of the total population of the Southern Province (2,471,239 residents). Rubavu district is densely populated with 1039 inhabitant per square km. The population of Rubavu District is predominantly female meaning that 208,673 are female corresponding to 51.7% of the total population. The Gisenyi Sector is the most populated with 53,603 residents. 119 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare With reference made to the results from the Forth Population and Housing Census published in 2012 by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) related to demographic features of Rubavu District, total urban residents are 149,209 representing 37.0% of the total population of Rubavu district while those from rural areas are 254,453 representing 63.0% of the total population of Rubavu district. 5.4.3.2 Employment and income generation Farming, fishing and commercial activities provide income to the majority of residents in the project area. The area is becoming a bee hive of activities with all manner of business activities i.e. small and large scale business. According to the EICV 3, only about 47% of the population in Rutsiro district is identified as non-poor, 27% as poor (excluding extreme poor). About 64% of the population in Rubavu district is identified as non-poor, 17% as poor (excluding extreme poor) and 19% as extreme-poor. The poverty indicators for Rubavu district are below the average of the Western Province, where 48.4% of the population is poor (including extreme poor). Within Western Province, Rubavu is the second least poor district after Nyabihu district. 5.4.3.3 Infrastructure Like other secondary cities, the infrastructure in Rubavu is dominated by roads, social infrastructure (churches, schools, health centres, stadium, etc) and private buildings. Being a border district (neighbouring DRC), the geographic location of Rubavu and access to Lake Kivu provides huge potential for cross border trade and tourism. The bulk of commercial activity is heavily concentrated within Rubavu town. Rubavu city is a strategic location regarding national and international travels in terms of: ● Rubavu airstrip ● Operational Maritime transport ● Existence of some Renewed Transport Infrastructures e.g. Network of urban roads The implementation of the RUDP phase 2 will allow for the expansion potentialities in infrastructural development. 120 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.4.4 Cultural Heritage and tourism Rubavu city has many cultural sites and attraction sites for tourism. These include Nyamyumba hot springs 9 km from Gisenyi town center the road to Kigufi. The 1918 First World War graves, known as a burial place for Belgian soldiers who died fighting against the Germans is located at 2 km from the town centre, along the main Kigali –Rubavu road. There are also a Genocide memorial and cemeteries including a Mbugangari and a Muslim cemetery found along the Petite Barriere Road (Plate 5-8). Attention shall be paid to avoid land take and any disturbance to the cemeteries during the construction activities. Plate 5- 8: Existing cemetery at Mbugangari 121 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.5 Musanze City 5.5.1 Physical Environment 5.5.1.1 Location Musanze City lies in the central part of the Musanze District at approximately 110 Km from Kigali. Musanze city is the headquarters of Musanze District, one of the five districts comprising the Northern Province (Figure 5-25). The City is strategically located on the major road connecting Kigali-Musanze- Rubavu and Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Figure 5- 25: Location of Musanze District in Rwanda The City of Musanze is located in Musanze District, one of the five districts comprising the Northern Province and covering an area of 530.4 km2. The district borders the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to the North through Virunga National Park (60 Km), Gakenke District to the South, Burera District to the East, Nyabihu District in the West and Ruhondo lake in the South West. The District population is reported to be 466,944 inhabitants with an average of 243 inhabitants per square kilometre (Census, 2012). 122 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare The City of Musanze is one of those designated secondary cities of Rwanda, with a total urban planning area of 7,500 ha. The City comprises of seven (7) Sectors including Muhoza, Kimonyi, Cyuve, Musanze, and parts of Muko, Shingiro and Gacaca Sectors; and a total of 21 cells and 91 villages. It is crossed by three major National and trans-border roads including NR 28 to the Volcanoes National Park; NR 8 road to Cyanika; and NR 4 from City of Kigali through the City of Musanze and the City of Rubavu to DR Congo City of Goma. The city of Musanze is one of the largest and fastest growing urban centres in Rwanda and is a central hub for businesses, trade, and tourism. The City RUDP Phase 2 investments are shown in Figure 5-26. Figure 5- 26: Confirmed RUDP Phase 2 investments for implementation in Musanze City (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) 5.5.1.2 Climate and rainfall The climate in Musanze is warm and temperate. There are two rainy seasons as well as two dry seasons: the big dry season, going from June to mid-September; the short rainy season, from January to mid-March; the big rainy season, from March till the end of May; and the short rainy season, from September to December. April and May bring about the heaviest rains, whereas 123 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare October and November have a much more moderate rainy period. The Average amount of rainfall during the rainy seasons is 1000-1200mm per month. The district has a high altitude tropical climate, with an average temperature of 20ºC. Rains are generally abundant, ranging from 1,400 mm to 1,800 mm annually (Figure 5-27). Figure 5- 27: Monthy Rainfall at Musanze Station, Musanze City Source: Rwanda Meteorological Agency, 2019 5.5.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality The river network of the City of Musanze is formed by temporary torrents and permanent watercourses. Torrents surge during strong storms, and they are triggered by water coming downhill from the volcanoes, some 20 Km away in the North. These torrents cause severe erosion, sedimentation and crop losses. The main torrents identified are Susa, Muhe, Rwebeya, Rungu, Cyuve, Kansoro and Mudakama. The city is drained by two main permanent watercourses: Mpenge and Kigombe spring. The city is also crossed by the Mukungwa River, which overflows Ruhondo Lake. All these watercourses discharge to the Nile river through Akagera, Nyabarongo and Mukungwa River. 124 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare The results for water quality at different sampling sites in Musanze City (Figure 3-5) are shown in Table 5-9. The main issue of water quality in Musanze was related to high levels of pathogens (Total coli-forms and E-coli) and suspended solids. Other variables were below the even drinking water standards. The monitoring of water quality during and after the project implementation (construction, operation and decommissioning) should be done to ensure no significant changes occurred which are attributed to the project activities. Table 5- 9: Water quality at different places of Musanze City Parameters Unit Mpenge Mpenge Kigombe Kigombe Drinking /site 1 2 upstream downstream water Standards Total coli- MPN/100 forms ml >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 E. coli MPN/100 >2419.6 Not ml >2419.6 >2419.6 >2419.6 detectable Total mg/l 1 2 2 2 Not Suspended detectable Solids Phosphate mg/l 1.09 1.13 1.84 1.46 2.2 Nitrates mg/l 1.8 1.1 1.0 3.2 45 (NO3-N) pH 7.5 7.8 8.3 8.5 5.5 - 9.5 Total mg/l 556 522 564 569 1500 dissolved solids Lead mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 5.5.1.4 Topography Situated at an altitude of 1,850m, Musanze city has one of the most agreeable climates in Rwanda. Musanze city has a landscape dominated by volcanic plains. In Musanze, the RUDP II will be implemented in relatively flat area and depressions in some area. The soil is shallow and mixed with non-weathered volcanic rocks. The soil is fairly permeable and allows deep storm water infiltration. However, in some areas, the water can create pond especially in depression. Storm water is directed into Kigombe and Cyuve natural rivers whose sources are located in the city. 125 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.5.1.5 Geology and Soils The soils of the City of Musanze can be categorized as being largely volcanic in nature (moderate on steep slopes with volcanic ash soils and volcanic lava predominated with stones and shallow rocks). Musanze City is a gateway to the five of the eight famous volcanic mountain ranges – the Vurunga Volcanoes. The main types of soils found in Musanze can be grouped into three categories: volcanic soils; lateritic and humus-bearing soils; and clay soils. The relief is mountainous with volcanoes (Sabyinyo and Karisimbi) on its upper limit. The region is characterized by a lot of flooding resulting from a high energy runoff due to the relief. 5.5.1.6 Land Use and Settlement The land use in the project area is mixed. The land along Kobil-APICUR road is occupied by both planned and unplanned residential and commercial houses (gas station, hotel and some small bars and shops). There are also social services such as 6 schools and a Catholic Church parish and its cemetery. Land along the Tete a Gauche- Bereshi road is dominated by unplanned residential settlements where bars and small shops are found. These small businesses serve the low-income population. The Kibuye-Nyarubande road passes through unplanned residential settlements, some small business may be observed around the road. There is private primary school and Seventh Day Adventist Church. 5.5.1.7 Noise Level The measured noise levels at all sites in Rubavu city were averaged in the range of 29-48 dB (Figure 5-28). Lower levels (29 dB on average) were recorded at Groupement - Kabaya road and Road Station Kobil- Kiziba-Kibuye APICUR road (29 dB on average). Higher levels (48 dB on average) were observed at the road Kibuye –Nyarubande road. At any case the maximum noise 126 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare level reached 90 dB. That means noise level is acceptable and below the intolerable levels of 90 dB. Future noise level should ensure the noise level does not exceed 90 dB. (a) (b) MIN: 19 MIN: 20 AVG: 29 AVG: 29 MAX: 75 MAX: 59 TIME: 00:03:01 TIME: 00:03:16 MIN: 20 (c) AVG: 30 (d) MAX: 62 TIME: 00:03:36 MIN: 23 AVG: 48 MAX: 82 TIME: 00:03:02 Figure 5- 28: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Groupement - Kabaya road (a), Road Station Kobil- Kiziba-Kibuye APICUR road (b), Kibuye –Nyarubande road (c) and unplanned settlement in Tete a gauche road (d). 5.5.1.8 Key environmental and social issues The key issues related to different sub-projects are presented in Table 5-10. In Tete a Gauche, the exit drain on Kigali-Musanze road diverts its water in the depression located on the right side of the proposed road. The accumulation of water in this depression has created a small wetland. When the wetland overflows, the water spills over to the nearby road. With no outlet from the 127 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare wetland, the accumulated water becomes a threat not only to surrounding community buildings but also constitutes a spawning site for mosquitoes. The planned drains will be directed in Cyuve and Kigombe Rivers (Plate 5-9). These rivers empty their waters into Mukungwa River. The Kigombe River is threatened by pollutants from upstream where there is a hospital, pyrethrum factory, car washing site and two gas stations. The recent death of fishes in Mukungwa River testifies to possible discharge of contaminated and hazardous wastes in this Kigombe River whose source is unknown. Plate 5- 9: Kigombe stream in Musanze Table 5- 10: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Musanze RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments Ibereshi 6  Solid wastes are collected without segregation and deposited on a pervious ground causing Junction- water pollution and leachate, Giramahoro road  Poor visibility and insufficient with at Kwa Sebukangaga Building junction which also presents a storm drain flooding on RUPD phase I road  Rough road with volcanic stones with some stagnant runoff water;  Unplanned big number of houses, fences and business kiosks in the road right of way;  Some utilities (electrical towers, water pipelines and fibre optic) cross or are installed alongside the road or the right of way;  A number of expropriation required; 128 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments  Risk of accident since some exits of the houses and fences fall directly in roads;  The road does not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion; Kibuye –  Mixed and very close residential houses, commercial buildings, social economic Nyarubande road infrastructures such as Seventh day Adventist Church and APAPEP private nursery and primary school  Rough road with volcanic stones with some stagnant runoff water;  Unplanned big number of houses, fences and business kiosks in the road right of way;  Some utilities (electrical towers and water pipelines) cross or are installed alongside the road or the right of way;  A number of expropriation required;  Risk of accident since some exits of the houses and fences fall directly in existing roads;  The road does not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion; Road Station  Mixed and very close residential houses, commercial buildings, social economic Kobil-Kiziba- infrastructures such as catholic and other churches, Saint Mark Nursery and Primary School, Kibuye APICUR- APICUR Secondary School, Fatima Primary School and Saint Vincent Secondary School, Road Station bars, shops and restaurants, primary schools and cell office; Kobil – Jehova  Rough road with volcanic stones with some stagnant runoff water; withness – Cyanika – Kiziba  Unplanned big number of houses, fences and business kiosks in the rod right of way;  Some utilities (electrical towers, street light, water pipelines cross or are installed alongside the road or the right of way;  A number of expropriation required;  Risk of accident since some exits of the houses and fences fall directly in existing road;  Most of the roads do not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion;  The presence of Catholic Church Cemetery along the road; Tete a Gauche  Mixed and very close residential houses, commercial buildings, social economic Roads infrastructures such as Kingdom Private School;  Rough road with volcanic stones with some stagnant runoff water;  Unplanned big number of houses, fences and business kiosks in the road right of way;  Some utilities (electrical pylon and a transformer, electrical poles and water pipelines) cross or are installed alongside the road or the right of way;  A number of expropriation required;  Risk of accident since some exits of the houses and fences fall directly in existing road;  Most of the roads do not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion; Non-motorized  Some potential public utilities to be relocated transport (NMT)  Risk of accidents due to busy business areas for roads constructed under RUDP Phase 1 Construction of  Soil erosion Groupement -  Lack of proper waste collection Kabaya Asphalt Road + Cross  Some potential public utilities to be relocated Drain Culvert  Demolition of fixed assets such as fences and houses 129 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments  Unplanned houses Construction of  Soil erosion Groupement -  Lack of proper waste collection Kabaya asphalt road  Unplanned houses  Some potential public utilities to be relocated Upgrading of  Soil erosion unplanned  Lack of proper waste collection settlement in tete a gauche  Some potential public utilities to be relocated (footpaths and  Demolition of some fixed assets (fences, annexes) street lighting)  Risk of accidents due to busy business area 5.5.2 Biodiversity 5.5.2.1 Flora and Fauna With the majority of the District‟s population working in agriculture, most of Musanze„s jagged countryside has been stripped off its indigenous foliage and now the landscape if full of farms that grow pyrethrum, sorghum, potatoes, etc. The Volcanoes National Park, however, is still a rich and luscious habitat of green vegetation and animal life, but farmers outside the park have taken over the land all the way up to the park boundaries. Improved road and drainage system will promote tourism due to improved accessibility. The current land use in the RUDP phase 2 project area of Musanze City is dominated by agriculture and open land at 67.70%; wetland make up 1.25% and forest at 4.57%. Musanze City being a very populated urban area, there is limited fauna in the project area except for some birds, small mammals and reptiles that can be seen in the less frequented places. Thus from the wildlife point of view, only domestic animals i.e. cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, rabbits and chickens exist in the area. 5.5.2.2 Sensitive Ecosystems There are no major sensitive ecosystems in Musanze, except two small wetlands, which are the water catchments for Kigombe and Mpenge (Cyuve) Rivers. The two merit preservation due to their hydrological / environmental importance. The volcanic nature of the geological basement in 130 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare the city makes it is very difficult for surface water to permeate through the ground in the region. However, at the contact of Volcanic and Precambrian rocks, series of water were formed and generate spring that form river of considerable importance. On this situation, Mpenge and Kigombe River were formed and considerable tributary of Mukungwa River. 5.5.3 Socio- economic Environment 5.5.3.1 Population characteristics/demography The 4th Rwanda Population and Housing Census (PHC4) has enumerated 368,267 residents in Musanze district, which represents a 21.4% of the total population of the Northern Province (1,726,370 residents). Musanze District is one of the most populated Districts in Rwanda with 368,563 persons at a density of 695 inhab/km2. The population of Musanze district is predominantly female; 193,868 are women corresponding to 52.6% of the total population. Females are also predominant in all sectors of the district where their high percentage is observed in Nkotsi and Kimonyi (54.2% and 53.7% respectively) while low percentage is found in Muhoza (51.1%) and Remera (51.9%). Muhoza is the most populated sector with 51,878 residents, followed by Cyuve with 39,091 residents and Musanze with 31,864 residents. They represent 14.1%, 10.6% and 8.7% of the total population of the district, respectively. The least populated sectors are Nkotsi (13,546 inhabitants) and Gashaki (13,648 inhabitants). At the time of the census (2012), young people in Musanze district were 154,266 which represent 41.9% of the total resident population of the district (368,267). Musanze district population is predominantly rural: 72.3% of the resident population (266,185 inhabitants) live in rural areas while 27.7% are in urban areas. Muhoza is the most urbanized sector with 81.9% of its resident population living in urban areas. The population of Musanze district is mostly young: 63.6% of the resident population of Musanze is under 25 years old, reflecting the high level of fertility in the recent past. About 84% of the population is aged less than 40 years old. The elderly (60 years and above) represent 4.9% of the total population of the district. Females comprise 54.1% of the total population of Musanze district. 131 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 5.5.3.2 Employment and income generation In Musanze district, the overall employment rate is 84.7% of the resident population aged 16 years and above; the unemployment rate is 0.4% and the economic inactivity rate is 15%. In Musanze district, the unemployment rate (UR) is higher in urban (3.1%) than in rural areas (2.0%). Unemployment rate among females is higher than males‟ (2.6% vs 1.9%). The children constitute 48.1% of the resident population of Musanze District, with a percentage of male children being higher than the female one (50.1% against 46.6 %). Musanze district is ranked as the third lowest (20.1%) by percentage of extremely poor and poor population categories. In Musanze district, 79.9% of the population was identified as non-poor, 14.2% as poor and only 5.9% as extremely poor. The livelihood in the district relies on rain-fed subsistence agriculture (67%). 87% of household cultivate less than 0.9 ha of land (EICV 3 District Profile Musanze). This leads to soil over exploitation and encroachment on the Volcanoes, National Park deforestation for settlement and fuel wood that results in soil erosion, destruction of biodiversity and decrease in agriculture production and to food insecurity. It is estimated that in Musanze District the soil losses due to erosion range between 12.3 tons and 13.6 tons/year/ha. Soil erosion leads to siltation of water bodies and disrupts the hydrology of local watersheds 5.5.3.3 Infrastructure Like in other secondary cities, the infrastructure in Musanze is dominated by road networkss, social infrastructure (churches, schools, health centres, stadium, etc) and private buildings . The district has various roads in form of asphalt and earth material. Road in earth material are in poor state conditions and require upgrade. The proposed roads are surrounded by social cultural infrastructures such as cemetery, churches and schools (Figure 5-29, 5-30). Besides, Musanze has some small scale industries including agro related industries. Among them SOTIRU and SOPYRWA, which were reportedly to negatively being affected by inadequate supply of raw materials and enough infrastructures. SOTIRU, a wheat processing industry, lacks local raw materials and imports raw materials from Brazil, while SOPYRWA, a pyrethrum processing company, is also lacking enough pyrethrum materials. 132 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 29: Socio-cultural and economic infrastructurealong Station Kobil-APICUR asphalt road (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) 5.5.4 Cultural heritage and Tourism Musanze city is a tourism destination following its location in volcano chain (Karisimbi, Bisoke, Sabyinyo, Gahinga and Muhabura), where most of Rwanda's mountain gorillas are found. The city has a Genocide Memorial (Mukizungu) and a burial site and Cathedral of the Catholic Church along the project road (APICUR road), and the Adventist Church along Kibuye- Nyarubande Road (Figure 5-30). 133 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 30: Socio-cultural and economic infrastructures along Station Kobil-APICUR asphalt road (Detailed view) (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) 5.6 Nyagatare City 5.6.1 Physical Environment 5.6.1.1 Location Nyagatare City lies in the central part of the Nyagatare District at approximately 80 Km from Kigali. The City is strategically located on the major road connecting Uganda-Rwanda-Tanzania. Nyagatare city is found in Nyagatare District, one of the seven districts comprising the Eastern Province (Figure 5-31). The sub-projects of the RUDP phase 2 in Nyagatare are shown in Figure 5-32. 134 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Figure 5- 31: Location of Nyagatare District in Rwanda Figure 5- 32: Confirmed RUDP Phase 2 investments for implementation in Nyagatare City 135 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare (Source: Adapted from Google Earth, 2019) 5.6.1.2 Climate and Rainfall The precipitation in Nyagatare district is low even during wet season (Figure 5-33). The annual rainfall is estimated at 827 mm/year, but very unpredictable to satisfy the needs in agriculture and livestock. The monthly distribution of the rains varies from one year to another. The monthly average temperatures vary very slightly from one month to another but the daily thermal amplitudes range at a minimum of 13.9ºc and maximum of 29.5ºc. Figure 5- 33: Monthy Rainfall at Nyagatare Station, Nyagatare City 5.6.1.3 Hydrography and Water Quality The hydrographic network is very limited in the Nyagatare. Muvumba is the only River found in the city boundaries. Special attention shall be paid during construction to avoid soil piling and inappropriate disposal of excavated soil material that could be washed to Muvumba River. The results for water quality at different sampling sites in Nyagatare City (Figure 3-6) are shown in Table 5-11. The main issue of water quality in Nyagatare was related to high levels of pathogens (Total coli-forms and E-coli) and suspended solids. Other variables were below the 136 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare even drinking water standards. The monitoring of water quality during and after the project implementation (construction, operation and decommissioning) should be done to ensure no significant changes occurred which are attributed to the project activities. Table 5- 11: Water quality at different places of Nyagatare City Parameters /site Unit Muvumba upstream Muvumba Drinking water downstream Standards Total coli-forms MPN/100 ml >2419.6 >2419.6 Not detectable E. coli MPN/100 ml >2419.6 >2419.6 Not detectable Total Suspended Solids mg/l 236 263 Not detectable Phosphate mg/l 0.90 0.90 2.2 Nitrates (NO3-N) mg/l 1.0 1.3 45 PH 7.0 7.0 5.5 - 9.5 Total dissolved solids mg/l 133.6 139.8 1500 Lead mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.01 5.6.1.4 Topography The physical environmental in Nyagatate city is a part of the Mutara plateau. The altitude of Nyagatare town ranges between 1333m and 1541m. The lowest is Umuvumba valley and the highest parts are tops of Busana and Mirama hills. The topography is characterised by gentle slope on hillside which ends in wetland Muvumba River. The drainage whether natural or artificial is directed in Muvumba River. The slopes vary between 2% and 15% making most of the land in Nyagatare developable contrary to majority of other Rwanda urban areas which are located in hilly and difficult terrains. The projects proposed for this city are to be implemented within the city centre and the area is generally flat. 5.6.1.5 Geology and soil Geologically nearly the whole area around Nyagatare is covered by the granites of the intrusive massif of Mutara. This massif is encircled by sedimentary and meta sedimentary rocks connected to the Super group of Rwanda which belongs to the kibarien orogenese and is of age middle 137 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Proterozoic. The magmatic rock outcrops (granite) are always of porphyric type, containing white feldspars and often two types of micas. The soil of Nyagatare region is characterized by the tightness of the hum fare layer of the soil brought about by the grassy savannah and by the verity soils that are rich in nutrients and mineral. The soil depth varies from deep to shallow. The red soil has developed from granitic rock. The texture is often like gneiss with the foliation oriented parallel to the border of the massif. Some enclaves are present which are formed by quartzite or schist, locally with mica schist and quartz heavily recrystallized. The valley floors consist of weathering products of the granite rock and widespread deposits of sand and silt & clay occur along the rivers. They are the base of an intensive agricultural industry. 5.6.1.6 Land Use and Settlement The land use in project area is mixed. It varies from urbanised area to semi urbanised area. The urbanised area is not dense and characterised by residential, commercial houses and public services building such as University of Rwanda Campus and multipurpose hall and a hospital. The rural area is dominated by season crops and farms. Road will be constructed to connect the urbanised and semi-urbanised area. The planned economic activities in semi urbanised include a stadium and technical school and its incubation centre, artisanal (craft workshop) and recreation centre. Standalone drains will be constructed to move water from semi-urbanised to urbanised area and to Muvumba River. 5.2.1.7 Noise Level The measured noise levels at all sites in Rubavu city were averaged in the range of 28-65 dB (Figure 5-34). Lower levels (28 dB on average) were recorded at at Barija Settlement – Stadium Asphalt Road. Higher levels (48 dB on average) were observed at NR3-EN6-Nyagatare II-UR Playground road. At any case the maximum noise level reached 90 dB. That means noise level is acceptable and below the intolerable levels of 90 dB. Future noise level should ensure the noise level does not exceed 90 dB. 138 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare (a) (b) MIN: 20 AVG: 28 MAX: 71 TIME: 00:03:01 MIN: 20 AVG: 65 MAX: 83 TIME: 00:03:01 (c) MIN: 20 AVG: 30 (d) MAX: 62 TIME: 00:03:00 MIN: 20 AVG: 50 MAX: 76 TIME: 00:03:02 Figure 5- 34: Noise Level (decibels/dB) at Barija Settlement – Stadium Asphalt Road (a), NR3-EN6-Nyagatare II-UR Playground road (b), Nyagatare City Centre Roads (c) and Barija Settlement – Stadium Asphalt Road (d). 5.6.1.8 Key Environmental and social issues The key environmental and social issues associated with the RUDP phase 2 sub-projects in Nyagatare are presented in Table 5-12. Our survey showed water ponding in the garden of Nyagatare Hospital. This pond has been caused by the clogging of gabion built drain. This drain was designed for gabion due to high the high water table. However, these gabions have trapped a lot of silts and other sediments thus clogging the drains and causing a pond. Care will be taken to monitor whether or not the hospital does not discharge its wastewater in the drain. The second issue is the land use incompatibility between a high voltage pylon with transformer, a bar and University gate at the intersection of two roads. Motorists from both road cannot see each other 139 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare due to the presence of bar in part of the truncation plot. Another issue is the open dumpsite in poor condition (Figure 5-10), where wastes are dumped without segregation or any management. Plate 5- 10: Poor and exposed dumping site in Nyagatare (left side) and Soil erosion due to lack of drainage system in Nyagatare (right side) Table 5- 12: Key Project Environmental and Social Issues in Nyagatare RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments Barija settlement- ● Mixed and very close residential houses, commercial buildings, social Nyagatare stadium road economic infrastructures and rural land use dominated by seasonal crops ● Slippery roads especially during rainy seasons; ● Existing roads have such insufficient width that they resemble to pedestrian tracks used by motorbikes ● A number of expropriation required; ● Solid wastes are collected without segregation and deposited on a pervious ground causing water pollution and leachate, ● Most of the roads do not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion; EN6, EN15, EN6, ● Solid wastes are collected without segregation and deposited on a pervious EN19, EN18, NGOGA, ground causing water pollution and leachate, NR13 ● Few houses shall be affected, ● Crops composed of maize, sorghum and ornamental trees shall be cut down, ● Some utilities (electrical towers, water pipelines and fibre optic) cross or are installed alongside the road or the right of way; 140 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments ● A number of expropriation required; ● Most of the roads do not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion; Barija cemetery- ● A cemetery is observed near the project area not in the project right of way, Nyagatare market road ● Mixed and very close residential houses, commercial buildings, social and Nyagatare City Centre road economic infrastructures ● Slippery roads especially during rainy seasons; ● Large number of unplanned residential houses, fences and business kiosks in the right of way of the road; ● Some utilities (electrical towers, water pipelines and fibre optic) cross or are installed alongside the road or the right of way; ● A number of expropriation required; ● Solid wastes are collected without segregation and deposited on a pervious ground causing water pollution and leachate, ● Most of the roads do not have side drainage causing floods and soil erosion. Asphalt roads in ● Un covered water drains Kinihira Construction of 6 bus ● Road side reserves occupied by pedestrian walkways, stops on phase I roads ● Lack of enough storm water drainage ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve Standalone drain from ● Poor waste collection of solid wastes flooded area near ● No segregation of wastes Agakiriro, crossing National Road RII to ● Soil erosion due to lack of drainage River Muvumba ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve Ngoga – NR2 asphalt ● Crops cultivated in the road corridor road ● Uncovered drains ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve ● Unplanned houses Construction of 6 bus ● Road side reserves occupied by pedestrian walkways, stops on phase I ● Lack of enough storm water drainage projects (near district hospital, district office, ● Unlevelled entrances into individual houses police station, East ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve African University, BPR, GS Nyagatare and 141 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare RUDP Phase 2 Key Environmental and Social Issues investments St. Ronald Schools) EN18-UR-NR13 ● Uncovered existing manholes and drains asphalt road ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve ● Unplanned houses NR3-EN6-Nyagatare II- ● Soil erosion into the existing poor drains and households UR Playground road ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve and associated Link Roads to RUDP Phase 1 Road EN19-District District ● Lack of enough storm water drainages Headquarter and ● Unlevelled entrances into individual houses associated Link Roads to EN6 ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve UR-Nyagatare Asphalt ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve Road ● Unplanned houses Nyagatare Market – UR ● Lack of enough storm water drainages Playground ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve Nyagatare City Centre ● Some potential public utilities in the road reserve Roads 5.6.2 Biological environment 5.6.2.1 Flora and Fauna Nyagatare region is dominated by savannah grasslands represented by Themedatriandra and Hyparrheniafilipendula spp. The forests cover around Umuvumba consists of Acacia Kwiku, Acacia polycanta, Albizia petersiana, sapuin ellepticus and Phoneix reclinate. No endangered plant species within the right of way of the indicative feeder roads in Nyagatare were recorded. Acacia spp and other indigenous plant species such as Euphorbia and Ficus will be used for planting along the road sides to replace those affected and protect the roads. It was also observed crops consisting of banana, beans, maize, avocado, sweet potatoes and cassava. The proximity of Umuvumba River holds a good number of animals mainly invertebrates. These include Achatina fulica (Ikinyamushongo), Apis mellifera scutellata (Uruyuki), 142 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Parcoblatta pennsylvanica (Ikinyenzi), Culex and Anopheles sps (Umubu), Formica sps (Ikimonyo), Lombricus terrestris (Umunyorogoto), Musca domestica (Isazi), Macrotermes spp (Umuswa), Demacentor variabilis (Ikirondwe), Papilio sps (Ikinyugunyugu). Some domestic animals (cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, rabbits, chicken) were also observed in the area. 5.6.2.2 Sensitive Ecosystems The sensitive ecosystems in Nyagatare secondary city are Muvumba River and its riverine wetland. This wetland is occupied by gallery forest dominated by acacia tree species and undercover grasses. The Water from this river is used for irrigation. 5.6.3 Socio- economic Environment 5.6.3.1 Population characteristics/demography The 4th Rwanda Population and Housing Census (PHC4) has enumerated 465,855 residents in Nyagatare district, which represent 18% of the total population of the Eastern Province (2,595,703 residents). Nyagatare district population is predominantly rural: 89.8% of its population (465,855 inhabitants) live in rural areas. The Nyagatare population is mostly young, with. 64% of the resident population of Nyagatare being under 25 years old. The elderly (60 years and above) represent only 3.9% of the total population of the District. 5.6.3.2 Employment and income generation In Nyagatare district, the unemployment rate is higher in urban areas (3%) than in rural areas (2.1%). Unemployment rate among females is higher than males‟ (2.5% vs 1.8%). Gender disparities are remarkable in labour force participation. Poverty rates are still very high with approximately 20% of the population still living below the poverty line. The cause of poverty has often been linked to high population growth and declining soil fertility in a largely agrarian based economy. The principle economic activity is agriculture i.e. crop production and livestock rearing. The five main components of income in Nyagatare District are: agricultural and livestock income (45%), wage income including cash and in-kind revenues received from farm and non-farm work (25%), business income (8.6%), rent income from renting out livestock, 143 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare agricultural equipment and land, as well as imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings (9%), and income from transfers either private (8.3%) or public transfers (4.4%). In Nyagatare District, the overall employment rate is 85% of people aged 16 and above; the unemployment rate is 0.2% and the economic inactivity rate is 15%. Agriculture is shown as the main occupation of the population aged 16 and above (79.6%), followed by Trade (7.4%). About 56% of the population in Nyagatare District are identified as non‐poor, 24.6% as poor (excluding extreme‐poor) and 19.5% as extreme‐poor on total population by District. This project will increase income to people who will work to the project. 5.6.3.3 Infrastructure Like other secondary cities, the infrastructure in Rubavu is dominated by roads, social infrastructure (churches, schools, health centres, stadium, etc) and private buildings. The district has a National road Kigali-Kagitumba-Uganda and an airstrip within 1.5 km from the project site. The type of roads found in the City are of tarmac, cobbled and unpaved standards. The district plan is to encourage the population to settle in urban areas by developing upcoming towns and centres. The RUDP phase 2 implementation will increase smooth connection to different infrastructures and will stir up the beautification and economic development of the city. 5.6.4 Cultural Heritage and Tourism The main cultural site found nearby the RUDP phase 2 sub-projects in Nyagatare is the genocide memorial tribute found at Muvumba river bridge (Nyagatare-Rwempasha bridge). This memorial denotes the Tutsi victims of Genocide of 1994 who were killed nearby the river and their bodies thrown into river. However, we did not identify any project impact to the site as it is 600 m away from the Standalone exit drain from Nyagatare Hospital, crossing National Road RII to River Muvumba. 144 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER VI: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT 6.1 Introduction This chapter presents the potential positive and negative impacts that will be associated with the implementation of the RUDP Phase II Project in six secondary cities. The analysis of these impacts  During construction of roads and drains; ● During operation of the roads and drains; ● During the decommissioning of the facilities such as construction camps, equipment and materials used for construction and maintenance of the roads and drains when they will be in operation phase. The impact during each project lifecycle phase can be categorized into: impact on biophysical environment and socio-economic environment. Some of the impacts are similar across the six secondary cities (generic), while others are site specific. 6.2 Project impacts The project activities will have potential positive and negative impacts on the biophysical environment (air, water, aquatic and terrestrial ecology, soil) and on socioeconomic and cultural environment (land use, finance, employment, hazard and health, security, safety of graveyards, etc.). 6.2.1 Positive impacts during construction 6.2.1.1 Socio economic improvement The project will improve the social and economic status of people living in the six secondary cities by opening up the settlements to the other areas for investments and facilitating the people access to employment sites such as universities, hotels, motels and lodges and a wide range of social services including health centres, hospital, schools, education and administrative premises of the cities. Employment and income opportunities, improved delivery of goods and services 145 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare will also be increased. The road project facilitates poverty alleviation. Thus, the direct impact on land loss will be counterbalanced by the benefits of the upgraded roads. 6.2.1.2 Improved roads safety in the project area The upgrading of road will increase the width of road to allow two passage carriage ways and pedestrian walkway. Housing standards will be increased and informal houses, which are safe haven for bandits reduced. Side drains will be equipped with concrete block access bridges to homes and businesses. The provision of the public lights along the road will increase human safety in the unplanned settlement. Home owners will be also sensitized to avoid dumping litter and other waste in the drains and this will reduce pollution and spread of diseases. Enhancement measures The districts and LODA shall ● Implement traffic management at construction sites to enhance traffic flow and safety and public road safety awareness activities along roadside communities; ● Place traffic signs at all necessary sites in the construction area to reduce traffic congestion and safety problem associated with haulage of materials and the ● Set up a grievance mechanism. 6.2.1.3 Improved income generation and livelihoods The positive impact during the construction phase is creation of direct and indirect job as works will be performed by local or regional companies (supplies and supply of materials, etc.). The improved road infrastructure in and the investment expenditure injected into the local economy via for example salaries and wages and raw material purchase, will both have a multiplying effect from which additional jobs and incomes will be generated. The project will contribution to increase in value of land and properties and this will be additional income to the communities that will be invested in the other businesses. 146 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Enhancement measures The Contractor shall: ● Give preference to local people for casual labourers. Officials from cells and villages the road corridor may be involved in recruitment processes basing on Ubudehe categorization. LODA shall:  Make a contractual obligation for the road contractor to hire a specific percentage of women;  Make a contractual obligation for the road contractor not to hire children for any work to be performed within the campsite or on the site. 6.2.1.4 Improved well-being and increased business opportunities The improvement and development of means of communication, urban development and liveability are essential for development. The upgrading of roads and drainage system in secondary cities will actively contribute to: ● Opening up settlements areas to new investments in housing and businesses and other infrastructures such as school, markets, churches ● Initiate the development of trade across the settlements ● Opening up and upgrading of informal areas with an untapped potential of the city to benefits of businesses and housing ● Improve the economic conditions and the wellbeing of populations and health and hygiene and sanitation of population in the area ● Improving traffic conditions, the safety and security of users of the road and reduce travel time and transport and repairing costs ● Increase the value of construction land and properties (rent and sale values) 6.2.1.5 Increase of Tourism Some tourism sites in Rwanda are not very well developed to attract many tourists. The implementation of RUDP phase 2 will increase the attraction to touristic destinations across the six secondary cities (see touristic places in Chapter IV). 147 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2.1.6 Promote and Attract New Investments The project is likely to promote ant attract businesses and investments along the upgraded roads due to the improvement and reliability transport services which are comparatively cost effective. Shopping and business opportunities are likely to increase all along the upgraded roads. 6.2.1.7 Increased Land Value In the long-term, land values along the upgraded roads will gradually increase as a result of successful operation of the project. 6.2.1.8 Reduced car damages and fuel Consumption It is estimated that during road operation, there will be significant total gasoline consumption reduction by cars and motorcycles. Similarly, the number of car damages will be reduced. 6.2.1.9 Impact on safety in the project area The upgrading of road will increase the width of road to allow two passage carriage ways and walkways. Side drains with concrete block will constitute access bridges to homes and businesses. The provision of the public lights along the road will increase human safety and decreases the theft in the unplanned settlements. In addition, the upgrading of the road will increase housing standards and business standards. Home owners will be also sensitized to avoid dumping litter and other waste in the drains and this will reduce pollution and spread of diseases. Enhancement measures The contractor shall ● Respect the design criteria to put in place measures that would enhance road safety like: provision of sealed shoulders, improved road signs and markings and speed humps ● Put in place proper traffic signs at all necessary sites in the construction area to reduce traffic congestion and safety problem associated with haulage of materials and the construction works 148 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2.1.10 Access to home and services Settlements in project areas have infrastructures and services. However, due to the poor status of the roads, it takes time to residents to the access to hospital, clinics and markets, and banks. There will be improvement in the living conditions of people specifically women by improving access to home, health facilities, schools and other services. 6.2.1.11 Impact on pedestrian traffic The most important consequences of the rehabilitation of the road is improvement of travel conditions, especially in terms of safety and comfort for pedestrians is the construction of NMTs and walkways. The rehabilitation will also facilitate travel during rainy seasons blocked by the formation of mud and ruts largely due to the passage of heavy vehicle. In addition the construction of footpath and streetlight will ensure the safety of pedestrian and their belonging since the visibility will scare away thugs or gangsters. The construction of road signs and other traffic safety signs will protect pedestrian from accidents. 6.2.1.12 Improved drainage and its environmental benefits The improved road side and exit drainage system, and reconstruction of bridges (culverts) will reduce erosion rate, disaster and non-sanitary condition and erosion related disasters such as flooding in downstream wetlands, and properties destruction, and safety. The asphalting of road will reduce offset dust emission from existing road especially during the dry season where passing vehicles raise the dust that spread in residential areas and spoils roofs, clothes and food and thus causing respiratory disease. Construction, lining, covering of drains and construction if stilling basin will reduce health risks related to malaria, waterborne disease and odour from stagnant water. In addition better storm water management will contribute to biodiversity protection. Enhancement measures The contractor shall: ● Ensure drainage systems have scour checks ● Ensure drainage systems are covered with concrete blocks 149 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ● Ensure drains are extended to the receiving wetlands or waters ● Construct sediments, silt and litter trapping infrastructure at the exit of the drain to avoid sediments spreading the receiving water (e.g. Lake Kivu and Muvumba River) ● Establish permanent road and drain cleaning especially along inlet sag ● Establish an efficient system of waste collection and management ● Install stilling basin at the outlet of the standalone drain. The district shall ● Regularly monitor solid and waste water management to avoid illegal discharge in the new constructed drain 6.2.2 Negative impacts during construction Potential environmental impacts associated with project site and construction works include: loss of land and assets, soil erosion and compaction, sedimentation of streams, contamination of soil and rivers and the wetlands, disruption of surface and sub-surface drainage patterns, changes to soil moisture and fertility, edge effect on plants adjacent to cleared areas, deposition of airborne road dust and airborne emissions from vehicles and construction equipment, accidental fires, loss and/or conversion of fish and wildlife habitat, proliferation of invasive plants, disturbance to heritage resources, salvage and disposal of timber, noise and aesthetics. The proposed sub-projects will be primarily confined to public land (the existing Right of Way (ROW) but on some area it will require the widening of the existing ROW (approximately 5 m) to 10.2m for option 4 and 13.40 m for option 1. This will lead to land take or damage of land and other properties thereon (residential houses, churches, schools, transmission line, water supply, trees, and crops). This will also cause disruption of existing environment and social set up and direct economic loss for asset losers and their families in the process. The major adverse impacts as identified during such discussion include:  Loss of agricultural, residential and business properties such as land and houses,  Loss of trees, garden and crops and other natural resources  Loss of public utilities and common property resources i.e. water supplies, drinking water tap points, water tanks, power lines and churches respectively  Loss of infrastructure facilities such as schools, electricity and communication installations  Increase in pollution from sites preparation, campsite sitting, dumpsites, material 150 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare sources, water drainage, increased erosion and sediments, hazardous materials  Air quality deterioration  Noise and vibration pollution  Impacts associated with materials sourcing areas such as quarries  Impacts on the cultural and religious values  Occupational health and safety risks (HIV, GBV, prostitution, drug abuse, etc.)  Impacts on public utilities (water pipelines, electricity, )  Traffic and access to home and public utilities (schools, health centre, etc.) 6.2.2.1 Impact on land use and properties Expansion of existing roads where necessary or creation of new road sections, creation of diversions, detours may require land take and may affect people‟s property such as agriculture lands and valuable trees, residential and commercial houses (Table 4-2). Therefore, a fair and agreed compensation should be considered for the land acquisition. Mitigation measures The six secondary city districts (Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Rubavu, Musanze and Nyagatare) and LODA shall ensure: a. The population resettlement plan is carried out in consultation with the population itself, the services of the districts and the Ministry of Local Government. b. Early identification of entitlement for compensation planning of Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan to compensate the losses c. Project affected persons (PAPs) are compensated according to the official compensation rates. The acquisition of the land and private properties will be carried out in accordance with Rwanda Expropriation law for public interests, World Bank OP 4.12 d. Displaced persons are compensated before their actual moving and start of construction activities. e. Compensation for expropriated population is done in accordance with the Land Law No.43/2013 of 16/06/2015 and the expropriation law (32/2015 of 11/06/2015 and WB OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement). 6.2.2.2 Gender aspects Women will be more impacted by the project disruption of water and power supply than men as women are usually victims for inadequate home water supply and power services. It will be 151 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare important to avoid disconnection to drinking water and power supply to maximize tangible benefits for the local population including women. Other impacts related to gender are related to the fact that women may not benefit equally from employment as contractor tend most of the time to recruit men considering experience and physical capabilities. Mitigation measures The contractor shall: a. Ensure women get employment in the project at the same level and with the same payment as men b. Ensure equal payment to men and women. If compensation payment is paid to a bank account, both men and women need to have access to it. c. Give priority in staff recruitment to households headed by women and that are particularly vulnerable 6.2.2.3 Impact related dust and particulate emissions The impacts of emissions of gas and dust will be felt at the immediate vicinity of the working area, they will be local in scope. They may be caused by the operative gear in restricted areas and for a limited time. In areas of extractions of materials such as stones for crushing and masonry, and stone crushing site, the air quality may be deteriorated by the emission of dust by the particular asphalt production plants so that the emanation of bad smells due to the preparation of the tar (bitumen). The intensity of these impacts can be described as medium. Mitigation measures The contractor shall: a. Suppress dust emissions to dust prone areas (such as quarries and borrow pits) by regular sprinkling water or by covering stock piles; b. As much as practical cover the material stock piles to reduce dust c. Use protective clothing like helmets and dust masks on construction sites. d. Limit the speed of haulage trucks to reduce dust levels. To ensure this, speed humps shall be introduced along construction routes, and the drivers of construction vehicles shall be obliged to adhere to speed limits through a penalty system. 152 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2.2.4. Impacts in labour camps and influx of workers Since the project is on small scale, a small labour camp will be supposed to be constructed to accommodate construction workers. a) Insecurity in and around the labour camps These camps could attract up thieves who will be motivated to steal different items available in the camps. Temporary labourers and specialised staff may be engaged in activities that may create conflicts with the local communities dues to difference in culture such damaging of crops or killing of communities sensitive animals. Mitigation measures The contractor shall ensure: a. The campsite is fenced for the safety and security purpose of the staff and the immediate surroundings; b. Grant safety and security to workers by providing day and night security guards and adequate lighting within and around the campsites; c. Establishment of effective community engagement and grievance redress mechanism to handled grievances. b) Increased health risks within the campsites Campsite may attract sex workers and other forms of sexual behaviours, and this will lead to increased public health risks (including an increase in prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS) as the project will be implemented in urban area where informal sex workers are found. In addition, local climate and hygiene conditions may create mosquitoes breeding sites. The contractor shall: a. Establish HIV-AIDS campaign awareness mechanism since improved human mobility and income on the transport sector especially go in tandem with increased HIV transmission. Initially, a strong awareness campaign shall be undertaken (media, rural radio, campaigns, theatres forum, sketch, etc.). b. Be encouraged to use local labour force c. Robust measures to address the risk of gender-based violence will be implemented through: a) training of workforce about refraining from unacceptable conduct, b) informing workers about national laws, c) introducing a Worker Code of Conduct as part of the employment contract (Annex 6), d) introducing sanctions for non-compliance (e.g., termination) e) 153 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare cooperation with law enforcement agencies and will provide workers opportunity to spend their time off away from the host community c) Waste generation within and around the campsite The influx of workers may lead to the spontaneous development it will attract include pressure on land and natural resources, generation of solid and liquid wastes. Inappropriate solid waste disposal could lead to contamination of soil, ground water, and streams and the spread of pests and communicable diseases. Mitigation measures The contractor shall: a. Develop a solid waste management plan. b. Ensure vehicles get maintenance and fuel services at areas specifically reserved for this purpose. The area will be water-proofed. c. Provide sufficient toilets for men and women with toilet papers and water points d. Sanitation in the campsite Workers in the campsites need sanitary facilities such as toilets, washing areas, and sanitary waste disposal areas. If improperly managed, sewage can cause waterborne diseases and environmental and health hazards. To mitigate these impacts, the contractor shall ensure: a. The sewage from the campsite is appropriately handled and disposed b. Wastewater should under no circumstances be released untreated to the environment c. The location of latrines in the camp should preferably be downhill of potable water sources, or 50 m to 100 m from any water body. At any case the latrines will be installed in areas with shallow groundwater table (< 10 m). 6.2.2.5 Fire outbreak Risks to human safety are related to fire and handling of construction material including fuel asphalts and other substances. The scope of these impacts is limited; they are for the workers and depend on compliance with safety requirements normally expected. Mitigation Measures The contractor shall: a. Put in place and implement a fire prevention and fighting plan 154 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare b. Provide adequate number of fire extinguishers at the workshops, fuel and bitumen storage areas, workers’ camps, asphalt plants and all campsites, duly serviced and located at easily accessible points. c. Have part of the work sites designated as a fire evacuation/assembly area. d. Have some staff adequately trained in firefighting operations. e. Provision of safety signage such as “No smoking” at workshops, fuel and bitumen storage areas, workers’ camps, asphalt plants and all work sites where fire hazards are likely to occur. f. Ensure the availability of a health centre/hospital and transport emergency vehicles (ambulance). 6.2.2.6 Noise and vibration pollution During construction and decommissioning, traffic movements, compaction and earth moving, loading and unloading of materials, will generate noise increase that will affect commercial activities and social premises (clinics, schools, hospital, hotels), during the works (Figure 5-5, 5- 6, 5-12, 5-13, 5-18, 5-19, 5-20, 5-29, 5-30) for the location of sensitive infrastructures to the noise). The impacts associated with such activities include: a. Potential disturbance to residential, social and commercial and institutional premises along the proposed construction roads. b. Noise and vibrations caused by heavy machinery could potentially cause damage to buildings along the construction areas and materials sites c. Non-observance with the occupational health and safety to the construction workers Mitigations measures The contractor shall: a. Inform the neighbouring communities of any unusual construction activities with extraordinary noise levels such as to include time, expected duration and any safety precautions. b. Undertake structural integrity assessment of existing buildings and other structures along the road as control for damages from vibrations c. Utilize low noise machinery for the construction to the extent possible (Noise levels be below 90 dB to the nearest receptors by days). d. Undertake assessment of building structures within the work areas with respect to their capacity to withstand compaction vibrations. e. Provide all construction workers with relevant safety gear including ear masks, f. Avoid use of explosive in quarries g. Install the stone crushing plants according to manufacturer’s specifications (if possible at least 2km away from any sensitive receptors such as residential areas, religious places, health centres, schools); 155 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare h. Instruct drivers to limiting the speed of haulage vehicles to a level that will produce the least amount of noise, can help to minimize the increase in noise levels. 6.2.2.7 Impacts on mobility and road safety The land preparation and half-floor will lead to a temporary disruption of access to access to property, housing plots, schools and churches, etc. Moreover, a poorly organized site and where security measures are not met, a threat to public safety and the safety of the workers and users. The scope of these impacts can be characterised minor, as the zonal activities related to the execution of the works are not confined to staff site but also for the population living in the immediate environment of the project sites. Mitigation measures The contractor shall: a. Ensure road safety is improved through good engineering design i.e. improving sight distance and visibility, especially approaches to bends, junctions, bridges, etc, and at roadside settlements. b. Install clear road signs including road furniture. c. Install shoulders throughout the length of the roads to discourage parking on the road. d. Provide appropriate road signs and road markings in locations where standards are compromised to warn drivers of safety hazards. 6.2.2.8 Impact on utilities The rehabilitation of the existing roads will involve considerable widening of road. The widening of these roads and drainage will necessarily necessitate relocation of power lines, water supply pipes and communication cables. Relocation of power lines would cause temporary disruption of supply to consumers, public inconvenience and financial loss to utility operators. Mitigation measures The contractor shall: a. Obtain from the utilities agencies definition and details of all public utilities sites within 50 m of the works, prior to undertaking any work. b. Accurately locate all services to reduce risks of damage to power line, water pipelines and telecommunication lines; 156 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare c. Fix the damage to the satisfaction of the utility agency at the his cost and; reparation work shall be treated as an emergency and undertaken without undue delay;; d. Design and construct adequate and appropriate under or over passage crossing structures at the existing roads and major paths crossings to allow easy/free and safe movements of people with their goods/ and some of which also for motorized traffic. 6.2.2.9 Extraction and use of materials Road construction materials such as stones, gravel, sand and water will be required for the construction activities and will be obtained from quarries, rivers and land. Since substantial quantities of these materials will be required for the construction of roads, the availability and sustainability of such resources at the extraction sites will be negatively affected, as they are not renewable in the short term. In addition, the sites from which the materials will be extracted may be significantly affected in several ways including landscape changes, risk of displacement of people, animals and vegetation, poor visual quality and opening of depressions on the surface leading to destruction of agricultural crops, injuries to human and animal. Mitigation measures The contractor shall ensure that new extraction sites: a. Are not located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b. Are not located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. c. Are not located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. d. Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. e. Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. f. Vegetation clearing is restricted to the area required for safe operation. 157 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2.2.10 Gas emissions Major primary pollutants that will be produced by these construction activities including carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulphur oxide (SOx), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), ammonia (NH3), odours, radioactive pollutants and fine particulates along the way as a result of diesel combustion. Major secondary pollutants include: (1) particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog such as nitrogen dioxide, (2) ground level ozone formed from NOx and volatile organic compounds. Such emissions can lead to several environmental impacts including global warming and health impacts. Mitigation Measures The contractor shall: a. Use the cleanest fuels (e.g. on‐road grade diesel) within technically feasible possibilities. b. Use of low-sulphur diesel for fuel-powered machinery to minimize oxides of sulphur emissions; c. Properly maintain vehicles and machineries to comply with relevant emission standards and the Prime Minister’s Instructions n°004/03 of 27/12/2013 d. Avoid unnecessary idling of construction vehicles at the construction sites to reduce the emission of exhaust fumes. This should be enforced through a penalty system, where offenders are warned, then fined. Additionally, all construction idling equipment or machinery should be turned off e. Avoid peak traffic hours or routes with heavy traffic; 6.2.2.11 Risks of accidents and injuries to workers Because of the intensive engineering and construction activities including grinding and cutting, masonry and excavation works among others, construction workers will be exposed to risks of accidents and injuries. Such injuries can result from accidental falls from high elevations, injuries from hand tools and construction equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets, failure and collapse of machines. Open ditches, unfinished works and improper storage of materials can lead to accidents to both the public and workers. Mitigation measures 158 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare The contractor shall: a. Provide to all workers all relevant personal protective equipments (PPEs) including safety gear and ear masks, nose masks, ear muffs, helmets, overalls, industrial boots, etc. b. Ensure that all equipment are in good working conditions to prevent occupational hazards c. Enforce wearing the PPEs at all times while at work. 6.2.2.12 Decline in scenic quality Upgrading of the existing roads may adversely affect view sheds. Cumulative effects of poorly managed quarries and borrow pits supplying building materials for road projects may also cause significant loss in scenic values. Clear and proper diversions should be put in place to enable people reach their intended destinations. Mitigation measures The contractor shall: a. Ensure proper and progressive restoration of the borrow area site after gravel extraction and dumpsite after closure through remediation of borrow pits, landscaping, and grass planting where appropriate. b. Ensure that proper drainage system to handle storm water run-offs is put in place so that soil/land erosion and deposition of materials originating from the Borrow area or dumpsite in areas surrounding area site is controlled. c. Ensure that he concerns of any such community regarding the operation of the Borrow area or dumpsite, are addressed frequently and in consultation with the local District Environment Officers, LODA, REMA and other relevant lead agencies. d. Work with the grievance committee involving the executive secretary of the village, elders, and district officers is set up to deal with complaints of the community 6.2.2.13 Clearance of vegetation There is expected vegetation clearance during road widening at most of all the project road sections. Some roads pas in semi-urban areas where road alignment will require clearance of vegetation which will lead to disruption of small animal‟s ecosystems, death of animals among others. Mitigation measures The contractor shall: 159 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare a. Ensure that clearance of vegetation during road widening remains within footprint of the project development; b. Avoid unnecessary destruction of the surrounding vegetation, and ensure reforestation of cleared or degraded sites by indigenous species; c. Preserve (or stockpile) excavated topsoil for future site restoration procedures; d. Locate borrow pits in less vegetated areas, far from water bodies, and rehabilitate borrow pits after road work activities; e. Appropriately dump the earth material taking into consideration the site future use (e.g. playground or green space) 6.2.2.14 Increasing soil erosion and sedimentation Soil erosion is likely to occur during slope cuts and excavation works. Erosion is often caused by failing to keep water off road surfaces. Clearing of vegetation cover during road expansion, construction of culverts and site drains, detours for collecting construction materials from quarries/borrow areas will expose soils during rainy seasons and may result in incremental soil erosion and sedimentation of river courses. Therefore, structures need to be developed to reduce soil erosion that may lead to sediments loading and silting in the wetland or water sources. Mitigation measures The contractor shall: a) Appropriately drain water from excavations and transfer it to the sediment retention pond for sedimentation before discharging to the environment; b) Break the runoff velocity using ditches, series of rock check dams or other arrangements c) Maintain the natural hydrological flow direction unless diverted for protecting buildings, farms or other properties; d) Cover stock piled materials with fabric; e) Select and implement sediment control devices such as: i) site fencing; ii) straw bales; iii) sediment basins or traps; iv) storm inlet traps; vi) rock check dams and vii) interception berms/swales; f) Re-vegetate with trees and grass indigenous to the sites all sites with bare soil along RUDP phase 2 sub-projects to avoid further erosion. 6.2.2.15 Waste generation Large quantities of solid waste will be generated by various project activities at the site. Such waste will consist of excavated materials, vegetation, metal drums, rejected materials, surplus materials, surplus spoils, paper bags, empty cartons, and waste oil among others. Such solid waste materials can be injurious to the environment through blockage of drainage systems, 160 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare choking of water bodies and negative impacts on human and animal health. Human excreta are also expected to be produced by workers all along the roads during the construction activities. Appropriate sewage and solid management measures will be put in place. Mitigation Measures The contractor shall: a) Collect, recycle or dispose to approved sites all waste lubricants and oils; b) Have central locations for refuelling of vehicles and fuel powered machinery; c) Place plastic sheeting under hazardous material and their storage areas to collect and retain leaks and spills; d) Collect the contaminated runoff from oil storage areas for disposal in approved sites ; e) Collect and into drums and transported to approved disposal sites; f) Well pack and transport the bitumen to avoid spillages; g) Avoid scattering empty bitumen drums along the construction or campsite. A central place for storage of empty bitumen drums awaiting disposal to appropriate sites should be got. h) Regularly service and maintain vehicles and construction machinery that are likely to spill fuel and oils if ill-service; i) Acquire permits/approvals for fuel storage and transportation 6.2.2.16 Social Evils: Slums, Alcoholism and Prostitution . There would be an increasing of public health risks such as increasing prevalence of HIV&AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) due to workforce from immigrants‟ workers. There could also be increased drug and alcohol abuse mainly during construction period that can place stress on social, cultural and family structures. The sources of stress may include (1) problems associated with the compensation process and potential community discord such as (2) risk of impoverishment relating to difficulties in adapting to new livelihood systems; (3) potential exploitation by others in the relocation/compensation process; (4) possible conflicts within or between communities, or with government agencies. Mitigation Measures The contractor shall:  Carry the Sensitization programmes targeting the project workers through radios, films, meetings and other means of media about the likely the social evils arising from the presence of the project should be undertaken by the contractor to prevent such evils as alcoholism, prostitution. 161 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Increase the awareness related to health problems arising from social promiscuity. Contractors should collaborate with health officials to sensitize workers about social, and health safety. Gambling and consumption of illicit alcohol within camps used by construction crews should be strictly prohibited.  Prohibit gambling and consumption of illicit alcohol within camps used by construction crews. Mitigation measures The contractor shall  Appropriately install the road side drains and standalone drains and prolong them right down to the receiving water or wetlands.  Appropriately construct the drainage system with several outlets so that minimum volume of runoff are directed to the farms so as to reduce water logging or alternatively they should be directed to water bodies. 6.2.2.18 Sanitation problem at working sites Construction workers will require sanitary facilities for their primary needs. Since the work will be performed in urban areas. Working conditions with no proper sanitation may result in sanitation hazard with open defecation or conflicts the local residents on the use of toilets or transmission of poor hygiene diseases from pollution of the environment. Mitigation measures The contractor shall:  Install the sanitation facilities (portable pit latrines at the workers sites and clearly distinguish between female and male with labels;  Reuse/recycle the construction materials left over at the end of construction;  Avail solid waste bins and sort garbage according different categories (e-wastes, chemicals, plastics, metals, glasses papers/wood and biodegradable wastes)  Liaise with the licensed garbage disposal companies existing the city and agree to pay waste collection fee. 6.2.2.20 Interference with business and daily activities during demolition Demolition of structures on the road reserves will lead to interference with business activities and basic earning. Most of these businesses acquire loans from relatives and micro finance, banks operating in the country to stock merchandise. Traders, pharmacists, informal markets, mobile money stands, and motorcycles parking sites will be affected. 162 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Mitigation measures Contractor shall:  Provide the access road to all buildings especially those accommodating business activities;  Provide alternative temporary spaces for informal businesses (mobile credits selling stands, motorcycles parking sites)  Engage with formal businesses owners in dialogue on potential periods of disruption  Conduct the construction works in phases so as to allow some businesses to continue  Provide temporal access bridges to the businesses during construction works  Provide appropriate information to potentially affected local communities prior to the beginning of any works in order to allay fears, complaints or potential risks due to lack of information or awareness about the project activities 6.2.2.21 Impacts generated by extraction of materials from quarries and borrow pits and dumping activities. Sand, gravel, crushed stone and sand stones are needed for the road base and concrete structures. Potential quarries and borrow pit sites exist nearby each of the six secondary cities. However, final sites will be determined based on a closer comparison of environmental and social impacts. These impacts generated at these sites include visual intrusion because of removal of a significant part of some hills, noise (and its associated impacts on wildlife and people), sedimentation (and associated impacts on water quality) and impacts associated with the transport of material to work site. Mitigation measures Contractor shall:  Prepare and get the approval of the management and rehabilitation plan for the borrow pits and dumpsites;  Avoid disposing wastes in wetlands and waterways.  Careful plan sequential exploitation of quarries and borrow pits allowing the exhausted section of the quarry to be reinstated, while starting the exploitation of a new section.  Stockpile the top soil to be used re-vegetation. Re-vegetation shall be done with the previously existing vegetation.  Rehabilitate the borrow pits and dumpsites to the satisfaction of the supervising firm, district and LODA environmentalists, and in conformity of the agreed environmental mitigation plan 163 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2.2.22 Crops damages, trees cutting and properties damages Impacts on agriculturally used areas are one of the most serious impacts of the planned road reconstruction project. Widening and extension of access trucks will traverse many fields in rural and peri-urban area. Any crops alongside the road will be cleared during road widening and construction works. Flying stones from quarries, during excavation or stone cutting, and unloading of construction materials may also destroy houses and structures neighbouring the road. Houses along the part roads that will undergo re-construction may also develop cracks from vibrations caused by the construction works. Mitigation measures The contractor shall:  Plant trees in the road reserve and ensure cut trees are replanted elsewhere to improve the green of the site and its environment;  Assess damages to properties and determine the extent of the damage whether it is repairable or a new property if required all together.  Undertake a temporary measure of giving temporary shelter to the affected family as valuation is on-going, if the property is adversely affected that it’s not usable. 6.2.2.23 Impact on surface water Construction activities during the rainy season will increase the amount of sediments running in the wetland as drains will be excavated and culvert bridges constructed to increase the conveyance of water. Dumping of soil waste has been observed in existing drains). Excavation of drains, cutting, clearing of the top earth and widening of the road will expose the soil to erosion which will range from rills, to gully depending on the season in which these works will be undertaken. This erosion will contribute to sediment deposition in the wetland. This will threaten not the agricultural production, and siltation in the wetlands (Muhanga and Huye cities) and lakes (Rusizi River and Lake Kivu in Rusizi and Lake Kivu in Rubavu). Mitigation measures 164 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare The contractor shall:  Install drainage systems with scour checks  Cover drainage systems with concrete blocks  Extend drainages to the receiving wetlands and water bodies (Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Musanze and Nyagatare)  Redesign the road side drainage and extend them downstream to the wetland and water bodies (Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Musanze and Nyagatare). 6.2.3 Negative impacts of the roads operation 6.2.3.1 Increased accidents and death to human, domestic and wild animals If appropriate speed regulating devices and signage are not used along the road and if road ethics and adherence are not enforced, the upgraded tarmac road will result in increased accidents to humans and domestic animals roaming the area especially around critical infrastructures such as schools (see Figure 5-5, 5-6, 5-11, 5-12, 5-17, 5,-18-5-19, 5-28,5-29, 5-31 for their location). Mitigation Measures The district and Traffic police shall:  Install road signage posts, zebra crossing , provide speed humps near villages, markets, schools to warn the public about danger and other critical location  Ensure pedestrians have adequate footpaths along roads, through villages or near community facilities;  Implement road safety education and training to local people and drivers on the code of conduct at construction sites; 6.2.3.2 Interference with traffic flow The well upgraded road may lead to increased traffic wanting to use the road and this may even lead to traffic jams especially at junctions. Humps could be erected to safeguard the school children of adjacent schools or for those using the hospital. The traffic jams could also lead to inconveniences to traders and commuters along the road or those using the road. Mitigation Measures The district and Traffic police shall:  Install road signs for maintenance activities ahead; 165 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Ensure pedestrians have adequate footpaths along roads, through villages or near community facilities  Implement road safety education and training to local people and drivers on the code of conduct at maintenance sites;  Provide road signage posts, zebra crossing at critical locations.  Indicate diversion routes during construction 6.2.3.3 Increased informal settlement and pressure in the area It is expected that the upgraded roads will create new transport networks that will increase transportation of goods and services and accessibility to formerly isolated area. These networks could result in development of informal settlements by attracting new residents especially in peri-urban areas where the land and new business environment will be attractive to small investments. This will in turn stimulate insecurity, poor sanitation, and contamination of water, soil, and natural environment. Mitigation Measures The district shall:  Control informal activities all along the roads site through equitable and efficient and accountable issuance of construction permits  Provide sanitation facilities at strategic points (bus stops, centres, etc);  Monitor the construction compliance to cities master plan  Establish the participatory processes to engage in dialogue with the communities on development opportunities to be created by roads upgrading 6.2.4 Negative environmental impacts of decommissioning activities 6.2.4.1 Solid waste Although demolition waste is generally considered as less harmful to the environment since they are composed of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste may lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the environment. Demolition of the project will include the roads, camps, equipment and fixtures at contractor‟s yard and related 166 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare infrastructure will result in large quantities of solid waste. The waste will contain the materials used in construction including concrete, metal, cement, oil, bitumen, sealants and fasteners. Mitigation measures The contractor in decommissioning shall:  Reuse, recycle the removed materials for other purpose otherwise disposed to a licensed waste disposal site;  Donate reusable demolition waste to charitable organizations, individuals and institutions 6.2.4.2 Dust emission Large quantities of dust will be generated during demolition works. This will affect demolition staff as well as the neighbouring residents. Mitigation measures Mitigation measures as described above in the section 8.2.2.3 shall be implemented by the contractor. 6.2.4.3 Interference with road users Decommissioning will interfere with roads users and even lead to destruction of natural ecosystem due to diversion and off the road drives. To mitigate the project impact the contractor shall:  Establish a traffic management plan  Redirect vehicles to other existing roads to go round and avoid the project area without much inconvenience to them  Establish safety measures including use of warning signs and barricading will be employed to safeguard the working areas 6.2.4.4 Increased in noise and vibration The demolition works will lead to significant deterioration of the acoustic environment within the project site and the surrounding areas. Mitigation measures Significant impacts on the acoustic environment will be mitigated as described previously in the section (6.2.2.6) 167 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2.4.5 Generation of wastewater Demolition of supply lines will also lead to increased waste water and interference with other community members. This wastewater may join existing rivers networks and that will lead, especially in rainy season, to increase in pollution. Mitigation measures Significant impacts related to waste generation will be mitigated as described previously in the section of waste generation (6.2.2.15) and sanitation problem (6.2.2.18). 6.2.5 Cumulative impacts Cumulative impacts are possible considering the project site (mainly urban) with many projects taking place there and in its surroundings. These projects include but not limited to other development projects (roads, building in the six secondary cities, the construction of multi storeys houses in the urban centre (Rubavu, Rusizi and Musanze), shopping malls (central markets), and planned estates development in Mbazi (Huye) spearheaded by Rwanda Housing Authority and the construction of hotels. This will cause key impacts such as:  Increased construction and renovation due to the attractiveness of the areas (informal settlements) to businessmen, residents and tourists travelling to the sites;  Increased pressure on agricultural land and natural resources such as trees and wildlife due to urban expansion;  Increased frequency and severity of vehicle accidents;  Some improvement in poverty reduction especially in informal settlements that will be upgraded progressively to formal ones;  Considerable expansion of businesses, hotels and settlements characterized by lack of planning (urban sprawl);  Larger land acquisition and resettlement, community disturbance, dust and noise during construction and larger noise impact during operation.  Increased traffic, loss of vegetation, civil air-borne dust, waste generation, community disturbance. Mitigation measures With effective implementation of good construction management measures, the cumulative impacts can be adequately mitigated to acceptable levels. These cumulative impacts could be effectively managed by: 168 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Adopting proper mitigation measures with minimum residual impacts (sharing construction materials, dumpsites to minimize dust, noise, carbon emissions, waste generation)  Education of construction workers to minimize social disturbance and cultural conflict;  provision of temporary access to local traffic; timely compensation for the lost items;  Proper maintenance of the existing community access roads, timely relocation of water pipes, communication lines and other utilities and timely restoration/strengthening of project sites upon completion of construction. 6.2.6 Residual Impacts 6.2.6.1 Residual impacts related to health and safety The improvement in road conditions will motivate the road users especially the motorcyclists and car driver to over-speeding and this may threaten the live of pedestrian and other road users crossing the road through accidents for a long time. However, with mitigation measures related to good signage, existence of walkways, sensitisation of users on the road safety and enforcement of road safety regulation by the police, this impact will be reduced to minor. 6.2.6.2 Residua Impacts on Soils Impacts on soil quality were considered as residual since there are various actions such as the maintenance of roads and vehicles from which the contaminants will be released. The construction of the project roads and drains may also leave exposed cuttings and banks, where the lack of vegetation will foster erosion processes, which should be mitigated with adequate reinstatement measures, including re-vegetation put in place. The significance of the residual effects on soil quality and soil erosion is expected to be of a slight negative nature as they may be distinguishable but they are of a low magnitude, geographically limited, and not disruptive to normal baseline environmental conditions. 6.2.6.3 Residual impacts on surface and groundwater With regards to surface water quality, the project has a residual impact since surface water may become polluted from the arrival to water bodies of contaminants generated from the road surface and cars and users. With mitigation measures, the significance of the residual cumulative 169 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare impact is expected to be of a slight negative nature; they may be distinguishable but of a low magnitude, geographically limited, and not disruptive to normal baseline environmental conditions. Potential contamination of groundwater from contaminants from the project activities, deposited on soil could progressively leach the groundwater table and could have a residual impact where roads cross or runs parallel on alluvial and colluvial areas where the groundwater table is likely to be shallow. With the implementation of adequate mitigation measures, the significance of the residual effect on groundwater quality should be of a slight negative nature; it could be distinguishable but of a low magnitude, geographically limited, and not disruptive to normal baseline environmental conditions. 6.2.6.4 Residual Impacts on Air quality and noise Residual effects on air quality will be created from emissions from vehicles and motorcycles. The significance of the residual effect on air quality should be slight; it will be distinguishable and limited in space and time. It is expected that following the implementation of mitigation measures on noise, noise will be we considered to be felt especially in the urban areas from the use by vehicles and motorcycles especially during the night. This impact will is expected to be moderate following the road management regulation in Rwanda which forbid the use of old motorcycles and car. 6.2.6.5 Residual impact related to borrow areas exploitation Burrow pits will be used for extraction of sub-soil and aggregates. Residual negative impacts will include visual, landscape, surface water and biodiversity impacts. Expected landscape impacts include clearing of existing vegetation and change in topography. Surface water impacts will include rill erosion whereas biodiversity impacts will include the disturbance of habitat of existing animals such as birds, mice, invertebrates and micro-organisms. It is expected that borrow pit will be licensed by the district after the proposition of rehabilitation plan by the contractor. The implementation of this plan will reduce the spatial and temporal extent of the 170 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare impacts, and thus bring the impacts to minor level because landscaping and re-vegetation will bring the pre-existing landscape and biodiversity status. 6.2.6.7 Residual Impacts related to community severance The project may have severance residual effects for the affected people whose land and properties were taken. These impacts could be limited by the proper implementation of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) catering for the social and economic needs/services (settlements, markets, schools, health centres, water supply, etc.) to the affected people. 6.2.6.8 Residual Impacts across all sectors The project implementation will stir up development across all sectors of development through easy access of people to basic services such as schools, health centres, cultural and recreational sites administrative offices, as well as improved delivery of merchandise and commodities to market. The benefits could be seen additionally by entrepreneurial investments, supporting businesses and realization of opportunities and services linked with the efficient road transportation. The improved transport infrastructure and better accessibility is likely to increase land values within the vicinity of the transport infrastructure as a result of post construction opportunities. The significance of the Residual impact on economy therefore is considered to be of a very large beneficial nature. Table 6-1 presents the project activities and their impacts to the natural and social environment. 171 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 6- 1: Impacts of RUDP phase 2 Activities Impact on: Earth works Laying of Vehicle & Concrete & Sanitation & Project Improper including pavement machine crusher and waste (labor operation disposal of quarrying operation & asphalt plants camps) liquid and maintenance solid waste and fueling Air Dust Dust PM, COx, Dust, PM, Odor / smoke PMs, COx, NOx, SOx, smoke NOx, SOx Dust Odor, smoke Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise Noise pollution and and pollution pollution vibration vibration Water Erosion, Contamination Contamination Contamination Contamination Contamination Turbid water, siltation, from by by concrete, (BOD, COD, by hydrocarbons Siltation of asphalt plant hydrocarbons aggregates and Fecal & heavy metals water (hydrocarbons and heavy hydrocarbons pathogens) & heavy metals & heavy metals) metals Soil Erosion, Contamination Contamination Contamination Possible soil landslide by by (Fecal contamination hydrocarbons hydrocarbons pathogens) and heavy and heavy metals metals Vegetation Loss of Degradation of Lower Tree cutting Toxicity of and local of fauna and Flora and productivity vegetation fauna flora fauna use as fuel wood Local Disturbance Disturbance Disturbance Diseases, Poaching and Collision with community (properties, conflict health & social traffic traffic, etc) incidents Worker„s Increase of Asphalt Collisions with Impact on Impact on Increase in Collisions with health and stagnant odor and dust vehicles, health due to health due to communicable pedestrians safety water and Accidental inhalation of inhalation of diseases disease injury/death dust dust 172 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan An Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been developed for RUDP phase 2 to assist the developer (LODA) and the project management team (district, contractor and supervisor) in mitigation and managing environmental and social impacts and risks associated with life cycle of the project (Table 6-2). Other relevant project partners are Rwanda Development Board (RDB) in charge of the issuance of ESIA Certificate and Rwanda Environmental Management Authority (REMA) in charge of monitoring of the implementation of the project ESMP. This ESMP outlines the potential safety, health, social and environmental risks associated with the project and detail all the necessary mitigation measures, their financial costs, as well as the persons responsible for their implementation and monitoring. This EMP also improves environmental performance while ensuring compliance with applicable environmental standards during the construction, operational and eventual decommissioning phases of the project. The ESMP will serve as a guideline for the minimum requirements of the detailed procedure to be developed and ensure that mitigation and enhancement measures continue throughout the operating life of the project. It is a checklist in future environmental audit. Monitoring of certain parameters during both the construction and operational phases of the roads is essential to ensure that impacts are fully evaluated and that necessary mitigation measures are applied. Thus this ESMP ensures that the project implementation is carried out in accordance with design by taking appropriate mitigation measures to minimize impacts on the environment during construction and operation phases. It emphasizes how the development may impact on relevant environmental factors and how these impacts may be mitigated and managed so as to be environmentally acceptable. 173 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 6- 2: Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMP) for RUDP phase 2 Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) Pre- Land acquisition Loss of land and Fair compensation at full replacement cost of Cases of Monthly Contractor Covered Construct for road widening, destruction of properties and lands to be based on the complaints Supervisor in ion diversion, road properties WB policy and National Expropriation RAP/ District construction, (buildings, Law and districts expropriation ARA extraction of agriculture procedures; P quarry and borrow land) Ensure participation of owners and local material and Affected people administration in all compensation disposal spoil are process; material underpaid; Construct Cuts, excavation, Damaged The contractor shall conduct a survey with Cases of Monthly Contractor Covered ion compaction and properties pictures and videos and after whatever complaints Supervisor in blasting properties that will be affected by BOQ District compactions shall be compensated as per expropriation law; Whenever there is a fragilized house by project activities, compensation shall be provided As above, compensate the affected properties at full replacement cost of properties and lands according WB policy and National Expropriation Law; Ensure the participation of grievance redress committee at the most appropriate level (for more details see 7.5 and Annex 1). Pre- Site & campsite Vegetation Ensure that clearance of vegetation during road Bare soil Monthly Contractor 6,000,000 constructi installation clearance widening remains within footprint of the surface area Supervisor on project development. Number of District Avoid unnecessary destruction of the indigenous surrounding vegetation, and ensure and reforestation of cleared or degraded sites exogenous by indigenous species; trees used Preserve (or stockpile) excavated topsoil for for re- future site restoration procedures; vegetation 174 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) Locate borrow pits in less vegetated areas, far from water bodies, and rehabilitate borrow pits after road work activities; Appropriately dump the earth material taking into consideration the site future use (e.g. playground or green space); Re-vegetate and rehabilitated quarries, borrow pits and other borrow sites according the Re-vegetation Plan in section 6.9; Re-vegetate each side of the road with ornamental grasses and trees with the inclusion of indigenous species according the Re-vegetation Plan in section 6.9. Construct Road widening, Destruction or Implement the change finds protocols (section Destroyed Monthly Contractor 3,000,000 ion diversion, disturbances of 6.10) and avoid land take or destruction of historical Supervisor construction and newly identified areas of historic interest (Cemeteries, sites District soil spoil disposal cultural sites Genocide memorials and recreational (cemeteries areas), rather change the road alignment to and preserve them; memorials; Construct Excavation and Landslide on Minimize the cutting on steep slope; Unstable Monthly Contractor 5,000,000 ion cutting unstable slopes Stabilization of slopes using engineering slopes Supervisor methods District Planting trees on exposed slopes Construct Excavation, Disruption of The contractor shall Disrupted Daily Contractor 6,000,000 ion cutting and public utilities obtain from the utilities agencies definition utilities Supervisor compaction (e.g. power line, and details of all utilities sites within 50 m of water pipelines); works; Accurately locate all services and make plan for relocation, otherwise ensure high standards of site supervision to reduce risks of damage to public utilities; Prepare procedures for rapid notification to the 175 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) Public Utilities Board and assistance with re-instatement, in the event of any disruption; Undertake a routine monitoring programme, during construction, to provide early warning of impacts to water and electricity utilities such that these can be managed before they become significant Provide appropriate information to potentially affected local communities prior to the beginning of any works in order to allay fears, complaints or potential risks due to lack of information or awareness about the project activities Construct Extraction of Wasting the raw Accurate budgeting of construction material Quantity Monthly Contractor 6,000,000 ion quarry and borrow materials; Reuse the remaining of the construction (weight and Supervisor material materials volume) of District wastes Construct Excavation, Degradation of air The contractor shall: Dust Daily Contractor 4,200,000 ion cutting, quality (dust Prepare a dust management plan (DMP) for all emission Supervisor compaction, and project sites (roads, borrow pits, levels District borrow and particulate dumpsites, quarries, stone crusher plants); Report of quarry material emissions) complaints The DMP will detail the following measures: extraction, on dust watering frequency, monitoring of visual strone crushing pollution impacts, inspection, records keeping, and Transport cases responsibility, training, complaints of Logistics response and corrective action Number of Enforce speed limit regulations; workers with masks Avoid excavation works in extremely dry weathers; Cover stockpiles of fines on windy days; Use stone crushers and mixing machines with wet scrubbers to arrest evolved dust; 176 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) Enclose gravel screening section to reduce dust propagation; Provide masks to workers in very dusty environment; Ensure that trucks are not overloaded truck carrying friable materials are covered Construct Excavation, Air quality The contractor shall: Levels of air Quarterly Contractor 10,000,00 ion and cutting, deterioration Use low sulfur fuel in diesel engines (graders, pollutants Supervisor 0 operation compaction, (sulphur, excavators and trucks and this will reduce (PM10, District borrow and quarry Carbon, Sulfur Dioxide emissions PM2.5, SOx, material extraction Nitrogen,….) COx, Enforce use of new and gas emission Transport of NOx,...) complying vehicles, trucks and machinery; Logistics and Install emission control devices in non- road operation complying machines, vehicles, and trucks; Sensitize drivers to avoid unnecessary racing of vehicle engines at loading/offloading points and parking areas; Develop an engine maintenance plan (programme) to control pollution from diesel powered engines) Plant trees at the road sides according the re- vegetation plan detailed in section 6.9 Construct Excavation, Risk of noise and The Consultant shall: Noise level Daily Contractor 3,000,000 ion cutting, vibration pollution Use machines with minimum noise and Supervisor compaction, of vibration; District borrow and quarry machinery/heavy Work only during day time (7:00-17:00); material extraction trucks to local Transport of people Sensitize vehicle drivers, machinery operators Logistics to switch off engines not being used; Avoid gunning of vehicle engines when passing through sensitive areas (e.g. schools, hospitals); 177 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) Keep in good condition machinery to reduce noise generation; Advise local people, hospitals, hotels, school, churches on the planned activities that cause unavoidable noise Engage in consultations with the district authorities and the hospital management on the noise and vibration management (noise) The hospital must transfer admitted patients with heart diseases and other noise hyper sensitive patients to other hospitals The consultant shall reschedule noise and vibration generating activities around the schools in the weekend during school holidays Construct Excavation, Workers Ensure all staff in construction activities have Number of Daily Contractor 6,000,000 ion cutting, accidents protective equipment (e.g. helmets, dust staff without Supervisor compaction, leading to masks, gloves, safety glasses, boots); PPEs District construction, injuries, illness Avail first aid kit on-site, train some people extraction of or death; techniques of handling injured people; Cases of borrow and Transport means to be always present and injuries quarry material ready to transport injured to nearest clinic; and Transport of Logistics Health insurance for the personnel; Ensure machinery, equipment, personal protective equipment, appliances and hand tools do comply with prescribed safety and health standards; Train, supervise inexperienced workers regarding construction machinery use; Medical examination of all workers before, during, after termination of employment; 178 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) Implement all measures detailed Sections 6.7 (Community Health, Safety and Security Management Plan) Construct Excavation, Traffic accident Avoid or restrict as possible the obstruction of Cases of Daily Contractor 6,000,000 ion and cutting, and normal traffic and road use. In case it accident Supervisor operation compaction, inconveniences proves unavoidable, an alternative route to Presence of District construction, be indicated to road users; humps, road and Transport Install road signs, provide speed humps near signage, of Logistics and villages, markets, schools to warn the road road operation public about dangers; diversions Ensure that footpaths along roads, through and villages or near community facilities are footpaths at included in the design; appropriate places Implement road safety education and training to local people and drivers on the code of conduct at construction sites (See also section 6.11 on Training and capacity building plan); Emergency vehicles must be available for use by ambulance, police or fire vehicles; Implement all measures detailed Sections 6.8 (Traffic Management Plan and Safety signages) Construct Campsite Fire outbreak at The contractor shall: Number of Quarterly Contractor 4,800,000 ion operation campsites, at fuel Provide firefighting equipment (Fire firefighting Supervisor storage sites; Extinguishers, Fire hydrant and sand); equipment District (Fire Ensure availability of emergency vehicles for Extinguisher fire-fighting in nearby the project site; s, Fire Ensure the availability of a health hydrant and centre/hospital and transport emergency sand) vehicles (ambulance); Construct Excavation, Loss of aquatic Avoid vegetation clearance and destruction of Area of Monthly Contractor 4,200,000 179 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) ion cutting, and biodiversity; habitats for the biodiversity disturbed Supervisor disposal of spoils Ensure that earth waste, sediments and aquatic District stockpiles are safely enough disposed to ecosystems safeguard terrestrial, aquatic, bird diversity; Ensure roads construction activities are not carried within the buffer zone (50, 10 and 5 m away from Lakes, Rivers and Streams respectively); Rehabilitate the road sides, and dumpsites according the re-vegetation plan detailed in section 6.9 Construct Excavation, Discharge/dispo Determine the dumping locations with Well Monthly Contractor 5,400,000 ion cutting, and sal of earth government officials, local landowners, operated and Supervisor disposal of materials in Develop the restoration plans of the dumping approved District earth spoils water bodies site or future use of spoil materials. dumpsites and marshlands; Rehabilitate the dumpsites according the re- vegetation plan detailed in section 6.8 Stockpiles and parking yards should be located far away from rivers and marshlands, at least a minimum of 100 m from these ecological zones; Stockpile topsoil at designated area, surrounding them with perimeter drains, and place geotextile silt traps on the stockpiles to avoid erosion and sedimentation Concentrate the construction activities in dry season to the extent possible; Cover stockpiles during rainy season to prevent erosion and sediment runoff. Strict management and regulation construction activities, to minimize sedimentation, 180 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) prevent and control fuel/chemical spills; Construct Construction of Soil erosion Install drains to right down to the receiving Cases of Monthl Contractor 6,000,000 ion and road side drains wetlands or water bodies erosion y Supervisor operation Install erosion control measures e.g. check District dams and storm water drainage channels; Sensitize people in the hillside to plant trees and protect land from erosion and landslide Site excavation works to be planned such that a section is completed, constructed or rehabilitated before another section begins. Concentrate the construction activities to dry season to the extent possible; Place geotextile on stockpiles to avoid erosion through runoff Put in place a storm water management plan that minimizes impervious area infiltration by use of recharge areas; Re-vegetate areas where bare soil is created due to construction works; Construct Excavation, Road Implement the best road design criteria; Road Monthly Contractor 3,000,000 ion and cutting, deterioration; Compact very well the road; faults/defect Supervisor operation compaction, s Avail road drainage channels and culverts, and District road drainage, install drains from their exists right to the maintenance receiving wetlands or water bodies; Provision of regular mechanisms for road maintenance; Construct Excavation, Water pollution Compact the soil immediately after removal of Water Monthly Contractor 3,000,000 ion cutting, and the top soil quality Supervisor disposal of spoils Avoid concrete works close to water courses; levels in District terms of pH, Machinery and equipment working near water 181 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) courses should be properly serviced to suspended avoid oil spilling; solids, Petrochemicals and other hazardous liquids dissolved should be stored in contained areas, solids, surrounded by concrete containment; grease & oil, BOD, COD, Any spills on open roads should be cleaned-up cadmium within 24 hours; and lead Waste water/runoff collected during construction should be contained, disposed; Construct Campsite Increased Energy In campsite Energy Monthly Contractor 3,600,000 ion operation consumption Ensure electrical equipment, appliances and saving Supervisor lights are switched off when not being fluorescent District used; tubes Install energy saving fluorescent tubes at all lighting points instead of bulbs which consume higher electric energy; Explore use of renewable energy like solar photovoltaic cells; Construct Campsite Competition over Harness rainwater for construction and Rainwater Monthly Contractor 6,000,000 ion operation access to water domestic use to avoid conflicts over water harvest Supervisor with communities; system with District Install water conserving taps that turn-off tanks automatically when water is not being used; and sensitize staff to conserve water by avoiding unnecessary toilet flushing; Install a discharge meter at water outlets to determine and monitor total water usage; Promptly detect, repair water pipe, tank leak Construct Campsite and Increased Implement 3 R principles (Reducing, reusing, Waste bins Monthly Contractor 6,000,000 ion work site generation of solid recycling wastes); and Dispose waste more Garbages on Supervisor operation wastes; responsibly by dumping at designated site District 182 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) dumping sites; Contract Avail solid waste bins and sort garbage with the according different categories (e-wastes, local waste chemicals, plastics, metals, glasses collection papers/wood and biodegradable wastes); company Construction materials left over at the end of construction are used in other projects rather than being disposed of; Use of durable, long-lasting materials that will not need to be replaced as often; Construct Campsite and Generation of Install pit latrines at campsite and portable Presence of Monthly Contractor 6,000,000 ion work site sewage toilets at working sites latrines at Supervisor operation Being temporal, pit latrines shall be connected campsites District to the soak away pits. Sewage from and working portable toilets will appropriately disposed sites in soak away pits Attention shall be paid to avoid digging pit latrines in area with shallow groundwater. Construct Excavation, cut, Damage of Ensure that road works are restricted in the Cases of Monthly Contractor 6,000,000 ion compaction, properties and „right-of-way‟ of the existing road; unfixed or Supervisor installation of infrastructures; Ensure consultation with affected peoples prior non- District drains and to roads construction works; compensated culverts damages Maintaining, repairing any damages caused by road project on public or private structures Record of (e.g. water network supplies); complaints Ensure appropriate compensation or identify Grievance suitable land (e.g. land having the same Redress clan ownership) for resettlement; Committee Report Ensure the participation of grievance redress committee at the most appropriate level Divert water to secure areas without destroying properties 183 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) Construct All construction Social welfare Construction workers shall be given breaks to Break to Monthly Contractor 4,200,000 ion works go for lunch; workers Supervisor Avail onsite canteen to supply food and potable District water; Availability Implement all measures detailed Sections 6.7 of potable (Community Health, Safety and Security water Management Plan) Construct All construction Conflict over Local residents will be given the priority during Recorded Monthly Contractor 6,000,000 ion works jobs between workforce selection; cases of Supervisor local people and Sitting workers camp away from existing conflicts District external settlements, and camp should be furnished Grievance workers with all necessary services; Redress Identify construction workers by wearing Committee uniforms and even identity tags; Report Construct Camp and work Insecurity of Cooperate with administration to appoint Number of Daily Contractor 4,800,000 ion site operation workers on site or security personnel operating 24 hours security Supervisor camp site; where needed; guards on District Body-search the workers to avoid getting site weapons on site, to ensure nothing is stolen; Ensure only authorized personnel get to site Security alarms will be installed in vehicles and other appropriate devices or areas; Construct Camp and work Pressure on Ban on construction workers wood poaching Number of Monthly Contractor 2,400,000 ion site operation land, natural and anarchic collection of timber forestry cases of Supervisor resources products; degraded District Recruit workforce from the within community ecosystem to lessen their travelling time; by the project Re-vegetate the road side and other work sites works (borrow pits, quarries, dumpsites) according the re-vegetation plan detailed in section 6.9 184 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) Construct Camp and work Increase of Develop a sensitization campaign to the staff Campaigns Monthly Contractor 6,000,000 ion site operation HIV/AIDS, on HIV&AIDS and other STDs ; against Supervisor other STDs; and Establish a voluntary testing to determine HIV HIV&AIDS District unwanted status; counseling at existing medical and other pregnancies STDs; and Local facilities; unwanted comm Install a sensitization campaign during unity pregnancies Umugoroba w‟Ababyeyi (Village Roundtable Programme) will be done to Grievance teach young girls and women on changes redress to be brought by the project and their committee implication on their social and sexual life reports The client shall ensure that the contractor on sign a contract with provision related to monitoring of the sexual behaviours of the workers. The contractor shall pursue workers who have impregnated local women Construct Camp and work Occupational Ensure that all plans and equipment to be used Emergency Monthly Contractor 7,200,000 ion site operation health and safety are certified by the relevant authority; plans; Supervisor risks; Incidents, Provide well stocked first aid box to be easily Number of District Accidents and accessible within the premises; PPEs; Dangerous Fire-fighting equipment e.g. fire extinguishers Cases of occurrences; and hydrant systems to be provided at Occupationa strategic locations (e.g. stores); l diseases Regular inspection and servicing of the and equipment must be undertaken by a accidents; reputable service provider; Record of Provide signage indicating works in progress, accidents communicate to public on segments to be worked on, alternative routes; Circuits must not be overloaded; Electrical fittings near all potential sources of 185 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) ignition should be flame proof; All electrical equipment must be earthed; Keep a record of all hazardous chemicals used at construction sites; In case of spills implement the contingency plan detailed in 6.6; No eating or drinking in areas where chemicals are stored or used; Develop suitable system for safe collection, recycling and disposal of chemical wastes. If needed, look for advises from REMA. Provide workers in areas with elevated noise and vibration levels, with suitable ear protection equipment such as ear muffs; Ensure that construction workers are provided with adequate supply of wholesome drinking water; Implement all measures detailed in section 6.7 (Community Health, Safety and Security Management Plan) Constr All project Employing under Only people with above 18 years shall be Weekly Weekly Contractor N/A uction construction age recruited as per the labor law report of Supervisor activities workforce The contractor shall engage in consultation workers District and school with local parents and authority to make attendance drop out sure that all children go to school list with Local Female under their birth The district shall hold local authorities communiti employed date responsible and parent accountable for es failing to properly educate their children Female shall be encouraged to work for the project (a quota of at least 30% female shall be respected) Constructio Recruitment Labor influx and The contractor shall give priority to local Recruitment Monthly Contractor N/A 186 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Project Project activities Negative impacts Suggested mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibi Cost phase Indicator Frequen lity estimate cy (Rwf) n of labor force associated : (a) residents during recruitment report Supervisor health and Establishment of effective community District security problems engagement and grievance redress (b) Gender Based mechanism to handled grievances as Violence or detailed in 7.5 harassment; (c) Elaborate and implement the code of conduct prostitution to guide the behavior of the employees as detailed in Annex 6) Train all staff against Gender Based Violence according the Training and capacity building plan in Section 6.11 Introducing sanctions for non-compliant workers (e.g., work termination or cooperation with Police) Constructio All project Staff not aware of Elaborate and implement the Environmental, Signed Quarterly Developer 1,000,000 n construction the best practices Occupation, Health and Safety Policy (for Occupation, Contra works for the more details see Annex 5) Health and ctor environmental and Elaborate and implement the code of conduct Safety Supervisor social to guide the behavior of the employees as Policy management detailed in Annex 6 Code of Train all staff according the Training and conduct capacity building plan detailed in Section 6.11 187 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.4 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan 6.4.1 Introduction The benefits of environmental and social monitoring fall in three general categories: to audit mitigation measures, to refine impact assessment methods, and to improve project outcomes through adaptive environmental management. First, monitoring determines whether responsible agencies implemented the promised mitigation measures and whether these measures were effective. Second, monitoring compares the actual effects of a project to its predicted effects. Third, monitoring improves project outcomes through adaptive environmental management. 6.4.2 Institutional arrangement and roles For this project MININFRA is designated as the overall coordinating Ministry and represents the Government of Rwanda. The MININFRA will be the project executing Ministry with the key role of coordinating the implementing agencies (LODA and Secondary City Districts) and other key players including RHA, RTDA, WASAC and REMA among others. LODA, RHA and RTDA will have an oversight role over the implementing agencies which include the Districts of the six secondary cities. The oversight will include coordination and monitoring of performance of implementation of the respective subprojects, risk management, monitoring & evaluation and disclosure of information, developing and putting in place performance agreements, and developing and implementing the communication strategy for Urban Development Project. 6.4.2.1 Local Administrative Entities Development Agency (LODA) LODA will have an oversight role over the implementing agencies which include the Districts of the six secondary cities. Apart from the responsibilities discussed above (9.3.2), LODA will be responsible for: a. Managing of funds, and will host the Project Management Unit. b. Managing and oversee the implementation of the subprojects by the beneficiary Districts. 188 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare c. Contracting of supervision and other consultancies, according to agreed procurement procedures d. Managing sub accounts according to agreed financial arrangements e. Providing quarterly financial reports on physical and financial progress f. Environmental and Social Safeguards Implementation g. Informing and engaging districts h. Providing technical assistance and trainings to districts and other stakeholders 6.4.2.2 Rwanda Development Board (RDB) The role of RDB is to review and approve the ESIA Reports and issue EIA certificate. 6.3.2.3 Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) REMA shall: a. Monitor and supervise the environmental impact assessment implementation, environmental audit, and any other environmental study. b. Monitor and assess development programs to ensure compliance with the laws on environment during their preparation and implementation; 6.4.2.4 Contractor The Contractor shall: a) Be responsible for developing the ESMP (Contractor's ESMP) to achieve the environmental specifications contained herein and the relevant requirements contained in the Certificate of Approval, issued by RDB; b) Be responsible for the overall implementation of the ESMP in accordance with the provisions of ESMF, ESIA and conditions of Approval, issued by RDB; c) Ensure that all third parties who carry out all or part of the Contractor‟s obligations under the Contract comply with the requirements of this ESMP; and work closely with LODA, Districts and Supervisors/Consultant. d) Develop ESMP and Rehabilitation Plans for borrow pits, dumping sites and quarries e) Contracting the staff and provide them with protection equipment/ Gender sensitivity 189 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare f) Ensure the Health and safety of the communities g) Restore the borrow pits and quarry to the near previous condition h) Conduct awareness programmes for HIV Aids, STD, Malaria and Ebola prevention 6.4.2.5 Districts The secondary city districts will have the role of implementation of their respective subprojects. They shall be responsible for the implementation of environmental laws, policies, strategies, objectives and programmes applicable to RUDP phase 2. a) Monitor the compliance to the national guidelines for protection, conservation and promotion of the environment. b) Contracting of the contractor c) Participate in grievance redress process d) Organise consultation process 6.4.2.6 Supervising Firm/Consultant The consultant will be responsible for issuing instructions to the contractor and where environmental considerations call for action to be taken. The consultant Environmental Specialist shall submit regular written reports to districts and LODA on a monthly basis (in case of emergency, there should be a direct report). The Supervising Consultant will be responsible for the monitoring, reviewing and verifying of compliance with the ESMP (the plan) and conditions of the Certificate of Approval by the Contractor. His / Her duties in this regard will include, inter alia, the following: a) Confirming that the Certificate of Approval and all permits required (ESIA Certificate, permits for establishment of borrow pits, dumpsites, quarries, crusher and asphalt plants, etc) in terms of the applicable legislation have been obtained prior to the activity commencing. b) Monitoring and verifying that the ESMP (the plan), Conditions of Authorisation in the Certificate of Approval and Contract are adhered to at all times and taking action if specifications are not followed. c) Monitoring and verifying that environmental impacts are prevented or kept to a minimum. 190 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare d) Reviewing and approving method statements, in order to ensure that the environmental specifications contained within this ESMP (the plan) and Certificate of Approval are adhered to. e) Inspecting the site and surrounding areas on a regular basis with regards to compliance with the ESMP (the plan), Certificate of Approval and Contract. f) Monitoring the undertaking by the Contractor of environmental awareness training for all new personnel on site during construction and for maintenance activities during operation. g) Ensuring that activities on site comply with all relevant environmental legislation. h) Ordering the removal of, person(s) and/or equipment not complying with the specifications of the ESMP and/or Certificate of Approval. i) Undertaking a continual internal review of the ESMP (the plan) and submitting any changes to LODA and/or REMA or RDB and the concerned Lead Agencies (in case of major changes) for review and approval. j) Checking the register of complaints maintained and ensuring that the correct actions are/were taken in response to these complaints. k) Checking that the required actions are/were undertaken to mitigate the impacts resulting from non-compliance. l) Reporting all incidences of non-compliance to the management of LODA. m) Conducting monthly environmental performance audits in respect of the activities undertaken relating to the project. n) Keeping a photographic record of progress on site during construction from an environmental perspective. o) Recommending additional environmental protection measures, shall this be necessary. p) Providing report back on any environmental issues at site meetings. q) Submit the status of the ESMP implementation on monthly, quarterly bases and at the end of the project 6.4.2.7 Local Community Local communities will be mostly affected by project impacts. The local community shall 191 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare a) Provide information on violation or non -compliance to environmental requirements, b) Participate in and provide information on the effectiveness of grievance resolution 6.4.2.8 Independent External Environmental Auditor An independent external environmental auditor shall be appointed by LODA to ensure compliance with the ESMP (the plan). The intervals at which environmental audits shall be undertaken shall be agreed upon by LODA, the Contractor, Supervising Consultant, districts and REMA. The environmental audit programme shall at least include the following: a) A comprehensive environmental audit will be undertaken at the completion of the construction phase to verify compliance with the ESMP, Certificate of Approval and all applicable environmental legislation. An audit report shall contain recommendations on environmental management activities which are required to be implemented within the subsequent phase. The external auditor shall report concurrently to the Contractor and LODA. b) Periodic environmental audits to be undertaken during the operations phase in order to verify on-going satisfactory environmental management performance. These audits must be followed up with appropriate remedial and corrective actions shall the audit findings demonstrate any non-conformance or non-compliance with the specifications of the ESMP (the plan). c) Compile and agree on (together with LODA) a template for the appointed Supervising Consultant‟s monthly reports essentially meaning that an Independent Environmental Auditor (IEA) will need to be appointed right at the commencement of the project. 6.4.3 Environmental monitoring parameters and permissible standards Environmental monitoring of environmental parameters (noise levels, water quality, air quality, erosion/wastes, vegetation clearance, work and traffic safety, etc) is recommended (). 6.4.3.1 Project Safeguard Management Capacity of RUDP 1 Under RUDP Phase 1, the daeguard management was carried out at different levels and staff with enough capacity for environmental and social safeguard as detailed below: 192 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare o At LODA level, they were two permanent staffs assigned as environmental safeguard specialist and social safeguards specialists; o The consultant had also two assigned staff as environmental and social safeguards specialists respectively, o And each contractor for each secondary city has two staff assigned as environmental and social safeguards officers. o In addition, the WB had two staff assigned as environmental and social safeguards experts. In general, the RUDP Phase 1 safeguard capacity was enough to achieved and implement social and environmental safeguards by using the developed tools; ESMF, RPF, ESIA and Contractors‟ ESMP. 6.4.3.2 Water quality The contractor shall monitor the water quality parameters (pH, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, nitrate, phosphate, lead, total coliforms and E.coli) at different sites shown in Table 3-2 to check the effectiveness of mitigation measures. 6.4.3.3 Noise Levels Monitoring Noise during construction is expected to be a major problem with in the Project areas, hence periodic sampling of Contractor equipment and at work sites should be undertaken to check the effectiveness of the mitigation measures are in place. Noise level will be checked against the baseline information as reported in chapter 5 (Figure 5-4, 5-10, 5-17, 5-24, 5-28, 5-34). 6.4.3.4 Air Quality The contractor shall monitor dust levels during earthmoving and excavation activities. The contractor shall also monitor gas emissions from the project vehicles to check the compliance with the air quality standards (Table 3-3). 6.4.3.5 Soil Erosion Monitoring The excavation of earth for the construction of roads, work camps and storage facilities will exacerbate soil erosion. It will, therefore, be the responsibility of the Contractor‟s environmentalist to ensure the implementation and effectiveness of erosion control measures. 193 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Focus should be given to work sites where soil is disturbed and its immediate environ as well as along the wetlands during and after vegetation clearing. 6.4.3.6 Monitoring Rehabilitation of campsites The Contractor‟s environmental inspectors should ensure that areas used as temporary campsites for workers and storage of hazardous materials during construction are progressively rehabilitated as they are no longer required. Once a site is rehabilitated it should be “signed off” by REMA or District environmental officer. . 6.4.3.7 Monitoring of Accidents/Health The Contractor‟s environmental inspectors must make sure that appropriate signs are posted at appropriate locations/positions to minimise/eliminate risk of accidents. In addition the environmental inspectors should monitor the following: a) All the workers are adequately provided with Personal Protective Equipment‟s/gears depending on the nature of assignment; b) Measures to create awareness regarding sexually transmitted diseases, primarily HIV/AIDS, and other diseases such as malaria re taken; c) Preventive measures to reduce/eliminate malarial, infections where/when ever appropriate are put in place; d) Periodic health surveys are carried out along the transmission route; LODA will have overall responsibility to oversee that all environmental measures are put in place and that regulations are enforced. The construction supervision consultant should assist LODA in this process in order to make sure that contractors fulfil the environmental requirements. The following parameters could be used as indicators: a) Presence of posted visible signs at construction sites; b) Presence of sanitary facilities at construction sites ; c) Level of awareness of communities pertaining to dangers/risks associated with asphalt road project; d) Accidents and incidents reports. 194 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.4.3.8 Waste Management Monitoring The Construction Contractor shall regularly monitor the management of wastes through the following parameters:  Quantity of waste generated  Metric tons of earth waste  Location and status of the dumpsite  Frequency of waste collection from the generation sites 6.4.3.9 Oil Spillage Monitoring Oil spills, along RUDP phase 2 and within workshop premises, to be one of the key issues for monitoring. Specify parameters to monitor will include oil, greases, in surface water, lakes, and wetlands. 6.4.3.10 How to monitor Monitoring will be done through site inspection, review of grievances logged by stakeholders and ad hoc discussions with potentially affected persons. For each monitoring visit, a discussion with a chairperson of the local grievance committee of the area‟s local leadership at District level could provide insight into grievances a given community has about the project. Monitoring will be undertaken by an interagency committee involving local government offices and key institutions mandated for these roles including RTDA and LODA Implementing Unit. 6.4.3.11 Frequency of Monitoring and Reporting Monitoring will be undertaken monthly over the construction period. Detailed monthly monitoring reports with clear illustrations of implementation of mitigation measures shall be compiled by the contractor‟s environmental officer under oversight of the supervising engineer. The reports will be based on records kept as per requirements of the General Specifications of the Road & Bridge Works. These detailed reports with evidence of compliance shall be prepared and appended to summary monthly reports. 195 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.5 Storm Water Management Plan 6.5.1 Importance of a storm water management plan The purpose of a storm water management plan is to protect, maintain and enhance the public health, safety, and general welfare of humans and the environment by establishing minimum requirements and procedures to control the adverse impacts associated with increased storm water runoff. Proper management of storm water runoff will minimize damage to public and private property, reduce the effects of development on land, control stream channel erosion, pollution and sediment deposition, reduce local flooding, and, in some instances, maintain the pre-development runoff characteristics. This project appreciates the importance of managing storm water, understands and shall abide by the ruling that discharge of any storm water, non-treated drain waters and waste from any plot area to the surface bodies or on the surrounding land is forbidden. We, therefore, came up with a number of storm water management measures to curb any predicted storm water run-off from this project, either at the construction or operation phases. 6.5.2 Storm water management measures The kind of management measures for adaptation at the project site during roads and drainage construction in the Secondary Cities can be categorized as: ● Non-structural storm water management measures and, ● Structural storm water management measures. Non-structural storm water management measures Non-structural storm water measures are preventative actions that involve managerial planning and source controls. The following are non-structural storm water management practices that shall be applied at both the construction and operation phases of the project to minimize increases in new development runoff: Construction phase 196 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ● Establishment of a temporary storm water collection pond made of impervious material, positioned at probably the lowest points of the road alignment and drainage based on the project area contours. This will hold water which may be used for construction of the road and drainage and also serve other purposes. ● Phased excavation to avoid opening big chunks of land at once, ● Fast tracking of the project works to avoid stockpiles open for long, ● Compacting of excavated area to minimize erosion effect from storm water. During operation phase ● Natural area conservation- Green areas and other vegetation cover are provided for the road and drainage side and surrounding the project area to reduce run-off, through planting of grass and trees; ● Disconnection of rooftop runoff- rain collection gutters along the roof top of the offices or camp sites shall be directed into water tanks from which water shall be sourced for equipment washing and pavement cleaning. Structural storm water management measures Structural storm water measures are physically constructed controls that may remove pollutants from runoff, limit the rate of runoff, prevent contact between runoff and pollutants, and stabilize pollutants. The following structural storm water management practices shall be designed to satisfy an applicable minimum control at both the construction and operation phase. ● Well networked surface drainage open channels covered by grills shall be built within alongside the roads and along the access roads. ● Water drains shall be built to channel surface water into a planned storm water collection pond at the construction stage. ● Physical buffering through well planned landscaping of the project site is planned for, to reduce the run-off velocity thereby reducing soil erosion, sedimentation or any other adverse effects of storm water. 197 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Vegetative buffers (such as grass growing), to allow for storm water management infiltration, shall assist in ground infiltration of the likely storm run-off and thereby improving the ground water re-charge. 6.5.3 Storm water monitoring plan This storm water monitoring plan is intended to ensure that all the mitigation measures proposed are addressed in the management plan. The purpose of an environmental monitoring plan is to: ● Define the mitigation monitoring and execution requirements associated with the construction and operation phase of this project. ● Define the indicators and processes used to identify and execute mitigation actions related to the project. ● Ensure that any other impacts that may arise out of the project during implementation can be identified from indicators set and appropriate mitigation measures are taken. ● Establishing roles and responsibilities and implementing procedures for effective execution of the mitigation process This plan describes the mitigation monitoring and execution approach, responsibilities, and procedures associated with the Project. The storm water monitoring plans for the different project phases (construction and operation) are given according to the proposed mitigation measures (Table 6-3, Table 6-4). 198 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 6- 3: Storm water management plan during Construction phase Activity Requirements Procedure Implementation Responsibility schedule Storm water Site plans Phased excavation of the Road and drainage, Contractor management indicating the road corridor to avoid camp sites clearing area to be opening big chunks of time. excavated land at once Work Fast tracking of the Excavation for Contractor implementation project works to avoid drainage and road. schedules keeping excavated areas open for long Ground Compacting of excavated Foundation Contractor compacting area to minimize erosion backfilling time. equipment effect Levelling of site after construction. Work Physical buffering Foundation Contractor implementation through well planned backfilling time. schedules landscaping of the Levelling of site/ project site roads/ drainage after construction. Table 6- 4: Storm water management plan during operational phase Activity Requirements Procedure Implementation Responsibility schedule Storm water Provision of Green areas and other At the end of the Contractor management green areas. vegetation cover are construction, when provided for alongside preparing the road the roads and drainages to and drainage for prevent erosion and commissioning. beautify the developed areas. Paving of side Pavement of walkways At the end of the Contractor and cycle and cycle lanes thus construction, when lanes minimizing erosion and preparing the road/ dust effect and reduce drainage for road usage conflicts. commissioning. 199 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.6 Contingency Plan 6.6.1 Spills 6.6.1.1 Petroleum/Gasoline spills Petroleum/Gasoline may be stored on-site for use by machinery and vehicles during construction of the roads and drainage in the six secondary cities (Muhanga, Huye, Rusizi, Musanze, Rubavu and Nyagatare districts). Petrol/gasoline spill is: a) Highly flammable b) Explosive when in vapour foam c) Easily ignited by flame or spark; lighter than water (floats on water) d) Toxic to humans by ingestion e) Toxic to aquatic organisms The initial response to petrol/gasoline spill will be: a) Stopping the flow at the source if possible. b) Eliminating all possible sources of ignition (e.g. extinguish cigarette, shut off motors, generators) c) Evacuating danger area d) Carefully considering the hazards and merits of trying to contain the spill if it is safe to do so and obvious benefits of containment is apparent (e.g. contain if flowing towards a water course.) otherwise leave gasoline to spread and evaporate e) Meeting at the emergency assembly point f) Notifying the Supervising consultant. In the event of fire, the response will be: a) Using CO2 , dry chemical, foam or water spray (fog); b) Using jet streams to wash away burning gasoline. c) Diverting the gasoline to an open area and let it burn under control. d) Using water to cool the tank surfaces. e) Being aware of re-ignition if the fire is put out before all the gasoline is consumed. Petrol/gasoline can be recovered in the following manner: 200 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare a) Unburnt gasoline can be soaked up by sand or pit moss or by commercial sorbets. b) If necessary, contaminated soil will be excavated, c) Gasoline entering the ground can be recovered digging sumps or trenches and pumping from below water table. d) Petrol/ gasoline can be disposed of in the following manner. e) Evaporation incineration under controlled manner. 6.6.1.2 Other Fuels and Oil Products Fuel and Oil products spills will be contained using local earth material and /or sand bags. Spill clean-up equipment specifically designed for other fuel and Oil products are to be located at the construction camp areas and at other detached storages. Dangers associated with fuel oil spills include: a) Risks associated with flammability. b) Mildly toxic by ingestion, highly toxic if aspirated. c) Moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. d) Harmful to waterfowl e) Floats on water. Spills or leaks of all light and medium oils, including fuel oil at storage facilities will be responded to by the following steps: a) Identifying the source of the leak or spill b) Stopping flow if possible c) Eliminating open flame ignition processes. d) Containing the spill. e) Notifying the Supervisor's Representatives f) Initiating Spill Response Plan. In the event of tank rapture, the containment berm is designed to contain the full capacity of the tank. This will allow the oil to be contained and pumped out into salvage tanks. Contaminated soil from the site will be excavated, and transported to a treatment facility or treated on site by air sparging. Spilled diesel fuel can be covered by commercial sorbents or by sand straw or peat moss. If necessary, contaminated soil will be excavated. Digging sumps or trenches and 201 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare pumping from below water table can recover diesel fuel saturated soil. Fuel spills on land will be responded to by the following procedures: a) Construction of earth berm down slope of the running or seeping fluid. b) Plastic taps may be placed at the base of the berm to allow the fuel pool on the plastic tarp for easy capture with absorbent pads, c) Pads may be squeezed into empty drums and re-used. d) Larger pools may be pumped back into the drums. e) Special care will be taken to prevent the fuel from entering the water body or water where it will have greater negative impact. f) Contaminated soil and vegetation may have to be removed and disposed off at well designated dump site in each district. Fire Response methods for Diesel Fuel includes: a) CO2, dry chemical, form, or water spray. b) Water to cool tank surface. c) Diversion of the diesel to an open area and let it burn of under control. d) Awareness of re-ignition if the fire is put before all diesel fuel is consumed Fuel spills on water will be contained immediately to restrict the extent of the floating fuel. The methods, which may be used to contain the fuel include: a) Booms deployed to contain the spill. b) Absorbent pads used to capture small spills on watercourse. c) A skimmer to recover oil contained by boom and then pumps the recovered fuel into empty fuel drums. 6.6.1.3 Acid Spills These occur mainly from vehicle batteries and other materials with acidic chemical properties. Spills of acid will be contained using sand bags and neutralization can be accomplished using either soda ash or lime. Both the sand bags and lime will be stored at equipment maintenance yards‟/service areas. Following neutralization, the area will be carefully flushed with water. Any water used for flushing a spill shall be contained, recovered and disposed of in an approved manner. 202 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.6.1.4 Concrete During any course of concrete pour in the storm water pathways but mainly in the water courses, carbon-dioxide cylinders will be ready for use to neutralize the effect of the concrete. 6.6.2 Plan Review and Training The Spill Contingency and Response Plan will be reviewed periodically by the Supervising consultant, Environmental officer (Contractors side), the Contractor's Project Manager and the District Environmentalist. Reviews will include updates to the products on site, suggested amendments to the plan, and reviews of handling and spill mitigation measures and other relevant information. The Spill Contingency and Response Plan will be a key component of Environmental Awareness Training Programs. All personnel on site will receive training in the use of the plan, prevention, expected reporting of spills, reporting structure, response, and follow-up. 6.7 Community Health, Safety and Security Management Plan This plan provides potential community health, safety and a security risk associated with the implementation of RUDP Phase 2 and helps to provide guidance that respond and mitigate the identified risks. Under this plan all applicable laws and standards stated in legal and institutional framework shall apply. The table below shows the potential risks of RUDP Phase 2 activities in the 6 secondary cities, the proposed mitigation measures and the responsibilities. Table 6-5 summarizes the Community Health, Safety and Security Management Plan. 203 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 6- 5: Community Health, Safety and Security Management Plan Potential Risk Mitigation Measures Responsible Increased pressure on health  Health services of the new workers Contractor services and infrastructure. The shall be provided especially the Community Liaison influx of new workers from medical insurance “Mutuelle de and Health Officer outside areas to the project area santé” and where possible, the will increase demand on existing contractor may assist with the health services improvement of healthcare infrastructure. Increased security problems in the  Grant safety and security to Contractor project area workers and locals by collaborating District with local administrative Police authorities and police and by providing day and night security guards and adequate lighting within and around the campsites;  Establishment of effective community engagement and grievance redress mechanism to handled grievances.  Introducing sanctions for non- compliance (e.g., termination) e) cooperation with law enforcement agencies and will provide workers opportunity to spend their time off away from the host community Increased Gender based Violence  Robust measures to address the risk of Contractor and prostitution gender-based violence will be District implemented through: a) training of Police workforce about refraining from unacceptable conduct, b) informing workers about national laws, c) introducing a Worker Code of Conduct as part of the employment contract (Annex 6), d) introducing sanctions for non-compliance (e.g., termination) e) cooperation with law enforcement agencies and will provide workers opportunity to spend their time off away from the host community Spread of Communicable  Awareness campaigns on hygiene Contractor diseases. The influx of new and sanitation and how these Community Liaison workers to the area could bring diseases spread. and Health Officer with it an increase of communicable diseases. Dust from transport and vehicles  Control speed limits; Contractor and machineries on roads  Haul truck transporting volatile Environmental construction materials Officer  Ensure haul trucks are not overloaded and are covered where 204 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Potential Risk Mitigation Measures Responsible necessary;  Control of moisture content on haul road via sprinkling; Monitoring to ensure all dust emission are within national and international best practice limits. Road accidents  Control speed limits; Contractor  Ensure haul trucks are not Safety Officer overloaded and are covered where necessary;  Investigate reasons and implement stricter or new measures if need it.  Erect speed control signs  Community awareness  All measures are written in separate Traffic Management Plan Diffuse run-off from roads,  Ditches will channel surface water Contractor construction areas and other runoff to the designated areas Environmental disturbed areas may contain  Maximum reuse or recycle of Officer elevated concentrations of process waste water; suspended solids or pollutants.  Water monitoring will be conducted. Noise will be significant during  Monitoring will be conducted; Contractor construction.  Operating hours of the open pit Community Liaison activities only during the daily and Health Officer hours;  Speed restrictions on Site traffic; and  Workers provided with PPE. Potential Economic impact on  Local residents will be hired where Contractor household livelihoods possible Community Liaison  Implementation of a Livelihood and Health Officer Restoration Programme in the Districts Loss of properties due to road  Ensure expropriation and Contractor upgrading compensation are carried out as per Community Liaison the ARAP and expropriation Law and Health Officer  All compensations and expropriation should be paid prior to commencement of works Gas emissions from project  Constant preventative emission Contractor vehicles, trucks and construction control; Safety Officer machineries  Ensure all project vehicles and trucks have valid vehicle inspection certificates,  Good design of plant and use of modern machineries and plant;  Air quality monitoring. Dust from construction activities  Open pit engineering design to Contractor 205 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Potential Risk Mitigation Measures Responsible including quarries and borrow ensure less dust escapes and is Environmental pits captured in the void; Officer  Consider the meteorological conditions;  Water sprays on excavators,  Workers provided with appropriate PPE. 206 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.8 Traffic Management Plan and Safety Signages This proposed traffic management plan provides measures to avoid accidents during the implementation of RUDP Phase 2 activities in the 6 secondary cities. 6.8.1 Issues and problems related to Traffic Management Plan The following issues can be identified: Lack of traffic discipline i. Trucks or construction machineries stop near intersections and in all lanes just in front of intersection without any consideration of traffic flow or stop in the middle of the road, ii. Trucks and construction machineries drive at high speed in the project road and can cause serious accidents, iii. Vehicles stop near intersections and in all lanes just in front of intersection without any consideration of traffic flow or stop in the middle of the road to pick up and/or drop passengers, iv. Motorized vehicles are parked along roads, even if parking is forbidden. Poor pedestrian facilities and behavior i. Pedestrians walk on the roadway because sidewalks are being upgraded, closed or occupied by unauthorized parking, ii. Pedestrians cross the road under construction everywhere and any time even if trucks, construction machineries or vehicle are passing through. iii. In roundabouts, pedestrians are waking anywhere and anytime when they want. Poor Traffic Operation i. The flag-person directs traffic against traffic/safety signals, ii. The flag-person uses sign posts which are not visible at distance or during darkness periods to direct traffic. iii. Many obstructions such as construction materials, construction equipment, construction wastes are occupied in road spaces. Poor traffic management facilities i. Road markings are non-existent or out of paint and lanes are not marked on the roadway, 207 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ii. Very few or poorly made road signs are installed on the road construction corridor and junctions, Poor traffic Signals i. No truck, construction machineries and vehicle drivers follow traffic signal, ii. Some of the traffic signals are malfunctioning. Poor compliance for drivers Most of people do not follow traffic rules properly because most of drivers are not well-trained or are reluctant to abide by the traffic rules. Table 6-6 proposes the countermeasures the Traffic issues Table 6- 6: Proposed countermeasures the Traffic issues Problem Cause Countermeasure Responsible Lack of traffic Trucks or construction All trucks and machineries Contractor discipline machineries stop near should not stop near Health and safety intersections intersection officer Flag-person Trucks and construction Speed limit sign posts should Contractor machineries drive at high speed be installed and a flag-person Health and safety to ensure compliance officer Flag-person Vehicles and construction Vehicle should be prohibited Contractor machineries stop in the middle to stop in the middle of road Health and safety of the road when not at duty officer Flag-person Motorized vehicles are parked A parking should be provided Contractor along roads Health and safety officer Flag-person Poor pedestrian Pedestrians walk on the Ensure sidewalks are not Contractor facilities and roadway occupied by unauthorized Health and safety behavior parking officer Flag-person Pedestrians cross the road under Pedestrians should be guided Contractor construction everywhere and when crossing the road under Health and safety any time even construction officer Flag-person Pedestrians are waking in Pedestrian should be stopped Contractor roundabouts, anywhere and from walking in the round or Health and safety anytime when they want guided when construction officer activities are being carried out Flag-person Poor Traffic The flag-person directs traffic The flag-person should follow Contractor 208 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Problem Cause Countermeasure Responsible Operation against traffic/safety signals the safety signals provided Health and safety officer Flag-person The flag-person uses sign posts New and visible sign posts Contractor which are not visible at distance should be provided Health and safety or during darkness periods to officer direct traffic Flag-person Many obstructions such as All obstruction should be Contractor construction materials, removed on the road space Health and safety construction equipment, and corridor officer construction wastes are Flag-person occupied in road spaces. Poor traffic Road markings are non-existent Ensure all required sign posts Contractor management or out of paint and lanes are not are installed or marked on the Health and safety facilities marked on the roadway roadway officer Flag-person Very few or poorly made road Ensure worn out sign posts are Contractor signs are installed on the road removed and replaced by new Health and safety construction corridor and ones officer junctions. Flag-person Poor traffic No truck, construction Ensure all drivers comply with Contractor Signals machineries and vehicle drivers traffic signs. Failure to comply Health and safety follow traffic signal sanctions should be provided officer Flag-person Some of the traffic signals are Ensure malfunctioning sign Contractor malfunctioning. posts are replaced Health and safety officer Flag-person Poor compliance Most of people do not follow Toolbox meetings about Contractor for drivers traffic rules properly most of traffic rules should be Health and safety drivers are not well-trained or provided to all workers and officer are reluctant to abide by the drivers Flag-person traffic rules. 6.8.2 Road safety signs Road safety signs to be used in RUDP phase 2 are classified basing on the purpose and message intended as: regulatory signs, warning signs and advisory signs and temporary signs as detailed in the Table 6-7. These signs shall be installed to avoid accidents, injuries and fatalities. Table 6- 7: Road safety signs to be used during the implementation (construction phase) of RUDP phase 2 SIGN TYPE PURPOSE EXAMPLE MEANING 209 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare SIGN TYPE PURPOSE EXAMPLE MEANING REGULATORY Regulatory road sign are signs Vehicles should that are used to indicate or stop before reinforce traffic laws, crossing or regulations or requirements continuing to a which apply either at all times given direction or at specified times or places Strictly prohibited upon a road, street or highway to enter. under use or construction the disregard of which may No parking constitute a violation, or signs allowed at this in general that regulate public. point. One way sign. Not allowed to use the lane. Hooting not allowed. Slow down. Warning about students/ pedestrians crossing a road Speed limited at 30 km/h. 210 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare SIGN TYPE PURPOSE EXAMPLE MEANING Risk of stones falling on the road. Road closed to users. WARNING Warning sign is a type of sign Worki taking which indicates a potential place. hazard, obstacle or condition requiring special attention. Narrow road Some are traffic signs that ahead. indicate hazards on roads that may not be readily apparent to a driver. The warning signs Humps ahead usually contain a symbol Informing that trucks and heavy machineries use the road. Area close to many users of the road. Zebra crossing 211 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare SIGN TYPE PURPOSE EXAMPLE MEANING ADVISORY Advisory sign posts are often Speed limit near a seen under a warning sign and turn. typically placed at sharp curves, exits, or exit ramps. Risk sliding or slipery aear. Slope of 10 % ahead Speed limit to 40 km/h due to works. 6.9 Vegetation Restoration Plan 6.9.1 Rehabilitation objectives The purpose of the re-vegetation plan is to identify effective re-vegetation practices that help accelerate the natural succession processes that occur following the clearing of native vegetation and soil disturbance. The re-vegetation objectives are to:  Ensure roadside stability and minimise maintenance;  Ensure that conservation values and biodiversity are protected; and  Ensure local amenity and aesthetics are enhanced. 6.9.2 Existing vegetation The project areas is the urban area and has limited vegetation number/species along the road. The main vegetation along the road is dominated by herbs (Digitaria sp, Digitaria sp, Bidens 212 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare pilosa, Commelina Africana, Ocimum lamiifolium, Cynodon dactylon, Settaria sp ), fruit trees (Citrus aurantium, Citrus aurantifolia, Psidium guajava, Passiflora incarnate, Psidium guajava, Persea Americana, Carica papaya, Manguifera indica) and wood trees (Acacia abyssinica, Eucalyptus sp., Pinus patula, Bambusa vulgaris, Grevillea robusta) and crops (Musa sapientum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, Zea mays, Ipomoea batatas, Beta vulgaris, Brassica oleracea). 6.9.3 Types and quantity of vegetation to be planted Ideally, the reinstated roadside vegetation should be similar in structure and content to comparable naturally occurring vegetation in the local area and would reflect the vegetation communities present in the road reserve and adjacent bushland. However, as discussed in 6.8.2, the project area is typical urban area and has limited natural vegetation. The consultation with the district officials insisted on the need to conform to the district beautification plan when planting trees and grasses along the roads. They insisted on the need to find the alternative to the very common Umukindo trees (Phoenix reclinata). In Rubavu, they wished planting coniferous trees (e.g Callitris columellaris) and Schefflera arboricola) with spacing of 5 m per each road side. In Muhanga they wished to plant Casualina Equisetifolia and Croton Megalocarpus. Other districts did not have any preference. Our field investigations and desk works came up with a list of trees and grasses more adaptive to the Secondary cities climate and altitude and having good canopy and ornamental values. While trees shall be planted with spacing of 5 m, grasses shall be planted as many as possible with the aim to have grass foliage cover of over than 50%. The district officials will have the right to select one or more threes in the list below:  Umwungo (Begonia meyeri-johannis),  Umuremere (Kigelia africana),  Umufu (Podocarpus usambarensis),  Umugo (Acacia polyacantha),  Umugwampore (Ficus glumosa),  Umuhere (Ficus ovata), 213 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Umuhumuro (Maesopsis eminii),  Umukerenke (Ozoroa reticulata),  Umukoli (Markhamia obtusifolia),  Umukongwa or Umukwa (Dombeya bagshawei),  Umumena or Umuremampango (Pappea capensis),  Umurangara or Umubonobono (Croton macrostachyus),  Umusasa (Sapium ellipticum ),  Umusebeya (Albizia adianthifolia na Albizia gummifera),  Umushikiri (Euclea schimperi).  Umucaca (Pennisetum clandestinum)  Umunyinya (Acacia sieberana var. vermoesenii)  Umunyarugera (Acacia sieberana var. kagerensis)  Umugeshi (Hagenia abyssinica)  Umuvumu (Ficus thonningii) The reinstatement of dumpsites, borrow pits, quarry sites and campsites should also be done using different types of trees including fruit trees (Citrus aurantium, Citrus aurantifolia, Psidium guajava, Passiflora incarnate, Psidium guajava, Persea Americana, Carica papaya, Manguifera indica) and wood trees (Eucalyptus sp., Eucalyptus maidenii, Acacia abyssinica, Pinus patula, Bambusa vulgaris, Grevillea robusta or other adaptive trees, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus vulgaris. 6.9.4 Weed Control All along the road side weeds that can out-compete the local native species will be controlled. Adequate control measures will be incorporated to ensure weeds are removed and disposed to an approved dump site. 6.9.5 Revegetation Techniques The following rehabilitation works shall be undertaken on areas of disturbed earth requiring rehabilitation: • Topsoil will be uniformly spread to a minimum depth of 100mm over the area; and 214 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare • Area to be ripped to a minimum depth of 200mm deep with rip lines approximately 300mm apart. Where slopes are present, rip lines shall be along contours. The following rehabilitation work shall be undertaken at borrow/gravel pits: • Overburden and then topsoil shall be uniformly and evenly spread over the disturbed areas of the pit. Depending on the slope of drainage lines within the pit, it may be necessary to form small swales from the topsoil to reduce erosion velocities and encourage the deposition of seeds. • The existing pit floor shall be ripped to a depth of 300 – 500mm deep with rip lines between 500 - 800mm apart, if the material in the floor of the pit is able to be ripped. The whole area of the pit, including drainage lines, shall be ripped. • All stockpiled vegetation shall be spread along the contour and pit floor to help promote seed deposition and further reduce erosion velocities. 6.9.6 Timing and Staging of Re-vegetation Works As soon as the construction activities end, re-vegetation works will start. Topsoil and vegetative material will be spread over disturbed areas and re-vegetation will start. The project area will be monitored over most of the wet season, primarily to investigate any further scour in the area, but in addition to observe the regeneration success of native seed and potential weed spread. All weeds will be either manually removed and disposed of in a quarantined area or sprayed with herbicide. 6.9.7 Maintenance and Monitoring After rehabilitation activities are undertaken, rehabilitated areas will be inspected in the period of six months for up to 2 years to assess rehabilitation performance against the completion criteria outlined below. Monitoring of the rehabilitation activities will determine if follow up seeding will be required. Monitoring will essentially involve visual assessment to ensure the rehabilitation works have been implemented as planned. Table 6-8 shall be used as the monitoring guide to assess the success or otherwise of the re-vegetation / rehabilitation plan. 215 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 6- 8: Re-vegetation Monitoring Guide Criterion Target After six After one year After two months years Ornamental grass foliage >50 10 30 >50 cover (%) excluding weeds Ornamental trees 1 stem per 5 m 1 stem per 5 1 stem per 5 m 1 stem per 5 spacing per road m spacing per spacing per m spacing per side road side road side road side Mean weed foliage cover <10 <20 <20 <20 (%). Amount of bare soil areas <10 <50 <30 <20 (%). 6.10 Chance find Procedure 6.10.1 Purpose of the chance find procedure The chance find procedure is a project-specific procedure that outlines actions required if previously unknown heritage resources, particularly archaeological resources, are encountered during project design, construction or operation. A Chance Find Procedure, as described in IFC Performance Standard 8, is a process that prevents chance finds from being disturbed until an assessment by a competent specialist is made and actions consistent with the requirements are implemented. 6.10.2 Responsibility RUDP Phase 2 Implementation Unit is responsible for siting and designing the project in the 6 secondary cities to avoid significant damage to cultural heritage. When the proposed location of a project is in areas where cultural heritage is expected to be found, either during construction or operations, the client will implement chance find procedures established through the Social and Environmental Assessment. The client will not disturb any chance finds further until an Assessment by a competent specialist is made and actions consistent with the requirements of this Performance Standard are identified. 6.10.3 Scope of the chance find procedure This procedure will be applicable to all activities conducted by the personnel, including contractors in the 6 secondary cities that have the potential to uncover a heritage item/site. The procedure details the actions to be taken when a previously unidentified and potential heritage item/site is found during construction activities. Procedure outlines the roles and 216 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare responsibilities and the response times required from both project staff, and any relevant heritage authority. 6.10.4 Induction/Training All personnel, especially those working on earth movements and excavations, are to be inducted on the identification of potential heritage items/sites and the relevant actions for them with regards to this procedure during the Project induction and regular toolbox talks. 6.10.5 Chance find procedure If any person/worker under RUDP Phase 2 discovers a physical cultural resource, such as (but not limited to) archaeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects, or a cemetery and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the following steps shall be taken: 1) Stop all works in the vicinity of the find, until a solution is found for the preservation of these artefacts, or advice from the relevant authorities is obtained especially the Institute of National Museums of Rwanda (INMR); 2) Immediately notify the foreman. The foreman will then notify the Site engineer and the Environment Officer of the contractor; 3) Record details in Incident Report and take photos of the find; 4) Delineate the discovered site or area; secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until the responsible local authorities take over; 5) Preliminary evaluation of the findings by archaeologists. The archaeologist must make a rapid assessment of the site or find to determine its importance. Based on this assessment the appropriate strategy can be implemented. The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage such as aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values of the find; 6) Sites of minor significance (such as isolated or unclear features, and isolated finds) should be recorded immediately by the archaeologist, thus causing a minimum disruption to the work schedule of the Contractor. The results of all archaeological work must be reported to the INMR, once completed. 7) In case of significant find the INMR, will be informed immediately and in writing within 7 days from the find, 217 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 8) The onsite archaeologist provides INMR with photos, other information as relevant for identification and assessment of the significance of heritage items. 9) The INMR will investigate the fact and provide response in writing. 10) Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities which is INMR . This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archaeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage; 11) Construction works could resume only after permission is granted from the responsible authorities. 12) In case no response received, this will be considered as authorization to proceed with suspended construction works. One of the main requirements of the procedure is record keeping. All finds must be registered. Photolog, copies of communication with decision making authorities, conclusions and recommendations/guidance, implementation reports are kept. 6.10.6 Additional information: Management options for archaeological site o Site avoidance. If the boundaries of the site have been delineated attempt must be made to redesign the proposed development to avoid the site. (The fastest and most cost-effective management option); o Mitigation. If it is not feasible to avoid the site through redesign, it will be necessary to sample it using data collection program prior to its loss. This could include surface collection and/or excavation. (The most expensive and time-consuming management option.) o Site Protection. It may be possible to protect the site through the installation of barriers during the time of the development and/or possibly for a longer term. This could include the erection of high visibility fencing around the site or covering the site area with a geotextile and then capping it with fill. The exact prescription would be site- specific. 6.10.7 Management of replicable and non-replicable heritage Different approaches for the finds apply to replicable and non-replicable heritage. Replicable heritage 218 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Where tangible cultural heritage that is replicable (Replicable cultural heritage is defined as tangible forms of cultural heritage that can themselves be moved to another location or that can be replaced by a similar structure or natural features to which the cultural values can be transferred by appropriate measures. Archaeological or historical sites may be considered replicable where the particular eras and cultural values they represent are well represented by other sites and/or structures and not critical is encountered, mitigation measures will be applied. The mitigation hierarchy is as follows: i. Avoidance; ii. Minimization of adverse impacts and implementation of restoration measures, in situ; iii. Restoration of the functionality of the cultural heritage, in a different location; Permanent removal of historical and archaeological artefacts and structures ; iv. Compensation of loss - where minimization of adverse impacts and restoration not feasible. Non-replicable heritage Most cultural heritage is best protected by in situ preservation, since removal is likely to result in irreparable damage or even destruction of the cultural heritage. Nonreplicable cultural heritage (Nonreplicable cultural heritage may relate to the social, economic, cultural, environmental, and climatic conditions of past peoples, their evolving ecologies, adaptive strategies, and early forms of environmental management, where the (i) cultural heritage is unique or relatively unique for the period it represents, or (ii) cultural heritage is unique or relatively unique in linking several periods in the same site. Examples of non-replicable cultural heritage may include an ancient city or temple, or a site unique in the period that it represents.) must not be removed unless all of the following conditions are met: i. There are no technically or financially feasible alternatives to removal; ii. The overall benefits of the project conclusively outweigh the anticipated cultural heritage loss from removal; and Any removal of cultural heritage must be conducted using the best available technique advised by relevant authority and supervised by archaeologist. Human Remains Management Options The handling of human remains believed to be archaeological in nature requires communication according to the same procedure described above. 219 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare There are two possible courses of action: i. Avoid. The development project is redesigned to completely avoid the found remains. An assessment should be made as to whether the remains may be affected by residual or accumulative impacts associated with the development, and properly addressed by a comprehensive management plan. ii. Exhume. Exhumation of the remains in a manner considered appropriate by decision makers. This will involve the predetermination of a site suitable for the reburial of the remains. Certain ceremonies or procedures may need to be followed before development activities can recommence in the area of the discovery. Emergency Contacts Institute of National Museums of Rwanda (INMR) Adresse : KN 90 St2, Kigali Téléphone : 0730 741 09 Email: info@museum.gov.rw Website: www.museum.gov.rw 6.11 Training and capacity building plan The effective implementation of the ESMP requires that all persons working for the project are aware of the importance of environmental requirements for the project and their roles and responsibilities in the implementation of the ESMP. They should also be aware of the significant actual or potential environmental impacts of their work activities; the benefits of improved performance and the consequence of not complying with environmental requirements. In addition, the local communities must be made aware of their rights and obligation, and informed on the project benefits in terms of employment opportunities and increased livelihoods outcome. The implementation of this plan shall build the skills and capacity assessment conducted by the ESMF. This plan sets out that the following entities shall need to be trained:  LODA Environmental and Social safeguard officers  Secondary City District road engineer, Environmentalist and officer in charge of health and safety;  Contractor‟s Project manager, Senior staff, Environmentalists and officer in charge of Health and Safety; 220 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Contractor‟s casual workers and drivers;  Resident Engineer, Consultant‟s Environmentalists and officer in charge of Health and Safety.  Representative of Local communities, road users, material suppliers and women Table 6-9 outlines the training recipients, environmental and social aspects to be covered in the training and capacity building conducting agencies. 221 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 6- 9: Indicative content of the RUDP phase 2 capacity building training SN Training recipients Mode of Environmental and social aspects Training conducting Budget in RWF training agencies 1 Environmental and Lecture System  World Bank Environmental and  Environmental 6,000,000 social safeguard Workshops Social Safeguard Policies Specialist or officers from the Group  Rwanda Environmental and consultant and developer (LODA), Discussion social protection laws and Social Scientist Contractor, Consultant Visit to Case policies (e.g Environmental Law, Specialist from and districts; Study labour Law, expropriation Law, REMA, and World etc); Bank  Relevant ratified treaties, conventions and protocols on Environment and social protection  RUDP phase 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan implementation  Environmental pollution associated with roads and urban development and management projects  Best environmental and social safeguard practices  Grievance redress mechanisms 2 Contractor and Seminar  World Bank Environmental and  Environmental and 3,000,000 consultant senior staff Workshop Social Safeguard Policies Social safeguard Lectures  Rwanda Environmental and officers from social protection laws and LODA, Consultant policies (e.g Environmental Law, and Contractor labour Law, expropriation Law, 222 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare etc);  Relevant ratified treaties, conventions and protocols on Environment and social protection  RUDP phase 2 Environmental and Social Management Plan implementation  Environmental pollution associated with roads and urban development and management projects  Best environmental and social safeguard practices 3 Contractor‟s Staff and Seminar  Environmental pollution  Environmental and 4,500,000 workers Workshop associated with road and urban Social safeguard Lectures and on development and management officers from site meetings projects LODA, Consultant  RUDP phase 2 Environmental and Contractor and Social Management Plan implementation  Dealing with complaints – to maintain good relationship with stakeholders; understanding the needs, traditions and behaviour of local communities.  Social right and responsibility of the company personnel  Training on grievance handling and reporting  Training of Local Government 223 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Officials on screening for land acquisition, impact on assets and livelihoods and on vulnerable groups 4 Local communities Site debates,  Environmental impacts and  Environmental and 6,000,000 (road users), materials meetings, social and economic benefits of Social safeguard suppliers posters, banners the project including officers from and brochures employment opportunities LODA, Consultant Radio and TV  Training on HIV-AIDS and Contractor spots  Training on GBV including sensitization on gender constraints and priorities related to the project activities 224 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 225 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER VII: PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 7.1 Background Consultation and participation is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives, and the decisions and resources that affect them. It is a two-way process where the executing agencies, policy makers, beneficiaries and affected persons discuss and share their concerns in a project process. According to the World Bank resettlement policy, project affected persons and host communities are to be meaningfully consulted early in the planning process and encouraged to participate in all stages up to the implementation of the resettlement program. In RUDP Phase 2, the public consultations were conducted by the ESIA consultants, assisted by locals trained by the consultant. The training of the locals on public consultations and survey methods was conducted simultaneously between 10th and 11th May 2019 in all the six secondary cities (project districts) of Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, Musanze, Rubavu and Nyagatare. The trained locals then assisted in the conducting of the public consultations that were divided into three phases: o The first phase entailed the conducting of public awareness meetings with all PAPS in their respective sectors, o The second phase was the one on one interviews of the PAPs or what is often referred to as a door to door survey. o The third phase was the validation workshops where all PAPS assembled to validate the data collected during the door to door interviews. 226 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Plate 7- 1: Training of locals on Public Consultation Process and the Survey Methods 7.2 Objectives of the Public Consultations The specific objectives of the ESIA public consultation process were to: ● Make the ESIA study participatory and transparent; ● Share the potential positive and negative environmental and social impacts and their proposed mitigations; ● Inform the PAPS about their right and how they will be put in actions; ● Explain and make the compensation process transparent; ● Determine the attitudes of PAPS towards the proposed projects; and finally ● Provide a platform for future consultation by:  reducing conflict through early identification of contentious issues;  improving transparency and accountability of decision making;  facilitating participation to increase public confidence in the ESIA process; 227 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare  Identifying stakeholders with who further dialogue will be constructive in subsequent stages of the project. 7.3 Stakeholder Analysis 7.3.1 Stakeholder Identification To enhance maximum participation and achieve a better output, the project stakeholders were identified and informed about the proposed project. In this regard, two broad categories of stakeholders were identified, and they included: ● Primary stakeholders – those who had a big stake in the entire ESIA process or those directly affected (positively or negatively) by the project, herein referred to as Project Affected Persons. These are primarily the land owners, businesses along the roads and storm drains, and road users in the vicinity of the proposed project area. ● Secondary stakeholders- other stakeholders who influence, enforce the ESIA compliance such as LODA, World Bank, District authorities from the 6 secondary cities, and other Government ministries and agencies such as MININFRA, RTDA, RDB, REMA, that need to be considered in achieving project goals and whose participation and support are crucial to its success. The project stakeholder's analysis is shown in Table 7-1 228 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 7- 1: Stakeholder Analysis for RUDP phase 2 Stakeholder Interests Opportunities Threats Linkages/Involvement with the proposed project Central Government  Guidance and  Institutional support  Limited resources for  Give guiding policies and and Government coordination of the and coordination monitoring government regulations project  Bureaucracy that may  Monitoring of works entities  Input to environment delay progress of  Technical support to District staff s (MININFRA, management plans operations thus costing  Issue approvals/permits/certificates to MINALOC, LODA,  Monitoring of the project more time the project environmental and social and money RTDA, RHA, RDB, issues and REMA) Local Government  Responsible for the  Can provide  Political interference  Share information on compensation entities (Muhanga, planning and information about  Lack of resources and modalities development of population trends and skills to participate  Witness the land acquisition and Huye, Rusizi, infrastructure (roads, dynamics fully compensation process Rubavu, Musanze water supply)  Political support and  Facilitate the communication among and Nyagatare  Representing project mobilization the stakeholders, can participate in affected persons  Can be utilized as project progress and site meetings Districts)  Technical the contact persons  Can take up the role of liaising with  guidance during data in the project area the local communities. the district can collection  Can help in take on the role of environmental  Accountability for spreading monitoring in collaboration with development in their information from consultants areas of jurisdiction sensitization meetings 229 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Stakeholder Interests Opportunities Threats Linkages/Involvement with the proposed project Local communities  Project benefits to the  Assistance in  Misinterpret project  Good channel for information mainly the PAPs and surrounding information transfer  intentions and transfer and sharing residents.  Labour supply therefore sabotage  Need for compensation potentially affected  Good source of (Unskilled) which eventually  Supply chain linkages persons (or Project information on the trends results in project Affected People and dynamics within the delays project area  If not sensitized, they [PAPs] )  Casual labour to be might disrupt project recruited from the PAPs activities and surrounding residents. 230 7.4 Stakeholder Engagement 7.4.1 Approaches Stakeholders were engaged through public meetings (Plate 7-2) along the proposed project road corridors and one on one interview during the door to door survey. During public meetings, the main aim was to cover the following: ● To discuss and clearly explain the proposed projects in RUDP Phase 2 to all the PAPs; ● To inform the PAPS about the forthcoming socio-economic surveys, and to discuss the importance and relevance of such surveys to all project affected persons. ● To prepare the PAPS and inform them about the date when the socio-economic (one to one) interviews were to be carried out in their homes or premises. In addition, to really persuade the affected persons to be available on the set date as matters concerning their livelihoods, compensation and other grievances would be addressed as well. ● To clarify to the PAPS the two options of the proposed roads and how each of them could determine which option was likely to affect them. Plate 7- 2: Project Affected Persons attending a meeting in Rusizi City Source: Field Survey, 2019 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare For effective performance, the public meetings were intentionally held on days that coincided with the community meetings in all the project districts, as many people attended such meetings. Those community members who attended were also requested to spread the message to others who were not present. Table 7-2 shows the place and dates of the public consultations in the six secondary cities / project districts. Table 7- 2: Place and dates of the Public Consultations in the Six Secondary Cities /Project Districts No Secondary City /District Sector Date 1 Rubavu Gisenyi 14th May 2019 2 Musanze Muhoza 14th May 2019 3 Rusizi Kamembe 14th May 2019 4 Huye Mbazi and Tumba 21st May 2019 5 Nyagatare Nyagatare and Barija 21st May 2019 6 Muhanga Shyogwe and Nyabihu 21st – 25th May 2019 Source: Field Survey, 2019 One by One Socio-economic Interviews was also conducted. This is where trained enumerators had to go from house to house interviewing PAPS. Enumerators used smart phones to fill forms with the help of KOBO collect toolbox which is a user friendly smart phone application where all the individual information of PAPS are saved for later analysis by the Consultant. Table 7-3 below shows the place and dates of door to door interviews in the project districts. Annex 3 shows a list of participants in different consultation meetings. 232 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 7- 3: Schedule of Door to Door Interviews in the Six Secondary Cities Six Secondary Cities / District Sector Date RUBAVU Gisenyi 17th May 2019 MUSANZE Muhoza 15th – 16th May 2019 RUSIZI Kamembe and Gihundwe 20th – 21st May 2019 HUYE Mbazi, Tumba and Mukura 22nd – 23rd May 2019 NYAGATARE Nyagatare and Barija 29th May 2019 MUHANGA Shyogwe and Nyabihu 24th – 26th May 2019 Source: Field Survey, 2019 7.4.2 Outcomes of the Stakeholder Engagement Program From the stakeholders‟ participation, the key issues were raised and responses provided as shown in the Table 7-4. Table 7- 4: Issues raised in meeting and how they were answered Raised Issue / Question Response / Answer Affected People Are we going to get a good payment Yes. During the expropriation inventory and process all on our properties? standards stated by Rwandan expropriation law and World Bank involuntary resettlement shall be enforced. What about the properties which will In the planning of roads all of this potential impact are be affected by the machines and heavy considered and shall be taken into consideration during vehicles used in construction of road? the valuation process Are they going to be valuated too? For people whom their land and When the roads measure was taken they were taken by boundaries walls will be destroyed, considering some kind of reserve land aside the roads how are they going to live in houses boundaries. without anything separating them with the road? Many people wanted to know if they It will depend on what the government will see as the will be paid in money or if they will best option and they will be consulted first in order to get another equivalent land or if there get a good option which will satisfy them. And during is another possibility. the survey the compensating option will be included. When is the survey starting and the The survey schedule was communicated to all people expropriation? and to those affected by the project the process of expropriation shall be communicated. 233 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Raised Issue / Question Response / Answer Local Leaders During the survey how shall we During the survey, enumerators were introduced and differentiate you and others who might accompanied by district officials and LODA staff. have other interests? Valuing affected assets (crops and They will be valuated too, and the owners will get their trees) compensation payment. What about properties with special Cultural heritages, cemeteries, graves and other cultural cases like graves and etc. assets shall be identified and avoided as per the national laws and World Bank Cultural heritage operational policies. Increase of, prostitution, More emphasize will be put into sensitization and homosexuality, HIV/AIDS and awareness raising on the impacts of STDs and how to sexually transmitted diseases from prevent them. Also Condoms should be availed at the workers who will leave their wives project site in order to reduce the infection of HIV/AIDS especially those from outside, it is and other sexually transmitted diseases. Mosquito nets anticipated that prostitution and should also be given to workers to prevent malaria. homosexuality will increase. Increase of school dropout (selling Parents should be responsible. They have to make sure small things, like eggs, fruits to get that their children go to regularly and appropriately. The money or because of distraction by the communication between school teachers and parents is process of the construction. School then required to be able to help them. Also local girls could also become prostitutes as authority will be responsible and held accountable a result of being attracted by money parents failing to properly educate their children from workers and end up dropping out from school. Road Users/ Neighboring Residents When is the official project starting? It was relied that an official launch of the project shall be communicated by district officials. Given the influx of people from The majority of workers should be local people to avoid different cultures, local people might the issue of influx of people from other districts. be influenced by these cultures especially youth. Women and Women Representative How about employment opportunities The PAPs, vulnerable people and local residents shall be and recruitment? given priority to be recruited during construction works for skilled and unskilled labor. However this will be for eligible adults since the project shall not allow the employment of child labor as per national laws and policies. 234 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Raised Issue / Question Response / Answer The loss of these properties can cause Livelihood rehabilitation shall be planned by the districts serious psychological injuries, no for people affected by the project by the loss of their matter how much money they can property is suggested in order to help them to build a benefit. new life by coping with the situation Some women may not have a say on The payment should be done to the family account or to the family properties. The money from both wives and husbands together so that women can the compensation might be the cause know how to claims their rights. Money should be of GBV. deposited at their Bank account where they all have access to it. Divorce is likely to happen, especially Basic knowledge in reproductive health, laws, Rwandan because women will be attracted with culture should be provided to residents in the project foreign workers who have enough area and workers so that they can behave accordingly. money and leave their respective husbands for better life. Men would also be attracted by prostitutes and spend all their salaries from the project in prostitutions and leave their wives. Local Resident Large cuts on the steep slopes will Minimize the cut as much as possible and protecting the make more fragile the slope and lead fragilized slope by retaining walls to landslide The project will involve land take and Compensation at the satisfaction of the effected people loss of properties Source: Field Survey, 2019 7.4.3 Attitudes of PAPS towards RUDP phase 2 From the public consultations, interviews, stakeholders‟ engagement, the beneficiaries and affected persons showed a positive attitude towards the proposed project and they were ready to cooperate in all aspects and project activities. Most of them came to the conclusion that this was a development project that will increase the value of their properties and their respective villages will benefit as well. 7.4.4 Enhancement measures for the social issues raised during the public consultation Table 7-5 presents the proposed enhancement measures proposed for the identified project impacts during the public consultation. 235 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 7- 5: Enhancement measures for the project impacts Positive Impacts Enhancement measures Employment Local people should be given priority for employment during the opportunities construction phase. Income generating People should be compensated at their satisfaction and get money opportunities before the project implementation Business and income People should be given opportunities to sell services and items that generating opportunity will be needed by workers. Increased skills and Local people will get skills and knowledge, which will help them to knowledge get further employments in the future. Empowerment of Women should be encouraged to participate. women Increased infrastructure Local people should be encouraged to invest in infrastructure such as accommodation, restaurants, markets, etc. Improved tourism All potential touristic sites should be developed to attract tourists. The World Bank information disclosure policy states that whenever the Bank requires an environmental assessment (EA), the proposed borrower prepares an EA report as a separate, free-standing document. The EA report is made publicly available: a. After the borrower has made the draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs in accordance with ESS 10 (Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure) b. After such EA report has been officially received by the Bank, but before the Bank begins formal appraisal of the project. RUDP Phase 2 Project shall have to comply with the World Bank Policy on the information disclosure and it is proposed that an Executive summary and the full ESIA report shall be posted on the websites of: the six secondary city districts, LODA, MININFRA and MINALOC. 236 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 7.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism 7.5.1 Process of grievance redress Grievance mechanisms provide a formal avenue for affected groups or stakeholders to engage with the project implementers or owners on issues of concern or unaddressed impacts. Grievances are any complaints or suggestions about the way a project is being implemented. A project like RUDP Phase 2 shall have a range of potential adverse impacts to people and the environment in general, identifying grievances and ensuring timely resolution is very necessary. In the event that, during project implementation, there are perceived issues of unfairness, error or misapplication of the procedures by which the project will be implemented, it is essential that everyone affected has the opportunity to raise their concerns, and have them listened to, investigated and, if found to be correct, there is appropriate redress. In order to achieve this, the project has designed a process for lodging grievances. 7.5.2 Establishment of Grievance Redress Committee Each sector in the project area shall have a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) established for the purpose of handling grievances related to environmental and social concerns or any other issue. The GRCs will be ad hoc institutions established primarily for the sub catchment intervention in each sector. It is proposed that the GRC shall comprise of: a. Project Affected Persons representative b. Environmental and Social Officer from the concerned District c. Road engineer from the concerned District d. Environmentalist of the Contractor e. Women representative f. Youth Representative This GRC should freely elect the Chairperson, who will be the one to call for meeting whenever there is a grievance, and the secretary; who will be in charge of taking minutes, recording the grievance and keep the grievance logbook. A template of a grievance redress log form can be found in Table 7-6 and Annex. 237 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Table 7- 6: Grievance Redress Process Process Description Time Other information frame Identification of  Face to face; phone; letter 1 Day Phone number of one of the GRC grievance received by the GRC at member sector level. Grievance  Significance assessed and Same  Significance criteria: assessed and grievance recorded or Day 1 Level 1 –one off event; logged logged (i.e. in a log book)  Level 2 – complaint is widespread or repeated;  Level 3- any complaint (one off or repeated) that indicates breach of law or policy or this ESIA provisions or any other official document Grievance is  Acknowledgement of 1 Day acknowledged grievance through appropriate medium Development of  Grievance assigned to the 2–3 response GRC for resolution Days  Response development with input from GRC members Response signed  Redress action approved by 1 Day Any member of the GRC to sign off off the GRC Implementation  Redress action implemented 1 -2 and and update of progress on Days communication resolution communicated to of response complainant Complaints  Redress action recorded in 1 Day Response grievance log book  Confirm with complainant that grievance can be closed or determine what follow up is necessary Close grievance  Record final sign off of 1 Day Final sign off on by the GRC at sector grievance level  If grievance cannot be closed, return to step 2 or refer to sector minister or recommend third-party arbitration or resort to court of law. 238 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 7.6 Public consultation on the draft report and upcoming RUDP components Table 7-7 shows the place and dates of the consultation on the ESIA Draft report in the six secondary cities. This consultation aimed at collecting views, concerns and suggestions of people on the study findings. We also got the opportunity to introduce the upcoming RUDP components. In general most of consulted persons expressed interest in the RUDP phase 2, but stressed they should get the appropriate compensation. Consulted people were excited about the continuation of the RUDP and the upcoming RUDP components. More details about issues raised during the disclosure are found in Annex 4.1 while details on the upcoming components of the RUDP are presented under section of Annex 4.2. Table 7- 7: Schedule of the ESIA Draft report disclosure Six Secondary Cities / District Date RUSIZI 20th August 2019 NYAGATARE 20th August 2019 HUYE 22th August 2019 MUSANZE 22th August 2019 RUBAVU 23th August 2019 MUHANGA 23th August 2019 239 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare CHAPTER IX. CONCLUSION The RUDP phase 2 for the construction of roads and drainages in the six secondary cities is economically feasible in regard to local residents with easy access to roads network and water drainage. The project also has the potential to increase social and cultural/historical services, as well as business activities in the area by effectively reducing the travel time. The scoping exercise has identified a number of issues pertaining to the proposed roads and drainage construction in the Six Secondary Cities of Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, Musanze, Rubavu and Nyagatare. The issues/impacts have been assessed and described in some detail to gain an adequate understanding of possible environmental effects of the proposed project – from design to decommissioning, in order to formulate mitigation measures in response to negative aspects which have emerged. Since roads upgrade and drainage systems will largely follow existing alignments, ESIA findings indicate that direct impacts will be fairly benign and limited to the alignment areas where road and drainage works will be undertaken. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) provides way forward for the implementation of the identified mitigation measures. The ESMP should be implemented as a prerequisite for a positive Record of Decision (RoD) by the appropriate authorities. The Environmental Monitoring Plan provides parameters to be monitored, responsibilities, frequency and associated budget. The consultant is recommending that the Project Implementing Agency assigns its technical team to undertake the monitoring of the mitigation measures for the project through its existence. This way the developer will achieve sustainable project implementation at reduced cost for undertaking the monitoring. The figures given are considered to be absolute maximum such implementation and monitoring could cost. However, regular internal monitoring shall be carried out by the project proponent. Given the nature and location of the project development activities, the conclusion is that the potential impacts associated with the proposed development are of a nature and extent that can be reduced, limited and eliminated by the application of the proposed appropriate mitigation 240 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare measures hence the construction of the roads and drainages in the 6 secondary cities shall be successfully implemented with some recommendations. 241 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare LIST OF REFERENCES African Cultural Heritage Organisation, ACHO (2009). Cultural Heritage and the Law protecting immovable heritage in English-speaking countries of sub-Saharan Africa. ICCROM, UNESCO, CRATerre, CHDA. Maxtudio, Rome APHA (2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edition, Centennial Edition, (American Public Health Association), Washington DC, USA; Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda, ACNR (2011). Muvumba Gallery Forest Conservation Project. Nyagatare District, Eastern Province of Rwanda. Technical Report. Kigali, Rwanda. GoR, Minispoc (2015). National Culture Heritage Policy. Kigali, Rwanda Law on environment N°48/2018 of 13/08/2018. Official Gazette no. Special of 21/09/2018. Ministerial Order No 001/2019 of 15/04/2019 establishing the list of projects that must undergo environmental impact assessment, instructions, requirements and procedures to conduct environmental impact assessment. Official Gazette no.15 of 15/04/2019 UNCTAD; World Bank. 2018. Environmental and Social Impact Assessments. Responsible Agricultural Investment (RAI) Knowledge Into Action Note, no. 14;. World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29477 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) 2018. Inventory of Sources of AirPollution in Rwanda. Determination of Future Trends and Development of a National Air Quality Control Strategy 19 January 2018 World Bank, Environmental and Social Operational Policies.World Bank, IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, 2007. MININFRA, 2016. Environmental & Social Management Framework. Development of Urban Infrastructure in six Secondary Cities of Rubavu, Rusizi, Musanze, Muhanga, Huye and Nyagatare of Rwanda, and the City of Kigali, Final Report, January 2016 WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Global update 2005 Government of Rwanda Laws and Policies o Environmental Health Policy, 2008. o Environmental Health Policy, 2008. 242 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare o Law governing biodiversity in Rwanda, 2013 o Law Governing Roads in Rwanda, 2011. o Law governing the preservation of air quality and prevention of air pollution in Rwanda, 2016 o Law governing urban planning and building in Rwanda, 2012 o Law relating to expropriation in the public interests, 2015. o Ministerial Order determining conditions for occupational health and safety, 2012 o Ministerial Order determining modalities of establishing and functioning of occupational health and safety committees, 2012 o National Culture Heritage Policy, 2015. o National Environment and Climate Change Policy, 2019. o National Health Policy, 2016. o National Land Law, 2013. o National Land Policy, 2004. o National Occupational Safety and Health Strategy, 2019. o National Sanitation Policy, 2016 o National Urbanization Policy, 2006. o National water resources management policy, 2015. o Public transport policy and strategy, 2012. o Rwanda Biodiversity Policy, 2011. o Rwanda building control regulation, 2012 o Rwanda's Constitution of 2003 with Amendments through 2015 o Secondary Cities / District Development Master Plans. o Sector guidelines for EIA for Roads development projects in Rwanda, 2009 o Urbanization and Rural Settlement Sector Strategy 2013-2018. 243 Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare ANNEXES Annex 1: Grievance Redress Mechanism Log Frame Template PROJECT: District Sector Cell Village ……………………… …………………… ………… ……………. …………….. Grievance number: …………………………………………. Name of the Title:………………………… recorder:……………………………………………. .. Date: …… / ………………/………… Complainant Names: Signature of Complainant………………… ………………………………………………… Date: ……/………………/………… … Province District Sector Cell Village ………………………… …………………… …………… …………… …………….. .. . Details of Complaint: ……………………………………………………………………….................. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Grievance Clouse Out Grievance number: …………………………………. Define immediate action required: ……………………………………………………… Define Long term action required (If necessary): ……………………… Corrective action plan taken Due date Responsible party (Filled in and signed by the complainant when she/he receives compensation or file closed): ……………………………………………………………………………………… i Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Complainant Name: ……………………………Date: …/…….../…… Signature………… Responsible Grievance Redress Committee 1. Title………………… Name…………………………..Date…/……../……. Signature……... 2. Title ………………… Name…………………………..Date…/……../……. Signature……... 3. Title ………………… Name…………………………..Date…/……../……. Signature……... ii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Annex 2: Social Survey Tool Questionnaire for Social Economic Survey of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – Phase 2 Information provided in this Questionnaire is Confidential for social research purposes and information provided shall not be used as a means of punishing the interviewee or for any selfish motive. PRE-INTERVIEW INFORMATION HH No--------------------------------------Date-----------------------------Province-------------------------------------------- District (Akagere) ---------------------------------Sector----------------------------Cell (Akagari) --------------------------- Village (Umudugudu) --------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: Only the head of the household or his / her spouse should be interviewed. (Please circle the correct number) 1. INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION 1.1. Which form of communication is easily available to you? a) Landline telephone b) E-mail c) Mobile telephone d) Public phones e) Person to person f) None 1.2. Have you ever got any information regarding the RUDP phase 2? a) Yes b) No (if no, explain the RUDP phase 2 and its sub-projects) 1.3. If yes, what kind of information did you get? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- 1.4. From whom did you get information about the RUDP phase 2 corridor project from? (Multiple Answers) a) Village Committees b) Radio c) Newspapers d) Friends e) Relatives iii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare f) Extension workers g) Religious gathering g) other (specify) ---------------------------------------------- Note: The surveyor should now explain the RUDP phase 2 and its sub-projects) 1.5. Are you in agreement with the proposed RUDP phase 2 sub-projects? a) Yes b) No If no why ? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- 1.6. How many people/homesteads, social amenities and crops are likely to be affected by the project? Please give details in your area. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- 1.7. What suggestions would you put forward to enhance/reduce the impacts resulting from the above? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------- 1.8. What social benefits do you foresee upon the proposed RUDP2? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------- 1.9. Any recommendations for the proposed RUDP phase 2 to increase the project benefits? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- -------------------- iv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 2. COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT CHALLENGES (question addressed to PAPs) 2.1 If there is a piece of land/property to be affected, what kind of compensation would you prefer? a. Payment in cash at full replacement for the affected land b. Physical replacement of land elsewhere of equivalent advantage to the old land c. Other (specify)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.2 Do you anticipate any problem in acquiring another piece of land/property of equal or even better advantage? a. Yes b. No (as long as I am compensated) If yes, what problems? a. Being cheated by a fraudster b. Changes in market value of land of equal productive value c. Finding land in the vicinity d. Finding prime land with necessary infrastructure facilities and services e. The cost of preparing land f. Costs for building or purchase of new structure g. Cost of acquiring land title h. Getting similar beautiful place i. Other (specify) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 2.3 Any employment, business or income generating source is to be affected by this project? a. Yes b. No 2.4 If yes which one …………………………………………………………………………… 2.5 What are your suggestions to restore the disturbed business, or your income generating source? ……………………………………………… 2.5 If you are adequately compensated for the disturbances and loss of employment and income generating sources, would you consider investing part of the money in alternative sources of livelihood? a. Yes b. No 2.6 If yes, what alternatives would you like to invest the money and why? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- 2.8 Is there any special help would you request to the Government for your new investment/business? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- 3 TRADITIONAL/CULTURAL SITES 3.1 Is there any traditional or cultural ground in the corridor or nearby the RUDP phase 2 sub-projects? a. Yes b. No v Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 3.2 If yes, which ones? a) Type of site b) Distance to the b) Who uses it? c) Is it possible to d) Explanation for (c) site surrender it? 1. Yes 2. No Burial grounds Genocide memorial Healing shrines Religious shrines Archaeological Other 3.3 If tombs exist, how many? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.4 What do you suggest for the integrity or improvement of the site? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 4 SENSITIVE ECOSYSTEMS AND AMMENITIES 4.1 Is there any sensitive ecosystem (unstable slope, flooding area, wetlands, water bodies, fishing grounds, woodland, quarry/mining, etc) within or around the RUDP phase 2 corridor? a. Yes b. No 4.2 If yes which ones? a) Community b) Name of c) Where is the actual d) Who owns it? e) Who uses it? property location location of the ● Household ● Youth where resource/facility? ● Private ● Women resource/fa ● In the RUDP phase 2 individual ● Men cility is right of way ● Government ● General public situated ● In the vicinity ● Community 1. Unstable slope 2. Flooding area 3. Wetlands 4. Water resources 5. Fishing grounds 6. Woodland 7. Quarry/mining 8. Cemetery 9. Others (Specify) vi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 4.3 Is there any playing ground, street parking site for motorcycle & Bicycles, street vending site for airtime and other stuff within or around the RUDP2 corridor? c. Yes d. No 4.4 If yes which ones? Community property where is the actual location Name of location Where Who owns it? of f) Who uses it? Household resource/facility is the resource/facility? Youth situated Private individual In the RUDP phase 2 corridor Women In the vicinity Government Men Community General public a. Playing ground b. Street parking site for motocycles c. Street parking site for bicycles d. Street vending sites for airtime e. Street vending sites for other stuff f. Others (Specify) 5 PROJECT EFFECT ON LAND OWNERSHIP 5.1 Which assets (land, house, wall, crops, trees, etc) to be affected by the proposed RUDP phase 2 project? Type of How the asset is to be affected (encircle the right Intended use The PAPs Comments assets answer (s)) of the Suggestions by the remaining on surveyor asset compensation Land Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... House Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... Fence Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... Wall Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable vii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Type of How the asset is to be affected (encircle the right Intended use The PAPs Comments assets answer (s)) of the Suggestions by the remaining on surveyor asset compensation assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... Crops Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... Trees Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... Other Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable (specify) assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... Other Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable (specify) assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... Other Takes the whole, dissects it into usable and unusable (specify) assets, dissects it into unusable assets, blocks the access road, others…………………………………………………... 6. HEALTH AND VULNERABILITY 6.1. Are there disabled or chronically ill people in the household? YES NO If YES: a) Type of disability/illness: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- b) Type of care required: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.2 What are the most common diseases that affect the family? Occurrence Treatment No. Disease Yes No Medical Herbal None Other 1 Malaria 2 Cough 3 Pneumonia 4 Cholera 5 Dysentery 6 Diarrhoea 7 Intestinal worms 8 Eye infections 9 Ear infections 10 Other diseases – please write them outside the table 11 Other diseases – please write them outside the table 12 Other diseases – please write them outside the table 6.3 What is the nearest health facility known to the family? a) Less than 500 metres b) 500-less than 1000 metres c) 1-2km d) Over 2km 6.4. State Distance to the nearest health facility. a) Less than 500 metres b) 500-less than 1000 metres c) 1-2km d) Over 2km 6.5 Is it actually used by the family? a) Yes b) No 6.6 If NO, why? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6.7 Do you practice family planning? a) Yes b) No 6.8 Have you heard of HIV/AIDS? a) Yes b) No 6.9 How is HIV/AIDS contracted? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6.10 How can HIV/AIDS be avoided? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6.11 Have you ever got any sensitisation on HIV/AIDS? a) Yes b) No 6.12 If Yes, who gave the sensitisation? a) Government b) NGO c) Religious Institution ix Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 6.13 What is the nearest primary school? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a) Private b) Public 6.14. How far is the nearest primary school? a) Less than 500 metres b) 500-less than 1000 metres c) 1-2km d) Over 2km 6.15 What is the nearest secondary school? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ a) Private b) public 6.16. How far is the nearest secondary school? a) Less than 500 metres b) 500-less than 1000 metres c) 1-2km d) Over 2km 7. WELFARE INDICATORS (encircle the right answer) 7.1 Does anyone in the household own a radio? Y N 7.2 Does the household have a bicycle? Y N 7.3 Does the household have any other transport equipment other than a bicycle? Y N If yes, what type of transport means? 7.4 How many incidents of theft of property has the household suffered in the last 12 months? If Yes, What was stolen? 7.5 Does any member of the household participate in community organisations? Y N If Yes, what organisations? 7.6 If someone in the household had a serious problem, is there anybody in this settlement that Y N could you ask assistance from? 7.7. Where do you get drinking water from (encircle the right answer)? a) Rainwater harvesting at home b) Rainwater harvesting away from home c) Borehole d) Protected spring e) Unprotected spring f) Motorised borehole g) Well with pump h) River k) Other (specify) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7.8. What fuel do you use in the household for cooking? a) Firewood b) Gas c) Charcoal d) Solar e) Paraffin/Kerosene f) Electricity g) Other (Specify) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 7.9. Source of Energy for lighting a). Generator b). Paraffin lamp c). Paraffin candle d). Wax candle e). Solar panel f).Gas g) Electricity h) none i) other (specify) ------------------------------------- 7.10 Excreta disposal system available a) Shared-neighbours b) Shared-public c) Private THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME xi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Annex 3: List of Participants in Public Consultation xii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xiii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xiv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xvi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xvii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xviii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xix Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xx Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xxi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xxii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xxiii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xxiv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xxv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Annex 4. ESIA Public consultation on the draft report and introduction to the forthcoming RUDP Components Annex 4.1 Public consultation on the draft report Nyagatare City – 20/08/2019 Raised Issue / Remark Response / Answer Why do we see markings on fences and The different colors mean different road alignment houses with different markings options in terms of width and sub-projects. The final one shall be communicated During employment, you should The report has recommended to give priorities to consider employing women and women and vulnerable people during recruitment of vulnerable people. unskilled labor. In some previous projects, diverted During construction contractors shall ensure to divert water has destroyed houses. How did water to secure areas without destroying properties. you consider this? During compaction of roads, some Prior to start of construction activities, a survey with houses are affected by the vibrations of pictures and videos shall be done and after whatever compactors, how will you manage this properties that shall be affected by compactions shall issue for compensation? be compensated as per expropriation law. In previous project, many houses were Yes, temporary access facilities shall be provided, left with the house access destroyed to and at the end of the project, permanent accesses excavation and had difficulties to enter shall be constructed. or park vehicles in their premises, did you consider this issues? When is the construction activities It not fixed for now but once compensation exercise going to start. is completed, the construction activities will immediately start. xxvi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Musanze City – 23/08/2019 Raised Issue / Remark Response / Answer Why do we see markings on fences and The different colors mean different road alignment houses with different markings options in terms of width and components. The final one shall be communicated During employment, you should The report has recommended to give priorities to consider employing women and women and vulnerable people during recruitment of vulnerable people. unskilled labor. We are scared of risks of accidents Sign posts shall be used to inform residents as well as during roads construction, how does the flag persons to direct and control traffic. report considers this issues. In some areas, people shall be left in An ARAP has been prepared and during resettlement “Amanegeka”, hence risks of loss of no one shall be left in such area prone to accidents life. During compaction of roads, some Prior to start of construction activities, a survey with houses are affected by the vibrations of pictures and videos shall be done and after whatever compactors, how will you manage this properties that shall be affected by compactions shall issue for compensation? be compensated as per expropriation law. In previous project, many houses were Yes, temporary access facilities shall be provided, and left with the house access destroyed to at the end of the project, permanent accesses shall be excavation and had difficulties to enter constructed. or park vehicles in their premises, did you consider this issues? It is good you organize such meetings, I Suggestion noted suggest that even during construction period, you organize regular meeting to share issues and suggestions. xxvii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Rubavu City – 24/08/2019 Raised Issue / Remark Response / Answer Why do we see markings on fences and The different colors mean different road alignment houses with different markings options in terms of width and components. The final one shall be communicated During employment, you should The report has recommended to give priorities to consider employing women and women and vulnerable people during recruitment of vulnerable people. unskilled labor. We are scared of risks of accidents Sign posts shall be used to inform residents as well as during roads construction, how does the flag persons to direct and control traffic. report considers this issues. In some previous projects, diverted During construction contractors shall ensure to divert water has destroyed houses. How did water to secure areas without destroying properties. you consider this? During compaction of roads, some Prior to start of construction activities, a survey with houses are affected by the vibrations of pictures and videos shall be done and after whatever compactors, how will you manage this properties that shall be affected by compactions shall issue for compensation? be compensated as per expropriation law. When is the construction activities It not fixed for now but once compensation exercise is going to start. completed, the construction activities will immediately start. xxviii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Muhanga City– 24/08/2019 Raised Issue / Remark Response / Answer Issue on Gender Based violence, In the signing of the contract LODA will agree with the HIV-AIDS, STDs unwanted contractor on the necessity to enforce the articles related to pregnancies: Condoms monitoring of the sexual behaviours of the workers. On distribution and sensitization are instances where the workers impregnate the local girls and not enough. women, the contract regulations shall stipulate that the contractor must pursue workers who have impregnated women. Sensitization during Umugoroba w‟Ababyeyi (Village Roundtable Programme) will be done to teach young girls and women on changes to be brought by the project and their implication on their social and sexual life. Issue of the contractor breach of Any contract between the contractor and the local suppliers trust in contracts with local will be communicated to local and District authorities so that suppliers. Some contractors finish it be made sure the contract clear all bill with the local their work and are paid without suppliers before or during the last instalment. clearing debts to local suppliers Sanitation conflicts at working The contractor will install the movable toilets of ECOSAN sites. The need of workers for type because digging of pit latrines at every sites will be sanitation may result on poor cumbersome and land consuming hygiene problem from open defecation and conflict with the locals on the use of toilets. xxix Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Rusizi City- 20/08/2019 Raised Issue / Remark Response / Answer Issues raised and solutions Before and during construction activities, consultations shall At Gihundwe- Cyapa Badive- be engaged between the contractor, the district authorities Catholique Road to Gihundwe and the hospital management on the noise and vibration Hospital, the RUDP phase 2 management. construction activities related impacts such noise and vibration The contract shall instruct the operator of the compacting will affect the safety and health of machines to use the low scale vibration. the admitted patients especially those suffering from heart Admitted patients with heart diseases and other noise hyper diseases. sensitive patients must be transferred to other hospitals such . as Bushenge and Mibilizi Hospitals. For these patients, counselling will be needed to explain the reasons of their transfer. Noise and vibration around the Noise and vibration generating activities should be Schools (GS Gihundwe and rescheduled in the weekend or be undertaken during school Muslim School) will disturb the holidays teaching and learning activities. The lack of the precise location of The District Road Engineer and Environmental Officer the soil waste dumping site in the should identify potential sites and send their list to LODA ESIA report. ESIA experts who will then conduct the field visit to select the suitable site The effects and incompatibility of The construction of the standalone drain should go hand in the construction of Kanyogo hand with the rehabilitation of water sources. The contractor Standalone drain and the location will be advised to include the rehabilitation of the water of drinking water source at its sources in the design of the construction of the drain. exit. Suggested rehabilitation works include masonry and . pavement works. xxx Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Huye City– 23/08/2019 Raised Issue / Remark Response / Answer Based on RUDP Phase I, Mitigation measures for residual and cumulative impacts Negative impacts which are have been presented in the report. The responsibilities observed after the construction should be for LODA and the district to mitigate them of the projects are not according to the environmental and Social Management mitigated. Plan Issues of the selection of The District Road Engineer and Environmental Officer should dumping sites were also raised identify potential dumping site and present them to the contract who will include them in his environmental and social management plan. District officer proposed that soil waste will be used to rehabilitate existing quarries. The choice of these quarries will be determined by joint committee composed of environmental officers from the district and the contractor Some drains are not extended The report has presented mitigation measures that to receiving water and cause recommend the extension of the drains to the receiving area erosion (wetlands) Gender based violence caused The ESMP has highlighted mitigation measures related to the by labour influx gender based violence. In addition the Grievance redress committee will deal with issues of gender based violence. The participation of women association such as National Women Council (CNF in French) is necessary. Members of CNF will be part of Grievance Redress Committee to deal with Gender Based Violence) Borrow pits were not identified It is the contractor who will identify borrow pits and quarries in the report based on those licensed the district The participants recommended that the ESMP be enriched to included measures to deal with Gender Based Violence and Sanitation at the Working Sites xxxi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Annex 4.2: Introducing people to the forthcoming RUDP Components Component 1: Support to the City of Kigali (US$ 39.7 million) 1. Subcomponent 1a: Infrastructure investments (US$ 32m) This subcomponent will support the comprehensive upgrading of four unplanned settlements in three districts and sectors of Kigali. Feasibility studies for these unplanned settlements are either already completed or are underway. Detailed community facilitation, planning, design, contract packaging and bid document preparation is to be funded under the ongoing RUDP (P150844). Salient data on the four unplanned settlements is provided in Table 1. Preparation of community upgrading plans, detailed engineering designs and bidding documents for the four unplanned settlements will be financed from the first RUDP. Table 1: Unplanned settlements upgrading Kigali Settlement Sector District Area No. of Population Comments (ha) HH Mpazi Gitega Nyarugenge 137 8,237 34,817 Feasibility study ongoing Gatenga Kicukiro Kicukiro 171 2,564 10,192 Feasibility study done Nyagatovu Kimironko Gasabo 40 665 2,103 Feasibility study done Nyabisundu Remera Gasabo 36.5 515 1,812 Feasibility study done TOTAL 384.5 11,981 48,924 2. Under the ongoing RUDP, upgrading works are being carried out in Agatare in Nyarugenge district covering 86 ha and benefiting approximately 19,000 people. While RUDP focused on roads, drains and street lighting in Agatare, upgrading in RUDP II will support other investments to more comprehensively upgrade the settlements. The investment menu will be expanded to include not only roads, pedestrian walkways, streetlights, storm water drainage, but also more comprehensive water supply and sanitation infrastructure and community facilities such as community centers, public parks and playgrounds and local market improvements, to enhance living conditions and improve basic infrastructure and service delivery. RUDP II will engage the whole targeted community (settlement) to come up with their long list of critical investments for the transformation of their settlement into a formal settlement, leading to improved living conditions. Design of the interventions will take into account green infrastructure6 design principles and practices. In addition to these tertiary infrastructures, key 6 Green infrastructure (also called Nature Based Solutions, natural infrastructure, or engineering with nature) intentionally and xxxii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare offsite infrastructure (e.g. drainage) will be included to ensure that infrastructure upgraded in the settlements operate efficiently. 3. The upgrading support in Agatare covers only a small fraction of the total households in informal settlements in the City of Kigali. Around 78% of Kigali‟s settlements are considered unplanned. There are currently 23 unplanned settlements prioritized by the city for upgrading. Lessons learned from the planning, design and implementation of the Agatare pilot will inform the upgrading works in RUDP II. 4. This subcomponent can also support infrastructure investments for flood risk reduction in CoK. The mission discussed with RWFA, Meteo and MINEMA the location and characteristics of flood hotspots in CoK and the flood risk reduction investments previously considered and estimated by the Task Force for the Catchments in Kigali. A list of potential investments has been identified and shared with the CoK. A preliminary prioritization by CoK will be conducted before February 2020. 5. Subcomponent 1b: Wetland restoration, flood risk management and solid waste management supported by GEF-7 (US$ 7.7m) The proposed RUDP II has integrated the sustainable cities program financing of US$8.1m from the Global Environment Facility (GEF)-7. The GEF-7 financed component will be implemented by REMA in collaboration with the CoK, RWFA and WASAC. The grant will support the following key areas. a. Evidence-based sustainable and integrated urban planning, which include:  The creation of a high-resolution LiDAR dataset for the City of Kigali that will support the integrated planning and implementation of low-carbon, resilient infrastructure. The survey will cover the complete urbanized area of Kigali, as well as urban development areas planned for the coming 20 years. It is critical that airborne flights be carried out in July 2020, as it is the only month of the year with dry conditions. This will allow to generate a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) which will show mostly dry drainage channels, reducing the need for additional cross-section surveys. Besides flood management, the resulting DTM will serve multiple purposes, including urban planning, land registration, road planning and design, urban upgrading, etc.;  A National Integrated Waste Management Strategy (IWMS), to include, inter alia: (i) development of waste management principles and policies; (ii) assessment of the strategically preserves, enhances, or restores elements of a natural system, such as forests, agricultural land, floodplains, wetlands, among others, and combines them with grey infrastructure or conventional grey, hard engineered infrastructure solutions to produce more resilient and lower-cost services. Green infrastructure can be classified as completely “natural” (i.e., ecosystem elements only) or “hybrid” (i.e., combination of ecosystem elements and built infrastructure). xxxiii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare financial sustainability of Rwanda‟s solid waste management operations and infrastructure; and (iii) development of a Community Awareness Campaign and Separation-at-Source Pilot Initiative. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) will be developed to guide implementation arrangements for SWM between WASAC and REMA under RUDP II. This work will be complementary to the feasibility studies for closing the current landfill in the City of Kigali and developing a new one. The Minister of Infrastructure asked the Bank to consider financing the new landfill.  Coordination with the urban mobility initiative of the World Bank, which supports a low-carbon urban mobility strategy, including public and non-motorized transportation. b. Wetland restoration investments for integration of biodiversity and ecosystem values in urban development, and enhancement of ecosystem services. The Gikondo valley and the Nyabugogo wetland have been prioritized for restoration in CoK and REMA. This follows a range of technical studies, including the development of a Detailed Sub- Catchment Management Plan for Gikondo-Nyabugogo wetland systems and a Wetland Master Plan for the City. Baseline information for the Gikondo wetland is being collected prior to project initiation and will be used to inform the development of an advanced engineering concept. c. Technical assistance to develop an impact-driven financing and investment instrument to support wetland management. The instrument may consider multiple approaches such as:  Land value capture that directly benefit from urban regeneration  Public-private partnerships for investment in urban regeneration  Concessions of wetland space for ecotourism development and recreational purposes d. Sharing and uptake of knowledge on Sustainable Cities across Rwanda and globally. This includes funding for enabling the participation of CoK officials of Sustainable Cities events organized by the GEF Secretariat and the lead agency for its Sustainable Cities Program. The Nordic Development Fund (NDF) is expected to provide EUR 6m in parallel co-finance to support Subcomponent 1b. The NDF Board earlier in the year (April 2019) approved support through a combination of grant and loan in the amount of Euro 6m (EUR 2m grant/ EUR 4m loan). This is pending final negotiations between NDF and GoR, and MINECOFIN‟s approval. Component 2: Support to Secondary Cities (US$ 49 million) 6. This component will support infrastructure investments in secondary cities in two phases (Phases 3 and 4). While Phase 3 will support prioritized roads and drainage investments that xxxiv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare have already been identified, Phase 4 will predominantly support infrastructure upgrading in unplanned settlements with possible offsite infrastructure (e.g. drainage) to ensure that infrastructure upgraded in the settlements function efficiently. 7. Phase 3 investments. LODA is at an advanced stage of directly contracting the RUDP Phase 2 engineering design consultant for the preparation of designs and bidding documents for Phase 3 subprojects. These are subprojects for which preparation work had been advanced under RUDP and some are ready for execution. The list of prioritized Phase 3 investments has been agreed with the districts and included in the ToR for consultancy services. LODA is evaluating the design consultant‟s technical and financial proposals. It was agreed that LODA would finalize direct contracting with the design consultants by November 30, 2019 and the assignment would commence in December 2019. It was also agreed that out of the RUDP II funding of US$ 49m to secondary cities (Component 2), Phase 3 infrastructure investments would be allocated US$ 27m and Phase 4 US$ 18m. These allocations include US$ 4m for technical assistance for planning, design and supervision for both Phase 3 and Phase 4 works to be procured through LODA. In order to avoid delays in Phase 3 works, it would be necessary to initiate the procurement of the construction supervision consultant as soon as the feasibility studies and preliminary designs are ready. See Annex 4 for a long list of potential investments earmarked for Phase 3 and timelines for implementation as agreed with LODA. 8. The mission noted that the contract with the ESIA/RAP consultant for Phase 2 works expired on October 20, 2019 and has been amended (as agreed in the July mission) to complete the ESIA and RAP for Phase 2 works. A single source contract has been cleared by the Bank to include additional works to: (i) prepare ESIA and RAP documents for Phase 3 investments and (ii) review and update the ESIA and RAP for civil works for Agatare footpaths that were left out of RUDP. LODA has commenced the process of single source contracting of the same consultants and has submitted the ToR to the Bank. It was agreed that the Bank will provide comments to the ToR by end November 2019 and that LODA will endeavor to have the contract signed by December 15, 2019. It was also agreed that LODA will ensure that preparation of designs for Phase 3 are well coordinated to incorporate findings and recommendations of the ESIA and RAP. 9. In addition to the above investments, upgrading of unplanned settlements will be carried out in five of the six secondary cities. Feasibility studies were prepared under RUDP and detailed preparation is expected to commence. Table 2 outlines salient data on the unplanned settlements in secondary cities to be upgraded in Phase 3. Table 2: Unplanned settlements upgrading in secondary cities under Phase 3 City Settlement Sector Area No. of Population Comments (ha) HH xxxv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Gitwa Ngoma 179.7 Feasibility 1,377 5,285 study Huye done Burenda/ Ngoma 51.3 865 4,732 Feasibility study Matyazo ongoing Ruvumera Nyamabuye 30 358 587 Detailed Muhanga (balance from engineering phase 2) design done Gahogo Nyamabuye 77.5 1,447 5,504 Detailed engineering design done Musanze Susa-burera Muhoza 55.6 2,121 5,303 Feasibility study not done Rubavu Majengo Gisenyi 81.5 2,124 10,254 Feasibility study done Umuganda Gisenyi 8.4 923 2,875 Feasibility study done Byahi Rubavu 31.1 4,690 12,691 Feasibility study done TOTAL 515.1 13,935 46,691 Density 91 persons/ha Note: Rusizi and Nyagatare have no unplanned settlement upgrading in Phase 3 10. Phase 4 investments. Unplanned settlements to be potentially supported under this phase have been identified in all six secondary cities and comprehensive upgrading in these areas is proposed. The mission visited three settlements in Musanze and Rubavu and met with government officials to discuss proposed investments for Phase 4. In Musanze, the district has prioritized Rwebeya settlement for upgrading with footpaths, roads with associated drains and street lighting as priority investments. These infrastructures will be connected to those proposed for Phase 2 of RUDP. Rubavu has prioritized the Rwaza and Gisa settlements, along Rubavu- Musanze road about 4km from the District office. The main priority will be stormwater management along with the construction of roads, drains and footpaths. During the visits, it was agreed that feasibility studies and the subsequent community facilitation, planning, engineering design and bidding documents need to be carried out. LODA will coordinate with the districts to prepare the TORs for the studies when the priority investments for Phase 4 are selected in consultation with the community. Basic data on these proposed Phase 4 investments are outlined in Table 3. Table 3: Unplanned settlements upgrading in secondary cities under Phase 4 City Settlement Sector Area No. of Population Comments (ha) HH xxxvi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Cyarwa- Tumba 37 Feasibility 1,652 study 6,656 Huye Cymennze not done Agahenerezo Huye 13 869 2,356 Feasibility study not done Gatobotobo Mbazi 50 1,315 5,779 Feasibility study not done Musanze Rwebeya Cyuve 96.3 3,467 121,135 Feasibility study not done Rubavu Gisa Rugerero 16.8 1,356 5,061 Feasibility study not done Rwaza Rugerero 3.1 1,687 6,834 Feasibility study not done Rusizi Murambi & Kamembe 39.7 616 2,581 Feasibility study Munyinya not done Kadashya Kamembe 52 221 1,088 Feasibility study not done Nyagatare LODA to confirm TOTAL 307.9 9,963 151,580 Density 492 persons/ha Note: Population densities are widespread so figures supplied need to be checked, particularly Musanze Component 3: Institutional and Capacity Development and Project Management (US$ 9.4 million) 11. Support to secondary cities. This component will provide institutional and capacity development (ICD) support to strengthen three prioritized urban management functions7: capital investment planning, the implementation of master plans through the formulation of local plans, and operations & maintenance of urban road networks (as an entry point for assets management in general). In addition, the management of resilience-related issues (e.g. stormwater drainage) would be included in the case of specific districts/cities.8 In these areas, the project will provide TA, training, peer learning, basic equipment, and guidance notes. Within districts, the focus of ICD activities will be on the newly established City Management Structures (CMSs); the project will work with CMSs in the six districts to assist them in drawing up their own urban management ICD plans. 7 These priority urban management areas were identified during an RUDP II preparation workshop in which all districts participated. The workshop was held in July 2019. 8 This is the case for Rubavu, where district-level officials identified resilience issues as a priority for urban management due to frequent and regular flooding in Rubavu. xxxvii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare 12. Delivery of the project‟s ICD support will be carefully coordinated with ENABEL‟s ongoing urbanization program (which will be operating in two of the six secondary cities), KfW‟s general support for local level urban management, and any other donor-funded interventions. Coordination will be ensured by LODA and (very importantly) by districts. The LODA project coordination team will be responsible for supervising and coordinating the delivery of RUDP II‟s ICD activities. Facilitation, coordination and follow-up of ICD activities in the districts will be ensured through locally-based project support staff. 13. Support to the City of Kigali. ICD support for the City of Kigali will focus on two key urban management functions: spatial planning and revenue management. The project will provide TA and other ICD inputs based on activities prioritized in CoK‟s overall annual capacity building plan; RUDP II support will be limited to the two key urban management functions and by a notional annual budget ceiling. CoK‟s human resources management department will act as the anchor for this. 14. In addition to the above, RUDP II will also provide technical assistance and related support for two specific actions in the City of Kigali: (a) as part of the affordable housing agenda for Kigali, improving and strengthening approaches to plot servicing; and (b) drawing up a masterplan for stormwater management. See Annex 6 for details of these activities planned under Component 3. 15. Support at the national level. The project will provide ICD support with a view to: (a) strengthening the monitoring, evaluation and review of implementation of the national urbanization policy; and (b) the formulation of a national unplanned settlements program. In addition, in close collaboration with the KfW-funded decentralization support program in LODA, the project will provide support for the drafting of guidelines for local-level assets management. 16. Project Management (US$ 3.4m). This component will also support all project management incremental costs under the project across implementation agencies at the national level, CoK and secondary cities. xxxviii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare List of participants during consultation on the draft report and introduction to the forthcoming components of the RUDP xxxix Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xl Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xli Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare xlii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Some photos taken during public disclosure Nyagatare City Musanze City xliii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Rubavu City Muhanga City xliv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Huye City Rusizi City xlv Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Annex 5: Proposed Contractor’s Environmental, Health and Social Safety Policy The company……………………………………………………………..is specialized in ………………... ………………………….. The Company is committed to provide a safe, healthy, clean, socially and environmentally friendly workplace. To achieve these aims, company ………………………………………… shall adhere to the following: Environmental  Assessment and management of all environmental impacts and risks for environmental protection for including but not limited to: o Air quality, water use, energy use, noise pollution, habitat destruction, waste and hazardous materials management and prevention of soil erosion.  Ensure proper exploitation and rehabilitation of borrow pits, quarries and dumping sites.  We explicitly aim to water resources integrity adjacent to the project sites.  Prevent pollution, reduce waste and minimise the consumption of resources.  Encourage environmental protection among suppliers and subcontractors. Social and Wellness  Fair labour practices including, at a minimum, full compliance with the World Bank Social Safeguard Policy and Rwanda Labour Code, as relates to, for example, labour relations, minimum wages and employee benefits.  Compliance with agreed payment dates/time to all workers especially casual labour.  Zero tolerance of: o Human rights abuses, including, Gender Based Violence, Child abuse and exploitation (under 18 years of age) and forced labour; o Discriminatory practices on the basis of, for example, gender, race, nationality, culture, religion or disability; and/or o Genocide ideologies.  Protect the health and wellness of our workforce, neighbours and community by providing: o A sufficient number of clean, sanitary and appropriate sanitation and hand wash facilities; o Sufficient supply of easily accessible clean and safe drinking water; xlvi Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare o Basic awareness training on communicable diseases (such as HIV, TB, malaria and Ebola) and non-communicable diseases (such as malnutrition, diabetes and hypertension) to our workforce;  Maintain and manage a formal employee grievance committee and procedure. Occupational Health and Safety  Provide appropriate protective equipment and necessary training for the protection of our workforce, including basic health and safety training for all contractor and sub-contractor employees on site and prohibiting any untrained worker from performing hazardous tasks.  Maintain and manage an effective procedure to track and report within 24 hours all fatalities, near misses, incidents, minor and major injuries. General  Compliance with all relevant local and national environmental, social, health and safety rules, regulations and laws.  Carry out regular trainings, toolbox meetings and awareness related to environmental management, social, health and safety good practices. The company ………………………………………………………………… is committed to continual improvement of environmental, social, health and safety performance. This Policy will be communicated to all staff, contractors and suppliers, and be available for the public and displayed to strategic areas including the contractor and consultant offices. Endorsed by _________________________ (…………………………………………., Managing Director) Date: ………………………………………………… xlvii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare Annex 6: Model for Codes of Conduct A company code of conduct shall be prepared for employees of a company to inform the employees of the company's expectations. Codes of Conduct or Codes of Behavior will be considered as guidelines to prevent certain specific types of behaviour (e.g. conflict of interest, self-dealing, bribery, and inappropriate action). The code of conduct shall be developed based on the following key points:  Loyalty (following codes of conducts, commitment to work, commitment to environmental and social, health and safety measures)  Prohibited behaviours like gambling, drunkenness, and irregular and immoral habits Here below is a code of conduct model that may be adopted by the contractor. Principle 1: Honesty, Integrity and Fair Play The Company and its staff are fully committed to the principle of honesty, integrity and fair play in the delivery of services and goods to the public. All staff should ensure that the business operations, applications for services, procurement or staff recruitment, are dealt with in an open, fair and impartial manner. This Code of Conduct sets out the basic standard of conduct expected of all staff and the Company's policy on matters like acceptance of advantages and confict of interest of staff in connection with their official duties. This Code also applies to temporary and part-time staff employed by the Company. Principle 2: Equal Opportunity for All Employees The company is an equal employment opportunity employer. Employment opportunities are available regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, disability or other legally protected status. This Principle applies to all aspects of the employment relationship, including recruiting, hiring, training, work assignment, promotion, transfer, termination, and wage and salary administration. Principle 3: Safety, and Health Practices The company is committed to an injury-free and illness-free workplace that is operated in an environmentally sound manner in compliance with all relevant laws and regulations that protect worker safety and the environment. Employees should perform work in a safe manner. Principle 4: Fair Competition The company's policy will prohibit any anticompetitive practices which could effect in bounding, restraining or distorting competition, as well as any practices of an unfair competition. Accordingly, our employees cannot agree (formally or informally) with competitors to fix prices or any other conditions of transaction; to limit or control the production, commercialization, xlviii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare technical development or investment; to manipulate or divide markets or sources of provisioning; to participate with fake offers in tenders or any other forms of competitions for offers; to limit or restrain access to market and freedom of competition for other enterprises; to apply unequal conditions for equivalent performance to commercial partners, creating in this way a disadvantage in competition; to condition signing of acceptancy contracts by the partners for supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts. Our employees are prohibited from performing any act of unfair competition manifested through: misappropriating clients of a company by using the relations established with such clients within the function previously held at the company, dismissal or attracting employees of a company for the purpose of setting up a competing company to capture customers of that company or hiring employees of a company in order to disorganize of its work. At the same time, our employees must not take actions that harm the legitimate interests of consumers or other operations in breach of the competition law. Principle 5: Governance and anti-corruption The Company has zero tolerance for corruption. All employees must never offer to provide anything of value directly or indirectly to government officials and business partners to secure an undue advantage. The company prohibits payment, offers of payment as well as anything of value directly or indirectly with the purpose of influencing or obtaining undue business or personal advantage. Third parties will only be contracted to perform tasks which aid business interests provided: fees to be paid are reasonable; all arrangements are clearly documented; arrangements are in compliance with company's policies. 5 Principle 6: Financial Reporting All transactions of the Company must be duly recorded so as to permit preparation of clear financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. No false or misleading entries may be made in the books and records of the Company for any reason, and no employee may engage in any arrangement that results in such a prohibited act. No undisclosed or unrecorded fund or asset of the Company may be established for any purpose. No payment on behalf of the Company (including those by cash) may be done without adequate supporting documentation or made with the intention or understanding that any part of such payment is to be used for any purpose other than as described by the documents supporting the payment. From time to time, the Company may publish or inform of policies on financial reporting, disclosure and compliance to reinforce the financial reporting expectations in this Code. All employees at any level are expected to implement and strictly follow these policies. Principle 7: Restrictive Agreements with Third Parties The Company does not condone activities that seek to gain an unfair competitive advantage. No individual may engage in any activity which violates any valid restrictive agreements entered into by that individual for the benefit of a third party, and no individual may, directly or xlix Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare indirectly, use or disclose any condential information or trade secrets of a third party that the individual obtained while employed by or associated with such third party. Principle 8: Government Contracts and Services The Company is committed to complying with all applicable laws and regulations relating to government (public procurement) contracts and services and to ensuring that its reports, certifications and declarations to government officials are accurate and complete and that any deviations from contract requirements are properly approved. Principle 9: Acceptance of Advantages It is the policy of this Company to prohibit all staff from soliciting or accepting any advantage from any persons having business dealings with the Company (e.g. clients, suppliers, contractors). Employees who wish to accept any advantage from such persons should seek advice and permission from the responsible ethics officer. Any gifts offered voluntarily to the staff in their official capacity are regarded as gifts to the Company and they should not be accepted without permission. By default, staff should decline the offer if the acceptance could be perceived as against the interest of the company, or that of society, or lead to complaints of bias or impropriety. For gifts presented to staff in their official capacity and of low nominal value (below 1000 MDL), the refusal of which could be seen as unsociable or impolite, can be exceptionally accepted. In other circumstances, the staff should seek for a clear (i.e. in writing) and immediate (within 5 days from the offer) consent from the ethics officer to accept the gifts. The ethics officer should keep proper records of the applications and permissions. Each permission will indicate the name of the applicant; the occasion of the offer; the nature and estimated value of the gift, and whether permission has been granted for the applicant to retain the gift or other directions have been given to dispose of the gift. The permissions must be signed and dated by both the ethics officer and the applicant. Possible ways of disposal of such gifts are listed at Appendix 6.1. Principle 10: Conflict of Interest A conflict of interest situation arises when the “private interests” of the staff compete or con flict with the interests of the Company. “Private interests” means both the financial and personal interests of the staff or those of their connections including: family members and other close affiliates; personal friends; the clubs and societies to which they belong; and any person to whom they owe a favor or are obligated in any way. 6 Staff should avoid using their official position or any information made available to them in the course of their duties to benefit themselves, their affiliates or any other persons with whom they have personal or social ties. They should avoid putting themselves in a position that may lead to an actual or perceived conflict of interest with the Company. Failure to avoid or declare any conflict of interest may give rise to criticism of favoritism, abuse of authority or even allegations l Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare of corruption. In particular, staff involved in the procurement process should declare conflict of interest if they have beneficial interest in any company which is being considered for selection as the Company supplier of goods or services. Appendix 6.3 provides some examples of conflict of interest situations that may be encountered by staff. When called upon to deal with matters of the Company for which there is an actual or perceived conflict of interest, the staff member should make a declaration in writing to the ethics officer. He should then abstain from dealing with the matter in question or follow the instruction of the ethics officer who may reassign the task to other staff. Principle 11: Misuse of Official Position Staff who misuses their official position for personal gains or to favor their relatives or friends are liable to disciplinary action or even prosecution. Examples of misuse include a staff member responsible for the selection of suppliers giving undue favor or leaking information to his/her relative's company with a view to giving away an undue advantage. Principle 12: Handling of Classified or Proprietary Information Staff is not allowed to disclose any classified or exclusive information to anybody without authorization. Staff who have access to or are in control of such information should at all times provide adequate safeguards to prevent its abuse or misuse. Examples of misuse include disclosure of information in return for monetary rewards, or use of information for personal interest. It should also be noted that unauthorized disclosure of any personal data may result in a breach of the applicable legislation on privacy. Principle 13: Property of the Company Staff given access to any property of the Company should ensure that it is properly used for the purpose of conducting the Company's business. Misappropriation of the property for personal use or resale is strictly prohibited. Principle 14: Outside Employment Employees who wish to take up paid outside work, including those on a part-time basis, must seek the written (date and signed) permission and guidance from the ethics officer before accepting the job. Approval will not be given if the outside work is considered to be in conict with the interest and values of the corporation. Principle 15: Compliance with the Code It is the personal responsibility of every staff member to understand and comply with the Code of Conduct. Every member of the staff shall sign a declaration of Principle to this purpose. The ethics officer or other mandated employee will keep declarations of Principle. Higher ranked employees should ensure that their subordinates understand and comply with the standards and li Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare requirements stated in the Code. Any doubts of interpretation or problems encountered, as well as any suggestions. for improvement, should be addressed to the ethics officer for consideration and advice. Any staff member who violates any provision of the Code will be subject to disciplinary action. In cases of suspected corruption or other criminal offences, a report will be made to the appropriate authorities. When facing a potential unethical behavior the staff member should ask her/himself the following questions: a) Is it in accordance with the company's practices and polices? b) Is it legal? c) What do my colleagues/Manager/HR Director/Ethics Officer think? d) How would I feel about telling someone else what I had done? e) How would our client react? f ) How would the company feel if this was reported in the National newspaper? f ) To what extent will this affect the environment? Principle 16: Sanctions The Company can take prompt and appropriate remedial action in response to violations of the Code. Any employee who engages in conduct prohibited by the Code as determined by the ethics officer will be subject to discipline actions and sanctions in accordance with the labor law. Once a complaint has been placed, the ethics officer will initially analyze it and s/he may meet privately with the applicant to understand the facts surrounding the issue. Following a fact- finding phase, an investigative meeting could be held with the employee alleged of the violation, to further ascertain the facts and receive observations. The decision should be issued in writing (date and signed), indicating a summary of the facts, reference to the specific violation and motivations. The sanction may be under the form of: • Warning; • Private or public letter of reprimand; • Transfer to other tasks or unit; • Suspension from duties; • Termination or removal. In every case of violation, the employee will be fined for an amount estimated between a 1/5 (one fifth) and 5 (five) times the most recent monthly salary. The fine will be applied through a direct deduction from the employee's following salary or any past credit s/he may have towards the company. The ethics officer shall report serious violations to appropriate government or legal authorities. Principle 17: Reporting Employees have a responsibility to promptly report to the Company any violation of the Code. The Company shall put in place an appropriate mechanism (i.e. complaints/suggestion boxes, telephone, emails, etc.) as to allow employees to address communications to the ethics officer with the highest degree of trust and confidentiality. Employees will not be disciplined or lii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare retaliated against in any way for reporting violations in good faith. Retaliation against any employee for reporting policy violations, or for testifying, assisting or participating in any manner to inspections is strictly prohibited. Any employee who believes he or she has been subjected to or has witnessed retaliation must immediately report the alleged retaliation to the ethics officer. Principle 18: Ethics officer The ethics officer shall be appointed inside the Company. The tasks of the ethics officer may be mandated to an external professional. The ethics officer shall be a person of trust, independence and competence; s/he should be prepared, trained and/or certified in dealing with matters related to this code of conduct. The ethics officer shall perform his duty with the utmost tact, confidentiality, respect, fairness and proficiency. The ethics officer will handle day-to-day compliance matters, including: • Receiving, reviewing, investigating and resolving concerns and reports on the matters described in this Code; • Interpreting and providing guidance on the meaning and application of this Code; and • Reporting periodically and as matters arise to senior staff of the Company on the implementation and effectiveness of this Code and other compliance matters, and recommending any updates or amendments to this Code deemed necessary or advisable. Appendix 6.1: Definition of Advantage and examples of prohibitions “Advantage” means: • any gift, loan, fee, reward or commission consisting of money or of any valuable security or of other property or interest in property of any description; • any office, employment or contract; • any payment, release, discharge or liquidation of any loan, obligation or other liability, whether in whole or in part; • any other service, or favor, including protection from any penalty or disability incurred or apprehended or from any action or proceedings of a disciplinary, civil or criminal nature, whether or not already instituted; • the exercise or tolerance from the exercise of any right or any power or duty; and any offer, undertaking or promise, whether conditional or unconditional, of any advantage within the meaning of any of the preceding paragraphs above. Every employee commits to: • Do not solicit, accept, offer, promise or pay a bribe either directly or through a third party. This includes “facilitation payments”. • Do not accept transportation, travel expenses or accommodations for trips that are not business related. • Do not offer or accept donations for parties, including going-away parties. liii Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP) – ESIA for civil works for Phase 2 for the Secondary Cities of Musanze, Rubavu, Rusizi, Huye, Muhanga, and Nyagatare • Do not solicit or accept personal discounts that are not available to all employees or available to the general public. • Do not offer or accept personal rebates or refunds that are a result of company's purchases. • Do not offer or accept excessive or inappropriate meals or entertainment. Generally, an excessive amount would be an amount you would not normally spend on yourself. Gifts provided should not give the appearance of unduly influencing, obligating the recipient or providing an improper advantage to the company. Gifts or entertainment should not reflect adversely on the company or the recipient's company and the gifts should be given openly. The gift or entertainment should be accurately accounted for in the employee's expense report and on the company's books and records. If you have questions regarding whether or not to accept or offer a gift or invitation, consult with the ethics officer. Appendix 6.2: Examples of ways to dispose of gifts presented to a staff member in his official capacity  If the gift is of perishable nature (e.g. food or drink), it shall be shared among the office or during an activity organized by the Company.  If the gift is a useful item, it may be sent to a charitable organization.  If the gift is of historical or other interest, it may be sent to a library or museum.  If the gift is suitable for display (e.g. a painting, vase, etc.), it may be retained for display in the Company's premises.  If the gift is a personal item of low value (below 1000 MDL), it may be retained by the recipient. Appendix 6.3: Examples of Conflict of Interest Situations A staff member has a financial interest in a company that is being considered for selection as the company's supplier of goods or services. A staff member accepts frequent gifts from the company's suppliers or contractors. liv